gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Management of Ultrafiltration Problems in Peritoneal Dialysis (2000)

luid balance management is one of the primaryfunctions of renal replacement therapy. Peritonealdialysis (PD), because of its continuous nature, hasbeen considered an optimal approach to this thera-peutic goal, avoiding fluctuant volume status and af-fording better homeostatic stability (1). This superiorpotential of PD has been illustrated in several studiesshowing, in discreet patient groups, better blood pres-sure control in PD compared to hemodialysis (HD) (2).This therapeutic advantage, however, has not been uni-versally utilized and population surveys still show ashigh a prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascularmortality in PD as in HD populations (3–5). While thelatter may be ascribed in both populations to an in-herited disease burden from the pre end-stage renaldisease (ESRD) phase of renal disease, it is clear thatthe full potential of PD for optimal volume homeosta-sis has remained underutilized (6). Several factors maybe responsible for this underutilization and for the as-sumption prevalent among physicians that HD affordsa more effective means of volume control. By its verynature as a continuous therapy, PD lacks the dramaticillustration of rapid volume removal observed with HD.Similarly, by its very nature as a home therapy, PDlacks the recurrent frequent examination by physi-cians/nurses of volume status afforded by three-timesweekly HD, so the opportunities for triggered inter-ventions are more temporally spaced than in HD. Thesetwo contrasting phenomena (dramatic volume removaland frequent examination) may also explain why theconcept of “dry weight,” a cornerstone clinical operat-ing indicator in HD, is not widely used in the approachto volume management in PD. Patients on PD are rou-tinely instructed to measure their weight on a dailybasis. Guidelines on therapy modifications based onchanges in weight can be safely taught to mostpatients.
Independent polygenic regulation of quantitative antibody responsiveness and expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). (1985)

The intensity of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) expression measured by footpad swelling was established in high and low antibody responder lines of mice produced by bidirectional selective breeding for antibody responsiveness to different antigens. These lines of mice presented a very large difference in antibody response to the antigens used in each selective breeding (selection Ags) and to several other unrelated Ags (nonspecific effect). The intensity of DTH reactivity to selection Ags and to unrelated Ags differed in the various lines investigated, but the intensity of DTH reactions was not correlated with antibody responsiveness. The results of the present article demonstrated that the expression of DTH reactivity and antibody responsiveness to the same antigens are polygenic characters subject to independent quantitative regulation.
Metal/polymer interfaces with designed morphologies (2000)

The morphology of a metal/polymer interface is important for many properties, e.g. its adhesional strength. Starting from the basic processes occurring in the initial stages of metal/polymer interface formation, it is possible to obtain different morphologies by variation of the preparation conditions. In this report we present selected examples from our own work of how metal/polymer interfaces with different morphologies can be prepared by evaporating noble metals (Au, Ag, Cu) onto chemically different polymers, i.e. bisphenol-trimethyl cyclohexane polycarbonate (TMC-PC), pyromellitic dianhydride-oxydianiline (PMDA-ODA) polyimide (PI), and on Teflon AF 1601. The interfaces were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The combination of these techniques allows one to determine morphological parameters such as the concentration and distribution of metal clusters at the surface and in the near-surface region. Using low deposition rates and elevated temperatures, spread-out metal/polymer interfaces can be formed, whereas the use of high deposition rates and moderate temperatures results in relatively sharp interfaces. Another approach to obtain a defined morphology is to form large metal clusters of 10-30 nm diameter on the polymer surface and embed them into the polymer in a controlled manner by a subsequent annealing process. First experiments on the macroscopic adhesion of Au and Cu on TMC-PC showed that the initially low peel strength could be increased substantially by subsequent annealing above the glass transition temperature.
Synthesis and Reactions of 4-Chloro-1,2-dihydro-6-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyridinecarbonitrile (2003)

I he chlorination of 1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyridinecarbonitrile (2) with a mixture of POCl 3 and PCl 5 in CHCl 3 gave 4-chloro-1,2-dihydro-6-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyridinecarbonitrile (3) in good yield. Compound (3) reacted with alkyl- and arylamines to give the corresponding 4-alkylamino- and 4-arylamino-3-pyridinecarbonitriles (6 and 7).
Evidence of an epithelial stem/progenitor cell hierarchy in the adult mouse lung (2010)

The role of lung epithelial stem cells in maintenance and repair of the adult lung is ill-defined, and their identity remains contentious because of the lack of definitive markers for their prospective isolation and the absence of clonogenic assays able to measure their stem/progenitor cell potential. In this study, we show that replication of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in a previously undescribed matrigel-based clonogenic assay enables the identification of lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells by their colony-forming potential in vitro. We describe a population of EpCAM(hi) CD49f(pos) CD104(pos) CD24(low) epithelial cfus that generate colonies comprising airway, alveolar, or mixed lung epithelial cell lineages when cocultured with EpCAM(neg) Sca-1(pos) lung mesenchymal cells. We show that soluble fibroblast growth factor-10 and hepatocyte growth factor partially replace the requirement for mesenchymal support of epithelial colony formation, allowing clonal passaging and demonstration of their capacity for self-renewal. These data support a model in which the adult mouse lung contains a minor population of multipotent epithelial stem/progenitor cells with the capacity for self-renewal and whose descendants give rise to airway and alveolar epithelial cell lineages in vitro.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (1995)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most frequent form of leukemia in Western countries, is characterized by the clonal proliferation and accumulation of neoplastic B lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. The median age of patients at diagnosis is 65 years, with only 10 to 15 percent under 50 years of age. In most series, more men than women are affected. The course of the disease is variable. Whereas some patients with CLL have a normal life span, others die within five years after diagnosis. During the past few years, important advances have been made in the . . .
Proto-oncogenes of the fos/jun family of transcription factors are positive regulators of myeloid differentiation. (1993)

The proto-oncogenes c-jun, junB, junD, and c-fos recently have been shown to encode for transcription factors with a leucine zipper that mediates dimerization to constitute active transcription factors; juns were shown to dimerize with each other and with c-fos, whereas fos was shown to dimerize only with juns. After birth, hematopoietic cells of the myeloid lineage, and some other terminally differentiated cell types, express high levels of c-fos. Still, the role of fos/jun transcription factors in normal myelopoiesis or in leukemogenesis has not been established. Recently, c-jun, junB, and junD were identified as myeloid differentiation primary response genes stably expressed following induction of terminal differentiation of myeloblastic leukemia M1 cells. Intriguingly, c-fos, though induced during normal myelopoiesis, was not induced upon M1 differentiation. To gain further insights into the role of fos/jun in normal myelopoiesis and leukemogenicity, M1fos and M1junB cell lines, which constitutively express c-fos and junB, respectively, were established. It was shown that enforced expression of c-fos, and to a lesser extent junB, in M1 cells results in both an increased propensity to differentiate and a reduction in the aggressiveness of the M1 leukemic phenotype. M1fos cells constitutively expressed immediate-early and late genetic markers of differentiated M1 cells. The in vitro differentiation of normal myeloblasts into mature macrophages and granulocytes, as well as the increased propensity of M1fos leukemic myeloblasts to be induced for terminal differentiation, was dramatically impaired with use of c-fos antisense oligomers in the culture media. Taken together, these observations show that the proto-oncogenes which encode for fos/jun transcription factors play important roles in promoting myeloid differentiation. The ability of the M1 leukemic myeloblasts to be induced for terminal differentiation in the absence of apparent fos expression indicates that there is some redundancy among the fos/jun family of transcription factors in promoting myeloid differentiation; however, juns alone cannot completely compensate for the lack of fos. Thus, genetic lesions affecting fos/jun expression may play a role in the development of "preleukemic" myelodysplastic syndromes and their further progression to leukemias.
Poststatin, a New Inhibitor of Prolyl Endopeptidase. VII. N-Cycloalkylamide Analogues. (1996)

Poststatin analogues containing (S)-2-oxo-2-(2-pyrrolidinyl)acetyl moiety in P1 were synthesized and examined for their inhibitory activity against prolyl endopeptidase and cathepsin B in vitro. Introduction of non-peptidyl cycloalkylamine component in P1, was effective and P3-acyl groups must be widely modifiable for prolyl endopeptidase inhibition. Acyl-L-phenylalanyl-(S)-2-oxo-2-(2-pyrrolidinyl)acetyl-cycloalkylamid e type compounds showed IC50 value of nano to subnano g/ml as prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor and were shown no significant inhibitory activities against cathepsin B, a cysteine protease.
CAP3: A DNA Sequence Assembly Program (1999)

We describe the third generation of the CAP sequence assembly program. The CAP3 program includes a number of improvements and new features. The program has a capability to clip 5' and 3' low-quality regions of reads. It uses base quality values in computation of overlaps between reads, construction of multiple sequence alignments of reads, and generation of consensus sequences. The program also uses forward-reverse constraints to correct assembly errors and link contigs. Results of CAP3 on four BAC data sets are presented. The performance of CAP3 was compared with that of PHRAP on a number of BAC data sets. PHRAP often produces longer contigs than CAP3 whereas CAP3 often produces fewer errors in consensus sequences than PHRAP. It is easier to construct scaffolds with CAP3 than with PHRAP on low-pass data with forward-reverse constraints.
Isolation and characterization of the aspartokinase and aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase operon from mycobacteria (1994)

Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) is a major component of the peptidoglycan layer of the mycobacterial cell wall. The mycobacterial cell wall has been implicated as a potential virulence factor and is highly immunogenic. The pathway for biosynthesis of DAP may serve as a target in the design of antimycobacterial agents and construction of in vivo selection systems. Despite its significance, this biosynthetic pathway is poorly understood in mycobacteria. In order to develop a better understanding of mycobacterial DAP biosynthesis, the aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) genes of Mycobacterium smegmatis, bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium leprae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were isolated. The M. smegmatis asd gene was isolated by complementation in Escherichia coli. This gene was then used to isolate the asd genes from other mycobacteria. The asd-complementing fragments from BCG and M. smegmatis were sequenced. An open reading frame upstream of the mycobacterial asd gene was identified as the mycobacterial aspartokinase gene (ask). Primer extension analysis revealed that the only transcriptional start in this region is found 5' of the ask gene. This observation indicates that the mycobacterial ask and asd genes are in an operon.
Protein kinase C delta involvement in mammary tumor cell metastasis. (1999)

Metastasis requires cytoskeletal remodeling for migration, adhesion, and extravasation of metastatic cells. Although protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in tumor promotion/progression and cytoskeletal remodeling, its role in metastasis has not been defined. PKCdelta levels are increased in highly metastatic 13762NF mammary tumor cells (MTLn3) compared with less metastatic, parental cell lines. To determine whether the increase in endogenous PKCdelta is functionally related to their increased metastatic potential, we prepared MTLn3 cells that express the inhibitory regulatory domain fragment of PKCdelta (RDdelta) under the control of a tetracycline-inducible promoter. RDdelta expression attenuated endogenous PKCdelta activity, as demonstrated by decreased phosphorylation of the PKCdelta substrate adducin in migrating cells. Thus, in MT cells, RDdelta appears to primarily influence cytoskeleton-dependent processes rather than cell cycle progression. To determine whether RDdelta expression influenced metastatic potential in vivo, MTLn3/RDdelta cells were either grown in the mammary fat pad or injected into the tail vein of syngeneic rats, and effects of doxycycline-induced RDdelta expression on pulmonary metastases were studied. Consistent with the in vitro data, induction of RDdelta significantly reduced the number of lung metastases without affecting growth of the primary tumor. These results suggest that interfering with endogenous PKCdelta activity by expressing the inhibitory RDdelta fragment inhibits cytoskeleton-regulated processes important for MTLn3 cell metastasis.
An Electron Accelerator Using a Laser (1979)

An intense electromagnetic pulse (photon pulse) of proper length can create a wake of plasma oscillations (plasmon wake) through the action of the nonlinear ponderomotive force. The phase velocity of the wake is equal to the group velocity of the light pulse which can be only slightly less than the velocity of light in a vacuum. The electric fields in the wakes can be quite intense (up to order eE = mc/ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</sub> ). Electrons trapped in the wake can be accelerated to high energy. Existing glass lasers of power density 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">18</sup> W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> shined on plasmas of densities 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">18</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> can yield GeV energy electrons per cm. The mechanism for this acceleration is examined and its details are demonstrated through computer simulation. Applications to accelerators and pulsars are examined.
Principles of transient charge pumping on partially depleted SOI MOSFETs (2002)

A new method to determine the interface trap density in partially depleted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) floating body MOSFETs is proposed for the first time. It can be considered as a "transient" charge-pumping (CP) technique in contrast to the normally used "steady-state" method. In our technique, majority carriers are removed from the floating body by applying a burst of pulses to the transistor gate. The change in the linear drain current after each pulse is used to determine the device interface trap density. The unique advantage of this method is the possibility to use it to characterize SOI MOSFETs without a body contact. The technique proposed is simple, reliable, and can be used for the characterization of deep submicron devices.
The Trigger System of the CELSIUS\WASA Detector (2002)

The ability of the WASA experiment to tag light mesons is described with an emphasis on the principles and implementation of the trigger system. Some data, from the evaluation of the trigger during the commissioning runs are shown. Also the data acquisition system is briefly discussed.
State-of-the-art research in lower-limb prosthetic biomechanics-socket interface: a review. (2001)

Scientific studies have been conducted to quantify attributes that may be important in the creation of more functional and comfortable lower-limb prostheses. The prosthesis socket, a human-machine interface, has to be designed properly to achieve satisfactory load transmission, stability, and efficient control for mobility. The biomechanical understanding of the interaction between prosthetic socket and the residual limb is fundamental to such goals. The purpose of this paper is to review the recent research literature on socket biomechanics, including socket pressure measurement, friction-related phenomena and associated properties, computational modeling, and limb tissue responses to external mechanical loads and other physical conditions at the interface. There is no doubt that improved biomechanical understanding has advanced the science of socket fitting. However, the most recent advances in the understanding of stresses experienced at the residual limb have not yet led to enough clinical consensus that could fundamentally alter clinical practice. Efforts should be made to systematically identify the major discrepancies. Further research should be directed to address the critical controversies and the associated technical challenges. Developments should be guided to offer clinicians the quantification and visualization of the interaction between the residual limb and the prosthetic socket. An understanding of comfort and optimal load transfer as patterns of socket interface stress could culminate in socket design expert systems.
Stationary population inversion of hydrogen in an arc-heated magnetically trapped expanding hydrogen-helium plasma jet (1994)

A stationary recombining hydrogen-helium mixed plasma is generated in the arc-heated magnetically trapped expanding plasma jet that was developed in the authors' laboratory. The plasma can be generated very stably and a spectroscopic analysis is accomplished with sufficient accuracy. Population densities of atomic hydrogen whose principal quantum number is 3--12 are observed spectroscopically. When the plasma comes downstream, the electron temperature becomes low and population inversion is obtained between the level pairs 3-4, 3-5, and 4-5 in hydrogen atoms. The experimental results are explained very well by a calculation based on the collisional radiative model in which the hydrogen plasma is optically thin. The potential for cw lasing by H i is discussed in terms of atomic processes based on the experimental and numerical results.
Human milk banking (2010)

It is universally accepted that breast milk is the optimum exclusive source of nutrition for the first six months of life, and may remain part of the healthy infant diet for the first two years of life and beyond. Despite advances in infant formulas, human breast milk provides a bioactive matrix of benefits that cannot be replicated by any other source of nutrition. When the mother's own milk is unavailable for the sick, hospitalized newborn, pasteurized human donor breast milk should be made available as an alternative feeding choice followed by commercial formula. There is a limited supply of donor breast milk in Canada and it should be prioritized to sick, hospitalized neonates who are the most vulnerable and most likely to benefit from exclusive human milk feeding.
Early Protection Against Sudden Death by n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids After Myocardial Infarction (2002)

The early effect of low-dose (1 g/d) n-3 PUFAs on total mortality and sudden death supports the hypothesis of an antiarrhythmic effect of this drug. Such a result is consistent with the wealth of evidence coming from laboratory experiments on isolated myocytes, animal models, and epidemiological and clinical studies.
Pathogenesis and Inhibition (1987)

Corneal neovascularization (CNV) can cause significant visual loss because of the scarring and lipid deposition that frequently accompany it. In addition, penetrating keratoplasty in a vascularized recipient carries a significant risk of failure from allograft rejection. Frequently CNV is induced by nonspecific inflammatory stimuli, mediated primarily by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Neovascularization can also be associated with specific corneal immune reactions, such as herpes simplex keratitis. Immunologically mediated CNV may be more amenable to treatment than CNV that results from nonspecific inflammation. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) following the intravenous injection of hematoporphyrin derivative or purified dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE) has been shown to suppress tumor growth and blood vessel growth in the eye. We have developed a murine model of CNV induced by the intrastromal injection of stimulated lymphocytes or interleukin-2 (IL-2). We have noted corneal DHE retention following its intravenous injection in mice with IL-2-induced CNV. Preliminary studies indicate that PDT can induce regression of CNV in these mice. Other recent studies that have enhanced our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of CNV are reviewed, and directions for future research are discussed.
Phase II/III Trial of Etoposide and High-Dose Ifosfamide in Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Osteosarcoma: A Pediatric Oncology Group Trial (2002)

The combination of etoposide and high-dose ifosfamide is effective induction chemotherapy for patients with metastatic osteosarcoma, despite significant associated myelosuppression sometimes complicated by infection and renal toxicity.
American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 Update of Recommendations for the Use of Tumor Markers in Breast Cancer (2007)

Thirteen categories of breast tumor markers were considered, six of which were new for the guideline. The following categories showed evidence of clinical utility and were recommended for use in practice: CA 15-3, CA 27.29, carcinoembryonic antigen, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, urokinase plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and certain multiparameter gene expression assays. Not all applications for these markers were supported, however. The following categories demonstrated insufficient evidence to support routine use in clinical practice: DNA/ploidy by flow cytometry, p53, cathepsin D, cyclin E, proteomics, certain multiparameter assays, detection of bone marrow micrometastases, and circulating tumor cells.
High-Energy MnO2 Nanowire/Graphene and Graphene Asymmetric Electrochemical Capacitors (2010)

In order to achieve high energy and power densities, we developed a high-voltage asymmetric electrochemical capacitor (EC) based on graphene as negative electrode and a MnO(2) nanowire/graphene composite (MGC) as positive electrode in a neutral aqueous Na(2)SO(4) solution as electrolyte. MGC was prepared by solution-phase assembly of graphene sheets and α-MnO(2) nanowires. Such aqueous electrolyte-based asymmetric ECs can be cycled reversibly in the high-voltage region of 0-2.0 V and exhibit a superior energy density of 30.4 Wh kg(-1), which is much higher than those of symmetric ECs based on graphene//graphene (2.8 Wh kg(-1)) and MGC//MGC (5.2 Wh kg(-1)). Moreover, they present a high power density (5000 W kg(-1) at 7.0 Wh kg(-1)) and acceptable cycling performance of ∼79% retention after 1000 cycles. These findings open up the possibility of graphene-based composites for applications in safe aqueous electrolyte-based high-voltage asymmetric ECs with high energy and power densities.