gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A highly parallel microfluidic droplet method enabling single-molecule counting for digital enzyme detection (2014)

Although digital detection of nucleic acids has been achieved by amplification of single templates in uniform microfluidic droplets and widely used for genetic analysis, droplet-based digital detection of proteins has rarely been reported, largely due to the lack of an efficient target amplification method for protein in droplets. Here, we report a key step towards digital detection of proteins using a highly parallel microfluidic droplet approach for single enzyme molecule detection in picoliter droplets via enzyme catalyzed signal amplification. An integrated microfluidic chip was designed for high throughput uniform droplet generation, monolayer droplet collection, incubation, detection, and release. Single β-galatosidase (β-Gal) molecules and the fluorogenic substrate fluorescein di-β-D-galactopyranoside were injected from two separated inlets to form uniform 20 μm droplets in fluorinated oil at a frequency of 6.6 kHz. About 200 000 droplets were captured as a monolayer in a capture well on-chip for subsequent imaging detection. A series of β-Gal solutions at different concentrations were analyzed at the single-molecule level. With no enzyme present, no droplets were found to fluoresce, while brightly fluorescent droplets were observed under single-enzyme molecule conditions. Droplet fluorescence intensity distribution analysis showed that the distribution of enzyme molecules under single-molecule conditions matched well with theoretical prediction, further proving the feasibility of detecting single enzyme molecules in emulsion droplets. Moreover, the population of fluorescent droplets increased as the β-Gal concentration increased. Based on a digital counting method, the measured concentrations of the enzyme were found to match well with input enzyme concentration, establishing the accuracy of the digital detection method for the quantification of β-Gal enzyme molecules. The capability of highly parallel detection of single enzyme molecules in uniform picoliter droplets paves the way to microdroplet based digital detection of proteins.
Crystallisation inside fullerene related structures (1997)

The different methods for encapsulating crystalline materials inside fullerene related structures are reviewed. The relationships between the mode of encapsulation and the crystallisation behaviour obtained in each case are described. In particular, the mechanisms of morphological and orientational control of crystallite growth inside carbon nanotubes and the comparative encapsulation behaviours of materials encapsulated by physical and catalytic methods are described and discussed. The encapsulation of defect tungsten oxide structures within inorganic fullerene-like structures are also described.
The “Cost” of Securing Domestic Air Travel, 21 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 405 (2003) (2003)

This comment explores the security measures utilized for airline travel. Early airport security is compared to post 911 airport security. Various traveler search methods are analyzed against the backdrop of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. Included is an analysis of effectiveness, legality, and policy considerations of current security measures. Finally, the author proposes alternative security measures addressing the effectiveness, legality and policy considerations of such proposed solutions.
Preparative LC−MS Purification:  Improved Compound-Specific Method Optimization (2004)

One of the remaining challenges in providing effective preparative LC-MS purification is balancing throughput and compound purity. We describe here an approach to optimizing preparative LC-MS methods that provides significantly better chromatographic resolution and, hence, better compound purity than generic preparative LC methods consuming the same amount of time. This approach is easier to implement, is more rugged, and permits significantly greater flexibility than previously reported approaches. The instrument configurations and protocols presented here are specifically tailored for open access support, but the basic approach is equally suitable and effective in high-throughput situations.
Delta-24 Increases the Expression and Activity of Topoisomerase I and Enhances the Antiglioma Effect of Irinotecan (2006)

The combination of Delta-24 treatment with CPT-11 showed an enhanced anticancer effect, which suggests that the interaction between adenoviral and human proteins can be exploited in rational anticancer therapies comprising replication-competent adenoviruses and conventional chemotherapeutic agents.
Flowmetric comparison of respiratory inductance plethysmography and pneumotachography in horses (2001)

Respiratory inductance plethysmographic (RIP) and pneumotachographic (Pn) flows were compared dynamically in horses with bronchoconstriction. On a breath-by-breath basis, RIP was normalized to inspiratory volume from Pn, and peak [peak of subtracted final exhalation waveform (SFE(max))] and selected area [integral of subtracted final waveform during first 25% of exhaled volume (SFE(int))] differences between RIP and Pn flows during early expiration were measured in three settings: 1) healthy horses (n = 8) undergoing histamine bronchoprovocation; 2) horses with naturally occurring lower airway obstruction (AO) (n = 7); and 3) healthy horses (n = 6) given lobeline. HCl to induce hyperpnea. In setting 1, histamine challenge induced a dose-dependent increase in SFE(max) and SFE(int) differences. A test index of airway reactivity (interpolated histamine dose that increased SFE(max) by 35%) closely correlated (r(s) = 0.93, P = 0.001) with a conventional index (histamine dose that induced a 35% decrease in dynamic compliance). In setting 2, in horses with AO, SFE(max) and SFE(int) were markedly elevated, and their absolute values correlated significantly (P < 0.005) with pulmonary resistance and the maximum change in transpulmonary pressure. The effects of bronchodilator treatment on the SFE(max) and SFE(int) were also highly significant (P < 0.0001). In setting 3, hyperpnea, but not tachypnea, caused significant (P < 0.01) increases in SFE(max) but not in SFE(int). In conclusion, dynamic comparisons between RIP and Pn provide a defensible method for quantifying AO during tidal breathing, without the need for invasive instrumentation.
Endothelial cell culture on Dacron fabrics of different configurations (1978)

The growth of tissue-cultured aortic endothelial cells from the calf using 12 different configurations of Dacron polyester (U.S. Catheter and Instrument Co.) as substrates was studied. Scanning electron microscopy showed maximum cell coverage on tightly knit configurations, whereas loose knits and velours did not support cell growth.
SYMPLICITY HTN 3: The death knell for renal denervation in hypertension? (2014)

Resistant hypertension is, by definition, a challenge to most physicians treating hypertension. Renal sympathetic denervation has shown promising early results in treating this condition. The SYMPLICITY HTN-3 is the most recent trial to report the effects of this technique on resistant hypertension. This review discusses this study and its surprising neutral results before ending with an overview of key lessons learned.
Interpolation-Based Multi-Mode Precoding for MIMO-OFDM Systems with Limited Feedback (2007)

Spatial multiplexing with multi-mode precoding provides a means to achieve both high capacity and high reliability in multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems. Multi-mode precoding uses linear transmit precoding that adapts the number of spatial multiplexing data streams or modes, according to the transmit channel state information (CSI). As such, it typically requires complete knowledge of the multi-mode precoding matrices for each subcarrier at the transmitter. In practical scenarios where the CSI is acquired at the receiver and fed back to the transmitter through a low-rate feedback link, this requirement may entail a prohibitive feedback overhead. In this paper, we propose to reduce the feedback requirement by combining codebook-based precoder quantization, to efficiently quantize and represent the optimal precoder on each subcarrier, and multi-mode precoder frequency down-sampling and interpolation, to efficiently reconstruct the precoding matrices on all subcarriers based on the feedback of the indexes of the quantized precoders only on a fraction of the subcarriers. To enable this efficient interpolation-based quantized multimode precoding solution, we introduce (1) a novel precoder codebook design that lends itself to precoder interpolation, across subcarriers, followed by mode selection, (2) a new precoder interpolator and, finally, (3) a clustered mode selection approach that significantly reduces the feedback overhead related to the mode information on each subcarrier. Monte-Carlo bit-error rate (BER) performance simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed quantized multi-mode precoding solution, at reasonable feedback overhead
Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and treatments (2014)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is defined as a chronic intestinal inflammation that results from host-microbial interactions in a genetically susceptible individual. IBDs are a group of autoimmune diseases that are characterized by inflammation of both the small and large intestine, in which elements of the digestive system are attacked by the body's own immune system. This inflammatory condition encompasses two major forms, known as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Patients affected by these diseases experience abdominal symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloody stools, and vomiting. Moreover, defects in intestinal epithelial barrier function have been observed in a number of patients affected by IBD. In this review, we first describe the types and symptoms of IBD and investigate the role that the epithelial barrier plays in the pathophysiology of IBD as well as the major cytokines involved. We then discuss steps used to diagnose this disease and the treatment options available, and finally provide an overview of the recent research that aims to develop new therapies for such chronic disorders.
Verifying SCR Requirements Specifications Using State Exploration (1997)

Researchers at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) have been developing a formal method, known as the SCR (Software Cost Reduction) method, to specify the requirements of software systems using tables. NRL has developed a formal state machine model defining the SCR semantics and support tools for analysis and validation. Recently, a verification capability was added to the SCR toolset. Users can now invoke the Spin model checker within the toolset to establish properties of a specification. This paper describes the results of our initial experiments to verify properties of SCR requirements specifications using Spin. After reviewing the SCR requirements method and introducing our formal requirements model, we describe how SCR specifications can be translated into an imperative programming notation. We also describe how we limit state explosion by verifying abstractions of the original requirements specification. These abstractions are derived using the formula to be verified and special attributes of SCR specifications. The paper concludes with the results of our experiments with Spin and a discussion of ongoing and future work.
Improving the capacity in wireless networks through integrated channel base station and power assignment (1998)

The limited availability of radio frequency spectrum will require future wireless systems to use more efficient and sophisticated resource allocation methods to increase network capacity. In this work, we propose a joint resource allocation algorithm (JRAA) that makes the channel base station and power assignment in a wireless network with an arbitrary number of base stations and mobiles attempting to minimize the number of channels needed to provide each user in the system with an acceptable radio connection. We compare the performance of the JRAA for both the forward (downstream) and reverse (upstream) directions, in terms of the achievable traffic capacity, with some bounds on the performance of the maximum packing (MP), clique packing (CP), and reuse partitioning (RP) techniques, which are usually used as benchmarks on the capacity that can be achieved by any traffic-adaptive dynamic channel assignment strategy, where the quality is guaranteed by the reuse distance. Those performance results verify the improvement that can be achieved by the integration of the channel base station and power assignment. Finally, several versions of the two-way channel assignment problem are studied and evaluated.
The Fallacy of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Neoplasia (2005)

Epithelial mesenchymal transition has been postulated as a versatile mechanism which facilitates cellular repositioning and redeployment during embryonic development, tissue reconstruction after injury, carcinogenesis, and tumor metastasis. The hypothesis originates from parallels drawn between the morphology and behavior of locomotory and sedentary cells in vitro and in various normal and pathologic processes in vivo. This review analyzes data from several studies on embryonic development, wound healing, and the pathology of human tumors, including work from our own laboratory, to assess the validity of the proposal. It is concluded that there is no convincing evidence for conversion of epithelial cells into mesenchymal cell lineages in vivo and that the biological repertoire of normal and malignant cells is sufficient to account for the events and processes observed, without needing to invoke radical changes in cell identity.
Molecular cloning and expression of a pituitary-specific receptor for growth hormone-releasing hormone. (1992)

A novel cDNA was isolated from rat pituitary mRNA using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify sequences encoding G protein-coupled receptors. The human homolog of this cDNA was isolated and expressed in human kidney 293 cells, and membrane fractions from these cells were found to bind human GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) with high affinity and specificity. GHRH also stimulates intracellular cAMP production in these transfected cells. The encoded receptor protein contains seven potential membrane-spanning domains, a hallmark of G protein-coupled receptors, and is homologous to previously identified receptors for secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide, ligands that are related to GHRH. The rat GHRH receptor mRNA is expressed predominantly, if not exclusively, in the anterior pituitary gland, the major target for GHRH action. These results define a mechanism for cellular signaling by GHRH and provide the opportunity to examine the role of the GHRH receptor in growth abnormalities that involve the GH axis.
GPRC6A Null Mice Exhibit Osteopenia, Feminization and Metabolic Syndrome (2008)

GPRC6A(-/-) mice have a metabolic syndrome characterized by defective osteoblast-mediated bone mineralization, abnormal renal handling of calcium and phosphorus, fatty liver, glucose intolerance and disordered steroidogenesis. These findings suggest the overall function of GPRC6A may be to coordinate the anabolic responses of multiple tissues through the sensing of extracellular amino acids, osteocalcin and divalent cations.
The Alpha and Omega of Galactosylceramides in T Cell Immune Function (2015)

Glycosphingolipids are a subgroup of glycolipids that contain an amino alcohol sphingoid base linked to sugars. They are found in the membranes of cells ranging from bacteria to vertebrates. This group of lipids is known to stimulate the immune system through activation of a type of white blood cell known as natural killer T cell (NKT cell). Here we summarize the extensive research that has been done to identify the structures of natural glycolipids that stimulate NKT cells and to determine how these antigens are recognized. We also review studies designed to understand how glycolipid variants, both natural and synthetic, can alter the responses of NKT cells, leading to dramatic changes in the global immune response.
Structural and functional properties of the p60 proteins from different Listeria species (1992)

The major extracellular protein p60 of Listeria monocytogenes seems to be required for this microorganism's adherence to and invasion of 3T6 mouse fibroblasts but not for adherence to human epithelial Caco-2 cells. Western blot analysis with polyclonal antibodies against p60 of L. monocytogenes indicated the presence of cross-reacting proteins in the culture supernatants of all Listeria species. Protein p60 of L. monocytogenes could restore adhesion of the L. monocytogenes mutant RIII (impaired in the synthesis of p60) to mouse fibroblasts more efficiently than that of Listeria grayi. The amino acid sequences of the p60-related proteins of L. innocua, L. ivanovii, L. seeligeri, L. welshimeri, and L. grayi indicated highly conserved regions of about 120 amino acids at both the N-terminal and the C-terminal ends. The middle portions of these proteins, consisting of about 240 amino acids, varied considerably. These parts include the repeat domain consisting of repetitions of Thr (T) and Asn (N) which was present only, albeit in different arrangements, in the p60 proteins of L. monocytogenes and L. innocua. The p60-related proteins of L. grayi, L. ivanovii, L. seeligeri, and L. welshimeri each contained an insertion of 54 amino acids which was absent in the p60 proteins of L. monocytogenes and L. innocua.
Synthesis and evaluation of the physicochemical properties of esterase‐sensitive cyclic prodrugs of opioid peptides using an (acyloxy)alkoxy linker (1999)

The objective of this work was to synthesize the cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 of [Leu5]-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH) and DADLE (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH), respectively, using an (acyloxy)alkoxy linker. The cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 were synthesized via a convergent method using the (acyloxy)alkoxy promoiety that connected the C- and N-terminus of the peptides. The key intermediates were compounds 6a and 9a for cyclic prodrug 1 and compounds 6b and 9b for cyclic prodrug 2. The key intermediates 6a and 9a (or 6b and 9b) were coupled to give compound 10a (or 10b). The N- and C-terminus protecting groups were removed from 10a and 10b to give compounds 11a and 11b, respectively, which were then treated with HBTU to give 1 and 2 in 40% and 53% yields, respectively. The cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 exhibited Stokes-Einstein molecular radii similar to those of [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE; however, the cyclic prodrugs were shown to be significantly more lipophilic than the corresponding opioid peptides, as determined by partitioning experiments using immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) column chromatography. In addition, the cyclic prodrugs exhibit stable solution conformations, which reduce their hydrogen bonding potentials. Based on these physicochemical characteristics, the cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 should have exhibited better transcellular flux across the Caco-2 cell monolayer than [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE, respectively. However, the cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 were shown in separate studies to be substrates for P-glycoprotein, which significantly reduced their ability to permeate across Caco-2 cell monolayers. When P-glycoprotein was inhibited, the permeability characteristics of prodrugs 1 and 2 were consistent with their physicochemical properties.
[Effect of total flavonoids of Hippophae rhamnoides L. on the expression of MCP-1 in aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats]. (2009)

TFH can markedly decrease SBP of SHR and the decrease value of the TFH group was similar with that of the Enalapril and Hydrochlorothiazide group. TFH may inhibit the expression of MCP-1 in aorta and intimal medial thickness of aorta beyond BP Lowering effect. The effect of THF on the expression of MCP-1 and intimal medial thickness of aorta was similar with Enalapril. TFH may through inhibite the expression of MCP-1 in aorta to reduce the intimal medial thickness of aorta and protect hypertensive injury in target organs.
Liposomes in the treatment of inflammatory disorders (2005)

This review focuses on the therapeutic utility of liposomes in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, and aims to offer the reader an overview of the in vivo results obtained with liposomally encapsulated anti-inflammatory and immune suppressive drugs. The past 30 years has clearly indicated the added value of liposomes in the search for solutions for the delivery problems encountered. However, only a few liposomal anti-inflammatory therapeutics have entered the clinic. Reasons for the hurdles existing in the translation of promising preclinical findings to clinical studies are discussed.
New results on cosine-modulated FIR filter banks satisfying perfect reconstruction (1991)

The authors present a derivation of the necessary and sufficient condition on the polyphase components of a linear-phase prototype (length N=2 mM) such that the polyphase component matrix of the filter bank is lossless. This in turn ensures that the modulated filter bank satisfies the PR (perfect reconstruction) property. An efficient design procedure (which involves fewer parameters to be optimized than other approaches) is presented. By this approach, FIR (finite-impulse-response) PR filter banks can be designed for an arbitrary number of channels. Moreover, since both the analysis and synthesis filter banks are obtained by modulation, they can be implemented very efficiently (using the discrete cosine transform). The design procedure is outlined and a design example is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Measuring interference between live datacenter applications (2012)

Application interference is prevalent in datacenters due to contention over shared hardware resources. Unfortunately, understanding interference in live datacenters is more difficult than in controlled environments or on simpler architectures. Most approaches to mitigating interference rely on data that cannot be collected efficiently in a production environment. This work exposes eight specific complexities of live datacenters that constrain measurement of interference. It then introduces new, generic measurement techniques for analyzing interference in the face of these challenges and restrictions. We use the measurement techniques to conduct the first large-scale study of application interference in live production datacenter workloads. Data is measured across 1000 12-core Google servers observed to be running 1102 unique applications. Finally, our work identifies several opportunities to improve performance that use only the available data; these opportunities are applicable to any datacenter.