gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optoelectronic on-chip characterization of ultrafast electric devices: Measurement techniques and applications (1996)

A comprehensive description of a modular optoelectronic measurement system for the characterization of high-frequency microelectronic devices and circuits is presented. Depending on application, specific techniques to generate, synchronize to, and detect high-frequency electric signals are combined covering a frequency range of more than three orders of magnitudes from 2 to 4000 GHz. We discuss on-chip electric-pulse generation by freely positionable photoconductive probes and by direct optical excitation of active devices. Alternatively, for measurements with external, electronically generated signals, the system is laid out to lock onto periodic signals of arbitrary frequency employed as clock signal for the circuit under test. With respect to detection, the following approaches are discussed: sampling with freely positionable electrooptic and photoconductive probe tips, and truly (probe-tip-free) all-optical testing based on the field-dependent optical nonlinearity of the circuit's substrate material. The probes are characterized concerning time resolution, linearity, sensitivity, and invasiveness. We demonstrate with a number of examples that the combination of the various modules allows one to optimize the approach to a specific testing problem. Measurements of the linear and nonlinear behavior of active and passive devices as well as circuits are presented. The electric field, respectively potential, is measured locally (point measurements) or in its spatial distribution (field mapping) both in the near and far field.
Continuous location of moving GSM mobile stations by pattern recognition techniques (2002)

Pattern recognition techniques based on hidden Markov models, which are applied to GSM measurement data, have been shown to be appropriate for the determination of the mobile station's location. For computational reasons this is so far limited to a certain number of locations in the road network. Here it is discussed how the number of locations can be increased and how the mobile station can be continuously kept track of once its position has been determined. Splitting the model in smaller parts has been found to be the solution to this problem and it is explained here how this can be treated mathematically.
IMPACT OF VEHICLE AIR-CONDITIONING ON FUEL ECONOMY. TAILPIPE EMISSIONS, AND ELECTRIC VEHICLE RANGE: PREPRINT (2000)

Vehicle air-conditioning can significantly impact fuel economy and tailpipe emissions of conventional and hybrid electric vehicles and reduce electric vehicle range. In addition, a new US emissions procedure, called the Supplemental Federal Test Procedure, has provided the motivation for reducing the size of vehicle air-conditioning systems in the US. The SFTP will measure tailpipe emissions with the air-conditioning system operating. Current air-conditioning systems can reduce the fuel economy of high fuel-economy vehicles by about 50% and reduce the fuel economy of today's mid-sized vehicles by more than 20% while increasing NOx by nearly 80% and CO by 70%.
Heparan sulphate proteoglycan expression in human primary liver tumours (1998)

Heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play important biological roles in cell-matrix adhesion processes and are essential regulators of growth factor actions (e.g., as co-receptor for hepatocyte growth factor). Since in liver carcinogenesis, interactions between cells, the matrix, and growth factors play a major role, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the distribution pattern of HSPGs is altered in human primary liver tumours. Twenty-two primary liver tumours and five normal liver biopsies were studied, using specific monoclonal antibodies against syndecans-1, -2, -3, and -4; glypican; perlecan; and heparan sulphate chains. Cholangiocarcinomas as well as hepatocellular carcinomas showed an altered immunoreactivity pattern of the different HSPGs in comparison with normal liver parenchyma, probably reflecting the growth regulatory roles of HSPGs. Intracellular positivity for integral membrane HSPGs syndecan-1 and especially syndecan-4 was a constant finding in most tumours, suggesting increased synthesis or internalization of these HSPGs. Syndecan-3 and perlecan expression in tumours was found in an expected distribution pattern. The strong reactivity for syndecan-3 and perlecan in tumoral stromal vessels might suggest a role for these HSPGs in tumoral angiogenesis. In addition, perlecan probably exerts its known growth factor reservoir function also in the stroma of primary liver tumours.
Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation to 45 μm in ZBLAN fluoride fibers by nanosecond diode pumping (2006)

A mid-infrared supercontinuum (SC) is generated in ZBLAN (ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF...) fluoride fibers from amplified nanosecond laser diode pulses with a continuous spectrum from approximately 0.8 microm to beyond 4.5 microm. The SC has an average power of approximately 23 mW, a pump-to-SC power conversion efficiency exceeding 50%, and a spectral power density of approximately -20 dBm/nm over a large fraction of the spectrum. The SC generation is initiated by the breakup of nanosecond laser diode pulses into femtosecond pulses through modulation instability, and the spectrum is then broadened primarily through fiber nonlinearities in approximately 2-7 m lengths of ZBLAN fiber. The SC long-wavelength edge is consistent with the intrinsic ZBLAN material absorption.
The IGF‐1 receptor in cancer biology (2003)

The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of the transformed phenotype. It also has a strong antiapoptotic activity and has a significant influence on the control of cell and body size. Downregulation of the IGF-1R leads to massive apoptosis of cancer cells. These characteristics make it an attractive target for anticancer therapy.
Multiple Regions on the Escherichia coli Heat Shock Transcription Factor ς 32 Determine Core RNA Polymerase Binding Specificity (1998)

We have analyzed the core RNA polymerase (RNAP) binding activity of the purified products of nine defective alleles of the rpoH gene, which encodes sigma32 in Escherichia coli. All mutations studied here lie outside of the putative core RNAP binding regions 2.1 and 2.2. Based on the estimated K(s)s for the mutant sigma and core RNAP interaction determined by in vitro transcription and by glycerol gradient sedimentation, we have divided the mutants into three classes. The class III mutants showed greatly decreased affinity for core RNAP, whereas the class II mutants' effect on core RNAP interaction was only clearly seen in the presence of sigma70 competitor. The class I mutant behaved nearly identically to the wild type in core RNAP binding. Two point mutations in class III altered residues that were distant from one another. One was found in conserved region 4.2, and the other was in a region conserved only among heat shock sigma factors. These data suggest that there is more than one core RNAP binding region in sigma32 and that differences in contact sites probably exist among sigma factors.
Common genetic variation within the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 6 and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (2007)

Genome-wide linkage studies have defined a broad susceptibility region for late-onset Alzheimer's disease on chromosome 12, which contains the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 6 (LRP6) gene, a coreceptor for Wnt signaling. Here, we report the association between common LRP6 variants and late-onset Alzheimer's disease in a multicenter case-control series as well as in a large family-based series ascertained by the National Institute of Mental Health-National Institute on Aging Genetics Initiative. As shown in the genome-wide linkage studies, our association depends mainly on apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 (APOE-epsilon4) carrier status. Haplotype tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a set of seven allelic variants of LRP6 identified a putative risk haplotype, which includes a highly conserved coding sequence SNP: Ile-1062 --> Val. Functional analyses revealed that the associated allele Val-1062, an allele previously linked to low bone mass, has decreased beta-catenin signaling in HEK293T cells. Our study unveils a genetic relationship between LRP6 and APOE and supports the hypothesis that altered Wnt/beta-catenin signaling may be involved in this neurodegenerative disease.
AIDS Vaccination Studies Using an Ex Vivo Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Model: Homologous Erythrocytes as a Delivery System for Preferential Immunization with Putative Protective Antigens (1998)

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a useful model for testing of criteria for AIDS vaccine development. In the protocol we adopted, we used a primary isolate of FIV as a source of antigen and, for challenge, plasma from cats infected with the homologous virus never passaged in vitro. Cat erythrocytes (RBC) were coated with the surface components of freshly harvested and purified FIV by means of biotin-avidin-biotin bridges and used to immunize specific-pathogen-free cats (four doses at monthly intervals; total amount of FIV antigen administered per cat, approximately 14 microg). Immunized cats developed moderate levels of antibodies directed mainly to surface components of the virion and clearly evident lymphoproliferative responses. Four months after the last dose of immunogen, FIV-immunized cats and control cats immunized with bovine serum albumin-coated RBC were challenged. Judged from the results of the subsequent 12-month follow-up, FIV-immunized cats exhibited at least some degree of protection. However, following rechallenge, most of the FIV-immunized animals became virus positive in spite of a booster immunogen dose given 2 months before the second challenge.
Technologies for enhanced efficacy of DNA vaccines (2012)

Despite many years of research, human DNA vaccines have yet to fulfill their early promise. Over the past 15 years, multiple generations of DNA vaccines have been developed and tested in preclinical models for prophylactic and therapeutic applications in the areas of infectious disease and cancer, but have failed in the clinic. Thus, while DNA vaccines have achieved successful licensure for veterinary applications, their poor immunogenicity in humans when compared with traditional protein-based vaccines has hindered their progress. Many strategies have been attempted to improve DNA vaccine potency including use of more efficient promoters and codon optimization, addition of traditional or genetic adjuvants, electroporation, intradermal delivery and various prime-boost strategies. This review summarizes these advances in DNA vaccine technologies and attempts to answer the question of when DNA vaccines might eventually be licensed for human use.
A novel hantavirus associated with an outbreak of fatal respiratory disease in the southwestern United States: evolutionary relationships to known hantaviruses (1994)

Four Corners hantavirus (FCV) is the tentative name of the suspected etiologic agent of the newly identified hantavirus-associated respiratory distress syndrome (HARDS). The identification in HARDS patients of serum immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies that cross-reacted with Hantaan, Seoul, and Puumala virus antigens first suggested that FCV is a hantavirus. Limited nucleotide sequence data from the FCV glycoprotein-2 (G2) confirmed that FCV is a hantavirus and showed that it is most closely related to Prospect Hill and Puumala viruses. We have molecularly cloned approximately 95% of the sequences of the M and S segments of the FCV genome encoding the envelope glycoproteins and nucleocapsid protein N from the lungs of a patient with HARDS. The nucleotide sequence has been determined for 2,632 bases. The nucleotide sequence data show that FCV is a new member of the Puumala virus and Prospect Hill virus division of the hantavirus genus. Phylogenetic tree analyses indicate that the M and S segments have evolved in parallel. Therefore, the novel pathogenic activity of FCV is not likely to be the result of recent reassortment of segments from less pathogenic viruses.
Polymer IgM assembly and secretion in lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell lines: evidence that J chain is required for pentamer IgM synthesis. (1995)

The requirements for IgM assembly and secretion were evaluated by introducing a constitutively expressed J-chain cDNA into lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell lines expressing the secretory form of monomer IgM. Assays of cell lysates and supernatants showed that only secretory monomer IgM is required for the synthesis and secretion of hexamer IgM, whereas J chain, as well as the secreted form of monomer, is required for the synthesis and secretion of pentamer IgM. Moreover, J chain facilitates the polymerization process so that pentamer IgM is preferentially synthesized. Other components of the polymerization process were found to be shared by all the cell lines examined, whether the cells were of lymphoid or nonlymphoid origin and had a rudimentary or developed secretory apparatus. These results identify monomer IgM and J chain as the two components that determine the B-cell-specific expression of IgM antibodies and, thus, as the appropriate targets for therapeutic regulation of IgM responses.
The viral envelope gene is involved in macrophage tropism of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain isolated from brain tissue (1990)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains isolated from the central nervous system (CNS) may represent a subgroup that displays a host cell tropism different from those isolated from peripheral blood and lymph nodes. One CNS-derived isolate, HIV-1SF128A, which can be propagated efficiently in primary macrophage culture but not in any T-cell lines, was molecularly cloned and characterized. Recombinant viruses between HIV-1SF128A and the peripheral blood isolate HIV-1SF2 were generated in order to map the viral gene(s) responsible for the macrophage tropism. The env gene sequences of the two isolates are about 91.1% homologous, with variations scattered mainly in the hypervariable regions of gp120. Recombinant viruses that have acquired the HIV-1SF128A env gene display HIV-1SF128A tropism for macrophages. Furthermore, the gp120 variable domains, V1, V2, V4, and V5, the CD4-binding domain, and the gp41 fusion domain are not directly involved in determining macrophage tropism.
Simple phase bias for superconducting circuits (2002)

A superconducting phase-bias tool, based on a trapped fluxoid in a ring, is proposed and demonstrated. It can provide arbitrary phase values and is simple to fabricate. The phase bias has been realized in two superconducting quantum interference devices, where the critical current versus magnetic flux is shown to be shifted by π/2 and π.
Inhibition of Orthotopic Human Bladder Tumor Growth by Lentiviral Gene Transfer of Endostatin (2004)

These findings suggest that lentivirus-mediated gene transfer might represent an effective strategy for expression of angioinhibitory peptides to achieve inhibition of human bladder cancer proliferation and tumor progression.
Polling Whether Politicians Should Go to Heaven (2007)

A national opinion survey is commissioned by the Australia Institute to find out the moral standing of Australian political leaders and the belief among people whether they deserve to go to heaven. Labour's environment spokesperson Peter Garrett scored the highest as a person that most deserves to go to heaven, Green leader Bob Brown scored next highest, followed by Kevin Rudd, Pauline Hanson and Tony Abbott, while Prime Minister John Howard attracted the lowest score.
N-(2-Aminophenyl)-2-anilinobenzamide (2009)

In the title compound, C(19)H(17)N(3)O, the planes of the aromatic substituents attached to the benzamide moiety are almost perpendicular to one another, making a dihedral angle of 88.16 (7)°. The observed conformation of the mol-ecule is produced by an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond.
Protection of Retroviral Vector Particles in Human Blood Through Complement Inhibition (1995)

The rapid inactivation of murine-derived retroviral vectors in human or nonhuman primate sera is largely attributed to the activity of complement mediated through the classical pathway. In this study, we have further investigated the relationship between the human complement cascade and retrovirus inactivation. Preincubation in normal human serum effectively inactivated LXSN retroviral vector particles, whereas the vector maintained the ability to transduce cells following incubation in sera deficient in either the C1, C2, C3, C5, C6, C8, or C9 human complement proteins. Preincubation of serum with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that functionally block specific complement components, including C5, C6, C8, and C9, successfully protected the LXSN vector from complement-mediated inactivation. Treatment of serum with cobra venom factor, which consumes terminal complement, also effectively protected the vector from inactivation. LXSN vector survival in serum corresponded inversely to the level of complement activity following treatment of serum with anti-C5 mAb as assessed in an erythrocyte hemolytic assay. Additionally, pretreatment of human whole blood with anti-C5 mAb effectively inhibited inactivation of the LXSN vector. Taken together, these data demonstrate that formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC, C5b-9) is required for the inactivation of the murine-based LXSN retroviral vector in human blood and that this process can be abrogated with the use of soluble complement inhibitors.
Coregistered photoacoustic-ultrasound imaging applied to brachytherapy (2011)

Brachytherapy is a form of radiation therapy commonly used in the treatment of prostate cancer wherein sustained radiation doses can be precisely targeted to the tumor area by the implantation of small radioactive seeds around the treatment area. Ultrasound is a popular imaging mode for seed implantation, but the seeds are difficult to distinguish from the tissue structure. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of photoacoustic imaging for identifying brachytherapy seeds in a tissue phantom, comparing the received intensity to endogenous contrast. We have found that photoacoustic imaging at 1064 nm can identify brachytherapy seeds uniquely at laser penetration depths of 5 cm in biological tissue at the ANSI limit for human exposure with a contrast-to-noise ratio of 26.5 dB. Our realtime combined photoacoustic-ultrasound imaging approach may be suitable for brachytherapy seed placement and post-placement verification, potentially allowing for realtime dosimetry assessment during implantation.
Comparative analysis of necrotic and apoptotic tumor cells as a source of antigen(s) in dendritic cell-based immunization. (2001)

There is considerable controversy as to whether necrotic (lysate) or apoptotic tumor cells serve as the superior source of multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to pulse dendritic cells (DCs) for immunotherapeutic applications. Here, we show that standard procedures to induce apoptosis by UVB irradiation unequivocally result in a mixed population of viable, apoptotic, and necrotic tumor cells, necessitating additional purification. We used highly enriched apoptotic versus lysate of B16 melanoma cells to examine whether or not there are important distinctions between these two sources of TAAs for loading of DCs. Our results demonstrate that although some differences exist between the two forms of TAAs in expression of heat shock proteins, as well as production of interleukin-12 by pulsed DCs, their respective capacities to mature DCs phenotypically, as well as to elicit both effective immune priming and antitumor therapeutic efficacy in vivo when presented by DCs, are equivalent.
Generation of optical frequency combs with a CaF_2 resonator (2009)

We demonstrate optical frequency combs using the fluorite whispering gallery mode resonator as a nonlinear Kerr medium. Two regimes of generation are observed, giving the record low repetition rate of 13 GHz, equal to the cavity's free spectral range (FSR) or high repetition rates of multiples of cavity FSR. An intermediate regime was also observed. Raman lasing spectrum similar to modulation instability in fibers was observed for the first time to the best of our knowledge.
Variants of the cell recognition site of fibronectin that retain attachment-promoting activity. (1984)

A tetrapeptide sequence, Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, is the minimal structure recognized by cells in the large, adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin. We now have defined the structural requirements for this cell recognition site by testing several synthetic variants of the active tetrapeptide sequence. The conservative substitutions of lysine for arginine, alanine for glycine, or glutamic acid for aspartic acid each resulted in abrogation of the cell attachment-promoting activity characteristic of the natural sequence. However, in the position of the serine residue, some alterations were compatible with activity. Assay of peptides containing the structure Arg-Gly-Asp-X (where X = another amino acid residue) showed that an Arg-Gly-Asp-Val sequence predicted to be present in some, but not all, fibronectin molecules as a result of alternative RNA splicings could potentially create a second cell attachment site in those fibronectin polypeptide chains carrying that sequence. Other proteins with potentially active Arg-Gly-Asp-X sequences include several proteins that are known to interact with the cell surface. Among these are various types of collagens, thrombin, and discoidin, a slime-mold protein that may be involved in cell aggregation. The result presented here show that the arginine, glycine, and aspartic acid residues are absolutely required for the cell recognition, and that the surrounding amino acids may play a role in the expression of cell attachment activity in fibronectin and other proteins having this sequence. We suggest, based on these data, that this recognition mechanism may be common to a number of biological systems.
A minimalist glutamyl-tRNA synthetase dedicated to aminoacylation of the tRNAAsp QUC anticodon (2004)

tablissements d'enseignement et de recherche franais ou trangers, des laboratoires publics ou privs.
Depolymerized holothurian glycosaminoglycan and heparin inhibit the intrinsic tenase complex by a common antithrombin-independent mechanism (2006)

Depolymerized holothurian glycosaminoglycan (DHG) is a fucosylated chrondroitin sulfate that possesses antithrombin-independent antithrombotic properties and inhibits factor X activation by the intrinsic tenase complex (factor IXa-factor VIIIa). The mechanism and molecular target for intrinsic tenase inhibition were determined and compared with inhibition by low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). DHG inhibited factor X activation in a noncompetitive manner (reduced V(max(app))), with 50-fold higher apparent affinity than LMWH. DHG did not affect factor VIIIa half-life or chromogenic substrate cleavage by factor IXa-phospholipid but reduced the affinity of factor IXa for factor VIIIa. DHG competed factor IXa binding to immobilized LMWH with an EC(50) 35-fold lower than soluble LWMH. Analysis of intrinsic tenase inhibition, employing factor IXa with mutations in the heparin-binding exosite, demonstrated that relative affinity (K(i)) for DHG was as follows: wild type > K241A > H92A > R170A > > R233A, with partial rather than complete inhibition of the mutants. This rank order for DHG potency correlated with the effect of these mutations on factor IXa-LMWH affinity and the potency of LMWH for intrinsic tenase. DHG also accelerated decay of the intact intrinsic tenase complex. Thus, DHG binds to an exosite on factor IXa that overlaps with the binding sites for LMWH and factor VIIIa, disrupting critical factor IXa-factor VIIIa interactions.