gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Video transcoding proxy for 3Gwireless mobile Internet access (2000)

Transcoding proxies for mobile World Wide Web access have been developed. In the near future, wideband mobile communication systems such as IMT-2000 will emerge, and these proxies will have to cope with a variety of media such as video. In this article we identify issues involved in viewing a video stream in a mobile computing environment; to handle these issues, we propose a video transcoding system and its control method. These mechanisms provide stable transmission of video data and comfortable video viewing on user clients by estimating the communication conditions, client device capabilities, and user preferences.
Li Metal‐Free Rechargeable Batteries Based on Li1 + x Mn2 O 4 Cathodes  ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 )  and Carbon Anodes (1991)

We show that the spinel , can also be used as the cathode in rechargeable rocking‐chair batteries based on lithium intercalation anodes (carbon, either graphite or petroleum coke). At room temperature, such cells show promising cycle life, an average open‐circuit voltage of 3.7 V and a specific energy of 250 Wh/kg of electrode materials . In addition, we report a novel easily reproducible solution technique for synthesizing , at low temperatures (<100°C), using as a mild reducing agent. The cycling behavior of rocking‐chair cells using this lithiated phase as the starting cathode is presented. appears to be a promising practical "air stable" Li‐bearing cathode for rocking‐chair‐type rechargeable cells.
A Review of the Properties and CVD Synthesis of Coiled Carbon Nanotubes (2010)

The CVD route for carbon nanotube production has become a popular method to make large amounts of multiwall carbon nanotubes. The structure, morphology and size of carbon materials depend critically on the catalyst preparation and deposition conditions. According to current knowledge, CVD method is the only process which can produce carbon nanocoils. These nanocoils are perfect candidates for nanotechnology applications. One might indeed hope that these coils would have the extraordinary stiffness displayed by straight nanotubes. Based on theoretical studies, regular coiled nanotubes exhibit exceptional mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties due to the combination of their peculiar helical morphology and the fascinating properties of nanotubes. In spite of its technological interest, relatively low attention has been paid to this special field. In this paper we attempt to summarize results obtained until now.
Characterization of clones of HIV-1 infected HuT 78 cells defective in gag gene processing and of SIV clones producing large amounts of envelope glycoprotein. (1990)

Single-cell clones of HIV-1 (FRE-3) or SIV/Mne infected HuT 78 cells were obtained by plating dilutions of virally infected HuT 78 cells on a monolayer of sheep choroid plexus cells in 96-well microtiter plates. Several of these clones produce HIV-1 virus mutants that accumulate the gag precursor polyprotein and lack a functional protease. These protease-deficient viruses are non-infectious and consist of aberrant "immature" virus particles as determined by electron microscopy. Several SIV mutants are also described that produce large amounts of either the envelope glycoprotein gp120 or the nucleic acid binding gag protein. These mutants are useful for the purification of these retroviral proteins, in developing assays of protease inhibitors, and in preparing SIV envelope protein vaccines.
Studies on Acetylenic Compounds. XXII. Ring Closure. (4). New Synthesis of Thiazoles and Imidazole. (1962)

It was found that the compounds having the general formula RCH(X)-C≡C-R'gave thiazole derivatives by reaction with thiourea. The relationship between the structure of thiazoles and substituent groups was clarified as follows : (1) When R=R'=Ph, 2-amino-4-benzyl-5-phenylthiazole (IId) is obtained, (2) When R=alkyl, R'=H, two kinds of thiazoles are obtained ; and (3) when R=R'=alkyl, thiazole derivative is not obtained. Similarly, propargyl bromide and phenylpropargyl bromide, when reacted with ammonium dithiocarbamate, afforded 2-mercapto-4-methylthiazole (XX) and 2-mercapto-4-benzylthiazole (XXIII), respectively. Further, 2-amino-4-methylimidazole (XXV) was obtained from guanidine and propargyl bromide.
MiR-106b and MiR-15b Modulate Apoptosis and Angiogenesis in Myocardial Infarction (2012)

The miRNAs played essential roles in pathological processes of MI. Further, miR-106b and miR-15b maybe mediated as robust regulators in apoptosis or angiogenesis following MI, respectively.
Short-Term Treatment with Troglitazone Decreases Bone Turnover in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. (1999)

Poorly controlled type 2 or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients exhibit high bone turnover, which decelerate with treatment according to the degree of improvement in glycemic control. In adults, higher bone turnover results in rapid bone loss. Therefore, deceleration of bone turnover is beneficial for bone. Troglitazone (Tro), a new anti-diabetic drug, is a thiazolidinedione (TZD) which promotes adipocyte differentiation by activating peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Because, in the bone marrow, adipocytes and osteoblasts originate in common mesenchymal stem cells that are also essential for osteoclastogenesis, TZDs may directly affect bone metabolism. Thus, we examined the effects of Tro on metabolic bone markers in type 2 DM patients. Tro (400 mg/day) was administered to 33 type 2 DM patients for four weeks. The day before and four weeks after starting Tro, serum and urine samples were collected after overnight fasting. Metabolic bone markers and glycemic indices were assessed. As bone resorption markers, urinary free and total deoxypyridinoline as well as urinary collagen type I C-terminal telopeptide were measured; as bone formation markers, serum bone type and total alkaline phosphatase (BALP and ALP) levels along with osteocalcin (OC) were used. No significant changes in fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c levels were observed in our short-term treatment with Tro. All the bone resorption markers, BALP and ALP were significantly decreased. OC was not significantly changed. The discrepant changes of OC from all the other metabolic bone markers suggest limitation of the use of OC as a reliable bone formation marker in diabetics. Our results that Tro decreased metabolic bone markers before significantly improving glucose metabolism suggest that it has direct effects on bone and decreased bone turnover. TZDs may spare bone mass in NIDDM subjects through its dual effects on glucose and bone metabolism.
The Lipopolysaccharide Core of Brucella abortus Acts as a Shield Against Innate Immunity Recognition (2012)

Innate immunity recognizes bacterial molecules bearing pathogen-associated molecular patterns to launch inflammatory responses leading to the activation of adaptive immunity. However, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the gram-negative bacterium Brucella lacks a marked pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and it has been postulated that this delays the development of immunity, creating a gap that is critical for the bacterium to reach the intracellular replicative niche. We found that a B. abortus mutant in the wadC gene displayed a disrupted LPS core while keeping both the LPS O-polysaccharide and lipid A. In mice, the wadC mutant induced proinflammatory responses and was attenuated. In addition, it was sensitive to killing by non-immune serum and bactericidal peptides and did not multiply in dendritic cells being targeted to lysosomal compartments. In contrast to wild type B. abortus, the wadC mutant induced dendritic cell maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. All these properties were reproduced by the wadC mutant purified LPS in a TLR4-dependent manner. Moreover, the core-mutated LPS displayed an increased binding to MD-2, the TLR4 co-receptor leading to subsequent increase in intracellular signaling. Here we show that Brucella escapes recognition in early stages of infection by expressing a shield against recognition by innate immunity in its LPS core and identify a novel virulence mechanism in intracellular pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. These results also encourage for an improvement in the generation of novel bacterial vaccines.
Vacuum ion emission from solid electrolytes: An alternative source for focused ion beams (2006)

A bright ion source based on the solid electrolyte (AgI)0.5(AgPO3)0.5 has been developed. The solid electrolyte source provides stable currents of Ag+ in the microampere regime that make it suitable for focused ion beam applications. Similar conditions are expected for different solid electrolyte materials and their corresponding ions. This opens a broad field of applications in structuring and modifying devices on a nanometer scale using focused ion beams.
Effect of Dietary Fat on the Fatty Acid Composition and Fertilizing Ability of Fowl Semen (1997)

Broiler breeder roosters received two diets, containing either 5% salmon oil (SO) or 5% corn oil (CO). The diets differed essentially in their polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition, with n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratios of 41.6 in SO and 1.5 in CO. The effects of these diets on the fatty acid composition of spermatozoa and seminal plasma, and on fertility evaluated after artificial insemination were observed. Whatever the diet, the fatty acid composition of spermatozoa showed notable amounts of 20:4n-6 (5-9%) and 22:4n-6 (15-21%). These essential fatty acids were not detected in the diets and were synthesized from 18:2n-6, which was abundant in the diet (15-16%) but low in spermatozoa (2-3%). Spermatozoa were also very rich in saturated fatty acids (39%). There was a clear influence of dietary lipids on the spermatozoa fatty acid profile: the proportion of n-3 fatty acids in spermatozoa from males fed SO compared to CO was higher (9.6% vs. 4.3%) and that of n-6 fatty acids was lower (22.4% vs. 33.3%). The fatty acid composition of seminal plasma included a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids (49%) than the proportion in spermatozoa, whereas minor fatty acids (14:0, 16:1n-7, 16:1n-9, 22:5n-3) were not detected. The influence of dietary lipids on the seminal plasma fatty acid profile was the same as for the spermatozoa, especially in the PUFA profile. In addition, the SO diet gave significantly higher fertility rates (96%) than the CO diet (91.6%). These results clearly show that the lipid composition of the diet may modify the fatty acid composition of the semen and its fertilizing ability.
Ketamine Attenuates and Reverses Morphine Tolerance in Rodents (1996)

Systemically administered ketamine attenuates and reverses systemically induced morphine tolerance in mice, and intraspinal ketamine attenuates tolerance produced by intraspinal morphine in rats.
Solution Structure of Monomeric Peptide YY Supports the Functional Significance of the PP-Fold, (2000)

Peptide YY (PYY) belongs to a family of peptides including neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pancreatic peptide (PP) that regulate numerous functions through both central and peripheral receptors. The solution structure of these peptides is hypothesized to be critically important in receptor selectivity and activation, based on prior demonstration of a stable tertiary conformation of PP called the "PP-fold". Circular dichroism (CD) spectra show a pH-dependent structural transition in the pH range 3-4. Thus we describe the tertiary structure of porcine PYY in water at pH 5.5, 25 degrees C, and 150 mM NaCl, as determined from 2D (1)H NMR data recorded at 500 MHz. A constraint set consisting of 396 interproton distances from NOE data was used as input for distance geometry, simulated annealing, and restrained energy minimization calculations in X-PLOR. The RMSDs of the 20 X-PLOR-generated structures were 0.71 +/- 0.14 and 1.16 +/- 0.17 A, respectively, for backbone and heavy atom overlays of residues 1-34. The resulting structure consists of two C-terminal helical segments from residues 17 to 22 and 25 to 33 separated by a kink at residues 23, 24, and 25, a turn centered around residues 12-14, and the N-terminus folded near residues 30 and 31. The well-defined portions of the PYY structure reported here bear a marked similarity to the structure of PP. Our findings strongly support the importance of the stable folded structure of this family of peptides for binding and activation of Y receptor subtypes.
A system for EPID‐based real‐time treatment delivery verification during dynamic IMRT treatment (2013)

A real-time radiation delivery verification system for dynamic IMRT has been demonstrated that is designed to prevent major mistreatments in modern radiation therapy.
Alpha‐adrenoceptor agonistic activity of oxymetazoline and xylometazoline (2010)

Oxymetazoline and xylometazoline are both used as nasal mucosa decongesting α-adrenoceptor agonists during a common cold. However, it is largely unknown which of the six α-adrenoceptor subtypes are actually present in human nasal mucosa, which are activated by the two alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and to what extent. Therefore, mRNA expression in human nasal mucosa of the six α-adrenoceptor subtypes was studied. Furthermore, the affinity and potency of the imidazolines oxymetazoline and xylometazoline at these α-adrenoceptor subtypes were examined in transfected HEK293 cells. The rank order of mRNA levels of α-adrenoceptor subtypes in human nasal mucosa was: α(2A) > α(1A) ≥ α(2B) > α(1D) ≥ α(2C) >> α(1B) . Oxymetazoline and xylometazoline exhibited in radioligand competition studies higher affinities than the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline at most α-adrenoceptor subtypes. Compared to xylometazoline, oxymetazoline exhibited a significantly higher affinity at α(1A) - but a lower affinity at α(2B) -adrenoceptors. In functional studies in which adrenoceptor-mediated Ca(2+) signals were measured, both, oxymetazoline and xylometazoline behaved at α(2B) -adrenoceptors as full agonists but oxymetazoline was significantly more potent than xylometazoline. Furthermore, oxymetazoline was also a partial agonist at α(1A) -adrenoceptors; however, its potency was relatively low and it was much lower than its affinity. The higher potency at α(2B) -adrenoceptors, i.e. at receptors highly expressed at the mRNA level in human nasal mucosa, could eventually explain why in nasal decongestants oxymetazoline can be used in lower concentrations than xylometazoline.
Using Coverage Information to Guide Test Case Selection in Adaptive Random Testing (2010)

Random Testing (RT) is a fundamental software testing technique. Adaptive Random Testing (ART) improves the fault-detection capability of RT by employing the location information of previously executed test cases. Compared with RT, test cases generated in ART are more evenly spread across the input domain. ART has conventionally been applied to programs that have only numerical input types, because the distance between numerical inputs is readily measurable. The vast majority of computer programs, however, involve non-numerical inputs. To apply ART to these programs requires the development of effective new distance measures. Different from those measures that focus on the concrete values of program inputs, in this paper we propose a method to measure the distance using coverage information. The proposed method enables ART to be applied to all kinds of programs regardless of their input types. Empirical studies are further conducted for the branch coverage Manhattan distance measure using the replace and space programs. Experimental results show that, compared with RT, the proposed method significantly reduces the number of test cases required to detect the first failure. This method can be directly applied to prioritize regression test cases, and can also be incorporated into code-based and model-based test case generation tools.
Structure and Capacitive Properties of Porous Nanocrystalline VN Prepared by Temperature-Programmed Ammonia Reduction of V2O5 (2009)

Vanadium nitride (VN) is currently one of the most promising materials for electrodes of supercapacitors. The structure and electrochemical properties of VN synthesized by temperature-programmed NH3 reduction of V2O5 are analyzed in this paper. Vanadium nitride produced via this route has distinctive structural characteristics. VN mimics the shape of the initial V2O5 precursor indicating a pronounced direct attachment of nitride grains. The particles have domains of grains with a preferential orientation (texture). The large volume of pores in VN is represented by the range of 15−110 nm. VN demonstrates capacitive properties in three different types of aqueous electrolytes, 1 M KOH, 1 M H2SO4, and 3 M NaCl. The material has an acceptable rate capability in all electrolytes, showing about 80% of its maximal capacitance at a current load of 1 A/g in galvanostatic charging/discharging experiments. The capacitance of 186 F/g is observed in 1 M KOH electrolyte at 1 A/g. The previously reported negative effect of material loading on the capacitance is significantly suppressed. The observed electrochemical characteristics related to the application of this material in supercapacitors can be correlated with the crystalline structure of the nitride and the composition of its surface layer.
Nanoscale Palladium Metallization of DNA (2000)

The formation of palladium nanoclusters on a DNA template is investigated in this paper. In this novel approach to the metallization of DNA, the metal particles are not prepared in advance, but on the DNA strands themselves—the DNA is activated with palladium cations, which are then reduced to initiate nucleation and growth of the palladium clusters. This results in the formation of “nanowires” (see Figure).
Structural transitions in dense disordered silicon from quantum-accurate ultra-large-scale simulations (2019)

Structurally disordered materials continue to pose fundamental questions, including that of how different disordered phases ("polyamorphs") can coexist and transform from one to another. As a widely studied case, amorphous silicon (a-Si) forms a fourfold-coordinated, covalent random network at ambient conditions, but much higher-coordinated, metallic-like phases under pressure. However, a detailed mechanistic understanding of the liquid-amorphous and amorphous-amorphous transitions in silicon has been lacking, due to intrinsic limitations of even the most advanced experimental and computational techniques. Here, we show how machine-learning (ML)-driven simulations can break through this long-standing barrier, affording a comprehensive, quantum-accurate, and fully atomistic description of all relevant liquid and amorphous phases of silicon. Combining a model system size of 100,000 atoms (ten-nanometre length scale) with a prediction accuracy of a few meV per atom, our simulations reveal a remarkable, three-step transformation sequence for a-Si under increasing external pressure. First, up to 10-11 GPa, polyamorphic low- and high-density amorphous (LDA and HDA) regions are found to coexist, rather than appearing sequentially. Then, we observe a structural collapse into a distinct, very-high-density amorphous (VHDA) phase at 12-13 GPa, reminiscent of the dense liquid but being formed at a much lower temperature. Finally, our simulations indicate the transient nature of this VHDA phase: it rapidly nucleates crystallites at 13-16 GPa, ultimately leading to the formation of a poly-crystalline, simple-hexagonal structure, consistent with experiments but not seen in earlier simulations.
Induction of Systemic Resistance in Cucumber Against Bacterial Angular Leaf Spot by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (1995)

Two strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Pseudomonas putida 89B-27 and Serratia marcescens 90-166, that previously induced systemic resistance (ISR) in cucumber against cucumber anthracnose induced resistance against bacterial angular leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv, lachrymans. Treatment of seeds or cotyledons with both strains resulted in significant decreases in lesion number and size compared to those of a noninduced disease control. Pathogen populations (log CFU per cm 2 of leaf) in inoculated leaves also were significantly decreased with PGPR treatments, declining from log 8.0 CFU per cm 2 in noninduced controls to log 5.5 CFU per cm 2 with strain 89B-27 and log 6.2 CFU per cm 2 with strain 90-166 when cotyledon injections were used. There was no significant difference in the level of induced resistance between seed inoculation and cotyledon injection with both PGPR strains. Classic ISR treatments (either induced by introducing Colletotrichum orbiculare or P. syringae pv. lachrymans on the first true leaves) also significantly decreased lesion number and size and population densities of the pathogen in inoculated leaves compared to those of the noninduced disease control. Neither lesion size nor pathogen population densities was significantly different between PGPR-mediated ISR and classic ISR. Local necrotic lesions on cotyledons were observed 5 days after inoculation with the pathogen, and necrosis was required in the classic ISR system. However, no visible lesions developed on cotyledons after injections of PGPR. Populations of strains 89B-27 and 90-166 increased rapidly in the cotyledons after injection and were maintained above log 9 CFU per cotyledon up to 14 days after inoculation. The results indicate that PGPR-mediated ISR is similar to classic ISR in that multiple pathogens may be controlled. However, unlike classic inducing agents, PGPR do not cause visible localized necrosis.
Dimerization of the Extracellular Domain of the Erythropoietin (EPO) Receptor by EPO:  One High-Affinity and One Low-Affinity Interaction (1996)

Although there is considerable evidence that signaling by the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor is initiated when it is dimerized by binding EPO, it has been previously reported that the soluble extracellular domains of the EPO receptor (sEPOR) are not dimerized in the presence of EPO and are able to form only 1:1 complexes with EPO. We have now shown unambiguously by light scattering, sedimentation equilibrium, and titration calorimetry that two molecules of sEPOR can bind to a single EPO monomer but that the binding of the second sEPOR is approximately 1000-fold weaker than that of the first. Because this second binding interaction is quite weak (Kd of approximately 1 microM), the 2:1 sEPOR.EPO complexes are easily dissociated during chromatography (forming the 1:1 complexes reported previously) and cannot be isolated in pure form. Global analysis of the sedimentation equilibrium data has enabled us to determine the binding constants and is consistent with a model in which EPO has two independent binding sites for sEPOR but cannot exclude anticooperative or sequential binding models. The influence of glycosylation of EPO and/or sEPOR on the binding affinities has also been investigated. Titration calorimetry is consistent with the sedimentation data and shows that the weaker binding site has a more negative delta H. The relation of these results to the binding of EPO to membrane-bound receptors and to the phenomenon of apparent high-affinity and low-affinity classes of receptors is discussed.