gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-Assembling, Amphiphilic Polymer–Gemcitabine Conjugate Shows Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy Against Human Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (2013)

The therapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine is severely compromised due to its rapid plasma metabolism. Moreover, its hydrophilicity poses a challenge for its efficient entrapment in nanosized delivery systems and to provide a sustained release profile. In this study, gemcitabine was covalently conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-carboxyl-propylene carbonate) (PEG-PCC) which could self-assemble into micelles of 23.6 nm. These micelles afforded protection to gemcitabine from plasma metabolism as evident by negligible amount of gemcitabine and its metabolite dFdU detected in the plasma after 24 h. A controlled release of gemcitabine from the micelles was observed with 53.89% drug release in 10 days in the presence of protease enzyme Cathepsin B. Gemcitabine conjugated micelles were cytotoxic, showed internalization, and induced cell apoptosis in MIA PaCa-2 and L3.6pl pancreatic cancer cell lines. These micelles efficiently inhibited tumor growth when injected intravenously into MIA PaCa-2 cell derived xenograft tumor bearing NSG mice at a dose of 40 mg/kg in terms of reduced tumor volume and tumor weight (0.38 g vs 0.58 g). TUNEL assay revealed that gemcitabine conjugated micelles induced a much higher extent of apoptosis in the tumor tissues compared to free gemcitabine. In conclusion, gemcitabine conjugated micelles were able to enhance the drug payload, protect it from rapid plasma metabolism, and provide a sustained release and showed enhanced antitumor activity, and thus have the potential to provide a better therapeutic alternative for treating pancreatic cancer.
Control of buckling in large micromembranes using engineered support structures (2012)

In this paper we describe a general method to avoid stress-induced buckling of thin and large freestanding membranes. We show that using properly designed supports, in the form of microbeams, we can reduce the out-of-plane deflection of the membrane while maintaining its stiffness. As a proof of principle, we used a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform to fabricate 30 mu m wide, 220 nm thick, free-standing Si membranes, supported by four 15 mu m long and 3 mu m wide microbeams. Using our approach, we are able to achieve an out-of-plane deformation of the membrane smaller than 50 nm in spite of 39 MPa of compressive internal stress. Our method is general, and can be applied to different material systems with compressive or tensile internal stress.
Molecular Markers Associated with Maize Kernel Oil Concentration in an Illinois High Protein × Illinois Low Protein Cross (1994)

The Illinois Long Term Selection Strains offer a unique opportunity to investigate the quantitative genetic basis of kernel chemical traits. This study was conducted to determine the number and magnitude of quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing kernel oil concentration and kernel weight in a maize ( Zea mays L.) population derived from a cross of Illinois High Protein (IHP) × Illinois Low Protein (ILP). The parental strains had been divergently selected for protein concentration for 76 cycles, yet varied in oil concentration from 29 g kg −1 (ILP) to 54 g kg −1 (IHP) and in 300 kernel weight from 76.5 (ILP) to 41.1 g (IHP). One hundred polymorphic RFLP loci spaced throughout the maize genome were scored in a segregating population of 100 S 1 families. Kernel oil concentration and kernel weight were obtained from replicated field trials grown during 1990 and 1991. Significant (P &lt; 0.05 level) QTL associations of 25 marker loci on chromosome arms with oil concentration and 18 marker loci on 10 chromosome arms with kernel weight were identified. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of identification of QTL for oil concentration in strains divergently selected for protein concentration for 76 cycles. Clusters of two or more marker loci in the same chromosomal region were significantly associated with oil concentration at four different chromosomal locations and with kernel weight at four chromosomal locations. The detection of relatively few clusters of marker loci associated with genomic regions controlling oil concentration suggests the development of high oil maize germplasm via RFLP marker‐assisted selection may be feasible.
The Uses of Buoyancy in Completing High-Drag Horizontal Wellbores (1991)

ABSTRACT Unocal has been actively developing horizontal well drilling and completion technology. This technology has been used to drill and complete wells with horizontal displacement to true vertical depth ratios (HD/TVD) of up to 2.92. This technology has also has been used to drill and install casing in the world's two longest horizontal wells, each containing approximately 1.1 miles of producing formation. This paper presents the techniques used to analyze torque and drag forces, and the buoyancy assistance technology used to overcome those forces.
CD137 (4-1BB) Signalosome: Complexity Is a Matter of TRAFs (2018)

CD137 (4-1BB, Tnsfr9) is a member of the TNF-receptor (TNFR) superfamily without known intrinsic enzymatic activity in its cytoplasmic domain. Hence, akin to other members of the TNFR family, it relies on the TNFR-Associated-Factor (TRAF) family of adaptor proteins to build the CD137 signalosome for transducing signals into the cell. Thus, upon CD137 activation by binding of CD137L trimers or by crosslinking with agonist monoclonal antibodies, TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 are readily recruited to the cytoplasmic domain of CD137, likely as homo- and/or heterotrimers with different configurations, initiating the construction of the CD137 signalosome. The formation of TRAF2-RING dimers between TRAF2 molecules from contiguous trimers would help to establish a multimeric structure of TRAF-trimers that is probably essential for CD137 signaling. In addition, available studies have identified a large number of proteins that are recruited to CD137:TRAF complexes including ubiquitin ligases and proteases, kinases, and modulatory proteins. Working in a coordinated fashion, these CD137-signalosomes will ultimately promote CD137-mediated T cell proliferation and survival and will endow T cells with stronger effector functions. Current evidence allows to envision the molecular events that might take place in the early stages of CD137-signalosome formation, underscoring the key roles of TRAFs and of K63 and K48-ubiquitination of target proteins in the signaling process. Understanding the composition and fine regulation of CD137-signalosomes assembly and disassembly will be key to improve the therapeutic activities of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) encompassing the CD137 cytoplasmic domain and a new generation of CD137 agonists for the treatment of cancer.
Facile Access to Key Reactive Intermediates in the Pd/PR3‐Catalyzed Telomerization of 1,3‐Butadiene (2010)

Doch noch fündig geworden: Eine einfache und effiziente Eintopfsynthese liefert mehrere kationische [Pd(1,2,3,7,8-η5-Octa-2,7-dien-1-yl)(PR3)]+-Komplexe (siehe Struktur; rosa Pd, rot O, orange P), bei denen es sich um die lange gesuchten Schlüsselintermediate in der Pd/PR3-katalysierten Telomerisierung von Butadien handelt. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
How to Interpret Hydrogen Breath Tests (2011)

Hydrogen breath tests using various substrates like glucose, lactulose, lactose and fructose are being used more and more to diagnose small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and lactose or fructose malabsorption. Though quantitative culture of jejunal aspirate is considered as gold standard for the diagnosis of SIBO, hydrogen breath tests, in spite of their low sensitivity, are popular for their non-invasiveness. Glucose hydrogen breath test is more acceptable for the diagnosis of SIBO as conventionally accepted double-peak criterion on lactulose hydrogen breath test is very insensitive and recently described early-peak criterion is often false positive. Hydrogen breath test is useful to diagnose various types of sugar malabsorption. Technique and interpretation of different hydrogen breath tests are outlined in this review.
Comparison of the safety and efficacy of the fixed combination of dorzolamide/timolol and the concomitant administration of dorzolamide and timolol: a clinical equivalence study (1998)

The dorzolamide/timolol combination solution administered twice daily is equivalent in efficacy and has a similar safety profile to the concomitant administration of the components administered twice daily.
Optimization of Gene Transfection in Murine Myeloma Cell Lines using Different Transfection Reagents. (2010)

Purification and isolation of cellular target proteins for monoclonal antibody (MAb) production is a difficult and time-consuming process. Immunization of mice with murine cell lines stably transfected with genes coding for xenogenic target molecules is an alternative method for mouse immunization and MAb production. Here we present data on transfection efficiency of some commercial reagents used for transfection of murine myeloma cell lines. Little is known about transfectability of murine myeloma cell lines by different transfection reagents. Mouse myeloma cell lines (SP2/0, NS0, NS1, Ag8, and P3U1) were transfected with pEGFP-N1 vector using Lipofectamine 2000, jetPEI and LyoVec commercial transfection reagents in different combinations. The transfection permissible HEK293-FT cell line was used as a control in transfection procedure. Transfected cells, expressing the Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP), were analyzed by flow cytometry 48 hrs post transfection. Our results showed transfection efficiency of 71%, 57% and 22% for HEK293-FT, 5.5%, 3.4% and 1% for SP2/0, 55.7%, 21.1% and 9.3% for NS0, 8.2%, 6% and 5.5% for NS1, 22%, 49.2% and 5.5% for Ag8 and 6.3%, 21.5% and 4.6% for P3U1 cell lines after transfection with Lipofectamine 2000, jetPEI and LyoVec reagents, respectively. Our data indicate that NS0 and Ag8 are efficiently transfected by Lipofectamine 2000 and jetPEI reagents. Finally, we propose Ag8 and NS0 cell lines as suitable host cells for efficient expression of target genes which can be used for mouse immunization and MAb production.
Correlation Between the Diameter of the Main Renal Artery and the Presence of an Accessory Renal Artery (2003)

Objective. To evaluate whether the diameter of the main renal artery is an indicator of the presence of an accessory renal artery in sonographic examination. Methods. Of cases undergoing renal intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography for any reason, those with no renal arterial disease detected on digital subtraction angiography were included in the investigation. Accessory renal arteries were disclosed by digital subtraction angiographic examinations. The dimensions of the kidney were measured sonographically. The lowest, highest, and mean values of diameters of main renal arteries were determined by sonography and angiography in both the group with accessory renal arteries and the group without accessory renal arteries. Results. Of kidneys with sonographically normal dimensions, angiographic evaluation was made in 107, and sonographic evaluation was made in 97, the renal arteries of which could be visualized optimally. Both radiologic methods showed that diameters of main renal arteries were significantly smaller in the presence of the accessory renal artery (P < .001, Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and receiver operating characteristic curve). Conclusions. In sonographic examination, the presence of the main renal artery with a diameter smaller than usual in a kidney with normal dimensions is indicative of the presence of an accessory renal artery. Taking this into account, we can obtain higher rates of detection of accessory renal arteries in sonographic examinations.
Extrachromosomal sequences of hepatitis B virus DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. (1986)

The primary etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a human T-lymphotropic retrovirus (the AIDS virus). However, the pathogenesis of this virus suggests that other cofactors may contribute to the development of clinically overt disease. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been implicated as a potential cofactor because HBV and AIDS virus infections frequently coexist, striking similarities exist in their epidemiologic patterns, and recent data indicate that HBV is lymphotropic. To establish the prevalence of HBV infections in lymphoid cells from individuals with AIDS-related disorders, sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 16 males with AIDS virus infections were examined for the presence of HBV DNA by DNA X DNA blot hybridization. Fifteen (94%) of these individuals had serologic evidence of a recent or prior HBV infection. HBV DNA was detected in the PBMC of all of these patients, regardless of existing HBV serology. Among the 36 control individuals without AIDS-related symptomatology, PBMC-associated HBV DNA was detected in 8 of 14 carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and in 3 of 10 individuals immune to HBV, but it was absent from the PBMC of 12 individuals without HBV infection. In all instances, the HBV DNA was extrachromosomal and existed as replicative intermediates or high molecular weight oligomers of the viral genome. Replicative intermediates and serum-associated HBV DNA were detected in all hepatitis B e antigen-positive carriers, regardless of their clinical status. In contrast, the high molecular weight oligomers of HBV DNA were detected in the PBMC of all of the AIDS virus-infected patients examined, but in only 33% of those in the control group who had evidence of HBV infection. This finding suggests that a unique and complex HBV-host-cell interaction exists in patients infected with the AIDS virus.
Desorption of metal ions from kraft pulps. Part 1. Chelation of hardwood and softwood kraft pulp with EDTA (2009)

Chelation of unbleached and oxygen bleached hardwood and softwood kraft pulps with EDTA was studied. The main focus was on the desorption of magnesium, manganese, and iron due to their impact in TCF-bleaching. Desorption of other metal ions present were also studied in order to get an over-all estimation of the metal ion concentrations and their desorption during chelation. By using the concept of side reaction coefficients, an estimation of the chelating strength of EDTA at different pH can be made. Metal ion concentrations were determined by DCP-AES and ICP-MS techniques. Mn, Zn, and Cd were the metal ions that could almost completely be chelated with EDTA. Most of the metal ions were found to be desorbed from the pulps at low pH values by ion exchange with hydrogen ions. With EDTA chelation 50 to 70% of the iron was desorbed. By EDTA chelation the highest Mg/Mn concentration ratios were obtained in the pH range 4 to 6. For oxygen-bleached softwood pulp the ratio was over 7000. Our study showed that both unbleached and bleached pulps can quite successfully be chelated by EDTA.
Multiresolution stochastic hybrid shape models with fractal priors (1994)

3D shape modeling has received enormous attention in computer graphics and computer vision over the past decade. Several shape modeling techniques have been proposed in literature, some are local (distributed parameter) while others are global (lumped parameter) in terms of the parameters required to describe the shape. Hybrid models that combine both ends of this parameter spectrum have been in vogue only recently. However, they do not allow a smooth transition between the two extremes of this parameter spectrum. We introduce a new shape-modeling scheme that can transform smoothly from local to global models or vice versa. The modeling scheme utilizes a hybrid primitive called the deformable superquadric constructed in an orthonormal wavelet basis . The multiresolution wavelet basis provides the power to continuously transform from local to global shape deformations and thereby allow for a continuum of shape models—from those with local to those with global shape descriptive power—to be created. The multiresolution wavelet basis allows us to generate fractal surfaces of arbitrary order that can be useful in describing natural detail. We embed these multiresolution shape models in a probabilistic framework and use them for recovery of anatomical structures in the human brain from MRI data. A salient feature of our modeling scheme is that it can naturally allow for the incorporation of prior statistics of a rich variety of shapes. This stems from the fact that, unlike other modeling schemes, in our modeling, we require relatively few parameters to describe a large class of shapes.
Standard Reference Data for the Thermal Conductivity of Water (1995)

New experimental data on the thermal conductivity of liquid water along the saturation line have been obtained recently, using the bare and coated transient hot wire technique, with high accuracy. The quality of the data is such that new standard reference values can be proposed with confidence limits of 0.7% at a 95% confidence level. These data and the correlation herein presented revise a previous correlation endorsed by IUPAC.
Comparison of 99mTc-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile and 201Tl scintigraphy for detection of residual thyroid cancer after 131I ablative therapy. (1999)

201Tl and MIBI planar imaging yield the same high specificity and positive predictive value for residual thyroid cancer in patients with high-risk profiles and negative radioiodide scans. Both imaging agents detected residual cancer in more than half of the patients in whom conventional staging techniques did not reliably detect either the presence or the extent of residual thyroid cancer and changed the management in patients with surgically resectable cancer.
Behavioural mode of action of deet: inhibition of lactic acid attraction (1999)

Using the mosquito Aedes aegypti in a novel olfactometer that measures movement towards and away from a stimulus, we could not confirm that 'deet' is a repellent of mosquitoes. In the absence of a host, deet was an attractant and in the presence of a host, it was an inhibitor of attraction. This inhibition occurred in the gaseous phase and was therefore not the result of the physical properties of deet. We determined that L-lactic acid, a component of human sweat that is an attractant to mosquitoes, is the target of this inhibition, implying that lactic acid may be a bottleneck in the behavioural cascade preceding blood-sucking.
Speckle-learning-based object recognition through scattering media (2015)

We experimentally demonstrated object recognition through scattering media based on direct machine learning of a number of speckle intensity images. In the experiments, speckle intensity images of amplitude or phase objects on a spatial light modulator between scattering plates were captured by a camera. We used the support vector machine for binary classification of the captured speckle intensity images of face and non-face data. The experimental results showed that speckles are sufficient for machine learning.
CAR Therapy for Hematological Cancers: can Success Seen in the Treatment of B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia be Applied to Other Hematological Malignancies? (2015)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has recently come into the spotlight due to impressive results in patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. By targeting CD19, a marker expressed most B-cell tumors, as well as normal B cells, CAR T-cell therapy has been investigated as a treatment strategy for B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. This review will discuss the successes of this therapy for the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and the challenges to this therapeutic strategy. We will also discuss application of CAR T-cell therapy to chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other B-cell malignancies including a follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, as well as acute and plasma cell malignancies.
Improvement of protective coating on Nd–Fe–B magnet by pulse nickel plating (1998)

Sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets were coated by pulse nickel plating at different plating conditions. Optimal pulse plating condition was established (average current density=1 A/dm2, peak current density=6 A/dm2 with Ton:Toff=1:2). In order to make a comparison, magnets with similar nickel coating thickness plated by dc were also prepared. The corrosion resistance of the coated magnets was evaluated by (i) Normal Salt Spray Test (5% NaCl, 35 °C) and (ii) potentiodynamic polarization measurement (3.5% NaCl solution). It was found that the corrosion resistance of the pulse nickel plated magnet was significantly improved as compared with that of the conventional dc plated ones, with negligible deterioration in magnetism. The microstructure of the coating was examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the porosity was much lower, and the grains much finer in the pulse-plated layer as compared with the dc plated ones.
Eleven years' experience with the Biocor stentless aortic bioprosthesis: clinical and hemodynamic follow-up with long-term relative survival rate (2002)

The Biocor stentless bioprosthesis has an excellent hemodynamic function and confers a good long-term outcome. This patient population could be regarded as 'cured' from valve disease since the observed survival did not differ from the expected survival for an age- and gender-matched Swedish comparison population, a conclusion that is also supported by a constant relative survival after the first postoperative year. However, despite excellent long-term hemodynamics, patients with stentless bioprostheses need to be evaluated with echocardiography at regular intervals to discover the rare cases of progressive aortic regurgitation.
Dual Enzyme-Triggered In Situ Crosslinkable Gelatin Hydrogels for Artificial Cellular Microenvironments (2016)

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> )-mediated crosslinking reaction has become an attractive method to create in situ forming hydrogels. While the crosslinking system has been widely utilized, there are certain issues require improvement to extend their biomedical applications, including creation of stiff hydrogels without compromising cytocompatibility due to initially high concentrations of H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> . A gelatin-based hydrogels formed through a dual enzyme-mediated crosslinking reaction using HRP and glucose oxidase (GOx) as an H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> -generating enzyme to gradually supply a radical source in HRP-mediated crosslinking reaction is reported. The physicochemical properties can be controlled by varying enzyme concentrations. Furthermore the hydrogel matrices provide 3D microenvironments for supporting the growth and spreading of human dermal fibroblasts with minimized cytotoxicity, despite the cells being encapsulated within stiff hydrogels. These hydrogels formed with HRP/GOx have great potential as artificial microenvironments for a wide range of biomedical applications.