gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of form of nitrogen on the efficiency of protein synthesis by rumen bacteria in continuous culture. (1991)

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the form of nitrogen available to mixed rumen bacteria on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis.A novel, solid substrate, continuous culture fermentor which proved capable of maintaining representative populations of mixed rumen bacteria under steady state conditions, at predetermined growth rates was developed for the study.A series of experiments wherein maize straw, alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw, rye grass or a mixture of maize straw and maize starch were used as substrates were performed in the fermentor.The effect of supplementing these substrates with different forms of nitrogen, namely peptides in the form of a partial hydrolysate of casein, or ammonium salts alone or ammonium salts plus branched-chain volatile fatty acids, on digestion of the substrate and microbial protein synthesis was investigated.Supplementation of maize straw with peptides increased microbial protein synthesis, however this was only significant (P<O.05) when the availability of nitrogen and specific growth rate of the bacteria were not limiting.Organic Matter digestion was not affected by peptide supplementation.Replacement of casein hydrolysate with sunflower oilcake as a source of amino acid nitrogen further increased microbial protein synthesis.The form of nitrogen supplementation did not affect the digestion of constituent cell wall monosaccharides of maize straw.Supplementation of alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw with either branched-chain volatile fatty acids or casein hydrolysate increased the synthesis of microbial protein significantly (P<O.05) and c aused a slight, but insignificant increase in the digestion of cellulose-glucose.The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis on rye grass was high, relative to the other substrates, and unaffected by the supplementation of either branched-chain volatile fatty acids or peptides.On media containing high levels of starch, microbial protein synthesis as well as Organic Matter digestion were increased by peptide supplementation, but these differences were only significant (P<O.05) when the bacteria were growing at a high specific growth rate.In all of these experiments, peptide supplementation was accompanied by extensive degradation and deamination of amino acids which offset any increase in microbial protein synthesis.Peptide supplementation therefore resulted in far less efficient overall utilization of protein.
Specific molecular interaction between the insulin receptor and a D product of MHC class I. (1989)

The density of MHC class I was determined on a murine thymoma cell line (R1), an H-2 negative variant (R1E), and R1E-derived cell lines in which H-2 expression was restored by transfection of various MHC class I genes (Db, Kb, and truncated Db) and/or a beta-2-microglobulin gene (beta 2-m; B2). Appreciable MHC class I expression was found on R1 cells and on the variants in which MHC class I expression was restored by transfection of Db/beta 2-m or Kb/beta 2-m genes. Only approximately 20% difference was observed between the number of Db molecules and Kb molecules on the R1E/B2/Db and on R1E/B2/Kb, respectively. However, specific insulin binding was significantly different between these lines. By using a computer assisted curve fitting program, the insulin binding data for R1 and R1E/B2/Db cell lines best fitted a two-site model (K approximately 6 x 10(-9) M for high-affinity sites and a 2 to 3 x 10(-7) M for low-affinity sites), whereas all other lines only expressed one type of insulin binding site. These sites were unrelated to IGF-I and IGF-II receptors. Cross-linking of 125I-labeled insulin demonstrated specific binding of the ligand to a Mr approximately 130,000 dalton band in all lines. In the R1E/B2/Db cells, insulin also cross-linked to cell membrane molecules with Mr approximately 48,000 and approximately 60,000 Da, which were identified by immunoprecipitation to be the H chain of MHC class I and the heavy chain of MHC class I plus beta 2-m, respectively. It is concluded that the insulin receptors in the cell membrane interact specifically with D-products of MHC class I and that class I molecules of MHC may have a crucial role in insulin receptor expression. This may reflect a more general nonimmunologic role of MHC class I.
Establishment and characterization of human renal cancer and normal kidney cell lines. (1990)

We have reviewed our laboratory's efforts to establish continuous human renal cancer cell lines. During the 16-year period of 1972 through 1987, 498 successive attempts resulted in establishment of 63 renal cancer cell lines. Of these lines, 46 were derived from primary kidney tumors and 17 from metastatic sites (lung, brain, bone, and lymph node). Forty-three of these lines have been characterized with regard to morphology, growth kinetics, anchorage-independent growth, tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice, and expression of kidney cell surface antigens. These results were compared with data from primary short term cultures of normal kidney epithelium. The overall success rate of establishing continuous renal cancer cell lines was 12.7%. In general, no significant difference in success was noted based on whether the specimen was derived from a primary or a metastatic lesion. However, all successfully established lines were derived from tumors exhibiting clinically "aggressive" behavior. All cell lines expressed proximal tubular cell differentiation antigens. Significant morphological heterogeneity was observed among normal kidney as well as kidney cancer cell lines in vitro. No significant difference in doubling time was found between cell lines of renal cancer and passage 1 cultures of normal kidney epithelium. Twenty-one of 30 (70%) lines assayed formed clones on soft agar and 26 of 33 (79%) lines grew in athymic mice. Among the 25 lines which were assayed for both soft agar growth and tumorigenicity in nude mice, this pair of phenotypic traits were concordant in 17 lines (60%). Four lines (16%) grew on agar but not in mice, while four other lines (16%) failed to grow in agar but were tumorigenic in mice.
Renewable Catalytic Technologies – a Perspective (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Economic and Societal Background Technology Options Process Options for Biomass Conversion Conclusions References
Mitogenic effect of lysosomal hydrolases on bovine tracheal myocytes in culture. (1991)

Studies were conducted to assess the mitogenic effect of lysosomal hydrolases, enzymes known to have an association with allergen- or ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity, on bovine tracheal myocytes in culture. Addition of purified human placental beta-hexosaminidase and partially purified bovine liver beta-glucuronidase resulted in the doubling of cell count after 4 d of incubation in medium M199 with 0.4% FBS. Unstimulated cells remained quiescent without a significant increase of cell count. Lysosomal hydrolases also selectively enhanced 3H-thymidine incorporation four to seven times more than that in vehicle-treated cells or cells treated with endotoxin, a common contaminant of purified enzymes. Ovalbumin (glycoprotein control), pronase, and lysozyme caused a modest but statistically insignificant increase (up to twofold) in 3H-thymidine incorporation. Elastase, collagenase and dialyzed E. coli beta-glucuronidase had no effect. The mitogenic effect of hydrolases was equally seen in quiescent, serum-depleted cells as well as in those maintained in medium with 10% FBS, suggesting that it was independent of serum factors. The effect of lysosomal hydrolases was inhibited by exposure to yeast mannan, and mannosylated human serum albumin had a mitogenic effect, suggesting the involvement of a mannose receptor. We conclude that lysosomal hydrolases may play a role in the development of the hyperplasia/hypertrophy of respiratory smooth muscle.
Enhanced semiconductor optical absorption via surface plasmon excitation in metal nanoparticles (2005)

Surface plasmon resonances in metallic nanoparticles are of interest for a variety of applications due to the large electromagnetic field enhancement that occurs in the vicinity of the metal surface, and the dependence of the resonance wavelength on the nanoparticle’s size, shape, and local dielectric environment. Here we report an engineered enhancement of optical absorption and photocurrent in a semiconductor via the excitation of surface plasmon resonances in spherical Au nanoparticles deposited on the semiconductor surface. The enhancement in absorption within the semiconductor results in increased photocurrent response in Si pn junction diodes over wavelength ranges that correspond closely to the nanoparticle plasmon resonance wavelengths as determined by measurements of extinction spectra. These observations suggest a variety of approaches for improving the performance of devices such as photodetectors, imaging arrays, and photovoltaics.
Set Top Adapter Considerations for Teletext (1979)

As soon as broadcast standards are adopted for TELETEXT in the United States, the need for set top adapters will be an immediate reality. Long des ign time cycles in the television manufacturing industry coupled with the long life of modern solid state receivers will spur the consumer demand for TELETEXT set top adapters for use with any color television receiver. This paper discusses design considerations for such set top adapters.
Influences of Chloride and Hypochlorite on Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation (2012)

Our results pinpoint HOCl as the key ROS involved in human NETosis. This finding has implications for understanding innate immune function in diseases in which Cl(-) homeostasis is disturbed, such as cystic fibrosis. Our results also reveal an example of significant species-specific differences in NET phenotypes, and the need for caution in extrapolation to humans from studies of murine NETosis.
Antiretroviral Treatment of Adult HIV Infection (2008)

New data and considerations support initiating therapy before CD4 cell count declines to less than 350/microL. In patients with 350 CD4 cells/microL or more, the decision to begin therapy should be individualized based on the presence of comorbidities, risk factors for progression to AIDS and non-AIDS diseases, and patient readiness for treatment. In addition to the prior recommendation that a high plasma viral load (eg, >100,000 copies/mL) and rapidly declining CD4 cell count (>100/microL per year) should prompt treatment initiation, active hepatitis B or C virus coinfection, cardiovascular disease risk, and HIV-associated nephropathy increasingly prompt earlier therapy. The initial regimen must be individualized, particularly in the presence of comorbid conditions, but usually will include efavirenz or a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor plus 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (tenofovir/emtricitabine or abacavir/lamivudine). Treatment failure should be identified and managed promptly, with the goal of therapy, even in heavily pretreated patients, being an HIV-1 RNA level below assay detection limits.
NetSPA : a Network Security Planning Architecture (2002)

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2002.
Orientation of Block Copolymer Resists on Interlayer Dielectrics with Tunable Surface Energy (2009)

It has been well established that one of most important factors to control the orientation of microdomains in block copolymer (BCP) films is the wetting behavior of a BCP at the interface (or on a substrate). From this perspective, we studied the wetting behavior of P(S-b-MMA) thin films on organosilicate (OS) interlayer dielectric layers (ILDs), which were employed as the target substrates for patterning by BCP lithography. We controlled the surface energy of OS substrates by varying the cure temperature of OS substrates ranging from 200 to 400 °C. As the cure temperature was increased, the wetting behavior of a P(S-b-MMA) film on the OS substrate changed from the asymmetric to the symmetric wetting, as confirmed by AFM, which, in turn, allowed us to find the optimal cure temperature for neutral wetting behavior. As a result, we obtained perpendicularly oriented BCP microdomains on the OS substrate cured at 360 °C without further surface modification. Finally, we were able to transfer sub-25 nm BCP patterns directly onto the neutral ILD layers through reactive ion etching. The process approach taken here clearly demonstrates that the process involved in BCP lithography could be simplified by eliminating the additional surface modification step on a target substrate.
Alteration of RH gene structure and expression in human dCCee and DCW- red blood cells: phenotypic homozygosity versus genotypic heterozygosity (1996)

This report describes a comparative study on the dCCee and DCW-red blood cells devoid of RhD and CcEe antigens, respectively. Southern blots showed that the two variants carried opposite deletions in the D and non-D (CcEe) genes. Rh haplotyping and exon polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay indicated that the deletions did not extend beyond the 5' region upstream from exon 1 or the 3' region downstream from exon 10 of the respective genes. This was confirmed by finding intact promoters and 3' untranslated regions in both D and non-D genes in each variant. Reverse transcriptase-PCR and cDNA sequencing showed the expression of two transcripts in each cell type. In dCCee cells, one transcript was the regular Ce form and the other occurred as a D-Ce-D hybrid whose Ce sequence spanned exons 2 through 9. In DCW-cells, the two transcripts were derived from reversely arranged hybrid genes, ie, the CW-D gene was formed by fusion of CW exon 1 with D exons 2 through 10, whereas the reverse product was formed by fusion of D exons 1 through 9 with non-D exon 10. These results indicated that DNA deletion and recombination had occurred in either cis or trans configuration and involved both RH loci in the dCCee or DCW-genome. Identification of such compound alterations correlates the genotypes with phenotypes and explains the lost Rh antigenic expression. A reinvestigation of gene organization also led to the reassignment of several 5' and 3' splice sites. Together, this study not only shows the complexity of Rh phenotypic diversity, but also points to the importance of concurrent analysis of genomic structure and transcript expression in deciphering the underlying genetic mechanisms.
Microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines: short- and long-term effects of flushing. (2012)

The extensive microbial contamination of DUW in this study is consistent with that described in previous reports. Comparisons with other common public potable water sources emphasize the relatively high concentrations of microorganisms in DUW, and the low numbers of bacteria in most domestic water samples. Microscopic evidence of amebas and worms in DUW reinforces the need for further qualitative and quantitative studies of these contaminants of dental tubing biofilm. In most cases, flushing for two minutes reduced microbial concentrations in DUW. However, in a few cases, concentrations rose; in others, the reductions were negligible. Moreover, after 30 minutes of stasis, or use of the waterline in a routine dental procedure, microbial counts were frequently restored to preflush levels or higher. The longer-term ineffectiveness 30 minutes after flushing is understandable when the hydrodynamics of laminar flow of water in narrow-bore tubing are considered. Biofilm on the tubing wall remains intact during flushes and quickly generates more bacteria during stasis. Increased bacterial concentrations after flushing probably result from sloughing of biofilm from the tubing wall because of stretching and movement of the line during routine use. These two phenomena undermine the benefits of routine water flushes. It is a common belief that bacterial levels build to extremes during overnight or weekend stasis; we observed more variation in contamination levels during the workday than between overnight stasis and typical workday samples. The presence of hemolytic staphylococci and streptococci in water samples from lines that were supplied only from sterile water reservoirs adds to the growing evidence that part of the microbial flora in DUWLs may be derived from patients' mouths. Additional prophylactic measures to limit bacterial contamination in DUW should be implemented according to standard principles used in other medical fluid delivery devices.
Real Time PCR Using Molecular Beacons: A New Tool to Identify Point Mutations and to Analyze Gene Expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2003)

Molecular beacons are a novel family of hybridization probes, which emit fluorescence upon interaction with their target. They are hairpin-shaped oligonucleotides with a central part complementary to the target, flanked by two 5 6 base pair (bp) inverted repeats, which can form a stable stem. A fluorescent moiety is covalently linked to the 5' end of the molecule, whereas the quenching moiety, 4-(4'-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid (DABCYL), is covalently linked to the 3' end. The stem keeps the two moieties in close proximity to each other, causing the fluorescence of the fluorophore to be quenched by energy transfer. When molecular beacons bind to their target, they undergo a conformational change that results in the restoration of fluorescence of the internally quenched fluorophore (1) (Fig. 1). Molecular beacons are extremely specific, and can clearly discriminate between targets differing only by a single nucleotide (2,3). When present in a PCR reaction where their target is the amplification product, molecular beacons can form a stable hybrid with the amplicon during the annealing step. The intensity of fluorescence at the annealing step in each amplification cycle is a direct measure of amplicon concentration (2,4) (Fig. 2). Another interesting feature of molecular beacons is that they can be coupled to a variety of differently colored fluorophores. This allows multiplex PCR reactions where different DNA fragments can be amplified and detected simultaneously in the same tube (2,3). Fig. 1. Operation of molecular beacons. On their own, these molecules are nonfluorescent, because the stem hybrid keeps the fluorophore (◯) close to the quencher (•). When the probe sequence in the loop hybridizes to its target, forming a rigid double helix, a conformational reorganization occurs that separates the quencher from the fluorophore, restoring fluorescence (1). Fig. 2. Real time measurement of amplicon synthesis during PCR using molecular beacons. (A) Four PCR reactions were initiated with a different number of template molecules (indicated). The concentration of amplicons present after each cycle of amplification was determined by measuring fluorescence during the last few seconds of the annealing step. (B) Inverted relationship between the threshold cycle (the cycle at which the fluorescent signal becomes detectable above the background) and the logarithm of the initial number of template molecules. In this example, the target is M. tuberculosis H37Rv chromosomal DNA. The primers-molecular beacon set used in the reaction was specific for sigA (reprinted from ref. 4).
Positive Electrode Materials in the Li-Mn-Ni-O System Exhibiting Anomalous Capacity Growth during Extended Cycling (2013)

Single- and multi-phase compositions in the Li-Mn-Ni-O system with a Ni:Mn ratio of 1:5 and varying Li contents were synthesized and characterized by XRD and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements. As the Li content relative to Ni and Mn was decreased, the materials were observed to be either single-phase layered, two-phase layered-rocksalt, or three-phase layered-rocksalt-spinel, depending on their location within the Li-Mn-Ni-O phase diagram. SEM analysis revealed significant differences in primary and secondary particle size, shape, and morphology depending on Li content. Differential capacity analysis showed that the samples underwent significant structural rearrangements with extended cycling of half-cells to 4.9 V, accompanied by the evolution of a spinel phase exhibiting a 3 V plateau on discharge. Surprisingly, each composition exhibited an anomalous, gradual increase in capacity with continual cycling, with several compositions producing capacities in excess of 300% of their initial values over 150 cycles. The magnitude of capacity growth was strongly dependent on the lower voltage limit during cycling, with significant growth occurring only when discharging below 3 V. This apparent capacity "growth" phenomenon is not well understood at present, but appears to be strongly associated with the phase transformation of the layered phases in each composition to a new "spinel-like" phase when discharging below 3 V.
Lymphatic absorption of structured glycerolipids containing medium‐chain fatty acids and linoleic acid, and their effect on cholesterol absorption in rats (1991)

The effects of various structured triglycerides containing medium-chain (caprylic or capric acids) and long-chain (linoleic acid) fatty acids on fatty acid and cholesterol absorption were studied in lymph-cannulated rats. A considerable portion of capric and caprylic acid was absorbed through the lymph duct, although to a lesser extent than was linoleic acid. Capric and linoleic acid located at the 2-position of 2-decanoyl-1,3-dilinoleoyl-glycerol (18:2/10:0/18:2) and 2-linoleoyl-1,3-didecanoyl-glycerol (10:0/18:2/10:0), respectively, tended to be absorbed more efficiently than those located at the 1- and 3-position or those from tricaprin (10:0/10:0/10:0) or trilinolein (18:2/18:2/18:2). A similar trend was observed when the medium-chain fatty acid was caprylic acid instead of capric acid. Caprylic acid absorption from 2-octanoyl-1,3-dilinoleoyl-glycerol (18:2/8:0/18:2) was significantly greater (p less than 0.05) than from 2-linoleoyl-1,3-dioctanoyl-glycerol (8:0/18:2/8:0) or tricaprylin (8:0/8:0/8:0). Preferential absorption of caprylic and linoleic acid was not observed when the 1 to 2 and the 2 to 1 mixtures of 8:0/8:0/8:0 and 18:2/18:2/18:2, respectively, were administered. The structured lipids did not affect the lymphatic absorption of cholesterol. The results suggest that structured triglycerides composed of medium-chain fatty acids and linoleic acid may be more useful for the treatment of lipid malabsorption than are mixtures of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and long-chain triglyceride (LCT).
Sound Technologies, Sound Bodies: Medical Implants with Ultrasonic Links (2016)

Implantable medical devices (IMDs) and the concept of integrating electronics with the human body have been intriguing curiosities in medicine for many decades-slowly finding their way into mainstream medicine for several very specific conditions but not quite making it beyond "last resort" treatments. From the reality of today's cardiac pacemakers and deep-brain stimulation devices to the dream of sensor motes roaming around one's bloodstream (as described by researchers and writers like Isaac Asimov in his adaptation of Fantastic Voyage), the marriage of electronics and the human body has provided endless fascination for both science and science fiction alike. There is an abundance of potential applications, from electroceuticals to brain computer interfaces, and with advances in closed-loop systems and recent insights on neuromodulation, these devices are projected to make a huge impact on patient care for everything from neurological conditions all the way to diabetes and arthritis.
Hepcidin is not useful as a biomarker for iron needs in haemodialysis patients on maintenance erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (2010)

Although our study suggests an important role for hepcidin in regulating iron homeostasis in HD patients on ESA, our findings do not support its utility as a predictor of iron needs, offering no advantage over established markers of iron status.