gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biodegradable Polyglyconate Plates and Screws (1995)

Within the zygomatic arch, bilateral osteotomies were performed on 20 adult male New Zealand white rabbits. These were stabilized in an anatomical position with polyglyconate acid plates and screws. At 3,4,6,9, and 12 months, rabbits were killed and their zygomatic complexes removed en bloc. Specimens were serially sectioned for standard histological examination. Although no gross reactions were noted throughout the course of this investigation, histological reactions were brisk. At 3 months, particulate material was surrounded by a foreign body giant cell-type reaction. The quantity of foreign material appeared to decrease by 4 months, at which time the foreign body reaction was partially replaced by fibrous tissue. By 6 months, there was a thick periosteal scar at the osteotomy site with a few islands of persistent foreign material. These were primarily seen in small, irregular vesicular spaces surrounded by a large number of histiocytes with their characteristic foamy cytoplasm. Although this foreign body reaction had subsided by 12 months, small foci of chronic inflammation still persisted.
Magnesium Sulfate and Digitalis-Toxic Arrhythmias (1983)

Seven patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term diuretic treatment (more than three years) experienced idionodal tachycardia in the presence of apparently normal serum digoxin levels. Intravenous bolus administration of magnesium (Mg) sulfate, followed by intramuscular Mg repletion, abolished the digitalis-toxic arrhythmia. The finding of decreased lymphocyte Mg and potassium contents proved the existence of cellular Mg depletion associated with normal serum Mg levels in five patients and with hypomagnesemia in the other two. Decreased cellular Mg content with normal serum Mg level predisposes to digitalis-toxic arrhythmias.
Highly Scaled Vertical Cylindrical SONOS Cell With Bilayer Polysilicon Channel for 3-D nand Flash Memory (2011)

A vertical cylindrical SONOS cell with a novel bilayer polysilicon channel down to 22-nm diameter for 3-D NAND Flash memory is successfully developed. We introduce a thin amorphous silicon layer along with the oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) gate stack inside the memory hole. This silicon layer protects the tunnel oxide during opening of the gate stack at the bottom of the memory hole, after which it serves as the first layer of the bilayer polysilicon channel. This approach enables the 3-D architecture to achieve minimum cell area (4 <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , with <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</i> being the feature size) without the need for the so-called pipeline connections. The smallest functional cells have the memory hole diameter <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</i> = 45 nm, resulting in 22-nm channel diameter. In case 16 cells are stacked, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</i> = 45 nm would correspond to an equivalent 11-nm planar cell technology node. Excellent program/erase and retention obtained with the all-deposited ONO stack are demonstrated.
Disappearing mobile devices (2009)

In this paper, we extrapolate the evolution of mobile devices in one specific direction, namely miniaturization. While we maintain the concept of a device that people are aware of and interact with intentionally, we envision that this concept can become small enough to allow invisible integration into arbitrary surfaces or human skin, and thus truly ubiquitous use. This outcome assumed, we investigate what technology would be most likely to provide the basis for these devices, what abilities such devices can be expected to have, and whether or not devices that size can still allow for meaningful interaction. We survey candidate technologies, drill down on gesture-based interaction, and demonstrate how it can be adapted to the desired form factors. While the resulting devices offer only the bare minimum in feedback and only the most basic interactions, we demonstrate that simple applications remain possible. We complete our exploration with two studies in which we investigate the affordance of these devices more concretely, namely marking and text entry using a gesture alphabet.
Role of HDAC2 in the Pathophysiology of COPD (2008)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by progressive inflammation in the small airways and lung parenchyma, is mediated by the increased expression of multiple inflammatory genes. The increased expression of these genes is regulated by acetylation of core histones, whereas histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) suppresses inflammatory gene expression. In COPD, HDAC2 activity and expression are reduced in peripheral lung and in alveolar macrophages, resulting in amplification of the inflammatory response. Corticosteroid resistance in COPD occurs because corticosteroids use HDAC2 to switch off activated inflammatory genes. The reduction in HDAC2 appears to be secondary to the increased oxidative and nitrative stress in COPD lungs. Antioxidants and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis may therefore restore corticosteroid sensitivity in COPD, but this can also be achieved by low concentrations of theophylline and curcumin, which act as HDAC activators.
Exon coconversion biases accompanying intron homing: battle of the nucleases. (1996)

Intron homing in phage T4 occurs in the context of recombination-dependent replication, by virtue of intron-encoded endonucleolytic activity. After the td intron endonuclease I-TevI cleaves the intronless recipient 23 and 25 nucleotides upstream of the intron insertion site, exonucleolytic degradation is required for recombination to proceed. This resection process results in coconversion of exon sequences flanking the intron. In a genetic system designed to study coconversion of flanking markers, we demonstrate that although there is a bidirectional polarity gradient, coconversion can be highly asymmetric. Furthermore, we show that the coconversion of flanking markers favors exon I sequences, upstream of the I-TevI cleavage site. These data are consistent with the asymmetric features of the homing pathways that have been invoked for intron mobility in phage T4. Moreover, these results are in accord with the finding that once the td homing-site substrate is cleaved, I-TevI remains bound to the downstream cleavage product, protecting against exonucleolytic degradation, and thereby limiting the extent of coconversion into exon II. The results suggest that recombination events are influenced by a competition between the homing endonuclease and exonucleases for sequences downstream of the I-TevI cleavage site, thereby implying a role for the homing endonuclease in the repair process.
Infection Due to the Fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium) (1991)

Human infections due to fungi belonging to the genus Acremonium occur uncommonly, but unlike infections due to other filamentous fungi, usually affect immunocompetent individuals. Mycetoma, which usually develops following trauma, is the most common infection caused by Acremonium spp. Other sites of infection include the eye (generally following abrogation of ocular defenses), colonizing disease of the lung and gastrointestinal tract, as well as locally invasive infections such as osteomyelitis, sinusitis, arthritis, and peritonitis. Pneumonia and disseminated infections including meningitis, endocarditis, and cerebritis rarely have been reported. Optimal treatment of acremonium infections is not well defined both because infections due to these organisms are rare, and because many reports antedate effective antifungal therapy. In addition, susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi is poorly standardized, and in vitro sensitivity may not correlate with clinical response. Based on anecdotal reports, treatment of most invasive acremonium infections requires a combination of surgical intervention, when possible, and a regimen of amphotericin B. Some azoles also display inhibitory activity. Until more details are available regarding susceptibility of these organisms to antifungal agents, amphotericin B is recommended as initial therapy with the addition of either ketoconazole or fluconazole in infections of a life-threatening nature.
Cloning of the two pyruvate kinase isoenzyme structural genes from Escherichia coli: the relative roles of these enzymes in pyruvate biosynthesis (1995)

We report the cloning of the pykA and pykF genes from Escherichia coli, which code for the two pyruvate kinase isoenzymes (ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferases; EC 2.7.1.40) in this microorganism. These genes were insertionally inactivated with antibiotic resistance markers and utilized to interrupt one or both pyk genes in the E. coli chromosome. With these constructions, we were able to study the role of these isoenzymes in pyruvate biosynthesis.
The calcium-sensing receptor: a key factor in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism (2004)

Serum calcium levels are regulated by the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Major drivers of PTH hypersecretion and parathyroid cell proliferation are the hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia that develop in chronic kidney disease patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) as a result of low calcitriol levels and decreased kidney function. Increased PTH production in response to systemic hypocalcemia is mediated by the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR). Furthermore, as SHPT progresses, reduced expression of CaRs and vitamin D receptors (VDRs) in hyperplastic parathyroid glands may limit the ability of calcium and calcitriol to regulate PTH secretion. Current treatment for SHPT includes the administration of vitamin D sterols and phosphate binders. Treatment with vitamin D is initially effective, but efficacy often wanes with further disease progression. The actions of vitamin D sterols are undermined by reduced expression of VDRs in the parathyroid gland. Furthermore, the calcemic and phosphatemic actions of vitamin D mean that it has the potential to exacerbate abnormal mineral metabolism, resulting in the formation of vascular calcifications. Effective new treatments for SHPT that have a positive impact on mineral metabolism are clearly needed. Recent research shows that drugs that selectively target the CaR, calcimimetics, have the potential to meet these requirements.
From Hebb Rules to Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity: A Personal Account (2010)

OPINION article Front. Synaptic Neurosci., 09 December 2010 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsyn.2010.00151
Experimental therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus: the treatment of NZB/W mice with mouse soluble interferon‐γ receptor inhibits the onset of glomerulonephritis (1995)

Female NZB/W F1 mice develop an autoimmune disease similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and ultimately die of glomerulonephritis. Starting at the age of 16 weeks NZB/W F1 mice were treated for a period of 19 weeks with soluble interferon-gamma receptor (sIFN-gamma R), anti-IFN-gamma monoclonal antibody (mAb) or IFN-gamma. All mice treated with sIFN-gamma R or anti-IFN-gamma mAb were alive 4 weeks after the treatment was discontinued, whereas 50% of mice died in the placebo groups and 78% of the mice died in the IFN-gamma-treated group. Histologically, there was severe membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis in IFN-gamma- and placebo-treated mice, and minimal or no mesangioproliferative disease in mice receiving sIFN-gamma R or anti-IFN-gamma mAb. The renal mononuclear infiltrate (T lymphocytes and monocytes), expression of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen and glomerular immunoglobulin and complement deposition were reduced in those mice. These data suggest that an IFN-gamma inhibitor, such as the soluble IFN-gamma R, can be used for SLE therapy in the early stages of the disease.
Microscopic toy model for magnetoelectric effect in polar Fe2Mo3O8 (2019)

The kamiokite ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ is regarded as a promising material exhibiting a giant magnetoelectric (ME) effect at the relatively high temperature $T$. Here, we explore this phenomenon on the basis of first-principles electronic structure calculations. For this purpose, we construct a realistic model describing the behavior of magnetic Fe $3d$ electrons and further map it onto the isotropic spin model. Our analysis suggests two possible scenarios for ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$. The first one is based on the homogeneous charge distribution of the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}$ ions among tetrahedral $(t)$ and octahedral $(o)$ sites, which tends to lower the crystallographic $P{6}_{3}mc$ symmetry through the formation of an orbitally ordered state. Nevertheless, the effect of the orbital ordering on interatomic exchange interactions does not seem to be strong, so that the magnetic properties can be described reasonably well by averaged interactions obeying the $P{6}_{3}mc$ symmetry. The second scenario, which is supported by obtained parameters of on-site Coulomb repulsion and respects the $P{6}_{3}mc$ symmetry, implies the charge disproportionation involving the somewhat exotic $1+$ ionization state of the $t$-Fe sites (and $3+$ state of the $o$-Fe sites). Somewhat surprisingly, these scenarios are practically indistinguishable from the viewpoint of exchange interactions, which are nearly identical in these two cases. However, the spin-dependent properties of the electric polarization are expected to be different due to the strong difference in the polarity of the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{1+}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ bonds. Our analysis uncovers the basic aspects of the ME effect in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$. Nevertheless, the quantitative description should involve other ingredients, apparently related to the lattice and orbitals degrees of freedom.
Prognostic value of c‐erbB‐2 and epidermal growth factor receptor in stage A1 (Tla) prostatic adenocarcinoma (1994)

As c-erbB-2 expression increases the rate of dying by 4.2 times, recording its expression by these tumours may be useful in selecting patients who would benefit from treatment in stage A1 (T1a) disease.
Effects ofN-Acetylmuramidase fromStreptomyces rutgersensisH-46 as a Food Preservative (1989)

Purified N-acetylmuramidase (EC 3.2.1.17) produced by Streptomyces rutgersensis H-46 was used as a preservative for bean paste made of adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) without addition of sugar, called raw an. The enzyme was stable during the storage of the sample. The viable cell count in the enzyme-treated sample first decreased as susceptible microorganisms were killed as a result of cell wall degradation by the enzyme and then increased as resistant microorganisms grew. The shelf life of raw an stored at 10°C can be retarded from 48 hr to 109 hr by the addition of enzyme at a concentration of ■ 0.109%. Differences in microflora between control and the enzyme-treated sample was described. Synergistic effects of glycine, EDTA, acetic acid, and lactic acid with the enzyme were also investigated.
MICON: a single-board computer synthesis tool (1988)

The MICON system, which synthesizes a single-board computer design from a high-level description of the board's functions and design constraints, is described. The synthesis process is based on designing subsystems (e.g. processor, memory, input/output) individually and then forming a full system design from the results. MICON has the added capability of design for reliability, automatically synthesizing boards that meet given reliability criteria. The quality of the design produced is strongly dependent on the knowledge in the system. In particular, MICON requires capturing and applying design and analysis knowledge in several areas: the selection of appropriate components, the interconnection of components to achieve a desired behavior, and the evaluation of the evolving system design in light of specified constraints. The techniques of representing and using this knowledge are discussed. Design examples are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Engineering of N. benthamiana L. plants for production of N-acetylgalactosamine-glycosylated proteins - towards development of a plant-based platform for production of protein therapeutics with mucin type O-glycosylation (2010)

Plant bioreactors can be engineered that are capable of producing Tn antigen-containing recombinant therapeutics.
Evidence of Unfolded Protein Translocation through a Protein Nanopore (2014)

Protein nanopores are mainly used to study transport, unfolding, intrinsically disordered proteins, protein-pore interactions, and protein-ligand complexes. This single-molecule sensor for biomedical and biotechnological applications is promising but until now direct proof of protein translocation through a narrow channel is lacking. Here, we report the translocation of a chimera molecule through the aerolysin nanopore in the presence of a denaturing agent, guanidium chloride (1.5 M) and KCl (1 M). The chimera molecule is composed of the recombinant MalE protein with a unique cysteine residue at the C-terminal position covalently linked to a single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the presence of chimera molecules that have been effectively translocated from the cis to trans chamber of the set up. Comparing the electrical signature of the chimera related to the protein or oligonucleotide alone demonstrates that each type of molecule displays different dynamics in term of transport time, event frequency, and current blockade. This original approach provides the possibility to study protein translocation through different biological, artificial, and biomimetic nanopores or nanotubes. New future applications are now conceivable such as protein refolding at the nanopore exit, peptides and protein sequencing, and peptide characterization for diagnostics.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1c gain‐of‐function in the brain results in postnatal microencephaly (2011)

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1c (CPT1c) is a newly identified and poorly understood brain-specific CPT1 homologue. Here, we have generated a new animal model that allows the conditional expression of CPT1c in a tissue specific and/or temporal manner via Cre-lox mediated recombination. Brain-specific, exogenous expression of CPT1c was achieved by crossing transgenic CPT1c mice to Nestin-Cre mice. The resulting double transgenic mice (CPT1c-TgN) displayed severe growth retardation in the postnatal period with a stunted development at 2 weeks of age. CPT1c-TgN mice had a greater than 2.3-fold reduction in brain weight. Even with this degree of microencephaly, CPT1c-TgN mice were viable and fertile and exhibited normal post-weaning growth. When fed a high fat diet CPT1c-TgN mice were protected from weight gain and the difference in body weight between CPT1c-TgN and control mice was further exaggerated. Conversely, low fat, high carbohydrate feeding partially reversed the body weight defects in CPT1c-TgN mice. Analysis of total brain lipids of low fat fed mice revealed a depletion of total very long chain fatty acids in adult CPT1c-TgN mice which was not evident in high fat fed CPT1c-TgN mice. These data show that CPT1c can elicit profound effects on brain physiology and total fatty acid profiles, which can be modulated by the nutritional composition of the diet.
Localization of hormone‐sensitive lipase to rat Sertoli cells and its expression in developing and degenerating testes (1994)

Using in situ hybridization, hormone-sensitive lipase was found to be expressed in a stage-dependent manner in Sertoli cells of rat testis. No expression was found in Leydig cells but expression in spermatids could not be excluded. These results suggest a role for hormone-sensitive lipase in the metabolism of lipid droplets in Sertoli cells, in contrast to its previously proposed function in steroid biosynthesis. The expression of testicular hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA and protein, both larger in size compared to other tissues, coincided with the onset of spermatogenesis and was dependent on scrotal localization of the testis, suggesting a temperature-dependent, pretranslational regulation of expression.
Metabolic engineering and transhydrogenase effects on NADPH availability in escherichia coli (2013)

The synthesis of several industrially useful compounds are cofactor-dependent, requiring reducing equivalents like NADPH in enzymatic reactions leading up to the synthesis of high-value compounds like polymers, chiral alcohols, and antibiotics. However, NADPH is costly and has limited intracellular availability. This study focuses on the study of the effect of the two transhydrogenase enzymes of Escherichia coli, PntAB and UdhA (SthA) on reducing equivalents-dependent biosynthesis. The production of (S)-2-chloropropionate from 2-chloroacrylate is used as a model system for monitoring NADPH availability because 2-haloacrylate reductase, the enzyme catalyzing the one-step conversion to (S)-2-chloropropionate in the synthesis pathway, requires NADPH as a cofactor. Results suggest that the presence of UdhA increases product yield and NADPH availability while the presence of PntAB has the opposite effect. A maximum product yield of 1.4 mol product/mol glucose was achieved aerobically in a pnt-deletion strain with udhA overexpression, a 150% improvement over the wild-type control strain.
On-Line Microdialysis Sample Cleanup for Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Nucleic Acid Samples (1996)

A major limitation of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for oligonucleotide analysis arises due to sodium adduction, a problem that increases with molecular weight. Sodium adduction can preclude useful measurements when limited sample sizes prevent off-line cleanup. A novel and generally useful on-line microdialysis technique is described for the rapid (approximately 1-5 min) DNA sample cleanup for ESI-MS. Mass spectra of oligonucleotides of different size and sequence showing no significant sodium adduct peaks were obtained using the on-line microdialysis system with sodium chloride concentrations as high as 250 mM. Signal-to-noise ratios were also greatly enhanced compared to direct infusion of the original samples. By using ammonium acetate as the dialysis buffer, it was also found that the noncovalent association of double-stranded oligonucleotides could be preserved during the microdialysis process, allowing analysis by ESI-MS.
Structure and sequence of the rfb (O antigen) gene cluster of Salmonella serovar typhimurium (strain LT2) (1991)

Summary The rfb gene cluster of Salmonella LT2 has been cloned and sequenced. The genes rfbA, rfbB, rfbD, rfbF, rfbG, rfbK, rfbM and rfbP were located individually and the gene rfbL was located outside the cluster. Approximately 16 open reading frames were found in the region which is essential for the expression of O antigen. The gene products of rfbB and rfbG were found to have homology with the group of dehydrogenase and related enzymes described previously. Analysis of the G+C ratio of the rfb cluster extended the area of low‐G+C composition previously found in the sequence of rfbJ to the whole rfb gene cluster. Three to five segments with discrete G+C contents and codon adaptation indices are present in the rfb region, indicating a heterogeneous origin of these segments. Potential promoters were found near the start of the rfb region, supporting the possibility that the rfb gene cluster is an operon.