gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Interferon- in Experimental Cryptosporidium parvum Infection (1996)

The activity of recombinant murine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) against infection by Cryptosporidium parvum was evaluated in immunosuppressed rats. Daily intraperitoneal doses of at least 125,000 U/kg significantly (P < .05) reduced the intensity of subsequent ileal infection. In addition, daily administration of 500,000 U/kg significantly (P < .05) inhibited colonization of the biliary tract. When administered for 11 days to rats with established C. parvum infection, IFN-gamma significantly (P < .05) reduced the number of parasites in the small intestine, but this treatment was ineffective against infection of the biliary tract and large intestine. Although the parasite loads in the common bile duct and large intestine were not significantly reduced, there were fewer cases of infection among the treated rats than in the control group. The data suggest that treatment with IFN-gamma may limit cryptosporidiosis of the small intestine.
Structural characteristics and permeability properties of the human nail : A review (1999)

The human nail forms a resistant barrier to the topical penetration of actives. Thus, treatment of nail disorders, such as fungal infections, remains a challenge because of the difficulty encountered in achieving therapeutic concentrations of drugs at the site of infection. The nail is primarily composed of a highly cross-linked keratin network that contains several disulfide linkages. This unique structure results in a highly effective permeability barrier. Nail penetration has been reported to be affected by molecular size and hydrophilicity; smaller, water-soluble molecules are found to preferentially permeate the nail. Permeation of undissociated drugs is favored in certain instances. Also, some studies indicate that the nature of the vehicle can influence drug penetration. Recent research has focused on improvement of penetration of topically applied actives into and through the nail. Studies have shown that compounds containing sulfhydryl groups in conjunction with keratolytic agents can significantly enhance drug penetration, relative to a control formulation (without enhancer). Such sulfhydryl compounds are thought to reduce the disulfide linkages in the nail keratin matrix. Thus, although some success has been achieved in enhancing penetration of drugs through the nail, further research is required to achieve successful topical products for treatment of nail infections.
Transmission Parameters of Thickness-Driven Piezoelectric Transducers Arranged in Multilayer Configurations (1967)

The individual transducer or inactive layers of a sandwich structure affixed to an ultrasonic delay medium are described by the transformation matrix of their equivalent transmission‐line circuit. The resulting simple expression and iterative procedures are well suited to digital computation. Computation reveals effects on input impedance, insertion loss, etc., of various arrangements of such layers, which may be qualitatively understood by visualizing separately the effects due to the mechanical‐resonance behavior of the whole stack and then due to the arrangement of piezoelectric material with respect to the stress distribution in various parts of the stack. Illustrative examples are presented for CdS and ceramic transducers.
Human corneal and conjunctival epithelia express MUC1 mucin. (1995)

The stratified epithelia of the cornea and conjunctiva synthesize MUC1 mucin. This transmembrane mucin may have a role in tear film spread and may prevent adhesion of foreign debris, cells, or pathogens to the ocular surface.
The Interleukin-10 Signal Transduction Pathway and Regulation of Gene Expression in Mononuclear Phagocytes (1999)

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) activates a diverse array of functional responses in mononuclear phagocytes. Functional IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) complexes are tetramers consisting of two IL-10R1 polypeptide chains and two IL-10R2 chains. Binding of IL-10 to the extracellular domain of IL-10R1 activates phosphorylation of the receptor-associated Janus tyrosine kinases, JAK1 and Tyk2. These kinases then phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues (Y446 and Y496) on the intracellular domain of the IL-10R1 chain. Once phosphorylated, these tyrosine residues (and their flanking peptide sequences) serve as temporary docking sites for the latent transcription factor, STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-3). STAT3 binds to these sites via its SH2 (Src homology 2) domain, and is, in turn, tyrosine-phosphorylated by the receptor-associated JAKs. It then homodimerizes and translocates to the nucleus where it binds with high affinity to STAT-binding elements (SBE) in the promoters of various IL-10-responsive genes. One of these genes, SOCS-3 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3) is a member of a newly identified family of genes that inhibit JAK/STAT-dependent signaling. Moreover, the ability of IL-10 to induce de novo synthesis of SOCS-3 in monocytes correlates with its ability to inhibit expression of many genes in these cells, including endotoxin-inducible cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1. Thus, the ability of IL-10 to inhibit gene expression in monocytes is associated with its ability to rapidly induce synthesis of SOCS-3.
Randomized Phase II Study of the Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonist CJ-11,974 in the Control of Cisplatin-Induced Emesis (1999)

We conclude from this exploratory phase II trial that CJ-11,974 is superior to placebo in controlling cisplatin-induced delayed emesis and may provide additive benefit in acute emesis and nausea control when combined with a 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist and dexamethasone. Additional larger trials are indicated to confirm the clinical value of CJ-11,974.
Achieving High Electrocatalytic Efficiency on Copper: A Low-Cost Alternative to Platinum for Hydrogen Generation in Water (2015)

A phosphate mediated (photo)electro-reduction process has been developed to activate cuprous oxide (Cu2O) to copper–cuprous oxide (Cu/Cu2O) for high efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water at neutral pH. The activated copper-based electrode can efficiently catalyze HER with an impressive onset potential of −30 mV vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), low Tafel slope of 60–80 mV·decade–1 and exchange current density j0 of 3.0 × 10–5 A·cm–2. This represents the first highly active copper-based electrocatalyst that could be used as a low-cost alternative to Pt for water electrolysis.
Recommendations for the management and treatment of dyslipidemia. Report of the Working Group on Hypercholesterolemia and Other Dyslipidemias. (2000)

Despite the steady decline in the rate of death from coronary artery disease (CAD) during the past 25 years, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in Canada, accounting for 37% of total deaths.[1][1] Although the age-adjusted rate of death from cardiovascular disease is declining
Correcting for Vector Infidelity With OBS Data: From Ugh to Aah ! (2002)

Abstract Vector infidelity is the failure of ocean-bottomseismic geophones to respond isotropically to incoming seismic energy. With the rising popularity of multi-componentocean bottom seismic data, the issue of vector infidelity is becoming increasingly important. There are numerous causes of vector infidelity, which may be due to seafloor conditions, acquisition equipment or even processing. We illustrate this with a catalogue of examples, highlighting the effects on the data and the final processed image, and we present some techniques to correct for these infidelities. Introduction Traditional marine seismic acquisition, using streamers of hydrophones, only records the pressure field at the receivers. Ocean bottom seismic acquisition, on the other hand, typically uses four component sensors in order to record the full wavefield at the receivers. While this provides moreinformation about the true elastic nature of the earth, it also leads to more a complex processing flow. One of the first steps in this flow should be to correct for possible vector infidelity in the data. This occurs for numerous reasons. The cable or node is physically located on the seafloor so that the seafloor itself is a cause of vector infidelity. Spatial variations in the seafloor conditions can alsolead to variable coupling, and may cause a cable to lay in an odd position. For example, a rock could cause the cable to be twisted, leading to orientation errors, while a small hollow could cause the geophone to not be in contact with the seafloor at all. As the cables are layed down they twist slowly, so thatthere is not usually a preferred top and bottom. Typically the geophones are gimbaled such that the vertical component remains vertical. This gimbal is very similar to a heavilydamped pendulum. However, because the gimbal can move, even though it is heavily damped, it often leads to crosstalkbetween the horizontal and vertical components, which shows up as converted wave energy on the vertical component. Fixed geophones may help reduce this, and would be cheaper to manufacture, but would add further complications to the processing. The geometry of the cable also leads to vector infidelity. The cable is stiffer in the in-line direction so the in-line component of the recorded data usually has a higher frequency content. The coupling is typically better in the in-line direction than in the crossline. There is also evidence that cables mayroll when struck by the seismic wavefield, and the resulting motion is then superposed on the data of the crossline component. These considerations, combined with the difficulties of placing cables in areas where the seafloor may be crowded, have led to recent interest in node technology. Nodes have more isotropic geometries and so should have fewer vectorinfidelity issues than cables. However, there may still be problems with coupling, and also problems due to the gimbals, so it is likely that a vector fidelity correction will still be needed.
Fulvestrant induces resistance by modulating GPER and CDK6 expression: implication of methyltransferases, deacetylases and the hSWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex (2013)

The study revealed that FUL resistance is associated with the dysregulation of GPER and CDK6. A mechanism leading to aberrant gene expression was most likely unscheduled chromatin remodelling by hSWI/SNF. Hence, three targets should be conceptually addressed in a second-line adjuvant therapy: the catalytic centre of SWI/SNF (BRG1) to delay the development of FUL resistance, GPER to increase sensitivity to FUL and the reconstitution of the RB1 pathway to overcome resistance.
A Mosaic Activating Mutation in AKT1 Associated with the Proteus Syndrome (2011)

The Proteus syndrome is caused by a somatic activating mutation in AKT1, proving the hypothesis of somatic mosaicism and implicating activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway in the characteristic clinical findings of overgrowth and tumor susceptibility in this disorder. (Funded by the Intramural Research Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute.).
Pharmacodynamics of chimeric glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin antiplatelet antibody Fab 7E3 in high-risk coronary angioplasty. (1994)

The novel antiplatelet agent c7E3 Fab can be administered during PTCA in combination with aspirin and heparin. Suppression of platelet activity is dose dependent and can be maintained for up to 24 hours. Further evaluation will be required to determine the extent of improvement in ischemic complication and restenosis rates and to provide additional insight into the safety profile of this potent monoclonal platelet antibody.
From tau phosphorylation to tau aggregation: what about neuronal death? (2010)

Tau pathology is characterized by intracellular aggregates of abnormally and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. It is encountered in many neurodegenerative disorders, but also in aging. These neurodegenerative disorders are referred to as tauopathies. Comparative biochemistry of the tau aggregates shows that they differ in both tau isoform phosphorylation and content, which enables a molecular classification of tauopathies. In conditions of dementia, NFD (neurofibrillary degeneration) severity is correlated to cognitive impairment and is often considered as neuronal death. Using tau animal models, analysis of the kinetics of tau phosphorylation, aggregation and neuronal death in parallel to electrophysiological and behavioural parameters indicates a disconnection between cognition deficits and neuronal cell death. Tau phosphorylation and aggregation are early events followed by cognitive impairment. Neuronal death is not observed before the oldest ages. A sequence of events may be the formation of toxic phosphorylated tau species, their aggregation, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (from pre-tangles to ghost tangles) and finally neuronal cell death. This sequence will last from 15 to 25 years and one can ask whether the aggregation of toxic phosphorylated tau species is a protection against cell death. Apoptosis takes 24 h, but NFD lasts for 24 years to finally kill the neuron or rather to protect it for more than 20 years. Altogether, these data suggest that NFD is a transient state before neuronal death and that therapeutic interventions are possible at that stage.
Independent regulation of M-CSF and G-CSF gene expression in human monocytes (1988)

The macrophage and granulocyte colony-stimulating factors, M-CSF and G-CSF, act in vitro to induce proliferation and differentiation of monocyte and granulocyte progenitor cells, respectively. We show here that both of these CSFs can be produced by stimulated human blood monocytes, but the M-CSF and G-CSF genes are independently regulated. Recombinant human interleukin-3 (IL-3) and GM-CSF primarily induce expression of the M-CSF gene and secretion of M-CSF, whereas bacterial lipopolysaccharide primarily induces expression of the G-CSF gene and secretion of G-CSF. These results suggest that under different conditions of in vitro stimulation the monocyte secretes factors that could lead selectively to either granulocyte or monocyte production.
Report on the seventh ACM SIGOPS European workshop (1997)

The Seventh workshop in this series was held in a spectacular, isolated, nearly-impossible-to-get-to site on the rugged West Coast of Ireland. Despite having a conference room with a view of the ocean and New York City far in the distance, more wholesome Irish food than anybody could possibly eat (especially an edible basket of home-made ice cream twice a day), a peat fire in the fireplace, and more attendees in the Youth Division (under the age of 3) than SIGOPS normally attracts, we had innumerable spirited discussions about systems issues on the present and future Internet as well as a lot of fun.
Activation of STAT3, MAPK, and AKT in Malignant Astrocytic Gliomas (2006)

Diffuse astrocytic gliomas are the most common human glial tumors with glioblastoma being the most malignant form. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene amplification is one of the most common genetic changes in glioblastoma and can lead to the activation of various downstream signaling molecules, including STAT3, MAPK, and AKT. In this study, we investigated the activation status of these 3 signaling molecules as well as wild-type (EGFRwt) and mutant (EGFRvIII) EGFR in 82 malignant astrocytic gliomas (55 glioblastomas and 27 anaplastic astrocytomas) using immunohistochemistry. The presence of EGFRwt, but not EGFRvIII, immunopositivity correlated significantly with prevalent EGFR gene amplification in glioblastomas. STAT3 and AKT activation correlated significantly with EGFR status, although the correlation for p-STAT3 was attributed exclusively to EGFRvIII. The distribution of these 3 activated molecules varied significantly with tumor grade; although activation of STAT3 was essentially identical between anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas, an increase in the activation of MAPK and AKT appeared to correlate with the progression of anaplastic astrocytoma to glioblastoma. Finally, activated STAT3 and AKT were marginally predictive of improved and worse prognosis, respectively. Taken together, these findings begin to elucidate the interrelationship between these signaling pathways in astrocytic gliomas in vivo.
Development of polylactic/glycolic acid delivery systems for use in treatment of narcotic addiction. (1975)

Implantable polylactic/glycolic acid matrix systems have successfully provided the sustained release of naltrexone to mice for periods of up to 200 days. In vitro and in vivo release rates have been determined by measuring chemical concentrations in pH 7 buffer solution and urine, respectively, and in vivo efficacy has been measured by direct challenge with morphine (Dewey-Harris mouse tail-flick test). Dosage forms of small implantable cylinders, 1/16'' diameter, (25 mg/rod, one rod/mouse) containing 33% by weight naltrexone pamoate in 90 L(+)/10 polylactic/glycolic acid have sustained the delivery of chemical for 20 days. Delivery of chemical from dosage forms of 1/16'' diameter spherical beads (3 mg/bead, 3 beads/mouse) containing 33% by weight naltrexone base in 90 L(+)/10 polylactic/glycolic acid was sustained for 60 days. Earlier a similar bead type dosage form of 75 L(+)/25 polylactic/glycolic acid containing 50% by weight naltrexone base and coated with the pure polymer provided controlled release for 25 days. Polymerization conditions which incorporate the use of pharmacologically suitable catalysts and yield products reproducibly have have been delineated. Techniques for sterilization of the final implant have been screened.
Efficient policy analysis for administrative role based access control (2007)

Administrative RBAC (ARBAC) policies specify how Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) policies may be changed by each administrator. It is often difficult to fully understand the effect of an ARBAC policy by simple inspection, because sequences of changes by different administrators may interact in unexpected ways. ARBAC policy analysis algorithms can help by answering questions, such a suser-role reachability, which asks whether a given user can be assigned to given roles by given administrators. This problem is intractable in general. This paper identifies classes of policies of practical interest, develops analysis algorithms for them, and analyzes their parameterized complexity, showing that the algorithms may have high complexity with respect to some parameter k characterizing the hardness of the input (such that k is often small in practice) but have polynomial complexity in terms of the overall input size when the value of k is fixed.
In vitro Development of Neospora caninum (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) from Dogs (1989)

The development of Neospora caninum isolated from naturally infected dogs was examined in mammalian cell cultures. Tachyzoites developed by endodyogeny when inoculated onto bovine monocyte or bovine cardiopulmonary artery endothelial cell cultures. Tachyzoites were 5.0 by 2.0 microns and had a posteriorly located nucleus. Cytopathogenic effects of parasite development consisted of the formation of holes in the cell monolayer associated with the rupture of infected host cells. Serial passage of tachyzoites was achieved by subinoculation of tachyzoites onto non-infected bovine monocyte cell cultures. It appears that N. caninum can be continuously grown in cell cultures.
Early exercise training after myocardial infarction prevents contractile but not electrical remodelling or hypertrophy (2009)

Early voluntary exercise training after MI restores cell contraction to normal values predominantly because of changes in the myofilament Ca(2+) response and has a beneficial effect on diastolic Ca(2+) handling. However, the beneficial effect is not a complete reversal of remodelling as hypertrophy and loss of repolarizing K(+) currents are not affected.
What's your sign?: efficient sign coding for embedded wavelet image coding (2002)

Wavelet transform coefficients are defined by both a magnitude and a sign. While promising algorithms exist for efficiently coding the transform coefficient magnitudes, current wavelet image coding algorithms are not efficient at coding the sign of the transform coefficients. It is generally assumed that there is no compression gain to be obtained from entropy coding of the sign. Only recently have some authors begun to investigate this component of wavelet image coding. In this paper, sign coding is examined in detail in the context of an embedded wavelet image coder. It is shown that PSNR improvements of up to 0.7 dB are possible from an efficient modeling and entropy coding of the coefficient signs, combined with a new extrapolation technique, which is used to improve the final estimate of insignificant coefficients. These sign coding techniques are applicable to any genre (e.g., zero-tree, context-model) of the embedded wavelet image coder.
Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis (2004)

As the major regulator of vascular homeostasis, the endothelium exerts a number of vasoprotective effects, such as vasodilation, suppression of smooth muscle cell growth, and inhibition of inflammatory responses. Many of these effects are largely mediated by nitric oxide, the most potent endogenous vasodilator. Nitric oxide opposes the effects of endothelium-derived vasoconstrictors and inhibits oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. A defect in the production or activity of nitric oxide leads to endothelial dysfunction, signaled by impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial dysfunction is an early marker for atherosclerosis and can be detected before structural changes to the vessel wall are apparent on angiography or ultrasound. Many of the risk factors that predispose to atherosclerosis can also cause endothelial dysfunction, and the presence of multiple risk factors has been found to predict endothelial dysfunction. A number of clinical trials have shown that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) improve endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary risk factors beyond what could be attributed to their impact on plasma lipids. Studies have elucidated several possible mechanisms by which statin therapy may improve endothelial dysfunction, including upregulation of nitric oxide production or activity and reduction of oxidative stress.
Promoting Real-Time Optimization of Hydrocarbon Producing Systems (2003)

Abstract The term "Real-Time Optimization" (RTO) has rapidly found its way into common usage in the oil and gas industry, as it already has in many others. However, RTO in the oil and gas industry is usually used more as a slogan rather than describing a system or process that truly optimizes anything at all, let alone does so in real-time. In this paper, we describe what RTO means in the exploitation of hydrocarbons and what technologies are available now and are likely to be available in the future. We discuss how it is misunderstood and what real financial benefits await those who adopt it. Furthermore, we are working toward developing a method of classification to allow us to establish where a field operation lies on the RTO ladder, and to help plan a strategy to generate the benefits that moving up the RTO ladder can offer on specific fields and assets. The paper also describes a new SPE Technical Interest Group (TIG), explaining why it has been formed, and outlining its objectives and some planned deliverables.