gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS FOR SINGLE WAFER CLEANING (1992)

upercritical fluid extraction is the name given to a cleaning S process that removes contaminants using a supercritical fluid, that is, a gas-like substance above its critical temperature and pressure. Supercritical fluids possess liquid-like solvating properties and gas-like diffusion and viscosity that enables rapid penetration into crevices and boundary layer films with complete removal of organic and inorganic contaminants contained therein. Moreover, by cycling pressure between supercritical and subcritical values, particles can be very effectively dislodged during the expansion phase of the pulsation (Fig. 1). The definition of a supercritical fluid can be fully appreciated by examining a phase diagram such as the one for CO, in Fig. 2. The key property is that above the critical temperature (T,) condensation cannot occur at any pressure. The region to the right of T, and above P, defines the supercritical state. A supercritical fluid can have very high density.
Performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with LSGM-LSM Composite Cathodes (2002)

Anode-supported cells comprising zirconia (YSZ) anode, thin YSZ electrolyte, and composite cathodes containing a mixture of (LSM) and (LSGM) were fabricated. The relative proportions of LSGM and LSM were varied between 30 wt % % LSM and 70 wt % % LSM, while the firing temperature was varied between 1000 and 1200°C. The cathode interlayer composition had a profound effect on cathode performance at 800°C with overpotentials ranging between 60 and 425 mV at and exhibiting a minimum for 50 wt % % LSM. The cathodic overpotential decreased with increasing firing temperature of the composite interlayer in the range and then increased dramatically for the interlayer fired at 1200°C. The cell with the optimized cathode interlayer of 50 wt % % LSGM fired at 1150°C exhibited an area specific cell resistance of and a maximum power density of at 800°C. Chemical analysis revealed that LSGM reacts with YSZ above 1000°C to form the pyrochlore phase, The formation of the pyrochlore phase at the interface between the LSGM/LSM composite cathode and the YSZ electrolyte limits the firing time and temperature of the cathode interlayer. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
NMR characterization of a pH‐dependent equilibrium between two folded solution conformations of the pheromone‐binding protein from Bombyx mori (2000)

NMR spectroscopic changes as a function of pH in solutions of the pheromone-binding protein of Bombyx mori (BmPBP) show that BmPBP undergoes a conformational transition between pH 4.9 and 6.0. At pH below 4.9 there is a single "acid form" (A), and a homogeneous "basic form" (B) exists at pH above 6.0. Between pH 5 and 6, BmPBP exists as a mixture of A and B in slow exchange on the NMR chemical shift time scale, with the transition midpoint at pH 5.4. The form B has a well-dispersed NMR spectrum, indicating that it represents a more structured, "closed" conformation than form A, which has a significantly narrower chemical shift dispersion. Conformational transitions of the kind observed here may explain heterogeneity reported for a variety of odorant-binding proteins, and it will be of interest to further investigate possible correlations with pH-dependent regulation of ligand binding and release in the biological function of this class of proteins.
Yellow fever vaccine induces integrated multilineage and polyfunctional immune responses (2008)

Correlates of immune-mediated protection to most viral and cancer vaccines are still unknown. This impedes the development of novel vaccines to incurable diseases such as HIV and cancer. In this study, we have used functional genomics and polychromatic flow cytometry to define the signature of the immune response to the yellow fever (YF) vaccine 17D (YF17D) in a cohort of 40 volunteers followed for up to 1 yr after vaccination. We show that immunization with YF17D leads to an integrated immune response that includes several effector arms of innate immunity, including complement, the inflammasome, and interferons, as well as adaptive immunity as shown by an early T cell response followed by a brisk and variable B cell response. Development of these responses is preceded, as demonstrated in three independent vaccination trials and in a novel in vitro system of primary immune responses (modular immune in vitro construct [MIMIC] system), by the coordinated up-regulation of transcripts for specific transcription factors, including STAT1, IRF7, and ETS2, which are upstream of the different effector arms of the immune response. These results clearly show that the immune response to a strong vaccine is preceded by coordinated induction of master transcription factors that lead to the development of a broad, polyfunctional, and persistent immune response that integrates all effector cells of the immune system.
Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis: evaluation of clinical and histological features, response to treatment, and long-term follow-up (2003)

CC and LC share a similar clinical picture and have a benign course with long-term cessation of diarrhea in more than 70% of patients. Mesalazine and budesonide seem to be good options as first-line treatment in LC and CC, respectively. Cholestyramine may be a good alternative in patients with concomitant bile acid malabsorption.
Guanidine and Amidine Organocatalysts for Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters (2006)

1,5,7-Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), N-methyl-TBD (MTBD), and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) are effective organocatalysts for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters such as lactide (LA), δ-valerolactone (VL), and ε-caprolactone (CL). TBD is shown to polymerize LA, VL, and CL in a fast and controlled manner, whereas MTBD and DBU polymerized LA and addition of a thiourea cocatalyst led to the ROP of VL and CL being achieved. Each of the catalysts produced polymers displaying high end group fidelity, good correlation between theoretical and observed molecular weight, and linear relationships between conversion and molecular weight. The enhanced activity of TBD relative to MTBD and DBU is attributed to its bifunctionality, enabling the simultaneous activation of both the cyclic ester monomer and the alcohol group of the initiator/propagating species. Temperature-dependent NMR studies generated individual association constants for MTBD with benzyl alcohol and thiourea with VL. In combination with temperature-dependent ROP of VL in the presence of benzyl alcohol, MTBD, and thiourea, these data have led to the derivation of the activation energy for the ROP (49 ± 3 kJ mol-1). The simplicity of the reaction conditions, the ready availability of the catalysts, the variety of polymerizable cyclic ester monomers, and the exquisite control over the polymerization are demonstrated.
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in gallbladder cancer: from clinical evidence to cellular regulatory networks (2017)

Gallbladder cancer (GBC), with late diagnosis, rapid disease progression and early metastasis, is a highly aggressive malignant tumor found worldwide. Patients with GBC have poor survival, low curative resection rates and early recurrence. For such a lethal tumor, uncovering the mechanisms and exploring new strategies to prevent tumor progression and metastasis are critically important. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has a prominent role in the early steps of tumor progression and metastasis by initiating polarized epithelial cell transition into motile mesenchymal cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that EMT can be modulated by the cooperation of multiple mechanisms affecting common targets. Signaling pathways, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation and epigenetic alterations are involved in the stepwise EMT regulatory network in GBC. Loss of epithelial markers, acquisition of mesenchymal markers and dysregulation of EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs) have been observed and are associated with the clinicopathology and prognosis of GBC patients. Therefore, EMT may be a detectable and predictable event for predicting GBC progression and metastasis in the clinic. In this review, we will provide an overview of EMT from the clinical evidence to cellular regulatory networks that have been studied thus far in clinical and basic GBC studies.
A Qualitative Progression in HIV Type 1 Glycoprotein 120-Specific Cytotoxic Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Mice Receiving a DNA-Based Glycoprotein 120 Vaccine (1994)

The potential for eliciting humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to HIV-1 gp120 by gene gun-based DNA immunization in mice was examined. We speculated that the induction of de novo antigen production in the epidermis of BALB/c mice following particle bombardment-based gene delivery would result in both MHC class I- and class II-mediated antigen presentation for the elicitation of CTL and antibody responses, respectively. Following epidermal delivery of microgram quantities of an expression plasmid, gp120 production resulted in the appearance of MHC class I-restricted, CD8+ CTL responses. gp120-specific CTL responses peaked following a booster immunization, then declined with the appearance of gp120-specific IgG responses when additional booster immunizations were administered. This qualitative progression in the nature of gp120-specific immune responses with subsequent immunizations was paralleled by a simultaneous shift in the interferon-gamma and interleukin 4 release profiles following antigen stimulation of splenocytes in vitro. The simultaneous shifts in immune responses and cytokine release profiles indicate that the progression of antigen-specific CTL and IgG responses in gp120 DNA-immunized mice may be mediated through changes in the in vivo production of cytokines, such as those associated with the Th1 and Th2 subsets of CD4+ cells.
Graphical fisheye views (1994)

article Free Access Share on Graphical fisheye views Authors: Manojit Sarkar Fujitsu Network Transmission Systems, Inc., San Jose, CA Fujitsu Network Transmission Systems, Inc., San Jose, CAView Profile , Marc H. Brown Digital Equipment Corp., Palo Alto, CA Digital Equipment Corp., Palo Alto, CAView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 37Issue 12Dec. 1994pp 73–83https://doi.org/10.1145/198366.198384Published:01 December 1994Publication History 313citation1,895DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations313Total Downloads1,895Last 12 Months32Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Articular Cartilage Changes Seen With Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Detected Bone Bruises Associated With Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture (1998)

Occult osteochondral lesions (bone bruises) have been documented on magnetic resonance images in more than 80% of patients sustaining acute anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. Despite the high prevalence of these lesions, little is known about the histologic changes in the adjacent articular cartilage. Ten patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament ruptures who had a preoperatively documented (by magnetic resonance imaging) geographic bone bruise at the sulcus terminalis on the lateral femoral condyle underwent a 3-mm diameter trephine biopsy of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone overlying the bone bruise at the time of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Biopsy samples of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue. All patients had significant arthroscopic and histologic articular cartilage irregularity in the area overlying the bone bruise. Arthroscopic findings of the articular cartilage included softening (dimpling), fissuring, or overt chondral fracture. Histologic examination revealed degeneration of the chondrocytes and loss of toluidine blue staining in the articular cartilage (loss of proteoglycan). There was necrosis of osteocytes in the subchondral bone, and empty lacuna were visible. This study defines the exact histologic changes of the articular cartilage overlying a geographic bone bruise secondary to an acute anterior cruciate ligament tear. Our findings suggest that a geographic bone bruise found on magnetic resonance imaging indicates substantial damage to normal articular cartilage homeostasis.
Induction of immunity in peripheral tissues combined with intracerebral transplantation of interleukin-2-producing cells eliminates established brain tumors. (2001)

Cytokine gene therapy for the induction of potent immune responses against central nervous system tumors has proven to have significant potential. However, this strategy needs improvement in the process of antigen presentation and/or insufficient recruitment of immunocompetent cells to achieve successful eradication of established brain tumors. We investigated the therapeutic potential of induced systemic immunity in peripheral tissues combined with interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in the vicinity of brain tumors to treat established brain tumors. Sequential magnetic resonance image monitoring showed that the combinatory therapy consisting of intracerebral (i.c.) transplantation of IL-2-producing rat gliosarcoma 9L (9L/IL-2) cells and s.c. vaccination using irradiated 9L or 9L/IL-2 cells could cure 9L-bearing rats, whereas either the i.c. injection of 9L/IL-2 cells or the s.c. vaccination produced little or marginal antitumor effects, respectively. Xenogeneic murine neuroblastoma cells secreting IL-2 could substitute for 9L/IL-2 cells, producing significant antitumor effects in the vaccinated rats. Tumor-specific cytotoxic activity was induced in the vaccinated rats but not fully in the rats treated only with i.c. injection of 9L/IL-2 cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that a number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells infiltrated into the brain tumors which were treated with the combinatory therapy. The level of cell infiltration was similar to that found in s.c. 9L/IL-2 tumors which were subsequently rejected. In contrast, the brain tumors treated with either i.c. transplantation of 9L/IL-2 cells or the s.c. vaccination showed only moderate infiltration of T cells. The combinatory strategy, i.c. grafting of IL-2-producing cells, and s.c. immunization of irradiated whole tumor cell vaccine, is, thus, effective for recruiting activated T cells into the brain tumor site and could be a potential therapy for brain tumors.
Standardized characterization of gene expression in human colorectal epithelium by two‐dimensional electrophoresis (1997)

New diagnostic and prognostic markers are needed in colorectal cancer. They can be found by differential analysis at DNA, RNA or protein level. The accuracy of phenotypic comparisons of tumor and normal tissues depends on the purity of the samples. We present an effective method to identify and isolate proteins that are differentially expressed under altered conditions, and a two-dimensional reference protein map of the normal human colonic epithelium. Normal colonic mucosa, primary tumors and liver metastases were prepared in the operating room. After washing in an ice-cold medium containing protease inhibitors, crypts were isolated by mechanical preparation without using metalloproteinases. Epithelial cells were then selected using Ber-EP4 Dynabeads. The samples were denaturated before processing for immobilized pH gradient two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis according to SWISS-2DPAGE standards. The samples contained more than 95% epithelial cells as confirmed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using pan-anticytokeratin antibodies. Cell surfaces were not damaged, as assessed by scanning electronic microscope. A protein reference map of the normal colonic epithelium was defined. Using gel matching, N-terminal sequencing and/or immunoblotting techniques, 60 polypeptides - including proteins specifically expressed in colorectal epithelium - have now been identified. This reproducible method of sample preparation permits the comparison of protein patterns found in various pathological states with the present reference map (http://www.expasy.ch). Some of these patterns might provide diagnostic or prognostic markers, or even molecular targets for therapy in the future.
Behavioral differentiation between itch and pain in mouse (2008)

The standard rodent model of itch uses scratching with the hind limb as a behavioral response to pruritic stimuli applied to the nape of the neck. The assumption is that scratching is an indicator of the sensation of itch. But because only one type of site-directed behavior is available, one cannot be certain that scratching is not a response to nociceptive or other qualities of sensations in addition to, or instead of, itch. To extend the model, we administered chemical stimuli to the cheek of the mouse and counted scratching with the hind limb as an indicator of itch and wiping with the forelimb as an indicator of pain. An intradermal injection of histamine and capsaicin, known to evoke predominantly itch and pain, respectively, in humans, each elicited hind limb scratching behavior when injected into the nape of the neck of the mouse. In contrast, when the same chemicals were injected into the cheek of the mouse, there were two site-directed behaviors: histamine again elicited scratching with the hind limb, but capsaicin evoked wiping with the forelimb. We conclude that the "cheek model of itch" in the mouse provides a behavioral differentiation of chemicals that elicit predominantly itch in humans from those that evoke nociceptive sensations. That is, the model provides a behavioral differentiation between itch and pain in the mouse.
letters to the editor (2001)

HHN encourages letters to the editor regarding recently published articles. Submissions must be typed, contain fewer than 300 words, and list the correspondent’s name, address, and phone number (or e-mail address); include references for any statistics or studies cited. Letters will be edited for length and clarity. Send letters to HHN, 3904 Therina Way, Louisville, KY 40241; fax (502) 339-0087; e-mail: [email protected] Because home care is such a broad field of practice, it is difficult to devote a large amount of journal space on specialty practice areas. We publish material that addresses the most current, cutting-edge, clinical information. Because the majority of home care patients have problems managing many chronic diseases and wound care, we must focus on material that addresses the majority of the patients our readers see. Because HHN also helps readers understand reimbursement, legislation, and regulation, it is a complimentary journal to some clinical specialties. Perhaps some of your clinical procedures could be addressed in a current pediatric textbook reference. As for journals, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins publishes the Journal of Child and Family Nursing and Mosby publishes the Journal of Pediatric Health Care. Perhaps these, along with HHN, will better meet your needs.Editor
Interactions of Aziridines with Nickel Complexes:  Oxidative-Addition and Reductive-Elimination Reactions that Break and Make C−N Bonds (2002)

Reaction of the N-tosylaziridines (p-CH(3)C(6)H(4)SO(2))NCH(2)CHR (1a, R = H; 1b, R = Me; 1c, R = n-Bu; 1d, R = i-Pr) with (bpy)Ni(cod) (2; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) or (bpy)NiEt(2) (3) results in elimination of cod or butane from 2 and 3, respectively, and oxidative addition of an aziridine C-N bond to give the azametallacyclobutane complexes (bpy)Ni(NTosCHRCH(2)) (4a, R = H; 4b, R = Me; 4c, R = n-Bu; 4d, R = i-Pr) as maroon solids in 50-70% isolated yields. The structure of 4b exhibits a puckered four-membered azametallacycle containing a pyramidal nitrogen and with Ni-N(1) = 1.911(5) A; the tosyl group on N and the methyl substituent on the adjacent C are disposed in an anti conformation. The monodeuterated aziridine syn-(p-CH(3)C(6)H(4)SO(2))NCHDCH-n-Bu (1e) reacts with either 2 or 3 to give (bpy)Ni[NTosCH(n-Bu)CHD] (4e) in 60-65% yield, having an anti arrangement of the methine and methylene protons in the azametallacycle, and indicates that >95% inversion of stereochemistry has occurred at the methylene carbon during the oxidative-addition reaction. When the azametallacyclobutane complexes 4a-e are exposed to oxygen, oxidatively induced reductive elimination ensues, giving the free aziridines in 30-60% isolated yields. In the oxidation of 4e, the product aziridine is spectroscopically identical to its parent, 1e, indicating the elimination that forms the C-N bond also proceeds with inversion of stereochemistry (approximately 92% by (1)H NMR) at the methylene carbon.
Synthesis of Chromones via Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Free Cyclocarbonylation of o-Iodophenols with Terminal Acetylenes in Phosphonium Salt Ionic Liquids (2010)

The highly efficient and selective palladium-catalyzed ligand-free cyclocarbonylation reaction of o-iodophenols with terminal acetylenes and CO in the phosphonium salt ionic liquid, C(14)H(29)(C(6)H(13))(3)P(+)Br(-), affords diversified chromones in good to excellent yields under atmospheric CO pressure. The ionic liquid, as the reaction medium, enhances the efficiency of the cyclocarbonylation reaction.
A study of 609 HLA haplotypes marking for the hemochromatosis gene: (1) mapping of the gene near the HLA-A locus and characters required to define a heterozygous population and (2) hypothesis concerning the underlying cause of hemochromatosis-HLA association. (1987)

We compared 609 haplotypes carrying the idiopathic hemochromatosis allele with 475 control haplotypes. Four haplotypes were more frequent in hemochromatosis: A3, B7 (actually A3, CW., B7, Bfs, DR2); A3, B14 (actually A3, CW., B14, BfF, DRW6); A11, B35; and A11, B5. The linkage disequilibrium for A3, B7 and A3, B14 (and probably also for A11, B5) was undeniably stronger in hemochromatosis than in controls. Two haplotypes--A3, B12 and A3, B15--were more frequent in hemochromatosis, without linkage disequilibrium. Four haplotypes in linkage disequilibrium in hemochromatosis--i.e., A2, B12; A1, B8; A9, B7; and A29, B12--were also found to have the same frequency and strength of linkage in controls. The dual observation (1) that haplotypes carrying A3 without either B7 or B14 were highly significantly more frequent in hemochromatosis than in controls and (2) that haplotypes carrying B7 or B14 but not A3 had the same frequency in hemochromatosis and controls led to the formal conclusion that only A3 is an independent marker for the hemochromatosis allele, B7 and B14 being involved only owing to the haplotypic mode of marking; the hemochromatosis allele can thus be mapped closer to locus A than to locus B. Our findings fit well with the hypothesis that the hemochromatosis mutation was a rare if not unique event that produced an ancestral HLA marking that was subsequently modified by recombinations and geographical scattering due to migrations.
[Pattern of antibody structure. The amino acid sequence of a monoclonal immunoglobulin L-chain of lambde-type, subgroup I (Bence-Jones-protein Vor.). A contribution to the elucidation of the origin of antibody specificity (author's transl)]. (1975)

The experiments leading to the determination of the primary strucutre of Bence-Jones-Protein Vor. are reported. The variable part of this immunoglobulin polypeptide chain can easily be identified as a typical representative of subgroup I of the lambde-chains. The constant part is characterized by the Kern- and OZ+ markers. The sequence data of this protein are in complete agreement with the demands of the germ line theroy of antibody formation. To demonstrate the evolutionary origin of the V-henes, a phylohenetic tree of all completely sequenced Vk-, Vlambde-, and VH-chains is constructed. Teh evolutionary rate of immunoglobulins is calculated and compared to that of other protein families.