gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
γδ T Cell Homeostasis Is Controlled by IL-7 and IL-15 Together with Subset-Specific Factors (2005)

Among T cell subsets, gamma delta T cells uniquely display an Ag receptor-based tissue distribution, but what defines their preferential homing and homeostasis is unknown. To address this question, we studied the resources that control gamma delta T cell homeostasis in secondary lymphoid organs. We found that gamma delta and alpha beta T cells are controlled by partially overlapping resources, because acute homeostatic proliferation of gamma delta T cells was inhibited by an intact alpha beta T cell compartment, and both populations were dependent on IL-7 and IL-15. Significantly, to undergo acute homeostatic proliferation, gamma delta T cells also required their own depletion. Thus, gamma delta T cell homeostasis is maintained by trophic cytokines commonly used by other types of lymphoid cells, as well as by additional, as yet unidentified, gamma delta-specific factors.
Two mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling cascades mediate basal resistance to antifungal plant defensins in Fusarium graminearum (2007)

Antifungal defensins, MsDef1 and MtDef4, from Medicago spp., inhibit the growth of Fusarium graminearum, which causes head blight disease in cereals. In order to determine the signalling cascades that are modulated by these defensins, we have isolated several insertional mutants of F. graminearum that exhibit hypersensitivity to MsDef1, but not to MtDef4. The molecular characterization of two of these mutants, designated enhanced sensitivity to defensin (esd), has revealed that the Mgv1 and Gpmk1 MAP kinase signalling cascades play a major role in regulating sensitivity of F. graminearum to MsDef1, but not to MtDef4. The Hog1 MAP kinase signalling cascade, which is responsible for adaptation of this fungus to hyperosmotic stress, does not participate in the fungal response to these defensins. Significantly, the esd mutants also exhibit hypersensitivity to other tested defensins and are highly compromised in their pathogenesis on wheat heads and tomato fruits. The studies reported here for the first time implicate two MAP kinase signalling cascades in a plant defensin-mediated alteration of fungal growth. Based on our findings, we propose that specific MAP kinase signalling cascades are essential for protection of a fungal pathogen from the antimicrobial proteins of its host plant.
Statistical Protocol IDentification with SPID: Preliminary Results (2009)

Identifying application layer protocols within network\nsessions is important when assigning Quality of Service\n(QoS) priorities as well as when conducting network security\nmonitoring. This paper introduces a Statistical Protocol IDentification algorithm (SPID) utilizing various statistical flow and application layer data features. We have identified application layer protocols by comparing probability vectors created from observed network traffic to probability vectors of known protocols. Promising preliminary results are presented, showing average precision of 100% and recall of 92% for a small set of protocols within traffic traces from an access network. To further improve the results, a number of ongoing and future directions with SPID are discussed, such as optimization of\nthe attribute meters and improving robustness against different network environments.
LocerylR nail lacquer-realization of a new galenical approach to onychomycosis therapy (1992)

Loceryl nail lacquer was developed to provide the effective antifungal drug, amorolfine, in a once-weekly dosage regimen combined with a convenient mode of application. Traditional formulations such as creams and nail solutions do not fulfil these requirements because they are wiped or washed off very rapidly. Amorolfine nail lacquer builds a non-water-soluble film on the nail plate, and this film remains in place for 1 week. The film contains a high concentration of amorolfine and forms a depot from which the drug is delivered and which allows the drug to permeate the nail plate. The film-forming polymer and the solvent were optimized for drug release, stability, and convenience of application (drying time, no gloss, transparency). In preclinical development, porcine hoof horn was used as a screening model to differentiate between formulations and dosage strengths with respect to the penetration rate. A high drug concentration of 11.72 micrograms/specimen (10 mm in diameter) was reached in the hoof horn after 6 h, increasing to 39.5 micrograms/specimen within 7 days, the maximum duration of the investigation. The drug concentration achieved was far above its minimum inhibitory concentration. Furthermore, the penetration model clearly indicated that amorolfine crossed the horn barrier and was found in the moistened gauze which simulated the nail bed. After a 7-day penetration period, 1.8% of the applied dose (500 micrograms) was available under the nail.
Proximal Tubule-Specific Deletion of Angiotensin II Type 1a Receptors in the Kidney Attenuates Circulating and Intratubular Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension in PT- Agtr1a −/− Mice (2021)

The present study used a novel mouse model with proximal tubule-specific knockout of AT 1a receptors in the kidney, PT- Agtr1a −/− , to test the hypothesis that intratubular Ang II (angiotensin II) and AT 1a receptors in the proximal tubules are required for maintaining normal blood pressure and the development of Ang II–induced hypertension. Twenty-six groups (n=6–15 per group) of adult male wild-type, global Agtr1a −/− , and PT- Agtr1a −/− mice were infused with Ang II (1.5 mg/kg per day, IP), or overexpressed an intracellular Ang II fusion protein in the proximal tubules for 2 weeks. Basal telemetry blood pressure were ≈15±3 mm Hg lower in PT- Agtr1a −/− than wild-type mice and ≈13±3 mm Hg higher than Agtr1a −/− mice ( P &lt;0.01). Basal glomerular filtration was ≈23.9% higher ( P &lt;0.01), whereas fractional proximal tubule Na + reabsorption was lower in PT- Agtr1a −/− mice ( P &lt;0.01). Deletion of AT 1a receptors in the proximal tubules augmented the pressure-natriuresis response ( P &lt;0.01) and natriuretic responses to salt loading or Ang III infusion ( P &lt;0.01). Ang II induced hypertension in wild-type, PT- Agtr1a −/− and PT- Nhe3 −/− mice, but the pressor response was ≈16±2 mm Hg lower in PT- Agtr1a −/− and PT- Nhe3 −/− mice ( P &lt;0.01). Deletion of AT 1a receptors or NHE3 (Na + /H + exchanger 3) in the proximal tubules attenuated ≈50% of Ang II–induced hypertension in wild-type mice ( P &lt;0.01), but blocked intracellular Ang II fusion protein-induced hypertension in PT- Agtr1a −/− mice ( P &lt;0.01). Taken together, the results of the present study provide new insights into the critical role of intratubular Ang II/AT 1 (AT 1a )/NHE3 pathways in the proximal tubules in normal blood pressure control and the development of Ang II–induced hypertension.
Reprotoxic and genotoxic studies of vanadium pentoxide in male mice (1996)

Effects of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) treatment on reproductive function and testicular DNA in male mice were investigated. These functions were evaluated with fertility rate, implants, resorptions, sperm counts, motility, and morphology. The DNA damage in individual testis cells was analyzed by single-cell gel electrophoresis technique (COMET assay). V2O5 treatment resulted in a decrease in fertility rate, implantations, live fetuses, and fetal weight, and an increase in the number of resorptions/dam. Sperm count, motility, and morphology were impaired with the advancement of treatment. Vanadium treatment induced DNA damage depending on the dose in the testis cells that was expressed and detected as DNA migration in the COMET assay. The distribution of DNA migration among cells, a function of dose, revealed that the majority of cells of treated animals expressed more DNA damage than cells from control animals. It is concluded that vanadium pentoxide was a reprotoxic and genotoxic agent in mice.
Women's Rights in Russia: Training Non- Lawyers to Represent Victims of Domestic Violence (2001)

Prior to 1918, a vibrant feminist movement flourished in Russia. With\nthe onset of Communism, however, this movement waned. During the Soviet\nera, social groups and movements that did not conform with official\nCommunist ideology were not allowed to exist. Although Communism itself\nbegan as a feminist ideology, the Soviet regime perpetrated the subordination\nof women. Since 1990, feminism and women's rights organizations\nhave reemerged with a vengeance. Today there are over 650 nongovernmental\norganizations (NGOs) working on women's human rights\nissues, primarily violence against women.
Immunotherapy of established tumors in mice by intratumoral injection of interleukin-2 plasmid DNA: induction of CD8+ T-cell immunity. (1999)

Intratumoral (i.t.) injection of a plasmid DNA vector encoding the murine interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene was used to treat established renal cell carcinoma (Renca) tumors in BALB/c mice. Tumor regression was observed in 60-90% of mice that were injected i.t. for 4 days with IL-2 plasmid DNA complexed with the cationic lipid DMRIE/DOPE ((+/-)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(tetradecyloxy)-1-propa naminium bromide/dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine). The mice remained tumor-free until the conclusion of the study, which was 4 months after tumor challenge. In a rechallenge experiment, mice that were rendered tumor-free for 6 months by IL-2 plasmid DNA treatment rejected a subsequent challenge of Renca cells but could not reject a challenge with the unrelated, syngeneic CT-26 tumor. Spleen cells from cured mice contained Renca-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and adoptive transfer of mixed lymphocyte cultures into naive mice at 2 days after challenge with Renca cells prevented tumor growth. In vivo depletion of T-cell subsets at the time of i.t. injection with IL-2 plasmid DNA demonstrated that CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, were the primary effectors of the antitumor response.
Primary prevention of diabetes mellitus type 2 and cardiovascular diseases using a cognitive behavior program aimed at lifestyle changes in people at risk: Design of a randomized controlled trial (2008)

Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN59358434.
Comparison of Pain Responses in Infants of Different Gestational Ages (2007)

ELGA infants have similar pain responses to older infants, but the responses are dampened. Other factors such as severity of illness, frequency of painful procedures or medication use should be examined, as they may influence the pain responses in ELGA infants.
Forgeddabout Conflicts - If Citibar Has Its Way, We Can Have Just One Big Law Firm (2002)

I once wrote a short story, The Phone Call. In it, a female partner of great capability at a major New York City law firm finally breaks through yet another professional glass ceiling by receiving a request that she handle a major transaction for an “important” new client, finally generating her own client snaring opportunity after spending her entire career undertaking work for the clients of others. Our heroine stands on the threshold of becoming a rainmaker when she learns, to her dismay, that another partner, this one male, though not yet contacted, expects to be retained by the adverse party to the proposed hostile transaction. Because of that anticipated business, he demands the firm turn away the new representation. Needless to say my protagonist is crushed, and in response to her disappointment, the management committee of the firm proposes that they represent both sides to the matter. That way “each [client] will get the best representation money can buy,” one of the lawyers rationalizes the proposed solution. One team was to be on the forty-third floor of the building, and the other on the forty-sixth floor. “And since we’re all in the same building, they’ll be no need for
Domains of initiator tRNA and initiation codon crucial for initiator tRNA selection by Escherichia coli IF3. (1990)

Initiation factors are used by Escherichia coli to select the initiator tRNA over elongator tRNAs during translation initiation. IF3 appears to "inspect" the anticodon end of the tRNA, probably along with the initiation codon. The anticodon stem and loop of the initiator tRNA, together with part of the initiation codon of the mRNA, can be thought of as a unit. Changes made in the anticodon stem, the anticodon loop, or the anticodon of an initiator tRNA fragment result in a loss of selection by IF3 in an in vitro assay for translation initiation. IF3 allows the selection of an initiator tRNA anticodon stem and loop fragment on GUG and UUG codons but does not select that tRNA fragment in response to AUU.
A highly potent peptide analgesic that protects against ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial stunning (2002)

We recently discovered an opioid peptide analgesic, 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine (Dmt)-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH(2) ([Dmt(1)]DALDA), that can protect against ischemia-induced myocardial stunning. In buffer-perfused hearts, 30-min global ischemia followed by reperfusion resulted in a significant increase in norepinephrine (NE) overflow immediately upon reperfusion and significant decline in contractile force (45%). Pretreatment with [Dmt(1)]DALDA before ischemia completely abolished myocardial stunning and significantly reduced NE overflow (68%). In contrast, pretreatment with morphine before ischemia only provided brief protection against myocardial stunning and no reduction in NE overflow. [Dmt(1)]DALDA inhibited [(3)H]NE uptake into cardiac synaptosomes in vitro (IC(50) = 3.9 microM), whereas morphine had no effect. Surprisingly, protection against myocardial stunning was apparent even when hearts were perfused with [Dmt(1)]DALDA only upon reperfusion, whereas reperfusion with morphine had no effect. Binding studies with [(3)H][Dmt(1)]DALDA revealed no high-affinity specific binding in cardiac membranes, suggesting that the cardioprotective actions of [Dmt(1)]DALDA are not mediated via opioid receptors. These findings suggest that [Dmt(1)]DALDA is a potent analgesic that may be useful for myocardial stunning resulting from cardiac interventions or myocardial ischemia.
Camera calibration for synthetic digital tomography (2005)

A method for calibrating camera geometry is described. This method has been used to implement synthetic tomography on a commercially available full-field digital mammography system. The method utilizes a phantom containing six point-like calibration objects whose positions are approximately known. The image of five calibration objects in a given projection allows an associated projection matrix to be determined up to one free parameter. By using the positions of the shadows of the sixth calibration object in three or more views, one can fit the remaining free parameter associated with each view and the position of the sixth calibration object relative to the first five. Uncertainty in the position or geometry of the phantom does not affect the geometric consistency, thus tomograms produced by back-projection suffer no blurring from errors in the determination of camera geometry. Uncertainties in the position or geometry of the phantom result in proportionate translations or distortions of the tomograms. For a tomogram corresponding to a plane containing an object, the positions of the backprojections of the shadows of the object are consistent to the same precision as the measurements of the shadows in each projection, i.e., the positions of the backprojections differ by about the size of the pixel spacing in the detector.
Assessment of Disease Progress in Psoriasis (1989)

Effective methods of recording and measuring progress of the signs of psoriasis are essential and central to the accurate assessment of therapy. Currently there is wide variation in assessment methods used, and even well-designed clinical assessment techniques have a wide observer error: objective assessment methods may have advantages. The clinical assessment techniques used in 30 clinical trials of treatment in chronic plaque psoriasis in 1985 and 1986 were reviewed and a detailed analysis is presented. In only 18 trials were individual regions assessed, and widely differing methods of scoring signs were used. Reproducibility of the assessment by clinicians of area of skin involvement by psoriasis was studied. Ten patients with chronic plaque psoriasis had standardized photography, and four clinicians assessed area of involvement from the photographs. The clinicians significantly differed in their rank ordering of the area of psoriatic skin involvement. Area of involvement by psoriasis in the same photographs was assessed objectively using computer-assisted planimetry. Although the clinicians' assessment did not differ randomly from the objective measurement, the accuracy of subjective area assessment is not the same for all clinicians. As even experienced clinical observers show wide variation when attempting to record clinical severity of psoriasis, there is clearly a need for better objective measures of psoriasis severity.
Single domain antibodies against the collagen signalling receptor glycoprotein VI are inhibitors of collagen induced thrombus formation (2009)

Human Domain Antibodies (dAbs) that bind to and inhibit the function of platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI) have been isolated from phage display libraries and their efficacy demonstrated using in vitro models of platelet activation. Here we describe the properties of one such antibody, BLO8-1, which has been shown to specifically inhibit the binding of recombinant human GPVI to cross-linked collagen related peptide (CRP-XL) in vitro. BLO8-1 specifically binds to the platelet cell surface and prevents CRP-XL induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma, as well as inhibiting thrombus formation in whole blood under arterial shear conditions. Using a series of mutant GPVI molecules, BLO8-1 was shown to recognize an epitope within the collagen binding domain of GPVI, therefore the anti-thrombotic effect of this dAb is predicted to be due to direct blocking of the collagen-GPVI interaction. These data, together with the desirable properties of Domain Antibodies, show that dAbs could potentially be used to generate novel biopharmaceuticals with anti-thrombotic properties.
Human immune interferon: induction in lymphoid cells by a calcium ionophore (1980)

Human lymphocyte cultures produced interferon after treatment with the calcium ionophore A23187, but not after treatment with potassium ionophore nonactin. Interferon production was detectable between 3 and 6 h after ionophore treatment and reached the maximum level between 12 and 24 h. Ionophore-induced interferon appeared to be immune interferon on the basis of acid lability, lack of neutralization by antibody to leukocyte interferon, slow kinetics of activation of the antiviral state, and molecular characterization by isoelectrofocusing.
Crystal structure of SULT2A3, human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (2000)

The crystal structure of SULT2A3 human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase has been solved at 2.4 A resolution in the presence of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP). The overall structure is similar to those of SULT1 enzymes such as estrogen sulfotransferase and the PAP binding site is conserved, however, significant differences exist in the positions of loops Pro14-Ser20, Glu79-Ile82 and Tyr234-Gln244 in the substrate binding pocket. Moreover, protein interaction in the crystal structure has revealed a possible dimer-directed conformational alteration that may regulate the SULT activity.
Grading of astrocytomas: A simple and reproducible method (1988)

This study determines the effectiveness and reproducibility of a previously published method of grading gliomas. The method under study is for use on "ordinary astrocytoma" cell types, i.e., fibrillary, protoplasmic, gemistocytic, anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas, and is based upon the recognition of the presence or absence of four morphologic criteria: nuclear atypia, mitoses, endothelial proliferation, and necrosis. The method results in a summary score which is translated into a grade as follows: 0 criteria = grade 1, 1 criterion = grade 2, 2 criteria = grade 3, 3 or 4 criteria = grade 4. The histologic material and clinical data were derived from a previously reported series of patients with astrocytomas, radiotherapeutically treated at Mayo Clinic between the years 1960 and 1969. From this series, initially graded 1 to 4, according to the Kernohan system, 287 "ordinary astrocytomas" were entered into the study; 51 pilocytic astrocytomas and microcystic cerebellar-type astrocytomas also were included for comparison. Among ordinary astrocytomas, the grading method under study distinguished 0.7% of grade 1, 17% of grade 2, 18% of grade 3, and 65.3% of grade 4. A 15-year period of follow-up was available on all surviving patients. Statistical analysis showed that in ordinary astrocytomas, each of the four histologic criteria, as well as the resultant grade, were strongly correlated to survival (P less than 0.0001). Median survival was 4 years in grade 2, 1.6 years in grade 3, and 0.7 years in grade 4 tumors. Of the two patients with grade 1 ordinary astrocytomas, 1 had 11 years of survival, and the other was alive at 15 years. Furthermore, based upon the Cox Model, grade was found to be the major prognostic factor, superceding the effects of age, sex, and location. Among ordinary astrocytomas, the grading system under consideration clearly distinguished four distinct grades of malignancy, whereas, the Kernohan grading system accurately distinguished only two major groups of patients. Survival curve of patients with our grade 2 tumors coincided with the grade 1 and 2 Kernohan survival curves. Similarly, our grade 4 survival curve coincided with the Kernohan grade 3 and 4 survival curves. As a result, our proposed grading method generated an individualized curve corresponding to grade 3 tumors. Double-blind grading between two independent observers was concordant in 94% of ordinary astrocytomas; reproducibility was 81% in low-grade (grades 1 and 2) and 96% in high-grade (grades 3 and 4) astrocytomas of ordinary type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)