gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Excited-State Electron Transfer from Ruthenium-Polypyridyl Compounds to Anatase TiO2 Nanocrystallites: Evidence for a Stark Effect (2010)

Photophysical studies were performed with [Ru(dtb)(2)(dcb)](PF(6))(2) and cis-Ru(dcb)(dnb)(NCS)(2,) where dtb is 4,4'-(C(CH(3))(3))(2)-2,2'-bipyridine, dcb is 4,4'-(COOH)(2)-2,2'-bipyridine, and dnb is 4,4'-(CH(3)(CH(2))(8))(2)-2,2'-bipyridine), anchored to anatase TiO(2) particles (∼15 nm in diameter) interconnected in a mesoporous, thin film (∼10 μm thick) immersed in Li(+)-containing acetonitrile electrolytes. Pulsed-laser excitation resulted in rapid, nonquantitative excited-state injection into TiO(2) with a rate constant that could not be time-resolved, k(inj) > 10(8) s(-1), to yield an interfacial charge-separated state. Return of this state to ground-state products displayed observation-wavelength-dependent kinetics due to charge recombination and a second process. The second process occurred in parallel and was assigned to a transient Stark effect created by the electric field originating from the electrons in TiO(2) on ruthenium sensitizers that had not undergone excited-state injection. The kinetics for this processes were well modeled by a stretched exponential function. The impact of this field on the metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited-state of Ru(dtb)(2)(dcb)(2+) or the oxidized form of cis-Ru(dcb)(dnb)(NCS)(2) were also investigated. Unambiguous identification of a Stark effect on the excited-state sensitizers was accomplished through fluence-dependent measurements. The possible influence of the electric field on the oxidized sensitizers was at best speculative. The unique relative orientation of the electric field and sensitizer afforded by the nanocrystal geometry resulted in unidirectional shifts in the absorption and photoluminescence spectra of the Ru(II) coordination compounds. On the basis of the magnitude of the shift, it was estimated that a transient field as large as 2.7 MV/cm was generated upon excited-state injection of electrons in TiO(2) at concentrations relevant to an operational dye-sensitized solar cell.
Dendrimer-like Star Block and Amphiphilic Copolymers by Combination of Ring Opening and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (1998)

A new type of macromolecular architecture, denoted as dendrimer-like star block copolymers, is reported. These block copolymers are described by a radial geometry where the different generations or layers are comprised of high molecular weight polymer emanating from a central core. A hexahydroxyl functional core was used as an initiator for the “living” ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone producing a hydroxyl terminated six arm star polymer with controlled molecular weight and narrow polydispersities (PD < 1.1). Capping these chain ends with dendrons containing activated bromide moieties produced “macro-initiators” for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Methyl methacrylate was polymerized from these “macro-initiators” in the presence of an organometallic promoter to produce the requisite dendrimer-like star polymers. High molecular weight was obtained with low polydispersities (<1.2). Alternatively, amphiphilic character could be introduced by designing the different layers or generations to be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic. For example, methyl methacrylate (MMA) with either hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) or methacrylate functional ethylene oxide macromonomers (EO) were polymerized from these “macro-initiators” to provide a hydrophilic outer layer. The use of macromolecular building blocks allows rapid attainment of high polymer in a limited number of steps with purification between transformation requiring only polymer precipitation.
Interplay of leukemia inhibitory factor and retinoic acid on neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (2007)

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have great potential for cell replacement in neurodegenerative disorders. Implantation of these cells into the brain, however, requires their prior differentiation. We examined the interplay between leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and retinoic acid (RA) on neural differentiation of mouse ES (mES) cells. Mouse embryonic stem cells were allowed to form cell aggregates, the so-called embryoid bodies (EBs), in the absence or presence of LIF. In the absence of LIF, mES cells downregulated the expression of the undifferentiated mES cell marker Oct-3/4, and increased mRNA levels of two neural precursor markers, Sox-1 and Nestin, as well as the neuronal marker beta-tubulin III. This neuronal differentiation was enhanced by treating EBs with RA. Moreover, RA irreversibly increased the number of postmitotic neurons in culture, as shown by the reduction of proliferating mES cells and the increase in beta-tubulin III-positive cells 6 days after RA removal, which in turn affected mES cell viability. The addition of LIF during EBs formation, however, blocked completely this neuronal differentiation. Our findings also showed that pre-differentiation of mES cells in vitro avoided the teratocarcinoma formation observed when proliferating mES cells were grafted into the brain. In addition, mES cells pre-differentiated with RA in culture showed a reduction in proliferation and the presence of neural phenotypes after grafting. In conclusion, the present results indicate that RA enhances neuronal differentiation of mES cells in the absence of LIF, although it compromises cell viability and transplantation.
Virtual-topology adaptation for WDM mesh networks under dynamic traffic (2003)

We present a new approach to the virtual-topology reconfiguration problem for wavelength-routed, optical wide-area networks under dynamic traffic demand. By utilizing the measured Internet backbone traffic characteristics, an adaptation mechanism is proposed to follow the changes in traffic without assuming that the future traffic pattern is known. In that sense, our work differs from previous studies which redesign the virtual-topology according to an expected (or known) traffic pattern, and then modify the connectivity to reach the target topology. The key idea of our approach is to adapt the underlying optical connectivity by measuring the actual traffic load on lightpaths continuously (periodically based on a measurement period) and reacting promptly to the imbalances caused by fluctuations in the traffic by adding or deleting one lightpath at a time. We aim to correct the encountered load imbalance directly, either by tearing down a lightpath that is lightly loaded or by setting up a new lightpath when congestion occurs. We introduce high and low watermark parameters on lightpath loads to detect any over/underutilized lightpath, and to trigger an adaptation step. The adaptation method is evaluated through simulations and the effect of system parameters (high and low watermarks, length of the measurement period) are investigated.
Highly efficient non-separable transforms for next generation video coding (2016)

For the last few decades, the application of signal-adaptive transform coding to video compression has been stymied by the large computational complexity of matrix-based solutions. In this paper, we propose a novel parametric approach to greatly reduce the complexity without degrading the compression performance. In our approach, instead of following the conventional technique of identifying full transform matrices that yield best compression efficiency, we look for the best transform parameters defining a new class of transforms, called HyGTs, which have low complexity implementations that are easy to parallelize. The proposed HyGTs are implemented as an extension of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), and our comprehensive experimental results demonstrate that proposed HyGTs improve average coding gain by 6% bit rate reduction, while using 6.8 times less memory than KLT matrices.
Inhibition of Sulfide Generation in a Reclaimed Wastewater Pipe by Nitrate Dosage and Denitrification Kinetics (2005)

Sulfide generation should be avoided during wastewater transportation. The efficiency of nitrate dosing for the inhibition of sulfide generation was evaluated during reclaimed wastewater transport with two nitrate doses, 2.5 and 5 mg/L nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N). A calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] solution was injected at the beginning of the 61-km-long gravity pipe, which is part of the Reclaimed Wastewater Reuse System of South Tenerife (Spain). During transportation, after dissolved oxygen depletion, a denitrification process took place. With the 5 mg/L NO3-N dose, nitrate was not completely removed at the end of the pipe, whereas with 2.5 mg/L NO3-N, a complete denitrification was achieved. Sulfide generation was completely inhibited with the 5 mg/L dose. However, with 2.5 mg/L, sulfide generation was not completely inhibited but delayed and minimized to a great extent. Denitrification was stoichiometrically limited by the availability in biodegradable matter. An empirical equation enables one to predict the nitrate concentration.
Glucose Metabolism in Patients With Schizophrenia Treated With Atypical Antipsychotic Agents (2005)

Both nonobese clozapine- and olanzapine-treated groups displayed significant insulin resistance and impairment of glucose effectiveness compared with risperidone-treated subjects. Patients taking clozapine and olanzapine must be examined for insulin resistance and its consequences.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin: Effect on Cell Cultures (1972)

An exotoxin, toxic to both mice and cultured cells, was isolated from cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Relatively small amounts of the exotoxin inhibited the uptake of uridine and amino acids by Vero cells. Within limits, this toxic action was reversible and could be inactivated by heating at 70 C or by proteolytic digestion, but it was not affected by nucleases. The inhibitory activity of the toxin could also be decreased by rabbit antiserum. Metabolic activities of Vero cells, generally associated with the production of energy, did not appear to be affected by the toxin.
Skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation in response to members of the fibroblast growth factor family and hepatocyte growth factor (1999)

Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) have the ability to regulate satellite cell proliferation in culture and in muscle tissue, but the specific FGF receptors (FGFR) expressed by adult rat muscle satellite cells and the action of members of the FGF family have not been assessed. Therefore, the expression of FGF receptors 1-4 was examined in proliferating satellite cells in culture, and the effects of eight members of the fibroblast growth factor family (FGFs1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) on adult rat muscle satellite cells were evaluated. In addition, the interactions of FGFs with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were described. Of the eight FGFs evaluated, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 9 significantly (P < 0.05) stimulated proliferation above control. FGFs5, 7, and 8 displayed no mitogenic activity. Furthermore, combinations of HGF with FGFs2, 4, 6, or 9 stimulated satellite cell proliferation above that of optimal concentrations of HGF alone. Expression of four FGFR genes was detected in satellite cell cultures by reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). FGFR1 and FGFR4 were the most prominent forms expressed, and FGFR2 was only expressed at low levels. FGFR3 was difficult to detect. FGFR1 and FGFR2 were also expressed in muscle-derived fibroblasts, but FGFR4 and FGFR3 were not. In proliferating cultures of satellite cells, HGF, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and FGF1 stimulated significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of FGFR1 message content, relative to control conditions, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-II) significantly (P < 0.05) depressed FGFR1 expression. During the activation period of satellite cell growth in culture (0-48 h), FGFR1 message content significantly (P < 0.05) increased from less than 1,000 copies per cell to approximately 5,000 copies per cell between 18 and 48 h, and HGF treatment significantly (P < 0.05) accelerated the accumulation of FGFR1 message during this period.
Refractive indexes and temperature coefficients of germanium and silicon (1976)

The refractive indexes and their variations with temperature for silicon and germanium have been measured over the 95-298-K and 2.5-12-microm ranges. Data are given for the refractive index that are in reasonable agreement with those of previous investigators. For dn/dT the values are independent of wavelength and are approximately 1.5 x 10(-4) (K)(-1) and 4.0 x 10(-4) (K)(-1) for silicon and germanium, respectively.
A Comparison of the Effect of Universal Use of Gloves and Gowns with That of Glove Use Alone on Acquisition of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in a Medical Intensive Care Unit (1996)

Universal use of gloves and gowns was no better than universal use of gloves only in preventing rectal colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a medical intensive care unit of a hospital in which vancomycin-resistant enterococci are endemic. Because the use of gowns and gloves together may be associated with better compliance and may help prevent transmission of other infectious agents, this finding may not be applicable to outbreaks caused by single strains or hospitals in which the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci is low.
Pyridine-metal complexes (1985)

Essentials of Coordination Chemistry. Sigma Pyridine Coordination Compounds with Nontransition Metals. Sigma Pyridine Coordination Compounds with Transition Metals. Coordination Compounds of Metals with Pyridine--l----Oxides. Pi--Coordination Compounds of Pyridine with Metals. Pyridine Intercalation Compounds. Clathrates. References. Oscillators (J. Papp and Y. Koyano). Coupling of Circuit Structures to Magnetostatic Modes. Magnetic Circuit, Hysterisis Effects, Switching Characteristics, Temperature (W. Alton). Single Crystal Growth (R. Belt).
Multicolor Super-Resolution DNA Imaging for Genetic Analysis (2012)

Many types of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases are caused by abnormalities and variations in the genome. We have designed a high-resolution imaging technique with high throughput and low cost for determining structural variations of genes related to genetic diseases. We initially mapped all seven nicking sites of Nb.BbvCI endonuclease enzyme on lambda DNA. Then we resolved densely labeled patterns of 107 nicking sites on human BAC DNA that is digested by Nb.BsmI and Nb.BbvCI endonuclease enzymes. This high density resulted in several dyes being closer together than the diffraction limit. Overall, detailed DNA nicking sites mapping with 100 bp resolution was achieved, which has the potential to reveal information about genetic variance and to facilitate medical diagnosis of several genetic diseases.
Detection of High Impedance Faults on Multi-Grounded Primary Distribution Systems (1981)

Three techniques for detecting high impedance ground faults on multi-grounded distribution systems are considered on a theoretical basis. The methods, based on (a) combining two current measurements, (b) detecting power frequency harmonics and (c) sensing sequence voltages, all appear to have promise but require experimental investigation to determine practicality.
Mass transport regrowth of GaN for ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN (2001)

Ohmic contacts were fabricated for AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors by selective-area mass transport regrowth of GaN. The contact resistance ranged from 0.23 to 1.26 Ω mm for different contact areas and geometries. The average resistivity of the autodoped regrown GaN was measured to 4×10−3 Ω cm. Devices with regrown contacts were fabricated, achieving a transconductance of 210 mS/mm. The technique provides a low-cost regrowth process, with applications in particular for high Al-composition AlGaN/GaN devices.
Targeting Mitochondria (2008)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are closely linked to degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's, neuronal death including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, acute and chronic degenerative cardiac myocyte death, and cancer. As a byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation, a steady stream of reactive species emerge from our cellular energy plants, the mitochondria. ROS and RNS potentially cause damage to all cellular components. Structure alteration, biomolecule fragmentation, and oxidation of side chains are trade-offs of cellular energy production. ROS and RNS escape results in the activation of cytosolic stress pathways, DNA damage, and the upregulation of JNK, p38, and p53. Incomplete scavenging of ROS and RNS particularly affects the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin (CL), triggers the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and activates the intrinsic death pathway. Due to the active redox environment and the excess of NADH and ATP at the inner mitochondrial membrane, a broad range of agents including electron acceptors, electron donors, and hydride acceptors can be used to influence the biochemical pathways. The key to therapeutic value is to enrich selective redox modulators at the target sites. Our approach is based on conjugating nitroxides to segments of natural products with relatively high affinity for mitochondrial membranes. For example, a modified gramicidin S segment was successfully used for this purpose and proven to be effective in preventing superoxide production in cells and CL oxidation in mitochondria and in protecting cells against a range of pro-apoptotic triggers such as actinomycin D, radiation, and staurosporine. More importantly, these mitochondria-targeted nitroxide/gramicidin conjugates were able to protect against apoptosis in vivo by preventing CL oxidation induced by intestinal hemorrhagic shock. Optimization of nitroxide carriers could lead to a new generation of effective antiapoptotic agents acting at an early mitochondrial stage. Alternative chemistry-based approaches to targeting mitochondria include the use of proteins and peptides, as well as the attachment of payloads to lipophilic cationic compounds, sulfonylureas, anthracyclines, and other agents with proven or hypothetical affinities for mitochondria. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), SS tetrapeptides with 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine (Dmt) residues, rhodamine, triphenylphosphonium salts, nonopioid analgesics, adriamycin, and diverse electron-rich aromatics and stilbenes were used to influence mitochondrial biochemistry and the biology of aging. Some general structural principles for effective therapeutic agents are now emerging. Among these are the presence of basic or positively charged functional groups, hydrophobic substructures, and, most promising for future selective strategies, classes of compounds that are actively shuttled into mitochondria, bind to mitochondria-specific proteins, or show preferential affinity to mitochondria-specific lipids.
SPECIFIC NUCLEAR TRIIODOTHYRONINE BINDING SITES IN RAT LIVER AND KIDNEY1 (1972)

Injection of increasing quantities of L-triiodothyronine (T3) resulted in a progressive decrease in the proportion of T3 bound to the nuclear fraction of rat liver and kidney cells. A similar dose-response relationship could not be demonstrated for other ultracentrifugal fractions. Only a modest reduction in nuclear binding of thyroxine was observed after injection of large amounts of this iodothyronine. The results indicate the presence of relatively specific binding sites for T3 in the nuclei of rat liver and kidney.
Endothelial Nuclear Factor-κB Translocation and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Induction by Complement (1999)

We have previously shown that reoxygenation of hypoxic human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) leads to the activation and deposition of complement. In the present study, we investigated whether the terminal complement complex (C5b-9) influences HUVEC nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) translocation and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) protein expression after hypoxia/reoxygenation by decreasing endothelial cGMP. Additionally, we investigated the action of anti-human C5 therapy on endothelial cGMP, NF-kappaB translocation, and VCAM-1 protein expression. Reoxygenation (0.5 to 3 hours, 21% O(2)) of hypoxic (12 hours, 1% O(2)) HUVECs in human serum (HS) significantly increased C5b-9 deposition, VCAM-1 expression, and NF-kappaB translocation compared with hypoxic/reoxygenated HUVECs treated with the recombinant human C5 inhibitor h5G1.1-scFv. Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced cGMP synthesis was significantly higher in normoxic HUVECs compared with hypoxic HUVECs reoxygenated in HS but did not differ from hypoxic HUVECs reoxygenated in buffer or HS treated with h5G1.1-scFv. Treatment of hypoxic/reoxygenated HUVECs with h5G1.1-scFv or cGMP analogues significantly attenuated NF-kappaB translocation and VCAM-1 protein expression. Treatment with NO analogues, but not a cAMP analogue, cGMP antagonists, or an NO antagonist, also significantly attenuated VCAM-1 expression. We conclude that (1) C5b-9 deposition, NF-kappaB translocation, and VCAM-1 protein expression are increased in hypoxic HUVECs reoxygenated in HS; (2) reoxygenation of hypoxic HUVECs in HS, but not buffer alone, attenuates ACh-induced cGMP synthesis; and (3) treatment of hypoxic/reoxygenated HUVECs with h5G1.1-scFv attenuates C5b-9 deposition, NF-kappaB translocation, and VCAM-1 expression while preserving ACh-induced cGMP synthesis. C5b-9-induced VCAM-1 expression may thus involve an NO/cGMP-regulated NF-kappaB translocation mechanism.
HPLC method for measurement of purine nucleotide degradation products in cerebrospinal fluid (1996)

We describe a convenient method for the separation and quantification of xanthine, hypoxanthine, and uric acid in 20 microL of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with use of HPLC and ultraviolet detection. The analysis is performed on a Sepharon SGX C18 column and the elution system consists of potassium phosphate buffer, pH 5.1, with 20 mL/L methanol. The lower limit of detection was 4 pmol for hypoxanthine and xanthine and 6 pmol for uric acid. Analytical recoveries of purine metabolites ranged from 98.6% to 102.9%. The intra- and interassay CVs were <3%. The applicability of the method is illustrated with the determination of micromolar concentrations of xanthine, hypoxanthine, and uric acid in CSF samples obtained from 113 patients with various neurological disorders.
Insertion of the fusion gene from Newcastle disease virus into a non-essential region in the terminal repeats of fowlpox virus and demonstration of protective immunity induced by the recombinant (1990)

In this paper we report on the identification of non-essential genes in the terminal repeats of the avipox-virus fowlpox virus and the use of these as insertion sites in a vector system. Foreign genes inserted into these sites are shown to be present in two copies in the resultant recombinant virus. To test the potential use of this vector as a live vaccine the fusion gene of Newcastle disease virus has been inserted into a vaccine strain of fowlpox virus and inoculated into chickens. The experiments demonstrate the ability of the recombinant to protect chickens against challenge by a virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus and to elicit the formation of an anti-fusion protein antibody.