gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of China’s trade on other countries (2014)

Abstract This chapter reviews studies on the impact of China’s growth on the global economy. Some studies suggest that China’s surge has slowed down export growth in manufacturing-oriented emerging economies. These affects appear to be larger for countries whose manufacturing sectors compete directly with China’s export processing plants, such as Mexico’s maquiladoras. Other work suggests that China’s impact on its competitors is more complex, helping to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to countries in Asia that are part of the same global supply chains while diverting FDI away from countries outside the region. A new strand of research focuses on China’s economic impact on how firms, industries, or regions adjust to trade shocks.
Changes in brain striatum dopamine and acetylcholine receptors induced by chronic CDP‐choline treatment of aging mice (1991)

1. Spiroperidol binding (dopamine D2 receptors) and quinuclidinyl benzilate binding (muscarinic receptors) in striata of 19-month old mice was analyzed for animals that had received chronic administration of cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) incorporated into the chow consumed (100 or 500 mg kg-1 added per day) for the 7 months before they were killed. 2. Treated animals displayed an increase in the dopamine receptor densities of 11% for those receiving 100 mg kg-1 and 18% for those receiving 500 mg kg-1 as compared to the control aged animals that had received no CDP-choline. Control animals showed, from 2 months to 19 months of life, a 28% decrease in the receptor density. No change in the affinity of the receptors for spiroperidol was found in the treated or untreated animals. 3. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor densities were also partially recovered by the same treatment in aged animals that showed a 14% decrease of these receptors in this case. The muscarinic receptor density increased 6% for the animals that received 100 mg kg-1 and 17% for the animals that received 500 mg kg-1 without any change in the affinity of the receptor for quinuclidinyl benzilate. 4. Aged animals displayed a slight increase in brain membrane fluidity as indicated by a decrease in the polarization value of the non-polar fluorophore 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Interestingly, in the treated animals a greater increase in membrane fluidity was determined and found to be very similar for the two doses.5. It is concluded that chronic administration of CDP-choline to aged animals promoted a partial recovery of the striatum dopamine and acetylcholine receptor function normally reduced with aging, which might be explicable in terms of mechanisms involving fluidity of the brain neuronal membrane.
Source Coding: Part I of Fundamentals of Source and Video Coding (2011)

Digital media technologies have become an integral part of the way we create, communicate, and consume information. At the core of these technologies are source coding methods that are described in this monograph. Based on the fundamentals of information and rate distortion theory, the most relevant techniques used in source coding algorithms are described: entropy coding, quantization as well as predictive and transform coding. The emphasis is put onto algorithms that are also used in video coding, which will be explained in the other part of this two-part monograph.
Molecular detection and sequence analysis of human caliciviruses from acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hungary (2002)

Three viral gastroenteritis (VGE) outbreaks that occurred in 1998-1999, in Hungary were investigated for the presence of human caliciviruses (HuCVs). HuCVs in stool specimens were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primer pair 289/290, which was designed based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequence. RT-PCR results were confirmed by sequencing showing that all three outbreak strains belonged to genogroup II of "Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs). Two strains had high sequence identity with strains in known genetic clusters (Hawaii and Lordsdale clusters). The third strain (MOH) had distinct RdRp sequence, sharing 77/86% (nt/aa) identity with Snow Mountain virus (SMV), the closest genogroup II virus. To characterize MOH further, we cloned, sequenced, and expressed in baculovirus its capsid gene. It had 75/79% (nt/aa) identity with SMV, but 97/98% (nt/aa) identity with NLV/Hillingdon/90/UK, a recently identified genetic cluster of HuCVs. The recombinant MOH (rMOH) capsid protein self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs), which is antigenically distinct from other recombinant HuCV capsid antigens available in our laboratory. Further study of this VLP will have important applications in antigenic characterization and diagnosis of HuCVs.
Environmental Sampling for Detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis on Large California Dairies (2006)

Environmental samples collected from each of 3 locations on 23 large California dairies were cultured to evaluate the utility of this approach for identifying herds infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Results were compared with concurrent ELISA testing of > or = 60 animals in each herd, and with previously performed individual and pooled fecal cultures of 60 animals. The estimated proportions of infected herds did not differ significantly among the testing methods (environmental sampling, 74%; previous fecal culture, 70%; and concurrent ELISA testing, 65%). Measures of agreement between environmental sampling and the results of previous fecal cultures were 70% (observed agreement), 85% (positive agreement), 62% (negative agreement), and 0.47 (kappa), whereas agreement between environmental sampling and concurrent ELISA testing was 65, 75, and 43%, and 0.19, for the same measures, respectively. The proportion of positive environmental samples on each farm was significantly correlated with the proportion of seropositive animals (r = 0.53), suggesting that environmental sampling may also provide a qualitative estimate of within-herd prevalence. Of the sampling locations that were evaluated, samples of lagoon water (15/23; 65%) were significantly more likely to yield a positive result than were composite manure samples (8/22; 36%) collected from the sick/fresh cow pen or from the alleyway (9/23; 39%) where cows exited from the milking parlor. Environmental sampling was an effective and inexpensive method of identifying herds infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis.
RNAi: running interference for the cell (2004)

RNA interference or RNAi is a recently characterized mechanism of eukaryotic gene regulation in which a short sequence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) specifically down-regulates expression of the associated gene. Preliminary characterization of this phenomenon has revealed a set of inter-related cellular pathways which appear to represent both a response to foreign RNA and a mechanism of endogenous gene regulation. Introduction of dsRNA into cells by a variety of means, including transfection of synthetic RNA duplexes, triggers the RNAi response resulting in specific suppression of target gene expression. Recent efforts on a genome wide scale have involved application of RNAi as an important new tool in cell biology to elucidate gene function in living cells.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of acute heart transplant rejection: a review (2009)

T2 quantification has demonstrated the best correlation to biopsy proven heart transplant rejection. Further studies evaluating diastolic function, late gadolinium enhancement, and iron oxide contrast agents to diagnose rejection are needed. Future studies should focus on combining multiple CMR measures into a transplant rejection scoring system which would improve sensitivity and possibly reduce, if not eliminate, the need for endomyocardial biopsy.
Give us the tools and we will do the job (1998)

I read with excitement the articles on the government White Papers (News Analysis July 15). I hope, once the PCGs, NICE and CHImp get under way, that quality will improve, that nurses speak up for what they want without fear of backlash and that resources are given to make improvements.
Gene Expression Profiling of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Identifies Transcripts Correlated with BRAF Mutational Status and Lymph Node Metastasis (2008)

CST6, CXCL14, DHRS3, and SPP1 may play a role in PTC pathogenesis and progression and are possible molecular targets for PTC therapy.
Impact of Colony Morphologies and Disinfection on Biological Clogging in Porous Media (2000)

Biological clogging of aquifers and other porous media during bioremediation, sand filtration, and aquifer recharge is a significant problem that is yet poorly understood and controlled. One major difficulty is the relatively few direct observations of clogging phenomena, which are required to adequately validate numerical models for predicting flow through porous media. Visualization of biological growth with time and accompanying reductions in hydraulic conductivity were obtained using two-dimensional micromodels of porous media. The micromodels were seeded with mixed microbial cultures to allow natural selection of dominant aerobic morphologies following continuous feed of culture media containing 1.36−1.69 mM acetate flowing at 0.9−3.6 m/day specific discharge velocity. Of the several different resulting colony morphologies, filaments dominated at pH 3, while biofilms and aggregates dominated at neutral pH. Conductivity decrease correlated with biological growth and morphology, and sudden conductivity recoveries correlated with sloughing events. Periodic chlorine disinfection resulted in temporary increase in conductivity and helped open channels of flow between dense colonies. However, aggregates of organisms exhibited increased resistance to chlorine disinfection with time, reducing disinfection effectiveness. Continuous, rather than periodic, disinfection is recommended. Models for biological substrate removal and clogging should incorporate different growth morphologies to produce satisfactory simulation results.
Genes Influencing Susceptibility to Infection (2007)

In this issue of the Journal, an article [1] reports the results of a human genome scan for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing susceptibility to Ascaris lumbricoides.Theworkisimportantbothforthe insight that it provides into how the body resistsheavyinfectionwiththisimportant soil-transmitted intestinal helminth and for what it promises in this new era of investigation and discovery concerning whichhumangenesinfluencesusceptibility to infection. Every infectious-diseases physician has puzzled over the differing sensitivities of patientstoinfectionortothemedications used to treat infection. Why do some HIV-infected patients progress slowly to disease?Howdopersonswithpositivetuberculintestresultsnotdevelopactivetuberculosis? What predisposes patients to adverse effects from antibiotics? The discipline of genetic epidemiology now has both the technology and statistical rigor to answer many of these questions. Some of the most notable answers to date include the resistance to severePlasmodium falciparum malaria provided by the sickle celltrait[2]andtoPlasmodiumvivaxmalaria due to Duffy blood group negativity [3], the 32-bp deletion in the CCR5 chemokine receptor that renders homozygous individuals resistant to infection with CCR5-tropic HIV [4], and the association of the variant in the peptide
Reduced Sodium Channel Nav1.1 Levels in BACE1-null Mice (2010)

The Alzheimer BACE1 enzyme cleaves numerous substrates, with largely unknown physiological consequences. We have previously identified the contribution of elevated BACE1 activity to voltage-gated sodium channel Na(v)1.1 density and neuronal function. Here, we analyzed physiological changes in sodium channel metabolism in BACE1-null mice. Mechanistically, we first confirmed that endogenous BACE1 requires its substrate, the β-subunit Na(v)β(2), to regulate levels of the pore-forming α-subunit Na(v)1.1 in cultured primary neurons. Next, we analyzed sodium channel α-subunit levels in brains of BACE1-null mice at 1 and 3 months of age. At both ages, we found that Na(v)1.1 protein levels were significantly decreased in BACE1-null versus wild-type mouse brains, remaining unchanged in BACE1-heterozygous mouse brains. Interestingly, levels of Na(v)1.2 and Na(v)1.6 α-subunits also decreased in 1-month-old BACE1-null mice. In the hippocampus of BACE1-null mice, we found a robust 57% decrease of Na(v)1.1 levels. Next, we performed surface biotinylation studies in acutely dissociated hippocampal slices from BACE1-null mice. Hippocampal surface Na(v)1.1 levels were significantly decreased, but Na(v)1.2 surface levels were increased in BACE1-null mice perhaps as a compensatory mechanism for reduced surface Na(v)1.1. We also found that Na(v)β(2) processing and Na(v)1.1 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in brains of BACE1-null mice. This suggests a mechanism consistent with BACE1 activity regulating mRNA levels of the α-subunit Na(v)1.1 via cleavage of cell-surface Na(v)β(2). Together, our data show that endogenous BACE1 activity regulates total and surface levels of voltage-gated sodium channels in mouse brains. Both decreased Na(v)1.1 and elevated surface Na(v)1.2 may result in a seizure phenotype. Our data caution that therapeutic BACE1 activity inhibition in Alzheimer disease patients may affect Na(v)1 metabolism and alter neuronal membrane excitability in Alzheimer disease patients.
Effect of ecdysone agonists on vitellogenesis and the expression of EcR and USP in codling moth (Cydia pomonella) (2003)

The effects of tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide on vitellogenin (Vg) synthesis/release in the fat body, translocation in hemolymph, uptake by the ovary, and the expression of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and its heterodimer partner, ultraspiracle protein (USP) in fat body, were investigated in Cydia pomonella. The results indicated that both ecdysone agonists significantly increased the Vg level in the adult hemolymph when the moths were exposed to agonist-treated surfaces. However, these agonists did not affect Vg release from the fat body nor Vg deposition in the first batch oocytes. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of EcR and USP was significantly increased in tebufenozide- and methoxyfenozide-treated samples compared to the control, suggesting that ecdysone agonists regulated the Vg synthesis via the EcR and USP proteins complex.
Anatomic Landmarks for Nerves of the Neck: A Vade Mecum for Neurosurgeons (2005)

Anatomic landmarks are often quite useful in localizing structures within the human body, especially in the surgical realm. We have reviewed the medical literature and multiple texts of surgery and anatomy and culled together many anatomic landmarks regarding important nerves of the neck. This region is complicated by formidable anatomy, and a single collection of the relationships of the nerves in this region is lacking in the literature. It is our hope that this collection will serve to assist the surgeon who operates in this region of the body.
Fungitoxic and Phytotoxic Activities of Cinnamic Acid Esters and Amides (2000)

数多くのケイ皮酸エステル及びアミド化合物を合成し, それらの抗菌及び植物生長阻害活性試験を行った. 抗菌活性の強さはシンナモイル基のベンゼン環上の置換基の影響を受けて著しく変化した. 4位にイソプロピル基あるいは塩素原子を導入すると抗菌活性の増加が認められた. 低級アルキルアミド化合物はアニリド化合物より強い活性を示した. N-Isopropyl-4-chlorocinnamamide (N-35) は全化合物中で最も強い抗菌活性を示し, 10ppmで白絹病菌 (Corticium rolfsii) の生育を66%阻害した. エステル誘導体の中では, ベンゼン環の4位に塩素原子を導入した methyl 4-chlorocinnamate (O-19) が白絹病菌に対して強い抗菌活性を示した. 植物生長阻害試験結果では, ほとんどの化合物が胚軸より幼根に対する阻害活性が高かった.
Decreased cardiac mitochondrial NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity and expression: a marker of oxidative stress in hypertrophy development (2004)

Mitochondrial dysfunction subsequent to increased oxidative stress and alterations in energy metabolism is considered to play a role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and its progression to failure, although the sequence of events remains to be elucidated. This study aimed at characterizing the impact of hypertrophy development on the activity and expression of mitochondrial NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase (mNADP+-ICDH), a metabolic enzyme that controls redox and energy status. We expanded on our previous finding of its inactivation through posttranslational modification by the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) in 7-wk-old spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) hearts before hypertrophy development (Benderdour et al. J Biol Chem 278: 45154-45159, 2003). In this study, we used 7-, 15-, and 30-wk-old SHR and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with abdominal aortic coarctation. Compared with age-matched control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, SHR hearts showed a significant 25% decrease of mNADP+-ICDH activity, which preceded in time 1) the decline in its protein and mRNA expression levels (between 10% and 35%) and 2) the increase in hypertrophy markers. The chronic and persistent loss of mNADP+-ICDH activity in SHR was associated with enhanced tissue accumulation of HNE-mNADP+-ICDH and total HNE-protein adducts at all ages and contrasted with the profile of changes in the activity of other mitochondrial enzymes involved in antioxidant or energy metabolism. Two-way ANOVA of the data also revealed a significant effect of age on most parameters measured in SHR and WKY hearts. The mNADP+-ICDH activity, protein, and mRNA expression were reduced between 25% and 35% in coarctated SD rats and were normalized by treatment of SHR or coarctated SD rats with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, which prevented or attenuated hypertrophy. Altogether, our data show that cardiac mNADP+-ICDH activity and expression are differentially and sequentially affected in hypertrophy development and, to a lesser extent, with aging. Decreased cardiac mNADP+-ICDH activity, which is attributed at least in part to HNE adduct formation, appears to be a relevant early and persistent marker of mitochondrial oxidative stress-related alterations in hypertrophy development. Potentially, this could also contribute to the aetiology of cardiomyopathy.
Transfusion of Red Blood Cells under Shock Conditions in the Rat Microvasculature. (2004)

Abstract Background RBC transfusion is the mainstay of therapy for resuscitation of patients with hemorrhagic shock. Ex-vivo storage of RBCs for transfusions is associated with a storage lesion which decreases erythrocyte deformability and increases their adhesiveness to vascular endothelium. This may impair microcirculatory flow with deleterious effects on oxygen delivery post-transfusion. The objective of this study was to determine whether transfused stored rat blood impairs the microcirculation following resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock Methods Donor Sprague Dawley rat RBCs were collected and stored in CPDA-1 under standard blood bank conditions. RBCs were labelled with FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) 24 hours before the experiment. RBCs stored for less than 24 hours (fresh) RBCs (n=3) were compared to RBCs stored for 7 days (n=3). To induce shock, forty percent of blood volume was removed from male Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were then resuscitated by injecting 1.5mL of labelled packed RBCs and sufficient saline to restore blood volume via arterial line. The number of adherent labelled RBCs in the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) was detected using intravital video microscopy (20X magnification). RBC velocity, capillary diameters, capillary Hct (hematocrit), arterial Hct, and lactate data was collected at three time points (baseline, shock and resuscitation). Results Lactate levels increased significantly during shock in both the fresh and stored groups. Arterial Hct decreased in shock and was restored to baseline levels with resuscitation. The stored group had an increased number of stopped cells in the microcirculation compared to their fresh counterparts (p=0.004). There was no statistical significant difference in capillary diameters between groups or time points. Both groups showed an increase in RBC velocity from baseline to resuscitation (stored group doubled, fresh group tripled). Capillary Hct did not change in the fresh group but doubled in the old group from baseline to resuscitation. Conclusion In our shock model, transfusion of stored RBCs resulted in an increased number of stopped cells and lower RBC velocity in capillaries as compared to fresh RBCs. Stored RBCs also had an increased capillary Hct from baseline to resuscitation and a diminished hyperemic response as compared to fresh RBCs. We conclude that stored RBCs following transfusion behave differently than native or fresh transfused cells in the microcirculation. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of these microcirculatory changes on oxygen availability in transfusion.
In Pursuit of Zero 2.0: Recent Developments in Nonfouling Polymer Brushes for Immunoassays (2019)

"Nonfouling" polymer brush surfaces can greatly improve the performance of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) assays due to the reduction of nonspecific protein adsorption and consequent improvement of signal-to-noise ratios. The development of synthetic polymer brush architectures that suppress adventitious protein adsorption is reviewed, and their integration into surface plasmon resonance and fluorescent sandwich immunoassay formats is discussed. Also, highlighted is a novel, self-contained immunoassay platform (the D4 assay) that transforms time-consuming laboratory-based assays into a user-friendly and point-of-care format with a sensitivity and specificity comparable or better than standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) directly from unprocessed samples. These advancements clearly demonstrate the utility of nonfouling polymer brushes as a substrate for ultrasensitive and robust diagnostic assays that may be suitable for clinical testing, in field and laboratory settings.
Struktureller Wandel innerstädtischer Industriegebiete: Das Beispiel Halle-Ost (2007)

Strukturwandel ein, der sich u. a. in einer grundlegenden Reorganisation der industriellen Produktionsbasis widerspiegelte. Die industriell geprägten Stadtregionen waren – sie vereinigten Ende der 1980er Jahre etwa ein Viertel der industriellen Bestandsflächen der damaligen DDR auf sich (vgl. USBECK 1999, S. 1) – in besonderer Intensität von Betriebsschließungen betroffen. Einer zügigen Revitalisierung der innenstadtnahen Alt-Gewerbestandorte standen – von gesamtwirtschaftlichen Aspekten abgesehen – deren schlechte infrastrukturelle Anbindung, schwierige Verhältnisse am Bodenmarkt (ungeklärte Eigentumsfragen, hohes Preisniveau etc.), sowie Altlastenprobleme entgegen. Erschwert wurde die Situation ferner durch die Ausweisung neuer Gewerbegebiete im Umland der Städte oder an deren Rändern, da diese Areale über vergleichsweise bessere Standortbedingungen verfügten, und damit nicht nur Unternehmen von außerhalb der Region anzogen, sondern auch die Verlagerung von Unternehmen aus den innerstädtischen Gebieten begünstigten (vgl. USBECK 1999, S. 3), so dass die ursprünglichen Standorte zunehmend von Leerstand betroffen waren.
Insect Sting Allergy (2000)

Allergic reactions to insect stings are very common, and occasionally, a serious medical problem. The incidence of anaphylaxis in the general population has been estimated to range from 0.3 to 3%. Vital statistic registry data document at least 40 deaths/yr as a result of insect sting anaphylaxis with the likelihood that other episodes of unexplained sudden death are also the result of insect stings. Individuals at risk are often very anxious about further stings and, as a result, make significant changes in their life-styles.KeywordsSkin TestPositive Skin TestUnexplained Sudden DeathNegative Skin TestInsect StingThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.