gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rabbit Model of Tuberculosis (2014)

The susceptible rabbit families developed hematogenously spread tuberculosis resembling that found in infants and immunocompromised individuals. The resistance to tuberculosis of some of the American rabbit breeds may be more uniform than that of the New Zealand White rabbits on the market today, and among such breeds, new resistant or susceptible strains may be discovered. Two factors influence resistance to the establishment of tuberculosis: (i) the trapping of tubercle bacilli in the lung and (ii) the initial inactivation of these bacilli. The trapping is partly dependent on the ability of the alveolar macrophages to phagocytize the bacilli. The severity of tuberculosis was determined by both the susceptibility of the host and the virulence of the infecting bacilli. Human strains of tubercle bacilli are less virulent for rabbits than the bovine strains. Recovery from infection with them is the rule, even in genetically susceptible rabbits. The use of these strains of bacilli has made possible the development of one of the most precise tests available for native and acquired resistance to tuberculosis. BCG is usually given intradermally, so the response of Lurie's resistant and susceptible rabbits to this route of infection is described in this chapter. The acquired immunity from BCG vaccination was higher in resistant than susceptible animals. Lurie obtained a hybrid strain of rabbits (F1) by crossing one of his highly resistant strains with one of his highly susceptible strains. The degree of resistance to tuberculosis of this F1 generation was intermediate between that of the two parent strains.
Synthesis and structure of metallic polymeric sulfur nitride, (SN)x, and its precursor, disulfur dinitride, S2N2 (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and structure of metallic polymeric sulfur nitride, (SN)x, and its precursor, disulfur dinitride, S2N2C. M. Mikulski, P. J. Russo, M. S. Saran, A. G. MacDiarmid, A. F. Garito, and A. J. HeegerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 22, 6358–6363Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00855a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00855a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1100Altmetric-Citations240LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
APOPTOSIS AND CHEMOKINE INDUCTION AFTER RENAL ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION1 (2001)

These data for the first time show that chemokine induction following I/R is dependent on caspase activation.
GBT440 increases haemoglobin oxygen affinity, reduces sickling and prolongs RBC half‐life in a murine model of sickle cell disease (2016)

A major driver of the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD) is polymerization of deoxygenated haemoglobin S (HbS), which leads to sickling and destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) and end-organ damage. Pharmacologically increasing the proportion of oxygenated HbS in RBCs may inhibit polymerization, prevent sickling and provide long term disease modification. We report that GBT440, a small molecule which binds to the N-terminal α chain of Hb, increases HbS affinity for oxygen, delays in vitro HbS polymerization and prevents sickling of RBCs. Moreover, in a murine model of SCD, GBT440 extends the half-life of RBCs, reduces reticulocyte counts and prevents ex vivo RBC sickling. Importantly, oral dosing of GBT440 in animals demonstrates suitability for once daily dosing in humans and a highly selective partitioning into RBCs, which is a key therapeutic safety attribute. Thus, GBT440 has the potential for clinical use as a disease-modifying agent in sickle cell patients.
16: The Influence of Disciplinary Differences on Consultations with Faculty (2000)

In recent years researchers have begun to investigate the nature of disciplinary differences in higher education and their implications for teaching and learning. While researchers have studied several aspects of disciplinary differences, they have given comparatively little attention to the significance of these differences for faculty development. After reviewing selective, representative studies from the literature on disciplinary differences, this paper develops a general framework for determining how the characteristics of a discipline influence the dynamics of the consulting relationship using the example of the hard sciences. It explores what kinds of discipline-specific knowledge will be important for consultants and under what circumstances and the implications for effective consulting strategies. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research in this area.
Curving monolithic silicon for nonplanar focal plane array applications (2008)

Despite progress in the performance of image sensors, comparatively little work has focused on overcoming the limitations of planar image sensor arrays. We present a technique to construct curved monolithic silicon structures that can be processed using standard silicon processing prior to curving. The process relies on microstructuring of a monolithic silicon die using a deep reactive ion etch process. This technique can be used to build curved integrated circuits such as image sensors for more compact cameras with improved optical performance.
SPRPTION BEHAVIOR OF HEAVY METAL IONS ON S-SUBSTITUTED KERATEINE GELS (1978)

Sorption behavior of heavy metal ions by various kerateine gels, whose thiol groups were substituted with different groups, were investigated. For this purpose, the thiol groups of kerateine gels were modified by (i) functional residues with chelate-forming or ion-binding nature, (ii) residues with large group moments, and (iii) non-specific alkyl groups. In acid media, the sorption behavior of Hg2+ by these kerateine gels depended strongly on the substituent introduced, although introduction of any substituent could cause no appreciable increase in the uptake. The results were discussed in relation to the chemical structure of kerateine gels. On the other hand, prominent increases in the Hg2+ uptake were observed for all types of kerateine gels independent of their substituent, when the pH of medium goes from neutral to alkaline. The sorption isotherms of Hg2+ observed at pH 9.0 for S-alkyl kerateine gels were almost the same as that for the thiol-type gel. A series of experiments on Hg2+ desorption from the gel showed that the sorption characteristics of S-substituted kerateine gels were more advantageous than that of the thiol-type gel from the standpoint of recovering Hg2+ once sorbed by the kerateine gel. In addition, it was found that the sorption behavior of some metal ions, i. e., Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+, varied to some extent with the substituents introduced, although all types of kerateine gels exhibited predominantly higher uptakes for Hg2+ than those for these metal ions.
VH-VL orientation prediction for antibody humanization candidate selection: A case study (2015)

Antibody humanization describes the procedure of grafting a non-human antibody's complementarity-determining regions, i.e., the variable loop regions that mediate specific interactions with the antigen, onto a β-sheet framework that is representative of the human variable region germline repertoire, thus reducing the number of potentially antigenic epitopes that might trigger an anti-antibody response. The selection criterion for the so-called acceptor frameworks (one for the heavy and one for the light chain variable region) is traditionally based on sequence similarity. Here, we propose a novel approach that selects acceptor frameworks such that the relative orientation of the 2 variable domains in 3D space, and thereby the geometry of the antigen-binding site, is conserved throughout the process of humanization. The methodology relies on a machine learning-based predictor of antibody variable domain orientation that has recently been shown to improve the quality of antibody homology models. Using data from 3 humanization campaigns, we demonstrate that preselecting humanization variants based on the predicted difference in variable domain orientation with regard to the original antibody leads to subsets of variants with a significant improvement in binding affinity.
Distributed performance monitoring using SNMP V2 (1996)

Summary form only given. SNMP V1 has been widely accepted and deployed in the network management area. Community based SNMP V2 and continuing work in the SNMP area bring the potential to extend that deployment into all areas of distributed systems management. This article looks at the new features of SNMP V2, examines the implications of those features through an example application and points to SNMP V2's future in scaleable distributed systems management. SNMP V2 builds on SNMP V1 by providing full coexistence with V1 while adding new features including: structure of management information (SMI) enhancements that are mainly focused on improvements to the managed object definition; and protocol enhancements that include a new trap format, exceptions and error codes and a provision for bulk data transfer.
Rapid detection of a specific trimethoprim resistance gene using a biotinylated DNA probe (1987)

A DNA probe specific for the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) type I gene was labelled with biotin by the process of nick-translation and used to screen 83 independently-derived trimethoprim R plasmids from Enterobacteriaceae. Hybridization was detected using streptavidine and a biotin-conjugated alkaline phosphatase to generate an insoluble coloured precipitate following the addition of an appropriate dye. Sixty-eight plasmids (81.9%) hybridized with the probe for DHFR type I. The method could be adapted for use with any antibiotic resistance gene for which a suitable DNA probe is available and has none of the drawbacks associated with the use of radioactively-labelled DNA in hybridization techniques.
IEEE 1547 and 2030 Standards for Distributed Energy Resources Interconnection and Interoperability with the Electricity Grid (2014)

Public-private partnerships have been a mainstay of the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (DOE/NREL) approach to research and development. These partnerships also include technology development that enables grid modernization and distributed energy resources (DER) advancement, especially renewable energy systems integration with the grid. Through DOE/NREL and industry support of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards development, the IEEE 1547 series of standards has helped shape the way utilities and other businesses have worked together to realize increasing amounts of DER interconnected with the distribution grid. And more recently, the IEEE 2030 series of standards is helping to further realize greater implementation of communications and information technologies that provide interoperability solutions for enhanced integration of DER and loads with the grid. For these standards development partnerships, for approximately $1 of federal funding, industry partnering has contributed $5. In this report, the status update is presented for the American National Standards IEEE 1547 and IEEE 2030 series of standards. A short synopsis of the history of the 1547 standards is first presented, then the current status and future direction of the ongoing standards development activities are discussed.
Effect of alkyl nitrite decomposition on catalytic performance of CO coupling reaction over supported palladium catalyst (2012)

dimethyl 盐(DMO ) 和由在气体的阶段联合反应的公司的 diethyl 盐(DEO ) 的综合体在 Pd-Fe/Al2O3 催化剂上在一个固定的床反应堆被调查。催化表演被公司变换，时空收益(猪圈) 和 DMO 的选择描绘(或 DEO ) 。结果证明在 Pd-Fe/Al2O3 催化剂上， DMO 的 STY 是比在一样的反应条件下面的 DEO 的高级的。为综合的最佳反应温度分别地， DMO 和 DEO 是 403 K 和 393 K 在到公司的烷基亚硝酸根的臼齿的比率 1:1 在综合的差别一样的催化剂上的 DMO 和 DEO 被归因于甲基亚硝酸根( MN )和乙醇亚硝酸根的分解表演(在)，作为密度，功能的理论( DFT )计算显示出那在比 MN 容易分解了更多。
Tricistronic and Tetracistronic Retroviral Vectors for Gene Transfer (2000)

We have combined the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A sequence and the internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes) from encephalomyocarditis virus (ECMV) and avian reticuloendotheliosis virus type A (REV-A) to construct tricistronic and tetracistronic vectors. All the polycistronic constructs show high titers and expression of the genes inserted. Clones have been obtained in which cells simultaneously express the three or four genes carried by the polycistronic vectors.
Drug Transporters in the Nasal Epithelium: An Overview of Strategies in Targeted Drug Delivery (2014)

In this article, we discussed the expression of some ABC (e.g., P-glycoprortein, MRP and CFTR) and SLC (e.g., POT, DAT, OAT, OATP, OCT, EAAT2/GLT1 and GLUT) amino acid, metal and nucleoside transporters in the nasal mucosa. The localization and therapeutic targeting of these transporters are explored in detail. The wide array of transporters discovered so far in the nasal mucosa implies that a plethora of compounds can be delivered by targeting these transporters. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential challenges and delivery options for transporter-mediated drug targeting via the nasal route.
A mechanosensory system governs myosin II accumulation in dividing cells (2012)

The mitotic spindle is generally considered the initiator of furrow ingression. However, recent studies suggest that furrows can form without spindles, particularly during asymmetric cell division. In Dictyostelium, the mechanoenzyme myosin II and the actin cross-linker cortexillin I form a mechanosensor that responds to mechanical stress, which could account for spindle-independent contractile protein recruitment. Here we show that the regulatory and contractility network composed of myosin II, cortexillin I, IQGAP2, kinesin-6 (kif12), and inner centromeric protein (INCENP) is a mechanical stress-responsive system. Myosin II and cortexillin I form the core mechanosensor, and mechanotransduction is mediated by IQGAP2 to kif12 and INCENP. In addition, IQGAP2 is antagonized by IQGAP1 to modulate the mechanoresponsiveness of the system, suggesting a possible mechanism for discriminating between mechanical and biochemical inputs. Furthermore, IQGAP2 is important for maintaining spindle morphology and kif12 and myosin II cleavage furrow recruitment. Cortexillin II is not directly involved in myosin II mechanosensitive accumulation, but without cortexillin I, cortexillin II's role in membrane-cortex attachment is revealed. Finally, the mitotic spindle is dispensable for the system. Overall, this mechanosensory system is structured like a control system characterized by mechanochemical feedback loops that regulate myosin II localization at sites of mechanical stress and the cleavage furrow.
A simple and sensitive detection system for Bacillus anthracis in meat and tissue (2001)

These results could be useful for detecting animals with latent anthrax, and meat contaminated with B. anthracis, rapidly and simply.
Enzymatic Resynthesis of the “Reactive Site” Bond in the Modified Aprotinin Derivatives [Seco-15/16] Aprotinin and [Di-seco-15/16,39/40]Aprotinin (1988)

On incubation of [di-seco-15/16,39/40]aprotinin with human plasmin, porcine pancreatic kallikrein or bovine or porcine trypsin in neutral or slightly alkaline solutions [seco-39/40]aprotinin is slowly formed with enzymatic resynthesis of the reactive-site bond 15/16. With chymotrypsin, however, further degradation of [di-seco-15/16,39/40]aprotinin takes place without enzymatic resynthesis. The apparent rate constants for the synthesis of [seco-39/40]aprotinin with kallikrein and trypsin have been determined and indicate that the bond-forming reaction is 10-200-fold slower with [di-seco-15/16,39/40]aprotinin than with [seco-15/16]aprotinin. The newly formed [seco-39/40]aprotinin has similar kinetic constants for the complexation with its cognate enzymes as aprotinin, indicating that any distortion of the secondary binding region due to cleavage of the Arg39-Ala40 bond does not seriously influence binding and affinities.
The Role of Glucose Transporters in Brain Disease: Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease (2012)

The occurrence of altered brain glucose metabolism has long been suggested in both diabetes and Alzheimer&rsquo;s diseases. However, the preceding mechanism to altered glucose metabolism has not been well understood. Glucose enters the brain via glucose transporters primarily present at the blood-brain barrier. Any changes in glucose transporter function and expression dramatically affects brain glucose homeostasis and function. In the brains of both diabetic and Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease patients, changes in glucose transporter function and expression have been observed, but a possible link between the altered glucose transporter function and disease progress is missing. Future recognition of the role of new glucose transporter isoforms in the brain may provide a better understanding of brain glucose metabolism in normal and disease states. Elucidation of clinical pathological mechanisms related to glucose transport and metabolism may provide common links to the etiology of these two diseases. Considering these facts, in this review we provide a current understanding of the vital roles of a variety of glucose transporters in the normal, diabetic and Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease brain.
Absolute orientation of water molecules at the neat water surface (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAbsolute orientation of water molecules at the neat water surfaceM. C. Goh, J. M. Hicks, K. Kemnitz, G. R. Pinto, T. F. Heinz, K. B. Eisenthal, and K. BhattacharyyaCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 18, 5074–5075Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100329a003https://doi.org/10.1021/j100329a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views660Altmetric-Citations145LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of the Mitogenic S-[2,3-Bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]-N-palmitoylpentapeptide fromEscherichia coliLipoprotein (1983)

The N-terminal pentapeptide of the lipoprotein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was obtained by coupling S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-N-palmitoyl-(R)-cysteine to O-tert-butylseryl-O-tert-butyl-seryl-asparaginyl-alanine tert-butyl ester followed by deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid. The tetrapeptide was built up from alanine tert-butyl ester with N-9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl protected amino acids. S-[2,3-Bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]-N-palmitoylcysteine was obtained from N,N'-dipalmitoylcystine di-tert-butyl ester via reduction to the thiol, and S-alkylation with racemic 3-bromo-1,2-propanediol followed by esterification with palmitic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/dimethylaminopyridine and deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid. The compounds were characterized unequivocally by 13C-NMR and mass spectra. The diastereomers of S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]-N-palmitoylcysteine tert-butyl ester with opposite configuration at the propyl-C-2 atom could be separated on a silica-gel column.
Immunomodulatory drug costimulates T cells via the B7-CD28 pathway (2003)

Although thalidomide (Thal) does not directly induce T-cell activation, it increases proliferation of T cells following CD3 activation. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory effects of a more potent analog of Thal, immunomodulatory drug (IMiD), on T cells. Although IMiD3 does not directly stimulate proliferation of normal donor CD3+ T cells, it significantly costimulates proliferation of CD3+ T cells induced by CD3 ligation (stimulation index [SI], 2.4), immature dendritic cells (DCs; SI, 2.1), and mature DCs (SI, 2.6). T-cell proliferation triggered by DCs was abrogated by cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA-4-Ig), and IMiD3 partially overcomes this inhibitory effect. IMiD3 also overcomes the inhibitory effects of CTLA-4-Ig on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and influenza (Flu)-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses, as measured by cytokine capture and enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay. IMiD3 did not induce up-regulation of CD28 expression on T cells, or of CD80-CD86 expression on dendritic cells. Importantly, IMiD3 triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of CD28 on T cells, followed by activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), a known downstream target of CD28 signaling. These results therefore define the costimulatory mechanism whereby IMiD3 induces T-cell activation and provide the cellular and molecular basis for use of IMiD3 as an adjuvant in immunotherapeutic treatment strategies for multiple myeloma.
Interleukin-4 variant (BAY 36-1677) selectively induces apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (2001)

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) suppresses the growth of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells, but its clinical usefulness is limited by proinflammatory activity due mainly to the interaction of cytokine with endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Stroma-supported cultures of leukemic lymphoblasts were used to test the antileukemic activity of an IL-4 variant, BAY 36-1677, in which the mutations Arg 121 to Glu and Thr 13 to Asp ensure high affinity for IL-4Ralpha/IL-2Rgamma receptors expressed by lymphoid cells, without activation of the IL-4Ralpha/IL-13Ralpha receptors mainly expressed by other cells. BAY 36-1677 (25 ng/mL) was cytotoxic in 14 of 16 cases of B-lineage ALL; the median reduction in cell recovery after 7 days of culture was 85% (range, 17%-95%) compared to results of parallel cultures not exposed to the cytokine. Twelve of the 14 sensitive cases had t(9;22) or 11q23 abnormalities; 3 were obtained at relapse. BAY 36-1677 induced apoptosis in leukemic lymphoblasts but did not substantially affect the growth of normal CD34+ cells, thus conferring a growth advantage to normal hematopoietic cells over leukemic lymphoblasts in vitro. BAY 36-1677 had antileukemic activity equal or superior to that produced by native IL-4, but it lacked any effects on the growth of endothelial cells and fibroblasts. The molecular manipulation of IL-4 to abrogate its proinflammatory activity has generated a novel and therapeutically promising cytokine for the treatment of high-risk ALL.