gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study of Spray Cooling in Nuclear Reactor Containers (1968)

As a contribution to the safety analyses of condition following loss-of-coolant accidents in light water reactor, experiments were performed to obtain data on container spraying and on accompanying heat transfer characteristics, by means of a one-tenth scale model container. The loss of coolant was simulated injecting high temperature saturated water into the model container in which air had been enclosed at atmospheric and room temperature, and then the steam-air mixture was cooled by sprays of water. The rate of heat absorption by the spray was obtained from both stationary and transient data, and it was confirmed that the absorption becomes incomplete as the container pressure is lowered. The evaporation of the water collected at the bottom and of that from sprayed walls of the container was derived from container pressure variation in time, by measuring its rate of change immediately following stoppage of the spray; the rate of evaporation was found more active as the rate of spray cooling increases. The evaporation from the sprayed walls was obtained from thermal data taken on a copper cylinder placed in the container, and it was found that the evaporation becomes more active as the pressure increases.
Neurotransmitter transporters (plus): a promising new gene family (1992)

Neurotransmitter transporter genes encode proteins with 12 putative transmembrane regions, which mediate Na(+)-dependent reaccumulation of released neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals and are the sites of action of important abused and therapeutic drugs. Studies of these genes show promise for improving our understanding of transport mechanisms and modes of drug action, and may even uncover previously unanticipated neurotransmitters.
New approach to cancer therapy: heparin binding-epidermal growth factor-like growth factor as a novel targeting molecule. (2007)

Heparin binding-epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is one of the EGF receptor ligands and possesses several functional domains. It is involved in diverse biological processes, including wound healing, blast implantation, atherosclerosis and tumor formation, through its interactions with various molecules. We have reported that HB-EGF gene expression is significantly elevated in human ovarian cancer, and further demonstrated that HB-EGF plays key roles in the acquisition of malignant phenotypes, such as cell survival in peritoneal fluid, cell adhesion on extracellular matrices, invasion, angiogenesis, tumorigenicity, and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Thus, HB-EGF was considered as a promising target for cancer therapy. In vitro as well as in vivo experiments have revealed that cross-reacting material 197 (CRMI97), a specific inhibitor of HB-EGF, or a small interfering RNA for HB-EGF can block each step involved in peritoneal dissemination. According to these pieces of evidence, the development of targeting tools against HB-EGF, such as CRM197, could allow us to improve the prognosis of cancer patients.
Radiant refrigeration by semiconductor diodes (1985)

Dousmanis et al. [Phys. Rev. 133, A316 (1964)] demonstrated that GaAs light-emitting diodes could produce a cooling effect if the quantum efficiency (ratio of photon flux to junction current) is very close to unity (e.g., &amp;gt;0.97). Here, it is pointed out that for narrow-bandgap semiconductors, the quantum efficiency need not be so high to produce cooling. Also, for narrow-bandgap semiconductors there is an additional cooling mode in which the reverse-biased diode cools its radiant environment by absorbing infrared radiation. Maximum cooling rates per unit of junction area are on the order of n2σT4, where n is the index of refraction, σ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. For small cooling rates the efficiency for cooling can approach the limit imposed by the second law of thermodynamics.
Systemic Catabolism of Alzheimer's Aβ40 and Aβ42 (2004)

To better understand the physiologic excretion and/or catabolism of circulating peripheral amyloid beta (Abeta), we labeled human Abeta40 (monomeric, with predominant unordered structure) and Abeta42 (mixture of monomers and oligomers in approximately 50:50 ratio, rich in beta-sheet conformation) with either Na(125)I or (125)I-tyramine cellobiose, also known as the cell-trapping ligand procedure, testing their blood clearance and organ uptake in B6SJLF1/J mice. Irrespective of the labeling protocol, the peptide conformation, and the degree of oligomerization, both Abeta40 and Abeta42 showed a short half-life of 2.5-3.0 min. The liver was the major organ responsible for plasma clearance, accounting for >60% of the peptide uptake, followed by the kidney. In vivo, hepatocytes captured >90% of the radiolabeled peptides which, after endocytosis, were preferentially catabolized and excreted into the bile. Biliary excretion of intact as well as partially degraded Abeta species became obviously relevant at doses above 10 microg. The use of biotin-labeled Abeta allowed the visualization of the interaction with HepG2 cells in culture, whereas competitive inhibition experiments with unlabeled Abeta demonstrated the specificity of the binding. The capability of the liver to uptake, catabolize, and excrete large doses of Abeta, several orders of magnitude above its physiologic concentration, may explain not only the femtomolar plasma levels of Abeta but the little fluctuation observed with age and disease stages.
Residual defects following rapid thermal annealing of shallow boron and boron fluoride implants into preamorphized silicon (1984)

Shallow BF2 and B implants (42 keV, 2×1015 cm−2) were conducted at either liquid nitrogen or room temperature into deeply preamorphized (100) Si. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy revealed that subsequent rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of the room-temperature implanted BF2 sample in the temperature range 950–1150 °C for 10 s created three classes of secondary defects at three different depth levels. The depths corresponded closely to the projected range of the BF2 implant, the deep amorphous/crystalline interface, and the region immediately below the interface. In contrast, RTA of preamorphized Si with or without the shallow B implant both resulted in a high perfection surface region with secondary defects only in the region below the deep amorphous/crystalline interface. A phenomenological model for nucleation of the separate layers of defects is presented.
A Plant Gene Encoding a Myb-like Protein That Binds Telomeric GGTTTAG Repeats in Vitro (2001)

A gene (AtTRP1) encoding a telomeric repeat-binding protein has been isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana. AtTRP1 is a single copy gene located on chromosome 5 of A. thaliana. The protein AtTRP1 encoded by this gene is not only homologous to the Myb DNA-binding motifs of other telomere-binding proteins but also is similar to several initiator-binding proteins in plants. Gel retardation assay revealed that the 115 residues on the C terminus of this protein, including the Myb motif, are sufficient for binding to the double-stranded plant telomeric sequence. The isolated DNA-binding domain of AtTRP1 recognizes each telomeric repeat centered on the sequence GGTTTAG. The almost full-length protein of AtTRP1 does not form any complex at all with the DNA fragments carrying four or fewer GGTTTAG repeats. However, it forms a complex with the sequence (GGTTTAG)(8) more efficiently than with the sequence (GGTTTAG)(5). These data suggest that the minimum length of a telomeric DNA for AtTRP1 binding consists of five GGTTTAG repeats and that the optimal AtTRP1 binding may require eight or more GGTTTAG repeats. It also implies that this protein AtTRP1 may bind in vivo primarily to the ends of plant chromosomes, which consist of long stretches of telomeric repeats.
Kinetic analysis of hepatotoxicity associated with antineoplastic asparaginases. (1983)

Abstract In early studies using high dosages of Escherichia coli asparaginase (10 doses of 1000 IU/kg each) for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, hepatotoxicity was a major complication of therapy. Biochemical evidence of hepatic dysfunction occurred in 75% of patients during the first 2 weeks of treatment. Currently, the use of lower dosages of E. coli asparaginase (three doses of 6000 IU/sq m each) has reduced the incidence of hepatic complication. Hepatic dysfunction in the form of severe life-threatening thromboembolic coagulopathy, however, continues to be associated with the use of this enzyme. Our previous work has established that the fatty degenerative changes and hepatocellular dysfunction associated with short-term (1 week) E. coli asparaginase treatment does not occur in mice treated with a glutaminase-free asparaginase from Vibrio succinogenes. In this report, we examined the hepatotoxic effects of prolonged treatment with E. coli and Erwinia carotovora asparaginases and compared the observed toxicities to those observed with the glutaminase-free asparaginase from V. succinogenes. Using a murine model, our data indicate that the hepatotoxicity of E. coli asparaginase parallels the toxicity observed in humans with a rapid increase in liver lipid levels and decreased plasma levels of albumin, antithrombin III, cholesterol, and triglycerides occurring in the first and second weeks followed by a resumption to normal hepatic function during Weeks 3 and 4. In contrast, prolonged treatment of mice with V. succinogenes asparaginase is not associated with significant hepatotoxicity. Er. carotovora asparaginase treatment is associated with an intermediate level of toxicity as indicated by increased hepatic lipid concentration occurring during the second and fourth weeks of treatment. Hepatic function as determined by plasma lipids and proteins was normal in Er. carotovora asparaginase-treated mice. Our data suggest that the combined physiological depletion of asparagine and glutamine following administration of E. coli or Er. carotovora asparaginases may result in pronounced hepatotoxicity. In contrast, a glutaminase-free asparaginase with potent antilymphoma activity isolated from V. succinogenes is not hepatotoxic even after prolonged treatment. Therefore, it may prove to be a more efficacious antitumor agent in humans.
Regulation of B Lymphocytes by Dendritic Cells (1997)

Cells within the DC lineage of white blood cells are the sentinels of the immune system, the most potent of APCs; at various ports of entry, they specialize in capturing antigens and stimulating T cell–associated immunity (([1][1])–([3][2])). DCs regulate the activation of T cells not only by
On intra coding using mode dependent 2D-KLT (2013)

H.265/HEVC intra coding scheme allows up to 35 prediction modes. In this paper, we propose intra-mode dependent residual transform using 2D-KLT for 4×4, 8×8, 16×16 and 32×32 blocks. Unlike H.265/HEVC and former standards, the transform is not separable and has higher degree of freedom. It does not require coefficient scanning process. Preliminary results demonstrate BD-rate gain of up to 2.30% (average except screen contents), 2.35% (all average) and 12.67% (maximum) compared to HM10.0 anchor.
Spinning micropipette liquid emulsion generator for single cell whole genome amplification (2016)

Many on-chip approaches that use flow-focusing to pinch the continuous aqueous phase into droplets have become the most popular methods that provide monodisperse emulsion droplets. However, not every lab can easily adapt a microfluidic workflow into their familiar protocols. We develop an off-chip approach, spinning micro-pipette liquid emulsion (SiMPLE) generator, to produce highly stable monodisperse water-in-oil emulsions using a moving micropipette to disperse the aqueous phase in an oil-filled microcentrifuge tube. This method provides a simple way to produce picoliter-size droplets in situ with no dead volume during emulsification. With SiMPLE, single-cell emulsion whole genome amplification was performed to demonstrate that this novel method can seamlessly be integrated with experimental operations and supplies that most researchers are familiar with. The SiMPLE generator has effectively lowered the technical difficulties in applications relying on emulsion droplets.
Chondroitinase ABC I–Mediated Enhancement of Oncolytic Virus Spread and Antitumor Efficacy (2010)

We conclude that degradation of glioma extracellular matrix with OV-expressing bacterial Chase-ABC enhanced OV spread and antitumor efficacy.
Glutathione S-transferases: role in alkylating agent resistance and possible target for modulation chemotherapy--a review. (1990)

The effectiveness of many clinically useful anticancer drugs can be severely limited by drug resistance, which appears to be intrinsic to some tumors but can also arise during multiple courses of chemotherapy in the case of many others. Studies carried out using cultured tumor cell models and other systems have established that a variety of mechanisms can contribute to drug resistance (1-3). These include alterations in drug uptake or drug efflux from the cell [transporter defects, P-glycoprotein (Mdr) overexpression], changes in drug-metabolizing enzymes [e.g., aldehyde dehydrogenase (cyclophosphamide), folylpolyglutamate synthetase (methotrexate), metallothionein (cisplatin)], and changes in target enzymes [dihydrofolate reducA­ase (methotrexate), topoisomerase II (etoposide, teniposide), and enzymes of DNA repair [O6-methylguanine alkyltransferase]. Acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs typically in volves several independent mechanisms (multifactorial resist ance) and can lead to cross-resistance to structurally unrelated drugs that exhibit distinct mechanisms of action. Recent studies have indicated that GSTs3 may play an important role in the resistance of cells and organisms not only to electrophilic herbicides, insecticides, and carcinogens (4, 5) but also to anticancer drugs as well. General aspects of the biochemistry and regulation of mammalian GST enzymes have been summarized in a number of excellent reviews and monographs (6-11). This article focuses on the interaction of GSTs with cancer chemo therapeutic drugs and evaluates our current understanding of the importance of GST-dependent drug conjugation reactions for alkylating agent resistance in tumor cells that overexpress one or more GSTs. Important gaps in our current knowledge about the interactions between GSTs and anticancer alkylating agents are identified, as are several possible ways in which GSTs might be targeted for modulation chemotherapy.
Enhanced silver cationization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing bay regions in molecular secondary ion mass spectrometry (1989)

The relative abundances of silver cationized molecules [Ag + M]+ relative to molecular ions (M+.) in the secondary ion mass spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are directly related to the structures of the PAHs. Compounds containing a ‘bay region’, a concave area at the periphery of the molecule, give [Ag + M]+: M+. abundance ratios which exceed 0.62, whereas this ratio is less than 0.18 for the molecules that lack this structural feature. This allows the recognition of PAHs containing bay regions and the distinction of certain isomeric PAHs, such as phenanthrene and anthracene. Other metals, including copper and nickel, show similar behavior.
An Implantable Neurocybernetic Prosthesis System (1990)

The neurocybernetic prosthesis (Cyberonics, Inc.) is an implantable, multiprogrammable pulse generator that delivers constant current electrical signals to the vagus nerve for the purpose of reducing the frequency and/or severity of epileptic seizures. The device is implanted in a subcutaneous chest pocket just below the clavicle, similar to cardiac pacemaker placement. The stimulation signal is transmitted from the prosthesis to the vagus nerve through a stimulation lead. The prosthesis can be programmed using any IBM-compatible personal computer with programming software and a programming wand. The electrodes used in the first group of patients were found to break at an unacceptable rate. Design modifications appear to have resolved this problem.
Alternating zinc fingers in the human male-associated protein ZFY: HX3H and HX4H motifs encode a local structural switch (1991)

The two-finger repeat in the human male-associated protein ZFY provides a model for comparative 2D-NMR studies of classical and variant Zn fingers. This repeat is defined in part by an alternation in spacing between consensus (HX3H) and variant (HX4H) histidine spacings. To investigate the effects of a "switch" between alternative histidine spacings, we have designed an HX3H analogue of a representative HX4H domain of known structure [ZFY-6; Kochoyan, M., Havel, T., Nguyen, D. T., Dahl, C. E., Keutmann, H. T., & Weiss, M. A. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 3371-3386]. The HX3H analogue (designated ZFY-switch) forms a tetrahedral Co2+ complex whose thermodynamic stability is similar to that of the parent peptide. 2D-NMR studies demonstrate that ZFY-switch and ZFY-6, although similar in overall structure, exhibit significant local changes near the site of deletion. Whereas the HX4H site in the native finger forms a nonstandard loop, the HX3H site in ZFY-switch folds as a 3(10) extension of the C-terminal alpha-helix, as observed in the NMR solution structure of a consensus HX3H domain [Lee, M. S., Gippert, G. P., Soman, K. V., Case, D. A., & Wright, P. E. (1989) Science 245, 635-637] and in the crystal structure of a representative Zn finger-DNA complex [Pavletich, N. P., & Pabo, C. O. (1991) Science 252, 809-817]. We propose that variant histidine spacings (HX3H and HX4H) encode a local switch between alternative surface architectures with implications for models of protein-DNA recognition.
Diaphragm Pacing for Ventilatory Insufficiency (1987)

Prolonged ventilatory support by phrenic nerve stimula tion (diaphragm pacing) has been developed into a use ful therapeutic technique over the past two decades. The benefits of diaphragm pacing to patients with respi ratory insufficiency resulting from central alveolar hy poventilation, and respiratory paralysis associated with quadriplegia, have led physicians to consider diaphragm pacing in patients with respiratory insufficiency who are dependent on ventilatory support. Some of these pa tients are initially seen in the intensive care unit because of respiratory failure or arrest. We discuss the evaluation and selection of candidates for diaphragm pacing.
Pharmacokinetics, formulation, and safety of insect repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet): a review. (1998)

This review is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the all-purpose topical insect repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), with emphasis on its pharmacokinetics, formulation, and safety aspects. N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide is effective against a variety of mosquitoes, flies, fleas, and ticks, and its protection efficacy depends on factors such as type of formulation, application pattern, physical activity of the user, environment, and species and feeding behavior of the insects. It offers an inexpensive and practical means of preventing the attack of biting insects and, more importantly, the transmission of vector-borne diseases. In both humans and animals, deet skin penetration and biodistribution are rapid and extensive, and metabolism and elimination appear to be complete. As evidenced by over 4 decades of human experience and rigorous animal testing, deet is generally safe for topical use if applied as recommended, although it has occasionally been related to side effects such as toxic encephalopathy, seizure, acute manic psychosis, cardiovascular toxicity, and dermatitis, along with a few cases of death due to extensive skin absorption. N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide may compete in metabolism with and alter the biodistribution properties of other compounds to which a subject is simultaneously exposed, resulting in an added risk of side effects. The appropriate use of formulation techniques and new formulation excipients not only offers a way to extend the duration of protection, but also reduces deet skin penetration. In addition to extended repellency, minimal skin penetration of deet should be an important consideration in the evaluation of a deet formulation during new product development.
A C-Reactive Protein Mutant That Does Not Bind to Phosphocholine and Pneumococcal C-Polysaccharide (2002)

C-reactive protein (CRP), the major human acute-phase plasma protein, binds to phosphocholine (PCh) residues present in pneumococcal C-polysaccharide (PnC) of Streptococcus pneumoniae and to PCh exposed on damaged and apoptotic cells. CRP also binds, in a PCh-inhibitable manner, to ligands that do not contain PCh, such as fibronectin (Fn). Crystallographic data on CRP-PCh complexes indicate that Phe(66) and Glu(81) contribute to the formation of the PCh binding site of CRP. We used site-directed mutagenesis to analyze the contribution of Phe(66) and Glu(81) to the binding of CRP to PCh, and to generate a CRP mutant that does not bind to PCh-containing ligands. Five CRP mutants, F66A, F66Y, E81A, E81K, and F66A/E81A, were constructed, expressed in COS cells, purified, and characterized for their binding to PnC, PCh-BSA, and Fn. Wild-type and F66Y CRP bound to PnC with similar avidities, while binding of E81A and E81K mutants to PnC was substantially reduced. The F66A and F66A/E81A mutants did not bind to PnC. Identical results were obtained with PCh-BSA. In contrast, all five CRP mutants bound to Fn as well as did wild-type CRP. We conclude that Phe(66) is the major determinant of CRP-PCh interaction and is critical for binding of CRP to PnC. The data also suggest that the binding sites for PCh and Fn on CRP are distinct. A CRP mutant incapable of binding to PCh provides a tool to assess PCh-inhibitable interactions of CRP with its other biologically significant ligands, and to further investigate the functions of CRP in host defense and inflammation.
Effect of temperature on ethanol tolerance of a thermophilic anaerobic ethanol producerThermoanaerobacter A10: Modeling and simulation (2007)

The low ethanol tolerance of thermophilic anaerobic bacteria (<2%, v/v) is a major obstacle for their industrial exploitation for ethanol production. The ethanol tolerance of the thermophilic anaerobic ethanol-producing strain Thermoanaerobacter A10 was studied during batch tests of xylose fermentation at a temperature range of 50-70 degrees C with exogenously added ethanol up to approximately 6.4% (v/v). At the optimum growth temperature of 70 degrees C, the strain was able to tolerate 4.7% (v/v) ethanol, and growth was completely inhibited at 5.6% (v/v). A higher ethanol tolerance was found at lower temperatures. At 60 degrees C, the strain was able to tolerate at least 5.1% (v/v) ethanol. A generalized form of Monod kinetic equation proposed by Levenspiel was used to describe the ethanol (product) inhibition. The model predicted quite well the experimental data for the temperature interval 50-70 degrees C, and the maximum specific growth rate and the toxic power (n), which describes the order of ethanol inhibition at each temperature, were estimated. The toxic power (n) was 1.33 at 70 degrees C, and corresponding critical inhibitory product concentration (P(crit)) above which no microbial growth occurs was determined to be 5.4% (v/v). An analysis of toxic power (n) and P(crit) showed that the optimum temperature for combined microbial growth and ethanol tolerance was 60 degrees C. At this temperature, the toxic power (n), and P(crit) were 0.50, and 6.5% (v/v) ethanol, respectively. From a practical point of view, the model may be applied to compare the ethanol inhibition (ethanol tolerance) on microbial growth of different thermophilic anaerobic bacterial strains.