gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intravenous RMP-7 selectively increases uptake of carboplatin into rat brain tumors. (1996)

Rats implanted with RG-2 gliomas were administered i.v. RMP-7 and [14C]carboplatin. Changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to carboplatin were determined using quantitative autoradiography. i.v. infusions of RMP-7 induced an increase in the permeability of the vascular barrier within the tumor to carboplatin. Additionally, permeability of brain tissue proximal to, but clearly outside the tumor mass, was also increased. Progressively less uptake of [14C]carboplatin was observed as distance from the tumor border increased. The increases in permeability induced by RMP-7 occurred in a dose-related fashion. No increase in carboplatin level was observed in several nonbrain tissues, including sciatic nerve, retina, heart, lung, liver, kidney, and spleen. Finally, the permeabilizing effects of RMP-7 were shown to occur independent of histaminergic or hypotensive mechanisms. These data provide additional insight into the permeabilizing effects and mechanism of RMP-7 and offer additional support for the therapeutic utility of this novel compound as an adjunctive treatment for human gliomas.
Functional Adaptation: The Key to Plasticity of Cardiovascular "Stem" Cells? (2005)

There is increasing evidence that cells of disparate phenotypes displaying various degrees of proliferative capacity engraft and function heterotopically in adult organisms. Efforts were made to reconcile these findings with the embryologic notions of pluripotent stem or progenitor cell, although the nature of the 'stemness' remained elusive. This topic is particularly important for the cardiovascular system, in which cytotrophoblasts, certain tumor cells, monocytes/macrophages, peritoneal mesothelial cells, and others acquire endothelial properties and/or perform endothelial functions. Here we suggest that this pluripotency reflects a fundamental characteristic of cellular diversity, which is manifested as the adaptive response to a functional pressure exerted by the cell's biochemical and biophysical microenvironments that would drive their differentiation. In this model, differentiation is a dynamic, reversible, and open-ended process where the cells would maintain the flexibility to respond to changing environmental clues with a fine tuning of their structure, a property that was previously called cellular plasticity. Pluripotent adult stem cells that display this property in culture, and, perhaps upon in vivo administration, were described. Therefore, we also suggest that differentiation of stem cells is a form of cellular plasticity within the larger context of functional adaptation, whereas their stemness remains associated with self-renewal.
A New Physically Based Coalescence Kernel for Wet Granulation Processes (2000)

It was previously published by the authors that granules can either coalesce through type I (granules coalesce by viscous dissipation in the surface layer before their surfaces touch) or type II (granules coalesce after their surfaces have made contact) as well as rebound (Liu et. al., 2000a). Based on this coalescence mechanism, a new coalescence kernel for population balance modeling of granule growth is presented. The kernel is constant such that only collisions satisfying the conditions for any of the two coalescence types are successful. One constant rate is assigned to each type of coalescence and zero is for the case of rebound. Since the conditions for type I and type II coalescence are dependent on granule and binder properties, the coalescence kernel is thus physically based. Simulation results of a variety of binder and granule materials show good agreement with experimental data.
Quantitative Determination of Serum Bile Acids Using a Purified 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (1975)

A specific, simple, and reliable method for the quantitative determination of 3 alpha-hydroxy bile acids in serum in described. It is based on the specific enzymatic conversion of the 3alpha-hydroxyl group of the steroid molecule using a highly purified 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and fluorimetric determination of NADH. A liquid-solid extraction employing Amberlite XAD-2 has been used. Overall recovery of the major human bile acids from normal and jaundiced serum averaged 91.2%. The range of normal values for serum bile acids was found to be 0.9-6.3 mumoles/1 (mean 3.0).
Photolithography of self-assembled monolayers: optimization of protecting groups by an electroanalytical method (1996)

Patterned surfaces presenting a high density of chemically reactive functional groups can be prepared through photolithography of self-assembled monolayers (SAM). In this paper, we report the synthesis and the evaluation of three reagents that can be used in SAM-photolithographic applications. These reagents are made up of a triethoxysilylpropylamine moiety in which the amine is temporarily blocked by photolabile protecting groups: NVOC (o-nitroveratryloxycarbonyl), ONB (o-nitrobenzyl), or DDZ (α,α-dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl). The presence of the triethoxysilyl group allows self-assembled monolayer formation. Release of chemically reactive amino groups is achieved by irradiation of the surface. An electroanalytical method was developed and used to monitor and optimize the three steps of the methodology occurring on surfaces: monolayer formation, photodeprotection, and subsequent functionalization of the released amino groups. Quantitative information on the efficiency of the photodeprotection step was obtained by this method. It was found that the DDZ group is superior to the ONB and NVOC photolabile protecting groups for SAM-photolithographic applications. Percentages of liberated amino groups are generally above 50% with the DDZ group, while they are generally inferior to 25% and 2% for NVOC and ONB, respectively. These differences are attributed to the destruction of some of the released amino groups through a subsequent reaction with the photoproduct, o-nitrosobenzaldehyde for ONB and 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrosobenzaldehyde for NVOC, and to partial loss or destruction of the monolayer during prolonged irradiations. Key words: self-assembled monolayers, surface modification, photolithography, photolabile protecting groups, cyclic voltammetry.
Lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni serotype O:19: Structures of core oligosaccharide regions from the serostrain and two bacterial isolates from patients with the Guillain-Barre syndrome (1994)

Lipopolysaccharides from phenol-water extraction of cells of Campylobacter jejuni serotype O:19 were separated into a water-soluble gel of low M(r) and a water-soluble component of high M(r). Acetic acid hydrolysis of the ketosidic linkages to lipid A furnished respectively a core oligosaccharide, the structure of which is reported herein, and an O antigenic polysaccharide. Structural investigations were performed on the O-deacetylated lipopolysaccharide of low M(r), the liberated core oligosaccharide and the various products from removal of neuraminic acid and phosphate residues, and from the Smith degradation. It is concluded that the lipopolysaccharide from the serostrain has a core region with two types of closely related oligosaccharide chains showing striking homologies with gangliosides, the first with a single N-acetylneuraminic acid residue in an outer chain resembling GM1 and the second with two N-acetyl-neuraminic acid residues with a terminal region resembling GD1a. Similar experiments were carried out on lipopolysaccharides of low M(r) from bacterial isolates OH 4384 and OH 4382 serotyped as O:19 that had been obtained from two patients who subsequently developed the Guillain-Barré syndrome. The core oligosaccharide region of lipopolysaccharide from the former isolate differed only slightly from that of the serostrain, whereas that from the latter isolate was distinctly shorter.
A New Technique for Displaying Continuous Tone Images on a Bilevel Display (1976)

A new technique for the display of continuous tone images on a bilevel graphical output device is described. This technique belongs to the general class of algorithms that convey intensity information by the spatial arrangement of lit and unlit cells which are in a one-to-one correspondence with the picture elements (PEL's) in the original image. Besides the rendition of a gray scale in the processed image, the new algorithm also incorporates edge emphasis to increase the legibility of textual information and other areas of high detail. A simple theory of the algorithm, derived from an intensity distribution function, is given, along with the details of an implementation and results obtained using the new technique. The technique is interesting as it requires a nonzero noise component in the image signal being processed in order to generate a gray scale.
Circulating immune complexes containing anti-VIII antibodies in multi-transfused patients with haemophilia A. (1980)

Evidence for the presence of circulating immune complexes was found in thirty-four out of fifty-five samples from forty-seven patients with haemophilia A. In eleven patients the complexes, precipitated from the blood with polyethylene glycol, were digested with pepsin. The F(ab')2 antibody was tested, and found to have neutralizing activity against coagulant Factor VIII in two patients. In one of these no free antibody had ever been found in the plasma, while in the other the antibody was concentrated tenfold in the complex. In two other samples free without complexed antibody was found. In comparison, IgG-containing complexes were found in nine out of nineteen patients with von Willebrand's disease and no complexes were found in the sera from twelve multi-transfused thalassaemics. PEG precipitation is a useful technique for the preparation of concentrated immune complexes for further study such as antigen identification.
Production of human cells expressing individual transferred HLA-A,-B,-C genes using an HLA-A,-B,-C null human cell line. (1989)

We detail in this report the characterization of a human B-lymphoblastoid cell line, .221, that does not express endogenous HLA-A, HLA-B, or HLA-C class I Ag due to gamma-ray-induced mutations in the HLA complex. Mutant .221 is characterized by: 1) complete absence of HLA-A,-B,-C mRNA transcripts and alpha-chains, and 2) intracellular expression of two non-A,-B,-C class I alpha-chains with an abundance less than or equal to 1% of normal HLA-A,-B,-C expression on similar cells. However, transferred HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C genomic genes are expressed as cell surface Ag in amounts similar to expression of the same endogenous genes in human B-lymphoblastoid cells. The amount of class I transcript produced from transferred class I genes is roughly proportional to the number of gene copies but, in every case studied, post-transcriptional processes limited cell surface Ag expressions to amounts approximately normal for the cell type. The ability of mutant .221 to express quantitatively normal amounts of transferred class I genes suggests that: 1) it can serve as a recipient for, and then express, any cloned HLA-A,-B, or -C gene that would normally be expressible in human B-lymphoblastoid cells; 2) the absence of a background of HLA-A,-B,-C Ag permits its use for studying the expression of normal non-A,-B,-C class I genes and of class I genes that have mutations; 3) mutant .221 can be used to create human cells that express on their surfaces just one defined class I Ag encoded by a transferred class I gene.
Interactions between Respiratory Epithelial Cells and Cytokines: Relationships to Lung Inflammation (1994)

Epithelial cells lining respiratory airways can participate in inflammation in a number of ways. They can act as target cells, responding to exposure to a variety of inflammatory mediators and cytokines by altering one or several of their functions, such as mucin secretion, ion transport, or ciliary beating. Aberrations in any of these functions can affect local inflammatory responses and compromise pulmonary defense. For example, oxidant stress can increase secretion of mucin and depress ciliary beating efficiency, thereby affecting the ability of the mucociliary system to clear potentially pathogenic microbial agents. Recent studies have indicated that airway epithelial cells also can act as "effector" cells, synthesizing and releasing cytokines, lipid mediators, and reactive oxygen species in response to a number of pathologically relevant stimuli, thereby contributing to inflammation. Many of these epithelial-derived substances can act locally, affecting both neighboring cells and tissues, or, via autocrine or paracrine mechanisms, affect structure and function of the epithelial cells themselves. Studies in our laboratories utilized cell cultures of both human and guinea pig tracheobronchial and nasal epithelial cells, and isolated human nasal epithelial cells, to investigate activity of respiratory epithelial cells in vitro as sources of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Primary cultures of guinea pig and human tracheobronchial and nasal epithelial cells synthesize and secrete low levels of IL-6 and IL-8 constitutively. Production and release of these cytokines increases substantially after exposure to specific inflammatory stimuli, such as TNF or IL-1, and after viral infection.
Polyaniline Entrapped in Silver: Structural Properties and Electrical Conductivity (2009)

Abstract By employing the new methodology of entrapment of organic molecules within metals, we demonstrate the ability to modify the conductivity of a metal by suitable polymer entrapment. Specifically, polyaniline (PANI) in two molecular weights was entrapped in silver at different concentrations and a comprehensive comparison was preformed for a range of the composite properties, characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, TGA, and density measurements. Pressed films were utilized to measure the electrical conductivity of the composites in order to study the PANI‐silver interactions at the molecular level and to establish a correlation between the microscopic morphology and the film conduction. Such correlations have been identified, and are interpreted. This work extends the functional applications of the new metallic composites and offers insight on the polymer‐metal molecular level interactions.
Reviews (2016)

Reviews of Springsteen on Springsteen, Outlaw Pete, and Leading the Life You Want.
Inhibition of initial adhesion of uropathogenic Enterococcus faecalis by biosurfactants from Lactobacillus isolates (1996)

In this study, 15 Lactobacillus isolates were found to produce biosurfactants in the mid-exponential and stationary growth phases. The stationary-phase biosurfactants from lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus 36 and ATCC 7469, Lactobacillus fermentum B54, and Lactobacillus acidophilus RC14 were investigated further to determine their capacity to inhibit the initial adhesion of uropathogenic Enterococcus faecalis 1131 to glass in a parallel-plate flow chamber. The initial deposition rate of E. faecalis to glass with an adsorbed biosurfactant layer from L. acidophilus RC14 or L. fermentum B54 was significantly decreased by approximately 70%, while the number of adhering enterococci after 4 h of adhesion was reduced by an average of 77%. The surface activity of the biosurfactants and their activity inhibiting the initial adhesion of E. faecalis 1131 were retained after dialysis (molecular weight cutoff, 6,000 to 8,000) and freeze-drying. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the freeze-dried biosurfactants from L. acidophilus RC14 and L. fermentum B54 were richest in protein, while those from L. casei subsp. rhamnosus 36 and ATCC 7469 had relatively high polysaccharide and phosphate contents.
Proline motifs in peptides and their biological processing (1995)

Many biologically important peptide sequences contain proline. It confers unique conformational constraints on the peptide chain in that the side-chain is cyclized back onto the backbone amide position. Inside an alpha-helix the possibility of making hydrogen bonds to the preceding turn is lost and a kink will be introduced. The conformational restrictions imposed by proline motifs in a peptide chain appear to imply important structural or biological functions as can be deduced from their often remarkably high degree of conservation as found in many proteins and peptides, especially cytokines, growth factors, G-protein-coupled receptors, V3 loops of the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp 120, and neuro- and vasoactive peptides. Only a limited number of peptidases are known to be able to hydrolyze proline adjacent bonds. Their activity is influenced by the isomeric state (cis-trans) as well as the position of proline in the peptide chain. The three proline specific metallo-peptidases (aminopeptidase P, carboxypeptidase P and prolidase) are activated by Mn2+, whereas the three serine type peptidases cleaving a post proline bond (prolyl oligopeptidase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and prolylcarboxypeptidase) share the sequential order of the catalytic Ser-Asp-His triade, which differentiates them from the chymotrypsin (His-Asp-Ser) and subtilisin (Asp-His-Ser) families. An endo or C terminal Pro-Pro bond and an endo pre-Pro peptide bond possess a high degree of resistance to any mammalian proteolytic enzyme.
Probabilistic Inference in General Graphical Models through Sampling in Stochastic Networks of Spiking Neurons (2011)

An important open problem of computational neuroscience is the generic organization of computations in networks of neurons in the brain. We show here through rigorous theoretical analysis that inherent stochastic features of spiking neurons, in combination with simple nonlinear computational operations in specific network motifs and dendritic arbors, enable networks of spiking neurons to carry out probabilistic inference through sampling in general graphical models. In particular, it enables them to carry out probabilistic inference in Bayesian networks with converging arrows ("explaining away") and with undirected loops, that occur in many real-world tasks. Ubiquitous stochastic features of networks of spiking neurons, such as trial-to-trial variability and spontaneous activity, are necessary ingredients of the underlying computational organization. We demonstrate through computer simulations that this approach can be scaled up to neural emulations of probabilistic inference in fairly large graphical models, yielding some of the most complex computations that have been carried out so far in networks of spiking neurons.
Congenital Bleeding Disorders (2003)

Both clinical and basic problems related to the congenital bleeding disorders continue to confront hematologists. On the forefront are efforts to bring genetic correction of the more common bleeding disorders such as hemophilia A to the clinic in a safe and accessible manner. A second issue, particularly for patients with hemophilia, is the development of inhibitors-questions of how they arise and how to prevent and treat these problems that confound otherwise very successful replacement therapy and allow patients to maintain normal lifestyles. A third issue is the continuing question of diagnosis and management of von Willebrand disease, the most common congenital bleeding disorder, especially in individuals who have borderline laboratory values, but have a history of clinical bleeding. In Section I, Dr. Christopher Walsh discusses general principles of effective gene transfer for the hemophilias, specific information about viral vectors and non-viral gene transfer, and alternative target tissues for factor VIII and factor IX production. He highlights information about the immune response to gene transfer and reviews data from the hemophilia gene transfer trials to date. The future prospects for newer methods of therapy such as RNA repair and the use of gene-modified circulating endothelial progenitors are presented as possible alternatives to the more traditional gene therapy approaches. In Section II, Dr. Nigel Key focuses on inhibitor development in patients with hemophilia A. He reviews the progress in our understanding of the risk factors and presents newer information about the immunobiology of inhibitor development. He discusses the natural history of these inhibitors and the screening, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment, including the use of different modalities for the treatment of acute bleeding episodes. Dr. Key also presents information about the eradication of inhibitors by immune tolerance induction and reviews recent information from the international registries regarding the status and success of immune tolerance induction. In Section III, Dr. Margaret Rick discusses the diagnosis, classification, and management of von Willebrand disease. Attention is given to the difficulty of diagnosis in patients with mild bleeding histories and borderline laboratory test results for von Willebrand factor. She presents the value of different laboratory assays for both diagnosis and classification, and she relates the classification of von Willebrand disease to the choice of treatment and to the known genetic mutations. Practical issues of diagnosis and treatment, including clinical cases, will be presented.
Collimated light from a waveguide for a display backlight (2009)

We report light collimation from a point source without the space normally needed for fan-out. Rays emerge uniformly from all parts of the surface of a blunt wedge light-guide when a point source of light is placed at the thin end and the source's position determines ray direction in the manner of a lens. A lenticular array between this light-guide and a liquid crystal panel guides light from color light-emitting diodes to designated sub-pixels thereby removing the need for color filters and halving power consumption but we foresee much greater power economies and wider application.
Regeneration of peripheral nerve through a polyglactin tube (1982)

Polyglactin 910, a resorbable synthetic material, was used as a mesh-tube to bridge defects (7 to 9 mm in length) in a sectioned rabbit tibial nerve. After absorption of the mesh a new nerve sheath was formed which enclosed numerous minute fascicles of regenerating axons. The polyglactin tube influenced the direction taken by the regenerating axons and guided them into the distal segment. The tube also reduced the formation of neuromas and the growth of scar tissue from surrounding structures.
Hydrophobic Effect and Hydrogen Bonds Account for the Improved Activity of a Complement Inhibitor, Compstatin (2006)

Tryptophans at positions 4 and 7 of compstatin, a peptide complement inhibitor, are crucial for its interaction with C3. However, the nature of their involvement has not been studied to date. Here we investigate the molecular forces involved in the C3-compstatin interactions, mediated by aromatic residues, by incorporating in these two positions various tryptophan analogues (5-methyltryptophan, 5-fluorotryptophan, 1-methyltryptophan, and 2-naphthylalanine) and assessing the resulting peptides for activity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and binding by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Of all the compstatin analogues, peptides containing 1-methyltryptophan at position 4 exhibited the highest binding affinity (Kd = 15 nM) and activity (IC50 = 0.205 microM), followed by a peptide containing 5-fluorotryptophan at position 7. Our observations suggest that hydrophobic interactions involving residues at position 4 and the hydrogen bond initiated by the indole nitrogen are primarily responsible and crucial for the increase in activity. These findings have important implications for the design of clinically useful complement inhibitors.