gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibodies of patients with Lyme disease to components of the Ixodes dammini spirochete. (1983)

Lyme disease is an inflammatory disorder of skin, joints, nervous system, and heart. The disease is associated with a preceding tick bite and is ameliorated by penicillin treatment. A spirochete (IDS) isolated from Ixodes dammini ticks has been implicated as the etiologic agent of Lyme disease. We examined the antibody responses of Lyme disease patients to IDS lysate components in order to further understand the pathogenesis of this disease. The components were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose, reacted with patients' sera, and the bound IgG was detected with 125I-labeled protein A (western blot). We found that (a) Lyme disease patients had antibodies to IDS components (b) most patients studied had antibodies to two components with apparent subunit molecular weights of 41,000 and 60,000, and (c) the patients' antibody responses during illness and remission were specific, for the most part, for the IDS. In contrast to the findings with Lyme disease sera, sera from controls showed little reactivity with IDS components in either the western blots or a derivative solid-phase radioimmunoassay.
Expression of the Evi-1 zinc finger gene in 32Dc13 myeloid cells blocks granulocytic differentiation in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. (1992)

Expression of the Evi-1 gene is frequently activated in murine myeloid leukemias by retroviral insertions immediately 5' or 90 kb 5' of the gene. The Evi-1 gene product is a nuclear, DNA-binding zinc finger protein of 145 kDa. On the basis of the properties of the myeloid cell lines in which the Evi-1 gene is activated, it has been hypothesized that its expression blocks normal differentiation. To explore this proposed role, we have constructed a retrovirus vector containing the gene and examined its effects on an interleukin-3-dependent myeloid cell line that differentiates in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Expression of the Evi-1 gene in these cells did not alter the normal growth factor requirements of the cells. However, expression of the Evi-1 gene blocked the ability of the cells to express myeloperoxidase and to terminally differentiate to granulocytes in response to G-CSF. This effect was not due to altered expression of the G-CSF receptor or to changes in the initial responses of the cells to G-CSF. These results support the hypothesis that the inappropriate expression of the Evi-1 gene in myeloid cells interferes with the ability of the cells to terminally differentiate.
The Non-Structural Proteins of RSV: Targeting Interferon Antagonists for Vaccine Development (2012)

Over fifty years have passed since the identification of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as an important pediatric pathogen. However, an effective vaccine is still lacking. Immunization with formalin-inactivated RSV resulted in vaccine-enhanced disease; thus, a greater focus has been placed more recently on developing live attenuated RSV vaccines. The difficulty in identifying a live attenuated vaccine candidate has been balancing appropriate attenuation with sufficient immunogenicity. With the advent of reverse genetics systems for RSV, researchers have been able to generate recombinint vaccine candidates by introducing specific mutations into the genome wild-type RSV. These systems provide a means to determine the effects of known attenuating mutations and identifying novel methods of attenuating the virus without decreasing immunogenicity. In addition, different mutations can be combined in a single genome to fine-tune the level of attenuation and immunogenicity to achieve the proper balance in a viable vaccine candidate. Among the targets for attenuation are the small RSV nonstructural (NS) proteins. The NS proteins have multiple functions during the virus life cycle, including antagonizing the antiviral effects of interferon and directly augmenting virus replication. This review will outline the progress in understanding the functions of the NS proteins and how altering these functions by reverse genetic manipulation can be a useful path toward rationally designing a safe and effective live-attenuated RSV vaccine.
Surfactant-Templating of Zeolites: From Design to Application (2017)

Surfactant-templating is one of the most effective and versatile synthetic strategies for the construction of well-defined porous architectures in solids. Though the principles of molecular self-assembly were disclosed in biological systems long since, the use of amphiphiles to generate porous architectures in inorganic matter has merely emerged at the very end of the 20th century. The present review proposes a voyage from the early developments of surfactant-templating for designing ordered mesoporous solids to the application of its principles for the generation of hierarchical zeolites. A thorough overview on the various strategies employing supramolecular chemistry to designing mesoporosity in zeolites is presented. The efficiency of the postsynthetic surfactant-templating approach in bridging the gap between zeolites and amorphous mesoporous molecular sieves is depicted through assessing their key properties, such as hydrothermal stability, texture and acidity. Finally, the impact of hierarchical zeolites in the industry will be highlighted through a review of the catalytic performance of mesostructured zeolites as components of FCC catalysts in various refineries.
Microfluidic‐Assisted Synthesis of Polymer Particles (2008)

Abstract Microfluidic devices have recently emerged as promising tools for the synthesis of polymer particles. Over conventional processes, microfluidic‐assisted processes allow the production of polymer particles with an improved control over their sizes, size distributions, morphologies, and compositions. In this paper, the most common microfluidic devices are reviewed. Both projection photolithography and emulsification processes are reported for the continuous flow synthesis of polymer particles from a stream of polymerizable liquids. For the latter process, two distinct categories of microfluidic devices have been identified: microchannel‐based and capillary‐based microsystems. For each category, the existing geometries are described and the different emulsification methods including the co‐flowing, cross‐flowing, or flow‐focusing of the continuous and dispersed phases are commented upon. Finally, for each microsystem the various polymer particles achieved in such devices including, but not restricted to, janus, core–shell, or porous particles and capsules are reported.
An oral dosage formulation of azacitidine: A pilot pharmacokinetic study (2007)

7084 Background: Azacitidine, a cytidine analog, induces DNA demethylation that leads to tumor suppressor gene expression. Cellular effects of azacitidine treatment include differentiation, cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. There is a complex, non-linear relationship between plasma exposure and pharmacodynamic effect of azacitidine that can be fully explored with an oral formulation of azacitidine, enabling alternate dosing strategies ranging from intermittent high dose to continuous, low-dose approaches to DNA demethylation. Methods and Results: A pharmacokinetic study in dogs given oral azacitidine demonstrated rapid absorption with absolute bioavailability of 67% (compared to 71% following SC dosing). When comparing a single parenteral dose of 75 mg/m 2 (∼2 mg/kg) given SC to humans vs. a single oral dose of 16 mg/m 2 (0.8 mg/kg) given to dogs, plasma concentrations of azacitidine were similar despite the 4- to 5-fold difference in dose as calculated by body surface area (BSA). A 14-day toxicology study in dogs evaluated the oral doses of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg/day. The high dose is the previously identified MTD of 0.55 mg/kg/day based on an oral bioavailability of 67% (approximately equal to 16 mg/m 2 /day). Hematologic toxicity, a known and expected effect of azacitidine administered in a repeat-dose regimen was observed at the two highest doses. The oral MTD was determined to be 0.2 mg/kg/day for 14 consecutive days followed by a 21-day recovery period. This provides a cumulative MTD of 2.8 mg/kg for the14 day dosing regimen, which is similar to that seen with IV dosing (2.75 mg/kg over 5 days). Based on the preclinical studies, a multicenter, single-treatment study of oral azacitidine is underway in subjects with MDS, AML, or solid tumors. The trial assesses the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of escalating single doses of orally administered azacitidine. Clinical data from this study will be presented. [Table: see text]
<title>Fiber optic Bragg grating array for shape and vibration mode sensing</title> (1994)

Fiber Bragg gratings are of particular interest for distributed sensor applications such as embedded sensors for structural strain monitoring. This paper discusses the use of a wavelength division multiplexed fiber Bragg grating array for structural shape sensing and vibrational mode analysis. The gratings are surface attached to a cantilever beam and demodulated by a scanning fiber Fabry Perot filter to obtain strain information at different locations along the structure. A PC is used to read the strain information and perform static shape modeling of the beam.
Two-year follow-up of amyloid deposition in patients with Alzheimer's disease (2006)

Understanding the natural history of amyloid deposition is of great importance for advancing our knowledge of the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease—both during the clinically apparent phase as well as during the antecedent pre-clinical phase (Goldman et al ., 2001). Awareness of the natural history of amyloid deposition also will be necessary to interpret experimental anti-amyloid drug studies that might extend over a year or more. Post-mortem studies cannot, of course, directly assess the progression of amyloid deposition in an individual over time and attempts to deduce the natural history by comparing a series of post-mortem cases with different clinical severities and amyloid loads have significant limitations (Hyman and Gomez-Isla, 1997). Nevertheless, several very extensive post-mortem studies have provided useful information (Braak and Braak, 1997). For example, although some degree of correlation has been reported between plaque load (Cummings et al ., 1996) or Aβ levels (Naslund et al ., 2000) and measures of cognition, it is generally believed that neither the number nor the total area of neocortical plaques correlate well with cognitive deficits before death (Terry et al ., 1991; Braak and Braak, 1998). It is with this backdrop that we must interpret the manuscript by Engler et al . (2006) in which they report the first longitudinal study of Aβ amyloid deposition in living subjects. The original cohort was scanned in 2002–2003 and was the subject of the initial report on amyloid imaging using the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, PIB (Pittsburgh Compound-B) (Klunk et al ., 2004). Remarkably, Engler and co-workers succeeded in re-scanning all 16 of the original subjects who had a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease 1.5–2.5 years after the baseline PIB scan. They also re-scanned the one control who showed evidence of high PIB retention in the baseline study. As has been shown …
<title>Sensor models and a framework for sensor management</title> (1993)

We describe the use of Bayesian belief networks and decision theoretic principles for sensor management in multi-sensor systems. This framework provides a way of representing sensory data and choosing actions under uncertainty. The work considers how to distribute functionality between sensors and the controller. Use is made of logical sensors based on complementary physical sensors to provide information at the task level of abstraction represented within the network. We are applying these methods in the area of low level planning in mobile robotics. A key feature of the work is the development of quantified models to represent diverse sensors, in particular the sonar array and infra-red triangulation sensors we use on our AGV. We need to develop a model which can handle these very different sensors but provides a common interface to the sensor management process. We do this by quantifying the uncertainty through probabilistic models of the sensors, taking into account their physical characteristics and interaction with the expected environment. Modelling the sensor characteristics to an appropriate level of detail has the advantage of giving more accurate and robust mapping between the physical and logical sensor, as well as a better understanding of environmental dependency and its limitations. We describe a model of a sonar array, which explicitly takes into account features such as beam-width and ranging errors, and its integration into the sensor management process.
High Frequency PZT Composite Thick Film Resonators (2004)

High frequency, thickness mode resonators were fabricated using a 7 μm PZT thick film which was produced using a modified composite ceramic sol-gel process. Devices were produced and the acoustic properties measured for different electrode sizes ranging from 45*45 to 250*250 μm2. The best electrode size, which maximised the acoustic response and minimised the insertion loss, was found using an area of 110*110 μm2. This showed a resonant frequency of about 200 MHz, an electro-mechanical coupling coefficient effective of 0.29 and a Q factor of 22. The devices were modelled using a Mason type model which gave good agreement between the experimental data and the simulations. The latter showed for the PZT thick film an electro mechanical coupling coefficient of 0.4 and a stiffness of 8.55*1010 N·m−2.
Antiphlogistische 2.3‐Dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolizine, 3. Mitt. Aminomethylierung und Arylthiolierung von 6.7‐Diaryl‐2.3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolizinen (1986)

Abstract 6.7‐Diaryl‐2.3‐dihydro‐1 H ‐pyrrolizine (DADHP) werden durch S E ‐Reaktion en C‐5 zu Aminomethyl‐ 1 und Arylthioderivaten 3 funktionalisiert. Die Pyrrolizinylthioether 3 besitzen starke antiphlogistische Wirksamkeit, die bei den Aminomethylverbindungen nur wenig ausgeprägt ist.
Influence of Different Oil Properties on Low-Speed Pre-Ignition in Turbocharged Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines (2016)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In recent years concern has arisen over a new combustion anomaly, which was not commonly associated with naturally aspirated engines. This phenomenon referred to as Low-Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI), which often leads to potentially damaging peak cylinder pressures, is the most important factor limiting further downsizing and the potential CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; benefits that it could bring. Previous studies have identified several potential triggers for pre-ignition where engine oil seems to have an important influence. Many studies [&lt;span class="xref"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;], [&lt;span class="xref"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;] have reported that detached oil droplets from the piston crevice volume lead to auto-ignition prior to spark ignition. Furthermore, wall wetting and subsequently oil dilution [&lt;span class="xref"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;] and changes in the oil properties by impinging fuel on the cylinder wall seem to have a significant influence in terms of accumulation and detachment of oil-fuel droplets in the combustion chamber. For this reason the interaction of fuel and engine oil at the combustion chamber walls was investigated in a comprehensive parameter variation. During these investigations the parameters oil temperature, start of injection and injection strategy were varied. Other studies [&lt;span class="xref"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;], [&lt;span class="xref"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;] have demonstrated the influence of metal-based detergents on pre-ignitions. To investigate this hypothesis the influence of various additives on pre-ignitions were examined. Besides the investigations on different additive treat rates the focus was on metal-based detergents. While various test oils with different calcium-based detergents show a strong influence on preignition frequency a specially blended detergent-free test oil showed no tendency to pre-ignite.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Systemic RNAi in C. elegans Requires the Putative Transmembrane Protein SID-1 (2002)

Double-stranded RNA-mediated gene interference (RNAi) in Caenorhabditis elegans systemically inhibits gene expression throughout the organism. To investigate how gene-specific silencing information is transmitted between cells, we constructed a strain that permits visualization of systemic RNAi. We used this strain to identify systemic RNA interference-deficient (sid) loci required to spread gene-silencing information between tissues but not to initiate or maintain an RNAi response. One of these loci, sid-1, encodes a conserved protein with predicted transmembrane domains. SID-1 is expressed in cells sensitive to RNAi, is localized to the cell periphery, and is required cell-autonomously for systemic RNAi.
Lack of Efficacy of Transdermal Nicotine in Smoking Cessation (1999)

adequate dose of the conventional form. They reported that during the final three days of therapy, 27 percent of patients in the conventional amphotericin B group were receiving a reduced dose of the drug (0.3 mg per kilogram per day), as compared with 15 percent of those receiving liposomal amphotericin B (1.5 mg per kilogram per day). This high percentage might explain the significant difference between groups in the incidence of breakthrough fungal infections.
A Single-tube multiplex system for the simultaneous detection of 10 common cystic fibrosis mutations (1995)

We describe a nonisotopic single-tube polymerase chain reaction (PCR) multiplex system that detects 10 of the more common cystic fibrosis (CF) mutations (delta F508, delta I507, V520F, G551D, G542X, R553X, R117H, 621 + 1G-->T, N1303K, A455E). The use of this method detects approximately 90% of the CF alleles in the British population. Five exons of the CF gene are amplified simultaneously by PCR, followed by an overnight triple enzyme restriction digest, and then resolved by high-resolution gel acrylamide electrophoresis.
Soluble Receptors Neutralizing TNF‐α and IL‐1 Block Stress‐Triggered Murine Abortion (1997)

Both IL-1 and TNF-alpha play a role in the pathogenesis of stress-triggered abortions, and may induce a compensatory physiological increase in suppressive activity in normal pregnancy counteracting pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Chimeric dengue type 2/type 1 viruses induce immune responses in cynomolgus monkeys. (2002)

Chimeric dengue type 2/type 1 (DEN2/1) viruses, which contain the structural genes of the dengue-1 (16007) parental virus and the nonstructural genes of the DEN2-PDK53 virus, have been constructed. These DEN2/1 viruses induce high levels of DEN1 virus-specific neutralizing antibodies in mice. In this study, the DEN2/1 viruses induced DEN1 virus-specific neutralizing antibodies without the development of viremia in cynomolgus monkeys. Dengue virus-specific IgM antibodies were detected in the sera of the immunized animals as early as 3 days post-immunization. After challenge with the DEN1-16007 wild-type virus, only a low level of viremia was detected in chimeric DEN2/1 virus-immunized monkeys. A second challenge, with DEN2-16681 virus, was given while the levels of DEN2-specific neutralizing antibodies were very low: infectious Dengue 2 virus could not be detected in sera of the monkeys. A correlation between the level of neutralizing antibody and the incidence of viremia could not be found. In addition, there was no significant increase in the levels of interferon gamma and soluble interleukin 2 receptor in the sera of the challenged monkeys, which suggests a reduction in immunopathogenesis caused by T-cell activation. Our findings suggest that DEN2/1 viruses may used as a live-attenuated candidate vaccine because of their safety, broad immunogenicity, and lower immunopathogenicity.
Evidence for the Involvement of Cannabinoid CB1Receptors in the Bimatoprost-Induced Contractions on the Human Isolated Ciliary Muscle (2007)

This study showed evidence of direct interaction of bimatoprost with the contractility of the human ciliary muscle through interaction with cannabinoid CB(1) receptor and prostanoid FP receptors.
Absence of Immunoreactive Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide in Tissue from the Lungs of Patients with Asthma (1989)

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide present in the nerve fibers of normal lungs, where it acts to relax bronchial smooth muscle. To determine its presence or absence in the lungs of patients with asthma, we examined lung tissue obtained at autopsy or lobectomy from five patients with asthma and nine without asthma. The avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique was used to stain tissue for immunoreactivity to VIP. At least 80 tissue sections from each patient were examined microscopically; the airway diameter ranged from 100 microns to 1.2 cm. Immunoreactive VIP was seen within nerves in more than 92 percent of the sections from the lungs of patients without asthma. No VIP was seen in any of 468 sections we could evaluate that were obtained from the lungs of patients with asthma. As a control for the nonspecific destruction of neuropeptides, immunostaining for substance P was also carried out. Abundant amounts of this neuropeptide were seen within nerves in tissue from the lungs of all patients. We conclude that in patients with asthma there is a loss of VIP from the pulmonary nerve fibers that may diminish neurogenically mediated bronchodilation. Whether this loss is a cause or a result of asthma is unclear.
Influence of the anisotropic mechanical properties of the skull in low-intensity focused ultrasound towards neuromodulation of the brain (2013)

Lately, neuromodulation of the brain is considered one of the promising applications of ultrasound technology in which low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) is used noninvasively to excite or inhibit neuronal activity. In LIFU, one of critical barriers in the propagation of ultrasound wave is the skull, which is known to be highly anisotropic mechanically: this affects the ultrasound focusing, thereby neuromodulation effects. This study aims to investigate the influence of the anisotropic properties of the skull on the LIFU via finite element head models incorporating the anisotropic properties of the skull. We have examined the pressure and stress distributions within the head in LIFU. Our results show that though most of the pressure that reaches to the brain is due to the longitudinal wave propagation through the skull, the normal stress in the transverse direction of the wave propagation has the main role to control the pressure profile inside the brain more than the shear stress. The results also show that the anisotropic properties of skull contribute in broadening the focal zone in comparison to that of the isotropic skull.
Residential real-time price response simulation (2011)

The electric industry is gaining experience with innovative price responsive demand pilots and limited roll-outs to customers. One of these pilots is investigating real-time pricing signals to engage end-use systems and local distributed generation and storage in a distributed optimization process. Attractive aspects about the approach include strong scalability characteristics, simplified interfaces between automation devices, and the adaptability to integrate a wide variety of devices and systems. Experience in this nascent field is revealing a rich array of engineering decisions to consider along with the application of complexity theory. To test the decisions, computer simulations are used to reveal insights about design, demand elasticity, and the limits of response (including consumer fatigue). Agent-based approaches lend themselves well in the simulation to modeling the participation and interaction of each piece of equipment on a distribution feeder. This paper discusses rate design and simulation experiences at the distribution feeder level where consumers and their HVAC systems and water heaters on a feeder receive real-time pricing signals.