gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Concentration of Oxygen Dissolved in Tissues at the Time of Irradiation as a Factor in Radiotherapy (1953)

The sensitivity of tumour cells to X rays has been shown to be about three times as great when irradiated in a well-oxygenated medium as under anoxic conditions. The manner in which sensitivity depends on oxygen tension closely resembles that found by other workers for plant and insect tissues. The sensitivity of the tumour cells to fast neutron radiation is only slightly affected by oxygen tension. Consideration is given to the supply of oxygen to tissues as a factor in radiotherapy, and it is concluded on the basis of existing knowledge that in certain circumstances the effectiveness of X-ray treatment might be increased if the patient were breathing oxygen at the time of irradiation. The Ehrlich ascites tumour cells used in the in vitro experiments were grown as a solid tumour and exposed to X rays while the mice were inhaling various mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen at 1 atmosphere pressure and above. In all cases, except when the tumour was very large at the time of irradiation, the regression produced by a given dose was greater when the inspired gas was oxygen than when it was air. The effect of oxygen treatment on the response of the tumour was much greater than on that of skin and hair, as would be expected if these tissues are normally well supplied with oxygen. In the most satisfactory experiment so far made, 1000 r administered to mice breathing oxygen at 1 atmosphere produced about the same tumour regression as 1500 r delivered to mice breathing air. Cell degeneration produced by exposing chick fibroblasts to X rays in vitro showed a dependence on oxygen tension of the same general type as the tumour cells and other tissues, but the exact form of this relation between radiosensitivity and oxygen tension remains to be determined. Two chemical model systems have been examined, and in one of them the amount of chemical change produced by a given dose of X rays was found to vary with the concentration of dissolved oxygen in a manner rather closely resembling the biological systems. Reasons are given for believing that oxygen exerts an important influence on biological response by affecting the chemical changes produced directly in the cell by the radiation. We would like to emphasise that these investigations are still only at an early stage, but the information to hand seemed to us to show that the influence of oxygen tension as a factor in radiotherapy merits much fuller investigation. It would not be possible, on the basis of our experiments, to predict that any particular human tumour would respond more favourably to X-ray treatment if the patient were breathing oxygen at the time of irradiation. We believe, however, that the possibility of substantial differential gain in effectiveness of the radiation with respect to tumour tissue relative to well-oxygenated normal tissue is inherent in any situation in which regions of partial anoxia occur in a human tumour.
Analysis of mutational lesions of acetate metabolism in Neurospora crassa by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (1987)

The adaptation of Neurospora crassa mycelium to growth on acetate as the sole carbon source was examined by using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Extracts were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance at various times after transfer of the mycelium from medium containing sucrose to medium containing [2-13C]acetate as the sole carbon source. The label was initially seen to enter the alanine, glutamate, and glutamine pools, and after 6 h 13C-enriched trehalose was evident, indicating that gluconeogenesis was occurring. Analysis of the isotopomer ratios in the alanine and glutamate-glutamine pools indicated that substantial glyoxylate cycle activity became evident between 2 and 4 h after transfer. Immediately after transfer of the mycelium to acetate medium, the alanine pool increased to about four times its previous level, only a small fraction of which was enriched with 13C. The quantity of 13C-enriched alanine remained almost constant between 2 and 7.5 h after the transfer, whereas the overall alanine pool decreased to its original level. The selective catabolism of the unenriched alanine leads us to suggest that the alanine pool is partitioned into two compartments during adaptation. Two acetate-nonutilizing mutants were also studied by this technique. An acu-3 strain, deficient for isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1) activity, showed metabolic changes consistent with this lesion. An acp strain, previously thought to be deficient in an inducible acetate permease, took up [2-13C]acetate but showed no evidence of glyoxylate cycle activity despite synthesizing the necessary enzymes; the lesion was therefore reinterpreted.
The Kinoform: A New Wavefront Reconstruction Device (1969)

A new, computer-generated, optical element called a kinoform is described. This device operates only on the phase of an incident wave and forms a single image by wavefront reconstruction without the unwanted diffraction orders characteristic of holograms. The kinoform is also more efficient in the use of spatial frequency potential and reconstruction energy and can be synthesized in considerably less computer time than the digital hologram.
Small Clinical Trials (2001)

Clinical trials are used to elucidate the most appropriate preventive, diagnostic, or treatment options for individuals with a given medical condition. Perhaps the most essential feature of a clinical trial is that it aims to use results based on a limited sample of research participants to see if the intervention is safe and effective or if it is comparable to a comparison treatment. Sample size is a crucial component of any clinical trial. A trial with a small number of research participants is more prone to variability and carries a considerable risk of failing to demonstrate the effectiveness of a given intervention when one really is present. This may occur in phase I (safety and pharmacologic profiles), II (pilot efficacy evaluation), and III (extensive assessment of safety and efficacy) trials. Although phase I and II studies may have smaller sample sizes, they usually have adequate statistical power, which is the committee's definition of a large trial. Sometimes a trial with eight participants may have adequate statistical power, statistical power being the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the hypothesis is false. Small Clinical Trials assesses the current methodologies and the appropriate situations for the conduct of clinical trials with small sample sizes. This report assesses the published literature on various strategies such as (1) meta-analysis to combine disparate information from several studies including Bayesian techniques as in the confidence profile method and (2) other alternatives such as assessing therapeutic results in a single treated population (e.g., astronauts) by sequentially measuring whether the intervention is falling above or below a preestablished probability outcome range and meeting predesigned specifications as opposed to incremental improvement.
Lapatinib, a Dual-Targeted Small Molecule Inhibitor of EGFR and HER2, in HER2-Amplified Breast Cancer: From Bench to Bedside (2011)

The HER-2/neu gene product is a 185 kDa Type I receptor tyrosine kinase which consists of an extracellular domain, transmembrane domain, kinase domain, and cytoplasmic tail. The initial discovery that amplification and subsequent overexpression of the HER-2/neu oncogene plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of 20%–25% of breast cancers has since led to significant clinical advances in the management of this subtype of breast cancer. The first approved HER2-targeted therapy, trastuzumab, is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the extracellular domain of HER2 and has demonstrated survival benefits in both the metastatic and adjuvant settings. Lapatinib, a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of both the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2 is now also approved for advanced HER2-amplified breast cancer and is currently being evaluated in the adjuvant setting. Importantly, lapatinib has been shown to have activity in women with HER2-amplified breast cancer that is refractory to trastuzumab. In addition, it has been shown to extend survival in the front-line setting in combination with letrozole for estrogen receptor (ER) positive, HER2-positive breast cancer. Here we will review the biologic rationale and pre-clinical data that drove its initial clinical development as well as current clinical data and ongoing studies.
Wide-lumen stapled anastomosis vs. conventional end-to-end anastomosis in the treatment of Crohn's disease (2001)

Wide-lumen stapled anastomosis is as safe as conventional sutured end-to-end anastomosis and results in a lower incidence of symptomatic recurrent Crohn's disease and need for reoperation. Further prospective study of the wide-lumen stapled anastomosis technique is necessary to define the precise role of this operation in patients with Crohn's disease.
Methods to estimate effective population size using pedigree data: Examples in dog, sheep, cattle and horse (2013)

When choosing a method to compute effective population size, particular attention should be paid to the species and the specific genetic structure of the population studied.
Application of a Suture Anchor Technique for Flap Fixation to Bone (1996)

The authors have developed a technique for fixation of a flap to underlying bone. Their technique involves an anchor system which has been used for tenodesis and ligament repair in orthopedic bone and joint surgery. The anchor technique provides reliable fixation with simplicity of application. A wider use of this technique in reconstructive flap surgery is expected.
Rhabdomyolysis Due to Pulsed Electric Fields (1990)

High-voltage electrical trauma frequently results in extensive and scattered destruction of skeletal muscle along the current path. The damage is commonly believed to be mediated by heating. Recent experimental and theoretical evidence suggests, however, that the rhabdomyolysis and secondary myoglobin release that occur also can result from electroporation, a purely nonthermal mechanism. Based on the results of a computer simulation of a typical high-voltage electric shock, we have postulated that electroporation contributes substantially to skeletal muscle damage and could be the primary mechanism of damage in some cases of electrical injury. In this study, we determined the threshold field strength and exposure duration required to produce rhabdomyolysis by the electroporation mechanism. The change in the electrical impedance of intact skeletal muscle tissue following the application of short-duration, high-intensity electric field pulses is used as an indicator of membrane damage. Our experiments show that a decrease in impedance magnitude occurs following electric field pulses that exceed threshold values of 60 V/cm magnitude and 1-ms duration. The field strength, pulse duration, and number of pulses are factors that determine the extent of damage. The effect does not depend on excitation-contraction coupling. Electron micrographs confirm structural defects created in the membranes by the applied electric field pulses, and these represent the first clear demonstration of rhabdomyolysis in intact muscle due to electroporation. These results provide compelling evidence in support of our postulate.
A Combinatorial Approach to Identifying Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Substrates from a Phosphotyrosine Peptide Library (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTA Combinatorial Approach to Identifying Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Substrates from a Phosphotyrosine Peptide LibraryYee Wah Cheung, Chris Abell, and Shankar BalasubramanianView Author Information University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW, England Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 40, 9568–9569Publication Date (Web):October 8, 1997Publication History Received4 June 1997Published online8 October 1997Published inissue 1 October 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja971825khttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja971825krapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views219Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Assays,Monomers,Peptide identification,Peptides and proteins,Post-translational modification Get e-Alerts
The Polaron Self-Energy in a Parabolic Quantum Dot (1993)

Polaronic states in a parabolic quantum dot are investigated by using the second order Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory. It is shown that the absolute values of the ground state energy correction and the excited state energy correction as well as the relevant transition energies increase with decreasing the size of the quantum dot. The results also indicate that the polaron effects in small quantum dots are stronger than those in the corresponding bulk materials.
Nucleoside Polyphosphates. VIII.1 New and Improved Syntheses of Uridine Diphosphate Glucose and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Using Nucleoside-5' Phosphoramidates2 (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleoside Polyphosphates. VIII.1 New and Improved Syntheses of Uridine Diphosphate Glucose and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Using Nucleoside-5' Phosphoramidates2J. G. Moffatt and H. G. KhoranaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 14, 3756–3761Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01547a073https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01547a073research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views464Altmetric-Citations107LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Brain SPECT in clinical practice. Part I: perfusion. (2001)

Brain perfusion SPECT is a functional neuroimaging technique that allows noninvasive study of physiologic and physiopathologic events in the human brain. With the appropriate technique and careful interpretation of the information provided, brain perfusion SPECT has proven potential for patient management. SPECT has clinical value in the diagnosis, therapeutic management, and follow-up of patients. The diversity of central nervous system diseases and the still incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie them have contributed to the success of brain perfusion SPECT as a research tool in neurosciences. This article provides fundamental knowledge on how and when to perform brain perfusion SPECT in clinical practice. A general overview of the clinical value of this technique is followed by relevant information on cerebral physiology for proper understanding of brain SPECT images. Practical considerations on quantification and interventional studies are also offered. Finally, step-by-step recommendations for interpreting and reporting brain perfusion SPECT images are provided to obtain the maximum clinical benefit from this technique.
The time course and magnitude of spontaneous recovery of parkinsonism produced by intracarotid administration of 1‐Methyl‐4‐Phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine to monkeys (1991)

We studied rhesus monkeys with hemiparkinsonism or bilateral parkinsonism produced by unilateral or bilateral intracarotid administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Using a standardized clinical rating scale, 4 hemiparkinsonian monkeys showed a 13 to 56% (mean, 36%) spontaneous improvement during an observation period of up to 25 weeks. Generally, recovery leveled off after 14 weeks. Four bilaterally parkinsonian monkeys showed a 5 to 42% (mean, 22%) improvement over a period of up to 30 weeks. Our findings emphasize that spontaneous recovery is a potentially confounding characteristic of this monkey model when used for assessing novel antiparkinsonian therapies.
REPAIR OF CONCAVITY OF THORACIC WALL WITH SILICONE ELASTOMER IMPLANT (1975)

We corrected a chest wall defect by fabricating and inserting a prosthesis made from Silastic RTV 382 (a silicone elastomer). This reconstruction in our 19-year-old patient was easier, less expensive, less time consuming, and more acceptable cosmetically than we could have obtained by using thoraco-abdominal flap.
An infrastructure for development of object-oriented, multi-level configuration management services (2005)

In an integrated development environment, the ability to manage the evolution of a software system in terms of logical abstractions, compositions, and their interrelations is crucial to successful software development. This paper presents a novel framework and infrastructure, Molhado, upon which to build object-oriented software configuration management (SCM) services in a SCM-centered integrated development environment. Key contributions of this paper include a product versioning model, an extensible, logical, and object-oriented system model, and a reusable product versioning SCM infrastructure, that allow new types of objects to be implemented as extensions of the system model's basic entities. Versions and configurations of objects are managed at different levels of abstraction and granularity. A new SCM-centered editing environment or development environment for a specific development paradigm can be rapidly realized by re-using Molhado's infrastructure and implementing new object types and their associated tools. This paper also demonstrates our approach in creating prototypes of SCM-centered development environments for different paradigms.
Smad3 and PKCδ mediate TGF-β1-induced collagen I expression in human mesangial cells (2003)

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta has been associated with fibrogenesis in clinical studies and animal models. We previously showed that Smad3 promotes COL1A2 gene activation by TGF-beta1 in human mesangial cells. In addition to the Smad pathway, it has been suggested that TGF-beta1 could also activate more classical growth factor signaling. Here, we report that protein kinase C (PKC)delta plays a role in TGF-beta1-stimulated collagen I production. In an in vitro kinase assay, TGF-beta1 treatment specifically increased mesangial cell PKCdelta activity in a time-dependent manner. Translocation to the membrane was detected by immunocytochemistry and immunoblot, suggesting activation of PKCdelta by TGF-beta1. Inhibition of PKCdelta by rottlerin decreased basal and TGF-beta1-stimulated collagen I production, mRNA expression, and COL1A2 promoter activity, whereas blockade of conventional PKCs by Gö 6976 had little or no effect. In a Gal4-LUC assay system, inhibition of PKCdelta abolished TGF-beta1-induced transcriptional activity of Gal4-Smad3 and Gal4-Smad4(266-552). Overexpression of Smad3 or Smad3D, in which the three COOH-terminal serine phosphoacceptor residues have been mutated, increased activity of the SBE-LUC construct, containing four DNA binding sites for Smad3 and Smad4. This induction was blocked by PKCdelta inhibition, suggesting that rottlerin decreased Smad3 transcriptional activity independently of COOH-terminal serine phosphorylation. Blockade of PKCdelta abolished ligand-independent and ligand-dependent stimulation of COL1A2 promoter activity by Smad3. These data indicate that PKCdelta is activated by TGF-beta1 in human mesangial cells. TGF-beta1-stimulated PKCdelta activity positively regulates Smad transcriptional activity and is required for COL1A2 gene transcription. Thus cross talk among multiple signaling pathways likely contributes to the pathogenesis of glomerular matrix accumulation.
Decline of influenza-specific CD8+ T cell repertoire in healthy geriatric donors (2011)

Geriatric donors lacked the broad, multi-specific response to subdominant epitopes seen in the control donors. Thus, we conclude that aging leads to a decrease in the subdominant influenza-specific CTL responses which may contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality in older individuals.
Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction (2003)

Game theory, the formalized study of strategy, began in the 1940s by asking how emotionless geniuses should play games, but ignored until recently how average people with emotions and limited foresight actually play games. This book marks the first substantial and authoritative effort to close this gap. Colin Camerer, one of the field's leading figures, uses psychological principles and hundreds of experiments to develop mathematical theories of reciprocity, limited strategizing, and learning, which help predict what real people and companies do in strategic situations. Unifying a wealth of information from ongoing studies in strategic behavior, he takes the experimental science of behavioral economics a major step forward. He does so in lucid, friendly prose.

	Behavioral game theory has three ingredients that come clearly into focus in this book: mathematical theories of how moral obligation and vengeance affect the way people bargain and trust each other; a theory of how limits in the brain constrain the number of steps of I think he thinks . reasoning people naturally do; and a theory of how people learn from experience to make better strategic decisions. Strategic interactions that can be explained by behavioral game theory include bargaining, games of bluffing as in sports and poker, strikes, how conventions help coordinate a joint activity, price competition and patent races, and building up reputations for trustworthiness or ruthlessness in business or life.

	While there are many books on standard game theory that address the way ideally rational actors operate, Behavioral Game Theory stands alone in blending experimental evidence and psychology in a mathematical theory of normal strategic behavior. It is must reading for anyone who seeks a more complete understanding of strategic thinking, from professional economists to scholars and students of economics, management studies, psychology, political science, anthropology, and biology.