gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-Resolution TV: Subjective Effects of Frame Repetition and Picture Replenishment (1967)

Using the experimental television facility described in a companion paper, frame repeating and point-by-point selective replenishment of picture elements have been accomplished in real time. On the basis of initial experiments, using the head-and-shoulder view of a person as the picture source, such as is likely to be encountered in a visual communication system, the following tentative conclusions have been reached: (i) The motion rendition with a 15 new pictures/second frame repeating system, while not flawless, is reasonably good. (ii) Selectively replenishing one-quarter of the picture points per frame gives a better continuity of motion but results in objectionable patterns. (iii) Picture quality greatly depends on the pattern of picture replenishment. Of the five replenishment patterns tested, two result in pictures which are significantly better than the other three. (iv) In informal viewings, opinion has been so divided that no preference has been established between simple 15 new pictures/second frame repeating and the more satisfying schemes for picture replenishment. (v) The frame repeating and replenishment systems produce gross impairment during zooming and panning; consequently, these systems in their present form are unlikely to be useful for broadcast television. The impairments observed in these systems are subjective and not yet predictable. This emphasizes the importance of subjective testing of systems in real time.
Infection of Inbred Rat Strains with Rift Valley Fever Virus: Development of a Congenic Resistant Strain and Observations on Age-Dependence of Resistance (1991)

A congenic rat strain (WF.LEW) was derived from the susceptible Wistar-Furth (WF) (background strain) and the resistant LEW (donor strain) inbred strains and was used to evaluate the phenotypic expression of a dominant Mendelian gene that confers resistance to fatal hepatic disease caused by the ZH501 strain of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Resistance to hepatic disease developed gradually with age, with full expression at approximately 10 weeks in the WF.LEW and LEW rat strains. The ZH501 strain caused fatal hepatitis in WF rats regardless of age. However, resistance to the SA75 RVFV strain (relatively non-pathogenic for adult rats), was age- and dose-dependent in both WF and LEW rats. The resistance gene transferred to the newly derived WF.LEW congenic rat strain appears to amplify age-dependent resistance of adult rats, resulting in protection against fatal hepatic disease caused by the virulent ZH501 strain. The congenic rat strain will be a valuable asset in elucidating the mechanism of resistance to Rift Valley fever virus governed by the dominant Mendelian gene.
Properties of N‐terminal truncated yeast aspartyl‐tRNA synthetase and structural characteristics of the cleaved domain (1988)

Cytoplasmic aspartyl-tRNA synthetase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a dimer made up of identical subunits of Mr 64,000 as shown by biochemical and crystallographic analyses. Previous studies have emphasized the high sensitivity of the amino-terminal region (residues 1-32) to proteolytic enzymes. This work reports the results of limited tryptic or chymotryptic digestion of the purified enzyme which gives rise to a truncated species that has lost the first 50-64 residues with full retention of both the activity and the dimeric structure. In contrast the larger tryptic fragment is distinguished from the whole enzyme by its weaker retention on heparin-substituted agarose gels. The cleaved N-terminal part presents peculiar structural features, such as a high content in lysine residues arranged in a palindromic fashion. The properties of the trypsin-modified enzyme and of the cleaved amino-terminal region are discussed in relation to the known structural characteristics of aspartyl-tRNA synthetase and of other eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
Exact from-region visibility culling (2002)

To pre-process a scene for the purpose of visibility culling during walkthroughs it is necessary to solve visibility from all the elements of a finite partition of viewpoint space. Many conservative and approximate solutions have been developed that solve for visibility rapidly. The idealised exact solution for general 3D scenes has often been regarded as computationally intractable. Our exact algorithm for finding the visible polygons in a scene from a region is a computationally tractable pre-process that can handle scenes of the order of millions of polygons.The essence of our idea is to represent 3-D polygons and the stabbing lines connecting them in a 5-D Euclidean space derived from Plucker space and then to perform geometric subtractions of occluded lines from the set of potential stabbing lines. We have built a query architecture around this query algorithm that allows for its practical application to large scenes.We have tested the algorithm on two different types of scene: despite a large constant computational overhead, it is highly scalable, with a time dependency close to linear in the output produced.
Electrophosphorescent Devices Based on Cationic Complexes: Control of Switch‐on Voltage and Efficiency Through Modification of Charge Injection and Charge Transport (2005)

Abstract This paper reports an analysis of the properties of polymer light‐emitting devices (PLEDs) doped with iridium complexes. Devices based on charged and neutral complexes doped into poly(vinylcarbazole) (PVK) are presented, and the role of the ions and the charge‐transport properties of the complexes are discussed. In devices with the charged complexes, the concentration of the complex is found to have a profound effect on both the switch‐on voltage and the efficiency. At higher doping concentrations the efficiency is increased and the switch‐on voltage decreased. The increase in efficiency and decrease in switch‐on voltage at higher dopant concentration are found to be due to an alternative charge transport path via the iridium dopant [Ir(bpy)] + (bis(2‐phenylpyridine‐C 2 , N ′)(2,2′‐bipyridine)iridium hexafluorophosphate). However, at lower concentrations the complex becomes an electron trap and the efficiency is reduced. The devices are found to be significantly less efficient than those with neutral complexes. This difference is attributed to the ionic content and the charge trapping properties of the charged complexes. The low efficiency of the charged‐complex‐based devices could be overcome by utilizing a hole‐blocking layer; devices with efficiencies as high as 23 cd A –1 were obtained.
Prospective Evaluation of Free Energy Calculations for the Prioritization of Cathepsin L Inhibitors (2017)

Improving the binding affinity of a chemical series by systematically probing one of its exit vectors is a medicinal chemistry activity that can benefit from molecular modeling input. Herein, we compare the effectiveness of four approaches in prioritizing building blocks with better potency: selection by a medicinal chemist, manual modeling, docking followed by manual filtering, and free energy calculations (FEP). Our study focused on identifying novel substituents for the apolar S2 pocket of cathepsin L and was conducted entirely in a prospective manner with synthesis and activity determination of 36 novel compounds. We found that FEP selected compounds with improved affinity for 8 out of 10 picks compared to 1 out of 10 for the other approaches. From this result and other additional analyses, we conclude that FEP can be a useful approach to guide this type of medicinal chemistry optimization once it has been validated for the system under consideration.
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Block MyD88-Dependent and Activate MyD88-Independent Signaling Pathways in Rat Testicular Cells (2008)

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common etiological cause of urogenital tract infections and represents a considerable cause of immunological male infertility. We examined TLR 1-11 expression profiles in testicular cells and the functional response to infection with UPEC. All testicular cell types expressed mRNAs for at least two TLRs and, in particular, synthesis of TLR4 was induced in testicular macrophages (TM), Sertoli cells (SC), peritubular cells (PTC), and peritoneal macrophages (PM) after UPEC exposure. Even though MyD88-dependent pathways were activated as exemplified by phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in TM, SC, PTC, and PM and by the degradation of IkappaBalpha and the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in PTC and PM, treatment with UPEC did not result in secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1alpha, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in any of the investigated cells. Moreover, stimulated production of these cytokines by nonpathogenic commensal E. coli or LPS in PM was completely abolished after coincubation with UPEC. Instead, in SC, PTC, TM, and PM, UPEC exposure resulted in activation of MyD88-independent signaling as documented by nuclear transfer of IFN-related factor-3 and elevated expression of type I IFNs alpha and beta, IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, MCP-1, and RANTES. We conclude that in this in vitro model UPEC can actively suppress MyD88-dependent signaling at different levels to prevent proinflammatory cytokine secretion by testicular cells. Thus, testicular innate immune defense is shifted to an antiviral-like MyD88-independent response.
Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile (2002)

This memo profiles the X.509 v3 certificate and X.509 v2 Certificate Revocation List (CRL) for use in the Internet. An overview of this approach and model are provided as an introduction. The X.509 v3 certificate format is described in detail, with additional information regarding the format and semantics of Internet name forms. Standard certificate extensions are described and two Internet-specific extensions are defined. A set of required certificate extensions is specified. The X.509 v2 CRL format is described in detail, and required extensions are defined. An algorithm for X.509 certification path validation is described. An ASN.1 module and examples are provided in the appendices.
The multifunctional NS1 protein of influenza A viruses (2008)

The non-structural (NS1) protein of influenza A viruses is a non-essential virulence factor that has multiple accessory functions during viral infection. In recent years, the major role ascribed to NS1 has been its inhibition of host immune responses, especially the limitation of both interferon (IFN) production and the antiviral effects of IFN-induced proteins, such as dsRNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) and 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L. However, it is clear that NS1 also acts directly to modulate other important aspects of the virus replication cycle, including viral RNA replication, viral protein synthesis, and general host-cell physiology. Here, we review the current literature on this remarkably multifunctional viral protein. In the first part of this article, we summarize the basic biochemistry of NS1, in particular its synthesis, structure, and intracellular localization. We then discuss the various roles NS1 has in regulating viral replication mechanisms, host innate/adaptive immune responses, and cellular signalling pathways. We focus on the NS1-RNA and NS1-protein interactions that are fundamental to these processes, and highlight apparent strain-specific ways in which different NS1 proteins may act. In this regard, the contributions of certain NS1 functions to the pathogenicity of human and animal influenza A viruses are also discussed. Finally, we outline practical applications that future studies on NS1 may lead to, including the rational design and manufacture of influenza vaccines, the development of novel antiviral drugs, and the use of oncolytic influenza A viruses as potential anti-cancer agents.
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pyochelin-Iron Uptake Pathway and Its Metal Specificity (2009)

Pyochelin (Pch) is one of the two major siderophores produced and secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to assimilate iron. It chelates iron in the extracellular medium and transports it into the cell via a specific outer membrane transporter, FptA. We used the fluorescent properties of Pch to show that this siderophore chelates, in addition to Fe(3+) albeit with substantially lower affinities, Ag(+), Al(3+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), Cr(2+), Cu(2+), Eu(3+), Ga(3+), Hg(2+), Mn(2+), Ni(2+), Pb(2+), Sn(2+), Tb(3+), Tl(+), and Zn(2+). Surprisingly, the Pch complexes with all these metals bound to FptA with affinities in the range of 10 nM to 4.8 microM (the affinity of Pch-Fe is 10 nM) and were able to inhibit, with various efficiencies, Pch-(55)Fe uptake in vivo. We used inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry to follow metal uptake by P. aeruginosa. Energy-dependent metal uptake, in the presence of Pch, was efficient only for Fe(3+). Co(2+), Ga(3+), and Ni(2+) were also transported, but the uptake rates were 23- to 35-fold lower than that for Fe(3+). No uptake was seen for all the other metals. Thus, cell surface FptA has broad metal specificity at the binding stage but is much more selective for the metal uptake process. This uptake pathway does not appear to efficiently assimilate any metal other than Fe(3+).
Shewanella sp. GA-22, a psychrophilic hydrocarbonoclastic antarctic bacterium producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (2003)

The PUFA production was detected on media supplemented with crude oil, gasoline and n-tetradecane. The apparent conservation of PUFA genes may point to the potential utilization of designed primers as functional markers in culture-independent ecological studies, and for initial screening in biotechnological fields.
Generation of navigation graphs for indoor space (2015)

This article proposes a comprehensive approach to computing a navigation graph for an indoor space. It focuses on a single floor, but the work is easily extensible to multi-level spaces. The approach proceeds by using a formal model, based on the combinatorial map but enhanced with geometric and semantic information. The process is almost fully automatic, taking as input the building plans providing the geometric structure of the floors and semantics of the building, such as functions of interior spaces, portals, etc. One of the novel aspects in this work was the use of combinatorial maps and their duals to provide a compact formal description of the topology and connectivity of the indoor structure represented by a connected, embedded graph. While making use of existing libraries for the more routine computational geometry involved, the research develops several new algorithms, including one for computing the local kernel of a region. The process is evaluated by means of a case study using part of a university building.
Colicins and Related Bacteriocins (1967)

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
Different structural alterations upregulate in vitro tyrosine kinase activity and transforming potency of the erbB-2 gene. (1988)

Compared with normal erbB-2 gp185, mutant erbB-2 proteins generated by mutations either in the transmembrane domain or by NH2-terminal deletion are able to transform NIH 3T3 cells at a 10- to 100-fold greater efficiency. Mutant proteins of both classes show increased tyrosine kinase activity, suggesting that an abnormal level of receptor-associated tyrosine kinase activity is a major determinant of erbB-2 oncogenic potential.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Naltrexone to Counteract Antipsychotic-Associated Weight Gain (2014)

Patients with schizophrenia experience higher rates of obesity as well as related morbidity and mortality than the general population does. Women with schizophrenia are at particular risk for antipsychotic-associated weight gain, obesity, and related medical disorders such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Given preclinical studies revealing the role of the endogenous opioid systems in human appetite and the potential of antipsychotic medications to interfere with this system, we hypothesized that opioid antagonists may be beneficial in arresting antipsychotic-associated weight gain and promoting further weight loss in women with schizophrenia. In the present study, 24 overweight women with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were randomized to placebo or naltrexone (NTX) 25 mg/d for 8 weeks. The primary outcome measure was a change in body weight from baseline. The patients in the NTX group had significant weight loss (-3.40 kg) compared with weight gain (+1.37 kg) in the patients in the placebo group. Mainly, nondiabetic subjects lost weight in the NTX arm. These data support the need to further investigate the role of D2 blockade in reducing food reward-based overeating. A larger study addressing the weaknesses of this pilot study is currently underway.
Regulation of primate lentiviral RNA dimerization by structural entrapment (2008)

Despite their sequence differences, all three lentiviral RNAs tested in this study showed a local regulation of dimerization through the stabilization of SL1.
Transposition of the Lac Region of E. coli (1966)

It has recently become possible to isolate strains of Escherichia coli in which certain genes are transposed to new locations on the bacterial chromosome (Cuzin and Jacob, 1964; Scaife and Pekhov, 1964). Such strains are of particular interest because, in certain cases, transposition of genes allows new experimental approaches to the study of gene function. These approaches may not be possible with the genes at their normal chromosomal location.
Vertebroplasty by Use of a Strontium-Containing Bioactive Bone Cement (2005)

Oral strontium has been shown to induce new bone formation and is effective in reducing fracture risk in osteoporosis. Our data suggest that strontium delivered locally has the same effect; thus, the combination of strontium with HA in a cement with a low setting temperature, adequate stiffness, and low viscosity makes this a good bioactive cement for vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty.
Activation of an EDS1-Mediated R-Gene Pathway in the snc1 Mutant Leads to Constitutive, NPR1-Independent Pathogen Resistance (2001)

The Arabidopsis NPR1 protein is an essential regulatory component of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Mutations in the NPR1 gene completely block the induction of SAR by signals such as salicylic acid (SA). An Arabidopsis mutant, snc1 (suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1), was isolated in a screen for suppressors of npr1-1. In the npr1-1 background, the snc1 mutation resulted in constitutive resistance to Pseudomonas syringae maculicola ES4326 and Peronospora parasitica Noco2. High levels of SA were detected in the mutant and shown to be required for manifestation of the snc1 phenotype. The snc1 mutation was mapped to the RPP5 resistance (R) gene cluster and the eds1 mutation that blocks RPP5-mediated resistance suppressed snc1. These data suggest that a RPP5-related resistance pathway is activated constitutively in snc1. This pathway does not employ NPR1 but requires the signal molecule SA and the function of EDS1. Moreover, in snc1, constitutive resistance is conferred in the absence of cell death, which is often associated with R-gene mediated resistance.
Platelet depletion and aspirin treatment protect mice in a two-event model of transfusion-related acute lung injury (2009)

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion-associated mortality in the US. Previously, we established an immune-mediated TRALI mouse model, wherein mice with cognate antigen were challenged with MHC class I mAb. In this study, when mice housed in a rodent, specific pathogen-free barrier room were challenged with MHC I mAb, there was significant protection from TRALI compared with nonbarrier mice. Priming mice with LPS restored lung injury with mAb challenge. Using TLR4-deficient bone marrow chimeras, the priming phenotype was restricted to animals with WT hematopoietic cells, and depletion of either neutrophils or platelets was protective. Both neutrophils and platelets were sequestered in the lungs of mice with TRALI, and retention of platelets was neutrophil dependent. Interestingly, treatment with aspirin prevented lung injury and mortality, but blocking the P selectin or CD11b/CD18 pathways did not. These data suggest a 2-step mechanism of TRALI: priming of hematopoietic cells, followed by vascular deposition of activated neutrophils and platelets that then mediate the severe lung injury. Furthermore, our data offer an explanation for the increased incidence of TRALI in patients with immune priming conditions, and we suggest what we believe to be a novel therapeutic approach.
Rearrangement and cyclization reactions in the mass spectra of a series of isatin carbonyl derivatives of medicinal interest: 2‐Oxo‐3‐indolinylidene anils (n‐arylketimines), 2‐oxo‐3‐indolinylidene phenylhydrazones, 2‐oxo‐3,3‐bis‐(o‐diaminoaryl) indolyl deriv‐atives and their 2,3‐quinoxaline heterocyclic analogues (1971)

Abstract The mass spectra of several types of carbonyl derivatives of isatin have been examined and the fragmentation pathways have been studied. There are many differences from previously reported data on similar derivatives of less complex carbonyl compounds and several rearrangement processes have been shown to be involved in the cleavage reactions. Some interesting examples of ‘ ortho ‐effects’ have also come to light as a result of this investigation.
Amino‐1,2,4‐Triazoles (1981)

This chapter contains sections titled: 3(or 5)-Amino(unsubstituted)-s-Triazoles 3(or 5)-Amino(substituted)-s-Triazoles 3(or 5)-Amino- 1 H- 1,2,4-Triazoles 3(or 5bAmino-4H- 1.2,4-Triazoles 4-Amino-4H-1.2.4-Triazoles
Multimedia conferencing: has it come of age? (2002)

Multimedia conferencing continues to be an active research area with a diversity of systems being developed for a variety of situations. In particular, multimedia conferencing is central to the idea of the collaboratory, an electronic environment for conducting science. As a vehicle for telecollaboration, multimedia conferencing promises to provide a meeting place for those needing to work cooperatively from afar. The paper reviews current research projects in telecollaboration. The authors frame the discussion of multimedia conferencing with a nomenclature and taxonomy. They compare local versus remote conferencing, touching on issues in system architecture and network communication requirements. They examine the recurring problems researchers have observed and the solutions they have chosen. With the advent of new technologies and with a growing sensitivity to human factors, if multimedia conferencing has not already come of age, it now has the opportunity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Performance analysis of 10-μm-thick vcsel array in fully embedded board level guided-wave optoelectronic interconnects (2003)

We introduce a simple and effective heat sink structure for thin-film vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) in fully embedded board level guided-wave interconnects. A 50% quantum efficiency increase is experimentally confirmed for the 10-μm thin-film VCSELs. The thermal resistance of a 1 × 12 embedded thin-film VCSEL array in printed circuit board (PCB) is further analyzed. The experimental results show an excellent match with the simulated results. The 10-μm-thick VCSEL had the lowest thermal resistance and the highest differential efficiency compared to 250-, 200-, 150-, and 100-μm-thick VCSELs. A substrate removed VCSEL can be used in fully embedded board level optical interconnects without special cooling techniques.