gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced osteogenic promotion around dental implants with synthetic binding motif mimicking bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2 (2006)

Synthetic receptor binding motif mimicking bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was covalently linked to titanium (Ti) surfaces through a chemical conjugation process. The composition and properties of surface-modified Ti were investigated by XPS as well as by measuring surface radioactivity. In vitro tests were conducted with osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells to assess cell attachment, morphology, and expression of osteogenic marker in the cells grown on modified Ti surfaces. In addition, in vivo experiments involved implants in mandibular bone defects of beagles to evaluate the effect of surface modification on bone regeneration. Results of XPS measurements showed a complete and homogeneous peptide overlayer on the Ti surfaces; the content was further measured by gamma counting. Biological evaluations showed that the biochemically modified Ti samples were active in terms of cell attachment behavior. The MC3T3-E1 cell growth rate, marker protein expression, and alkaline phosphatase production of the peptide-modified surfaces were all higher than those of control Ti. Importantly, the implants in the canine mandibles showed significant increase of bone growth when modified with bioactive peptide, thereby confirming that biochemical modifications of Ti surfaces can enhance the rate of bone healing as compared with untreated Ti surfaces.
Evaluation of Real-Time Freeway End-of-Queue Alerting System to Promote Driver Situational Awareness (2012)

This paper presents the final results of a connected-vehicles field experiment conducted under the U.S. Department of Transportation's SafeTrip-21 Initiative. A real-time freeway end-of-queue alerting system was developed and tested at 3,400 locations along San Francisco Bay Area freeways in California. The Networked Traveler Foresighted Driving Advanced Driver Assistance System, which used vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, provided drivers with an auditory alert when they approached slow traffic ahead on a freeway to improve the driver's situational awareness. The system was not a last-second collision warning; rather, it was designed to provide soft safety alerts approximately 60 s before the driver reached the slowed traffic. Twenty-four drivers participated in the experiment, and each was given an instrumented vehicle for 2 weeks. During the first week, the alerting system was active but muted, providing a measure of baseline driving behavior. During the second week, auditory alerts sounded whenever the driver approached traffic moving at least 15 mph slower. The desired outcome was an increase in driver situational awareness resulting in a smoother transition into the end of the queue and a reduction in the risk of rear-end crashes. Drivers rated the majority of alerts as either good or neutral and found the system most useful when they encountered an unexpected traffic queue. Several driving performance metrics were also examined. In addition to a smoother deceleration profile, the auditory alerts provided a small but significant reduction in mean peak deceleration rates during morning and off-peak travel as compared with baseline conditions.
Distributed hierarchical control of multi-area power systems with improved primary frequency regulation (2012)

The conventional distributed hierarchical control architecture for multi-area power systems is revisited. In this paper, a new distributed hierarchical control architecture is proposed. In the proposed architecture, pilot generators are selected in each area to be equipped with decentralized robust control as a supplementary to the conventional droop speed control. With the improved primary frequency control, the system frequency can be restored to the nominal value without the help of secondary frequency control, which reduces the burden of the automatic generation control for frequency restoration. Moreover, the low frequency inter-area electromechanical oscillations can also be effectively damped. The effectiveness of the proposed distributed hierarchical control architecture is validated through detailed simulations.
The central role of the CD40-ligand and CD40 pathway in T-lymphocyte-mediated differentiation of B lymphocytes (1996)

This review summarizes recent findings concerning the role of CD40-ligand and CD40 interactions in B-cell differentiation. CD40-ligand on helper CD4+ T lymphocytes interacts with CD40 on B cells and directs the selection and differentiation of clones of B lymphocytes to generate specific antibody-dependent immune responses. CD40-ligand is necessary for normal B-cell differentiation and plays several distinctive roles in this multistage process. The CD40 signaling pathway that normally regulates B-cell death appears to be usurped by the Epstein-Barr virus to mediate B-cell transformation.
Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy of Intermediates and Products from Photolysis of 1-(2-Nitrophenyl)ethyl Phosphates:  Reaction of the 2-Nitrosoacetophenone Byproduct with Thiols (1997)

Rapid scan Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and time-resolved single wavelength infrared (IR) spectroscopy have been applied to study the mechanism of photochemical release of adenosine 5‘-triphosphate (ATP) from its P3-[1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl] ester (caged ATP). Bands arising from phosphate and non-phosphate vibrations characteristic of the aci-nitro anion intermediate and from free ATP and byproducts of the nitrophenylethyl group have been assigned using 13C, 15N, and 18O isotopomers of caged ATP. Monitoring several of these bands using time-resolved single frequency IR spectroscopy confirms that release of ATP occurs in a single exponential process synchronous with the decay of the aci-nitro anion intermediate. Spectral characteristics of the reaction products arising from the 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl group in the absence and presence of dithiothreitol (DTT) have been determined. The major final byproduct from photolysis conducted in the presence of DTT is 3-methylanthranil. The mechanism of formation of this compound from 2-nitrosoacetophenone has been investigated in detail by a combination of spectroscopic, kinetic, and chemical methods and reconciled with earlier data. The byproduct species likely to be present on the time scale of most biological experiments using caged compounds is 2-hydroxylaminoacetophenone as a mixture of ring-chain tautomers.
Amidate Complexes of Tantalum and Niobium for the Hydroaminoalkylation of Unactivated Alkenes (2017)

A series of mono(amidate) Ta and Nb complexes with varying steric and electronic properties were synthesized. These complexes were screened as precatalysts for the hydroaminoalkylation of alkenes with secondary amines. Sterically demanding mono(amidate) Ta complexes were determined to be the most effective precatalysts. Isotopic labeling and kinetic studies were undertaken in an effort to elucidate the mechanism. The reaction was shown to be dependent upon catalyst and alkene concentration while being zero order in amine concentration. Mechanistic probes for radical species support a two-electron mechanism. Bis(amidate) species of Ta and Nb were also synthesized, with metallaaziridine formation observed for both metals. Insertion of acetonitrile into the reactive M–C bond yielded a representative five-membered metallacycle. Off-cycle equilibria and catalyst dormant states have been identified as areas for future catalyst development efforts.
A frameshift addition causes silencing of the δ-gtobin gene in an old world monkey, an anubis(Papio doguera) (1983)

A delta-globin gene of an anubis, Papio doguera, was cloned, and the nucleotide sequence of a region of about 2,000 bp including the gene was determined. In comparison with that of pSP3, a delta-globin clone from the gene library of a normal Japanese, the anubis delta-globin gene showed one base addition in the second exon at the codon for amino acid 55, generating a termination codon at the new 59th codon. The other differences found in the region analyzed were not considered to affect expression of the delta-globin gene. Therefore, it was concluded that this frameshift addition was at least one of the causes of silencing of the delta-globin gene in the anubis. In addition, from the sequence divergence in the delta-globin gene, the period of this silencing was estimated to be at most 4 million years, and the divergence of anubis occurred at most 30 million years ago.
Immunochemotherapy of Cancer with Chlorambucil-carrying Antibody (1972)

Cell-surface localizing heterologous antibodies against the mouse EL4 lymphoma and a human malignant melanoma could be bound to chlorambucil without causing the loss of the alkylating activity of chlorambucil or interfering with the reactivity of the antibodies with their respective tumour cells. When given to mice preinoculated with tumour cells 2, 24, 72, and 120 hours before the beginning of treatment the chlorambucil-bound antibody was a much more effective tumour inhibitor than chlorambucil or the antibody alone. In a patient with disseminated malignant melanoma injection of the chlorambucil-bound anti-melanoma antibody first locally into a few metastatic nodules and then by the intravenous route was followed by the regression of all the metastatic nodules.
Low-threshold 1.57-&#x03BC;m VC-SEL's using strain-compensated quantum wells and oxide/metal backmirror (1995)

We present an electrically-pumped long wavelength vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VC-SEL) using strain-compensated multiple quantum well gain medium and an oxide/metal backmirror. Design flexibilities such as using oxide/metal mirrors are possible because of the exceedingly high optical gain provided by strain-compensated multiple quantum wells. The gain medium is bonded to various substrates, including InP and Si, prior to device processing. This substrate transfer process facilitates heat sinking, and can be useful in the integration of VC-SEL's with other devices. The device operates at a single wavelength of 1.57 μm, and has a minimum threshold of 12 mA at room temperature under pulse pumping.
Effect of Frequency on Perception Currents (1950)

The predominating sensation produced by gradually increasing direct current is warmth in the palm of the hand or wrist. Sensations caused by alternating currents below 10,000 cycles are characterized by a tingling or pricking sensation which is localized in the area adjacent to the point of contact, and at very low frequencies the muscles tend to follow the alternations of the current waveform. For frequencies between 10,000 and 100,000 cycles, the sensations are similar to those at the power frequencies, but they are less intense, and perception occurs over larger areas around the point of contact. An abrupt change in the response occurs between 100,000 and 200,000 cycles when the sensation becomes one of internal heating, and heating is believed to be the only sensation produced by currents in excess of 200,000 cycles. The current required for perception increases with increasing frequency, and between about 1,000 and 100,000 cycles the current is nearly proportional to frequency. Approximately 150 men were used in these investigations and it is believed that a sufficent number were used to permit valid statistical predictions to be made, not only for the particular group tested, but also for a normal cross section of the adult male population of the country.
Handcarried Ultrasound Measurement of the Inferior Vena Cava for Assessment of Intravascular Volume Status in the Outpatient Hemodialysis Clinic (2006)

Accurate intravascular volume assessment is critical in the treatment of patients who receive chronic hemodialysis (HD) therapy. Clinically assessed dry weight is a poor surrogate of intravascular volume; however, ultrasound assessment of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is an effective tool for volume management. This study sought to determine the feasibility of using operators with limited ultrasound experience to assess IVC dimensions using hand-carried ultrasounds (HCU) in the outpatient clinical setting. The IVC was assessed in 89 consecutive patients at two outpatient clinics before and after HD. Intradialytic IVC was recorded during episodes of hypotension, chest pain, or cramping. High-quality IVC images were obtained in 79 of 89 patients. Despite that 89% of patients presented at or above dry weight, 39% of these patients were hypovolemic by HCU. Of the 75% of patients who left HD at or below goal weight, 10% were still hypervolemic by HCU standards. Hypovolemic patients had more episodes of chest pain and cramping (33 versus 14%, P = 0.06) and more episodes of hypotension (22 versus 3%, P = 0.02). The clinic with a higher prevalence of predialysis hypovolemia had significantly more intradialytic adverse events (58 versus 27%; P = 0.01). HCU measurement of the IVC is a feasible option for rapid assessment of intravascular volume status in an outpatient dialysis setting by operators with limited formal training in echocardiography. There is a poor relationship between dry weight goals and IVC collapsibility. Practice variation in the maintenance of volume status is correlated with significant differences in intradialysis adverse events.
Liposomal Magnetofection (2009)

In a magnetofection procedure, self-assembling complexes of enhancers like cationic lipids with plasmid DNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA) are associated with magnetic nanoparticles and are then concentrated at the surface of cultured cells by applying a permanent inhomogeneous magnetic field. This process results in a considerable improvement in transfection efficiency compared to transfection carried out with nonmagnetic gene vectors. This article describes how to synthesize magnetic nanoparticles suitable for nucleic acid delivery by liposomal magnetofection and how to test the plasmid DNA and siRNA association with the magnetic components of the transfection complex. Protocols are provided for preparing magnetic lipoplexes, performing magnetofection in adherent and suspension cells, estimating the association/internalization of vectors with cells, performing reporter gene analysis, and assessing cell viability. The methods described here can be used to screen magnetic nanoparticles and formulations for the delivery of nucleic acids by liposomal magnetofection in any cell type.
Gene Knockout Protocols (2001)

As the major task of sequencing the human genome nears completion and the full complement of human genes are catalogued, the task of understanding the normal biological functions of genes and how their alteration leads to diseased states becomes more imperative. In Gene Knockout Protocols, highly skilled investigators with extensive experience in gene targeting and mouse genetics describe their best techniques for the design of targeting constructs and for genetic phenotype analysis. These proven methods contain step-by-step instructions, as well as notes on pitfalls to avoid, and emphasize techniques that are relevant to researchers carrying out gene targeting work. These include embryo transplantation, in vitro embryonic stem cell differentiation, creation of aggregation chimeras, mouse pathology, embryo cryopreservation, and transplantation. Issues such as the use of existing mouse mutation resources and the influence of genetic background and epigenetic effects upon phenotype are also covered. State-of-the-art and highly practical, Gene Knockout Protocols not only constitutes an invaluable source of readily reproducible techniques for those just entering the field of gene targeting, but also a key reference for all genetic researchers today
Integration of InAlGaAs/InGaAs MODFETs on MQW modulatorson GaAs substrates (1994)

An InxAlyGa1-x-yAs device layer structure that enables the monolithic integration of In0.25Al0.75As/In0.15Ga0.85As MODFETs and In0.25Al0.35Ga0.40As/In0.25Ga0.75As MQW modulators is reported. Current gain cutoff frequencies of 10 GHz are measured for 1 µm gate length MODFETs. MQW modulators operating at 1.05 µm demonstrate 20% transmission modulation for an applied 8 V.
Assessing hemoglobin concentration using spectroscopic optical coherence tomography for feasibility of tissue diagnostics. (2010)

Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and oxygen saturation levels are important biomarkers for various diseases, including cancer. Here, we investigate the ability to measure these parameters for tissue using spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (SOCT). A parallel frequency domain OCT system is used with detection spanning the visible region of the spectrum (450 nm to 700 nm). Oxygenated and deoxygenated Hb absorbing phantoms are analyzed. The results show that Hb concentrations as low as 1.2 g/L at 1 mm can be retrieved indicating that both normal and cancerous tissue measurements may be obtained. However, measurement of oxygen saturation levels may not be achieved with this approach.
Amplification of c-myc but not of c-erbB-2 is associated with high proliferative capacity in breast cancer. (1993)

Proliferative capacity provides an independent prognostic marker of progression in breast cancer. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms influencing the cell division rate in mammary carcinomas. In order to address this issue, the copy numbers of c-erbB-2 (HER/neu) and c-myc protooncogenes that have been shown to be amplified in aggressive types of cancers were determined in 60 mammary carcinomas and related to the proliferation rate. The proliferative activity was determined by labeling of the proliferation-associated nuclear antigen which is defined by the recently described monoclonal antibody Ki-S1. Approximately one-third of samples under investigation displayed a Ki-S1 labeling index exceeding 30%. In this subgroup, amplification of c-myc was found in 52.6%, whereas in the remaining cases, 26.1% exhibited an enhanced copy number of c-myc (P < 0.025). By contrast, c-erbB-2 amplification was not found to be associated with a higher proliferation index. Except for one case of invasive lobular carcinoma, both protooncogenes exhibited regular copy numbers in the low proliferation subgroup (< 20%; P < 0.03). We conclude from our findings that c-myc amplification may be one of the molecular causes underlying the highly proliferating phenotype of mammary carcinoma, known to be associated with an unfavorable clinical course.
Full-Length HIV-1 Immunogens Induce Greater Magnitude and Comparable Breadth of T Lymphocyte Responses to Conserved HIV-1 Regions Compared with Conserved-Region-Only HIV-1 Immunogens in Rhesus Monkeys (2012)

A global HIV-1 vaccine will likely need to induce immune responses against conserved HIV-1 regions to contend with the profound genetic diversity of HIV-1. Here we evaluated the capacity of immunogens consisting of only highly conserved HIV-1 sequences that are aimed at focusing cellular immune responses on these potentially critical regions. We assessed in rhesus monkeys the breadth and magnitude of T lymphocyte responses elicited by adenovirus vectors expressing either full-length HIV-1 Gag/Pol/Env immunogens or concatenated immunogens consisting of only highly conserved HIV-1 sequences. Surprisingly, we found that the full-length immunogens induced comparable breadth (P = 1.0) and greater magnitude (P = 0.01) of CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses against conserved HIV-1 regions compared with the conserved-region-only immunogens. Moreover, the full-length immunogens induced a 5-fold increased total breadth of HIV-1-specific T lymphocyte responses compared with the conserved-region-only immunogens (P = 0.007). These results suggest that full-length HIV-1 immunogens elicit a substantially increased magnitude and breadth of cellular immune responses compared with conserved-region-only HIV-1 immunogens, including greater magnitude and comparable breadth of responses against conserved sequences.
MORE THAN A MARKER: INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CIRCADIAN REGULATION OF TEMPERATURE AND SLEEP, AGE-RELATED CHANGES, AND TREATMENT POSSIBILITIES (2000)

The neurobiological mechanisms of both sleep and circadian regulation have been unraveled partly in the last decades. A network of brain structures, rather than a single locus, is involved in arousal state regulation, whereas the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) has been recognized as a key structure for the regulation of circadian rhythms. Although most models of sleep regulation include a circadian component, the actual mechanism by which the circadian timing system promotes--in addition to homeostatic pressure--transitions between sleep and wakefulness remains to be elucidated. Little more can be stated presently than a probable involvement of neuronal projections and neurohumoral factors originating in the SCN. This paper reviews the relation among body temperature, arousal state, and the circadian timing system and proposes that the circadian temperature rhythm provides an additional signaling pathway for the circadian modulation of sleep and wakefulness. A review of the literature shows that increased brain temperature is associated with a type of neuronal activation typical of sleep in some structures (hypothalamus, basal forebrain), but typical of wakefulness in others (midbrain reticular formation, thalamus). Not only local temperature, but also skin temperature are related to the activation type in these structures. Warming of the skin is associated with an activation type typical of sleep in the midbrain reticular formation, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex (CC). The decreasing part of the circadian rhythm in core temperature is mainly determined by heat loss from the skin of the extremities, which is associated with strongly increased skin temperature. As such, alterations in core and skin temperature over the day could modulate the neuronal activation state or "preparedness for sleep" in arousal-related brain structures. Body temperature may thus provide a third signaling pathway, in addition to synaptic and neurohumoral pathways, for the circadian modulation of sleep. A proposed model for the effects of body temperature on sleep appears to fit the available data better than previous hypotheses on the relation between temperature and sleep. Moreover, when the effects of age-related thermoregulatory alterations are introduced into the model, it provides an adequate description of age-related changes in sleep, including shallow sleep and awakening closer to the nocturnal core temperature minimum. Finally, the model indicates that appropriately timed direct (passive heating) or indirect (bright light, melatonin, physical activity) manipulation of the nocturnal profile of skin and core temperature may be beneficial to disturbed sleep in the elderly. Although such procedures could be viewed by researchers as merely masking a marker for the endogenous rhythm, they may in fact be crucial for sleep improvement in elderly subjects.
Treatment of Kaposi's Sarcoma (1996)

The classic form of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a rare multifocal neoplasm, as described by Kaposi in 1872. One hundred nine years after Kaposi's first description of the disease, the interest in all aspects of this disease escalated because of the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is frequently accompanied by KS. This prompted zealous research, as reflected by numerous reports. Despite recent important discoveries, we are still far from understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and the mechanism of action of its various treatment modalities. As of today, treatment consists of most of the old modalities, some old ones in an updated improved version, and some new and experimental therapies. Our purpose is to focus on recent or novel data and to mention available treatments and their advantages, disadvantages, and side effects. We will also speculate on future directions.