gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Receptor-mediated endocytosis of soluble and membrane-tethered Sonic hedgehog by Patched-1 (2000)

Patched (Ptc) is the ligand-binding component of the Hedgehog (Hh) receptor complex. In the Drosophila embryo, Ptc and Hh colocalize in vesicular punctate structures. However, receptor-mediated endocytosis of Hh proteins has not been demonstrated. By using chick neural plate explants, we show that Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-responsive neural precursor cells internalize recombinant and endogenous Shh and provide direct evidence for a gradient of endogenous Shh in the ventral neural tube. Shh internalization is blocked by a monoclonal antibody whose epitope overlaps the Ptc-binding site of Shh. These findings suggest that Shh internalization is mediated by Ptc-1 and may be linked to signaling. Concordantly, transfection of mammalian cell lines with a Ptc-1 cDNA confers the ability to internalize multiple forms of Shh, including transmembrane-anchored Shh, by a dynamin-dependent process.
Tubal ligation, hysterectomy and ovarian cancer: A meta-analysis (2012)

Observational epidemiologic evidence strongly supports that tubal ligation and hysterectomy are associated with a decrease in the risk of ovarian cancer, by approximately 26-30%. Additional research is needed to determine whether the association between tubal ligation and hysterectomy on ovarian cancer risk differs by individual, surgical, and tumor characteristics.
Abscisic acid influences the susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Peronospora parasitica (2003)

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a major role in the regulation of many physiological stresses although its role in pathogen-induced stress remains poorly understood. We examined the influence of ABA on interactions of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Arabidopsis) with a bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and an Oomycete, Peronospora parasitica. Both addition of 100 μM ABA to plants and drought stress stimulated increased susceptibility of Arabidopsis to an avirulent isolate of P. syringae pv. tomato. In contrast, an ABA-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis, aba1-1, displayed reduced susceptibility to virulent isolates of P. parasitica. An ABA-insensitive mutant, abi1-1, that is impaired in ABA signal transduction did not alter in susceptibility to either P. syringae pv. tomato or P. parasitica. These results demonstrate that the concentration of endogenous ABA at the time of pathogen challenge is important for the development of susceptibility in Arabidopsis.
Effects of adenosine on ischaemia–reperfusion injury associated with rat pancreas transplantation (2001)

Adenosine in the preservation solution may enhance the inflammatory response in rat pancreas transplantation.
Study on Fabrication of a Large Concave Mirror Surface Using a Swing-Arm Type Profilometer (2008)

Generally optical components are fabricated by grinding, lapping and polishing processes. Those processes take long time to obtain optical high surface quality. In the case of large optical components, the on-machine measurement is strongly recommended because the workpiece is fragile and difficult to set up for fabricating and measuring. This paper is concerned about a swing-arm mechanism which can be used for on-machine measurement of a surface profile with a sensing probe end-effect, and also for grinding or lapping the surface with a corresponding tool. The measuring accuracy and uncertainty using a swing arm type profilometer have been studied. The experimental results show that this method is useful specially in lapping process with the accuracy of . Those inspection data are provided for correcting the residual figuring error in next processes.
A survey of recent developments in theoretical neuroscience and machine vision (2004)

Efforts to explain human and animal vision, and to automate visual function in machines, have found it difficult to account for the view-invariant perception of universals such as environmental objects or processes, and the explicit perception of featural parts and wholes in visual scenes. A handful of unsupervised learning methods, many of which relate directly to independent components analysis (ICA), have been used to make predictive perceptual models of the spatial and temporal statistical structure in natural visual scenes, and to develop principled explanations for several important properties of the architecture and dynamics of mammalian visual cortex. Emerging principles include a new understanding of invariances and part-whole compositions in terms of the hierarchical analysis of covariation in feature subspaces, reminiscent of the processing across layers and areas of visual cortex, and the analysis of view manifolds, which relate to the topologically ordered feature maps in cortex.
Effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in combination with gemcitabine on Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells cultured in vitro or Panc-1 tumors grown in immunodeficient mice (2012)

In the present study, the effects of 12-O-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) alone or in combination with gemcitabine on the growth of Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells cultured in vitro or grown in NCr immunodeficient nude mice were investigated. Combinations of TPA and gemcitabine synergi-stically inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in Panc-1 cells. The combination of TPA (0.16 nM) and gemcitabine (0.5 µM) induced a marked increase in phosphorylated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in the Panc-1 cells. In animal experiments, NCr nude mice with established Panc-1 tumors received daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of TPA (50 ng/g body weight/day) or gemcitabine (0.5 µg/g body weight/day) alone or in combination for 26 days. Treatment with daily i.p. injections of low doses of TPA or gemcitabine alone had a modest inhibitory effect on the growth of the tumors. However, the combination of low doses of TPA and gemcitabine more potently inhibited the growth of Panc-1 tumors than either agent used individually. Treatment with TPA or gemcitabine alone or in combination did not affect the body weight of the animals. Clinical trials with TPA alone or in combination with gemcitabine on patients with pancreatic cancer are warranted in order to confirm our results.
Reproductive strategies in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (1994)

Abstract. Life-history strategies are means by which animals solve the problems of successful reproduction in varying environments. Their development patterns are consequences of responses to the opportunities the environment offers them. Understanding them requires an understanding of the way they evolved, their ontogenetic development, their physiological control, and their adaptive value. The present paper views the salmonids as marine fishes, which have radiated into fresh water through using river beds as protected spawning grounds. It also takes the view that the maturation process has priority over somatic growth in fish, and that it has already been initiated by the time of first feeding. Its completion is environmentally dependent, and can be arrested annually. Whether or not it will be arrested depends on the status of the energy stores of the individual at particular critical times of year. This mechanism has adaptive value both for immediate reproductive success — adequate energy to provision the next generation — and for later overwinter survival, ensuring that if energy stores are inadequate for reproduction they are spared. Atlantic salmon show variation in their reproductive patterns, and examples are given from laboratory and aquaculture experiments to demonstrate some environmental controls which result in these variations. A hypothetical model is presented to account for the operation of these controls.
Optical Absorption Intensities of Rare-Earth Ions (1962)

Electric dipole transitions within the $4f$ shell of a rare-earth ion are permitted if the surroundings of the ion are such that its nucleus is not situated at a center of inversion. An expression is found for the oscillator strength of a transition between two states of the ground configuration $4{f}^{N}$, on the assumption that the levels of each excited configuration of the type $4{f}^{N}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}d$ or $4{f}^{N}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}g$ extend over an energy range small as compared to the energy of the configuration above the ground configuration. On summing over all transitions between the components of the ground level ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{J}$ and those of an excited level ${{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$, both of $4{f}^{N}$, the oscillator strength $P$ corresponding to the transition ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{J}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ of frequency $\ensuremath{\nu}$ is found to be given by $P=\ensuremath{\Sigma}{T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}\ensuremath{\nu}{({\ensuremath{\psi}}_{J}\ensuremath{\parallel}{U}^{(\ensuremath{\lambda})}\ensuremath{\parallel}{{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}})}^{2},$ where ${\mathrm{U}}^{(\ensuremath{\lambda})}$ is a tensor operator of rank $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, and the sum runs over the three values 2, 4, and 6 of $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. Transitions that also involve changes in the vibrational modes of the complex comprising a rare-earth ion and its surroundings, provide a contribution to $P$ of precisely similar form. It is shown that sets of parameters ${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ can be chosen to give a good fit with the experimental data on aqueous solutions of Nd${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ and Er${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$. A calculation on the basis of a model, in which the first hydration layer of the rare-earth ion does not possess a center of symmetry, leads to parameters ${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ that are smaller than those observed for ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ by factors of 2 and 8, respectively. Reasons for the discrepancies are discussed.
Feasibility of a closed-loop controlled noninvasive ultrasonic glucose sensing and insulin delivery system (2009)

Use of needles for multiple injections of drugs, such as insulin for diabetes, can be painful. As a result, prescribed drug noncompliance can results in severe medical complications. In previous studies, ultrasound mediated transdermal drug delivery has shown a promising potential as a method for noninvasive drug administration. Yet for prospective human application, a milestone to a practical clinical device of this research requires that the efficacy of the cymbal array be demonstrated on animals larger than rats and rabbits. Larger and possessing a blood volume similar to humans, pig is an appropriate animal model for further experimentation in evaluating the practicability of this ultrasound device. Six Yorkshire pigs (100 - 140 lbs) were divided into two groups. As the control (n = 3), the first group did not receive any ultrasound exposure with the insulin. The second group (n = 3) was treated with ultrasound and insulin at 20 kHz with an I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sptp</sub> = 100 mW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at a 20% duty cycle for 60 minutes. With the pigs in lateral recumbency after anesthesia, the ultrasound transducer with insulin was placed on the axillary area of the pig. At the beginning and every 15 minutes up to 90 minutes, the blood glucose level was determined using a glucose monitoring system. To compare the results of individual animals, the change of blood glucose level was normalized to each animal's initial glucose value at the start of the experiment. Although each animal had a different initial glucose level, the mean and standard error for the six animals was 146 ? 13 mg/dl (Figure 1). For the control group, the blood glucose level increased to 31 ? 21 mg/dl compared to the initial baseline over the 90 minute experiment. However for the ultrasound with insulin treated group, the glucose level decreased to -72 ? 5 mg/dl at 60 minutes (p < 0.05) and continued to decreased to -91 ? 23 mg/dl in 90 minutes (p < 0.05). Results demonstrate a promising pre-clinical outcome for the low profile cymbal array to be used for ultrasound enhanced in vivo insulin transport using an animal with a similar size and weight to a human. The cymbal array has potential as a practical ultrasound system for noninvasive transdermal insulin delivery for diabetes management.
Importance of Radiation Oncologist Experience Among Patients With Head-and-Neck Cancer Treated With Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (2016)

Patients receiving IMRT for HNC had improved outcomes when treated by higher-volume providers. These findings will better inform patients and providers when making decisions about treatment, and emphasize the critical importance of high-quality radiation therapy for optimal treatment of HNC.
Similar biochemical changes associated with multidrug resistance in human breast cancer cells and carcinogen-induced resistance to xenobiotics in rats. (1986)

MCF7 human breast cancer cells selected for resistance to doxorubicin (adriamycin; DoxR) have developed the phenotype of multidrug resistance. Multidrug resistance in DoxR MCF7 cells (called AdrR MCF7 cell line in previous publications) is associated with biochemical changes similar to those induced by carcinogens in rat hyperplastic liver nodules (HNs) and associated with resistance to xenobiotics in that system. In HNs and DoxR cells, exposure to a single agent results in the selection of cells that are cross-resistant to a wide variety of structurally dissimilar toxic agents. Resistance in both systems is associated with decreases in intracellular accumulation of toxins and changes in phase I (decreased cytochrome P1-450) and phase II (increased glutathione transferase and glucuronyltransferase) drug-metabolizing activities. In HNs and DoxR cells, resistance is associated with the induction of relatively stable levels of an immunologically related anionic glutathione transferase isozyme (EC 2.5.1.18). The finding of similar biochemical changes associated with the development of resistance to various xenobiotics in HNs and to many naturally occurring antineoplastic agents and at least one carcinogen (benzo[a]pyrene) in DoxR MCF7 cells suggests that the mechanisms of resistance in these two models may be similar.
Expression of Rat Liver Cytochrome P-450MC cDNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1985)

Rat liver cytochrome P-450MC cDNA was inserted between the ADH1 promoter and terminator regions of the yeast expression vector pAAH5. On introduction of the resulting recombinant plasmid pAMC1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells synthesized up to 8 X 10(5) molecules per cell of the cytochrome P-450MC protein, most of which was localized in yeast microsomes. Approximately half of the synthesized cytochrome contained heme in the enzyme molecule. These formed a functional electron-transport chain in the microsomes which exhibited aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity toward benzo[a]pyrene.
Phase II trial of bryostatin 1 in patients with relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (2000)

Bryostatin 1 is a natural product isolated from the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina in 1982 and is currently undergoing evaluation in a number of malignancies. Twenty-five patients with relapsed, low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or chronic lyphocytic leukemia (CLL) received bryostatin 1 by 72-h continuous infusion every 2 weeks at a dose of 120 microg/m2 per course. Patients who progressed while receiving bryostatin 1 alone could participate in a feasibility study by receiving vincristine administered by bolus i.v. injection immediately after the completion of the bryostatin 1 infusion. The dose of vincristine was escalated in groups of three patients as follows: level 1, 0.5 mg/m2; level 2, 1.0 mg/m2; and level 3, 1.4 mg/m2 with vincristine doses capped at 2.0 mg for all patients. Bryostatin 1 alone resulted in one complete remission and two partial remissions. Nine patients received sequential treatment with bryostatin 1 and vincristine. The addition of vincristine at a dose of 2 mg was feasible and caused the expected dose-related sensory neuropathy. Phenotypic analysis by flow cytometric analysis on pre- and post-bryostatin 1-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes revealed up-regulation in the coexpression of CD11c/ CD22 on CD20+ B cells in two of four CLL patients studied, which is consistent with in vitro findings of differentiation of CLL cells to a hairy cell phenotype.
High Local Recurrence Risk After Breast-Conserving Therapy in Node-Negative Premenopausal Breast Cancer Patients Is Greatly Reduced by One Course of Perioperative Chemotherapy: A European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Breast Cancer Cooperative Group Study (2000)

In premenopausal node-negative patients, age younger than 43 years is the most important risk factor for LR after BCT; this risk is greatly reduced by one course of PeCT. The main reason for administering systemic adjuvant treatment is to improve overall survival. The important reduction of LR after BCT is an additional reason for considering systemic treatment in young node-negative patients with breast cancer.
The Microstructure of High—Critical Current Superconducting Films (1987)

The microstructure of superconducting films that have shown high-critical current densities has been studied. The films are shown to be epitaxial and contain twins and precipitates. The main difference between these films and low current carrying samples is the absence of grain boundaries. These boundaries are therefore identified as the cause of the lower critical current in ceramic samples.
Anodal block of medullated cardiopulmonary vagal afferents in cats (1977)

In anesthetized cats examination was made of the conditions under which the application of DC current to a mixed nerve permits determination of whether a reflex response is mediated by medullated or nonmedullated afferents. The following precautions should be observed. The nerve must be stripped of its sheath and bleeding avoided. The anode should be 6 mm distant from the cathode. The temperature of the mineral oil surrounding the nerve should be 30-32 degrees C to avoid activation of nonmedullated fibers during the block. The major limitation is a time- and frequency-dependent block of nonmedullated fibers which makes the technique suitable only for differentiating between medullated fibers and nonmedullated fibers with low frequency traffic. Observing these criteria, anodal block of the cervical vagus in sino-aortic denervated cats resulted in a mean rise in aortic pressure of 8 Torr; subsequent cold block caused a further mean rise of 30 Torr. Thus 80% of the total increase in aortic pressure could be ascribed to interruption of vagal C-fiber activity.
Innate Immune Response of Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells to Poxvirus Infection Is Subverted by Vaccinia E3 via Its Z-DNA/RNA Binding Domain (2012)

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play important roles in antiviral innate immunity by producing type I interferon (IFN). In this study, we assess the immune responses of primary human pDCs to two poxviruses, vaccinia and myxoma virus. Vaccinia, an orthopoxvirus, was used for immunization against smallpox, a contagious human disease with high mortality. Myxoma virus, a Leporipoxvirus, causes lethal disease in rabbits, but is non-pathogenic in humans. We report that myxoma virus infection of human pDCs induces IFN-α and TNF production, whereas vaccinia infection does not. Co-infection of pDCs with myxoma virus plus vaccinia blocks myxoma induction effects. We find that heat-inactivated vaccinia (Heat-VAC; by incubating the virus at 55°C for 1 h) gains the ability to induce IFN-α and TNF in primary human pDCs. Induction of IFN-α in pDCs by myxoma virus or Heat-VAC is blocked by chloroquine, which inhibits endosomal acidification required for TLR7/9 signaling, and by inhibitors of cellular kinases PI3K and Akt. Using purified pDCs from genetic knockout mice, we demonstrate that Heat-VAC-induced type I IFN production in pDCs requires the endosomal RNA sensor TLR7 and its adaptor MyD88, transcription factor IRF7 and the type I IFN feedback loop mediated by IFNAR1. These results indicate that (i) vaccinia virus, but not myxoma virus, expresses inhibitor(s) of the poxvirus sensing pathway(s) in pDCs; and (ii) Heat-VAC infection fails to produce inhibitor(s) but rather produces novel activator(s), likely viral RNA transcripts that are sensed by the TLR7/MyD88 pathway. Using vaccinia gene deletion mutants, we show that the Z-DNA/RNA binding domain at the N-terminus of the vaccinia immunomodulatory E3 protein is an antagonist of the innate immune response of human pDCs to poxvirus infection and TLR agonists. The myxoma virus ortholog of vaccinia E3 (M029) lacks the N-terminal Z-DNA/RNA binding domain, which might contribute to the immunostimulating properties of myxoma virus.
Identification of regulatory sequences and protein-binding sites in the liver-type promoter of a gene encoding 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. (1991)

The liver-type and muscle-type isozymes of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase are encoded by one gene that uses two alternative promoters. We have identified cis-acting sequences and protein-binding sites on the liver-type promoter. Transfection assays with deleted promoters showed that maximal promoter activity is contained within 360 bp upstream of the cap site. DNase I footprinting experiments with liver and spleen nuclear extracts and with purified proteins revealed several protein-binding sites in this region. These included four binding sites for nuclear factor I, one site that contains an octamer consensus but showed a liver-specific footprint pattern, two liver-specific protein-binding sites, and one poly(dG)-containing binding site. Transfection of cells of hepatic origin suggested that all these sites except one are involved in transcriptional regulation. The region between -360 and -2663 contained an element that functioned as a silencer in a nonhepatic cell line. We conclude that in liver transcription from the liver-type promoter of the 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase gene is controlled by ubiquitous and tissue-specific factors and involves activating and derepressing mechanisms.
The interleukin 1 receptor. Dynamics of interleukin 1 binding and internalization in T cells and fibroblasts. (1987)

In this study, we have demonstrated that a murine T cell lymphoma, EL 4, and a murine fibroblast cell line, Swiss 3T3, possess a single class of high affinity interleukin 1 (IL 1) receptors that exist in a dynamic state of equilibrium that is influenced by IL 1. In the absence of IL 1, the IL 1 receptor appears to turnover with a t1/2 of approximately 11 hr. However, when cells are incubated in the presence of IL 1, the IL 1 receptor undergoes extensive ligand-induced down-regulation. IL 1 itself is internalized at 37 degrees C; 50% of the surface-bound IL 1 is internalized in 60 to 120 min. IL 1 does not undergo degradation for at least 6 hr after internalization. By using electron microscopy and autoradiography, we observed several important features of the internalization process. When cells having bound 125I-IL 1 at 4 degrees C were shifted to 37 degrees C, IL 1 moved from the cell membrane to the cytoplasm where it was found in proximity to nuclei or within lysosomes. IL 1 appeared to progressively accumulate in nuclei. Six hours after shifting cells to 37 degrees C, 30 to 35% of the internalized 125I-IL 1 is associated with the cell nucleus. The accumulation of relatively high levels of IL 1 in the nucleus raises the interesting possibility that IL 1 may not only interact in a highly specific manner with cell surface receptors, but also with potentially important nuclear receptors.