gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theory of Overlithiation Reaction in LiMO2 Battery Electrodes (2006)

Layered compounds with composition LixMO2 and structure R3̄m, in which M is a first-row transition metal or a combination of transition (and possibly nontransition) metals, are attractive materials for lithium-battery cathodes. For most choices of M, lithiation beyond x = 1 results in either decomposition or transformation to a nonlayered structure. In this article, we present first-principles calculations, on the basis of the GGA+U method, to compare addition, decomposition (with metal oxide and lithia as products), and displacement (with metal and lithia as products) reactions when an additional Li is added to LiMO2. We consider M = Mn, Co, and Ni, as well as equiatomic binary mixtures of these elements. Although the displacement reaction is energetically (or thermodynamically) favored, the addition and decomposition reactions are apparently more favored kinetically, as it is the latter that are observed experimentally. The ratio of the open-circuit cell voltage to the magnitude of the reaction energy, V0/ΔEr, is higher for systems such as M = Mn0.5Ni0.5, for which an addition reaction occurs, than for those such as M = Co, which undergoes decomposition.
Cosecretion of Chaperones and Low-Molecular-Size Medium Additives Increases the Yield of Recombinant Disulfide-Bridged Proteins (2001)

Attempts were made to engineer the periplasm of Escherichia coli to an expression compartment of heterologous proteins in their native conformation. As a first approach the low-molecular-size additive L-arginine and the redox compound glutathione (GSH) were added to the culture medium. Addition of 0.4 M L-arginine and 5 mM reduced GSH increased the yield of a native tissue-type plasminogen activator variant (rPA), consisting of the kringle-2 and the protease domain, and a single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) up to 10- and 37-fold, respectively. A variety of other medium additives also had positive effects on the yield of rPA. In a second set of experiments, the effects of cosecreted ATP-independent molecular chaperones on the yields of native therapeutic proteins were investigated. At optimized conditions, cosecretion of E. coli DnaJ or murine Hsp25 increased the yield of native rPA by a factor of 170 and 125, respectively. Cosecretion of DnaJ also dramatically increased the amount of a second model protein, native proinsulin, in the periplasm. The results of this study are anticipated to initiate a series of new approaches to increase the yields of native, disulfide-bridged, recombinant proteins in the periplasm of E. coli.
Studies on drug targeting in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans: peptide transport mutants resistant to polyoxins, nikkomycins and bacilysin (1985)

Different strains of Candida albicans show varied sensitivities to the peptide analogues bacilysin, polyoxins and nikkomycins. From a sensitive strain, B2630, spontaneous mutants were selected for resistance to each analogue; certain mutants showed cross-resistance to other analogues and associated defects in peptide transport. A bacilysin-resistant mutant was cross resistant to the other analogues and to m-fluorophenylalanyl-Ala (FPA) but retained sensitivity to m-fluorophenylalanyl-Ala—Ala (FPAA). It showed defective dipeptide transport but normal oligopeptide transport. A revertant, selected for its ability to utilize Ala-Ala as sole nitrogen source, regained wild-type dipeptide transport activity and analogue sensitivity. Thus, C. albicans has distinguishable mechanisms for dipeptide and oligopeptide transport which can be exploited for uptake of peptide-drug adducts.
Guest Editor,s Introduction Multiprocessing Technology (1985)

Presents the guest editorial for this issue of the publication.
Hypermedia on the map: Spatial hypermedia in HyperMap (2002)

Hypermedia has become an increasingly applied paradigm in applications for training, education, and complex information retrieval. To support hypermedia users in applications where unguided browsing is unproductive, adaptive hypermedia environments are needed. Currently, WWW browsers are the cornerstones of most hypermedia applications targeted at Internet users. However, for certain applications, WWW hypermedia can not meet the high requirements for adaptive user support. We propose a spatial hypermedia environment to overcome limitations in graphical layout and adaptivity of HTML-based hypermedia. A prototype browser named HyperMap illustrates a browser user interface based on spatial navigation implemented in Java.
MmcBC inPelotomaculum thermopropionicumrepresents a novel group of prokaryotic fumarases (2007)

The overall amino-acid sequence of MmcBC in Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum was substantially homologous (33%) to fumarase A in Escherichia coli, although its possible subunit structure was different from known fumarases and it lacked the fumarate-lyase signature sequence. Here, MmcBC in E. coli is expressed and characterized. The purified enzyme catalyzed reversible conversion of fumarate to L-malate at an optimum temperature of 70 degrees C. Its molecular size was 64.2 kDa, indicating that it consisted of one MmcB and one MmcC. EPR spectra revealed that it had an oxygen-sensitive [4Fe-4S] cluster. We propose that MmcBC represents a novel group of prokaryotic fumarases.
Cytolytic T-cell clones against an autologous human melanoma: specificity study and definition of three antigens by immunoselection. (1989)

Cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones against an autologous melanoma (SK-MEL-29) were generated by mixed lymphocyte tumor culture and subsequent cloning of responder lymphocytes at limiting dilutions. These CTL clones lysed autologous melanoma but not autologous Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells and none of the allogeneic tumor targets included in the specificity analysis. The lysis of autologous melanoma targets could be inhibited by monoclonal antibodies against monomorphic HLA class I determinants. For proliferation of CTLs, the stimulation with the relevant target antigen on autologous tumor cells was essential. Immunoselection experiments carried out with two CTL clones revealed the existence of melanoma subclones that were resistant to lysis by the CTL clones used for immunoselection but were still lysed by other autologous CTL clones. This analysis allowed us to identify three stable simultaneously expressed antigens on the melanoma cells defined by autologous CTLs.
An Inhibitor of NADPH Oxidase-4 Attenuates Established Pulmonary Fibrosis in a Rodent Disease Model (2013)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive disease of increasing prevalence for which there is no effective therapy. Increased oxidative stress associated with an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance is thought to contribute to disease progression. NADPH oxidases (Nox) are a primary source of reactive oxygen species within the lung and cardiovascular system. We demonstrate that the Nox4 isoform is up-regulated in the lungs of patients with IPF and in a rodent model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and vascular remodeling. Nox4 is constitutively active, and therefore increased expression levels are likely to contribute to disease pathology. Using a small molecule Nox4/Nox1 inhibitor, we demonstrate that targeting Nox4 results in attenuation of an established fibrotic response, with reductions in gene transcripts for the extracellular matrix components collagen 1α1, collagen 3α1, and fibronectin and in principle pathway components associated with pulmonary fibrosis and hypoxia-mediated vascular remodeling: transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, hypoxia-inducible factor, and Nox4. TGF-β1 is a principle fibrotic mediator responsible for inducing up-regulation of profibrotic pathways associated with disease pathology. Using normal human lung-derived primary fibroblasts, we demonstrate that inhibition of Nox4 activity using a small molecule antagonist attenuates TGF-β1-mediated up-regulation in expression of profibrotic genes and inhibits the differentiation of fibroblast to myofibroblasts, that is associated with up-regulation in smooth muscle actin and acquisition of a contractile phenotype. These studies support the view that targeting Nox4 may provide a therapeutic approach for attenuating pulmonary fibrosis.
Phytosphingosine as a Specific Inhibitor of Growth and Nutrient Import in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2001)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have demonstrated a necessary role for sphingolipids in the heat stress response through inhibition of nutrient import (Chung, N., Jenkins, G. M., Hannun, Y. A., Heitman, J., and Obeid, L. M. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 17229-17232). In this study, we used a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches to determine which endogenous sphingolipid is the likely mediator of growth inhibition. When cells were treated with exogenous phytosphingosine (PHS, 20 microm) or structurally similar or metabolically related molecules, including 3-ketodihydrosphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, C(2)-phytoceramide (PHC), and stearylamine, only PHS inhibited growth. Also, PHS was shown to inhibit uptake of uracil, tryptophan, leucine, and histidine. Again this effect was specific to PHS. Because of the dynamic nature of sphingolipid metabolism, however, it was difficult to conclude that growth inhibition was caused by PHS itself. By using mutant yeast strains defective in various steps in sphingolipid metabolism, we further determined the specificity of PHS. The elo2Delta strain, which is defective in the conversion of PHS to PHC, was shown to have slower biosynthesis of ceramides and to be hypersensitive to PHS (5 microm), suggesting that PHS does not need to be converted to PHC. The lcb4Delta lcb5Delta strain is defective in the conversion of PHS to PHS 1-phosphate, and it was as sensitive to PHS as the wild-type strain. The syr2Delta mutant strain was defective in the conversion of DHS to PHS. Interestingly, this strain was resistant to high concentrations of DHS (40 microm) that inhibited the growth of an isogenic wild-type strain, demonstrating that DHS needs to be converted to PHS to inhibit growth. Together, these data demonstrate that the active sphingolipid species that inhibits yeast growth is PHS or a closely related and yet unidentified metabolite.
Polytetrafluoroethylene Injection for Urinary Incontinence in Children (1985)

We have treated 11 children for urinary incontinence with one or more endoscopic injections of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) into the external urethral sphincter region. The procedure is simple to perform and without significant complications. Long-term results have been gratifying, with cure or improvement in 8 of the 11 patients.
Fat accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans triggeredby the electrophilic lipid peroxidation product 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) (2008)

Deposition and mobilization of fat in an organism are tightly controlled by multiple levels of endocrine and neuroendocrine regulation. Because these hormonal mechanisms ultimately act by affecting biochemical reactions of fat synthesis or utilization, obesity could be also modulated by altering directly the underlying lipid biochemistry. We have previously shown that genetically modified mice with an elevated level of the lipid peroxidation product 4-HNE become obese. We now demonstrate that the process is phylogenetically conserved and thus likely to be universal. In the nematode C. elegans, disruption of either conjugation or oxidation of 4-HNE leads to fat accumulation, whereas augmentation of 4-HNE conjugation results in a lean phenotype. Moreover, direct treatment of C. elegans with synthetic 4-HNE causes increased lipid storage, directly demonstrating a causative role of 4-HNE. The postulated mechanism, which involves modulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, could contribute to the triggering and maintenance of the obese phenotype on a purely metabolic level.
Cardiac Troponin I Phosphorylation Increases the Rate of Cardiac Muscle Relaxation (1995)

Cardiac troponin (Tn) I (CTnI), compared with skeletal TnI, contains extra amino acids (32 to 33) at its amino terminus, including two adjacent serine residues. These two serine residues are believed to be phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA) upon stimulation of the heart by beta-agonists. In this study, we found that phosphorylation of a cardiac skinned muscle preparation by PKA, mainly at CTnI, results in a decrease in the Ca2+ sensitivity of muscle contraction. The pCa50 decreased by approximately 0.27 +/- 0.06 pCa units upon phosphorylation. To study cardiac muscle relaxation, we used diazo-2, a photolabile Ca2+ chelator with a low Ca2+ affinity in its intact form that is converted to a high-affinity form after photolysis. We found that the rate of cardiac muscle relaxation increased from a time of half-relaxation (t1/2) = 110 +/- 10 milliseconds to t1/2 = 70 +/- 8 milliseconds after CTnI phosphorylation. This result demonstrates that CTnI phosphorylation can be linked with the increased rate of muscle relaxation in a relatively intact muscle preparation. Since CTnI phosphorylation has been shown previously to affect the Ca2+ affinity and Ca2+ off-rate of CTnC in vitro, it is likely that the faster relaxation seen here reflects faster dissociation of Ca2+ from cardiac TnC (CTnC). Model calculations show that increased dissociation of Ca2+ from CTnC, coupled with the faster uptake of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum stimulated by PKA phosphorylation of phospholamban, can account for the faster relaxation seen in the inotropic response of the heart to catecholamines.
Experimental Studies of In-Situ Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (1984)

Abstract Experiments were conducted to study the feasibility of using microorganisms in EOR. particularly for the correction of permeability variation. The use of microorganisms requires the ability to transport viable cells as well as the nutrients required for cellular growth through reservoir formations. Nutrients such as glucose, peptone-protein, and phosphate and ammonium ions were transported through brine-saturated Berea sandstone cores in amounts sufficient to support microbial growth. Viable bacterial cells were transported through sandstone cores of 170-md permeability. Less than 1 % of the influent cell concentration was recovered in the effluent, indicating a high degree of cell retention inside the core. The addition of nutrients to these cores and subsequent incubation to allow for microbial growth resulted in permeability reductions of 60 to 80%. These data show that the growth of microorganisms significantly reduces the permeability of porous rock.
Transfer of Allergic Airway Responses with Serum and Lymphocytes from Rats Sensitized to Dust Mite (1998)

House dust mite (HDM) antigen is one of the most common allergens associated with extrinsic asthma. In a model of allergic lung disease, Brown Norway (BN) rats sensitized to HDM with alum and Bordetella pertussis adjuvants produce high levels of IgE antibody and experience bronchoconstriction, increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to acetylcholine (ACh), and pulmonary inflammation after antigen challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these asthmatic symptoms could be transferred from sensitized animals to naive recipients via humoral or cellular factors. Syngeneic recipient rats were injected (intraperitoneally with 4 x 10(7) cells (precultured overnight with either HDM or bovine serum albumin [BSA]) from lymph nodes of sensitized or control rats, respectively. Other groups received a tail-vein injection of serum from either HDM-sensitized or control rats. Antigen challenge in rats injected with sensitized cells caused increases in pulmonary inflammation and in AHR, but no changes in immediate bronchoconstriction as compared with control recipients. Antigen challenge in serum recipients resulted in immediate bronchoconstriction but had no effect on AHR or on pulmonary inflammation. These data show that immune-mediated lung inflammation and AHR are promoted by antigen-specific lymphocytes, whereas immediate allergic responses are caused by serum factors.
Cell-type specific gene expression profiles of leukocytes in human peripheral blood (2006)

The genes comprising the cell-type specific signatures encompassed many of the genes already known to be involved in cell-type specific processes, and provided clues that may prove useful in discovering the functions of many still unannotated genes. The most prominent feature of the cell type signature genes was the enrichment of genes encoding cell surface proteins, perhaps reflecting the importance of specialized systems for sensing the environment to the physiology of resting leukocytes.
Homogeneous Fluorescence Assays for RNA Diagnosis by Pyrene-Conjugated 2′-O-Methyloligoribonucleotides (2007)

We developed a bispyrene-conjugated 2'-O-methyloligoribonucleotide as an RNA-specific RNA-probe. The probe hybridized with the complementary RNA, greatly enhancing fluorescence and discriminating RNA from DNA. The assay was carried out in homogeneous aqueous media without removing the unbound probe from the detection solution. This homogeneous fluorescence assay also discriminated mismatch sequences in the target RNA. These pyrene probes could possess high potential to detect RNA in biological specimens simply.
Proliferation and differentiation in mammalian airway epithelium (1988)

The infrequency of mitotic figures led to dispute amongst early workers as to the occurrence of cell division in adult mammalian airway epithelium [30, 63, 83, 227]. It was not until 1951 that quantitative work in the respiratory tract began to concentrate on the distal (i.e. respiratory) portion of the lung (reviewed by BERTALANFFY (20, 21], KAUFFMAN [132], and MASSE et al. [159]). Studies of the lining epithelium of conducting airways soon followed [I I, 25, 26, 27, 32, 38, 148, 208, 230]. The present review summarizes the results of many studies of cell division and differentiation in conducting airway epithelium. I t is divided into three major sections: I) general principles and techniques used in assessment of cell kinetics; 2) normal proliferation and differentiation in conducting airways and 3) effects of irritants and carcinogens, mechanical trauma, drugs, infection and physiological factors on cell proliferation and differentiation. Proliferation and differentiation, which occur during airway development, are not discussed here: the interested reader is referred to the following papers and reviews [24, 47, 119, 129, 132, 207, 237]. At least eight epithelial cell types are recognised in the lining epithelium of conducting airways and three in the epithelium lining the alveoli (for reviews see [41, 116, 117, 118]). In man the tracheobronchial surface epithelium is pseudostratified, ciliated and columnar
Development and evaluation of indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus in swine (2006)

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of causative agents of reproductive failure in pregnant sows. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) was examined for its potential use in the rapid monitoring of the JEV, and the results were compared with those from the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and serum neutralization (SN) tests. The comparative analysis showed that the results of I-ELISA showed a significant correlation with the conventional HI (r = 0.867) and SN tests (r = 0.804), respectively. When the I-ELISA results were compared with the traditional diagnostic assays, the sensitivity of the I-ELISA was 94.3% with the HI test and 93.7% with the SN test, respectively. The specificity was found to be 81.4% and 80.0% with the HI and SN tests, respectively. To determine the applicability of I-ELISA in the field, the serum samples from 720 pigs were collected from 4 regions in Korea between July and August 2004. The results indicated that 21.7% of screened pigs were seropositive for the JEV. The seropositive rates of JEV in the 4 provinces were 12.6% in Gyeonggi, 45.0% in Gyeongnam, 16.7% in Jeonbuk, and 12.2% in Jeju. The I-ELISA methodology developed in this study was shown to have considerable sensitivity and specificity through a comparison with HI and the SN tests. Therefore, it might be one of convenient methods for screening a large number of samples in various fields.
Metabolic Effects of Troglitazone Monotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (1998)

Troglitazone monotherapy decreased fasting and postprandial glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, primarily by augmenting insulin-mediated glucose disposal.
국가지정 무형문화재 보존(保存) · 전승(傳承) 정책(政策) 및 현황에 관한 연구 -무도분야(舞蹈分野)를 중심으로- (2004)

Korean dance is a basic human expression and the most fundamental art form for the establishment of national orthodoxy. Therefore, we should seek to conserve the significance and charm of our dance and rhythm. Through the government`s efforts to restore our cultural sovereignty, Korean traditional dance is designated and conserved to transmit it to posterity.
Currently, 7 kinds of dances are designated and conserved by the government, and persons are appointed as art-skill preservers. Meanwhile, 416 persons are noted as successors who have completed studies to become transmitters of Korean traditional dance.
Financial support from the central and local government is very minimal. Furthermore, support from the central government has not risen 1998. Among preservers in Korean dance designated by the central government, poor persons receive special support for living expenses, so not all preservers are necessarily wealthy. There is only one government-constructed education building for Korean dance but it is not sufficient as a sanctuary for Korean dance and most of the other facilities for Korean dance are operated with limited funds.
Suggestions to complete the traditional culture conservation and nurturing policies may be insufficient but may serve to alleviate related problems. Intangible cultural properties are originally human related matters and connected with many interested parties, so it may not be easy to create and operate perfect systems. But in accordance with the passing of time, systems should be improved and policy.
Disconnecting the Yin and Yang Relation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-Mediated Delivery: A Fully Synthetic, EGFR-Targeted Gene Transfer System Avoiding Receptor Activation (2011)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is upregulated within a high percentage of solid tumors and hence is an attractive target for tumor-targeted therapies including gene therapy. The natural EGFR ligand epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been used for this purpose, despite the risk of mitogenic effects due to EGFR activation. We have developed a fully synthetic, EGFR-targeted gene delivery system based on PEGylated linear polyethylenimine (LPEI), allowing evaluation of different EGFR-binding peptides in terms of transfection efficiency and EGFR activation. Peptide sequences directly derived from the human EGF molecule enhanced transfection efficiency with concomitant EGFR activation. Only the EGFR-binding peptide GE11, which has been identified by phage display technique, showed specific enhancement of transfection on EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells including glioblastoma and hepatoma, but without EGFR activation. EGFR targeting led to high levels of cell association of fluorescently labeled polyplexes after only 30 min of incubation. EGF pretreatment of cells induced enhanced cellular internalization of all polyplex types tested, pointing at generally enhanced macropinocytosis. EGF polyplexes diminished cell surface expression of EGFR for up to 4 hr, whereas GE11 polyplexes did not. In a clinically relevant orthotopic prostate cancer model, intratumorally injected GE11 polyplexes were superior in inducing transgene expression when compared with untargeted polyplexes.