gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Positional Specificities of Acyl Coenzyme A:Glycerophosphate and Acyl Coenzyme A:Monoacylglycerophosphate Acyltransferases in Escherichia coli (1973)

Abstract A particulate preparation isolated from Escherichia coli B catalyzes the acylation of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (1-acyl-GP) with both oleoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA. The optimum conditions were determined for the acyl-CoA: 1-acyl-GP acyltransferase. The acyltransferase is specific for the 1-acyl-GP and does not acylate 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (2-acyl-GP) under the conditions used. The particulate preparation also catalyses the acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerophosphate) with both palmitoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA. When palmitoyl-CoA is the substrate, both monoacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (monoacyl-GP) and diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (diacyl-GP) are produced. The two products show a typical precursor-product relationship. When oleoyl-CoA is used, the major product is diacyl-GP; monoacyl-GP is formed, but the amount reaches a very low steady state level within 2 min of incubation. Structural analyses of the monoacyl-GP formed after short time incubations of glycerophosphate with unsaturated or saturated acyl-CoAs showed the major isomer to be 1-acyl-GP. The amounts of 2-acyl-GP formed are relatively small. The lack of accumulation of 2-acyl-GP during the acylation of glycerophosphate is not due to the isomerization of 2-acyl-GP to the 1-acyl-GP isomer. During the acylation of radioactive glycerophosphate with unsaturated acyl-CoA, radioactive monoacyl-GP is trapped effectively by the addition of nonlabeled 1-acyl-GP but ineffectively by adding nonlabeled 2-acyl-GP. The monoacyl-GP trapped in the presence of either 1-acyl-GP or 2-acyl-GP is mostly the 1-acyl-GP isomer. Thus, the pathway of diacyl-GP synthesis from glycerophosphate in E. coli is primarily via the 1-acyl-GP as intermediate regardless of whether the substrate is saturated or unsaturated acyl-CoA.
Near-diffraction-limited laser beam shaping with diamond-turned aspheric optics (1997)

We used a pair of diamond-turned CaF(2) aspheres to convert the pure TEM(00) Gaussian spatial profile output of a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser oscillator into a super-Gaussian intensity profile with a nearly flat phase front. The resulting super-Gaussian beam was nearly diffraction limited with an M(2) of 1.75; in the near field the 5-mm diameter beam retained a nominally flat-top intensity distribution without significant diffraction peaks for an excellent working distance of more than 50cm. A 10% improvement in amplifier-energy extraction obtained by use of the reshaped beam is demonstrated.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pre-clinical characteristics of ophthalmic drugs that bind VEGF (2014)

Drugs that prevent the binding of VEGF to its trans-membrane cognate receptors have revolutionized the treatment of the most important chorioretinal vascular disorders: exudative age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusions. Pegaptanib, which binds to VEGF165 and longer isoforms, ranibizumab and bevacizumab, which bind all VEGF-A isoforms, and aflibercept, which binds VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and placental growth factor, all bind VEGF165 with high affinity. The drugs have relatively long half-lives (7 to 10 days) after intravitreal depot injections and clinical durations of action that usually exceed 4 weeks. Plasma VEGF concentrations decrease after intravitreal injections of bevacizumab and aflibercept because their systemic half-lives are extended by their Fc fragments. Extensive in vitro and in vivo testing shows that the drugs prevent VEGF-mediated activation of endothelial cells while exhibiting little evidence of toxicity. Further anti-VEGF drug development is on-going.
Carbidopa-Based Modulation of the Functional Effect of the AAV2-hAADC Gene Therapy in 6-OHDA Lesioned Rats (2015)

Progressively blunted response to L-DOPA in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a critical factor that complicates long-term pharmacotherapy in view of the central importance of this drug in management of the PD-related motor disturbance. This phenomenon is likely due to progressive loss of one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway for dopamine in the basal ganglia: aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). We have developed a gene therapy based on an adeno-associated virus encoding human AADC (AAV2-hAADC) infused into the Parkinsonian striatum. Although no adverse clinical effects of the AAV2-hAADC gene therapy have been observed so far, the ability to more precisely regulate transgene expression or transgene product activity could be an important long-term safety feature. The present study was designed to define pharmacological regulation of the functional activity of AAV2-hAADC transgene product by manipulating L-DOPA and carbidopa (AADC inhibitor) administration in hemi-parkinsonian rats. Thirty days after unilateral striatal infusion of AAV2-hAADC, animals displayed circling behavior and acceleration of dopamine metabolism in the lesioned striatum after administration of a low dose of L-DOPA (5 mg/kg) co-administered with 1.25 mg/kg of carbidopa. This phenomenon was not observed in control AAV2-GFP-treated rats. Withdrawal of carbidopa from a daily L-DOPA regimen decreased the peripheral L-DOPA pool, resulting in almost total loss of L-DOPA-induced behavioral response in AAV2-hAADC rats and a significant decline in striatal dopamine turnover. The serum L-DOPA level correlated with the magnitude of circling behavior in AAV2-hAADC rats. Additionally, AADC activity in homogenates of lesioned striata transduced by AAV2-AADC was 10-fold higher when compared with AAV2-GFP-treated control striata, confirming functional transduction. Our data suggests that the pharmacological regulation of circulating L-DOPA might be effective in the controlling of function of AAV2-hAADC transgene product in PD gene therapy.
Synthesis of Polycyclic Indolone and Pyrroloindolone Heterocycles via the Annulation of Indole- and Pyrrole-2-Carboxylate Esters with Arynes (2009)

A mild and general method for the synthesis of a variety of polycyclic indolone and pyrroloindolone heterocycles via the reaction of indole- and pyrrole-2-carboxylate esters with arynes has been developed.
[HCV antibody test methods and patterns of antibody response]. (1991)

The sensitivity and specificity of the second generation ELISA (2nd ELISA) and RIBA (2nd RIBA) using c 22 and c 200 or c 33 c recombinant antigens encoded in the core and NS 3 of HCV genome have been evaluated preclinically by Ortho and Chiron (USA). Sensitivity of the assay was evaluated by determining the reactivity of 2nd ELISA and RIBA in the following panels: NANBH (N = 35) and high risk groups composed of: hemophiliacs (N = 50), IVDA (N = 50) and renal dialysis cases (N = 279). In the reactive specimens, antibody response to both c 33 c and c 22-3 was present in 93-100% whereas antibody response to 5-1-1 and c 100-3 was seen in 46-84% of these same specimens. Specificity, in turn, was evaluated using 2000 volunteer donors of 29 (1.45%) 2nd ELISA positives, 16/29 (55.2%) were confirmed by 2nd RIBA and 8/29 (27.6%) were 1 band positive (indeterminate), whereas of 27 (1.35%) 1st ELISA positive, 9/27 (33.3%) were confirmed and 4/27 (14.8%) were 1 band positive by 1st RIBA (c 100-3, 5-1-1). The relevance of various band patterns and correlation between PCR positivity with 2nd RIBA reactivity are discussed. The consistency and sensitivity of the 2nd RIBA evaluated using a densitometer are also reported.
Rheology of Gas/Water Foam in the Quality Range Relevant to Steam Foam (1990)

Summary Experimental results on the rheology of gas/water foam essentially show that if the gas flow rate is increased at an imposed water rate, the pressure gradient increases, reaches a maximum (the break point), and then decreases. A model for foam flow was formulated that explains this behavior semiquantitatively. It consists of a highly simplified model for foam in a single capillary coupled with a description for foam flow in a bundle of identical parallel capillaries. Below the break point, capillaries filled with foam occur with water-filled capillaries; above the break point, the water-filled capillaries are replaced by gas-filled capillaries. A consequence of the model is that if one plots the results in a special way, a universal curve is obtained, dependent on only the porous medium and the fluid properties. The experimental data more or less conform to this curve, which can be used (in the same way as relative permeabilities) to predict pressure gradients for gas/water rates other than those experimentally measured. Consequences of the foam model for numerical simulation of foam flow are discussed.
Bacterial Luciferase (1974)

Abstract Bacterial luciferase catalyzes the bioluminescent oxidation of FMNH2 and a long chain aliphatic aldehyde by O2, producing FMN and the corresponding carboxylic acid. The enzyme from bacterial strain MAV has been found to be inactivated by modification of a single cysteinyl residue per enzyme molecule by alkylating reagents such as iodoacetamide, iodoacetate, and N-ethylmaleimide. The apparent second order rate constants for inactivation at pH 7.0 (25°) are 1.67 x 103 m-1 min-1 for N-ethylmaleimide and 7.0 m-1 min-1 for iodoacetamide. Inactivation by iodoacetate at pH 7.0 is much less rapid, and the rate constant was not determined below pH 8. With all three reagents, the rate of inactivation increases with increasing pH in a manner suggesting a pKa of about 9.4 for the reactive sulfhydryl group. The rate of inactivation by N-[1-14C]ethylmaleimide correlates with the rate of modification of one sulfhydryl group on the α subunit, the β subunit being modified much less rapidly. Long chain aliphatic aldehydes protect the enzyme against inactivation by N-ethylmaleimide, the degree of protection increasing with increasing aldehyde chain length. The reactive sulfhydryl is also protected by FMN against alkylation. No binding of FMNH2 could be measured for iodoacetamide- or N-ethylmaleimide-modified enzyme. These results suggest that the reactive sulfhydryl is in or near the active center of the enzyme. The pH profiles of FMNH2 binding affinity and several catalytic parameters of the native enzyme do not implicate a group with a pKa near that of the sulfhydryl. The catalytic function (if any) for the reactive cysteine remains unknown.
Burnout in Psychotherapists: (1990)

Approximately 2-6% of psychotherapists can be considered burned out, a condition most often attributed by therapists themselves to the nonreciprocated attentiveness, giving, and responsibility demanded by the therapeutic relationship. Institutionally based and inexperienced therapists seem most at risk for burnout. What prevents most therapists from experiencing burnout is the satisfaction of being in a position of helpful intimacy. Three types of therapist burnout can be delineated: those who in response to frustration work increasingly harder; those who in response to frustration give up entirely; and those who perform their work perfunctorily, having lost interest in work they now find unchallenging.
Novel dielectric waveguide components-microwave applications of new ceramic materials (1991)

Several dielectric-waveguide components utilizing appropriate metallized surface structures on dielectric ceramics are examined. Using magnetic walls, easily realized with ceramics, several dielectric components of a type quite different from conventional hollow waveguide components have been fabricated. Multistage bandpass filters (BPFs) with tandem connection of quarter-wave resonators have been realized on the same dielectric waveguide; multistage BPFs with coaxial resonators in the waveguide are also shown. Components similar to earlier dielectric waveguide components are made smaller by taking the image half-section. Coupling to waveguide can be realized by a probe, in the form of a metallized hole in a dielectric waveguide, or by means of the open surface corresponding to a magnetic wall loaded with the proper metallic surface patterns. These components are described, and experimental performance data are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
New roles for Notch in tuberous sclerosis (2010)

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a dominantly inherited disease that is characterized by the growth of multiple benign tumors that are often difficult to treat. TSC is caused by mutations that inactivate the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, which normally function to inhibit activation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In this issue of the JCI, two studies reported by Karbowniczek et al. and Ma et al. link TSC inactivation with activated Notch signaling (see the related articles beginning on pages 93 and 103, respectively). Using a variety of approaches, both studies show that inactivation of TSC leads to Notch1 activation. Furthermore, studies in tumor cells suggest that inhibiting Notch slows growth of the tumor cells. Although much remains to be learned about the precise mechanisms by which TSC loss leads to Notch activation, the newly identified link of TSC to Notch provides the rationale for testing Notch inhibitors in TSC-associated tumors.
Quantum computation with quantum dots (1998)

We propose an implementation of a universal set of one- and two-quantum-bit gates for quantum computation using the spin states of coupled single-electron quantum dots. Desired operations are effected by the gating of the tunneling barrier between neighboring dots. Several measures of the gate quality are computed within a recently derived spin master equation incorporating decoherence caused by a prototypical magnetic environment. Dot-array experiments that would provide an initial demonstration of the desired nonequilibrium spin dynamics are proposed.
In vitro degradation characteristics of poly(anhydride-imides) containing pyromellitylimidoalanine (1996)

The in vitro degradation characteristics of poly(anhydride-imides) containing pyromellitylimidoalanine, with either 1,6-bis(carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH) or sebacic acid (SA) were assessed. The copolymers contained up to 50 mol % of the imide monomer, pyromellitylimidoalanine (PMA-ala). Degradation was pH sensitive, being enhanced under basic conditions. Control of degradation times from 2 days to 2 months was achieved by the selection of appropriate monomer units in the polymer backbone. Monomers were chosen based on their solubility in aqueous media, as well as how they influenced the hydrophobicity and crystallinity of the polymer matrices. Polymer degradation was followed by ultraviolet spectroscopy and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Increasing the amount of imide monomer, PMA-ala, and the use of SA (rather than CPH) as the comonomer increased the degradation rate of the polymer matrices. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Electric Permittivity of a Dilute Suspension of Membrane-Covered Ellipsoids (1953)

This theoretical paper deals with the low frequency permittivity (ε) of a dilute suspension (conductivity σ, volume concentration ρ), in a conducting medium (conductivity σs, permittivity εs), of ellipsoidal particles (major axis 2a) each composed of a conducting core covered with a nonconducting surface membrane (thickness t, permittivity εm). The quantity [ε−(σ/σs)εs]/(ρaεm/t) is expressed in terms of Weierstrass' elliptic functions of the axial ratios, for parallel and random arrangement of the ellipsoidal axis. A table of its numerical values is given.
Preparation of Recoverable Pd Catalysts for Carbonylative Cross‐Coupling and Hydrogenation Reactions (2012)

Abstract We report on the synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance of new, supported Pd II and Pd 0 catalysts. The catalysts are characterized by TEM, XRD, FTIR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The catalysts are found to be active in both forms, Pd II and Pd 0 , for the carbonylative cross‐coupling reaction of aryl iodides with arylboronic acids, and for the hydrogenation of aromatic nitro‐ and unsaturated compounds. The newly developed catalysts are prepared by a synthetic strategy that is similar to the one used for other supported catalysts but are easier to recover—they can be recycled by magnetic separation from liquid phase reactions—and can be used for at least 5 consecutive trials without any decrease in activity.
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and stroke. (1992)

The importance of specific characteristics of a given ischemia model and of underlying stroke risk factors in determining the degree of leukocyte involvement and effectiveness of therapies directed against these cells is discussed.
Iterative compensation of microphone array and sound source movements based on minimization of arrival time differences (2005)

This paper proposes an iterative compensation method to deal with relative change of sound source location caused by rapid movements of a microphone array and a sound source. This method introduces a delay filter that has shifted and sampled sine functions. This paper presents a concept that applies both the error function of the adaptive algorithms to estimate two-dimensional direction-of-arrival and the coordinate system of a moving microphone array. This method directly estimates the relative directions of the microphone array to the sound source directions by minimizing the relative differences of arrival time among the observed signals, not by estimating the time difference of arrival (TDOA) between two observed signals. This method compensates the time delay of the observed signals simultaneously, and it has a feature to ensure that the output signals are in phase. Simulation results support effectiveness of the method.
Induction of CD16+ CD56bright NK Cells with Antitumour Cytotoxicity not only from CD16− CD56bright NK Cells but also from CD16− CD56dim NK Cells (2007)

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cytokines on different subsets of NK cells, while especially focusing on CD16(-) CD56(dim) cells and CD16(-) CD56(bright) cells. When human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured with a combination of IL-2, IL-12 and IL-15 for several days, a minor population of CD56(bright) NK cells expanded up to 15%, and also showed potent cytotoxicities against various cancer cells. Sorting experiments revealed that unconventional CD16(-) CD56(+) NK cells (CD16(-) CD56(dim) NK cells and CD16(-) CD56(bright) NK cells, both of which are less than 1% in PBMC) much more vigorously proliferated after cytokine stimulation, whereas predominant CD16(+) CD56(dim) NK cells proliferated poorly. In addition, many of the resting CD16(-) CD56(bright) NK cells developed into CD16(+) CD56(bright) NK cells, and CD16(-) CD56(dim) NK cells developed into CD16(-) CD56(bright) NK cells and also further into CD16(+) CD56(bright) NK cells by the cytokines. CSFE label experiments further substantiated the proliferation capacity of each subset and the developmental process of CD16(+) CD56(bright) NK cells. Both CD16(-) CD56(dim) NK cells and CD16(-) CD56(bright) NK cells produced large amounts of IFN-gamma and Fas-ligands. The CD16(+) CD56(bright) NK cells showed strong cytotoxicities against not only MHC class I (-) but also MHC class I (+) tumours regardless of their expression of CD94/NKG2A presumably because they expressed NKG2D as well as natural cytotoxicity receptors. The proliferation of CD16(+) CD56(bright) NK cells was also induced when PBMC were stimulated with penicillin-treated Streptococcus pyogenes, thus suggesting their role in tumour immunity and bacterial infections.
Transforming growth factor beta stimulates the expression of fibronectin and of both subunits of the human fibronectin receptor by cultured human lung fibroblasts. (1988)

Transforming growth factors of the beta-class (TGFs-beta) stimulate extracellular matrix synthesis and have been implicated in embryogenesis, wound healing, and fibroproliferative responses to tissue injury. Because cells communicate with several extracellular matrix components via specific cell membrane receptors, we hypothesized that TGFs-beta may also regulate the expression of such receptors. We confirmed that TGF-beta 1 increases the expression of fibronectin, an adhesive glycoprotein expressed during embryogenesis and tissue remodeling. Based upon the 48-72-h period required for a maximal fibroproliferative response to dermal injections of TGF-beta 1, we exposed human fetal lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) to TGF-beta 1 for periods up to 48 h in vitro. We observed as much as 6-fold increases in fibronectin synthesis by 24 h as previously reported for fibroblastic cells (Ignotz, R. A., and Massagué, J. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 4337-4345; Ignotz, R. A., Endo, T., and Massagué, J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 6443-6446; Raghow, R., Postlethwaithe, A. E., Keski-Oja, J., Moses, H. L., and Kang, A. H. (1987) J. Clin. Invest. 79, 1285-1288), but up to 30-fold increases by 48 h. These increases are accompanied by similar increases in fibronectin mRNA levels which are prevented by actinomycin D treatment. Using a monospecific antibody raised to the human placental fibronectin receptor complex, we found that TGF-beta 1 stimulated fibronectin receptor synthesis up to 20-40-fold and increases mRNA levels encoding both the alpha- and beta-subunits up to 3-fold, compared to control IMR-90 in serum-free medium. Actinomycin D blocks TGF-beta 1-mediated increases in receptor mRNA levels. The earliest detectable TGF-beta 1-mediated increases in fibronectin receptor complex protein synthesis and mRNA levels occur at 8 h, whereas the earliest increases in fibronectin protein synthesis and mRNA levels occur at 12 h. These results demonstrate that TGF-beta 1 stimulates fibronectin receptor synthesis, extending the diverse stimulatory activities of this polypeptide to matrix receptors. In addition, because fibronectin matrix assembly may involve the fibronectin cell adhesive receptor complex, increased receptor expression may help drive fibronectin deposition into matrix.
Characteristics of wide-area TCP/IP conversations (1991)

In this paper, we characterize wide-area network applications that use the TCP transport protocol. We also describe a new way to model the wide-area traffic generated by a stub network. We believe the fmffic model presented here will be useful in studying congestion control, routing algorithms, and other resource management schemes for existing and future networks.
Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Cell Structure and Function (1970)

This textbook focuses on the central biochemical concepts, beginning with the structures and properties of biomolecules, proceeding to a study of energy-yielding and energy-requiring processes, and ending with the replication, transcription and translation of genetic information.
Association of an interleukin 1α polymorphism with Alzheimer’s disease (2000)

The authors found an increased risk for AD with an estimated Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio of 1.68 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.6; p = 0.022) for heterozygous carriers and 7.2 (95% CI 2.0 to 24.5; p = 0.003) for individuals homozygous for IL-1A(-889) allele 2. They found no evidence for an interaction between the IL-1A and the apoE epsilon 4 polymorphisms (carriers and homozygotes), age, or gender with regard to conferred risk. The data strongly support an association between the IL-1A(-889) allele 2, especially in homozygotes, and later-onset AD.