gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review: The Prolonged QT Interval: Role of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines, Reactive Oxygen Species and the Ceramide and Sphingosine-1 Phosphate Pathways. (2015)

Patients with QT prolongation have delayed cardiac repolarization and may suffer fatal ventricular arrhythmias. To determine the role of cytokines in causing this syndrome, we reviewed reports on patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and other inflammatory conditions. These patients frequently have prolonged QT, which correlates with increases in tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-1β and 6. Studies in experimental models have shown that these cytokines act through stimulation of reactive oxygen species. Our review of data on phospholipidosis and on QT-shortening agents suggests a key role in QT prolongation for the ceramide/sphingosine-1-phosphate rheostat. We conclude that the cause of prolonged QT in inflammatory conditions is cytokine induction of reactive oxygen species and then ceramides, and believe that QT-prolonging agents bypass initial steps of this pathway and directly affect ceramides. Since both pro-inflammatory cytokines and numerous medications cause QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias by this mechanism, extra caution is needed when using these agents in patients with inflammatory conditions.
Collagen-induced arthritis in the BB rat. Prevention of disease by treatment with CTLA-4-Ig. (1995)

Antigen-specific T cell activation requires two independent signalling events, one mediated through T cell receptor engagement by the antigen-presenting cell-expressed peptide/class II major histocompatibility complex, and the second through the cognate interactions of costimulatory molecules expressed on the T cell and antigen-presenting cell. There is evidence from in vitro and in vivo experimental systems suggesting that the CD28/B7 costimulatory pathway is crucial for induction of maximal T cell proliferation and T helper-B cell collaboration for IgG production. This pathway can be blocked by CTLA-4-Ig, a soluble form of CTLA-4 which binds with high avidity to the CD28 ligands, B7-1 and B7-2. Here, we show that CTLA-4-Ig treatment prevents clinical and histological manifestations of disease in a collagen-induced arthritis model of rheumatoid arthritis in the diabetes resistant BB/Wor rat, when therapy is initiated before immunization with bovine type II collagen (BIIC). Anti-BIIC antibody titers are reduced in CTLA-4-Ig-treated rats compared to diseased control animals. Histologically, joints from CTLA-4-Ig-treated animals show no histological abnormalities, in contrast to control antibody-treated animals, which show complete erosion of the articular cartilage and bone. Despite the efficacy of CTLA-4-Ig in preventing clinical and histological signs of arthritis and reducing antibody responses to BIIC, delayed type hypersensitivity responses to collagen 18 d or more after CTLA-4-Ig treatment ends are similar in CTLA-4-Ig-treated and untreated rats, suggesting that the prolonged disease suppression observed does not result from induction of T cell anergy.
Solar generation control with time-synchronized phasors (2011)

Solar-energy-based photovoltaic (PV) systems are a quickly growing source of distributed generation (DG) and connect to the power distribution system. PV-based DG poses challenges to grid reliability and power quality. One critical challenge is islanding control. Research is underway to devise best practice methods for anti-islanding for all power mismatch conditions. Synchrophasors provide an accurate means to detect islanding conditions by enabling precise, time-synchronized wide-area measurements. This paper presents an islanding detection system for PV-based DG. The system utilizes synchrophasor data collected from local and remote locations to detect the islanded condition. The paper shows how synchrophasors are used to control the DG during such conditions. It also discusses the power system modeling using a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS®) and closed-loop testing of the synchrophasor-based islanding detection system, which includes the PV-based inverter and the power distribution system. The effectiveness of the system was experimentally tested on a live power system.
Development of Nontoxic Heat Transport Fluids for Habitat Two-Phase Thermal Control Systems (1992)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;We have successfully used techniques found in computational chemistry to identify a series of compounds for use as nontoxic heat transfer fluids for habitat two-phase thermal control systems. Our approach allows us to screen compounds, based on their molecular structure, where no thermodynamic data exists. Once compounds that have the desired properties are identified, their properties can be measured.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The key problem in developing the most efficient and versatile two-phase pumped fluid system is the selection of the appropriate working fluid. Although many fluids are good candidates in terms of their thermodynamic properties, they cannot be used inside pressurized, habitat volumes due to toxicity, flammability, and thermal stability concerns.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;We used our computational chemistry approach based on pattern recognition techniques to correlate a molecules thermodynamic and chemical properties with its molecular structure, we have identified several perfluorocarbons that meet the NASA design requirements.&lt;/div&gt;
1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits gamma-interferon synthesis by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. (1987)

1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3], the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3, inhibited synthesis of gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) by phytohemagglutinin-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). A significant reduction of IFN-gamma protein levels in PBL culture medium was achieved with a physiologic 1,25-(OH)2D3 concentration (0.1 nM). 1,25-(OH)2D3 also inhibited accumulation of IFN-gamma mRNA in activated PBLs in a dose-dependent fashion. The ability of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to modulate IFN-gamma protein synthesis was unaltered in the presence of high concentrations of recombinant human interleukin 2. The suppression of IFN-gamma synthesis by PBLs was specific for 1,25-(OH)2D3; the potencies of other vitamin D3 metabolites were correlated with their affinities for the cellular 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor. The time course of 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor expression in phytohemagglutinin-activated PBLs was correlated with the time course of 1,25-(OH)2D3-mediated inhibition of IFN-gamma synthesis. In selected experiments, T-lymphocyte-enriched cell preparations were utilized. In these experiments, 1,25-(OH)2D3 was equally active as in PBL preparations. Finally, we examined the effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on the constitutive IFN-gamma production by two human T-lymphocyte lines transformed by human T-lymphotropic virus type I. The cell lines were established from a normal donor (cell line S-LB1) and from a patient with vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2 (cell line Ab-VDR). IFN-gamma synthesis by S-LB1 cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by 1,25-(OH)2D3, whereas IFN-gamma synthesis by Ab-VDR cells was not altered by 1,25-(OH)2D3. The data presented in this study provide further evidence for a role of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in immunoregulation.
The serum/PDGF-dependent "melanogenic" role of the minute level of the oncogenic kinase PAK1 in melanoma cells proven by the highly sensitive kinase assay (2016)

We previously demonstrated that the oncogenic kinase PAK4, which both melanomas and normal melanocytes express at a very high level, is essential for their melanogenesis. In the present study, using the highly sensitive "Macaroni-Western" (IP-ATP-Glo) kinase assay, we investigated the melanogenic potential of another oncogenic kinase PAK1, which melanoma (B16F10) cells express only at a very minute level. After transfecting melanoma cells with PAK1-shRNA for silencing PAK1 gene, melanin content, tyrosinase activity, and kinase activity of PAK1 were compared between the wild-type and transfectants. We found that (i) PAK1 is significantly activated by melanogenic hormones such as IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine) and α-MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone), (ii) silencing the endogenous PAK1 gene in melanoma cells through PAK1-specific shRNA reduces both melanin content and tyrosinase activity in the presence of both serum and melanogenic hormones to the basal level, (iii) the exogenously added wild-type PAK1 in the melanoma cells boosts the α-MSH-inducible melanin level by several folds without affecting the basal, and (iv) α-MSH/IBMX-induced melanogenesis hardly takes place in the absence of either serum or PAK1, clearly indicating that PAK1 is essential mainly for serum- and α-MSH/IBMX-dependent melanogenesis, but not the basal, in melanoma cells. The outcome of this study might provide the first scientific basis for explaining why a wide variety of herbal PAK1-blockers such as CAPE (caffeic acid phenethyl ester), curcumin and shikonin in cosmetics are useful for skin-whitening.
A Molecular Approach to Immunoscintigraphy: A Study of the T-Antigen Conformation on the Surface of Tumors (1987)

The role of glycoconjugates in tumor cell differentiation has been well documented. We have examined the expression of the two anomers of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen on the surface of human, canine and murine tumor cell membranes both in vitro and in vivo. This has been accomplished through the synthesis of the disaccharide terminal residues in both alpha and beta configuration. Both entities were used to generate murine monoclonal antibodies which recognized the carbohydrate determinants. The determination of fine specificities of these antibodies was effected by means of cellular uptake, immunohistopathology and immunoscintigraphy. Examination of pathological specimens of human and canine tumor tissue indicated that the expressed antigen was in the beta configuration. More than 89% of all human carcinomas tested expressed the antigen in the above anomeric form. The combination of synthetic antigens and monoclonal antibodies raised specifically against them provide us with invaluable tools for the study of tumor marker expression in humans and their respective animal tumor models.
Genetic Control of Flower Development by Homeotic Genes in Antirrhinum majus (1990)

Homeotic mutants have been useful for the study of animal development. Such mutants are also known in plants. The isolation and molecular analysis of several homeotic genes in Antirrhinum majus provide insights into the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms of flower development. A model is presented of how the characteristic sequential pattern of developing organs, comprising the flower, is established in the process of morphogenesis.
An image sensor which captures 100 consecutive frames at 1 000 000 frames/s (2003)

An image sensor for a video camera of 1000000 frames per second (fps) was developed. The specifications of the developed sensor are as follows: 1) frame rate: 1000000 fps; 2) pixel count: 81 120 (=312/spl times/260) pixels; 3) total number of successive frames: 103 frames; 4) gray levels: 10 b; and 5) open area of each pixel (fill factor): 580 square micrometers (13%). The overwriting function is installed for synchronization of image capturing with occurrence of the target event. Sensitivity is significantly high with the large photogate. Some innovative technologies were introduced to achieve ultrahigh performance, including slanted linear CCD in situ storage, curving design procedure, and a CCD switch with fewer metal shunting wires. They are applicable to the development of other new high-performance image sensors.
pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A: an inhibitor of protein synthesis synthesized with an enzyme fraction from interferon-treated cells. (1978)

A low molecular weight inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis effective at subnanomolar concentrations is formed on incubation of cytoplasmic extracts from interferon-treated cells with double-stranded RNA and ATP. It can be conveniently synthesized by incubating a poly(I).poly(C)-Sepharose-bound enzyme fraction from such cells with [3H]- or [alpha- or gamma-32P]ATP. The radioactive inhibitor has been characterized by its behavior on DEAE-Sephadex in the presence of urea and on the basis of the products obtained on enzymic, alkaline, and sequential degradation by periodate oxidation and beta elimination. Its structure appears to be pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A. We have found no evidence for any modification or abnormality other than the 2'-5' linkage. On occasion the inhibitor preparations have included what seems to be the corresponding dimer (pppA2'p5'A), tetramer [ppp(A2'p)3A], pentamer [ppp(A2'p)4A], and higher oligomers in decreasing amounts. The trimer, tetramer, and pentamer are similar in activity, but the dimer is less potent if active at all.
Human Ig S γ regions and their participation in sequential switching to IgE (1995)

The Ig isotype switch from IgM to IgE is accompanied by a DNA recombination that joins S mu, the highly repetitive "switch" region upstream of the C mu gene, to the S epsilon region upstream of C epsilon, thereby creating a composite S mu-S epsilon region. In human B cells cultured in vitro with IL-4 to promote the switch to IgE, we previously described evidence for S mu-S gamma-S epsilon structures, suggesting that some B cells can switch sequentially from mu to gamma and then to epsilon; similar sequential switching to epsilon occurs routinely in the mouse. To identify which of the four human gamma genes might be involved in this mu-gamma-epsilon switching pathway, we cloned and analyzed nine S mu-S gamma-S epsilon composite switch regions and studied S epsilon-S gamma junctions from reciprocal deletion circles. Since only the S gamma 4 sequence had previously been described, our investigation required determination of the germline S gamma 1, S gamma 2, and S gamma 3 sequences. This analysis showed that S gamma 1 is the longest and most highly repetitive switch region, including nearly identical 79-bp repeats partially homologous to the 49-bp repeat of murine S gamma sequences. Of nine cloned chromosomal S mu-S gamma-S epsilon junctions, seven were derived from S gamma 1, and one each from S gamma 3 and S gamma 4 (both of which were in inverted orientation). Analysis of reciprocal S epsilon-S gamma junctions demonstrated contributions of S gamma 1, S gamma 2, and S gamma 4. Thus, all four of the human gamma loci can participate in sequential switching to IgE, arguing against a model of directed switching from a specific subtype, such as was proposed in the murine system.
Safety, biodistribution, and dosimetry of 99mTc-HYNIC-annexin V, a novel human recombinant annexin V for human application. (2003)

(99m)Tc-HYNIC-annexin V is a safe radiopharmaceutical, having a favorable biodistribution for imaging of apoptosis in the abdominal as well as thoracic area with an acceptable radiation dose.
Modeling Reservoir Geometry With Irregular Grids (1991)

Summary This paper describes a practical method in which irregular or locally irregular grids are used in reservoir simulation with the advantages of flexible approximation of reservoir geometry and reduced grid-orientation effects. Finite-difference equations are derived from an integral formulation of the reservoir model equations equivalent to the commonly used differential equations. Integrating over gridblocks results in material-balance equations for each block. This leads to a finite-volume method that combines the advantages of finite-element methods (flexible grids) with those of finite-difference methods (intuitive interpretation of flow terms). Grid-orientation effects are investigated. For grids based on triangular elements, the more isotropic distribution of gridpoints diminishes the orientation effect significantly. Numerical examples show that the regions of interest in a reservoir can be simulated efficiently and that well flow can be represented accurately.
Dual-Grating Spectral Beam Combination of High-Power Fiber Lasers (2009)

We describe a dual-grating spectral beam combination (SBC) system to combine multiple high-power fiber laser outputs while maintaining near-diffraction-limited beam quality. The two gratings are parallel in a grating rhomb configuration, with input and output beams that are parallel but shifted with wavelength, rather than the typical angular dispersion of a single grating. The resulting advantage of the dual-grating SBC over other beam combination systems is the relaxation of the linewidth requirement. We combined two fiber lasers with output powers of 115 W each and linewidths of about 0.15 nm ( ~40 GHz) to produce a combined beam of 190 W power with near-diffraction-limited beam quality ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ~ 1.18).
Proposal of a Near-Field Optical Head Using a New Solid Immersion Mirror (2000)

A new near-field optical head using a hemi-paraboloidal solid immersion mirror (HP-SIM) is proposed. The possibility of diffraction-limited focusing with the HP-SIM is ascertained with a simulation. The elimination of the mechanical servo from the head is demonstrated, which makes it possible for the height and weight of the head to be less than 1 mm and 1 g, respectively and comparable to the magnetic head of HDDs. The succeeding generations of optical heads with slits or apertures are also proposed for higher density recording. These heads are especially suitable for optically assisted magnetic recording.
Mapping of the cellular immune responses to woodchuck hepatitis core antigen epitopes in chronically infected woodchucks (1997)

T-cell responses to hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid antigens (HBcAg and HBeAg) play an important role in disease outcome in those infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). The woodchuck is naturally infected in the wild with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), which shows a high degree of genetic homology to HBV and produces a similar pattern of infection in its natural host. Twenty-three overlapping peptides were constructed to cover the entire WHV core region and used to identify immunodominant cellular epitopes in the nucleocapsid antigen using peripheral blood lymphocytes from 12 chronic WHV carrier and 4 uninfected control animals. A peripheral blood lymphocyte response was seen in all of the chronic WHV carrier animals to at least one peptide, and in 8 of the 12 chronic carrier animals a response was observed to 5 common peptides: peptide analogues of amino acids 16-30, 38-52, 50-69, 76-90 and 91-105. Peptide 91-105 produced maximal proliferation in 5 out of 12 infected animals. In addition, a difference in response was observed between wild and laboratory infected animals; the latter appeared to have a lower response to peptides than animals infected in the wild. This study provides evidence that the woodchuck has a population of peripheral blood cells which are sensitised to epitopes within the nucleocapsid protein and provides a basis on which to develop the use of the woodchuck as an immunological model of HBV infection for testing therapeutic means of enhancing this response.
Mechanism and regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis (1992)

This review presents a description of the numerous eukaryotic protein synthesis factors and their apparent sequential utilization in the processes of initiation, elongation, and termination. Additionally, the rare use of reinitiation and internal initiation is discussed, although little is known biochemically about these processes. Subsequently, control of translation is addressed in two different settings. The first is the global control of translation, which is effected by protein phosphorylation. The second is a series of specific mRNAs for which there is a direct and unique regulation of the synthesis of the gene product under study. Other examples of translational control are cited but not discussed, because the general mechanism for the regulation is unknown. Finally, as is often seen in an active area of investigation, there are several observations that cannot be readily accommodated by the general model presented in the first part of the review. Alternate explanations and various lines of experimentation are proposed to resolve these apparent contradictions.
Influence of the calibration of the detector on spectral interferometry (1999)

New results in spectral interferometry are presented. The effect of imperfect calibration of the optical spectrometer is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. It is shown in particular that slight calibration imperfections can lead to mistakes because of the principle of spectral interferometry itself. Efficient methods are demonstrated to overcome this problem and to provide spectrometer calibration with a precision far superior to the instrument’s optical resolution. Results for spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction are also demonstrated.
Hepatitis C Virus Infection as a Risk Factor for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Cirrhosis (1992)

Hepatitis C virus infection is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, apparently by inducing cirrhosis and, to a lesser extent, by enhancing the risk in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatitis C virus infection acts independently of HBV infection (another risk factor) and of alcohol abuse, age, or gender.
Recent trial results in recombinant coagulation factors for the treatment of hemophilia B (2015)

Hemophilia B is an inherited bleeding disorder, due to a deficiency in factor IX (FIX). Patients require an intravenously injected drug, known as clotting factor concentrate, to prevent or stop bleeding. In the past, patients relied on blood-based products and ultrapurified plasma-derived FIX, which carry the risk of infectious transmission. Technological advancements have led to the development of recombinant FIX (rFIX), which is free from that risk; however, patients still require frequent intravenous injections. Recent advancement involves the development of FIX concentrates with a longer half-life, resulting in the need for less frequent injections. This article will review the rFIX concentrates, BeneFIX® and Rixubis®, as well as the newer, longer acting products, rFIX-Fc (Alprolix™), N9-GP and rFIX-FP.
Clinical trial: effect of active lactic acid bacteria on mucosal barrier function in patients with diarrhoea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome (2008)

Short-term active lactic acid bacteria treatment for D-IBS improved mucosal barrier function.
Liver × receptor ligands disrupt breast cancer cell proliferation through an E2F-mediated mechanism (2013)

Taken together, these results indicate that LXR ligands target gene networks, including those regulated by E2F family members, are critical for tumor biology and disease progression and merit further consideration as potential agents in the prevention and treatment of breast cancers.
Automatic video tagging using content redundancy (2009)

The analysis of the leading social video sharing platform YouTube reveals a high amount of redundancy, in the form of videos with overlapping or duplicated content. In this paper, we show that this redundancy can provide useful information about connections between videos. We reveal these links using robust content-based video analysis techniques and exploit them for generating new tag assignments. To this end, we propose different tag propagation methods for automatically obtaining richer video annotations. Our techniques provide the user with additional information about videos, and lead to enhanced feature representations for applications such as automatic data organization and search. Experiments on video clustering and classification as well as a user evaluation demonstrate the viability of our approach.