gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Binding of IgG-Opsonized Particles to FcγR Is an Active Stage of Phagocytosis That Involves Receptor Clustering and Phosphorylation (2005)

Fc gammaR mediate the phagocytosis of IgG-coated particles and the clearance of IgG immune complexes. By dissecting binding from internalization of the particles, we found that the binding stage, rather than particle internalization, triggered tyrosine phosphorylation of Fc gammaR and accompanying proteins. High amounts of Lyn kinase were found to associate with particles isolated at the binding stage from J774 cells. PP2 (4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine), an Src kinase inhibitor, but not piceatannol, an inhibitor of Syk kinase, reduced the amount of Lyn associated with the bound particles and simultaneously diminished the binding of IgG-coated particles. Studies of baby hamster kidney cells transfected with wild-type and mutant Fc gammaRIIA revealed that the ability of the receptor to bind particles was significantly reduced when phosphorylation of the receptor was abrogated by Y298F substitution in the receptor signaling motif. Under these conditions, binding of immune complexes of aggregated IgG was depressed to a lesser extent. A similar effect was exerted on the binding ability of wild-type Fc gammaRIIA by PP2. Moreover, expression of mutant kinase-inactive Lyn K275R inhibited both Fc gammaRIIA phosphorylation and IgG-opsonized particle binding. To gain insight into the mechanism by which protein tyrosine phosphorylation can control Fc gammaR-mediated binding, we investigated the efficiency of clustering of wild-type and Y298F-substituted Fc gammaRIIA upon binding of immune complexes. We found that a lack of Fc gammaRIIA phosphorylation led to an impairment of receptor clustering. The results indicate that phosphorylation of Fc gammaR and accompanying proteins, dependent on Src kinase activity, facilitates the clustering of activated receptors that is required for efficient particle binding.
Various Levels of Cross-Resistance to Bacillus sphaericus Strains in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) Colonies Resistant to B. sphaericus Strain 2362 (2001)

We studied the cross-resistance to three highly toxic Bacillus sphaericus strains, IAB-59 (serotype H6), IAB-881 (serotype H3), and IAB-872 (serotype H48), of four colonies of the Culex pipiens complex resistant to B. sphaericus 2362 and 1593, both of which are serotype H5a5b strains. Two field-selected highly resistant colonies originating from India (KOCHI, 17,000-fold resistance) and France (SPHAE, 23,000-fold resistance) and a highly resistant laboratory-selected colony from California (GeoR, 36,000-fold resistance) showed strong cross-resistance to strains IAB-881 and IAB-872 but significantly weaker cross-resistance to IAB-59 (3- to 43-fold resistance). In contrast, a laboratory-selected California colony with low-level resistance (JRMM-R, 5-fold resistance) displayed similar levels of resistance (5- to 10-fold) to all of the B. sphaericus strains tested. Thus, among the mosquitocidal strains of B. sphaericus we identified a strain, IAB-59, which was toxic to several Culex colonies that were highly resistant to commercial strains 2362 and 1593. Our analysis also indicated that strain IAB-59 may possess other larvicidal factors. These results could have important implications for the development of resistance management strategies for area-wide mosquito control programs based on the use of B. sphaericus preparations.
Contributions of cell kill and posttreatment tumor growth rates to the repopulation of intracerebral 9L tumors after chemotherapy: An MRI study (1998)

The drought of progress in clinical brain tumor therapy provides an impetus for developing new treatments as well as methods for testing therapeutics in animal models. The inability of traditional assays to simultaneously measure tumor size, location, growth kinetics, and cell kill achieved by a treatment complicates the interpretation of therapy experiments in animal models. To address these issues, tumor volume measurements obtained from serial magnetic resonance images were used to noninvasively estimate cell kill values in individual rats with intracerebral 9L tumors after treatment with 0.5, 1, or 2 x LD10 doses of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. The calculated cell kill values were consistently lower than those reported using traditional assays. A dose-dependent increase in 9L tumor doubling time after treatment was observed that significantly contributed to the time required for surviving cells to repopulate the tumor mass. This study reveals that increases in animal survival are not exclusively attributable to the fraction of tumor cells killed but rather are a function of the cell kill and repopulation kinetics, both of which vary with treatment dose.
Inter-layer adaptive filtering for scalable extension of HEVC (2013)

This paper introduces a novel inter-layer adaptive filtering method for scalable extension of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, which is being developed by the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC). The scalable extension of HEVC is currently utilizing an interlayer texture prediction method, in which the prediction of texture at enhancement layer is derived from the collocated reconstructions of base layer. The proposed method applies an adaptive filter to the reconstructions of base layer and generates the predictor of enhancement layer. It aims at enhancing the coding efficiency of enhancement layer by further reducing the redundant texture information in interlayer texture prediction. Two techniques are presented in this paper. The first one applies the adaptive filter to the reconstructions of base layer, which is followed by the fixed upsampling in spatial scalability. In the second one, an adaptive upsampling filter is further applied to filtered base layer reconstructions to generate the pixels at interpolated positions. Compared with the Scalable Mode under Consideration (SMuC) version 0.1.1 of HEVC scalable extension, average 0.8% and 3.2% bit-rate reductions are achieved for spatial scalability and SNR scalability respectively.
Autologous fibrin tissue adhesive for cerebrospinal fluid leaks: a controlled study of neurotoxicity. (1988)

Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage continues to be one of the most common and potentially serious complications following translabyrinthine surgery despite numerous strategies aimed at its prevention. Fibrinogen-based tissue adhesives may be helpful in decreasing this complication rate. Although commercial glues have been used widely in Europe (especially for dural repairs), they are not approved for use in the United States. Recent investigation has provided a relatively simple technique for producing a comparable autologous glue that obviates the risks of the commercial product. Since this glue will bind fascia, fat, and dura in the watertight fashion, it is potentially ideal for preventing CSF leaks. Experimental studies in rabbits reveal that autologous tissue adhesive can be used safely around intact nerves, suggesting it can be used safely to supplement fat, fascia, or muscle plugs for closing translabyrinthine defects. Clinical trials to test the efficacy of tissue adhesives in this application are currently under way.
Model Based Facial Pose Tracking Using a Particle Filter (2006)

This paper presents a model-based technique for monocular tracking of the head pose using a non-calibrated camera. We use texture-mapped face images through the 3D head model as the data representation. The mapped data are compared to the model data via a similarity metric that expresses the likeness between the rendered and the reference images. The tracking is realized using a particle filter. In observation model we utilize rectangle features as the primary cue. The potential of our approach is demonstrated by tracking of the head pose on real videos
Primary Benign and Malignant Thyroid Neoplasms With Signet Ring Cells (2017)

Our study demonstrates the range of thyroid tumors with SRCs. While most thyroid tumors with SRCs are benign, primary thyroid SC should also be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV‐1)‐Specific T Cell Responses Correlate with Control of Acute HIV‐1 Infection in Macaques (1997)

Macaca nemestrina efficiently control acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The roles of helper (Th) and cytotoxic (CTL) T cells in controlling acute HIV-1 infection in both peripheral blood and lymph node mononuclear cells (PBMC and LNMC) were assessed in this model. Th and CTL responses to HIV-1 were detected within 2 weeks following HIV-1 infection, and CTL responses to HIV-1 antigens peaked at 4 weeks after infection (>100 HIV-specific CTL/10[6] PBMC), coincident with reductions of HIV-1 RNA and DNA levels in peripheral blood. HIV-1-specific Th and CTL were present in LNMC 6 weeks after infection. Although HIV-1 antibodies were detected 2 weeks after infection, maximal HIV-1 antibody responses were not generated until > 13 weeks after inoculation. Thus, T cell responses temporally correlate with control of HIV-1 in macaques. The induction of a brisk HIV-1-specific CTL response may have been facilitated by a persistent Th response.
Extracting long‐chain fatty acids from a fermentation medium (2004)

Abstract Several solvents were evaluated for extracting free long‐chain FA (LCFA) from a fermentation medium. Chloroform, chloroform/methanol (1∶1), hexane, and hexane/methyl tert ‐butyl ether (MTBE) (1∶1) were evaluated as alternative extraction solvents. Parameters considered for optimizing LCFA recoveries included pH and ionic strength. Maximal LCFA recoveries were obtained by adding 2 mL of the hexane/MTBE (1∶1) solvent mixture, 80 μL of 50% H 2 SO 4 , and 0.05 g NaCl to 1 mL of the aqueous sample and mixing for 15 min at 200 rpm. This method quantified saturated LCFA [capric acid (C 10∶0 ) to stearic acid (C 18∶0 )] and unsaturated LCFA with 18 carbons [linoleic acid (C 18∶2 ) and oleic acid (C 18∶1 )] with a 98 to 100% recovery. Caproic (C 6∶0 ) and caprylic (C 8∶0 ) acids were characterized by 27 and 76% recoveries, respectively.
Determination of off-axis aberrations of imaging systems using on-axis measurements (2011)

Imaging aberrations that have linear dependence on field angle are caused by pupil aberrations that can be described using the Abbe sine condition. This well-known relationship is frequently used to guide the design of optical imaging systems. For example, the aberration of coma is eliminated in the design of axisymmetric systems by controlling the pupil distortion, as defined by a standard implementation of the sine condition. An optical system with misalignments of surface irregularities will suffer pupil distortions that are quantified using a more generalized form of the sine condition. Such pupil aberrations create image aberrations that have linear dependence on field angle. While it is possible to infer the state of alignment by measuring multiple field points, it may be more straightforward to perform a single on-axis measurement of the sine condition violations. This paper summarizes the generalized sine condition and relationship between violations of this condition and aberrations with linear field dependence. An application is discussed for measuring sine condition violations of a 4-mirror system, which allows determination of the off-axis aberrations.
Specific Heat of Granular Aluminum Films (1972)

The specific heat of granular Al-${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ films with ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\cong}2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K has been measured between 1.3 and 8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The results show that the enhancement of ${T}_{c}$ is a bulk effect. Within experimental accuracy the electron density of states at the Fermi surface is the same as that of pure Al. The lattice heat capacity is increased in the granular films such that the measured ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{D}$ is 28% less than that of pure Al. This result indicates that the phonon density of states is greatly enhanced at low frequencies and seems to confirm the tunneling data of Klein and Leger. The experimental methods used to measure the small (\ensuremath{\sim} 0.5 erg/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) heat capacity of the films are discussed. The thermal conductivity of Au+7-at.%-Cu wire and the heat capacity of silicon (\ensuremath{\sim} 50 mg) were measured to test the capability and accurancy of the experimental techniques.
Genomic DNA-Chip Hybridization Reveals a Higher Incidence of Genomic Amplifications in Pancreatic Cancer than Conventional Comparative Genomic Hybridization and Leads to the Identification of Novel Candidate Genes (2004)

Genomic analyses aimed at the detection of high-level DNA amplifications were performed on 13 widely used pancreatic cancer cell lines and 6 pancreatic tumor specimens. For these analyses, array-based comparative genomic hybridization (Matrix-CGH) onto dedicated microarrays was used. In comparison with chromosomal CGH (eight amplifications), a >3-fold number of DNA amplifications was detected (n = 29). The most frequent amplifications mapped to 7p12.3 (three pancreatic cancer cell lines and three pancreatic tumor specimens), 8q24 (four pancreatic cancer cell lines and one pancreatic tumor specimen), 11q13 (three pancreatic cancer cell lines and three pancreatic tumor specimens), and 20q13 (four pancreatic cancer cell lines and three pancreatic tumor specimens). Genes contained in the consensus regions were MYC (8q24), EGFR (7p12.3), and FGF3 (11q13). In six of seven pancreatic cancer cell lines and pancreatic tumor specimens with 20q13 amplifications, the novel candidate gene NFAT C2, which plays a role in the activation of cytokines, was amplified. Other amplifications also affected genes for which a pathogenetic role in pancreatic carcinoma has not been described, such as BCL10 and BCL6, two members of the BCL family. A subset of amplified genes was checked for overexpression by means of real-time PCR, revealing the highest expression levels for BCL6 and BCL10. Thus, Matrix-CGH allows the detection of a high number of amplifications, resulting in the identification of novel candidate genes in pancreatic cancer.
Synthesis of porphyrin dyads with potential use in solar energy conversion (2000)

A convenient procedure for the synthesis of porphyrin derivative dyads is described. The dyads consist of a free base porphyrin covalently linked to a zinc porphyrin or ferrocene by an amide bond. 5-(4-Substituted phenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-methylphenyl) porphyrins were synthesized from meso-(4-methylphenyl) dipyrromethanes 1, which was obtained with appreciable yield (83%). The reaction of dipyrromethane 1 with a mixture of two appropriate substituted benzaldehydes affords the desired meso-substituted porphyrins, which can be easily separated by flash chromatography. These porphyrins bearing either one 4-acetamidophenyl group 2 or 4-carboxymethylphenyl group 3, and three 4-methylphenyl peripheral functional groups, were prepared with notable yields (15–17%) in a two-step one-flask reaction. Basic hydrolysis of the porphyrins 2 and 3 yielded amino 4 and acid porphyrin 5, respectively. Treatment of 5 with zinc acetate afforded the corresponding metal complex Zn-acid porphyrin 6. The dyads 7 and 8 were obtained by the coupling reaction between the acid chloride derivatives of either Zn-acid porphyrin 6 or ferroceneacetic acid and amino porphyrins 4, respectively. The present strategy may be easily used for preparation of other similar dyad derivatives. These compounds could have interesting applications in electronic materials. Preliminary studies of light energy conversion by SnO2 electrodes coated with porphyrin dyads 7 and 8 were performed. The results show that dyads 7 and 8 may be suitable for solar energy conversion devices.
Study on Relative Crystallinity of Moist Potato Starch (1978)

Abstract The relative crystallinity of various moist potato starches were measured by X‐ray diffractometer. The diffraction patterns showed to become sharp with increasing of the amount of sorption moisture. Both areas of crystallinity portion were proportionally correlated with the amount of moisture. On the assumption that crystallinity of cellulose is 70%, that of native potato starch was showed to be 24%.
Monoclonal phosphorylcholine antibody binds to beta-lipoprotein from different animal species (1986)

Previously published observations have demonstrated that murine antibody with specificity for phosphorylcholine (PC) binds to a variety of PC-containing polysaccharides and to human beta-lipoprotein. In this investigation it was found that monoclonal anti-PC antibody binds not only to human beta-lipoprotein, but also to beta-lipoprotein from the serum of all vertebrate species examined. beta-Lipoprotein from mouse reacted with autologous antibody; therefore, this antibody must be an autoantibody. This raises the question whether PC antibodies may exert unwanted effects after having been passively transferred or induced by PC-containing antigens, e.g., C-polysaccharide from pneumococci.
Exacerbations of asthma in adults during experimental rhinovirus infection. (1985)

To determine the incidence of wheezing in adult asthmatics with rhinovirus infection, we exposed 21 asthmatic volunteers to 1 of 2 rhinovirus serotypes. Symptoms, spirometry, and histamine inhalation challenge were assessed prior to, daily during, and 3 wk after the rhinovirus infection. Four volunteers had fiberoptic bronchoscopy performed on the fourth study day. Nineteen volunteers became infected with rhinovirus; 17 of 19 had typical coryzal symptoms. Volunteers did not have significant changes in spirometry or histamine sensitivity during rhinovirus infection when taken as a group or when categorized by severity of asthma or severity of the clinical illness. A subgroup of 4 volunteers was identified that had a 10% or greater decrease in FEV1 and a parallel increase in histamine sensitivity during rhinovirus infection; these 4 volunteers were not otherwise distinguishable from the group as a whole. Rhinovirus was recovered from bronchoscopy specimens of 1 of the 4 infected volunteers bronchoscoped. Thus, exacerbations of wheezing occurred in the minority of experimental rhinovirus infections in adult asthmatics, suggesting that other viral pathogens may play a more important role in precipitating asthma attacks.
Polarization of yeast cells in spatial gradients of alpha mating factor. (1993)

The process of cell fusion during mating of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by factors secreted by the mating partners. Spatial gradients of one of these mating factors, alpha-factor, polarized the growth of projections by MATa cells. The site of previous budding did not affect the direction of polarization, and subsequent budding was also polarized if mating factor was removed. Orientation occurred in the presence of nocodazole, suggesting that microtubules were not critical. At extremely low concentrations of alpha-factor, sst2-mutants (which in genetic studies do not discriminate between partners producing different amounts of alpha-factor) were able to polarize their projections. The sensitivity of this spatial sensing mechanism in wild-type cells is such that differences in receptor occupancy estimated to be about 1% are sufficient for orientation.
Clinical use of lactate monitoring in critically ill patients (2013)

Increased blood lactate levels (hyperlactataemia) are common in critically ill patients. Although frequently used to diagnose inadequate tissue oxygenation, other processes not related to tissue oxygenation may increase lactate levels. Especially in critically ill patients, increased glycolysis may be an important cause of hyperlactataemia. Nevertheless, the presence of increased lactate levels has important implications for the morbidity and mortality of the hyperlactataemic patients. Although the term lactic acidosis is frequently used, a significant relationship between lactate and pH only exists at higher lactate levels. The term lactate associated acidosis is therefore more appropriate. Two recent studies have underscored the importance of monitoring lactate levels and adjust treatment to the change in lactate levels in early resuscitation. As lactate levels can be measured rapidly at the bedside from various sources, structured lactate measurements should be incorporated in resuscitation protocols.
Evolution of S treptococcus pneumoniae serotypes and penicillin susceptibility in Latin America, Sireva-Vigía Group, 1993 to 1999 (2001)

These surveillance data clearly demonstrate the potential impact of the introduction of a conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal disease and the need for more judicious use of antibiotics to slow or reverse the development of antimicrobial resistance.
AspergillusInfections in Transplant Recipients (2005)

Aspergillus infections are occurring with an increasing frequency in transplant recipients. Notable changes in the epidemiologic characteristics of this infection have occurred; these include a change in risk factors and later onset of infection. Management of invasive aspergillosis continues to be challenging, and the mortality rate, despite the use of newer antifungal agents, remains unacceptably high. Performing molecular studies to discern new targets for antifungal activity, identifying signaling pathways that may be amenable to immunologic interventions, assessing combination regimens of antifungal agents or combining antifungal agents with modulation of the host defense mechanisms, and devising diagnostic assays that can rapidly and reliably diagnose infections represent areas for future investigations that may lead to further improvement in outcomes.
Effects of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) Directed against a Single Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Gag CTL Epitope on the Course of SIVmac239 Infection (2002)

Vaccine-induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been implicated in the control of virus replication in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-challenged and simian-human immunodeficiency virus-challenged macaques. Therefore, we wanted to test the impact that vaccine-induced CTL responses against an immunodominant Gag epitope might have in the absence of other immune responses. By themselves, these strong CTL responses failed to control SIVmac239 replication.
Impact of texture-enhanced transmission on high-efficiency surface-textured light-emitting diodes (2001)

The transmission properties of semiconductor surfaces can be changed by surface texturing. We investigate these changes experimentally and find that an enhancement of the angle-averaged transmission by a factor of 2 can be achieved with optimum texturing parameters. This enhanced transmission provides an additional light extraction mechanism for high-efficiency surface-textured light-emitting diodes. External quantum efficiencies of 46% and 54% are demonstrated before and after encapsulation, respectively.
The rise and rise ofStaphylococcus aureus: laughing in the face of granulocytes (2009)

Recent developments in the study of host-pathogen interactions have fundamentally altered our understanding of the nature of Staphylococcus aureus infection, and previously held tenets regarding the role of the granulocyte are being cast aside. Novel mechanisms of pathogenesis are becoming evident, revealing the extent to which S. aureus can evade neutrophil responses successfully by resisting microbicides, surviving intracellularly and subverting cell death pathways. Developing a detailed understanding of these complex strategies is especially relevant in light of increasing staphylococcal virulence and antibiotic resistance, and the knowledge that dysfunctional neutrophil responses contribute materially to poor host outcomes. Unravelling the biology of these interactions is a challenging task, but one which may yield new strategies to address this, as yet, defiant organism.