gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glycine Binding to Rat Cortex and Spinal Cord: Binding Characteristics and Pharmacology Reveal Distinct Populations of Sites (1989)

Glycine is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in posterior regions of the brain. In addition, glycine serves as an allosteric regulator of excitatory neurotransmission mediated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) acidic amino acid receptor subtype. The studies presented here characterize [3H]glycine binding to washed membranes prepared from rat spinal cord and cortex, areas enriched in glycine inhibitory and NMDA receptors, respectively, in an attempt to define the glycine recognition sites on the two classes of receptors. Specific binding for [3H]glycine was seen in both cortex and spinal cord. Saturation analyses in cortex were best fitted by a two-site model with respective equilibrium dissociation constants (KD values) of 0.24 and 5.6 microM and respective maximal binding constants (Bmax values) of 3.4 and 26.7 pmol/mg of protein. Similar analyses in spinal cord were best fitted by a one-site model with a KD of 5.8 microM and Bmax of 20.2 pmol/mg of protein. Na+ had no effect on [3H]glycine binding to cortical membranes but increased the binding to spinal cord membranes by greater than 15-fold. This Na+-dependent binding may reflect glycine binding to the recognition site of the high-affinity, Na+-dependent glycine uptake system. Several short-chain, neutral amino acids displaced [3H]glycine binding from both cortical and spinal cord membranes. The most potent displacers of [3H]glycine binding to cortical membranes were D-serine and D-alanine, followed by the L-isomers of serine and alanine and beta-alanine. In contrast, D-serine and D-alanine were similar in potency to L-serine in spinal cord membranes. Compounds active at receptors for the acidic amino acids had disparate effects on the binding of [3H]glycine. At 10 microM, NMDA resulted in a 25% increase, whereas D- and L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid at 100 microM resulted in a 30% decrease, in [3H]glycine binding to cortical membranes. Kynurenic acid was the most potent of the acidic amino acid-related compounds at displacing [3H]glycine binding. In cortical membranes, kynurenic acid displacement was resolved into a high- and a low-affinity component; the high-affinity component displaced the high-affinity component of [3H]glycine binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Molecular basis for cytolytic T-lymphocyte recognition of the murine cytomegalovirus immediate-early protein pp89 (1988)

The murine cytomegalovirus protein pp89, which is encoded by gene ieI, is a nonstructural regulatory protein expressed in the immediate-early phase of the viral replication cycle and located mainly in the nucleus of infected cells. Protection of BALB/c (H-2d) mice against a lethal murine cytomegalovirus challenge infection is achieved by vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus, MCMV-ieI-VAC, expressing pp89 as the only murine cytomegalovirus gene product. The protection is entirely mediated by T lymphocytes of the CD8+ subset. In the present report, we analyzed the molecular basis of the recognition of pp89 by BALB/c CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes. A series of internal and terminal deletion mutants of gene ieI was constructed and cloned in vaccinia virus, and the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the fragments of pp89 expressed by the recombinants were studied. A region of only one-sixth of the protein, from amino acids 154 to 249 and encoded by the fourth exon of gene ieI, was sufficient for both the recognition in vitro of the protein by pp89-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the induction in vivo of pp89-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. By using synthetic peptides, the sequence between residues 161 and 179, which is located within the defined domain, was identified as an epitope presented to BALB/C cytotoxic T lymphocytes by the class I major histocompatibility antigen Ld.
A small microstrip patch antenna with a convenient tuning option (1996)

The paper addresses two aspects of resonant microstrip patch antennas, namely, miniaturization and resonant frequency tuning. First, a patch geometry which allows a controllable size reduction over a limited range is presented. The basic shape is circular with slits cut into it. Modification of the slit geometry leads to both linear as well as circular polarized (CP) operation. Second, the use of another patch of a specific shape as a superstrate layer in a stacked configuration allows tuning over a relatively large frequency range as compared to the patch bandwidth. Tuning is accomplished by a simple rotation of the superstrate layer. The use of another superstrate layer allows tunable CP operation. Details on the antenna characteristics have been worked out for two examples, and computations have been compared with measurements where possible. Some design guidelines have also been included.
Implementing fault-tolerant services using the state machine approach: a tutorial (1990)

The state machine approach is a general method for implementing fault-tolerant services in distributed systems. This paper reviews the approach and describes protocols for two different failure models—Byzantine and fail stop. Systems reconfiguration techniques for removing faulty components and integrating repaired components are also discussed.
Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of miR-22 in regulating malignant progression in human cancer (Review) (2016)

miRNAs (microRNAs) have been validated to play fateful roles in the occurrence and development of cancers by post-transcriptionally targeting 3'-untranslated regions of the downstream gene mRNAs to repress mRNA expression. Mounting investigations forcefully document that not only does miR‑22 biologically impinge on the processes of senescence, energy supply, angiogenesis, EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition), proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis and apoptosis, but also it genetically or epigenetically exerts dual (inhibitory/promoting cancer) effects in various cancers via CNAs (copy number alterations), SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), methylation, acetylation and even more momentously hydroxymethylation. Additionally, miR‑22 expression may fluctuate with cancer progression in the body fluids of cancer patients and miR‑22 could amplify its inhibitory or promoting effects through partaking in positive or negative feedback loops and interplaying with many other related miRNAs in the cascade of events, making it possible for miR‑22 to be a promising and complementary or even independent cancer biomarker in some cancers and engendering profound influences on the early diagnosis, therapeutics, supervising curative effects and prognosis.
Chemistry of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2002)

In this Account we highlight the experimental evidence in favor of our view that carbon nanotubes should be considered as a new macromolecular form of carbon with unique properties and with great potential for practical applications. We show that carbon nanotubes may take on properties that are normally associated with molecular species, such as solubility in organic solvents, solution-based chemical transformations, chromatography, and spectroscopy. It is already clear that the nascent field of nanotube chemistry will rival that of the fullerenes.
Splenic red cell sequestration and blood volume measurements in conscious pigs (1985)

When estimated by the dilution of 51Cr-labeled red blood cells under nearly basal conditions, immature splenectomized pigs (n = 20) had a circulating red cell volume of 17.8 +/- 1.64 (SD) ml/kg. At an assumed body-to-large vessel hematocrit (BH:LH) ratio of 0.9, plasma volume was 49.6 +/- 3.12 ml/kg and blood volume 67.3 +/- 3.67 ml/kg. Sham-operated pigs (n = 20) had a circulating red cell volume of 16.2 +/- 1.39 ml/kg, a plasma volume of 51.1 +/- 3.42 ml/kg, and blood volume of 67.2 +/- 4.12 ml/kg. Kinetic analysis of early 51Cr loss from the circulating blood of the sham-operated pigs indicated a splenic red cell sequestration of 4.5 +/- 0.89 ml/kg and a t1/2 of 9.76 +/- 1.93 min for splenic red cell turnover. Epinephrine injection (n = 6) and physical restraint (n = 8) caused rapid mobilization of splenic red blood cells in sham-operated pigs. Volume estimates in splenectomized pigs (n = 7) based on simultaneous dilutions of 51Cr-labeled red blood cells and 125I-labeled bovine albumin gave circulating red cell, plasma, and blood volumes of 18.4 +/- 2.46, 60.7 +/- 4.01, and 79.0 +/- 3.51 ml/kg, respectively, and a BH:LH ratio of 0.756 +/- 0.029. The latter value may have reflected an overestimation of plasma volume by the 125I-labeled albumin procedure.
Isolation of circulating tumor cells using a microvortex-generating herringbone-chip (2010)

Rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) present in the bloodstream of patients with cancer provide a potentially accessible source for detection, characterization, and monitoring of nonhematological cancers. We previously demonstrated the effectiveness of a microfluidic device, the CTC-Chip, in capturing these epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-expressing cells using antibody-coated microposts. Here, we describe a high-throughput microfluidic mixing device, the herringbone-chip, or "HB-Chip," which provides an enhanced platform for CTC isolation. The HB-Chip design applies passive mixing of blood cells through the generation of microvortices to significantly increase the number of interactions between target CTCs and the antibody-coated chip surface. Efficient cell capture was validated using defined numbers of cancer cells spiked into control blood, and clinical utility was demonstrated in specimens from patients with prostate cancer. CTCs were detected in 14 of 15 (93%) patients with metastatic disease (median = 63 CTCs/mL, mean = 386 ± 238 CTCs/mL), and the tumor-specific TMPRSS2-ERG translocation was readily identified following RNA isolation and RT-PCR analysis. The use of transparent materials allowed for imaging of the captured CTCs using standard clinical histopathological stains, in addition to immunofluorescence-conjugated antibodies. In a subset of patient samples, the low shear design of the HB-Chip revealed microclusters of CTCs, previously unappreciated tumor cell aggregates that may contribute to the hematogenous dissemination of cancer.
A Misexpression Screen Identifies Genes That Can Modulate RAS1 Pathway Signaling in Drosophila melanogaster (2000)

Differentiation of the R7 photoreceptor cell is dependent on the Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase, which activates the RAS1/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. Kinase suppressor of Ras (KSR) functions genetically downstream of RAS1 in this signal transduction cascade. Expression of dominant-negative KSR (KDN) in the developing eye blocks RAS pathway signaling, prevents R7 cell differentiation, and causes a rough eye phenotype. To identify genes that modulate RAS signaling, we screened for genes that alter RAS1/KSR signaling efficiency when misexpressed. In this screen, we recovered three known genes, Lk6, misshapen, and Akap200. We also identified seven previously undescribed genes; one encodes a novel rel domain member of the NFAT family, and six encode novel proteins. These genes may represent new components of the RAS pathway or components of other signaling pathways that can modulate signaling by RAS. We discuss the utility of gain-of-function screens in identifying new components of signaling pathways in Drosophila.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 14‐Alkoxymorphinans. Part 10. 14‐O‐Methyl derivatives of 5‐methylnaltrexone and 5‐methylnaloxone (1994)

Abstract In several steps, 5, 14‐ O ‐dimethylnaltrexone ( 3 ) and 5, 14‐ O ‐dimethylnaloxone ( 4 ) were prepared starting from 5, 14‐ O ‐dimethyloxycodone ( 5 ). Compound 3 exhibited opioid agonism in vitro (guinea‐pig ileum and mouse vas deferens preparations) and antagonism in vivo (AcOH‐writhing test in mice), while compound 4 was found to be an agonist in vitro and in vivo .
Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Induced Proliferation of the Prostate Cancer Cell Line, TSU-Pr1: The Role of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor* (1999)

The results of our previous study revealed that transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) stimulated proliferation of the prostate cancer cell line, TSU-Pr1. This observation is unexpected, for TGFbeta usually inhibits proliferation in prostate cancer cells. The present study examines possible mechanisms through which TGFbeta1 induces this proliferation. We postulate that TGFbeta1 action is mediated through an indirect mechanism by inducing the expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which, in turn, stimulates proliferation. The TGFbeta1-induced proliferation can be abrogated by treatment with a PDGF-neutralizing antibody. Treatment with exogenous PDGF significantly increased TSU-Pr1 proliferation. Finally, treatment of TSU-Pr1 cells with TGFbeta1 resulted in an increase in PDGF secretion. These results indicate that TGFbeta1-induced proliferation in TSU-Pr1 cells is at least mediated through an increased secretion of PDGF.
Radioprotective effect of epinephrine as a vasoconstrictor in mouse oral mucosa and scalp (1996)

Epinephrine is the most widely used vasoconstrictive drug. However, its radioprotective potential has not yet been studied for radiation-induced mucositis and dermatitis. Other vasoconstrictive drugs induce a radioprotective effect, but are not used because of their severe side effects.We studied the radioprotective effect of epinephrine on the oral mucosa and scalp of the mice.The radiation dose was 20Gy in a single fraction to the head of the mouse. In the group treated with epinephrine ointment, secretion from the oral cavity was slight, body wieght loss was less and hair loss was observed in fewer cases compared to those in the group without of epinephrine ointment.The mechanism is thought to be related to oxygenation. Epinephrine causes vasoconstriction, therefore the blood supply is lowered and the oxygen concentration in the tissue decline.In conclusion, epinephrine is considered to have potential as a radioprotective ointment for mucous membranes and skin.
Computational sprinting (2012)

Although transistor density continues to increase, voltage scaling has stalled and thus power density is increasing each technology generation. Particularly in mobile devices, which have limited cooling options, these trends lead to a utilization wall in which sustained chip performance is limited primarily by power rather than area. However, many mobile applications do not demand sustained performance; rather they comprise short bursts of computation in response to sporadic user activity. To improve responsiveness for such applications, this paper explores activating otherwise powered-down cores for sub-second bursts of intense parallel computation. The approach exploits the concept of computational sprinting, in which a chip temporarily exceeds its sustainable thermal power budget to provide instantaneous throughput, after which the chip must return to nominal operation to cool down. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we analyze the thermal and electrical characteristics of a smart-phone-like system that nominally operates a single core (~1W peak), but can sprint with up to 16 cores for hundreds of milliseconds. We describe a thermal design that incorporates phase-change materials to provide thermal capacitance to enable such sprints. We analyze image recognition kernels to show that parallel sprinting has the potential to achieve the task response time of a 16W chip within the thermal constraints of a 1W mobile platform.
The role of Al2O3, SiO2 and Na2O on the amorphous -> Crystalline phase transformation in geopolymer systems (2009)

The effect of initial Na2O, Al2O3 and SiO2 content on the long term stability of amorphous geopolymer phase, with respect to crystallisation, has been studied. Alkali activated metakaolin systems with varying amount of Na2O, SiO2 and Al2O3 contents (molar ratio SiO2/Al2O3 2.50-C5.01 & Al2O3/Na2O 0.60-1.70) were cured at 40 degC for 7 months. The products were tested periodically for compressive strength and analyzed for phase evolution using XRD and SEM techniques. Irrespective of the initial mix composition, all the mixtures showed an amorphous Na-Al-Si phase at early stage of. the reaction. In some of the mixtures, the amorphous phase(s) gradually transformed to crystalline phase(s) with prolonged curing. The initial SiO2, Na2O, and Al2O3 contents of mixtures appeared to be critical factors governing the observed amorphous - > crystalline transformation. In particular, SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios lower or higher than 3.8 and increasing the Na2O content tended to favour this transformation. Well-developed crystalline zeolitic phases were identified in some of the mixtures investigated. In most cases, with prolonged curing, some correlation emerged relating compressive strength development with corresponding phase changes. The mixture formulations that developed crystalline phases after prolonged curing tended to produce low strengths. The relevance of these findings on the phase development of mild- to warm-temperature prolonged curing of geopolymer systems is discussed.
Research Strategies for Safety Evaluation of Nanomaterials, Part V: Role of Dissolution in Biological Fate and Effects of Nanoscale Particles (2006)

Dissolution, translocation, and disposition have been shown to play a key role in the fate and effects of inhaled particles and fibers. Concepts that have been applied in the micron size range may be usefully applied to the nanoscale range, but new challenges are presented based on the small size and possible change in the dissolution:translocation relationship. The size of the component molecule itself may be on the nanoscale. Solute concentration, surface area, surface morphology, surface energy, dissolution layer properties, adsorbing species, and aggregation are relevant parameters in considering dissolution at the nanoscale. With regard to the etiopathology caused by these types of particulates, the metrics of dose (particle number, surface area, mass or shape) is not yet well defined. Analytical procedures for assessing dissolution and translocation include chemical assay and particle characterization. Leaching of substituents from particle surfaces may also be important. Compartmentalization within the respiratory tract may add another dimension of complexity. Dissolution may be a critical step for some nanoscale materials in determining fate in the environment and within the body. This review, combining aspects of particle toxicology, material science, and analytical chemistry, is intended to provide a useful basis for developing relevant dissolution assay(s) for nanoscale particles.
Alkali‐Phosphorverbindungen und ihr reaktives Verhalten, LVI. Synthese und Reaktionsverhalten der Äthylen‐bis‐organophosphine (1968)

Abstract Die Reduktion von Äthylen‐bis‐[organophosphinsäure‐isopropylestern] mit Lithiumalant liefert Äthylen‐bis‐organophosphine ( 1–3 ). Deren Oxydation mit H 2 O 2 oder Schwefel führt zu Äthylen‐bis‐organophosphinsäuren ( 6, 7 ) bzw. Äthylen‐bis‐phenyldithiophosphinsäure ( 8 ). 1 läßt sich mit Natrium in flüssigem NH 3 zu C 6 H 5 (Na)P[CH 2 ] 2 P(Na)C 6 H 5 ( 9 ) metallieren, das mit 1.2‐Dichlor‐äthan 1.4‐Diphenyl‐1.4‐diphosphacyclohexan ( 10 ) bildet. Partielle Metallierung von 3 führt zu C 2 H 5 (Li)P[CH 2 ] 2 P(H)C 2 H 5 ( 12 ), das mit Butylchlorid zu P.P ′‐Diäthyl‐ p ‐butyl‐äthylendiphosphin ( 13 ) reagiert.
Optofluidic imaging: now and beyond (2012)

More than a decade of research work in optofluidics has yielded a large catalogue of optofluidic elements that can manipulate light at the micro-scale (e.g., lenses, prisms). Although these elements have proven useful for many on-chip processes (e.g., miniaturized flow cytometry, interferometry and sample spectroscopy), certain deficiencies have precluded their use in micro-scale imaging. However, recent work in optofluidic imaging has avoided optofluidic elements entirely and focused instead on image capture and composition techniques, demonstrating impressive resolution in both 2D imagery and 3D tomography. In this Focus article, we will discuss some of the recent successes in optofluidic imaging and will expound our expectations for the near future of the optofluidic imaging discipline.
Changes in the phenotype of human small cell lung cancer cell lines after transfection and expression of the c-myc proto-oncogene. (1986)

Small cell lung cancer growing in cell culture possesses biologic properties that allow classification into two categories: classic and variant. Compared with classic small cell lung cancer cell lines, variant lines have altered large cell morphology, shorter doubling times, higher cloning efficiencies in soft agarose, and very low levels of L dopa decarboxylase production and bombesin-like immunoreactivity. C-myc is amplified and expressed in some small cell lung cancer cell lines and all c-myc amplified lines studied to date display the variant phenotype. To investigate if c-myc amplification and expression is responsible for the variant phenotype, a normal human c-myc gene was transfected into a cloned classic small cell lung cancer cell line not amplified for or expressing detectable c-myc messenger RNA (mRNA). Clones were isolated with one to six copies of c-myc stably integrated into DNA that expressed c-myc mRNA. In addition, one clone with an integrated neo gene but a deleted c-myc gene was isolated and in this case c-myc was not expressed. C-myc expression in transfected clones was associated with altered large cell morphology, a shorter doubling time, and increased cloning efficiency, but no difference in L dopa decarboxylase levels and bombesin-like immunoreactivity. We conclude increased c-myc expression observed here in transfected clones correlates with some of the phenotypic properties distinguishing c-myc amplified variants from unamplified classic small cell lung cancer lines.
A Study on Knowledge Source Integration for Candidate Rescoring in Automatic Speech Recognition (2006)

We propose a rescoring framework for speech recognition that incorporates acoustic phonetic knowledge sources. The scores corresponding to all knowledge sources are generated from a collection of neural network based classifiers. Rescoring is then performed by combining different knowledge scores and they are used to reorder candidate strings provided by state-of-the-art HMM-based speech recognizers. We report on continuous phone recognition experiments using the TIMIT database. Our results indicate that classifying manners and places of articulation provides additional information in rescoring, and improved accuracies over our best baseline speech recognizers are achieved using both context-independent and context-dependent phone models. The same technique can be extended to lattice rescoring and large vocabulary continuous speech recognition.