gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CD45 and the immune response. (1993)

CD45 is a major transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on all nucleated hematopoietic cells. Eight isoforms of CD45 are distributed through the immune system according to cell type and degree of cellular differentiation. Heterogeneity among the isoforms is found entirely in the extracellular domain, arising from the differential splicing of up to four exons of a single gene. The control of isoform expression suggests that the extracellular domain may participate in protein-protein interactions with isoform-specific ligands. The intracellular domain of CD45 is large (approximately 700 amino acids), identical for all isoforms, and highly conserved across species. Two nonidentical intracellular sequences of about 240 amino acids that are homologous with a tyrosine phosphatase consensus sequence have been identified. Studies with purified CD45 have shown that all isoforms possess enzymatic activity in in vitro assays. In several T and B cell lines and in natural killer cells, it appears that CD45 is required for optimal signal transduction after stimulation through a number of surface receptors. Although an in vivo substrate has not been identified conclusively, one model suggests that CD45 functions to dephosphorylate a negative-regulatory tyrosine residue on one or more protein tyrosine kinases involved in receptor-mediated second messenger formation. In T cells, the src family kinases, lck and fyn, are candidates for this regulated kinase. In this review, some of the structural and functional aspects of CD45 and its role in signal transduction in the immune system are discussed.
The Mpl receptor is expressed in the megakaryocytic lineage from late progenitors to platelets (1995)

The Mpl receptor (Mpl-R) is a cytokine receptor belonging to the hematopoietin receptor superfamily for which a ligand has been recently characterized. To study the lineage distribution of Mpl-R in normal hematopoietic cells, we developed a monoclonal antibody (designated M1 MoAb) by immunizing mice with a soluble form of the human Mpl-R protein. With few exceptions, Mpl-R was detected by indirect immunofluorescent analysis on all human leukemic hematopoietic cell lines with pluripotential and megakaryocytic phenotypes, but not on other cell lines. By immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, M1 MoAb recognized a band at 82 to 84 kD corresponding to the expected size of the glycosylated receptor. Among normal hematopoietic cells, M1 MoAb strongly stained megakaryocytes (MK) and Mpl-R was detected on platelets by indirect immunofluorescence staining or immunoblotting. On purified CD34+ cells, less than 2% of the population was stained, but the labeling was weak and just above the threshold of detection. However, dual-labeling with the M1 and antiplatelet glycoprotein MoAbs showed that most Mpl-R+/CD34+ cells coexpressed CD41a, CD61, or CD42a, suggesting that cell surface appearance of Mpl-R and platelet glycoproteins could be coordinated. M1-positive and M1-negative subsets were sorted from purified CD34+ cell populations. Colony assays showed that the absolute number of hematopoietic progenitors was extremely low and no primitive progenitors were present in the CD34+/Mpl-R+ fraction. However, this cell fraction was significantly enriched in low proliferative colony-forming units-MK. When the CD34+/Mpl-R+ fraction was grown in liquid culture containing human aplastic serum and a combination of growth factors, mature MK were seen as early as day 4, whereas the predominant cell population was erythroblasts on day 8. Similar data were also obtained with the CD34+/Mpl-R- fraction with, however, a delay in the time of appearance of both MK and erythroblasts. In conclusion, Mpl-R is a cytokine receptor restricted to the MK cell lineage. Its expression is low on CD34+ cells and these cells mainly correspond to late MK progenitors and transitional cells. These data indicate that the action of the Mpl-R ligand might predominate during the late stages of human MK differentiation.
Expression of scFvs and scFv Fusion Proteins in Eukaryotic Cells (2003)

scFvs have considerable therapeutic potential against antigens (Ags) involved in disease processes (1 ,2), either as proteins synthesized ex vivo for passive administration, or introduced by gene therapy for in vivo expression. Their small size confers many pharmacological advantages, compared to whole antibodies (Abs). However, they lack intrinsic biological activity because they lack the Fc (effector) portion of native (whole) Abs. Biological activity can be imparted to scFvs by generating bifunctional molecules, in which the scFv that specifically recognizes an Ag on the target cells is genetically fused to an effector molecule. Examples include cytokines (3 ,4) or prodrug-converting enzymes (1 ,5,6). Alternatively, the effector molecule can be a second scFv that retargets the molecules toward a cell population, e.g., for activation of cytotoxic T cells (7) or for gene therapy, e.g., targeting recombinant adenoviruses carrying therapeutic genes (8).
Schizosaccharomyces pombe och1+ encodes α‐1,6‐mannosyltransferase that is involved in outer chain elongation of N‐linked oligosaccharides (2001)

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe attaches an outer chain containing mannose and galactose to the N-linked oligosaccharides on many of its glycoproteins. We identified an S. pombe och1 mutant that did not synthesize the outer chains on acid phosphatase. The S. pombe och1(+) gene was a functional homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae OCH1, and its gene product (SpOch1p) incorporated alpha-1,6-linked mannose into pyridylaminated Man(9)GlcNAc(2), indicating that och1(+) encodes an alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase. Our results indicate that SpOch1p is a key enzyme of outer chain elongation. The substrate specificity of SpOch1p was different from that of S. cerevisiae OCH1 gene product (ScOch1p), suggesting that SpOch1p may have a wider substrate specificity than that of ScOch1p.
Subcutaneous bioavailability of therapeutic antibodies as a function  of FcRn binding affinity in mice (2012)

The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays an important and well-known role in immunoglobulin G (IgG) catabolism; however, its role in the disposition of IgG after subcutaneous (SC) administration, including bioavailability, is relatively unknown. To examine the potential effect of FcRn on IgG SC bioavailability, we engineered three anti-amyloid β monoclonal antibody (mAb) reverse chimeric mouse IgG2a (mIgG2a) Fc variants (I253A.H435A, N434H and N434Y) with different binding affinities to mouse FcRn (mFcRn) and compared their SC bioavailability to that of the wild-type (WT) mAb in mice. Our results indicated that the SC bioavailability of mIgG2a was affected by mFcRn-binding affinity. Variant I253A.H435A, which did not bind to mFcRn at either pH 6.0 or pH 7.4, had the lowest bioavailability (41.8%). Variant N434Y, which had the greatest increase in binding affinity at both pH 6.0 and pH 7.4, had comparable bioavailability to the WT antibody (86.1% vs. 76.3%), whereas Variant N434H, which had modestly increased binding affinity at pH 6.0 to mFcRn and affinity comparable to the WT antibody at pH 7.4, had the highest bioavailability (94.7%). A semi-mechanism-based pharmacokinetic model, which described well the observed data with the WT antibody and variant I253A.H435A, is consistent with the hypothesis that the decreased bioavailability of variant I253A.H435A was due to loss of the FcRn-mediated protection from catabolism at the absorption site. Together, these data demonstrate that FcRn plays an important role in SC bioavailability of therapeutic IgG antibodies.
Rapid detection of microbial contamination in frozen vegetables by automated impedance measurements (1977)

Automated impedance measurements can be used to rapidly assess whether a sample of frozen vegetables contains greater or less than 10(5) organisms per g. Microorganisms growing pureed food samples cause a change in the impedance of the medium when the organisms reach a threshold concentration of between 10(6) and 10(7) organisms per ml. Estimates of the concentration of microorganisms initially present in the food sample can be made by recording the time required for the organisms in the sample to replicate to threshold levels. In this study, the detection times for 357 samples of frozen vegetables were compared with standard plate counts for each sample. The agreement between the two methods in distinguishing samples containing more than 10(5) organisms per g was 92.6% for 257 assorted frozen vegetables and somewhat higher (93 to 96%) when separate cutoff times were used for each type of vegetable. The time required for analysis was about 5 h, compared to the 48 to 72 h required for standard plate counts.
Beam profile analysis for the C{ampersand}MS B231 electron beam welding machines (1997)

The electron beams produced by two different welders were examined using computer assisted tomographic (CT) analysis. The machines used are Hamilton Standard welders with 150 kV/50mA maximum. One machine uses a ribbon filament while the other uses a hairpin filament. The objective of this study was to characterize the beam power distribution on each machine to see if weld parameters could easily be transferred between machines. Beam focus, voltage, and current settings were pre-selected to duplicate the welding conditions used in LLNL program applications. The results show that the actual beam currents measured by Faraday cup are 5 to 10% higher for the first machine and 30% lower for the second. The CT analysis of the beam shapes shows that the hairpin filament welder produces an elliptical beam shape in the sharp focus condition that defocuses to a diamond shape. The ribbon filament welder produced less of an elliptical beam shape in the sharp focus condition, but when defocused, acquires an elliptical shape. CT analysis of the effects of defocus on the peak power density shows that the hairpin filament drops in peak power density much more quickly than the ribbon filament for a given amount of defocus. Furthermore, it was more difficult to find and repeat the sharp focus condition for the hairpin filament, particularly at higher beam currents.
Ion gate electrodes. Polypyrrole as a switchable ion conductor membrane (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIon gate electrodes. Polypyrrole as a switchable ion conductor membranePaul Burgmayer and Royce W. MurrayCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1984, 88, 12, 2515–2521Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150656a017https://doi.org/10.1021/j150656a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views823Altmetric-Citations202LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Neural Circuitry Involved In Sexual Function (2001)

Recent advances have markedly enhanced our understanding of the physiology, pharmacology, molecular biology and pathology of sexual mechanisms. This knowledge base is essential in order to understand changes in sexual mechanisms that follow spinal cord injury, and for the development of effective interventions to maximize sexual function in men and women with spinal cord injury.
Deoxyribonucleic acid concentration using acoustic radiation force (1996)

A deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentration method using acoustic radiation force is proposed. Ethanol was added to an aqueous DNA sample in order to initiate clustering of the DNA molecules of 2686 bps. The change in the distribution of the DNA clusters induced by a standing wave ultrasound irradiation was observed with an optical microscope. The observable DNA clusters gathered on the pressure node in the ultrasonic standing wave field and formed larger clusters that did not break apart after the irradiation was stopped. Without ultrasound irradiation, no significant change in the cluster distribution was observed. This method may have a potential use for concentrating and collecting biomaterials such as nucleic acids and proteins.
Fermentative production of l‐glycerol 3‐phosphate utilizing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with an engineered glycerol biosynthetic pathway (2008)

Abstract Interest in l ‐glycerol 3‐phosphate ( l ‐G3P) production via microbial fermentation is due to the compound's potential to replace the unstable substrate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) in one‐pot enzymatic carbohydrate syntheses. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with deletions in both genes encoding specific l ‐G3Pases ( GPP1 and GPP2 ) and multicopy overexpression of l ‐glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase ( GPD1 ) was studied via small‐scale (100 mL) batch fermentations under quasi‐anaerobic conditions. Intracellular accumulation of l ‐G3P reached extremely high levels (roughly 200 mM) but thereafter declined. Extracellular l ‐G3P was also detected and its concentration continuously increased throughout the fermentation, such that most of the total l ‐G3P was found outside the cells as fermentation concluded. Moreover, in spite of the complete elimination of specific l ‐G3Pase activity, the strain showed considerable glycerol formation suggesting unspecific dephosphorylation as a mechanism to relieve cells of intracellular l ‐G3P accumulation. Up‐scaling the process employed fed‐batch fermentation with repeated glucose feeding, plus an aerobic growth phase followed by an anaerobic product accumulation phase. This produced a final product titer of about 325 mg total l ‐G3P per liter of fermentation broth. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 497–505. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterochronic parabiosis for the study of the effects of aging on stem cells and their niches (2012)

Aging is unmistakable and undeniable in mammals. Interestingly, mice develop cataracts, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes and cognitive deficits after just 2-3 postnatal years, while it takes seven or more decades for the same age-specific phenotypes to develop in humans. Thus, chronological age corresponds differently with biological age in metazoan species and although many theories exist, we do not understand what controls the rate of mammalian aging. One interesting idea is that species-specific rate of aging represents a ratio of tissue attrition to tissue regeneration. Furthermore, current findings suggest that the age-imposed biochemical changes in the niches of tissue stem cells inhibit performance of this regenerative pool, which leads to the decline of tissue maintenance and repair. If true, slowing down stem cell and niche aging, thereby promoting tissue regeneration, could slow down the process of tissue and organismal aging. In this regard, recent studies of heterochronic parabiosis provide important clues as to the mechanisms of stem cell aging and suggest novel strategies for enhancing tissue repair in the old. Here we review current literature on the relationship between the vigor of tissue stem cells and the process of aging, with an emphasis on the rejuvenation of old tissues by the extrinsic modifications of stem cell niches.
Masking of nontumorous antigens for development of human tumor nucleolar antibodies with improved specificity. (1985)

Nucleoli purified from HeLa cells were spread by homogenization in low ionic strength buffer and by chelation of divalent cations. The antigenic determinants of these tumor nucleoli that are shared by normal liver nucleoli were masked by addition of rabbit anti-liver nucleolar antisera to form immune complexes. New Zealand White rabbits were immunized with these antibody-nucleolar complexes. The resulting antisera produced nucleolar fluorescence in HeLa cells but not in normal human liver or human kidney cells. One- and two-dimensional immunoblots identified a major Mr 58,000/pl 5.8 antigen in HeLa cells, which was not detected on corresponding immunoblots of normal human liver nucleoli. This method offers an improved approach to selection of tumor-associated antigens.
Circulating CD2+ Monocytes Are Dendritic Cells (1999)

Low levels of CD2 have been described on subsets of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. CD2 is expressed on about one-third of circulating monocytes, at levels one-half log lower than on T or NK cells, representing 2-4% of PBMC. FACS analysis of CD2+ and CD2- monocytes revealed no significant difference in the expression of adhesion molecules (CD11a/b/c), class II Ags (HLA-DR, -DQ, -DP), myeloid Ags (CD13, CD14, CD33), or costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86). Freshly isolated CD2+ and CD2- monocytes were morphologically indistinguishable by phase contrast microscopy. However, scanning electron microscopy revealed large prominent ruffles on CD2+ monocytes in contrast to small knob-like projections on CD2- monocytes. After 2 days of culture, the CD2+ monocytes largely lost CD14 expression and developed distinct dendrites, whereas the CD2- monocytes retained surface CD14 and remained round or oval. Freshly isolated CD2+ monocytes were more potent inducers of the allogeneic MLR and more efficiently induced proliferation of naive T cells in the presence of HIV-1 gp120 than did CD2- monocytes. After culture in the presence of GM/CSF and IL-4, CD2+ monocytes were up to 40-fold more potent than monocyte-derived dendritic cells or CD2- monocytes at inducing allogeneic T cell proliferation. These findings suggest that circulating CD2+ and CD2- monocytes are dendritic cells and the precursors of macrophages, respectively. Thus, dendritic cells are far more abundant in the blood than previously thought, and they and precursors of macrophages exist in the circulation as phenotypically, morphologically, and functionally distinct monocyte populations.
Inflammation Induces Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells that Facilitate Tumor Progression (2006)

Epidemiological and experimental observations support the hypothesis that chronic inflammation contributes to cancer development and progression; however, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between inflammation and cancer are poorly understood. To study these mechanisms, we have transfected the mouse 4T1 mammary carcinoma with the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta to produce a chronic inflammatory microenvironment at the tumor site. Mice with 4T1/IL-1beta tumors have a decreased survival time and elevated levels of immature splenic Gr1+CD11b+ myeloid-derived cells. These myeloid suppressor cells (MSC) are present in many patients with cancer and inhibit the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. 4T1/IL-1beta-induced MSC do not express the IL-1R, suggesting that the cytokine does not directly activate MSC. Neither T or B cells nor NKT cells are involved in the IL-1beta-induced increase of MSC because RAG2-/- mice and nude mice with 4T1/IL-1beta tumors also have elevated MSC levels. MSC levels remain elevated in mice inoculated with 4T1/IL-1beta even after the primary tumor is surgically removed, indicating that the IL-1beta effect is long lived. Collectively, these findings suggest that inflammation promotes malignancy via proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1beta, which enhance immune suppression through the induction of MSC, thereby counteracting immune surveillance and allowing the outgrowth and proliferation of malignant cells.
ABCC5, ERCC2, XPA and XRCC1 transcript abundance levels correlate with cisplatin chemoresistance in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. (2005)

These results provide markers suitable for assessment of small fine needle aspirate biopsies in an effort to prospectively identify cisplatin resistant tumors.
Optimum band allocation according to subband condition for BST-OFDM (2002)

This paper proposes and investigates optimum band allocation scheme and modulation assignment for band-segmented transmission OFDM (BST-OFDM) according to different environment characteristics of each segmented band or subband channel. The proposed system can adaptively optimize the allocation of subbands according to a conditional parameter, that is, the CNR under independently fading subband channels. The optimization criterion is the minimum total BER performance under the constraint conditions that are the total bandwidth, the number of subbands and the constant total information bit rate. The subband condition is updated by the feedback information from the receiver. The proposed adaptive band allocation BST-OFDM system can overperform the conventional BST-OFDM system in which subbands are divided with equal bandwidth.
A 300-MHz BiCMOS serial data transceiver (1994)

A BiCMOS circuit for serial data communication is presented. The chip has phase-locked loops for transmit frequency synthesis and receive clock recovery, serial-to-parallel and parallel-to-serial converters, and encode and decode functions. Since this is a mixed-analog/digital design, and the transmitter and receiver operate asynchronously, many techniques are used to decrease noise coupling. A 1.2 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process allows operation at speeds of 300 MHz along with this high level of system integration, and the chip consumes less than 1 W from a single 5 V supply.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sarcolemmal reorganization in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (2006)

Our results show that the pathophysiology of FSHD includes novel changes in the organization of the sarcolemma and its association with nearby contractile structures and suggest that, as in other muscular dystrophies, the integrity of the sarcolemma may be compromised in FSHD.
A Formal Framework for Access Rights Analysis (2013)

A stack-based access control mechanism is to prevent untrusted codes from accessing protected resources in distributed application systems, such as Java-centric web applications and Microsoft .NET framework. Such an access control mechanism is enforced at runtime by stack inspection that inspects methods in the current call stack for granted permissions. Nowadays practiced approaches to generating policy files for an application are still manually done by developers based on domain-specific knowledges and testing, due to overwhelming technical challenges involved and engineering efforts in the automation. This paper presents a formal framework of access rights analysis for Java applications, which includes both policy generation and checking. The analysis of policy generation automatically generates access control policies for the given program that necessarily ensure the program to pass stack inspections. The analysis of policy checking takes as input a policy file and determines whether access control in the concerned domain always succeed or may fail. The answer can either help detect redundant inspection points or refine the given policies. All of our analysis algorithms are novelly designed in the framework of conditional weighted pushdown systems, and are expected to achieve a high level of precision in the literature.