gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The chemistry of free radical polymerization (1995)

Part 1 Free radical reactions: introduction addition to carbon-carbon double bonds steric factors polar factors bond strengths theoretical treatments hydrogen atom transfer polar factors stereoelectronic factors reaction conditions abstraction vs. addition summary radical-radical reactions pathways for combination pathways for disproportionation combination vs. disproportionation summary. Part 2 Initiation: introduction the initiation process reaction with monomer fragmentation reaction with solvents, additives or impurities effects of the reaction medium on radical reactivity reaction with oxygen initiator efficiency cage reaction and initiator-derived by-products primary radical termination transfer to initiator initiation in heterogeneous polymerization thermal initiation the radicals carbon-centred radicals oxygen-centred radicals. Part 3 Propagation: introduction stereosequence isomerism - tacticity monoene polymers conjugated diene polymers structural isomerism - rearrangement cyclopolymerization ring-opening polymerization intramolecular atom transfer propagation kinetics and thermodynamics. Part 4 Termination introduction radical-radical termination termination kinetics disproportionation vs. combination - general considerations disproportionation vs. combination - summary chain transfer mechanisms transfer agents transfer to monomer transfer to polymer inhibition and retardation stable radicals oxygen. Part 5 Copolymerization: introduction statistical copolymerization copolymerization mechanisms block and graft copolymerization end-functional polymers block and graft copolymer synthesis. Part 6 Controlling polymerization: introduction defect structures in polystyrene defect structures in poly(methyl methacrylate) controlling propagation solvent Lewis acids and inorganics template polymers compositional heterogeneity in copolymers agents for controlling termination organosulfur iniferters hexasubstituted ethanes and azo compounds alkoxyamines and related species.
Chemical vapor deposition of metals: Part 2. Overview of selective CVD of Metals (1995)

Abstract The Selective chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of metals from metal‐containing compounds is reviewed and the approaches taken are classified according to the different physicochemical phenomena which take place on the growth and non‐growth surfaces. These include: an intrinsic difference in reaction rates, sacrificial solid‐state co‐reactant, activation of the growth surface, radiation‐induced activation of the growth surface, passivation of non‐growth surfaces, and a physical nucleation barrier. The results from the literature suggest that surface modification, in which the growth surface is activated or the non‐growth surface is passivated, is a promising method to control selectivity. However, few results are available from experiments with well‐characterized surfaces, making meaningful comparisons of the origin of selective CVD difficult to interpret.
Primary structure and developmental expression of Bufo arenarum cellular nucleic acid‐binding protein: Changes in subcellular localization during early embryogenesis (2001)

A Bufo arenarum cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (bCNBP) full-length cDNA was cloned. bCNBP is a 19.4 kDa protein containing seven CCHC zinc finger motifs, an RGG box and a Ser-rich region. Amino acid comparisons showed high values of homology in vertebrates and smaller values in insects or inferior eukaryotes. Northern blot analysis during oogenesis and early development revealed two transcripts with different expressions of pattern behavior. One of them is present in all stages analyzed, whereas the other is only detected from the beginning of zygotic transcription. Immunocytochemistry assays carried out on sections of ovary and early embryos showed that there was no specific staining of previtellogenic oocytes. In early vitellogenic oocytes, in oocytes at stages V/VI and in embryos at early blastula stage, reaction was observed inside the cytoplasm. At mid-blastula stage, CNBP was mainly detected in the epiblast. At the late gastrula stage, two layers of cells were stained in the archenteron roof, in which the internal one presented as strong staining. Nuclei in this layer were stained even stronger than the cytoplasm. Changes in mRNA expression patterns, accompanied by changes in subcellular localization, suggest that CNBP might interact with both nuclear and cytoplasmic nucleic acids.
Novel strategies and therapeutics for the treatment of prostate carcinoma (2000)

An increased understanding of the biology of prostate carcinoma has led to the clinical evaluation of mechanism-based and targeted therapies. Modulating the immune system has been pursued through the use of both active and passive immunity as well as the ex vivo genetic manipulation of effector cells. A variety of gene therapies has been proposed not only to replace defective genes but to localize activation of prodrugs. Angiogenesis and tumor invasion also have been targeted, as have cell cycling and signal transduction. Strategies promoting apoptosis and augmenting differentiation are also under study.This study is a review of current clinical strategies using biologic, immunologic, and genetic approaches for the treatment of prostate carcinoma.The clinical development of therapy targeting differentiation, apoptosis, cell signaling, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune surveillance, and others are in various stages of clinical development. A disease states model is used to discuss treatment groups, outcome measures, and other trial design elements in relation to specific therapeutic strategies.Development of novel agents requires consideration of where in the natural history of the disease they should be applied. In addition, understanding the genetic and molecular alterations that occur as the disease progresses from a localized to a metastatic state, and from androgen dependence to independence, is necessary. Clinical trial design will require consideration of cytostatic and cytotoxic effects, the status of pathways not directly targeted, and potentially unexpected influences on prostate specific antigen expression by these agents.
Selective Role of an NH2-Terminal WxxLF Motif for Aberrant Androgen Receptor Activation in Androgen Depletion–Independent Prostate Cancer Cells (2007)

Systemic prostate cancer therapy requires androgen ablation, which inhibits the production or action of androgens. Prostate cancer ultimately relapses during androgen ablation, and an androgen depletion-independent (ADI) phenotype emerges. Aberrant androgen receptor (AR) activation underlies therapy resistance at this stage of the disease, and mounting evidence implicates the large and highly disordered AR NH2-terminal domain (NTD) as a key mediator of this activity. In this study, we investigated the role of the NTD transactivation unit 5 (TAU5) domain in mediating AR transcriptional activity in cell-based models of prostate cancer progression. AR replacement and Gal4-based promoter tethering experiments revealed that AR TAU5 had a dichotomous function, inhibiting ligand-dependent AR activity in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells, while enhancing ligand-independent AR activity in ADI prostate cancer cells. Molecular dissection of TAU5 showed that a WxxLF motif was fully responsible for its ligand-independent activity. Mechanistically, WxxLF did not rely on an interaction with the AR ligand-binding domain to mediate ligand-independent AR activity. Rather, WxxLF functioned as an autonomous transactivation domain. These data show that ligand-dependent and ligand-independent AR activation rely on fundamentally distinct mechanisms, and define WxxLF as the major transactivation motif within the AR TAU5 domain.
Pharmaceutical significance of cellulose: A review (2008)

The amalgamation of polymer and pharmaceutical sciences led to the introduction of polymer in the design and development of drug delivery systems. Polymeric delivery systems are mainly intended to achieve controlled or sustained drug delivery. Polysaccharides fabricated into hydrophilic matrices remain popular biomaterials for controlled-release dosage forms and the most abundant naturally occurring biopolymer is cellulose; so hdroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose can be used for production of time controlled delivery systems. Additionally microcrystalline cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose as well as hydroxypropyl cellulose are used to coat tablets. Cellulose acetate phthalate and hydroxymethyl cellulose phthalate are also used for enteric coating of tablets. Targeting of drugs to the colon following oral administration has also been accomplished by using polysaccharides such as hdroxypropylmethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose in hydrated form; also they act as binders that swell when hydrated by gastric media and delay absorption. This paper assembles the current knowledge on the structure and chemistry of cellulose, and in the development of innovative cellulose esters and ethers for pharmaceuticals.
Equilibriums between triplet states of aromatic hydrocarbons (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEquilibriums between triplet states of aromatic hydrocarbonsA. Kira and J. K. ThomasCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1974, 78, 2, 196–199Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100595a022https://doi.org/10.1021/j100595a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views248Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Decreased Alveolarization in Baboon Survivors With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (1995)

In this study, 12 male baboons were delivered by hysterotomy at 75% of gestation. The development of a nonlethal baboon model permitted a study of lung growth and development in long-term survivors. Control animals were ventilated with clinically appropriate oxygen for the 21 d study period. BPD animals were ventilated with PPV and an FIO2 of 1.0 for 7 d, followed by an FIO2 of 0.8 for 14 d. They survived for 33 wk, at which time a right lower lobe lobectomy was performed. Controls showed normal well-alveolated lungs, whereas BPD lungs showed enlarged airspaces focally, nonclassifiable as alveoli, alveolar ducts, or respiratory bronchioles. Volume densities of alveoli were decreased significantly (p = 0.0009), and enlarged airspaces were significantly increased (p = 0.0003) in the BPD group compared with controls. Alveolar counts verified a significant decrease in alveoli (p = 0.004), and the internal surface area was significantly decreased (p = 0.05) in BPD treated animals compared with controls. These data document that a mild to moderate BPD lesion results in a significant and permanent loss of alveoli and a significant increase in enlarged, unclassifiable airspaces, which together result in a decreased total internal surface area in baboons that survive with their disease.
A novel non‐peptide endothelin antagonist isolated from bayberry, Myrica cerifera (1992)

A potent non-peptide ET receptor antagonist, myriceron caffeoyl ester (50-235), was isolated from the bayberry, Myrica cerifera. This compound selectively antagonized specific binding of [125I]ET-1, but not of [125I]ET-3, to rat cardiac membranes, ET-1-induced increase in the intracellular free calcium concentration in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, and ET-1-induced contraction of rat aortic strips. Thus, 50-235 is the first non-peptide ET(A) receptor antagonist. This compound can be useful for studying the physiological role of endothelin and exploring its role in various diseases.
Effect of two electron acceptors on atrazine mineralization rates in soil (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffect of two electron acceptors on atrazine mineralization rates in soilDhileepan R. Nair and Jerald L. SchnoorCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 11, 2298–2300Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00035a032https://doi.org/10.1021/es00035a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views118Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Electroactive Smart Polymers for Biomedical Applications (2019)

The flexibility in polymer properties has allowed the development of a broad range of materials with electroactivity, such as intrinsically conductive conjugated polymers, percolated conductive composites, and ionic conductive hydrogels. These smart electroactive polymers can be designed to respond rationally under an electric stimulus, triggering outstanding properties suitable for biomedical applications. This review presents a general overview of the potential applications of these electroactive smart polymers in the field of tissue engineering and biomaterials. In particular, details about the ability of these electroactive polymers to: (1) stimulate cells in the context of tissue engineering by providing electrical current; (2) mimic muscles by converting electric energy into mechanical energy through an electromechanical response; (3) deliver drugs by changing their internal configuration under an electrical stimulus; and (4) have antimicrobial behavior due to the conduction of electricity, are discussed.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral β-lactam antibiotics as a two-dimensional approach to their efficacy (2002)

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters are increasingly recognized as important determinants of the therapeutic efficacy of an antibiotic. For beta-lactam antibiotics, the most important determinant of the antimicrobial efficacy, and hence predictor of therapeutic efficacy, is the length of time that serum concentrations exceed the MIC. Dosing schedules for beta-lactam antibiotics should maintain serum concentrations above the MIC for the bacterial pathogen for at least 50% of the dosing interval to achieve therapeutic efficacy and prevent the development of resistance. This is a basic criterion for the clinical efficacy of beta-lactams. A combination of microbiological activity and pharmacokinetic characteristics was applied to calculate the time that serum antibiotic concentrations exceed the MIC for the major respiratory tract pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In contrast with some other oral beta-lactam antibiotics, cefpodoxime 200 mg bd maintains serum concentrations above the MIC for each organism for at least 50% of the dosing interval and may therefore be an attractive choice for empirical therapy of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections.
Ryk is essential for Wnt-5a-dependent invasiveness in human glioma (2014)

Glioblastoma is characterized by marked invasiveness, but little is known about the mechanism of invasion in glioblastoma cells. Wnts are secreted ligands that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, motility and fate at various developmental stages. In adults, misregulation of the Wnt pathway is associated with several diseases. Recently, we reported that Wnt-5a was overexpressed and correlated with cell motility and infiltrative activity through the regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in glioma-derived cells. Although several receptors for Wnt-5a were identified, the receptors of Wnt-5a that mediate cellular responses of glioma were not clearly identified. Knockdown of receptor-like tyrosine kinase (Ryk) but not that of Ror2 suppressed the activity of MMP-2 and Wnt-5a-dependent invasive activity in glioma cells. These results suggest that Ryk is important for the Wnt-5a-dependent induction of MMP-2 and invasive activity in glioma-derived cells and that Ryk might have a novel patho-physiological function in adult cancer invasion. Furthermore, not only the expression of Wnt-5a but also that of Frizzled (Fz)-2 and Ryk was correlated with the WHO histological grade in 38 human glioma tissues. Taking these findings together, Fz-2 and Ryk could be therapeutic or pharmacological target molecules for the control of Wnt-5a-dependent invasion of human glioma in the near future.
Plasmodium falciparum Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (2004)

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Plasmodium falciparum (PfPNP) is an anti-malarial target based on the activity of Immucillins. The crystal structure of PfPNP.Immucillin-H (ImmH).SO(4) reveals a homohexamer with ImmH and SO(4) bound at each catalytic site. A solvent-filled cavity close to the 5'-hydroxyl group of ImmH suggested that PfPNP can accept additional functional groups at the 5'-carbon. Assays established 5'-methylthioinosine (MTI) as a substrate for PfPNP. MTI is not found in human metabolism. These properties of PfPNP suggest unusual purine pathways in P. falciparum and provide structural and mechanistic foundations for the design of malaria-specific transition state analogue inhibitors. 5'-Methylthio-Immucillin-H (MT-ImmH) was designed to resemble the transition state of PfPNP and binds to PfPNP and human-PNP with K(d) values of 2.7 and 303 nm, respectively, to give a discrimination factor of 112. MT-ImmH is the first inhibitor that favors PfPNP inhibition. The structure of PfPNP.MT-ImmH.SO(4) shows that the hydrophobic methylthio group inserts into a hydrophobic region adjacent to the more hydrophilic 5'-hydroxyl binding site of ImmH. The catalytic features of PfPNP indicate a dual cellular function in purine salvage and polyamine metabolism. Combined metabolic functions in a single enzyme strengthen the rationale for targeting PfPNP in anti-malarial action.
A Lipid-mediated Quality Control Process in the Golgi Apparatus in Yeast (2007)

When heme biosynthesis is disrupted, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae becomes unable to synthesize its major sterol, ergosterol, and desaturate fatty acids. We took advantage of this physiological peculiarity to evaluate the consequences of ergosterol and/or unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) depletions on the biogenesis of a model polytopic plasma membrane protein, the uracil permease Fur4p. We show that under UFA shortage, which results in low amounts of diunsaturated phospholipid species, and under ergosterol depletion, Fur4p is prematurely routed from the Golgi apparatus to the vacuolar lumen in a process that requires the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5p. Interestingly, this diversion is not correlated to Fur4p exclusion from detergent-resistant membranes. In an independent set of experiments, we show that Fur4p targeting to the plasma membrane depends on phosphatidylethanolamine amounts and more specifically on the propensity of this phospholipid to form a hexagonal phase. In light of recent literature, we propose a model in which ergosterol and diunsaturated phospholipid species maintain optimal membrane curvature for Fur4p to evade the Golgi quality control process and to be properly delivered to its normal destination.
New contrast agents for optical imaging: Acid-cleavable conjugates of cyanine dyes with biomolecules (1999)

The investigation of cyanine dyes as contrast agents in optical tumor imagin has been a focus of our recent work. We have shown that i.v. injected hydrophilic indotricarbocyanine derivatives enable tumor detection by fluorescence imagin and by frequency-domain absorption spectroscopy. Our current objective is to extend this approach by conjugating these dyes with specific biomolecules in order to enhance targetability and to introduce acid-cleavable links that enable dye release in acidic cell compartments. Accordingly, we have synthesized cyanine dyes which contain different acid-cleavable hydrazone links and which were coupled to peptides, proteins and antibodies. We have studied the release of the dyes under various pH conditions. Our results show that dye release from transferrin increased under acidic conditions, while at neutral pH the stability was higher. Additionally, we observed pH-dependent fluorescence enhancement during cleavage. Cellular fluorescence microscopy experiments indicated that intracellular trapping is possible. In conclusion, cyanine dyes bound to biomolecules by acid- cleavable bonds could act as promising optical contrast agents. Further work will include optimization of release rates by chemical modification and in vivo imaging studies.
Tuning cell adhesion on titanium with osteogenic rosette nanotubes (2010)

Self-assembled rosette nanotubes (RNTs), obtained from a twin G∧C base functionalized with lysine-arginine-serine-arginine [KRSR-(G∧C)(2)], were designed and investigated as bioactive coatings on titanium. These results were compared to RNTs derived from Lysine-G∧C (K-G∧C), Arg-Gly-Asp-G∧C (RGD-G∧C), and aminobutane-(G∧C)(2) [AB-(G∧C)(2)]. The results from this study revealed that these materials had excellent cytocompatibility properties as they enhanced osteoblast (bone forming cell) adhesion when coated on titanium. In particular, KRSR and RGD functionalized RNTs coated on titanium promoted the greatest osteoblast densities relative to untreated titanium. Furthermore, KRSR functionalized RNTs selectively improved osteoblast adhesion relative to fibroblast (soft-tissue forming cell) and endothelial (cells that line the vascular) cell adhesion. In contrast with these results, RNTs obtained from an unfunctionalized twin base [AB-(G∧C)(2)], RGD-G∧C co-assembled with K-G∧C and K-G∧C significantly enhanced endothelial cell attachment, which may find applications in the vascularization of newly formed bone tissue. In summary, these studies suggest that the surface of orthopedic implant materials (such as titanium) could be tailored to promote selective cell adhesion using biologically-inspired nanotubular structures functionalized with osteogenic compounds.