gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AS04, an Aluminum Salt- and TLR4 Agonist-Based Adjuvant System, Induces a Transient Localized Innate Immune Response Leading to Enhanced Adaptive Immunity (2009)

Adjuvant System 04 (AS04) combines the TLR4 agonist MPL (3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A) and aluminum salt. It is a new generation TLR-based adjuvant licensed for use in human vaccines. One of these vaccines, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine Cervarix, is used in this study to elucidate the mechanism of action of AS04 in human cells and in mice. The adjuvant activity of AS04 was found to be strictly dependent on AS04 and the HPV Ags being injected at the same i.m. site within 24 h of each other. During this period, AS04 transiently induced local NF-kappaB activity and cytokine production. This led to an increased number of activated Ag-loaded dendritic cells and monocytes in the lymph node draining the injection site, which further increased the activation of Ag-specific T cells. AS04 was also found to directly stimulate those APCs in vitro but not directly stimulate CD4(+) T or B lymphocytes. These AS04-induced innate responses were primarily due to MPL. Aluminum salt appeared not to synergize with or inhibit MPL, but rather it prolonged the cytokine responses to MPL at the injection site. Altogether these results support a model in which the addition of MPL to aluminum salt enhances the vaccine response by rapidly triggering a local cytokine response leading to an optimal activation of APCs. The transient and confined nature of these responses provides further supporting evidence for the favorable safety profile of AS04 adjuvanted vaccines.
Bringing attention to e-cigarette pH as an important element for research and regulation: Table 1 (2014)

There is a lack of consensus among health experts and the tobacco control community regarding the potential population impact of the rapidly spreading use of electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes.1–3 Dual use of e-cigarettes with regular cigarettes and initiation in non-tobacco users are among common concerns. Some experts, however, believe that complete switching to e-cigarettes could potentially lead to significant reductions in smoking-induced morbidity and mortality among current smokers who experience difficulty giving up smoking. Indeed, the e-cigarette aerosol, which primarily consists of nicotine, humectants and flavouring agents, contains significantly lower levels of many toxic and carcinogenic chemicals that are abundant in the smoke of regular cigarettes.4

The common toxicity concerns regarding e-cigarette use include nicotine toxicity, the potential long-term effect of propylene glycol (humectant) inhalation, and the lack of quality control oversight over the production of some e-cigarettes and refill fluids.1 ,2 ,5 The latter can result in …
Synthese niedrigschmelzender kristallin‐flüssiger Heterocyclen. I. 5‐n‐Alkyl‐2‐(4‐n‐alkoxy‐phenyl)‐pyrimidine (1975)

Abstract Die Synthese der 5‐n‐Alkyl‐2‐(4‐n‐alkoxy‐phenyl)‐pyrimidine 6 nach zwei Varianten wird beschrieben. Die kristallin‐flüssigen Eigenschaften dieser Verbindungen werden diskutiert.
<title>Exploiting spatial parallelism for software-only video effects processing</title> (1998)

Video effects play an important role in adding production value to video progress. The use of video effects with Internet Video sources, however, is still uncommon because traditional hardware-based solutions are poorly suited to the Internet environment. In previous work, we describe a parallel, software-only video effects system designed for Internet Video and explored the use of temporal parallelism. This paper explores the use of spatial parallelism. In particular, an intermediate semicompressed video format is described that was designed to exploit spatial parallelism, and performance measurements are reported on the use of this representation.
X-ray Diffraction Study of Kr, N2, and H2O Adsorbed on Pyrogenic Silica (2001)

To examine the structures and growth modes of adsorbed layers on heterogeneous surfaces, we performed simultaneous measurements of adsorption isotherms and X-ray diffraction patterns of Kr, N2, and H2O on the poorly hydroxylated surface of pyrogenic silica at 80, 50, and 270 K, respectively. The adsorption of N2 resulted in a type II isotherm, whereas that of H2O led to a type III isotherm. The adsorption isotherm of Kr was intermediate between them. The analysis of the diffraction patterns showed that the molecules of Kr and N2 adsorbed on pyrogenic silica formed simple triangular lattices of medium-range order, and thus, they were nearly close packed on the heterogeneous surface. On the other hand, the H2O monolayer did not possess even short-range order. At a monolayer capacity of the Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) equation, the nitrogen cross-sectional area was 15.5 Å2; the difference with the frequently used value of 16.2 Å2 was only 4%. At the BET monolayer capacity, neither Kr nor H2O molecules covered completely the surface of the hydroxylated silica.
High Performance Nanotube‐Reinforced Plastics: Understanding the Mechanism of Strength Increase (2004)

Abstract Polymer–multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films were fabricated using two types of polymer matrices, namely poly(vinyl alcohol), (PVA) and chlorinated polypropylene. In the first case, the PVA was observed to form a crystalline coating around the nanotubes, maximising interfacial stress transfer. In the second case the interface was engineered by covalently attaching chlorinated polypropylene chains to the nanotubes, again resulting in large stress transfer. Increases in Young's modulus, tensile strength, and toughness of × 3.7, × 4.3, and × 1.7, respectively were observed for the PVA‐based materials at less than 1 wt.‐% nanotubes. Similarily for the polypropylene‐based composites, increases in Young's modulus, tensile strength and toughness of × 3.1, × 3.9, and × 4.4, respectively, were observed at equivalent nanotube loading levels. In addition, a model to describe composite strength was derived. This model shows that the tensile strength increases in proportion to the thickness of the interface region. This suggests that composite strength can be optimized by maximising the thickness of the crystalline coating or the thickness of the interfacial volume partially occupied by functional groups.
Low density lipoprotein receptor up-regulation (1999)

Cholesterol homeostasis in animal cells is attained by balancing extracellular cholesterol uptake through low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLr) with de novo intracellular cholesterol biosynthesis. Maintaining appropriate cholesterol levels is critical for health as high levels can lead to atherosclerosis. Individuals with high cholesterol levels are currently treated with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that prevent cholesterol biosynthesis and increase production of LDLr, allowing increased uptake of cholesterol from plasma. However, direct up-regulation of LDLr synthesis would lead to the lowering of LDL cholesterol and could provide an alternative treatment for hypercholesterolaemia and provide additional benefit for those not adequately treated by statins. This article reviews compounds that increase LDLr activity by mechanisms that are postulated to have a direct effect at stimulating LDLr gene expression and not secondary effects as a consequence of inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis. The mechanisms by which these compounds stimulate LDLr activity are novel and their interactions at the molecular level remain to be elucidated. Detailed understanding of these interactions and other factors involved in the regulation of the LDLr gene holds great promise for the discovery of superior agents for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia
Precise interprocedural dataflow analysis via graph reachability (1995)

The paper shows how a large class of interprocedural dataflow-analysis problems can be solved precisely in polynomial time by transforming them into a special kind of graph-reachability problem. The only restrictions are that the set of dataflow facts must be a finite set, and that the dataflow functions must distribute over the confluence operator (either union or intersection). This class of probable problems includes—but is not limited to—the classical separable problems (also known as “gen/kill” or “bit-vector” problems)—e.g., reaching definitions, available expressions, and live variables. In addition, the class of problems that our techniques handle includes many non-separable problems, including truly-live variables, copy constant propagation, and possibly-uninitialized variables.
Novobiocin-induced elimination of F'lac and mini-F plasmids from Escherichia coli (1983)

Novobiocin eliminated (cured) F'lac and three low-copy-number mini-F plasmids (pML31, pMF21, and pMF45) from Escherichia coli to different extents. F'lac was cured 0 to 3%. pML31, whose replication region is contained on the 9-kilobase f5 EcoRI restriction enzyme fragment of F, was eliminated 10 to 92%. pMF21, deleted of the origin of mini-F replication at 42.6 kilobases on the F map and known to initiate from an origin at 45.1 kilobases, and its closely related derivative pMF45 were cured to the greatest extent (greater than 97%). pMF45 was eliminated from a wild-type bacterial strain but not from an isogenic novobiocin-resistant gyrB mutant strain, indicating involvement of the B subunit of DNA gyrase in the curing phenomenon. The number of bacteria containing pMF45 halved with each generation of growth in the presence of novobiocin, as is predicted for complete inhibition of plasmid DNA replication.
Pitting corrosion protection of stainless steel by sputter deposited hafnia, alumina, and hafnia-alumina nanolaminate films (2009)

316L stainless steel coated with sputter deposited HfO2, Al2O3, and HfO2–Al2O3 nanolaminate films were subjected to direct current cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (DCP) in Hanks’ balanced salt solution electrolyte. Postexposure morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with in situ energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). SEM/EDS data show that bare steel and steel coated with single-layer HfO2 develop pits with perforated covers. These pits become autocatalytic, consistent with an observed positive DCP hysteresis. On the other hand, SEM/EDS data show that steel coated with Al2O3 and HfO2–Al2O3 nanolaminate films does not develop autocatalytic pits, consistent with an observed negative DCP hysteresis. However, Al2O3 splinters upon polarization whereas the HfO2–Al2O3 nanolaminate remains intact. The areas of worst damage in the nanolaminate correspond to pit cover rupture before autocatalysis, allowing pit and bulk electrolyte to mix and the newly exposed steel surface to repassivate. The films’ diverse behavior is discussed in terms of a model for perforated pit growth that requires occlusion until an autocatalytic geometry is established. The authors conclude that the key property a film must have to arrest autocatalytic geometry development is the ability to rupture locally at an early stage of pit growth.
下一站超模大亨：泰雅·班克斯 (2008)

英文里有一个Diva的单词,原意指歌剧中的女主角,现在被广泛地用于指代在某个领域出众的或令人敬佩的女性。此类女性通常有一种摄人的气场,只要她一出现,身旁的人便会黯淡无光,与生俱来的Super Star的光芒能艳照全场,无人能挡! Tyra Banks无疑就拥有此种气场,再加上黑人女孩身上流露出无尽的自然魅力,看完十季America’s Next Top Model,所有的冠军让人没记住几个,反倒是Tyra成为了这场真人秀里面最大的明星。Tyra可不只拥有漂亮的脸蛋儿和惹火的身材,这位前美国超模极高的情商以及商业野心让她免去了只能做花瓶的困扰,成为了名副其实的Diva!——Eva
Purification and characterization of recombinant human insulin‐like growth factor II (IGF‐II) expressed as a secreted fusion protein in Escherichia coli (1991)

Human insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) was produced in an Escherichia coli ompT strain as a 22.5-kDa fusion protein. IGF-II was fused to the carboxy-terminal of a synthetic 15-kDa IgG-binding protein, originating from staphylococcal protein A, via a unique methionine linker. During fermentation, the fusion protein was exported to the growth medium at levels exceeding 900 mg/liter and subsequently affinity purified on IgG Sepharose followed by ion exchange on S Sepharose. After chemical cleavage with CNBr, yielding an authentic IGF-II molecule, the recombinant IGF-II was purified to homogeneity by a two step procedure involving ion-exchange and reverse-phase HPLC. A substantial fraction of the secreted protein was found to be biologically active, eliminating the need for complex refolding procedures. The yield of highly purified and biologically active IGF-II was 5-7 mg/liter of fermenter broth. The IGF-II produced by this method displayed biochemical, immunological, receptor binding, and biological activity properties equal to those of native IGF-II isolated from human serum.
Capillary Pressure Techniques: Application to Exploration and Development Geology (1987)

Capillary pressure can be viewed as the pressure required to drive a fluid through a pore throat and displace the pore wetting fluid, with greater pressure being required as the pore throat becomes smaller. The size and distribution of pore throats within a host rock control its capillary pressure characteristics, which in turn control fluid behavior in the pore system. Mercury-injection capillary pressure curves, which measure capillarity, are obtained by injecting mercury into sample plugs to produce a plot of injection pressure vs. mercury saturation. The resulting capillary pressure curves can provide qualitative assessments of reservoir rock using such calculated values as pore-throat sorting, reservoir grade, and oil columns required to obtain 50 and 75% oil saturat ons. Regional capillary pressure maps of these calculated values identify a north-south trend of favorable reservoir rock along the state line between Montana and North Dakota in the third porosity (C) zone of the Ordovician Red River Formation. Oil migration and trapping can be significantly controlled by capillary pressure. At Bell Creek field, in southeastern Montana, multiple oil-water contacts in Cretaceous Muddy Sandstone barrier sands can be explained with the concept of a capillary pressure release valve. Semi-permeable siltstones can only trap finite columns with the excess oil being released updip to migrate into other reservoir quality sand bodies. Oil columns can be estimated from capillary pressure data by determining the buoyancy force of the oil floating on water and the converting from a mercury-air capillary system to an oil-water capillary system. Relative permeability data may also be calculated from capillary pressure data and can be used to estimate fractional water production at given water saturations. Tilted oil-water contacts can result from hydrodynamics, capillary pressure, or both, and capillary pressure data can help determine the type of tilting present. By understanding capillarity, we can obtain better insight on the nature of reservoir rock, oil accumulations, and permeability relationships.
The Effect of Perioperative Ischemia and Reperfusion on Multiorgan Dysfunction following Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair (2015)

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are relatively common and are potentially life-threatening medical problems. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the effect of I/R injury on multiorgan failure following AAA repair. The PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline, Cochrane Review, and Scopus databases were comprehensively searched for articles concerning the pathophysiology of I/R and its systemic effects. Cross-referencing was performed using the bibliographies from the articles obtained. Articles retrieved were restricted to those published in English. One of the most prominent characteristics of AAA open repair is the double physiological phenomenon of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) that happens either at the time of clamping or following the aortic clamp removal. Ischemia-reperfusion injury causes significant pathophysiological disturbances to distant organs, increasing the possibility for postoperative multiorgan failure. Although tissue injury is mediated by diverse mechanisms, microvascular dysfunction seems to be the final outcome of I/R.
NetSolve/D: A Massively Parallel Grid Execution System for Scalable Data Intensive Collaboration (2005)

The persistent mood of exhilaration in the research community over exponential increases in the capacity of computational resources has been tempered recently by the realization that a torrential influx of data from instruments, sensors and simulations is growing even faster than the resources needed to analyze it. The impact of this "data deluge", challenging enough by itself is exacerbated by the fact that many data intensive projects today involve teams of collaborators spread out across geographically and organizationally distinct sites. A system that addresses these conditions must enable a community of collaborators, distributed throughout the wide area, to get responsive answers to dynamic queries and analyses applied to terascale or larger data sets. In this paper we describe the NetSolve/D system architecture which is designed to achieve this goal of data intensive online computing.
Clostridium difficile: clinical disease and diagnosis (1993)

Clostridium difficile is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a spectrum of disease ranging from antibiotic-associated diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. Although the disease was first described in 1893, the etiologic agent was not isolated and identified until 1978. Since clinical and pathological features of C. difficile-associated disease are not easily distinguished from those of other gastrointestinal diseases, including ulcerative colitis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and Crohn's disease, diagnostic methods have relied on either isolation and identification of the microorganism or direct detection of bacterial antigens or toxins in stool specimens. The current review focuses on the sensitivity, specificity, and practical use of several diagnostic tests, including methods for culture of the etiologic agent, cellular cytotoxicity assays, latex agglutination tests, enzyme immunoassay systems, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, fluorescent-antibody assays, and polymerase chain reactions.
In Vitro Evaluation of Heparin Adsorption During Haemoperfusion with Dowex 1×2 Anion Exchange Resin (1995)

Haemoperfusion treatments have found clinical applications in various pathologies, even though problems due to the insufficient biocompatibility of sorbents have often limited its employment. Among these problems, there is that of heparin adsorption which can determine coagulation disorders or the necessity of a dosage correction during the extra corporeal circulation. The aim of the study was to test the influence of different methods of coating on heparin adsorption from an anion exchange resin coated with poly-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate. Eight haemoperfusion cartridges were prepared using 8 g of resin for each (4 cartridges contained resin coated by spray-coating technique and 4 coated by phase-separation one). Haemoperfusion was performed by using 600 IU of heparin (25,000 IU) corresponding to 0.12 ml in 500 ml of swine blood and a closed circuit. Blood flow rate was maintained at 15 ml/min and the circuit pressure was 70 torr during haemoperfusion. Blood samples were withdrawn at timed intervals before and after the column in order to evaluate blood heparin levels. The results demonstrated the superiority of the phase-separation technique that does not permit any interactions between adsorbent substance and drug. As a result of this, the adjustment of the dosage may not be necessary during further in vivo experiments.
Atom Interferometry via Raman Chirped Adiabatic Passage (2012)

Practical atom interferometric sensors may benefit from robust atom optics based on Raman chirped adiabatic passage (RCAP). We demonstrate coherent transfer and interference using RCAP, and discuss expected enhancement of interferometer stability.
Safe Simultaneous Use of Sacral Neuromodulation and Vagal Nerve Stimulation (2015)

In Brief Introduction The potential for costimulation with competitive effects between implanted electronic devices remains speculative both at the level at the implanted device and with active programming but also at the retrograde site of action. We present a patient with an implanted vagal nerve stimulator for refractory epilepsy who underwent successful staged sacral neuromodulation (SNS) and benefits from both technologies. Case This is a case report of a 42-year-old female patient with a history notable for medically intractable epilepsy, temporal lobectomy, and vagal nerve stimulation who subsequently underwent staged SNS for refractory overactive bladder syndrome. The patient continues to benefit from sustained reduction in her bladder issues and without dimunition of her seizure threshold at 6-month follow-up. Discussion Different action sites for SNS as well as vagal nerve stimulation are possible. The role of the thalamus in continence and seizure activity is reviewed. There does not seem to be an interactive effect during the simultaneous use of these 2 modalities. We report on the safe simultaneous use of sacral neuromodulation and vagal nerve stimulation and review the role of thalamus in continence and seizure activity.
Steroid-induced polycystic kidneys in the newborn rat. (1976)

The ability of prednisolone, prednisolone tertiary butyl acetate, and tertiary butyl acetate to induce cysts in the kidneys of 8-day-old rats has been examined following single intramuscular injection of the chemicals into newborn rats. The results indicate that only prednisolone tertiary butyl acetate-treated rats developed cysts to any marked extent. The daily injection of potassium chloride (from Day 2 to Day 7) into the prednisolone tertiary butyl acetate-treated rats prevented the formation of cysts. Similar injection of potassium bicarbonate failed to provide protection. Serum and urine electrolyte (potassium, sodium, and chloride) concentrations were also studied on the day of necropsy. The steroid-treated rats did not develop the hypokalemia observed by previous workers. Changes in electrolyte concentrations were noted in a number of instances, but these could not be causally related to cyst formation.
Novel Analogues of CC-1065 and the Duocarmycins for the Use in Targeted Tumour Therapies (2009)

In recent years, a series of new and highly cytotoxic analogues of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins have been developed that can be transformed into much less toxic prodrugs for the use in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) and prodrug monotherapy (PMT) of cancer. In all these approaches, a relatively non-toxic prodrug is applied and subsequently converted selectively in the tumour tissue into a highly cytotoxic drug, thus reducing undesired side effects accompanying conventional chemotherapy. Here, the design and biological evaluation of prodrugs based on analogues of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins for the use in tumour selective cancer therapies is reviewed. The advantage of this approach is the excellent therapeutic index of some of the new prodrugs of over 5000 and the high cytotoxicity of the corresponding drugs with IC(50) values of as low as 16 pM (IC(50): concentration required for 50 % growth inhibition of target cells). In addition, a novel method for the correlation of the alkylation efficiency and the cytotoxicity based on mass spectrometry is described.
Gold Nanocages:  Bioconjugation and Their Potential Use as Optical Imaging Contrast Agents (2005)

Gold nanocages of <40 nm in dimension have been synthesized using the galvanic replacement reaction between Ag nanocubes and HAuCl4 in an aqueous solution. By controlling the molar ratio between Ag and HAuCl4, the gold nanocages could be tuned to display surface plasmon resonance peaks around 800 nm, a wavelength commonly used in optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. OCT measurements on phantom samples indicate that these gold nanocages have a moderate scattering cross-section of ∼8.10 × 10-16 m2 but a very large absorption cross-section of ∼7.26 × 10-15 m2, suggesting their potential use as a new class of contrast agents for optical imaging. When bioconjugated with antibodies, the gold nanocages have also been demonstrated for specific targeting of breast cancer cells.