gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Adaptation for Efficient Semantic Segmentation (2019)

Both accuracy and efficiency are of significant importance to the task of semantic segmentation. Existing deep FCNs suffer from heavy computations due to a series of high-resolution feature maps for preserving the detailed knowledge in dense estimation. Although reducing the feature map resolution (i.e., applying a large overall stride) via subsampling operations (e.g., pooling and convolution striding) can instantly increase the efficiency, it dramatically decreases the estimation accuracy. To tackle this dilemma, we propose a knowledge distillation method tailored for semantic segmentation to improve the performance of the compact FCNs with large overall stride. To handle the inconsistency between the features of the student and teacher network, we optimize the feature similarity in a transferred latent domain formulated by utilizing a pre-trained autoencoder. Moreover, an affinity distillation module is proposed to capture the long-range dependency by calculating the non-local interactions across the whole image. To validate the effectiveness of our proposed method, extensive experiments have been conducted on three popular benchmarks: Pascal VOC, Cityscapes and Pascal Context. Built upon a highly competitive baseline, our proposed method can improve the performance of a student network by 2.5\% (mIOU boosts from 70.2 to 72.7 on the cityscapes test set) and can train a better compact model with only 8\% float operations (FLOPS) of a model that achieves comparable performances.
Volatile Fatty Acids in Liquid Swine Manure Can Kill Microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae (2002)

ABSTRACT Liquid swine manure added to acidic soils killed microsclerotia of the wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae. We investigated whether volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the manure were responsible for this toxicity. The survival of microsclerotia was determined after exposure to various dilutions of manure or its VFA components. Acetic, propionic, and isobutyric acids constituted the major VFAs in the manure, while n-butyric, n-valeric, iso-valeric, and n-caproic acids were present in lesser amounts. Formic acid was not detected. The individual VFAs were more toxic to microsclerotia as the solution pH was decreased, indicating that the protonated forms of the VFAs were toxic (e.g., acetic acid and not acetate). The effective concentration reducing germination of microsclerotia by 95% (EC(95)) for formic and n-caproic acids was approximately 4 mM, the most toxic of the acids tested; for n-valeric, the EC(95) was 9.2 mM, isovaleric was 16.1 mM acids, and acetic, propionic, n-butyric, and isobutyric acids were approximately 30 mM. The toxicity of acetic acid, and likely all the others, was directly related to the duration of exposure. Inhibition of microsclerotia germination followed identical trends in solutions of the manure or in a mixture of VFAs with equivalent concentrations of the individual acids found in the manure. Similarly, germination declined to the same extent in the atmosphere above the manure or the VFA mixture, confirming the toxicity of VFAs to microsclerotia. Thus, under acid conditions, VFAs in liquid swine manure can kill microsclerotia of V. dahliae.
Pin1 Modulates the Type 1 Immune Response (2007)

These data suggest Pin1 inhibitors should be explored for use as immunosuppressants and employed with available calcineurin inhibitors to reduce toxicity and enhance effectiveness.
A novel site of erythropoietin production. Oxygen-dependent production in cultured rat astrocytes. (1994)

It has been shown that neurons express erythropoietin (Epo) receptor, but the production of Epo protein in neural tissues has not been demonstrated. Cerebral cells of rat fetuses were cultured, and Epo in the spent medium was measured with an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Production of the immunoreactive Epo was dependent on O2 tension for cell culture; hypoxia enhanced the production. The immunoreactive Epo purified from the spent medium stimulated the growth of Epo-dependent myeloid cells and formation of fetal liver erythroid colonies. These biological activities were completely inhibited by the anti-Epo antiserum and the extracellular domain of the Epo receptor capable of binding with Epo. When brain Epo was compared with serum Epo, brain Epo was smaller in size and more active in vitro at low ligand concentrations. These differences appear to be caused by the different extent of sialylation. Analyses with the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method indicated that the regulation of Epo production by oxygen operates at the level of its mRNA. Immunochemical staining of the immortalized clonal cells revealed that astrocytes produced brain Epo. These results provide a novel site of Epo production and suggest that Epo acts on neurons in a paracrine fashion.
An exploration of pen rolling for pen-based interaction (2008)

Current pen input mainly utilizes the position of the pen tip, and occasionally, a button press. Other possible device parameters, such as rolling the pen around its longitudinal axis, are rarely used. We explore pen rolling as a supporting input modality for pen-based interaction. Through two studies, we are able to determine 1) the parameters that separate intentional pen rolling for the purpose of interaction from incidental pen rolling caused by regular writing and drawing, and 2) the parameter range within which accurate and timely intentional pen rolling interactions can occur. Building on our experimental results, we present an exploration of the design space of rolling-based interaction techniques, which showcase three scenarios where pen rolling interactions can be useful: enhanced stimulus-response compatibility in rotation tasks [7], multi-parameter input, and simplified mode selection.
Immunohistochemical localization of Y hapten and the structurally related H type‐2 blood‐group antigen on large‐bowel tumours and normal adult tissues (1984)

The monoclonal antibody C14/1/46/10 which defines the Y hapten carbohydrate antigen (Brown et al., 1983) was shown, by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique, to stain tissue sections of 96% of colo-rectal adenocarcinomas and 100% of colo-rectal adenomas. In contrast, a monoclonal antibody defining the related H type-2 blood-group antigen was found to stain 86% of adenocarcinomas and 32% of adenomas. In adenocarcinomas the percentage of cells stained for both antigens was, on average, greater in group O than in group A patients. In adenomas a focal pattern of expression was observed, for both Y hapten and H type-2 antigen, that was characteristic of group A but not group O adenocarcinomas. In the normal mucosa of the distal colon, whilst H type-2 antigen was absent, Y hapten was found in the immature cells of the crypt bases. A comparison of the cellular phenotypes present in adenocarcinomas, adenomas and normal mucosa of the distal colon supports the adenoma-carcinoma sequence hypothesis for the genesis of colo-rectal carcinomas. In normal adult tissues Y hapten was predominantly found on epithelial cells whilst nervous tissues, muscles and connective tissues were negative. The expression of Y hapten in several positive tissues was dependent upon secretor status. A comparison of the expression of Y hapten and H type 2 antigen on normal adult tissues revealed that all of the permutations of expression of these two structurally related antigens were possible.
Reactivation of Pituitary Hormone Release and Metabolic Improvement by Infusion of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide and Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in Patients with Protracted Critical Illness1 (1999)

Protracted critical illness is marked by protein wasting resistant to feeding, by accumulation of fat stores, and by suppressed pulsatile release of GH and TSH. We previously showed that the latter can be reactivated by brief infusion of GH-releasing peptide (GHRP-2) and TRH. Here, we studied combined GHRP-2 and TRH infusion for 5 days, which allowed a limited evaluation of the metabolic effectiveness of this novel trophic endocrine strategy. Fourteen patients (mean +/- SD age, 68 +/- 11 yr), critically ill for 40 +/- 28 days, were compared to a matched group of community-living control subjects at baseline and subsequently received 5 days of placebo and 5 days of GHRP-2 plus TRH (1 + 1 microg/kg x h) infusion in random order. At baseline, impaired anabolism, as indicated by biochemical markers (osteocalcin and leptin), was linked to hyposomatotropism [reduced pulsatile GH secretion, as determined by deconvolution analysis, and low GH-dependent insulin-like growth factor and binding protein (IGFBP) levels]. Biochemical markers of accelerated catabolism (increased protein degradation and bone resorption) were related to tertiary hypothyroidism and the serum concentration of IGFBP-1, but not to hyposomatotropism. Metabolic markers were independent of elevated serum cortisol. After 5 days of GHRP-2 plus TRH infusion, osteocalcin concentrations increased 19% vs. -6% with placebo, and leptin had rose 32% vs. -15% with placebo. These anabolic effects were linked to increased IGF-I and GH-dependent IGFBP, which reached near-normal levels from day 2 onward. In addition, protein degradation was reduced, as indicated by a drop in the urea/creatinine ratio, an effect that was related to the correction of tertiary hypothyroidism, with near-normal thyroid hormone levels reached and maintained from day 2 onward. Concomitantly, a spontaneous tendency of IGFBP-1 to rise and of insulin to decrease was reversed. Cortisol concentrations were not detectably altered. In conclusion, 5-day infusion of GHRP-2 plus TRH in protracted critical illness reactivates blunted GH and TSH secretion, with preserved pulsatility, peripheral responsiveness, and feedback inhibition and without affecting serum cortisol, and induces a shift toward anabolic metabolism. This provides the first evidence of the metabolic effectiveness of short term GHRP-2 plus TRH agonism in this particular wasting condition.
A role for Ral GTPase‐activating protein subunit β in mitotic regulation (2014)

Ral proteins are small GTPases that play critical roles in normal physiology and in oncogenesis. There is little information on the GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that downregulate their activity. Here, we provide evidence that the noncatalytic β subunit of RalGAPα1/2 β complexes is involved in mitotic control. RalGAPβ localizes to the Golgi and nucleus during interphase, and relocalizes to the mitotic spindle and cytokinetic intercellular bridge during mitosis. Depletion of RalGAPβ causes chromosome misalignment and decreases the amount of mitotic cyclin B1, disturbing the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Overexpression of RalGAPβ interferes with cell division, leading to binucleation and multinucleation, and cell death. We propose that RalGAPβ plays an essential role in the sequential progression of mitosis by controlling the spatial and temporal activation of Ral GTPases in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and cytokinesis. Deregulation of RalGAPβ might cause genomic instability, leading to human carcinogenesis.
Distortion-free freehand-scanning OCT implemented with real-time scanning speed variance correction (2012)

Hand-held OCT systems that offer physicians greater freedom to access imaging sites of interest could be useful for many clinical applications. In this study, by incorporating the theoretical speckle model into the decorrelation function, we have explicitly correlated the cross-correlation coefficient to the lateral displacement between adjacent A-scans. We used this model to develop and study a freehand-scanning OCT system capable of real-time scanning speed correction and distortion-free imagingâfor the first time to the best our knowledge. To validate our model and the system, we performed a series of calibration experiments. Experimental results show that our method can extract lateral scanning distance. In addition, using the manually scanned hand-held OCT system, we obtained OCT images from various samples by freehand manual scanning, including images obtained from human in vivo.
Efficient and Stereoselective Synthesis of α(2→9) Oligosialic Acids: From Monomers to Dodecamers (2011)

The chain gang: The α(2→9) dodecasialic acid has been stereoselectively synthesized in 12 steps by using a convergent block synthesis (see scheme). The use of chloroacetyl protecting groups and a phosphate group as a leaving group led to the improvement of the α selectivity of the glycosylation reactions, thus allowing synthesis of oligomers. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The Candida boidinii peroxisomal membrane protein Pmp30 has a role in peroxisomal proliferation and is functionally homologous to Pmp27 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1995)

The mechanism of peroxisome proliferation is poorly understood. Candida boidinii is a methylotrophic yeast that undergoes rapid and massive peroxisome proliferation and serves as a good model system for this process. Pmp30A and Pmp30B (formerly designated Pmp31 and Pmp32, respectively) are two closely related proteins in a polyploid strain of this yeast that are strongly induced by diverse peroxisome proliferators such as methanol, oleate, and D-alanine. The function of these proteins is not understood. To study this issue, we used a recently described haploid strain (S2) of C. boidinii that can be manipulated genetically. We now report that strain S2 contains a single PMP30 gene very similar in sequence (greater than 93% identity at the DNA level) to PMP30A and PMP30B. When PMP30 was disrupted, cell growth on methanol was greatly inhibited, and cells grown in both methanol and oleate had fewer, larger, and more spherical peroxisomes than wild-type cells. A similar phenotype was recently described for Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured on oleate in which PMP27, which encodes a protein of related sequence that is important for peroxisome proliferation, was disrupted. To determine whether Pmp27 is a functional homolog of Pmp30, gentle complementation was performed. PMP30A was expressed in the PMP27 disruptant of S. cerevisiae, and PMP27 was expressed in the PMP30 disruptant of C. boidinii S2. Complementation, in terms of both cell growth and organelle size, shape, and number, was successful in both directions, although reversion to a wild-type phenotype was only partial for the PMP30 disruptant. We conclude that these proteins are functional homologs and that both Pmp30 and Pmp27 have a direct role in proliferation and organelle size rather than a role in a specific peroxisomal metabolic pathway of substrate utilization.
The Design and Architecture of the Microsoft Cluster Service -- A Practical Approach to High-Availability and Scalability (1998)

Microsoft Cluster Service (MSCS) extends the Win-dows NT operating system to support high-availability services. The goal is to offer an execution environment where off-the-shelf server applications can continue to operate, even in the presence of node failures. Later ver-sions of MSCS will provide scalability via a node and application management system that allows applications to scale to hundreds of nodes. This paper provides a de-tailed description of the MSCS architecture and the de-sign decisions that have driven the implementation of the service. The paper also describes how some major appli-cations use the MSCS features, and describes features added to make it easier to implement and manage fault-tolerant applications on MSCS.
Ba(Zr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2)O3–δ as an Electrolyte for Low‐Temperature Solid‐Oxide Fuel Cells (2006)

The applicability of the proton conductor Ba(Zr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2)O3–δ (BZCY7) as an electrolyte material for solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is investigated. The electrolyte material exhibits ionic conductivities (see figure) among the highest known for electrolytes viable for SOFC applications, and the chemical and thermal stability of BZCY7 appear adequate under a range of SOFC operating conditions. Several BZCY7-based single cells are fabricated using a modified dry-pressing method and show encouraging performance characteristics.
Convergent Approach to (E)-Alkene and Cyclopropane Peptide Isosteres (2004)

Trisubstituted (E)-alkene isosteres (TEADIs) and novel cyclopropane amide bond isosteres (CPDIs) were synthesized by aldimine addition and three-component aldimine addition-cyclopropanation methodologies, respectively. These new peptide mimetics can serve as beta-turn promoters.
Synthesis and characterisation of poly(arylene sulfides), 6. Synthesis of block copoly(arylene sulfides) (1987)

Abstract Novel ABA block copolymers of poly(1,4‐phenylene sulfide) (PPS(A)) and poly‐(2‐methyl‐1,4‐phenylene sulfide) (PMPS(B)) were synthesised from bis(4‐bromophenyl) sulfone (BBS) by sequential reaction with copper(I) 4‐bromo‐2‐methylbenzenethiolate (CBMT) and copper(I) 4‐bromobenzenethiolate (CBT). PPS, PMPS and PPS/PMPS random copolymers were also prepared to aid block copolymer characterisation. Polymer fractions were studied by hot‐stage microscopy to evaluate melting ranges, and molar masses were computed from bromine end‐group concentrations and from gel permeation chromatography studies. Compositional analyses were made by IR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy leading to confirmation of the block copolymer structure and to evaluation of the degrees of polymerisation of the individual blocks.
Control in Robotics and Automation: Sensor-Based Integration (1999)

From the Publisher:
Control in Robotics and Automation has been written to meet the rapidly growing need for sensor-based integration to solve problems in the control and planning of robotic systems. Applications of these control methods range from assembly tasks in industrial automation to material handling in hazardous environments and servicing tasks in space. Many advances in a wide range of new applications in robotics and automation will depend on methods presented in this book, including robot-assisted surgery, space exploration, and micro-fabrication.
Improved distance M-ary (d,k) codes for high density recording (1995)

We consider the problem of coding for a high density recording channel. New recording media have been developed that support unsaturated, M-ary (M/spl ges/3) signaling. This paper is concerned with the analysis and design of M-ary runlength limited (RLL) codes for multi-amplitude, linear recording AWGN channels. The codes achieve the largest known coding density and have improved minimum distance over an ordinary Adler-Coppersmith-Hassner code designed via the state splitting algorithm. Comparisons are made with Ungerboeck-style trellis codes with comparable complexity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Amor para siempre (2006)

HNP and especially hBD2 may be indicators of progressive cardiovascular disease in SLE.
Synthesis and Src Kinase Inhibitory Activity of a Series of 4-Phenylamino-3-quinolinecarbonitriles (2001)

Screening of a directed compound library in a yeast-based assay identified 4-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)amino]-6,7-dimethoxy-3-quinolinecarbonitrile (2a) as a Src inhibitor. An enzymatic assay established that 2a was an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the kinase activity of Src. We present here SAR data for 2a which shows that the aniline group at C-4, the carbonitrile group at C-3, and the alkoxy groups at C-6 and C-7 of the quinoline are crucial for optimal activity. Increasing the size of the C-2 substituent of the aniline at C-4 of 2a from chloro to bromo to iodo resulted in a corresponding increase in Src inhibition. Furthermore, replacement of the 7-methoxy group of 2a with various 3-heteroalkylaminopropoxy groups provided increased inhibition of both Src enzymatic and cellular activity. Compound 25, which contains a 3-morpholinopropoxy group, had an IC(50) of 3.8 nM in the Src enzymatic assay and an IC(50) of 940 nM for the inhibition of Src-dependent cell proliferation.
Fluorescence microscopy with diffraction resolution barrier broken by stimulated emission (2000)

The diffraction barrier responsible for a finite focal spot size and limited resolution in far-field fluorescence microscopy has been fundamentally broken. This is accomplished by quenching excited organic molecules at the rim of the focal spot through stimulated emission. Along the optic axis, the spot size was reduced by up to 6 times beyond the diffraction barrier. The simultaneous 2-fold improvement in the radial direction rendered a nearly spherical fluorescence spot with a diameter of 90-110 nm. The spot volume of down to 0.67 attoliters is 18 times smaller than that of confocal microscopy, thus making our results also relevant to three-dimensional photochemistry and single molecule spectroscopy. Images of live cells reveal greater details.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, its receptor, and other angiogenic factors in human breast cancer. (1996)

Angiogenesis is essential for the growth and metastasis of solid tumors. In this study, we examined gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); its receptor, flt-1; basic fibroblast growth factor; and transforming growth factors (TGFs) alpha and beta in 18 paired cases of human breast carcinomas and the adjacent nonneoplastic tissues. In all of the paired cases, VEGF expression was markedly increased in the carcinomas. In contrast, an insignificant difference was observed in the expression of flt-1, basic fibroblast growth factor, TGF-alpha, and TGF-beta between the malignant breast tissue and the nonneoplastic counterpart. Immunostaining showed variable VEGF positivity of the malignant cells, whereas the nonneoplastic breast epithelial cells were negative. The findings of this study suggest that VEGF is an important angiogenic factor in human breast cancer.
Characterization of the Picrotoxin Site of GABAA Receptors (2000)

This protocol describes an in vitro assay for characterization of the picrotoxin site of GABA(A) receptors in rat brain membranes using various radioligands. Methods and representative data for Scatchard analysis (Kd, Bmax determination), association kinetics, dissociation kinetics and competition assays (IC50, Ki determination) are included in the protocol.
Production of l -Phenylalanine from trans -Cinnamic Acid with Rhodotorula glutinis Containing l -Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity (1981)

An enzymatic method using l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) for the rapid conversion of trans-cinnamic acid to l-phenylalanine has been investigated. With Rhodotorula glutinis, enzyme activity as high as 0.3 U/ml of culture broth was obtained. The enzyme activity was kept stable for a relatively long time during cultivation by the addition of l-isoleucine. Optimization of the parameters of the conversion reaction resulted in accumulation of 18 mg of l-phenylalanine per ml of reaction mixture. The conversion yield from trans-cinnamic acid was about 70%. The method may provide a rapid and practical way to produce l-phenylalanine useful as an essential amino acid.
The Initiation of Electrical Breakdown in Vacuum (1952)

The hypothesis is suggested that initiation of high voltage breakdown in vacuum is due to traversal of the high voltage gap by a clump of loosely adhering material. The implication of this hypothesis for uniform-field gaps is that the breakdown voltage is proportional to the square root of the gap length. A summary the literature is presented which supports this conclusion for a range of voltages from 20 kilovolts to 7 megavolts, and for a range of gap distance from 0.2 mm to 6 meters. Additional qualitative evidence is presented which tends to support the proposed hypothesis.