gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Exopolysaccharide Production by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus RR Grown in a Semidefined Medium (1998)

The optimal fermentation temperature, pH, and Bacto-casitone (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) concentration for production of exopolysaccharide by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus RR in a semidefined medium were determined by using response surface methods. The design consisted of 20 experiments, 15 unique combinations, and five replications. All fermentations were conducted in a fermentor with a 2.5-liter working volume and were terminated when 90% of the glucose in the medium had been consumed. The population of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus RR and exopolysaccharide content were measured at the end of each fermentation. The optimum temperature, pH, and Bacto-casitone concentration for exopolysaccharide production were 38 degrees C, 5, and 30 g/liter, respectively, with a predicted yield of 295 mg of exopolysaccharide/liter. The actual yield under these conditions was 354 mg of exopolysaccharide/liter, which was within the 95% confidence interval (217 to 374 mg of exopolysaccharide/liter). An additional experiment conducted under optimum conditions showed that exopolysaccharide production was growth associated, with a specific production at the endpoint of 101.4 mg/g of dry cells. Finally, to obtain material for further characterization, a 100-liter fermentation was conducted under optimum conditions. Twenty-nine grams of exopolysaccharide was isolated from centrifuged, ultrafiltered fermentation broth by ethanol precipitation.
Novel Strategy for Soft Tissue Augmentation Based on Transplantation of Fragmented Omentum and Preadipocytes (2004)

Current therapeutic procedures for soft tissue augmentation still lack the ability to induce rapidly formation of adipose tissue and its long-term stability, which is determined by rapid revascularization. The omentum is highly vascularized with microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) and is composed mainly of adipocytes that produce an enormously high level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The aim of this study was to determine the potential usefulness of fragmented omentum tissues, with or without cotransplantation with preadipocytes, in soft tissue augmentation. Fragmented omentum tissues (approximately 500 mg) with or without preadipocytes (approximately 2.3 x 10(6)) isolated from epididymal adipose tissues were transplanted under the dorsal skin of Wistar rats by percutaneous injection and the tissues were left under the skin for up to 12 weeks. Regardless of cotransplantation with preadipocytes, the general morphological features of the transplanted tissue were as follows. The transplanted tissues, the weight loss of which was limited to 30-40%, contained viable adipocytes and some pseudocysts surrounded by fibrotic septa with minor inflammatory cell infiltration. High levels of triacylglycerol content, capillary density, and VEGF production were observed in transplanted tissues 12 weeks postoperation. Cotransplantation with preadipocytes enhanced adipose tissue formation significantly. These observations strongly indicate that transplantation of fragmented omentum tissues or cotransplantation with preadipocytes may be a promising therapeutic procedure for soft tissue augmentation.
In Vivo Evidence for a Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Development of Intimal Lesions (2002)

A functional TLR4 is expressed in human adventitial fibroblasts and macrophages. Adventitial TLR4 activation augmented neointima formation in a mouse model. These results provide evidence for a link between the immune receptor TLR4 and intimal lesion formation.
Signaling Pathways for Cardiac Hypertrophy and Failure (1999)

Heart failure is a leading cause of mortality in the United States. As a result of advances in genetic technology, a molecular basis of heart failure is emerging.1,2 This review highlights the ways in which these insights are leading to new therapeutic targets in patients with acquired forms of heart failure.Morphologic Classification of Cardiac HypertrophyMyocardial hypertrophy is an early milestone during the clinical course of heart failure and an important risk factor for subsequent cardiac morbidity and mortality. In response to a variety of mechanical, hemodynamic, hormonal, and pathologic stimuli, the heart adapts to increased demands for . . .
Myelination and Remyelination in the Central Nervous System by Transplanted Oligodendrocytes Using the Shiverer Model (1989)

In the early sixties, remyelination was first observed in animal models of demyelination and described a few years later in multiple sclerosis. The spontaneous remyelination process is now well documented. Remyelination by transplantation of myelin-forming cells has been attempted. Transplanted Schwann cells can myelinate a central nervous system lesion but the remyelination is limited to the area of implantation. Oligodendrocytes or precursor cells are much more invasive and have been shown to migrate from the implantation site to the lesion at a distance of several millimeters. Thus, remyelination by transplantation of myelin-forming cells is possible at least in animal models, the oligodendrocytes being more efficient.
Isolation and Characterization of a Cyclohexane-Metabolizing Xanthobacter sp (1985)

An unusual Xanthobacter sp., capable of independent growth on cyclohexane as the sole source of carbon and energy, has been isolated from soil by using classical enrichment techniques. The mean generation time for growth on cyclohexane was 6 h. The microorganism showed a limited ability to utilize hydrocarbons, with only alicyclic hydrocarbons closely related to cyclohexane supporting growth. Ultrastructural studies indicated the presence of electron-transparent vesicles in the cyclohexane-grown Xanthobacter sp., but the presence of complex intracytoplasmic membranes could not be identified. A soluble inducible enzyme capable of oxidizing cyclohexane was identified in cell extracts. This enzyme had a pH optimum of 6.5, an absolute specificity for NADPH, and a stoichiometric requirement for molecular O(2) which was consistent with the formation of cyclohexanol. The enzyme showed no activity towards straight chain alkanes and only a limited activity towards unsaturated ring compounds. Enzymatic studies with cell extracts have indicated the main route of metabolism of cyclohexane by this Xanthobacter sp. to proceed via cyclohexane --> cyclohexanol --> cyclohexanone --> 1-oxa-2-oxocycloheptane (epsilon-caprolactone) --> 6-hydroxyhexanoate (6-hydroxycaproate) --> --> adipic acid. Alternative routes involving initial double hydroxylation of the cyclohexane ring may operate fortuituously but are unlikely to represent major pathways for the dissimilation of cyclohexane by this microorganism.
A semi‐empirical method for prediction of antigenic determinants on protein antigens (1990)

Analysis of data from experimentally determined antigenic sites on proteins has revealed that the hydrophobic residues Cys, Leu and Val, if they occur on the surface of a protein, are more likely to be a part of antigenic sites. A semi-empirical method which makes use of physicochemical properties of amino acid residues and their frequencies of occurrence in experimentally known segmental epitopes was developed to predict antigenic determinants on proteins. Application of this method to a large number of proteins has shown that our method can predict antigenic determinants with about 75% accuracy which is better than most of the known methods. This method is based on a single parameter and thus very simple to use.
GDNF is a fast-acting potent inhibitor of alcohol consumption and relapse (2008)

Previously, we demonstrated that the action of the natural alkaloid, ibogaine, to reduce alcohol (ethanol) consumption is mediated by the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Here we set out to test the actions of GDNF in the VTA on ethanol-drinking behaviors. We found that GDNF infusion very rapidly and dose-dependently reduced rat ethanol, but not sucrose, operant self-administration. A GDNF-mediated decrease in ethanol consumption was also observed in rats with a history of high voluntary ethanol intake. We found that the action of GDNF on ethanol consumption was specific to the VTA as infusion of the growth factor into the neighboring substantia nigra did not affect operant responses for ethanol. We further show that intra-VTA GDNF administration rapidly activated the MAPK signaling pathway in the VTA and that inhibition of the MAPK pathway in the VTA blocked the reduction of ethanol self-administration by GDNF. Importantly, we demonstrate that GDNF infused into the VTA alters rats' responses in a model of relapse. Specifically, GDNF application blocked reacquisition of ethanol self-administration after extinction. Together, these results suggest that GDNF, via activation of the MAPK pathway, is a fast-acting selective agent to reduce the motivation to consume and seek alcohol.
EFFICIENT GENE TRANSFER TO RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM CELLS WITH LONG-TERM EXPRESSION (2005)

Second-generation FIV vectors can efficiently transfer genes into RPE cells with resulting long-term expression, properties potentially valuable to gene therapy approaches to some retinal diseases.
Overexpression of p16INK4A as a specific marker for dysplastic and neoplastic epithelial cells of the cervix uteri (2001)

Cytological screening for cervical cancer or its precursors using Papanicolaou's smear test (Pap test) has been highly efficient to reduce the morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer. However, evaluation of the Pap test relies on subjective diagnostic parameters and is affected by a high rate of false-positive and false-negative results. More objective diagnostic parameters to identify truly dysplastic or neoplastic cells in cervical smears as well as in cervical biopsy samples would therefore avoid insecurity for many patients and the high screening costs associated with repeated testing. Cervical dysplasia is induced by persistent infections through high-risk types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Outgrowth of dysplastic lesions is triggered by increasing expression of two viral oncogenes, E6 and E7, which both interact with various cell cycle-regulating proteins. Among these is the retinoblastoma gene product pRB, which is inactivated by E7. pRB inhibits transcription of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene p16INK4a. Increasing expression of the viral oncogenes in dysplastic cervical cells might thus be reflected by increased expression of p16INK4a. In line with this hypothesis, we observed marked overexpression of p16INK4a in all cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN) I lesions (n = 47) except those associated with low-risk HPV types (n = 7), all CIN II lesions (n = 32), all CIN III lesions (n = 60) and 58 of 60 invasive cervical cancers. In contrast, no detectable expression of p16INK4a was observed in normal cervical epithelium (n = 42), inflammatory lesions (n = 48) and low-grade cervical lesions (CIN I) associated with low-risk HPV types (n = 7). Dysplastic cells could also be identified in cervical smears using a specific p16INK4a monoclonal antibody. These data demonstrate that p16INK4a is a specific biomarker to identify dysplastic cervical epithelia in sections of cervical biopsy samples or cervical smears. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coplanar 122-GHz Antenna Array With Air Cavity Reflector for Integration in Plastic Packages (2012)

This letter introduces the concept of a surface-mountable millimeter-wave radar sensor, which becomes possible by integrating the complete radar front end including the antennas into a single plastic package. The packaging concept is based on a matched coplanar wire-bond interconnect between the semiconductor die and the off-chip antenna. A 122-GHz antenna design is presented that uses an air cavity within the center die pad to improve the bandwidth-efficiency product. The antenna is designed in an array configuration to reduce the effect of surface waves. Measurements of the antenna prototype in the package, as well as a study on the influence of the package lid on the antenna performance, are given.
Conservation of an AE3 Cl − /HCO 3 − Exchanger Cardiac-Specific Exon and Promoter Region and AE3 mRNA Expression Patterns in Murine and Human Hearts (1995)

A cardiac-specific variant of the rat AE3 Cl-/HCO3- exchanger mRNA is transcribed from a promoter located in the sixth intron of a larger transcription unit expressed in brain and other tissues. The cardiac mRNA contains an alternative first exon encoding a 73-amino acid NH2-terminal sequence that replaces the first 270 amino acids of the brain AE3 variant. The present study was conducted to determine whether the cardiac-specific promoter region and exon are conserved in other species and to examine the expression patterns of AE3 mRNAs in adult tissues and during development. Analysis of murine and human genomic clones showed that both contain counterparts of the rat alternative exon. The cardiac promoter region is highly conserved in all three species and contains several potential transcription factor binding sites, including consensus MCAT and E-box sequences. Tissue-specific and developmental patterns of AE3 gene expression were examined by Northern blot hybridization. Mouse and human, like the rat, express both the 3.6-kb cardiac-specific AE3 mRNA and a 4.4-kb AE3 transcript found in brain, heart, and other tissues. Levels of the cardiac-specific transcript in mouse heart increase 17-fold between the fetal and adult stages, while the amount of the longer AE3 mRNA in heart decreases substantially. Furthermore, although the cardiac-specific mRNA is expressed in both atria and ventricles of mouse heart, the longer transcript is confined to the atria. These results suggest that the two AE3 variants have distinct roles in cardiac function and that the mechanisms regulating their expression are different.
A Strategy to Improve the Overall Performance of the Lithium Ion‐Conducting Solid Electrolyte Li0.36La0.56□0.08Ti0.97Al0.03O3 (2008)

Abstract A strategy to improve the overall performance of the lithium ion‐conducting solid electrolyte (Li‐CSE) Li 0.36 La 0.56 □ 0.08 Ti 0.97 Al 0.03 O 3 (LLTO) is proposed. Thin layers of the electronically insulating, electrochemically stable, and low‐melting Li‐CSE Li 3.25 Ge 0.25 P 0.75 S 4 (LGPS) were coated onto LLTO powders, which resulted in oxide/sulfide composite electrolytes. The introduction of LGPS simultaneously brought about drastic reductions in the activation energies and great enhancements of the total ionic conductivities of the composite electrolytes. As the LGPS content was increased from 0 mol‐% to 20 mol‐%, the activation energy decreased steadily from 0.62 eV to 0.34 eV, and accordingly a total ionic conductivity as high as 1.62 × 10 –4 S cm –1 was reached, almost the same as those of the excellent oxide‐based Li‐CSE ceramics sintered at extremely high temperatures, and a wide electrochemical window of over 6 V vs. Li + /Li was achieved. In addition, a low electronic conductivity of 2.38 × 10 –9 S cm –1 at room temperature for the composite electrolyte was discovered.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
CRISPR-Cas-amplified urine biomarkers for multiplexed and portable cancer diagnostics (2020)

Abstract Synthetic biomarkers, exogenous probes that generate molecular reporters, represent an emerging paradigm in precision diagnostics with applications across infectious and noncommunicable diseases. In order to achieve their promise, these methods reply on multiplexing strategies to provide tools that are both sensitive and specific. However, the field of synthetic biomarkers has not benefited from molecular strategies such as DNA-barcoding due to the susceptibility of nucleic acids in vivo . Herein, we exploit chemically-stabilized DNAs to tag synthetic biomarkers and produce diagnostic signals via CRISPR nucleases. Our strategy capitalizes on disease-associated, protease-activated release of nucleic acid barcodes and polymerase-amplification-free, CRISPR-Cas-mediated barcode detection in unprocessed biofluids. In murine cancer models, we show that the DNA-encoded urine biomarkers can noninvasively detect and monitor disease progression, and demonstrate that nuclease amplification can be harnessed to convert the readout to a point-of-care tool. This technique combines specificity with ease of use to offer a new platform to study human disease and guide therapeutic decisions.
Clinical and molecular genetic spectrum of autosomal dominant Emery‐Dreifuss muscular dystrophy due to mutations of the lamin A/C gene (2000)

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is characterized by early contractures of the elbows and Achilles tendons, slowly progressive muscle wasting and weakness, and life-threatening cardiomyopathy with conduction blocks. We recently identified LMNA encoding two nuclear envelope proteins, lamins A and C, to be implicated in the autosomal dominant form of EDMD. Here, we report on the variability of the phenotype and spectrum of LMNA mutations in 53 autosomal dominant EDMD patients (36 members of 6 families and 17 sporadic cases). Twelve of the 53 patients showed cardiac involvement exclusively, although the remaining 41 all showed muscle weakness and contractures. We were able to identify a common phenotype among the patients with skeletal muscle involvement, consisting of humeroperoneal wasting and weakness, scapular winging, rigidity of the spine, and elbow and Achilles tendon contractures. The disease course was generally slow, but we observed either a milder phenotype characterized by late onset and a mild degree of weakness and contractures or a more severe phenotype with early presentation and a rapidly progressive course in a few cases. Mutation analysis identified 18 mutations in LMNA (ie, 1 nonsense mutation, 2 deletions of a codon, and 15 missense mutations). All the mutations were distributed between exons 1 and 9 in the region of LMNA that is common to lamins A and C. LMNA mutations arose de novo in 76% of the cases; 2 of these de novo mutations were typical hot spots, and 2 others were identified in 2 unrelated cases. There was no clear correlation between the phenotype and type or localization of the mutations within the gene. Moreover, a marked inter- and intra-familial variability in the clinical expression of LMNA mutations exists, ranging from patients expressing the full clinical picture of EDMD to those characterized only by cardiac involvement, which points toward a significant role of possible modifier genes in the course of this disease. In conclusion, the high proportion of de novo mutations together with the large spectrum of both LMNA mutations and the expression of the disease should now prompt screening for LMNA in familial and sporadic cases of both EDMD and dilated cardiomyopathy associated with conduction system disease. Ann Neurol 2000;48:170–180
The AN/GSC-10 (KATHRYN) Variable Rate Data Modem for HF Radio (1967)

The AN/GSC-10 (KATHRYN) is a new modem equipment for digital data transmission on HF radio circuits. Its unique modulation technique provides a wide range of signal redundancy and data rate to allow optimum performance over the correspondingly wide range of propagation conditions characteristic of HF radio. Efficient detection is achieved at all levels of redundancy by utilizing a fully coherent correlation detection technique. The detector is a continually self-adjusting matched filter to the timevarying ionospheric transfer function. The fine grain propagation data derived for detection allow continuous observation of parameters such as multipath delay and coherence time. As a variable data rate modem with channel measurement capabilities, it can serve in future fully adaptive communication nets.
Structural Characterization of Recombinant Human Interferon‐Gammas Derived from Two Different Mammalian Cells (1988)

Recombinant human interferon-gammas (rHuIFN-gamma s) were obtained from two different mammalian cells (mouse C127 cells and Chinese hamster ovary, CHO, cells) cultured in a microcarrier culture system. Both rHuIFN-gamma s were purified using sequential chromatographies for their comparison of structural properties. The peptide maps of HuIFN-gamma s digested with V8 protease and Western blot analysis demonstrated that C127 cells yielded mainly about 25kDa component and CHO cells produced about 25kDa and about 20kDa components. By the identification of glycosylated peptides, it was suggested that 20kDa and 25kDa components are glycosylated at one and at two sites, respectively. C-terminal amino acid sequence analysis indicated that both rHuIFN-gamma s consisted of at least six different species lacking 2 to 16 amino acid residues from C-terminus, so that C-termini of both rHuIFN-gamma s were slightly different from each other. Amino acid sequence and composition analyses of N-terminal peptides demonstrated that N-termini of both rHuIFN-gamma s were blocked and were supposed to be identical with that of natural HuIFN-gamma. These results suggested that different molecular heterogeneities of rHuIFN-gamma s resulted from the difference of post-translational modifications of host cells.
Erratum: Exchange interactions in quantum well subbands [Appl. Phys. Lett. 5 3, 1931 (1988)] (1989)

Intersubband infrared detector with optimized valence band quantum
Human Fibroblast Interferon for Clinical Trials: Production, Partial Purification, and Characterization (1979)

The production and partial purification of human fibroblast interferon for performing clinical trials is described. The interferon was produced by superinduction (exposure to riboinosinic-ribocytidylic acid, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D) of large numbers of human diploid fibroblast cultures. The yield averaged 750 units per cm(2) of culture area. The interferon was concentrated and purified by a two-step procedure involving acid desorption from controlled-pore glass beads and dialysis against polyethylene glycol. Human plasma protein was added as a stabilizer. The lyophilized end product had a specific activity of 0.5 x 10(6) to 1 x 10(6) units/mg of protein; it could be reconstituted for injection at a concentration of 2 x 10(6) units/ml. The composition of this interferon was characterized by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with polyspecific antibodies prepared against the principal sources of potential contaminants: human serum, calf serum, and normal human fibroblasts. Several components of each source were detected. Although the major component of calf serum, bovine serum albumin, was absent, other minor components were retained by the production and purification sequence. One of the main contaminants of fibroblast origin was found to be fibronectin.
Metalloproteinase inhibitors: new opportunities for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis (2000)

The clinical efficacy of anti-TNF-alpha therapies have highlighted the apparently central role that TNF-alpha plays in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis, particularly the inflammatory component. Recent identification of a metalloproteinase from the metzincin superfamily responsible for the production of the soluble form of this cytokine, has generated a large amount of pharmaceutical interest and presents the prospect of a metalloproteinase inhibitor as an anti-inflammatory drug. However, the traditional focus of metzincin inhibitor research has been the identification of inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases; enzymes associated with matrix destruction, a feature common to both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Inhibitors of this class of metalloproteinase are now in clinical evaluation in patients. This review summarises the current development status of metalloproteinase inhibitors in arthritic diseases and discusses some of the issues that have arisen during their progress to become clinical treatments for these diseases.