gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Poly(Hexyl-Substituted Lactides) for Pharmaceutical Applications (2005)

Monohexyl-substituted lactide (mHLA) was synthesized by reaction of 2-hydroxyoctanoic acid with 2-bromopropionyl bromide, and polymerized with tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(Oct)2) or 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in the presence of benzyl alcohol by ring-opening polymerization (ROP). Poly(monohexyl-substituted lactide) (PmHLA) of predictable molecular weights and narrow polydispersities were obtained in convenient bulk conditions at 100 °C within short polymerization times. The polymerizations were well controlled, showing a 'living' character for targeted degrees of polymerization up to DP = 60 as evidenced by molecular weight versus conversion studies and 1H NMR end group analysis. The hexyl groups have a strong impact on the glass transition temperature (Tg), which is low for PmHLA compared to standard poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA). Tg and zero shear viscosities at 25 °C can be controlled by the polymer molecular weight, ranging from ?22 °C for Mn = 2800 g/mol to ?10 °C for Mn = 9100 g/mol and 140 to 4850 Pa.s, respectively. These data are in correspondence with the Fox and Flory equations. The degradation mechanism of the PmHLA polymer in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 37 °C was shown to be similar to that of the standard PLA ('bulk erosion' type), with a slightly higher degradation rate, leading to the non-toxic degradation products lactic acid and 2-hydroxyoctanoic acid. PmHLA has the great potential as an alternative to conventional PLA/PLGA for drug delivery systems. By the hexyl-substitution the biodegradable PLA-ester backbone is conserved but the hydrophobicity is increased in comparison to standard PLA, while a viscous polymer is obtained. This leads to advantageous injectable solvent-free drug delivery systems, in which drugs can easily be incorporated by simple mixing.
A Framework to Evaluate Omnidirectional Video Coding Schemes (2015)

Omnidirectional videos of real world environments viewed on head-mounted displays with real-time head motion tracking can offer immersive visual experiences. For live streaming applications, compression is critical to reduce the bitrate. Omnidirectional videos, which are spherical in nature, are mapped onto one or more planes before encoding to interface with modern video coding standards. In this paper, we consider the problem of evaluating the coding efficiency in the context of viewing with a head-mounted display. We extract viewport based head motion trajectories, and compare the original and coded videos on the viewport. With this approach, we compare different sphere-to-plane mappings. We show that the average viewport quality can be approximated by a weighted spherical PSNR.
Ontologies for agents (1997)

An ontology is a computational model of some portion of the world. It is often captured in some form of a semantic network-a graph whose nodes are concepts or individual objects and whose arcs represent relationships or associations among the concepts. This network is augmented by properties and attributes, constraints, functions, and rules that govern the behavior of the concepts. Formally, an ontology is an agreement about a shared conceptualization, which includes frameworks for modeling domain knowledge and agreements about the representation of particular domain theories. Definitions associate the names of entities in a universe of discourse (for example, classes, relations, functions, or other objects) with human readable text describing what the names mean, and formal axioms that constrain the interpretation and well formed use of these names. For information systems, or for the Internet, ontologies can be used to organize keywords and database concepts by capturing the semantic relationships among the keywords or among the tables and fields in a database. The semantic relationships give users an abstract view of an information space for their domain of interest.
Feedback FET: A novel transistor exhibiting steep switching behavior at low bias voltages (2008)

A novel transistor design which utilizes positive feedback to achieve steep switching behavior is proposed and demonstrated. The feedback (FB) FET exhibits very low subthreshold swing (~2 mV/dec) and high I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</inf> /I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</inf> ratio (~10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> ) to allow for significant reductions in gate voltage swing (to below 0.5V). It is a new candidate to replace the MOSFET for future low-power electronic devices.
Effect of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), size on phytoplankton filtration rate (2003)

Four different-sized (390±3, 140±2, 40±2, 16±1 g) Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), stocked at the same biomass in timed pulse feeding chambers were provided 27–29°C water dominated by Microcystis (82%) and Scenedesmus (18%) to determine the effect of fish size on filtration rates. The number of Microcystis and Scenedesmus units filtered from the water decreased significantly with increasing tilapia size. The shaping constants and maximum filtration rates for Ivlev's feeding model used to describe the relation between filtration rates and the suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations were significantly different among the four sizes. Filtration rates of 763, 671, 512 and 300 mg C kg−1 h−1, which correspond to 70%, 82%, 86% and 90% saturation levels, were achieved at POC levels of 30, 32, 32 and 33 mg C L−1 for 16, 40, 140 and 390 g Nile tilapia respectively. Smaller tilapia achieved these rates at lower POC concentrations than larger tilapia.
Advanced graphics processor (2002)

This paper describes cockpit display processor research and development being conducted at the Wright Laboratory. The objective is a compact, high performance, cockpit avionic display generator. The resulting system will generate 1.5 million triangles per second and manipulate high resolution video. The design is based on a pipeline of custom VLSI geometry processors and smart memory. The application of this advanced system is to enhance the situational awareness of pilots flying tactical fighters. However, the WL graphics processor design will be available to the tri-services and NASA.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Fetal sex determination from maternal plasma in pregnancies at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (2001)

Amplification of free fetal DNA in maternal plasma is a valid technique for predicting fetal sex in early pregnancy. In case of pregnancies at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the technique allows restriction of dexamethasone treatment to female fetuses resulting in a substantial decrease of unnecessary treatment and invasive diagnostic tests.
Assessing the Feasibility of Reservoir Monitoring Using Induced Seismicity (2003)

D-42 ASSESSING THE FEASIBILITY OF RESERVOIR MONITORING USING INDUCED SEISMICITY Abstract 1 Induced seismicity is a potential monitoring technique to image deformation and fracturing in a number of reservoir applications. This paper describes an integrated geomechanical and geophysical investigation of the feasibility of imaging gas injection and production in a particular reservoir. The results are also generalized for application in other reservoir applications. Introduction In recent years induced seismicity has been used to monitor a number of reservoir operations including but not limited to hydraulic fracturing fault mapping water flooding casing failure waste disposal reservoir compaction and thermal recovery (e.g.
Bacterial Stationary-State Mutagenesis and Mammalian Tumorigenesis as Stress-Induced Cellular Adaptations and the Role of Epigenetics (2006)

Mechanisms of cellular adaptation may have some commonalities across different organisms. Revealing these common mechanisms may provide insight in the organismal level of adaptation and suggest solutions to important problems related to the adaptation. An increased rate of mutations, referred as the mutator phenotype, and beneficial nature of these mutations are common features of the bacterial stationary-state mutagenesis and of the tumorigenic transformations in mammalian cells. We argue that these commonalities of mammalian and bacterial cells result from their stress-induced adaptation that may be described in terms of a common model. Specifically, in both organisms the mutator phenotype is activated in a subpopulation of proliferating stressed cells as a strategy to survival. This strategy is an alternative to other survival strategies, such as senescence and programmed cell death, which are also activated in the stressed cells by different subpopulations. Sustained stress-related proliferative signalling and epigenetic mechanisms play a decisive role in the choice of the mutator phenotype survival strategy in the cells. They reprogram cellular functions by epigenetic silencing of cell-cycle inhibitors, DNA repair, programmed cell death, and by activation of repetitive DNA elements. This reprogramming leads to the mutator phenotype that is implemented by error-prone cell divisions with the involvement of Y family polymerases. Studies supporting the proposed model of stress-induced cellular adaptation are discussed. Cellular mechanisms involved in the bacterial stress-induced adaptation are considered in more detail.
Designing the Next Generation of Chemical Separation Membranes (2011)

New materials can be prepared as membranes that may allow their performance to beat long-standing limits.
The BH3-only mimetic ABT-737 synergizes the antineoplastic activity of proteasome inhibitors in lymphoid malignancies (2008)

Overexpression of antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family is observed in approximately 80% of B-cell lymphomas, contributing to intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. Nullifying the antiapoptotic influence of these proteins can potentially overcome this resistance, and may complement conventional chemotherapy. ABT-737 is a BH3-only mimetic and potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), and Bcl-w. In vitro, ABT-737 exhibited concentration-dependent cytotoxicity against a broad panel of lymphoma cell lines including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). ABT-737 showed synergism when combined with the proteasome inhibitors bortezomib or carfilzomib in select lymphoma cell lines and induced potent mitochondrial membrane depolarization and apoptosis when combined with either. ABT-737 plus bortezomib also induced significant apoptosis in primary samples of MCL, DLBCL, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) but no significant cytotoxic effect was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors. In severe combined immunodeficient beige mouse models of MCL, the addition of ABT-737 to bortezomib enhanced efficacy compared with either drug alone and with the control. Collectively, these data suggest that ABT-737 alone or in combination with a proteasome inhibitor represents a novel and potentially important platform for the treatment of B-cell malignancies.
PPARα activation elevates blood pressure and does not correct glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in humans (2006)

Fibrates, activators of the nuclear receptor PPARalpha, improve dyslipidemia, but their effects on insulin resistance and vascular disease are unresolved. To test the hypothesis that PPARalpha activation improves insulin resistance and vascular function, we determined the effects of fenofibrate in healthy adults with insulin resistance induced by short-term glucocorticoid administration. Eighteen normal-weight subjects were studied in four stages: at baseline, after 21 days of fenofibrate (160 mg/day) alone, after 3 days of dexamethasone (8 mg/day) added to fenofibrate, and after 3 days of dexamethasone added to placebo (dexamethasone alone). Dexamethasone alone caused hyperinsulinemia, increased glucose, decreased glucose disposal, and reduced insulin-induced suppression of hepatic glucose production as determined by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and increased systolic blood pressure as determined by ambulatory monitoring, features associated with an insulin-resistant state. Fenofibrate improved fasting LDL and total cholesterol in the setting of dexamethasone treatment but had no significant effect on levels of insulin or glucose, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, or insulin suppression of glucose production during clamps, or ambulatory monitored blood pressure. In the absence of dexamethasone, fenofibrate lowered fasting triglycerides and cholesterol but unexpectedly increased systolic blood pressure by ambulatory monitoring. These data suggest that PPARalpha activation in humans does not correct insulin resistance induced by glucocorticoids and may adversely affect blood pressure.
Plasmon Coupling in Nanorod Assemblies:  Optical Absorption, Discrete Dipole Approximation Simulation, and Exciton-Coupling Model (2006)

The shape anisotropy of nanorods gives rise to two distinct orientational modes by which nanorods can be assembled, i.e., end-to-end and side-by-side, analogous to the well-known H and J aggregation in organic chromophores. Optical absorption spectra of gold nanorods have earlier been observed to show a red-shift of the longitudinal plasmon band for the end-to-end linkage of nanorods, resulting from the plasmon coupling between neighboring nanoparticles, similar to the assembly of gold nanospheres. We observe, however, that side-by-side linkage of nanorods in solution shows a blue-shift of the longitudinal plasmon band and a red-shift of the transverse plasmon band. Optical spectra calculated using the discrete dipole approximation method were used to simulate plasmon coupling in assembled nanorod dimers. The longitudinal plasmon band is found to shift to lower energies for end-to-end assembly, but a shift to higher energies is found for the side-by-side orientation, in agreement with the optical absorption experiments. The strength of plasmon coupling was seen to increase with decreasing internanorod distance and an increase in the number of interacting nanorods. For both side-by-side and end-to-end assemblies, the strength of the longitudinal plasmon coupling increases with increasing nanorod aspect ratio as a result of the increasing dipole moment of the longitudinal plasmon. For both the side-by-side and end-to-end orientation, the simulation of a dimer of nanorods having dissimilar aspect ratios showed a longitudinal plasmon resonance with both a blue-shifted and a red-shifted component, as a result of symmetry breaking. A similar result is observed for a pair of similar aspect ratio nanorods assembled in a nonparallel orientation. The internanorod plasmon coupling scheme concluded from the experimental results and simulations is found to be qualitatively consistent with the molecular exciton coupling theory, which has been used to describe the optical spectra of H and J aggregates of organic molecules. The coupled nanorod plasmons are also suggested to be electromagnetic analogues of molecular orbitals. Investigation of the plasmon coupling in assembled nanorods is important for the characterization of optical excitations and plasmon propagation in these nanostructures. The surface plasmon resonance shift resulting from nanorod assembly also offers a promising alternative for analyte-sensing assays.
Evaluation and Treatment of Androgen Deficiency in Males (1991)

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N‐cadherin mediates sertoli cell‐spermatogenic cell adhesion (1993)

The complex topological association of Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells in the testis suggests the existence of cell surface adhesion molecules that regulate cellular interactions within the seminiferous epithelium. The recent report of N-cadherin mRNA expression in the mouse testis implies the involvement of this known adhesion molecule in testicular cell binding. Accordingly, here we report that (1) N-cadherin is found on the surface membranes of rat spermatogenic cells and on Sertoli cells, and (2) that N-cadherin is a partial mediator of Sertoli cell-germ cell adhesion as tested in an vitro cell-cell binding assay. Antiserum directed against the N-cadherin cell adhesion recognition sequence was used for Western blot anlaysis of purified plasma membranes from Sertoli cells and from spermatogenic cells. Both membrane preparations exhibited reactivity at an appropriate M(r) of about 130 kDa. In addition, immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that both germ cells and Sertoli cells were labeled by anti-N-cadherin. Finally, the antiserum was included in a cytometer-assisted cell-cell binding test to determine its inhibitory ability. The antiserum consistently reduced specific testicular cell-cell adhesion by 30%-50%. This is the first demonstration that antibodies directed against the cadherin cell adhesion recognition sequence are capable of inhibiting cell-cell interactions. Pre-incubation of either rat Sertoli cells or spermatogenic cells alone was sufficient to achieve statistically significant inhibition of intercellular adhesion. We conclude, therefore, that N-cadherin is expressed by both Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells and that N-cadherin is one of a number of regulatory molecules mediating local cellular associations in the mammalian seminiferous tubule.
Trimeric Clusters of Silver in Aqueous AgNO3 Solutions and Their Role as Nuclei in Forming Triangular Nanoplates of Silver (2007)

Three's a crowd: Trimeric silver clusters in aqueous AgNO3 solutions have been identified by mass spectrometry (see picture). These clusters are found to dominate nucleation and thus play an important role in the formation of triangular silver nanoplates, which are shown in the SEM image in the lower right part of the picture. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z700942_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Domain adaptation of DNN acoustic models using knowledge distillation (2017)

Constructing deep neural network (DNN) acoustic models from limited training data is an important issue for the development of automatic speech recognition (ASR) applications that will be used in various application-specific acoustic environments. To this end, domain adaptation techniques that train a domain-matched model without overfitting by lever-aging pre-constructed source models are widely used. In this paper, we propose a novel domain adaptation method for DNN acoustic models based on the knowledge distillation framework. Knowledge distillation transfers the knowledge of a teacher model to a student model and offers better generalizability of the student model by controlling the shape of posterior probability distribution of the teacher model, which was originally proposed for model compression. We apply this framework to model adaptation. Our domain adaptation method avoids overfitting of the adapted model trained on limited data by transferring the knowledge of the source model to the adapted model by distillation. Experiments show that the proposed method can effectively avoid the overfitting of convolutional neural network based acoustic models and yield lower error rates than conventional adaptation methods.
A Bootstrap Method For Training An Accurate Audio Segmenter. (2005)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
Assessing estrogen and progesterone receptor status in fine needle aspirates from breast carcinomas. Results on six years of material and correlation with biochemical assay. (1998)

Inconclusive smears due to scant cellularity is a minor problem. Technical difficulties are few, and false negative and positive staining is rarely seen. The results are comparable to those from the biochemical method, and immunostaining of ER/PR on breast cancer FNA cytology smears is useful as a routine procedure for receptor determination.
Total Synthesis of Salinosporamide A (2005)

Total synthesis of potent proteasome inhibitor salinosporamide A (1) has been accomplished, which features strictly substrate-controlled operations starting with the only chiral center of (R)-pyroglutamic acid. The consecutive quaternary carbons within 1 have been efficiently constructed by manipulation of two intramolecular reactions: (1) carbonate-mediated internal acylation of imidate ester (4 --> 14) and (2) selenocyclization of aldehyde to exocyclic methylene group (5 --> 18).