gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fermentation of Glucose to Lactic Acid Coupled with Reactive Extraction:  A Review (2004)

Growing demand for biodegradable polymer substitutes for both conventional plastic materials and new materials of specific uses such as controlled drug delivery or artificial prostheses draws attention to the need for improvement of conventional processes for lactic acid production. Reactive extraction with a specified extractant giving a higher distribution coefficient has been proposed as a promising technique for the recovery of lactic acid. A critical analysis of the available literature data has been made, and some general conclusions have been drawn. A suitable extractant−diluent system for lactic acid extraction on the basis of distribution coefficient, toxicity, and feasibility for backextraction is suggested. Also, methods for backextraction and recovery are suggested.
Cytokine production by epithelial cells 1 (1994)

The epithelium has long been regarded as a passive barrier intended to protect the underlying tissues. Many regulatory signals, including cytokines, that control epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation and cell function during inflammation were thought to be nonepithelial-derived. Now there is a growing appreciation that epithelial cells provide some of the impetus for their own growth and differentiation, and may also regulate the function of other cells through the elaboration of certain cytokines. Moreover, because epithelial cells serve as the interface between the organism and environment, they are in a position to signal changes in the environment. It is now clear that epithelial cells respond to injury or infection with cytokine secretion. Various approaches to detecting cytokines in normal and diseased tissue have been undertaken during the past few years to establish cytokine synthesis by different epithelial. This review will examine these recent investigations in various general contexts of epithelial cell function.
High-performance poly-Si TFTs on plastic substrates using a nano-structured separation layer approach (2003)

We demonstrate a manufacturable, large-area separation approach for producing high-performance polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors on flexible plastic substrates. The approach allows the use of high growth-temperature gate oxides and removes the need for hydrogenation. The process flow starts with the deposition of a nano-structured high surface-to-volume ratio film on a reuseable "mother" substrate. This film functions as a sacrificial release layer and is Si-based for process compatibility. After high-temperature TFT fabrication (up to 1100/spl deg/C) is carried to completion on the sacrificial film coated mother substrate, a thick plastic top layer film is applied, and the sacrificial layer is removed by chemical attack. By using this separation process, the temperature, smoothness, and mechanical limitations posed by plastic substrates are completely circumvented. Both excellent n-channel and p-channel TFTs on plastic have been produced. We report here on p-channel TFTs on separated plastic with a linear field effect (hole) mobility of 174 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V/spl middot/s, on/off current ratio of >10/sup 8/ at V/sub ds/=-0.1 V, off current of <10/sup -11/ A/μm-channel-width at V/sub ds/=-0.1 V, sub-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> swing of /spl sim/200 mV/dec, and threshold voltage of -1.1 V.
A Genetic Risk Score Combining Ten Psoriasis Risk Loci Improves Disease Prediction (2011)

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated skin disease affecting 2-3% of Caucasians. Recent genetic association studies have identified multiple psoriasis risk loci; however, most of these loci contribute only modestly to disease risk. In this study, we investigated whether a genetic risk score (GRS) combining multiple loci could improve psoriasis prediction. Two approaches were used: a simple risk alleles count (cGRS) and a weighted (wGRS) approach. Ten psoriasis risk SNPs were genotyped in 2815 case-control samples and 858 family samples. We found that the total number of risk alleles in the cases was significantly higher than in controls, mean 13.16 (SD 1.7) versus 12.09 (SD 1.8), p = 4.577×10(-40). The wGRS captured considerably more risk than any SNP considered alone, with a psoriasis OR for high-low wGRS quartiles of 10.55 (95% CI 7.63-14.57), p = 2.010×10(-65). To compare the discriminatory ability of the GRS models, receiver operating characteristic curves were used to calculate the area under the curve (AUC). The AUC for wGRS was significantly greater than for cGRS (72.0% versus 66.5%, p = 2.13×10(-8)). Additionally, the AUC for HLA-C alone (rs10484554) was equivalent to the AUC for all nine other risk loci combined (66.2% versus 63.8%, p = 0.18), highlighting the dominance of HLA-C as a risk locus. Logistic regression revealed that the wGRS was significantly associated with two subphenotypes of psoriasis, age of onset (p = 4.91×10(-6)) and family history (p = 0.020). Using a liability threshold model, we estimated that the 10 risk loci account for only 11.6% of the genetic variance in psoriasis. In summary, we found that a GRS combining 10 psoriasis risk loci captured significantly more risk than any individual SNP and was associated with early onset of disease and a positive family history. Notably, only a small fraction of psoriasis heritability is captured by the common risk variants identified to date.
Elastin Formation in Heterotopic Transplants of Isolated Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells (1981)

Smooth muscle cells were isolated from the aorta of 5 day old rats by collagenase digestion and injected intramuscularly into animals of the same strain, where the cells reconstituted an elastic tissue with many similarities to that found in the media of the intact aortic wall. The transplants consisted of partly aligned smooth muscle cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix of microfibrils, elastic fibers, bundles of collagen fibrils, and small granules believed to represent proteoglycans. The production of extracellular matrix was much more efficient than in cultures of arterial smooth muscle cells. This cell transplantation system may be valuable in elucidating the mechanisms of normal growth and development of the arterial wall as well as the pathogenesis of various pathological processes.
Addition Compounds of Sulfur Dioxide1 (1943)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAddition Compounds of Sulfur Dioxide1Noel F. Albertson and W. Conard FerneliusCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1943, 65, 9, 1687–1690Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1943Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1943https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01249a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01249a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views62Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Biology of feline leukemia virus in the natural environment. (1976)

The feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was discovered in 1964 in a cluster of cats with lymphosarcoma. The observed clustering of cases of feline lymphosarcoma suggested that FeLV was an infectious agent for cats. The development of a simple immunofluorescent test for FeLV permitted a seroepidemiological study to be undertaken on the distribution of the virus in cats living in their natural environment. Over 2000 cats were tested, and the results showed conclusively that FeLV is an infectious agent for cats. This finding has now been independently confirmed using three different test procedures. After the infectious nature of FeLV was discovered, a simple FeLV test and removal program was devised to control the spread of the virus in the natural environment. The spread of FeLV was controlled in 45 households by removing the FeLV-infected cats, while in 25 households, where the infected cats were left in contact with the uninfected cats, 12% of the uninfected cats became infected. The ultimate control of FeLV awaits the development of an effective FeLV vaccine, which now seems feasible since we have already experimentally immunized some cats with attenuated FeLV. Although FeLV is infectious for cats there is no evidence that FeLV can infect humans.
Type-Common CP-1 Antigen of Herpes Simplex Virus Is Associated with a 59,000-Molecular-Weight Envelope Glycoprotein (1978)

The CP-1 antigen of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a glycoprotein found in the soluble portion of infected cells, in detergent extracts of infected cell membranes, and in the envelope of purified virus. Antisera were prepared against a further purified form of CP-1 prepared from HSV soluble antigen mix; a glycoprotein, gp52, isolated from detergent-treated infected cells; and detergent extracts of purified virus. Each of the antisera reacted with CP-1 to give a single immunoprecipitin band of identity, and each antiserum neutralized the infectivity of HSV-1 and HSV-2. Our results suggested that the type-common determinants involved in the stimulation of neutralizing antibody resided on a 52,000-molecular-weight (52K) glycoprotein. The envelope of HSV contains several glycoproteins: one component at 59K and a complex of two or three components at 130K, none of which corresponds in molecular weight to gp52. Using the antisera as immunological probes, we performed pulse-chase experiments with [(35)S]methionine-labeled HSV-1-infected cells and followed the disposition of the glycoproteins during the infectious cycle. Each antiserum immunoprecipitated a (35)S-labeled 52K protein from lysates of cells pulse-labeled at 5 h after infection. By 10 h, the label was chased into a 59K protein also precipitable by each of the three antisera. The results suggest that gp52 is a precursor of gp59 and that the latter corresponds in molecular weight to one of the major glycoproteins of the virion envelope.
Intrinsic Length Scales in Tool-Rock Interaction (2008)

Indentation and cutting experiments in rocks reveal that the action of a tool can induce either ductile and/or brittle failure, with the ductile mode associated with damage of the rock and/or plastic flow, and the brittle mode with the propagation of cracks. In normal indentation, the development of a damaged zone precedes the initiation of tensile cracks; in cutting, the failure mechanism switches from a ductile to a brittle mode as the depth of cut is increased beyond a threshold value. In this paper, we first argue that these observations can be accounted for by introducing an intrinsic length scale lm∼(KIc∕σc)2 in the rock description (with KIc denoting the toughness and σc the compressive strength). Next, we report the results of numerical simulation of indentation and cutting tests with the discrete element method. After showing that the internal length scale lm can be modified by the ratio of the shear to normal bond strength, we illustrate by numerical simulations that the selection of the failure mode can indeed be controlled by varying lm.
Adaptation to HIF-1 deficiency by upregulation of the AMP/ATP ratio and phosphofructokinase activation in hepatomas (2011)

Despite their defective HIF-1 and consequent down-regulation of glycolytic enzyme expression, Hepa-1 c4 tumours maintain glucose uptake and glycolysis because the resulting low [ATP] high [AMP] allosterically activate PFK-1. This mechanism of resistance would keep glycolysis functioning and also result in activation of AMP-Kinase and growth inhibition; it may have major implications for the therapeutic activity of HIF inhibitors in vivo. Interestingly, this control mechanism does not involve transcriptional control or proteomics, but rather the classical activation and inhibition mechanisms of glycolytic enzymes.
Distinct Regulation of p53 and p73 Activity by Adenovirus E1A, E1B, and E4orf6 Proteins (1999)

Multiple adenovirus (Ad) early proteins have been shown to inhibit transcription activation by p53 and thereby to alter its normal biological functioning. Since these Ad proteins affect the activity of p53 via different mechanisms, we examined whether this inhibition is target gene specific. In addition, we analyzed whether the same Ad early proteins have a comparable effect on transcription activation by the recently identified p53 homologue p73. Our results show that the large E1B proteins very efficiently inhibited the activity of p53 on the Bax, p21(Waf1), cyclin G, and MDM2 reporter constructs but had no effect on the activation of the same reporter constructs by p73, with the exception of some inhibition of the Bax promoter by Ad12 E1B. The repressive effect of the E1A proteins on p53 activity is less than that seen with the large E1B proteins, but the E1A proteins inhibit the activity of both p53 and p73. We could not detect significant inhibition of p53 functions by E4orf6, but a clear repression of the transcription activation by p73 by this Ad early protein was observed. In addition, we found that stable expression of the Ad5 E1A and that of the E1B protein both caused increased p73 protein expression. The large E1B and the E4orf6 proteins together do not target the p73 protein for rapid degradation after adenoviral infection, as has previously been found for the p53 protein, probably because the large E1B protein does not interact with p73. Our results suggest that the p53 and p73 proteins are both inactivated after Ad infection and transformation but via distinct mechanisms.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands reduce neuronal inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and cell death in vivo. (2000)

Expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in brain may contribute to neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Expression of iNOS can be induced in cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) in vivo as well as in vitro, allowing these cells to be used to study regulation of neuronal iNOS expression. We report here that microinjection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma into rat cerebellum induced iNOS expression in CGCs and subsequent cell death assessed by staining for DNA fragmentation. Co-injection of three structurally distinct agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), including the antidiabetic thiazolidinedione troglitazone, the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen, and the prostanoid 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14) prostaglandin J(2), reduced both iNOS expression and cell death, whereas co-injection of the selective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor NS-398 had no effect. These data demonstrate that PPARgamma agonists can modulate inflammatory responses in brain. Because sustained medication with NSAIDs reduces the risk and delays the onset of AD, these results further suggest that NSAIDs provide therapeutic value by binding to PPARgamma present in AD brain, thereby preventing iNOS expression and neuronal cell death.
Human Colon Cancer Stem Cells: A New Paradigm in Gastrointestinal Oncology (2008)

For the past half century, oncologists have had systemic drugs available, agents that are able to induce tumor responses in patients with colorectal cancer. However, in cases of advanced colorectal cancer, these regimens are almost never curative. The recently introduced concept that cancer stem cells (SCs) drive tumor growth suggests a reason for these therapeutic failures--current chemotherapeutics target rapidly dividing cells but cancer SCs divide only slowly, and, they are relatively resistant to cytotoxic systemic therapies. It also suggests a solution--development of therapeutics that target cancer SCs. However, there is a paucity of information about the mechanisms by which SC populations are maintained and about the mechanisms by which tumor SCs are involved in colon cancer development. In this article, we discuss these mechanisms and recent developments in the identification and isolation of colon cancer SCs using new SC markers. We then discuss the role of SCs in homeostasis of normal colonic epithelium, and mechanisms by which dysregulation of crypt mechanisms can lead to initiation and progression of colon cancer. Our hypothesis, which has received recent experimental support, is that the mechanism that links abnormalities at the gene level (eg, APC mutations) and abnormalities at the tissue level (eg, proliferative shift, dysplasia, carcinoma) from cancer initiation to metastasis is SC overpopulation. Finally, we discuss the concept that symmetric cancer SC division is an essential mechanism that drives tumor growth, and that development of a new generation of therapeutics that target colon cancer SCs by inhibiting symmetric SC division holds promise for truly curative approaches for patients with advanced colorectal cancers.
Monkey models for brain-machine interfaces: The need for maintaining diversity (2011)

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) aim to help disabled patients by translating neural signals from the brain into control signals for guiding prosthetic arms, computer cursors, and other assistive devices. Animal models are central to the development of these systems and have helped enable the successful translation of the first generation of BMIs. As we move toward next-generation systems, we face the question of which animal models will aid broader patient populations and achieve even higher performance, robustness, and functionality. We review here four general types of rhesus monkey models employed in BMI research, and describe two additional, complementary models. Given the physiological diversity of neurological injury and disease, we suggest a need to maintain the current diversity of animal models and to explore additional alternatives, as each mimic different aspects of injury or disease.
The tomato FT ortholog triggers systemic signals that regulate growth and flowering and substitute for diverse environmental stimuli (2006)

The systemic model for floral induction, dubbed florigen, was conceived in photoperiod-sensitive plants but implies, in its ultimate form, a graft-transmissible signal that, although activated by different stimuli in different flowering systems, is common to all plants. We show that SFT (SINGLE-FLOWER TRUSS), the tomato ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), induces flowering in day-neutral tomato and tobacco plants and is encoded by SFT. sft tomato mutant plants are late-flowering, with altered architecture and flower morphology. SFT-dependent graft-transmissible signals complement all developmental defects in sft plants and substitute for long-day stimuli in Arabidopsis, short-day stimuli in Maryland Mammoth tobacco, and light-dose requirements in tomato uniflora mutant plants. The absence of donor SFT RNA from flowering receptor shoots and the localization of the protein in leaf nuclei implicate florigen-like messages in tomato as a downstream pathway triggered by cell-autonomous SFT RNA transcripts. Flowering in tomato is synonymous with termination of the shoot apical meristems, and systemic SFT messages attenuate the growth of apical meristems before and independent of floral production. Floral enhancement by systemic SFT signals is therefore one pleiotropic effect of FT orthologs.
Catalytic Synthesis of β3‐Amino Acid Derivatives from α‐Amino Acids (2008)

Aus α wird β! Von α-Aminosäuren abgeleitete Oxazoline werden durch katalytische ringerweiternde Carbonylierung in β-Aminosäurederivate überführt. Der aktive Katalysator ist [HCo(CO)4]. Mit den meisten Substraten werden hohe Ausbeuten erzielt, und enantiomerenreine Oxazoline ergeben mit vorhersagbarer Stereochemie die enantiomerenreinen Oxazinone.
Use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in pain relief (2008)

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the cerebral cortex is a noninvasive strategy that could have the potential to relieve severe chronic pain, at least partially and transiently. The most studied target of stimulation is the precentral (motor) cortex, but other targets, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the parietal cortex, could be of interest. Analgesic effects have been produced by rTMS in patients with neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia or visceral pain. Therapeutic applications of rTMS in pain syndromes are limited by the short duration of the induced effects, but prolonged pain relief can be obtained by performing rTMS sessions every day for several weeks. In patients who respond to rTMS but relapse, surgical implantation of epidural cortical electrodes and a pulse generator can be proposed to make clinical effects more permanent. The rate of improvement produced by rTMS may be predictive for the outcome of the implanted procedure. The place of rTMS as a therapeutic tool in the management of chronic pain remains to be determined.
Characteristic sideband instability of periodically amplified average soliton (1992)

The periodic amplification of solitons is shown to develop an instability. This becomes evident through the appearance of a series of discrete sidebands in the soliton power spectrum. These sidebands do not exhibit the power tuning characteristic of the modulational instability, but instead follow an inverse square root dependence on the amplification period.
STALKER: Learning Extraction Rules for Semistructured, Web-based Information Sources * (1998)

Information mediators are systems capable of providing a unified view of several information sources. Central to any mediator that accesses Web-based sources is a set of wrappers that can extract relevant information from Web pages. In this paper, we present a wrapper-induction algorithm that generates extraction rules for Web-based information sources. We introduce landmark automata, a formalism that describes classes of extraction rules. Our wrapper induction algorithm, STALKER, generates extraction rules that are expressed as simple landmark grammars, which are a class of landmark automata that is more expressive than the existing extraction languages. Based on just a few training examples STALKER learns extraction rules for documents with multiple levels of embedding. The experimental results show that our approach successfully wraps classes of documents that can not be wrapped by existing techniques.
The definition of anemia: what is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration? (2005)

The diagnosis of anemia is an important aspect of the practice of hematology. The first step is to decide whether the patient is, in fact, anemic. Unless earlier blood counts are available, and they often are not, the physician must make his or her decision on the basis of the population distribution of hemoglobin values. How likely is it that the patient's hemoglobin value lies below the normal distribution; that is, "the lower limit"?