gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acute focal demyelinating disease simulating brain tumors: Histopathologic guidelines for an accurate diagnosis (2001)

The object of the present study was to determine the histopathological guidelines for accurate diagnosis of cases of acute focal demyelinating disease that simulates brain tumors. The surgical pathology of three such cases is assessed. Histopathological keys to the diagnosis of such cases are as follows. First, a pattern of sheets of atypical gemistocytic astrocytes in the white matter that show well‐formed processes and that are adequately distanced from each other argues against a diagnosis of neoplasm. Second, uniform distribution of foamy macrophages aligned along axons, with occasional focal collections surrounding blood vessels and in the absence of any associated coagulative necrosis argues against the presence of a tumor. Third, perivascular chronic inflammatory infiltration, especially a mixture of lymphocytes and macrophages, favors the diagnosis of demyelination plaque. In such cases the lymphocytes will be predominantly T cells. Fourth, pleomorphic astrocytic proliferation with a lack of vascular endothelial proliferation should raise the suspicion that the lesion may not be a brain tumor. These diagnostic keys should be followed when diagnosing cases that are suspected to be demyelination processes rather than brain tumors. The presence of demyelination plaque should then be confirmed by imaging modalities such as staining with myelin‐and axon‐specific stains.
Impact of a Program to Improve Adherence to Diabetes Guidelines by Primary Care Physicians (2002)

In busy primary care practices lacking organizational support and computerized tracking systems, sustained improvements in diabetes care are difficult to attain using traditional physician-targeted approaches.
p-Methoxycarbonylperbenzoic Acid (2001)

[28276-78-0] C9H8O5 (MW 196.17) InChI = 1S/C9H8O5/c1-13-8(10)6-2-4-7(5-3-6)9(11)14-12/h2-5,12H,1H3 InChIKey = ZPTDYZFKYMQWRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (electrophilic reagent which delivers oxygen to alkenes1) Alternate Name: PMCPBA. Physical Data: white crystalline solid; dec. 125 °C. Solubility: sol ether, dioxane, CH2Cl2, CHCl3; slightly sol benzene; insol cyclohexane, CCl4. Analysis of Reagent Purity: iodometric titration. Preparative Methods: a mixture of aldehyde 1 (98% pure, 2 g) and CCl4 (50 mL) is stirred under oxygen in a glass reactor at 25 °C and irradiated with a 2 kW high-pressure mercury lamp until about 95% of the theoretical amount of oxygen is absorbed (0.5 h) (eq 1). The product, which separates as a white crystalline powder, is collected and dried (yield 2.0 g, 84%; peroxy acid content 90%); this material can be used for general oxidation reactions.1 (1) Purification: recrystallization from methanol. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the peroxy acid 2 is as stable as m‐Chloroperbenzoic Acid and shows less than 5% decomposition after storage at 10 °C for 1 year. 2 irritates nasal membranes and causes sneezing. Since the reagent is a peroxide and potentially explosive, care is required in carrying out reactions with it. During workup, check for peroxides before solvent removal. This reagent should be handled in a fume hood.
Real-time, noninvasive in vivo assessment of adeno-associated virus-mediated retinal transduction. (1997)

Retinal gene transfer mediated by rAAV is stable and efficient and is associated with no clinically or histologically detectable toxicity or immune reaction. Green fluorescent protein allows noninvasive assessment of the extent and location of retinal transgene expression as a function of time and promises to be useful alone and as a tag for other transgenes delivered experimentally or therapeutically to the retina.
Preclinical Characterization of BI 201335, a C-Terminal Carboxylic Acid Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus NS3-NS4A Protease (2010)

BI 201335 is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3-NS4A (NS3 coexpressed with NS4A) protease inhibitor that has been shown to have potent clinical antiviral activity. It is a highly optimized noncovalent competitive inhibitor of full-length NS3-NS4A proteases of HCV genotypes 1a and 1b with K(i) values of 2.6 and 2.0 nM, respectively. K(i) values of 2 to 230 nM were measured against the NS3-NS4A proteases of HCV genotypes 2 to 6, whereas it was a very weak inhibitor of cathepsin B and showed no measurable inhibition of human leukocyte elastase. BI 201335 was also shown to be a potent inhibitor of HCV RNA replication in vitro with 50% effective concentrations (EC(50)s) of 6.5 and 3.1 nM obtained in genotype 1a and 1b replicon assays. Combinations of BI 201335 with either interferon or ribavirin had additive effects in replicon assays. BI 201335 had good permeability in Caco-2 cell assays and high metabolic stability after incubation with human, rat, monkey, and dog liver microsomes. Its good absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile in vitro, as well as in rat, monkey, and dog, predicted good pharmacokinetics (PK) in humans. Furthermore, drug levels were significantly higher in rat liver than in plasma, suggesting that distribution to the target organ may be especially favorable. BI 201335 is a highly potent and selective NS3-NS4A protease inhibitor with good in vitro and animal ADME properties, consistent with its good human PK profile, and shows great promise as a treatment for HCV infection.
iPhone出奇“智”胜系列——爱疯又爱聊 (2009)

在这新新人类的社会里，人人都喜爱在网络中聊天，不管是与同学胡乱调侃、与另一半传达爱意，还是与同事召开网络会议。生活中，我们都离不开它。在家聊天可以靠电脑，但是出门在外，想聊个QQ或是MSN的话，该怎么办呢？这时候“爱疯”的“疯子”肯定会说“用iPhone嘛!”没错，iPhone作为以服务和程序为重点的手机产品，相关的聊天工具怎么可能会少呢？
Expression of Peroxisome Proferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) in Human Transitional Bladder Cancer and its Role in Inducing Cell Death (1999)

The present study examined the expression and role of the thiazolidinedione (TZD)-activated transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), in human bladder cancers. In situ hybridization shows that PPARgamma mRNA is highly expressed in all human transitional epithelial cell cancers (TCCa's) studied (n=11). PPARgamma was also expressed in five TCCa cell lines as determined by RNase protection assays and immunoblot. Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha), a 9-cis-retinoic acid stimulated (9-cis-RA) heterodimeric partner of PPARgamma, was also co-expressed in all TCCa tissues and cell lines. Treatment of the T24 bladder cancer cells with the TZD PPARgamma agonist troglitazone, dramatically inhibited 3H-thymidine incorporation and induced cell death. Addition of the RXRalpha ligands, 9-cis-RA or LG100268, sensitized T24 bladder cancer cells to the lethal effect of troglitazone and two other PPAR- activators, ciglitazone and 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-PGJ2 (15dPGJ(2)). Troglitazone treatment increased expression of two cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p16(INK4), and reduced cyclin D1 expression, consistent with G1 arrest. Troglitazone also induced an endogenous PPARgamma target gene in T24 cells, adipocyte-type fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP), the expression of which correlates with bladder cancer differentiation. In situ hybridization shows that A-FABP expression is localized to normal uroepithelial cells as well as some TCCa's. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PPARgamma is expressed in human TCCa where it may play a role in regulating TCCa differentiation and survival, thereby providing a potential target for therapy of uroepithelial cancers.
Synthesis and Characterization of Near‐Infrared Absorbing Benzannulated Aza‐BODIPY Dyes (2011)

A series of novel aza-diisoindolmethine dyes 9 with six different aryl and heteroaryl groups at the indole moiety have been synthesized by the addition of aryl Grignard compounds to phthalodinitrile and subsequent reaction with formamide. A plausible reaction mechanism, through a Leuckart-Wallach-type reduction has been confirmed by means of DFT calculations of the related transition and intermediate states. The corresponding boron difluoride complexes (10) of 9 were prepared in a subsequent reaction step and the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of 9 and 10 have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The aza-diisoindolmethines 9 exhibit an absorption maximum in the range from 615 to 720 nm, whereas the complexes 10 show a bathochromically shifted absorption maximum between 681 and 793 nm. Measurements of 9 and 10 by cyclic voltammetry display fully reversible redox waves for the reduction and oxidation with higher potentials for 10. From the measured redox potentials, the HOMO and LUMO energy levels were calculated for 9 and 10. The frontier orbital energies, the energies of the absorption bands, as well as the orbitals involved in the absorption process were calculated with DFT and compared to the measured results of 9 and 10. The absorption maximum can be related to an intense HOMO-LUMO transition and the more-pronounced stabilization of the LUMO upon complexation is the origin of the bathochromic shift of the absorption. Additionally, single-crystal structures for two species, 10 d and 10 f, are reported.
Pentacyclic Triterpenes in Euphorbia microsciadia with Their T-cell Proliferation Activity. (2011)

The ethyl acetate partition of dried methanolic extract of aerial parts of Euphorbia microsciadia (Euphorbiaceae) afforded three pentacyclic triterpenes, betulinic acid (1) from lupane type, oleanolic acid (2) from oleane type and ursolic acid (3) from ursane type triterpenes that are reported for the first time in this plant. These three compounds were structurally compared through their mass fragmentation pattern, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data and their biologic immunomodulatory effects. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by (13)C- and (1)H-NMR as well as 2D-NMR, IR and by the aid of mass fragmentation pattern and comparing with the literature. After running T-Cell proliferation assay, oleanolic acid stimulated proliferation of T-Cells at lower concentration 0.5 µg/mL, while betulinic acid and ursolic acid showed inhibitory activity against T-Cell proliferation with IC50- value > 50 µg/mL and 3.01 ± 0.47 µg/mL, respectively.
DNA transport by a micromachined Brownian ratchet device (1999)

We have micromachined a silicon-chip device that transports DNA with a Brownian ratchet that rectifies the Brownian motion of microscopic particles. Transport properties for a DNA 50-mer agree with theoretical predictions, and the DNA diffusion constant agrees with previous experiments. This type of micromachine could provide a generic pump or separation component for DNA or other charged species as part of a microscale lab-on-a-chip. A device with reduced feature size could produce a size-based separation of DNA molecules, with applications including the detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
Dominant recognition by human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes of dengue virus nonstructural proteins NS3 and NS1.2a. (1996)

A severe complication of dengue virus infection, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), is hypothesized to be immunologically mediated and virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) may trigger DHF. It is also likely that dengue virus-specific CTLs are important for recovery from dengue virus infections. There is little available information on the human CD8+ T cell responses to dengue viruses. Memory CD8+CTL responses were analyzed to determine the diversity of the T cell response to dengue virus and to identify immunodominant proteins using PBMC from eight healthy adult volunteers who had received monovalent, live-attenuated candidate vaccines of the four dengue serotypes. All the donors had specific T cell proliferation to dengue and to other flaviviruses that we tested. CTLs were generated from the stimulated PBMC of all donors, and in the seven donors tested, dengue virus-specific CD8+CTL activity was demonstrated. The nonstructural (NS3 and NS1.2a) and envelope (E) proteins were recognized by CD8+CTLs from six, five, and three donors, respectively. All donors recognized either NS3 or NS1.2a. In one donor who received a dengue 4 vaccine, CTL killing was seen in bulk culture against the premembrane protein (prM). This is the first demonstration of a CTL response against the prM protein. The CTL responses using the PBMC of two donors were serotype specific, whereas all other donors had serotype-cross-reactive responses. For one donor, CTLs specific for E, NS1.2a, and NS3 proteins were all HLA-B44 restricted. For three other donors tested, the potential restricting alleles for recognition of NS3 were B38, A24, and/or B62 and B35. These results indicate that the CD8+CTL responses of humans after immunization with one serotype of dengue virus are diverse and directed against a variety of proteins. The NS3 and NS1.2a proteins should be considered when designing subunit vaccines for dengue.
The Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Curcumin (2017)

Curcumin is a constituent (up to ∼5%) of the traditional medicine known as turmeric. Interest in the therapeutic use of turmeric and the relative ease of isolation of curcuminoids has led to their extensive investigation. Curcumin has recently been classified as both a PAINS (pan-assay interference compounds) and an IMPS (invalid metabolic panaceas) candidate. The likely false activity of curcumin in vitro and in vivo has resulted in >120 clinical trials of curcuminoids against several diseases. No double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial of curcumin has been successful. This manuscript reviews the essential medicinal chemistry of curcumin and provides evidence that curcumin is an unstable, reactive, nonbioavailable compound and, therefore, a highly improbable lead. On the basis of this in-depth evaluation, potential new directions for research on curcuminoids are discussed.
In Vivo Synthesis of Mammalian-Like, Hybrid-Type N-Glycans inPichia pastoris (2004)

The Pichia pastoris N-glycosylation pathway is only partially homologous to the pathway in human cells. In the Golgi apparatus, human cells synthesize complex oligosaccharides, whereas Pichia cells form mannose structures that can contain up to 40 mannose residues. This hypermannosylation of secreted glycoproteins hampers the downstream processing of heterologously expressed glycoproteins and leads to the production of protein-based therapeutic agents that are rapidly cleared from the blood because of the presence of terminal mannose residues. Here, we describe engineering of the P. pastoris N-glycosylation pathway to produce nonhyperglycosylated hybrid glycans. This was accomplished by inactivation of OCH1 and overexpression of an alpha-1,2-mannosidase retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I and beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase retained in the Golgi apparatus. The engineered strain synthesized a nonsialylated hybrid-type N-linked oligosaccharide structure on its glycoproteins. The procedures which we developed allow glycan engineering of any P. pastoris expression strain and can yield up to 90% homogeneous protein-linked oligosaccharides.
Measured performance at 77 K of superconducting microstrip resonators and filters (1991)

Results on three types of passive microwave devices fabricated and tested using epitaxial thin films of Tl/sub 2/CaBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ grown on LaAlO/sub 3/ are reported. A microstrip ring resonator with unloaded Q of 2740 at 77 K and 33 GHz is described. A superconducting 4.6 GHz band-reject filter with unloaded Q greater than 15000 when operated at 77 K is reported. In addition, results on a multiple microstrip bandpass filter are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Controlling droplet incubation using close-packed plug flow (2011)

Controlling droplet incubation is critical for droplet-based microfluidic applications; however, current techniques are either of limited precision or place strict limits on the incubation times that can be achieved. Here, we present a simple technique to control incubation time by exploiting close-packed plug flow. In contrast to other techniques, this technique is applicable to very short and very long incubation times.
DOCUMENTATION OF ACUTE COMPARTMENT SYNDROME AT AN ACADEMIC HEALTH-CARE CENTER (2005)

Background: Documentation of the clinical course of a compartment syndrome is critical to effective treatment; however, such documentation often is found to be inadequate. Methods: Notes and consent forms for thirty consecutive patients with adequate follow-up who had undergone fasciotomy for the treatment of compartment syndrome were reviewed for legibility, notation of the time and date, and documentation of the presence of core physical examination and history findings, including pain, paresthesias, tenseness, pain on passive stretch, sensory deficit, motor deficit, pulses, compartment pressures, and diastolic blood pressure. Results: Documentation was inadequate for twenty-one patients (70%): the notes and consent forms were not timed or not dated (or both) for nine patients (30%), and the notes were at least partially illegible for sixteen patients (53%). The documentation was incomplete with regard to the presence of paresthesias in eleven patients, pain on passive stretch in ten, sensory deficit in nine, motor deficit in eight, pulses in seven, pain in five, and tenseness in three. The documentation was incomplete with regard to the blood and compartment pressures for sixteen and six patients, respectively. Conclusions: The documentation of the core history and physical examination findings was inadequate in this series of patients with compartment syndrome. On the basis of the results of this study, and through an organizational systems approach, we have instituted for our residents, nursing staff, and faculty an educational program on the documentation of compartment syndrome in patients who are at risk for this condition.
The USTC System for Blizzard Challenge 2010 (2010)

This paper introduces the speech synthesis system developed by USTC for Blizzard Challenge 2010. USTC attended all English tasks including the hub tasks and the spoke tasks. According to the various conditions for different tasks, different versions of synthesis systems are constructed. Many new techniques are employed in our speech synthesis system construction. Results of internal experiments comparing these techniques are shown, and analyzed. The evaluation results of Blizzard Challenge 2010 prove that our system has good quality in the naturalness, similarity. But in the intelligibility of the synthetic speech, the results are not good enough.
Brønsted Acid-Promoted Glycosylations of Disaccharide Glycal Substructures of the Saccharomicins (2009)

An acid-promoted glycosylation and alkynol cycloisomerization sequence provided direct access to the 2-deoxytrisaccharide corresponding to the fucose-saccharosamine-digitoxose substructure of saccharomicin B. In the course of this work, the absolute stereochemistry of the repeating fucose-saccharosamine disaccharide of saccharomicins was also confirmed.
In vitro polymerase activity of Thogoto virus: evidence for a unique cap-snatching mechanism in a tick-borne orthomyxovirus (1997)

The tick-borne Thogoto virus (THOV) is the type species of a new genus in the family Orthomyxoviridae. Its genome comprises six segments of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA. Each segment possesses conserved regions of semicomplementary nucleotides at the 3' and 5' termini which strongly resemble those of influenza virus. An in vitro polymerase assay based on reconstituted THOV viral cores was developed, and activity was shown to rely on an interaction between the conserved 3'- and 5'-terminal sequences and to be primer dependent. Addition of globin mRNA primed transcription, catalyzing the addition of an extra nucleotide to the transcripts, corresponding to the 5'-terminal m7G cap residue. Priming with various cap analogs suggested that THOV transcription is initiated preferentially with m7GpppAm and involves base pairing. This is the first experimental evidence of endonuclease activity in THOV as part of a unique cap-snatching mechanism.
Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer of Viral Interleukin-10 Inhibits the Immune Response to Both Alloantigen and Adenoviral Antigen (1997)

Although adenoviral vectors are attractive for gene transfer, their effectiveness is limited by host antiviral immune responses. In this study, we determined if host antiallograft and antiviral immunity could be diminished with an adenoviral vector encoding the immunosuppressive cytokine viral interleukin-10 (vIL-10). AdSV40vIL-10, a vIL-10-expressing adenoviral vector with an SV40 promoter, induced significant prolongation of murine cardiac allograft survival to 32.2 +/- 1.7 days compared to 14.2 +/- 1.0 days for controls (p < 0.01). This effect was specific for vIL-10 encoding vector and could be inhibited by anti-vIL-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb). In vivo administration of adenovirus facilitated the generation of adenovirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), whereas treatment with AdSV40vIL-10 prevented CTL priming and generation of virus-specific immunity. AdSV40vIL-10 also induced extended expression of a beta-galactosidase reporter from a co-injected LacZ-encoding adenoviral vector. These results demonstrate that adenovirus-mediated gene transfer and expression of vIL-10 prolong allograft survival and inhibit the immune response to adenoviral antigens, thereby improving the persistence of the vector and extending transgene expression. The efficacy of adenoviral vectors can be improved by incorporating immunosuppressive genes into the vector.
New Method for Preparing Cubic Boron Nitride Hardened Layers (2003)

Hardened layers 0.15 - 0.2 mm thick were prepared by a duplex treatment combining boronising at a temperature of 900 ° C for 5 h and plasma immersion ion implantation with nitrogen ions at an implanting energy of 60 keV to a dose of 3×10 17 atoms cm -2 . at a temperature of 400°C on 50Mn steel (0.5C - 0.8Mn, wt-%) substrates. Cubic boron nitride, hexagonal boron nitride, B 2 O 3 , FeB, Fe 2 B were found in the hardened layers by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The amount of c-BN phase dominates in the region from the surface of the hardened layers to a depth of 60 nm. The friction properties and hardness of the hardened layers were determined by standard sphere on disc sliding friction experiments at room temperature under unlubricated conditions and by Vickers microhardness experiments under different loads on duplex treated specimens and on the specimens treated alone by boronising. The results of the experiments showed that the duplex specimens of 50Mn steel had a far greater (up to 44 HV(0.1 N)) hardness and wear resistance than the specimens of 50Mn steel treated only by boronising.