gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monodomain liquid-crystalline networks by in situ photopolymerization (1997)

A review with 35 refs. on various possibilities of making structured, oriented polymer films by in situ photopolymn. of pre-ordered liq.-cryst. monomers. Formation of uniaxially oriented films and their basic process parameters and the formation of superstructures with high degrees of director control are discussed. Photoinitiated polymn. of pre-oriented mesogenic polyfunctional monomers yields films of densely crosslinked polymers with a monodomain liq.-cryst. mol. order. The morphol. of the monomer mesogenic phase is fixed by the rapid photocrosslinking, which enables the formation of either nematic or one of the various smectic structures, depending on the phase behavior of the monomers. The desired macroscopic mol. order in the monomeric state can be accomplished by using techniques such as external fields or surface-induced orientation. Surface structures are also produced by replication polymn., and combinations of these techniques enable the modulation of the orientational director in the plane of the films and also into the third dimension perpendicular to the film surface. Photocrosslinking enables lithog. techniques to fix the director selectively by local polymn., before permanently fixing the total structure. The introduction of chiral centers in the liq.-cryst. monomers produces helicoidally ordered networks, whose pitch of the mol. helix can be adjusted accurately by compn. or by polymn. temp. This fine tuning of 3-D mol. orientation within thin polymeric films makes this process very unique in the world of oriented polymers.
Slope Compensating DCF for S-band Raman Amplifier (2001)

S-band DCF suitable for DCRA was developed. It can compensate dispersion slope of SMF between 1470nm and 1500nm completely. The DCRA using this fiber compensates attenuation loss of transmission line with same pumping power as conventional DCF.
Delivery of chemo-sensitizing siRNAs to HER2+-breast cancer cells using RNA aptamers (2012)

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression in breast cancer is associated with an aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis, making it an appealing therapeutic target. Trastuzumab, an HER2 antibody-based inhibitor, is currently the leading targeted treatment for HER2(+)-breast cancers. Unfortunately, many patients inevitably develop resistance to the therapy, highlighting the need for alternative targeted therapeutic options. In this study, we used a novel, cell-based selection approach for isolating 'cell-type specific', 'cell-internalizing RNA ligands (aptamers)' capable of delivering therapeutic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to HER2-expressing breast cancer cells. RNA aptamers with the greatest specificity and internalization potential were covalently linked to siRNAs targeting the anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2. We demonstrate that, when applied to cells, the HER2 aptamer-Bcl-2 siRNA conjugates selectively internalize into HER2(+)-cells and silence Bcl-2 gene expression. Importantly, Bcl-2 silencing sensitizes these cells to chemotherapy (cisplatin) suggesting a potential new therapeutic approach for treating breast cancers with HER2(+)-status. In summary, we describe a novel cell-based selection methodology that enables the identification of cell-internalizing RNA aptamers for targeting therapeutic siRNAs to HER2-expressing breast cancer cells. The future refinement of this technology may promote the widespread use of RNA-based reagents for targeted therapeutic applications.
Blood flow in psoriatic skin lesions: the effect of treatment (1987)

Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) was used to assess the effect of treatment upon cutaneous blood flow in psoriatic skin lesions. The resolution of two separate plaques in each of seven subjects was followed. Six of the subjects received the Goeckerman regimen, the seventh was treated with psoralen-ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy. Control LDV readings were taken from uninvolved skin sites during the treatment period. Cutaneous blood flow in the psoriatic lesions of the Goeckerman-treated patients decreased to levels comparable to those in uninvolved skin early in the course of treatment and significantly preceeded the observed clinical resolution from 4 to 8 days after initiation of therapy (P less than 0.05). Visible flare-ups sometimes appeared when patients were untreated (over a weekend, for example) and these eruptions were accompanied by a transient elevation of LDV readings. Perfusion of the lesions of the PUVA-treated patient remained consistently higher than perfusion of uninvolved skin despite clinical healing. In a separate series of experiments, blood flow at the extensor surface of the forearm was measured in the skin of normal subjects, the uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients and the untreated lesional skin of psoriatic patients. While the lesional skin had significantly higher perfusion levels than uninvolved psoriatic or normal control skin (P less than 0.01), there was no significant difference between blood flow to the uninvolved psoriatic skin of psoriatics and that to the skin of healthy controls.
Photodynamic Therapy of Head and Neck Cancers (2010)

Over 1,500 patients have been treated with PDT using Photofrin, HPD, ALA, or Foscan for head and neck cancers. These patients include a mixture of presentations including primary, recurrent, and metastatic lesions. The predominant histology is squamous cell carcinoma, but other histologies treated include mucosal melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, metastatic breast carcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Several multi-institutional phase II clinical trials evaluating PDT treatment of head and neck cancers have demonstrated the efficacy of this minimally invasive therapy in the treatment of early oropharyngeal primary and recurrent cancers as well as the palliative treatment of refractory head and neck cancers. Patients with early stage cancers or early recurrences in the oral cavity and larynx (Cis, T1, T2) tend to have an excellent response to PDT. Of 518 patients treated with Cis, T1, or T2 cancers of the oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, and nasopharynx, 462 (89.1%) obtained a complete clinical response after one PDT treatment. Laryngeal cancers, comprising 171 patients in this group, obtained a durable complete response rate of 89% with up to a 16-year follow-up. Photodynamic therapy is as effective as conventional therapies for the treatment of early (Cis, T1, T2) squamous cell cancers of the head and neck. It is also a promising therapy to be used in association with surgery to increase tumor-free margins and therefore increase cure rates.
3-D metal-direct-printed wideband and high-efficiency waveguide-fed antenna array (2015)

The Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) 3-D printing technique is used to fabricate a relatively large 8×8 wideband waveguide array with an integrated corporate-fed network. This DMLS rapid prototyping technique offers the flexibility to fabricate complicated waveguide-based structures with good reliability and high-precision. Experimental results show antenna efficiency is higher than 80% over a wide operation bandwidth and even exceeding 90% at most frequencies. This work demonstrates the 3-D DMLS technique is a promising manufacturing method for the fabrication of complex waveguide antenna arrays.
Protection of Mice from Lethal Influenza: Evidence that Defective Interfering Virus Modulates the Immune Response and Not Virus Multiplication (1986)

Summary Intranasal administration of defective interfering (DI) influenza virus (A/WSN) ensured the survival of 80% of C3H mice otherwise lethally infected with WSN by the intranasal route, whereas a control group which received β-propiolactone-inactivated DI virus in place of DI virus died at 7.4 days post-infection. DI virus-treated mice developed significantly less lung consolidation than controls although qualitatively the cellular pathology in the two groups was indistinguishable. Surprisingly, in view of the accepted mode of action of DI virus interference, multiplication of infectious virus in the lung, production of viral haemagglutinin (HA) antigen and neuraminidase, and the distribution and amount of viral antigen in cells as shown by immune labelling were unaffected by the presence of active DI virus. Furthermore, assays of lung extracts showed that DI virus was not stimulating significantly greater amounts of interferon than the control inactivated DI virus. An alternative explanation arises from the fact that the pathology of influenza in inbred mice is immune (T lymphocyte)-mediated. Thus, since there is no evidence that DI virus affects virus multiplication we suggest that DI virus is responsible for ameliorating the damaging host responses. Another aspect of the immune response modulated by DI virus was the enhancement of local haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody in the lung, with peak increases of up to 10-fold over the relevant controls being demonstrated at 5 days after infection. This antibody was presumably complexed to HA antigen in the lung as activity was only demonstrated after elution at low pH. It had no detectable neutralizing activity (&lt; 10% HI: neutralization ratio of convalescent serum) which accounts for the coexistence of local antibody and virus infectivity. Mice infected with virus alone or which received β-propiolactone-inactivated DI virus in addition to a lethal dose of WSN did not develop significant amounts of lung antibody. No differences were seen in serum HI titres. The increased level of antibody could not be attributed to the presence of greater amounts of HA antigen in lungs of mice treated with DI virus, as ELISA showed no significant difference from control preparations. The possibility that the two modulated immune responses are linked through HI antibody blocking access of T cells to cell membrane-borne HA antigen is discussed.
Studies on the acetone-butyl alcohol fermentation (1941)

This work was undertaken in order to devise a technique for studying the acetone butyl alcohol fermentation by Cl. acetobutylicum (Weizmann).1 As in the case of other organisms of this group fermentation has hitherto been carried out in growth experimcents in which carbohydrate was fermented in the presence of protein and other material (maize meal, glucose in yeast water etc.) and the fermentation products estimated during or at the end of the fermentation period.
On-demand droplet loading for automated organic chemistry on digital microfluidics (2013)

Organic chemistry applications on digital microfluidic devices often involve reagents that are volatile or sensitive and must be introduced to the chip immediately before use. We present a new technique for automated, on-demand loading of ~1 μL droplets from large (~1 mL), sealed, off-chip reservoirs to a digital microfluidic chip in order to address this challenge. Unlike aqueous liquids which generally are non-wetting to the hydrophobic surface and must be actively drawn into the electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) chip by electrode activation, organic liquids tend to be wetting and can spontaneously flood the chip, and hence require a retracting force for controlled liquid delivery. Using a combination of compressed inert gas and gravity to exert driving and retracting forces on the liquid, the simple loading technique enables precise loading of droplets of both wetting and non-wetting liquids in a reliable manner. A key feature from a practical point of view is that all of the wetted parts are inexpensive and potentially disposable, thus avoiding cross-contamination in chemical and biochemical applications. We provide a theoretical treatment of the underlying physics, discuss the effect of geometry and liquid properties on its performance, and show repeatable reagent loading using the technique. Its versatility is demonstrated with the loading of several aqueous and non-aqueous liquids on an EWOD digital microfluidic device.
RGD‐recognizing integrins mediate interactions of human prostate carcinoma cells with endothelial cells in vitro (1999)

BACKGROUND Interactions of cancer cells with endothelium are a crucial step in metastatic invasion. RGD-recognizing integrins play a definitive role in these interactions. METHODS Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of RGD-sensitive integrins in prostate epithelial cells was performed. Attachment inhibition assay was used to characterize functionality of particular integrins. Potential partners for RGD-binding integrins in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were identified by Western blotting and attachment inhibition assay. To determine the RGD-flanking amino acids optimal for interactions with prostate cell integrins, these cells were biopanned with a phage library. RESULTS Different expressions of RGD-recognizing integrins and distinctions in RGD-dependent adhesion of nonmalignant and cancer cells were observed. Cancer but not control cells were detached from culture plastic by incubation with RGD peptide. Adhesion of carcinoma cells to HUVEC was RGD-sensitive, in contrast to nonmalignant cells. Antibodies against α3, α5, β1, and αvβ3 inhibited interactions of carcinoma cells with HUVEC. Potential ligands for α5β1, α3β1, and αVβ3 integrins, fibronectin, and vitronectin, were detected on the HUVEC surface. Several phages which preferentially bound to the surface of particular prostate cells were selected. CONCLUSIONS Interactions of prostate carcinoma with endothelium are mediated in part via α5β1, α3β1, and αvβ3 integrins. Because these interactions are RGD-sensitive, synthetic RGD peptides with optimized flanking amino acids can potentially be used as antimetastatic agents. Prostate 39:108–118, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Specific Simple Network Management Tools (2001)

The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) has been around for more than a decade and is supported by most network devices and end systems. Despite this success, there is still a lack of simple to use network management applications.This paper describes the design of an SNMP management tool called scli which provides an easy and efficient to use SNMP command line interface. The software architecture has been designed to make it easy for C programmers without any special SNMP programming skills to extend the functionality provided by scli .
Toward a plant genomics initiative: Thoughts on the value of cross-species and cross-genera comparisons in the grasses (1998)

Comparative genomics offers unparalleled opportunities to integrate historically distinct disciplines, to link disparate biological kingdoms, and to bridge basic and applied science. Cross-species, cross-genera, and cross-kingdom comparisons are proving key to understanding how genes are structured, how gene structure relates to gene function, and how changes in DNA have given rise to the biological diversity on the planet. The application of genomics to the study of crop species offers special opportunities for innovative approaches for combining sequence information with the vast reservoirs of historical information associated with crops and their evolution. The grasses provide a particularly well developed system for the development of tools to facilitate comparative genetic interpretation among members of a diverse and evolutionarily successful family. Rice provides advantages for genomic sequencing because of its small genome and its diploid nature, whereas each of the other grasses provides complementary genetic information that will help extract meaning from the sequence data. Because of the importance of the cereals to the human food chain, developments in this area can lead directly to opportunities for improving the health and productivity of our food systems and for promoting the sustainable use of natural resources.
The Case for Opaque Multiwavelength Optical Networks (2005)

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) now seems certain to play a leading role in public telecommunications networks of the future. What is unclear, however, is whether these WDM networks will be "transparent," i.e., whether their signals will travel from source to destination through a sequence of intervening nodes with little or no optoelectronic conversion along the way. In this work we consider "opaque" WDM networks, in which network elements include optoelectronic conversion and signal regeneration along the path, thus preventing accumulation of impairments.
In Vitro Double and Triple Synergistic Activities of Polymyxin B, Imipenem, and Rifampin against Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (2004)

Eight unrelated clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates resistant to all commonly used antibiotics were subjected to three-dimensional checkerboard microtiter plate dilution and time-kill studies at one-fourth of their MICs of polymyxin B, imipenem, and rifampin. Synergy was demonstrated with combinations of polymyxin B and imipenem, polymyxin B and rifampin, and polymyxin B, imipenem, and rifampin. Double combinations of polymyxin B and imipenem and of polymyxin B and rifampin were bactericidal for seven of eight isolates, and triple combinations were bactericidal for all isolates within 24 h. Future clinical studies using double and triple therapy with these antibacterials may provide an effective option against potentially lethal infection due to multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
Carboxyl-terminal Domain of p27Kip1 Activates CDC2 (1997)

A variant form of p27 was unexpectedly detected in a synchronized culture of NIH3T3 cells treated with serum. The expression levels of this form of p27 which lacked its amino (NH2)-terminal region reached maximum during G2/M phase. Since the appearance of the NH2-terminal truncated form of p27 coincided with increased expression of Cdc2, we hypothesized that p27 may play a role in regulating Cdc2 catalytic activity. To test this hypothesis, wild type p27, as well as the amino-terminal (Np27) and carboxyl-terminal (Cp27), were individually expressed, purified, and examined for their ability to regulate CDC2 kinase activity in vitro. Our data showed that both p27 and Np27 inhibited CDC2 kinase activity. However, in marked contrast, Cp27 enhanced the CDC2 kinase activity. In vitro kinase assays showed that Cp27 and p27 were phosphorylated by CDC2, whereas Np27 was not. In addition, we demonstrated that deletion of the putative CDC2 phosphorylation site in the carboxyl-terminal domain of Cp27 diminished activation of CDC2 kinase activity otherwise stimulated by Cp27. A similar deletion did not have any effect on the inhibitory function of p27. Together these results suggest that the carboxyl-terminal domain of p27 may activate CDC2 kinase activity in vivo during G2/M and that this effect may be regulated by serine/threonine phosphorylation.
Ion Drag Pressure Generation (1959)

A theory of pressure buildup under unipolar ion conduction is presented and verified experimentally. Constriction of the current flow leads to sizeable pressures in insulating liquids.
CD2 is involved in regulating cyclic AMP levels in T cells (1988)

The human T lymphocyte-specific CD2 (T11) molecule, that regulates T cell activation, is capable of mediating increases of intracellular cAMP. Monoclonal antibodies directed to different epitopes of the CD2 molecule which either induce or inhibit T cell proliferation are capable of triggering an increase of cAMP comparable to that induced by reagents which activate adenylate cyclase. These results indicate that there is a relationship between the CD2 membrane molecule and the adenylate cyclase system.
Hydrolysis Effect on the Properties of a New Class of Viscoelastic Surfactant-Based Acid and Damage Caused by the Hydrolysis Products (2013)

Abstract Viscoelastic surfactants (VES) have been widely used in acidizing and acid fracturing. They are used as diversion agents during matrix acid treatments and leakoff control agents during acid fracturing. At high temperatures, viscoelastic surfactants hydrolyze, resulting in phase separation after a certain time. Their viscosities significantly decrease and it is much easier for them to flow back and this causes much less damage to the formation. In this study, 4 to 8 wt% of a new VES-acid system were tested at temperature up to 250°F over hydrolysis times of 0 to 6 hours. Then the solutions were neutralized by calcium carbonate until pH reached 4.5. An HP/HT rheometer was used to measure the viscosity of the spent acids. Mass spectrometry (MS) was conducted to analyze the hydrolysis products of the VES. Coreflood tests were also conducted on Indiana limestone to determine the effect of the hydrolysis products on the permeability of these cores. Temperature was set at 250°F and flow rate at 2.5 cm3/s. The viscosities of all VES-acid systems remained high at the beginning of hydrolysis, which was good for acid diversion. After that, the VES acid systems experienced significant viscosity reduction because of phase separation; it became much easier for the spent acid to flow back. Coreflood experiments showed little damage caused to the Indiana limestone. MS results indicated that hydrolysis was achieved through the peptide bond. Fatty acids formed the top oil layer and amine-based molecules formed the aqueous phase. This paper will summarize and discuss the details of viscosity changes of the acid systems of this kind of viscoelastic surfactant, the damage caused by the hydrolysis products, and how this kind of viscoelastic surfactant can be used to improve the treatments.
Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Phosphorylation. 3. Replacement of Quinazoline Moiety and Improvement of Metabolic Polymorphism of 4-[4-(N-Substituted (thio)carbamoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline Derivatives (2003)

We have previously reported that a series of 4-[4-(N-substituted (thio)carbamoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline derivatives were potent and selective inhibitors of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) phosphorylation and demonstrated several biological effects such as suppression of neointima formation following balloon injury in rat carotid artery by oral administration. Here, we investigated structure-activity relationships of the 6,7-dimethoxyquinazolinyl moiety. In regard to 6,7-dimethoxy groups, ethoxy analogues showed potent activity (IC(50) of 16b is 0.04 microM; IC(50) of 17a is 0.01 microM) and further extension of the alkyl group reduced activity. Interestingly, methoxyethoxy (IC(50) of 16j is 0.02 microM; IC(50) of 17h is 0.01 microM) and ethoxyethoxy (IC(50) of 17j is 0.02 micro M) analogues showed the most potent activity, suggesting that the inserted oxygen atom significantly interacts with beta-PDGFR. Among tricyclic quinazoline derivatives, the 2-oxoimidazo[4,5-e]quinazoline derivative 21a showed potent activity (IC(50) = 0.10 microM). Regarding replacements of quinazoline by other heterocyclic rings, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (39a, IC(50) = 0.17 microM) and quinoline (IC(50) of 40a is 0.18 microM; IC(50) of 40b is 0.09 microM) derivatives showed potent activity. Isoquinoline and some pyridopyrimidine derivatives were completely inactive; therefore, 1-aza has an important role. Also 7-aza and 8-aza substitution on the parent quinazoline ring has a detrimental effect on the interaction with beta-PDGFR. We also demonstrated that the substituents on the quinazoline ring possess major consequences for metabolic polymorphism. Although there existed extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers in Sprague-Dawley rats administrated 6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline derivatives (1b and 1c), 6-(2-methoxy)ethoxy-7-methoxyquinazoline analogue 16k showed no metabolic polymorphism.