gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Disposition of the Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate ( S )-9(3-Hydroxy-2-Phosphonylmethoxypropyl)Adenine (1998)

The acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(S)-HPMPA] has been shown to be active against pathogens, like hepatitis B viruses and Plasmodium parasites, that infect parenchymal liver cells. (S)-HPMPA is therefore an interesting candidate drug for the treatment of these infections. To establish effective therapeutic protocols for (S)-HPMPA, it is essential that the kinetics of its hepatic uptake be evaluated and that the role of the various liver cell types be examined. In the present study, we investigated the disposition of (S)-HPMPA and assessed its hepatic uptake. Rats were intravenously injected with [3H](S)-HPMPA, and after an initial rapid distribution phase (360 +/- 53 ml/kg of body weight), the radioactivity was cleared from the circulation with a half-life of 11.7 +/- 1.4 min. The tissue distribution of [3H](S)-HPMPA was determined at 90 min after injection (when >99% of the dose cleared). Most (57.0% +/- 1.1%) of the injected [3H](S)-HPMPA was excreted unchanged in the urine. The radioactivity that was retained in the body was almost completely recovered in the kidneys and the liver (68.4% +/- 2.5% and 16.1% +/- 0.4% of the radioactivity in the body, respectively). The uptake of [3H](S)-HPMPA by the liver occurred mainly by parenchymal cells (92.1% +/- 3.4% of total uptake by the liver). Kupffer cells and endothelial cells accounted for only 6.1% +/- 3.5% and 1.8% +/- 0.8% of the total uptake by the liver, respectively. Preinjection with probenecid reduced the hepatic and renal uptake of [3H](S)-HPMPA by approximately 75%, which points to a major role of a probenecid-sensitive transporter in the uptake of (S)-HPMPA by both tissues. In conclusion, we show that inside the liver, (S)-HPMPA is mainly taken up by parenchymal liver cells. However, the level of uptake by the kidneys is much higher, which leads to nephrotoxicity. An approach in which (S)-HPMPA is coupled to carriers that are specifically taken up by parenchymal cells may increase the effectiveness of the drug in the liver and reduce its renal toxicity.
Combination of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes with flow cytometry for analyzing mixed microbial populations (1990)

Fluorescent oligonucleotide hybridization probes were used to label bacterial cells for analysis by flow cytometry. The probes, complementary to short sequence elements within the 16S rRNA common to phylogenetically coherent assemblages of microorganisms, were labeled with tetramethylrhodamine and hybridized to suspensions of fixed cells. Flow cytometry was used to resolve individual target and nontarget bacteria (1 to 5 microns) via probe-conferred fluorescence. Target cells were quantified in an excess of nontarget cells. The intensity of fluorescence was increased additively by the combined use of two or three fluorescent probes complementary to different regions of the same 16S rRNA.
Agile dynamic provisioning of multi-tier Internet applications (2008)

Dynamic capacity provisioning is a useful technique for handling the multi-time-scale variations seen in Internet workloads. In this article, we propose a novel dynamic provisioning technique for multi-tier Internet applications that employs (1) a flexible queuing model to determine how much of the resources to allocate to each tier of the application, and (2) a combination of predictive and reactive methods that determine when to provision these resources, both at large and small time scales. We propose a novel data center architecture based on virtual machine monitors to reduce provisioning overheads. Our experiments on a forty-machine Xen/Linux-based hosting platform demonstrate the responsiveness of our technique in handling dynamic workloads. In one scenario where a flash crowd caused the workload of a three-tier application to double, our technique was able to double the application capacity within five minutes, thus maintaining response-time targets. Our technique also reduced the overhead of switching servers across applications from several minutes to less than a second, while meeting the performance targets of residual sessions.
On Policy Feedback: Insights From Survey Experiments (2011)

In comparative social science, policy feedback has become a widely popular device with which to&#13;\nunderstand policy persistence and the impacts of state-making and political entrepreneurship on&#13;\nmass opinion. Although the existence of such effects is frequently taken for granted, recent work has&#13;\nchallenged prevailing assumptions about the unproblematic nature of feedback from policy change to&#13;\nmass opinion. This is an opportune time to put policy feedback to further test. We do so by bringing to&#13;\nbear the two main theoretical perspectives that underlie established and recent scholarship, and applying&#13;\nfor the first time survey experiments to evaluate key expectations. Focusing on the relatively novel&#13;\ndomain of counter-terrorism policy, we analyze data drawn from a national survey conducted in 2009.&#13;\nResults from embedded experiments suggest new evidence for policy feedback effects. Analysis of&#13;\nmechanisms suggests limits in interest-centered explanations, and the relevance of some under-studied,&#13;\ncognitive factors. We discuss implications and limits of our study for policy feedback scholarship, and&#13;\nwith further reference to the case of U.S. attitudes toward the war on terror.
Cervical (pap) smear: New directions (1993)

This article reports the historic background leading to the introduction of cervical smears as a tool in the detection of precancerous changes in the uterine cervix. The false-negative error rate in the primary screening process is discussed and illustrated by data recently compiled from this laboratory. Rescreening of approximately 25% of cervical smears yielded an error screening rate of approximately 5% of precancerous lesions and cancer of the uterine cervix. The total false-negative screening error rate was much higher but was unknown and should be determined by additional studies. The reasons for the false-negative screening errors are discussed. Some of the proposed remedies, particularly screening of the entire population for human papillomavirus infection, are judged to be unacceptable because of the high prevalence of this virus in well women and because the biologic events linking the presence of viral DNA with the development of precancerous lesions are unknown. Screening assistance with the help of a newly developed interactive machine, combining image analysis with a neural net was promising as a tool in quality control.
The Regulation of Rabbit Skeletal Muscle Contraction (1971)

Actin purified by a new, simple, and rapid purification procedure activated the ATPase activity of both heavy meromyosin and Subfragment 1 of heavy meromyosin, and this activation was not inhibited by the removal of Ca2+. Preparations of tropomyosin-troponin inhibited (by 85%) both the acto-heavy meromyosin and acto-Subfragment 1 ATPases in the absence of, but not in the presence of, Ca2+. This inhibition was shown to result from binding of the tropomyosin-troponin complex solely to actin and in a ratio of about 1 mole of tropomyosin-troponin to 7 moles of actin.
Mutational Analysis of the Carboxyl-terminal Region of the SV40 Major Capsid Protein VP1 (2006)

Virus-like particles (VLPs), a promising next-generation drug delivery vehicle, can be formed in vitro using a recombinant viral capsid protein VP1 from SV40. Seventy-two VP1 pentamers interconnect to form the T = 7d lattice of SV40 capsids, through three types of C-terminal interactions, alpha-alpha'-alpha'', beta-beta' and gamma-gamma. These appear to require VP1 conformational switch, which involve in particular the region from amino acids 301-312 (herein Region I). Here we show that progressive deletions from the C-terminus of VP1, up to 34 amino acids, cause size and shape variations in the resulting VLPs, including tubular formation, whereas deletions beyond 34 amino acids simply blocked VP1 self-assembly. Mutants carrying in Region I point mutations predicted to disrupt alpha-alpha'-alpha''-type and/or beta-beta'-type interactions formed small VLPs resembling T = 1 symmetry. Chimeric VP1, in which Region I of SV40 VP1 was substituted with the homologous region from VP1 of other polyomaviruses, assembled only into small VLPs. Together, our results show the importance of the integrity of VP1 C-terminal region and the specific amino acid sequences within Region I in the assembly of normal VLPs. By understanding how to alter VLP sizes and shapes contributes to the development of drug delivery systems using VLPs.
Microbiologic Efficacy of 3-day Treatment with Azithromycin 1.5% Eyedrops for Purulent Bacterial Conjunctivitis (2008)

In total, topical therapy with azithromycin 1.5% administered only twice daily for 3 days effectively eradicates most pathogenic bacteria associated with bacterial conjunctivitis. These microbiologic results are in accordance with the observed clinical outcome. This new anti-infective product has the advantage of a short treatment course which could lead to an improvement in patient compliance.
Potent inhibitor of N-myristoylation: a novel molecular target for cancer. (2003)

N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an essential eukaryotic enzyme that catalyzes the cotranslational and/or posttranslational transfer of myristate to the NH(2) terminus of the glycine residue of a number of important proteins that have diverse biological functions and thus have been proposed as potential targets for chemotherapeutic drug design. Earlier, we demonstrated that NMT is more active in colonic epithelial neoplasms than in corresponding normal-appearing colonic tissue. Furthermore, an increased expression of NMT was also observed in gallbladder carcinoma. In the present study, we report a novel protein inhibitor of NMT. This protein caused a potent concentration-dependent inhibition of human NMT with half-maximal inhibition at 4.5 +/- 0.35 nM. This study will serve as a template for further investigations in the area of protein myristoylation.
Genetic Inactivation of an Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channel (Kir4.1 Subunit) in Mice: Phenotypic Impact in Retina (2000)

The inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1 has been suggested to underlie the principal K(+) conductance of mammalian Müller cells and to participate in the generation of field potentials and regulation of extracellular K(+) in the retina. To further assess the role of Kir4.1 in the retina, we generated a mouse line with targeted disruption of the Kir4.1 gene (Kir4.1 -/-). Müller cells from Kir4.1 -/- mice were not labeled with an anti-Kir4.1 antibody, although they appeared morphologically normal when stained with an anti-glutamine synthetase antibody. In contrast, in Müller cells from wild-type littermate (Kir4.1 +/+) mice, Kir4.1 was present and localized to the proximal endfeet and perivascular processes. In situ whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed a 10-fold increase in the input resistance and a large depolarization of Kir4.1 -/- Müller cells compared with Kir4.1 +/+ cells. The slow PIII response of the light-evoked electroretinogram (ERG), which is generated by K(+) fluxes through Müller cells, was totally absent in retinas from Kir4.1 -/- mice. The b-wave of the ERG, in contrast, was spared in the null mice. Overall, these results indicate that Kir4.1 is the principal K(+) channel subunit expressed in mouse Müller glial cells. The highly regulated localization and the functional properties of Kir4.1 in Müller cells suggest the involvement of this channel in the regulation of extracellular K(+) in the mouse retina.
Involvement of the Cyclic AMP‐Responsive Element Binding Protein Gene Transcription Factor in Genetic Preference for Alcohol Drinking Behavior (1999)

Because P and NP rats are genetically bred for high and low alcohol drinking behavior, respectively, these results suggest the possibility that decreased expression of CREB protein in the amygdala may be associated with the high alcohol drinking behavior of P rats.
Phase II radioimmunotherapy trial with131I-CC49 in colorectal cancer (1994)

Despite minimal toxicity and favorable tumor uptake, efficacy has been limited at this dose and schedule.
Different tau species lead to heterogeneous tau pathology propagation and misfolding (2018)

Tauopathies are a heterogeneous group of pathologies characterized by tau aggregation inside neurons. Most of them are sporadic but certain tauopathies rely on tau gene (MAPT) mutations. They particularly differ from one to another by their different neuropathological signatures e.g. lesion shapes, regions affected and molecular composition of aggregates. Six isoforms of tau exist, but they do not all co-aggregate in each tauopathy but rather have a unique signature for each one. In some tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), tau protein aggregation follows stereotypical anatomical stages. Recent data suggest that this progression is due to an active process of tau protein propagation from neuron-to-neuron. We wondered how tau isoforms or mutations could influence the process of tau aggregation and tau propagation. In human neuropathological material, we found that MAPT mutations induce a faster misfolding compared to tau found in sporadic AD patients. In the rat brain, we observed cell-to-cell transfer of non-pathological tau species irrespective of the tested isoform or presence of a mutation. By contrast, we found that the species of tau impact the propagation of tau pathology markers such as hyperphosphorylation and misfolding. Indeed, misfolding and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins do not spread at the same rate when tau is mutated, or the isoform composition is modified. These results clearly argue for the existence of specific folding properties of tau depending on isoforms or mutations impacting the behavior of pathological tau species.
Characterization of KIAA1427 protein as an atypical synaptotagmin (Syt XIII) (2001)

Synaptotagmin (Syt) belongs to a family of type-I membrane proteins and is a protein that consists of a short extracellular N-terminus, a single transmembrane domain, two C2 domains and a short C-terminus. Here, we cloned and characterized a mouse orthologue of human KIAA1427 protein as an atypical Syt (named Syt XIII). Subcellular fractionation and antibody-uptake experiments indicate that Syt XIII is indeed a type-I membrane protein, but, unlike other Syt isoforms, lacks an N-terminal extracellular domain. Syt XIII C2 domains show relatively little similarity to Syt I (less than 35% identity at the amino acid level), and lack key amino acids responsible for Ca2+ binding. Because of these substitutions, the Syt XIII C2 domains did not show Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding activity, and Syt XIII is thus classified as a Ca2+-independent isoform. By contrast, the Syt XIII C-terminal domain is highly homologous with other Syt isoforms and can function as a common receptor for neurexin Iα in vitro. Since Syt XIII is expressed in various tissues outside the brain, Syt XIII may be involved in constitutive vesicle transport.
Visual evoked potential changes in patients with diabetes mellitus without retinopathy (2015)

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, associated with a great deal of morbidity in the patients due its chronic complications including diabetic retinopathy. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs), which assess the functional integrity of the visual functions from retina to visual cortex, can prove to be a sensitive tool to study the possible effects that diabetes may exert on the visual system. In patients without clinically evident retinopathy, electrophysiological evidence of visual dysfunction can help in early detection of the visual involvement. Hence, this study attempted to detect the presence of such visual dysfunctions in the diabetics without retinopathy by pattern- reversal visual evoked potentials (PRVEPs).Methods: PRVEP was recorded in 116 subjects (64 diabetics without retinopathy and 52 controls). P100 latency, N75-P100 amplitude and interocular latency differences were compared between the diabetics and the controls. The parameters were compared among the groups with different duration of the disease as well as those with different glycaemic status.Results: The study has demonstrated significant prolongation of mean P100 latency, reduction in N75-P100 amplitudes and increased interocular latency difference in the diabetics as compared to the control group. The duration of the illness was found to alter the mean P100 latency while the glycaemic status of the diabetics was not found to be correlated with the PRVEP abnormalities.Conclusions: VEP responses are deranged in diabetic patients before the development of retinopathy. VEP measurements can be used for the early diagnosis of visual dysfunctions in the diabetes for a better prognosis of the condition.
Separation of CO2/N2 mixtures using MFI‐type zeolite membranes (2004)

Abstract MFI‐type zeolite (ZSM5) membranes were prepared on alumina and stainless steel tubular supports and tested for the separation of CO 2 /N 2 mixtures. The effect of several operating variables (temperature, feed and permeate pressures, feed composition, use of sweep gas, presence of water in the feed, membrane module configuration) was investigated. The separation between CO 2 and N 2 takes place because of the preferential adsorption of CO 2 , which hinders the permeation of N 2 through the zeolite pore network. The best results in this work were obtained with a Na‐ZSM5 membrane, and using a large pressure gradient. In this case, a permeation flux as large as 9.2 kg/(m 2 · h) [permeance of 2.6 × 10 −6 mol/(m 2 · s · Pa)] with a CO 2 /N 2 separation factor of 13.7 was obtained. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 127–135, 2004
Migrating endothelial cells are distinctly hyperglycosylated and express specific migration-associated cell surface glycoproteins. (1992)

Migration of endothelial cells is one of the first cellular responses in the cascade of events that leads to re-endothelialization of an injured vessel and neovascularization of growing tissues and tumors. To examine the hypothesis that endothelial cells express a specific migration-associated phenotype, we analyzed the cell surface glycoprotein expression of migrating bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAECs). Light microscopic analysis revealed an upregulation of binding sites for the lectins Concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and peanut agglutinin after neuraminidase treatment (N-PNA) on migrating endothelial cells relative to contact-inhibited cells. These findings were confirmed and quantitated with an enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) of circularly scraped BAEC monolayers. The expression of migration-associated cell surface glycoproteins was also analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The overall expression of cell surface glycoproteins was upregulated on migrating BAECs. Migrating BAECs expressed Con A- and WGA-binding glycoproteins with apparent molecular masses of 25 and 48 kD that were not expressed by contact-inhibited BAEC monolayers and, accordingly, disappeared as circularly scraped monolayers reached confluence. Subconfluent BAEC monolayers expressed the same cell surface glycoconjugate pattern as migrating endothelial cells. FACS analysis of circularly scraped BAEC monolayers showed that the phenotypic changes of cell surface glycoprotein expression after release from growth arrest occurred before the recruitment of the cells into the cell cycle (3 vs. 12 h). Suramin, which inhibits endothelial cell migration, abrogated the expression of the migration-associated phenotype and induced the expression of a prominent 28-kD Con A- and WGA-binding cell surface glycoprotein. These results indicate that endothelial cells express a specific migration-associated phenotype, which is characterized by the upregulation of distinct cellular glycoconjugates and the expression of specific migration-associated cell surface glycoproteins.
Learning from Synthetic Humans (2017)

Estimating human pose, shape, and motion from images and videos are fundamental challenges with many applications. Recent advances in 2D human pose estimation use large amounts of manually-labeled training data for learning convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Such data is time consuming to acquire and difficult to extend. Moreover, manual labeling of 3D pose, depth and motion is impractical. In this work we present SURREAL (Synthetic hUmans foR REAL tasks): a new large-scale dataset with synthetically-generated but realistic images of people rendered from 3D sequences of human motion capture data. We generate more than 6 million frames together with ground truth pose, depth maps, and segmentation masks. We show that CNNs trained on our synthetic dataset allow for accurate human depth estimation and human part segmentation in real RGB images. Our results and the new dataset open up new possibilities for advancing person analysis using cheap and large-scale synthetic data.
When Epstein-Barr virus persistently infects B-cell lines, it frequently integrates (1991)

In this study we used Gardella gel analysis of intact DNA, Southern blotting of digested DNA, and fluorescence in situ hybridization to provide complementary and unequivocal information on the state of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome in persistently infected cells. The fluorescence in situ hybridization technique allowed us to directly visualize both integrated and episomal EBV DNA at the single-cell level. We show here that circularization of the EBV genome is rarely detected upon infecting activated normal B cells. The virus can persist upon infection of a different proliferating B-cell target, EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma tumor cell lines. Analysis of 16 such lines reveal again, that the virus infrequently persists as covalently closed episomes; rather, the virus preferentially persists by integrating into the host DNA (10 of 16 clones). The integrated virus is linear and usually intact, although 3 of 10 isolates have deletions from the left-hand end including the latent origin of replication. At the level of our analysis, no obvious relationship was seen between the integration sites. These studies provide, for the first time, a reproducible in vitro model system to study integration by EBV.
Planar Visual Metrology using Partition-based Camera Calibration (2008)

In visual metrology the real imaging procedure is a complicate nonlinear system. Even after rectification of the radial distortion of the lens, it is hard to achieve high accuracy with single group of planar extrinsic parameters. According to the characteristics of the radial distortion of lens, a partition-based camera extrinsic calibration method for planar visual measurement is proposed. The image plane is partitioned into 9 subspaces according to the lens radial distortion, and in each subspace one group of extrinsic parameters of objects plane is calibrated separately. Although there is only one objects plane where the visual measurement is to be done, the groups of extrinsic parameters calibrated in each subspace are different because of the nonlinear in real system. In the subspace that the image points belong to, the corresponding group of extrinsic parameters of the subspace is adopted to reconstruct the 3D positions of the objects in the camera coordinate system. Finally experimental results show that the partition-based calibration method performs well in visual metrology. Compared with the method which uses single group of extrinsic parameters the proposed method can achieve higher accuracy in measuring distance of planar objects from their perspective images.