gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How to Make a BLT Sandwich? Learning to Reason towards Understanding Web Instructional Videos (2018)

Understanding web instructional videos is an essential branch of video understanding in two aspects. First, most existing video methods focus on short-term actions for a-few-second-long video clips; these methods are not directly applicable to long videos. Second, unlike unconstrained long videos, e.g., movies, instructional videos are more structured in that they have step-by-step procedure constraining the understanding task. In this paper, we study reasoning on instructional videos via question-answering (QA). Surprisingly, it has not been an emphasis in the video community despite its rich applications. We thereby introduce YouQuek, an annotated QA dataset for instructional videos based on the recent YouCook2. The questions in YouQuek are not limited to cues on one frame but related to logical reasoning in the temporal dimension. Observing the lack of effective representations for modeling long videos, we propose a set of carefully designed models including a novel Recurrent Graph Convolutional Network (RGCN) that captures both temporal order and relation information. Furthermore, we study multiple modalities including description and transcripts for the purpose of boosting video understanding. Extensive experiments on YouQuek suggest that RGCN performs the best in terms of QA accuracy and a better performance is gained by introducing human annotated description.
Experimental verification of backward-wave radiation from a negative refractive index metamaterial (2002)

A composite medium consisting of an array of fine wires and split-ring resonators has been previously used to experimentally verify a negative index of refraction. We present a negative refractive index (NRI) metamaterial that goes beyond the original split-ring resonator/wire medium and is capable of supporting a backward cone of radiation. We report experimental results at microwave frequencies that demonstrate backward-wave radiation from a NRI metamaterial—a characteristic analogous to reversed Cherenkov radiation. The conception of this metamaterial is based on a fresh perspective regarding the operation of NRI metamaterials.
The Role of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease (2013)

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Disruptions in the physiologic maintenance of the redox potential in neurons interfere with several biological processes, ultimately leading to cell death. Evidence has been developed for oxidative and nitrative damage to key cellular components in the PD substantia nigra. A number of sources and mechanisms for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are recognized including the metabolism of dopamine itself, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron, neuroinflammatory cells, calcium, and aging. PD causing gene products including DJ-1, PINK1, parkin, alpha-synuclein and LRRK2 also impact in complex ways mitochondrial function leading to exacerbation of ROS generation and susceptibility to oxidative stress. Additionally, cellular homeostatic processes including the ubiquitin-proteasome system and mitophagy are impacted by oxidative stress. It is apparent that the interplay between these various mechanisms contributes to neurodegeneration in PD as a feed forward scenario where primary insults lead to oxidative stress, which damages key cellular pathogenetic proteins that in turn cause more ROS production. Animal models of PD have yielded some insights into the molecular pathways of neuronal degeneration and highlighted previously unknown mechanisms by which oxidative stress contributes to PD. However, therapeutic attempts to target the general state of oxidative stress in clinical trials have failed to demonstrate an impact on disease progression. Recent knowledge gained about the specific mechanisms related to PD gene products that modulate ROS production and the response of neurons to stress may provide targeted new approaches towards neuroprotection.
Helicobacter pylori ribBA -Mediated Riboflavin Production Is Involved in Iron Acquisition (1998)

In this study, we cloned and sequenced a DNA fragment from an ordered cosmid library of Helicobacter pylori NCTC 11638 which confers to a siderophore synthesis mutant of Escherichia coli (EB53 aroB hemA) the ability to grow on iron-restrictive media and to reduce ferric iron. Sequence analysis of the DNA fragment revealed the presence of an open reading frame with high homology to the ribA gene of Bacillus subtilis. This gene encodes a bifunctional enzyme with the activities of both 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate (DHBP) synthase and GTP cyclohydrolase II, which catalyze two essential steps in riboflavin biosynthesis. Expression of the gene (designated ribBA) resulted in the formation of one translational product, which was able to complement both the ribA and the ribB mutation in E. coli. Expression of ribBA was iron regulated, as was suggested by the presence of a putative FUR box in its promotor region and as shown by RNA dot blot analysis. Furthermore, we showed that production of riboflavin in H. pylori cells is iron regulated. E. coli EB53 containing the plasmid with H. pylori ribBA excreted riboflavin in the culture medium, and this riboflavin excretion also appeared to be iron regulated. We postulate that the iron-regulated production of riboflavin and ferric-iron-reduction activity by E. coli EB53 transformed with the H. pylori ribBA gene is responsible for the survival of EB53 on iron-restrictive medium. Because disruption of ribBA in H. pylori eliminates its ferric-iron-reduction activity, we conclude that ribBA has an important role in ferric-iron reduction and iron acquisition by H. pylori.
Identification of Peptides That Target the Endothelial Cell–Specific LOX-1 Receptor (2001)

Current gene delivery vectors demonstrate inefficient and nonselective gene transfer to vascular endothelial cells, limiting their use in cardiovascular gene transfer and therapy. The lectinlike oxidized LDL receptor (LOX-1) is expressed selectively at low levels on endothelial cells but is strongly upregulated in dysfunctional endothelial cells associated with hypertension and atherogenesis. Using LOX-1 as a target receptor, we have sought to isolate peptide ligands that mediate binding to the extracellular domain of LOX-1 as a definitive step in the development of targeted gene transfer aimed at dysfunctional endothelium. To achieve this, we ectopically overexpressed LOX-1 in cells lacking endogenous LOX-1 by using an episomally maintained expression system and designed a novel subtractive phage display strategy to identify peptides selective for LOX-1. After extensive biopanning, we sequenced individual phage and identified 60 novel peptides. This population of peptides contained a number of potential consensus motifs. To define the selectivity of individual peptides for LOX-1 with the use of an independent gene transfer system, we developed a novel adenoviral vector to overexpress LOX-1 transiently in primary cells and cell lines. We then quantified recovery of each peptide from LOX-1-positive and LOX-1-negative cells after adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. This strategy confirmed selectivity to LOX-1 for many peptides and highlighted the peptides LSIPPKA, FQTPPQL, and LTPATAI as principal candidates. These peptides will be useful for the selective targeting of viral and nonviral gene transfer vectors to endothelial cells expressing the LOX-1 receptor in vitro and in vivo and in particular dysfunctional endothelial cells associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis.
Adoptive immunotherapy for cancer (2013)

Recent clinical success has underscored the potential for immunotherapy based on the adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of engineered T lymphocytes to mediate dramatic, potent, and durable clinical responses. This success has led to the broader evaluation of engineered T-lymphocyte-based adoptive cell therapy to treat a broad range of malignancies. In this review, we summarize concepts, successes, and challenges for the broader development of this promising field, focusing principally on lessons gleaned from immunological principles and clinical thought. We present ACT in the context of integrating T-cell and tumor biology and the broader systemic immune response.
trans activation of an Epstein-Barr viral transcriptional enhancer by the Epstein-Barr viral nuclear antigen 1. (1986)

Two regions of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome together make up an element, oriP, which acts in cis to support plasmid replication in cells that express the EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1). The two components of oriP are a region containing a 65-base-pair (bp) dyad symmetry and a region containing 20 copies of a 30-bp direct repeat. Here we show that the 30-bp family of repeats of oriP can function as a transcriptional enhancer that is activated in trans by the EBNA-1 gene product. In either EBV-genome-positive cells or in cells that express EBNA-1, the 30-bp family of repeats, when positioned in either orientation upstream or downstream, enhances expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene expressed from either the simian virus 40 early promoter or the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase promoter. The extent of transcriptional enhancement varies with the promoter and cell type. This enhanced CAT expression reflects an increased level of CAT mRNA and does not result from amplification of the plasmids expressing CAT. In addition, plasmids carrying the gene for resistance to hygromycin B and the 30-bp family of repeats yielded 10 to 100 times more hygromycin B-resistant colonies than the vector lacking the 30-bp family of repeats in both EBV-genome-positive cells and cells that express EBNA-1. EBNA-1 is known to bind to sequences within the 30-bp family of repeats (D. R. Rawlins, G. Milman, S. D. Hayward, and G. S. Hayward, Cell 42:859-868, 1985), and these trans- and cis-acting elements together have at least two functional roles: (i) they are required for DNA replication dependent upon oriP, and (ii) they can enhance expression of genes linked to the 30-bp family of repeats of oriP.
Adherence to healthy eating patterns is associated with higher circulating total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin and lower resistin concentrations in women from the Nurses' Health Study (2008)

The preventive effects of healthier dietary patterns on risk for diabetes and atherosclerosis may be mediated by improvements in plasma concentrations of adipokines or other biomarkers of risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion (2011)

This document revisits the dual-stack model and introduces the Dual-
Stack Lite technology aimed at better aligning the costs and benefits
of deploying IPv6 in service provider networks. Dual-Stack Lite
enables a broadband service provider to share IPv4 addresses among
customers by combining two well-known technologies: IP in IP (IPv4-
in-IPv6) and Network Address Translation (NAT). [STANDARDS-TRACK]
A Field Trial with an Experimental Vaccine Against Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis in Cattle. 2. Antibody Response (1994)

A Staphylococcus aureus vaccine containing whole, inactivated bacteria with pseudocapsule and alpha and beta toxoids with a mineral oil as adjuvant, was used in a field trial. Heifers were injected in the area of the supramammary lymph nodes with vaccine or placebo twice before calving and observed and sampled throughout their first lactation. Antibody response toward the pseudocapsule and the alpha toxin was significant in serum from the vaccinated cows. These antibody concentrations were significantly higher in serum and milk during the entire lactation compared with that of the controls. The antibody response to the beta toxin was moderate in serum from vaccinated cows; no differences in antibody concentrations in milk were significant between groups. The antibody response to the pseudocapsule consisted of the IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes, but, in milk, only the concentration of IgG1 was significantly increased in the vaccinated cows during the lactation compared with the control cows.
Efficient generation of recombinant adenovirus vectors by homologous recombination in Escherichia coli (1996)

Despite recent technical improvements, the construction of recombinant adenovirus vectors remains a time-consuming procedure which requires extensive manipulations of the viral genome in both Escherichia coli and eukaryotic cells. This report describes a novel system based on the cloning and manipulation of the full-length adenovirus genome as a stable plasmid in E. coli, by using the bacterial homologous recombination machinery. The efficiency and flexibility of the method are illustrated by the cloning of the wild-type adenovirus type 5 genome, the insertion of a constitutive promoter upstream from the E3 region, the replacement of the E1 region by an exogenous expression cassette, and the deletion of the E1 region. All recombinant viral DNAS were shown to be fully infectious in permissive cells, and the modified E3 region or the inserted foreign gene was correctly expressed in the infected cells.
Adequacy of expressed breast milk for early gwoth of preterm infants. (1977)

Poor weight gain observed in preterm infants who were fed expressed breast milk compared with those fed a cows' milk formular prompted a detailed study of early postnatal growth in preterm infants fed these two milks. 68 infants were divided into two categories by gestational age at birth (i) 28-32 weeks (n=28), (ii) 33-36 weeks (n=40). They were randomly allocated to a feed of expressed breast milk or a milk formula (Ostermilk 1). Rates of weight gain, linear growth, and head circumference growth were evaluated over two periods: birth-1 month, 1-2 months. The younger group who were fed breast milk showed slower overall growth rates over the first month than those fed formula. In the second month, and for the older infants over both of the 2-monthly periods, growth rates were similar in the two feeding regimens. It is concluded that expressed breast milk is inadequate for the growth of very immature preterm infants during early postnatal life.
Smooth Anodic TiO2 Nanotubes (2005)

Smooth results with glycerol: A highly viscous glycerol electrolyte suppresses local concentration fluctuations and changes in pH during the anodization of titanium. This leads to layers of smooth TiO2 nanotubes up to 7 μm thick and with an average pore diameter of 40 nm (see transmission electron micrograph).
Learning Fine-Grained Image Similarity with Deep Ranking (2014)

Learning fine-grained image similarity is a challenging task. It needs to capture between-class and within-class image differences. This paper proposes a deep ranking model that employs deep learning techniques to learn similarity metric directly from images. It has higher learning capability than models based on hand-crafted features. A novel multiscale network structure has been developed to describe the images effectively. An efficient triplet sampling algorithm is also proposed to learn the model with distributed asynchronized stochastic gradient. Extensive experiments show that the proposed algorithm outperforms models based on hand-crafted visual features and deep classification models.
Inhibition of endogenous gastrin activity by antibodies to the carboxyl-terminal tetrapeptide amide of gastrin. (1970)

Since incubation of gastrin with antibodies directed against its functional carboxyl-terminal tetrapeptide amide inhibits the gastric secretory effects of exogenous gastrin, this series of experiments was performed to determine whether the same antibody preparation also inhibits the physiological effects of endogenous gastrin. Endogenous gastrin release was stimulated in the perfused pylorus-ligated rat stomach by gastric irrigation with acetylcholine. The control rat experiments demonstrated that acid secretory responses to intragastric acetylcholine were reproducible and reliable; the second response in each rat varied from 10 % higher to 15 % lower than the first. In the experimental rats, passive administration of antibody-containing globulin during endogenous release inhibited the expected increase in acid secretion an average of 73 % (47 to 100 %). The experiments document that antibodies to the functional portion of the gastrin molecule inhibit the acid secretory effects of endogenous gastrin.
A preliminary cell kinetics model of thrombocytopenia after radioimmunotherapy. (1998)

The nadir and duration of thrombocytopenia predicted by the model were similar to those observed in the mice. Predicted information could be useful for planning the dose and timing of fractionated radionuclide therapy. This model provides a stepping stone for future development of a predictive model for patients.
Efficient Road Scene Understanding for Intelligent Vehicles Using Compositional Hierarchical Models (2014)

In this paper, we present a novel compositional hierarchical framework for road scene understanding that allows for reliable estimation of scene topologies, such as the number, location, and width of lanes and the lane topology, i.e., parallel, splitting, or merging. In our approach, lanes and roads are represented in a hierarchical compositional model in which nodes represent parts of roads and edges represent probabilistic constraints between pairs of parts. A key benefit of our approach is the representation of lanes and roads as a set of common parts. This makes our approach applicable to scenes with rich topological diversity, while bringing along the much desired computational efficiency. To cope with the high-dimensional and continuous parameter space of our model and the non-Gaussian image evidence, we perform inference using nonparametric belief propagation. Based on this approximate inference algorithm, we introduce depth-first message passing for lane detection, which performs inference in several sweeps. Empirical results show that depth-first message passing requires significantly lower computation for performance comparable with classical belief propagation.
Overview of immune system development in the dog: comparison with humans (2002)

Dogs play an important role in toxicology because of their importance as a large animal, pre-clinical model for evaluating potential toxicity in human drug development including the effects of investigational drugs on the immune system. The purpose of this paper is to review the development of the canine immune system during the fetal, neonatal and postnatal periods and to compare it with that of the human immune system. Unlike rodents, the development of the canine immune system shares many similarities to that of the human. In both dogs and humans, the immune system, including the mucosal immune system, is fully developed before birth although the maturity of the immune response may continue into the postnatal period.
Why do insects have such a high density of flow-sensing hairs? Insights from the hydromechanics of biomimetic MEMS sensors (2010)

Insects and arachnids are often quite hairy. The reasons for this high density of sensory hairs are unknown. Previous studies have predicted strong hydrodynamic coupling between densely packed airflow-sensitive hairs. Flow perturbation owing to single hairs and between tandem hairs, however, has never been experimentally measured. This paper aims to quantify the extent of flow perturbation by single and tandem hairs directly, using biomimetic microelectromechanical system (MEMS) hairs as physical models and particle image velocimetry (PIV) for flow visualization. Single and tandem MEMS hairs of varying interhair distances were subjected to oscillatory flows of varying frequency. Decreasing hair-to-hair distance markedly reduced flow velocity amplitude and increased the phase shift between the far-field flow and the flow between hairs. These effects were stronger for lower flow frequencies. We predict strong hydrodynamic coupling within whole natural hair canopies exposed to natural stimuli, depending on arthropod and hair sizes, and hair density. Thus, rather than asking why arthropods have so many hairs, it may be useful to address why hairs are packed together at such high densities, particularly given the exquisite sensitivity of a single hair.
Dynamics of notch expression during murine prostate development and tumorigenesis. (2001)

Notch signaling has been widely demonstrated to be responsible for cell fate determination during normal development and implicated in human T-cell leukemia and mouse mammary carcinomas. Here we show that Notch signaling may be involved in prostatic development and cancer cell growth. In situ hybridization and reverse transcription-PCR analyses revealed that Notch1 was expressed in prostate epithelial cells during normal development and in prostate cancer cells. Characterization of Notch1-green fluorescent protein transgenic mice, in which the expression of reporter green fluorescent protein is under the control of the Notch1 promoter, indicated that Notch1-expressing cells were associated with the basal epithelial cell population in the prostate. Examination of the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate showed that expression of Notch1 was elevated in malignant prostatic epithelial cells of primary and metastatic tumors. Expression of Notch ligands, however, was low or undetectable in cultured prostate cancer cells or in malignant prostatic epithelial cells in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate. Furthermore, overexpression of a constitutively active form of Notch1 inhibited the proliferation of various prostate cancer cells, including DU145, LNCaP, and PC3 cells. Taken together, our data indicate for the first time that Notch signaling may play a role in murine prostatic development and tumorigenesis.
Par-POPINS: a timing-driven parallel placement method with the Elmore delay model for row based VLSIs (2002)

In this paper, we present a parallel algorithm running on a shared memory multi-processor workstation for timing driven standard cell layout. The proposed algorithm is based on POPINS2.0 and consists of three phases. First, we get an initial placement by a hierarchical timing-driven mincut placement algorithm. At the top level of partitioning hierarchy, we perform one step of bi-partitioning by several processors, and in the lower levels of partitioning hierarchy, partitionings of each region in a level are performed in parallel. Next, in phase 2, iterative improvement of the sub-circuit which contains critical paths is performed by nonlinear programming. Parallel processing is realized by performing the nonlinear programming method to each sub-circuit in parallel. Finally, in phase 3, the placement is transformed to a row based layout style by a timing-driven row assignment method. We have implemented the proposed method on a 4CPU multi-processor workstation and showed that the proposed method is promising through experimental results.