gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Eosinophil's Role Remains Uncertain as Anti–Interleukin-5 only Partially Depletes Numbers in Asthmatic Airway (2003)

The role of eosinophils as effector cells in asthma pathogenesis has been questioned since an anti-interleukin (IL)-5 monoclonal antibody (mepolizumab), which depleted blood and sputum eosinophils, failed to inhibit allergen-induced bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness. However, the effect of IL-5 blockade on tissue eosinophils was not examined. We sought to determine whether mepolizumab depletes airway tissue eosinophils and their products. Twenty-four patients with mild asthma received three intravenous doses of either 750 mg of mepolizumab or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group fashion over 20 weeks. Mepolizumab produced a median decrease from baseline of 55% for airway eosinophils (interquartile range, 29-89%; p = 0.009 versus placebo), 52% for bone marrow eosinophils (45-76%, p = 0.003), and 100% for blood eosinophils (range, 67-100%, p = 0.02). Mepolizumab had no appreciable effect on bronchial mucosal staining of eosinophil major basic protein. There were no significant changes in clinical measures of asthma (airway hyperresponsiveness, FEV1, and peak flow recordings) between the mepolizumab and placebo-treated groups. Anti-IL-5 treatment reduces but does not deplete airway or bone marrow eosinophils. The role of the eosinophil remains uncertain. Further clinical studies in asthma with more effective antieosinophil strategies are required.
Neurologic examination in children. (1987)

The neurologic examination in children requires an ability to communicate with the parents and child, a knowledge of developmental milestones, and an index of suspicion that encompasses multiple physiologic systems. Observation is the single most important skill. When coupled with the background knowledge to put these observations into their appropriate places, the diagnostic considerations can be dramatically reduced. The use of specialized testing may be minimized by a thorough history, physical examination, and review of prior evaluations. Most neurologic conditions have a slow course. If the diagnosis is not readily defined, a series of follow-up visits may give a clearer picture of the underlying process. Children are constantly changing. The examinations we perform must be infinitely flexible to accommodate this fact.
Colloidal Gold and Silver Triangular Nanoprisms (2009)

It is now well-known that the size, shape, and composition of nanomaterials can dramatically affect their physical and chemical properties, and that technologies based on nanoscale materials have the potential to revolutionize fields ranging from catalysis to medicine. Among these materials, anisotropic particles are particularly interesting because the decreased symmetry of such particles often leads to new and unusual chemical and physical behavior. Within this class of particles, triangular Au and Ag nanoprisms stand out due to their structure- and environment-dependent optical features, their anisotropic surface energetics, and the emergence of reliable synthetic methods for producing them in bulk quantities with control over their edge lengths and thickness. This Review will describe a variety of solution-based methods for synthesizing Au and Ag triangular prismatic structures, and will address and discuss proposed mechanisms for their formation.
Intracellular and extracellular TGF-β signaling in cancer: some recent topics (2018)

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β regulates a wide variety of cellular responses, including cell growth arrest, apoptosis, cell differentiation, motility, invasion, extracellular matrix production, tissue fibrosis, angiogenesis, and immune function. Although tumor-suppressive roles of TGF-β have been extensively studied and well-characterized in many cancers, especially at early stages, accumulating evidence has revealed the critical roles of TGF-β as a pro-tumorigenic factor in various types of cancer. This review will focus on recent findings regarding epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TGF-β, in relation to crosstalk with some other signaling pathways, and the roles of TGF-β in lung and pancreatic cancers, in which TGF-β has been shown to be involved in cancer progression. Recent findings also strongly suggested that targeting TGF-β signaling using specific inhibitors may be useful for the treatment of some cancers. TGF-β plays a pivotal role in the differentiation and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs). TGF-β is produced as latent high molecular weight complexes, and the latent TGF-β complex expressed on the surface of Tregs contains glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP, also known as leucine-rich repeat containing 32 or LRRC32). Inhibition of the TGF-β activities through regulation of the latent TGF-β complex activation will be discussed.
The cell membrane‐shielding function of eicosapentaenoic acid for Escherichia coli against exogenously added hydrogen peroxide (2006)

The colony-forming ability of catalase-deficient Escherichia coli mutant genetically modified to produce eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) showed less decrease than in a control strain producing no EPA, when treated with 0.3mM hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) under non-growth conditions. H(2)O(2)-induced protein carbonylation was enhanced in cells lacking EPA. The amount of fatty acids was decreased more significantly for cells lacking EPA than for those producing EPA. Much lower intracellular concentrations of H(2)O(2) were detected for cells with EPA than those lacking EPA. These results suggest that cellular EPA can directly protect cells against oxidative damage by shielding the entry of exogenously added H(2)O(2).
The Design and Application of Free Radical Chain Reactions in Organic Synthesis. Part 1 (1988)

The successful application of free radical transformations in organic synthesis requires a basic knowledge of elementary radical reactions and an understanding of the principles of free radical chain reactions. Using illustrative examples from the recent literature as a framework, this review provides an introduction to the design and application of free radical reactions for use in organic synthesis. While a few nonchain reactions are discussed, the primary focus is on four of the most important and versatile methods to conduct radical chain reactions. These are: the tin hydride method, the fragmentation method, the thiohydroxamate ester method (the Barton method), and the atom-transfer method. Particular emphasis is placed on the selectivity requirements which must be met for the design of sequences of radical reactions. The review appears in two parts in consecutive issues. Part 1 contains Sections 1 (Introduction) and 2 (The Tin Hydride Method), and Part 2 contains Sections 3 (The Fragmentation Method), 4 (The Thiohydroxamate Ester Method), 5 (The Atom-Transfer Method), and 6 (Non-Chain Methods). Part 1 1.Introduction 1.1.Chain Reactions and Synthetic Planning 2.The Tin Hydride Method 2.1.Intramolecular Cyclizations 2.2.Intermolecular Additions 2.3.Combination Sequences Part 2 3.The Fragmentation Method 4.The Thiohydroxamate Ester Method 5.The Atom-Transfer Method 5.1.Hydrogen Atom Transfer Addition and Cyclization 5.2.Halogen Atom Transfer 5.2.1. Halogen Atom Transfer Addition 5.2.2. Halogen Atom Transfer Cyclization 5.3.3. Halogen Atom Transfer Annulation 5.3.Heteroatom-Halogen Donors 5.4.Organocobalt Group Transfer 6. Non-Chain Methods 7.Summary and Conclusions
Population Pumping of Excited Vibrational States by Spontaneous Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (1996)

We observed significant transfer of ground state population to the first excited vibrational state by spontaneous surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) which can be explained by unexpectedly large SERS cross sections. Evidence for this pumping includes (i) anti-Stokes to Stokes ratios which exceed those expected from a Boltzmann distribution, (ii) a quadratic dependence of the anti-Stokes signal on the excitation intensity, whereas the Stokes signal remains linearly dependent, and (iii) a component of $\ensuremath{\nu}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$ to $\ensuremath{\nu}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2$ Raman transitions in the SERS Stokes signals.
A 2.7-V 900-MHz/1.9-GHz dual-band transceiver IC for digital wireless communication (1999)

A 2.7-V 900-MHz/1.9-GHz dual-band transceiver IC consisting of receive, transmit, and local oscillator (LO) sections is presented. The transmit section achieves an unwanted sideband suppression of -43 dBc, LO leakage of -59 dBc, and third-order spurious rejection of -70 dBc. The transmit output noise level is -165 dBc/Hz at a 20-MHz offset from the carrier. The on-chip very high-frequency oscillator has a phase-noise level of -106 dBc/Hz at 100-kHz offset when operating at 800 MHz. The receive section has 36 dB of gain with 36 dB of gain range in 12-dB steps. The transceiver IC has been fabricated using a 25-GHz f/sub t/ silicon bipolar process and is designed to operate over a supply-voltage range of 2.7-5.0 V.
Germline stem cells in the postnatal mammalian ovary: A phenomenon of prosimian primates and mice? (2004)

The mouse study of Johnson et al. (Nature 2004, 428: 145-150) may suggest that the prosimian primates are not the only mammals to exhibit mitotically active germ cells in adult ovaries. If the dogma is to be debunked and a new one accepted, at least in the mouse, it is sure to be challenged and tested, as should all dogma.
Optical properties of metallic nanoparticles: manipulating light, heat and forces at the nanoscale (2011)

We present to a general readership an overview of the rich variety of phenomena and applications that arise from the interaction of metallic nanoparticles with light. First, we present the fundamental physics of localized surface plasmon resonances, the most relevant theories and numerical methods, as well as optical detection schemes. Finally, we explain how the localized surface plasmon resonances are currently exploited for the nanoscale manipulation of light, heat and forces in various applications and experimental investigations.
Neutralizing Antibody Titers Conferring Protection to Macaques from a Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge Using the TZM-bl Assay (2010)

We previously reported that passive transfer of polyclonal neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) sufficient to generate a titer of 1:38 in the plasma would confer sterilizing protection to 99% of macaques challenged intravenously with 75 TCID(50) of SHIV(DH12). Neutralizing activity in that study was measured in an MT4 cell assay in which infection was completely blocked (EC(100)). In the current study, the TZM-bl system was used to measure EC(50) neutralizing titers in several of the same macaque plasma samples and the relationship between these titers and in vivo protection was determined. The antiviral EC(50) NAb titers measured in individual plasma samples were higher than those previously obtained in the MT4 system. Furthermore, the geometric mean EC(50) NAb titers against pseudotyped SHIV(DH12) were 33-fold greater than the EC(100) titers measured in the MT4 cell assay against the replication-competent SHIV(DH12) inoculated into animals. An augmented probit regression model was used to generate curves relating TZM-bl EC(50) NAb titers and protection from a virus challenge; estimated titers conferring various levels of protection were then determined. In TZM-bl assays using pseudotyped SHIV(DH12), representative percent in vivo protection/estimated EC(50) titers were 99%/1:4467, 90%/1:1175, 80%/1:676, 50%/1:234, and 33%/1:141. Because it is likely that contributions from other arms of the immune system will contribute to vaccine-induced control, the range of EC(50) NAb titers we have derived may be more informative for evaluating the protective value of NAb activity from TZM-bl assays.
CXCR1/2 Inhibition Blocks and Reverses Type 1 Diabetes in Mice (2014)

Chemokines and their receptors have been associated with or implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the identification of a single specific chemokine/receptor pathway that may constitute a suitable target for the development of therapeutic interventions is still lacking. Here, we used multiple low-dose (MLD) streptozotocin (STZ) injections and the NOD mouse model to investigate the potency of CXCR1/2 inhibition to prevent inflammation- and autoimmunity-mediated damage of pancreatic islets. Reparixin and ladarixin, noncompetitive allosteric inhibitors, were used to pharmacologically blockade CXCR1/2. Transient blockade of said receptors was effective in preventing inflammation-mediated damage in MLD-STZ and in preventing and reversing diabetes in NOD mice. Blockade of CXCR1/2 was associated with inhibition of insulitis and modification of leukocytes distribution in blood, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Among leukocytes, CXCR2(+) myeloid cells were the most decreased subpopulations. Together these results identify CXCR1/2 chemokine receptors as "master regulators" of diabetes pathogenesis. The demonstration that this strategy may be successful in preserving residual β-cells holds the potential to make a significant change in the approach to management of human T1D.
HRTF personalization modeling based on RBF neural network (2013)

A tensor is used to describe head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) dependent on frequencies, sound directions and anthropometric parameters. It can represent the multi-dimensional structure of measured HRTFs. To construct a personalization model, high-order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) is firstly applied to extract individual core tensor as the outputs of the model. Some important anthropometric parameters are selected by Laplacian score and correlation analysis between all measured parameters and the individual core tensor. They act as the inputs of the personalization model. Then a nonlinear model is constructed based on radial basis function (RBF) neural network to predict individual HRTFs according to the measured anthropometric parameters. Compared with back-propagation (BP) neural network method, simulation results demonstrate the better performance for predicting individual HRTFs in the midsaggital plane at high elevations.
Arc fusion splices with near pristine strengths and improved optical loss (1996)

Factors affecting arc fusion splice strengths are listed, which collectively lead to splices having strengths near to that of the pristine fiber, and with improved losses; a breakthrough in arc fusion splice technology for expanded applications and greater reliability. The attainment of near pristine are fusion splice strengths coupled with improved splice loss is certainly a milestone in splicing technology. We have listed the various important considerations necessary in their attainment and suggested that high strength, the characteristic of primary importance in this paper, be viewed in two ways. High strength, per se, wherever applications require it, and high strength as a means of assuring high mechanical reliability by reducing the probability of pop-in cracks from surface defects.
Brominating Oxidants Generated by Human Eosinophils (1986)

Eosinophils are white blood cells that in humans are found in association with helminthic infections and various inflammatory disease processes. These cells contain a unique lysosomal peroxidase that oxidizes halides to generate highly reactive and toxic hypohalous acids. Although chloride is found in vivo at concentrations at least 1000-fold greater than those of other halides, human eosinophils did not preferentially oxidize chloride under physiologic conditions. Instead, eosinophils used bromide, a halide with a hitherto unknown function in humans, to generate a halogenating oxidant with characteristics similar, if not identical, to those of hypobromous acid. These results indicate that physiological concentrations of bromide arm human eosinophils with the ability to generate and release an unusual oxidant capable of destroying a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic targets.
Detection of kallikrein-like activity in inflamed synovial tissue. (1983)

The synovial tissue kallikrein of rheumatoid patients, arthritic dogs and normal dogs has been partially characterized and estimated. Both human and dog synovial tissue kinin-forming enzyme appears to be distinct from plasmin, plasma kallikrein and pancreatic kallikrein. In three rheumatoid arthritic patients, the mean synovial tissue kallikrein level was found to be 106 +/- 13.5 ng bradykinin equivalents (BK Equiv) per g per min. In nine arthritic dogs the mean synovial tissue kallikrein level, 60.5 +/- 4.5 ng BK Equiv per g per min, was found to be greater (p less than 0.05) than that of five normal dogs (21.6 +/- 5.3 ng BK Equiv per g per min). The possible significance of this finding is discussed.
Role of Adapter Function in Oncoprotein-mediated Activation of NF-κB (1999)

Mechanisms by which the human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax oncoprotein activates NF-kappaB remain incompletely understood. Although others have described an interaction between Tax and a holo-IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex, the exact details of protein-protein contact are not fully defined. Here we show that Tax binds to neither IKK-alpha nor IKK-beta but instead complexes directly with IKK-gamma, a newly characterized component of the IKK complex. This direct interaction with IKK-gamma correlates with Tax-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation. Thus, our findings establish IKK-gamma as a key molecule for adapting an oncoprotein-specific signaling to IKK-alpha and IKK-beta.
Rational molecular design and supramolecular assembly of highly efficient organic electro-optic materials (2009)

Organic electro-optic (EO) materials are of considerable interest owing to their attractive characteristics for applications in high-speed information processing and sensing. The purpose of this review is to highlight the areas of special significance in recent organic EO materials development. Particular attention is paid to recent advances in achieving exceptional material properties (such as large optical nonlinearity and excellent stability) through rational molecular design of dipolar chromophores, supramolecular assembly of dendrimers, and click chemistry enabled control of lattice hardening of nonlinear optical polymers. Important issues relating to applications and prospects of these advanced EO materials are also briefly mentioned.
Pre-treatment patient selection for nivolumab benefit based on serum mass spectra (2015)

Meeting abstracts The durability of anti-tumor responses observed in patients treated with antibodies blocking PD-1 has provided a central role for these drugs in melanoma therapeutics. Identifying predictive biomarkers to aid therapeutic decision making is critical for realizing the full potential
Toward a european statistics system: sources of harmonized data for population and households in Europe (2006)

Resum.- Aquest article presenta, analitza i classifica, de manera crítica, les fonts de dades harmonitzades sobre població i llars que estan disponibles a escala europea. Després d’una introducció que situa la millora d’aquestes estadístiques en el context de la creixent demanda d’informació generades pels processos d’ampliació i integració europeus, l’article es divideix en dues parts. La primera es centra en les principals fonts de dades harmonitzades sobre població, mentre que la segona analitza les fonts que permeten estudiar les característiques sociodemogràfiques de les llars europees. Les conclusions subratllen que, tot i l’existència de deficiències (especialment rellevants en el camp de les migracions), el volum i la qualitat de les dades harmonitzades està creixent progressivament. Paraules clau.- Europa, fonts de dades demogràfiques, estadístiques, població, llars.
SI in digital libraries (2000)

igital libraries can be viewed as infrastructures for supporting the creation of information sources, facilitating the movement of information across global networks, and allowing the effective and efficient interaction among knowledge producers, librarians, and information and knowledge seekers. Typically, a digital library is a vast collection of objects stored and maintained by multiple information sources, including databases, image banks, file systems, email systems, the Web, and other methods and formats. Often, these information sources are heterogeneous, in terms of how the objects are stored, organized and managed, and the platforms on which they reside. Moreover, the information sources are dynamic in the sense they may be either included in or removed from the digital library system. Furthermore, digital libraries are composite multimedia objects comprising different media components including text, video, images, or audio. Therefore, the challenge is to provide users with the ability to seamlessly and transparently access digital library objects in spite of the heterogeneity and dynamism among the information sources, and the composite multimedia nature of the objects. To accomplish this, the problem of heterogeneity and SI must first be resolved.
Stabilizing Formulations for Inhalable Powders of Live-Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine (2008)

Carbon dioxide Assisted Nebulization with a Bubble Dryer((R)) (CAN-BD) processing allows particles to be made in the 3-5 mum size range, which is desirable for lung delivery, without destroying biological activity. In response to the Grand Challenge in Global Health Initiative #3, we have been developing an inhalable needle-free live-attenuated measles virus vaccine for use in developing countries. Measles was chosen because it is the number one vaccine preventable killer of children worldwide. Powders were processed by CAN-BD, where a solution containing excipients and live-attenuated measles virus in water was mixed intimately with supercritical or near superctitical carbon dioxide to form an emulsion. The emulsion was expanded to atmospheric pressure through a flow restrictor. The resulting plume was dried by heated nitrogen and the powders collected on a filter at the bottom of the drying chamber. Powders were analyzed using varying techniques including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Andersen cascade impaction, differential scanning calorimetery, Karl Fischer titration, and viral plaque assay. CAN-BD has been used to produce powders of live-attenuated measles virus vaccine with characteristics desirable for lung delivery. The powders retain viral activity through forming and drying the microparticles by CAN-BD, and have passed the WHO stability test for 1 week at 37 degrees C. The powders have an amorphous character and a glass transition temperature of around 60 degrees C. Lyophilization, the present standard commercial method of processing measles vaccine makes solids with a water content of less than 1%. By substituting myo-inositol for sorbitol and using the CAN-BD drying technique the water content can be lowered to 0.5%. The most successful formulations to date have been based conceptually on the current lyophilized formulation, but with modifications to the type and amounts of sugar. Of current interest are formulations containing myo-inositol, as they retain high viral activity and have low initial water content.