gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polycystic kidney disease: genes, proteins, animal models, disease mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities (2007)

An increased understanding of the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the development of polycystic kidney disease has laid out the foundation for the development of rational therapies. Many animal models where these therapies can be tested are currently available. This review summarizes the rationale for these treatments, the results of preclinical trials and the prospects for clinical trials, some already in early phases of implementation.
Retrospective validation of a physiological model of glucose-insulin interaction in type 1 diabetes mellitus (1994)

We have previously described a physiological model of glucose-insulin interaction in insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus which has been developed for patient and medical staff education about diabetes mellitus, as well as possibly for clinical use. The model attempts to reflect the underlying (patho)physiology of insulin action and carbohydrate absorption in quantitative terms such as insulin sensitivity, volume of glucose and insulin distribution and maximal rate of gastric emptying. The model's predictions also allow a 24 h simulation of patient blood glucose profiles to be generated. Advice is provided by a qualitative knowledge based system which suggests what the next step in improving glycaemic control might be for a given patient, e.g. 'increase before breakfast long-acting insulin by 2 units'. Validation work performed on a previous version of the knowledge based system has demonstrated that it can provide qualitative advice comparable to that of a clinician. Furthermore, bench testing of the predictive accuracy of the model has yielded encouraging results. We therefore set out to perform a preliminary retrospective medical validation of the physiological model using data collected by 30 insulin-dependent diabetic patients attending diabetes out-patient clinics at various centres throughout Europe. We found that the physiological model could only be parameterized for data from 24 (80%) of the 30 patients in the study. Comparison of observed and predicted blood glucose data from these 24 patients over a period of 5-6 days following parameter estimation revealed a mean (+/- SD) root mean square deviation between measured and simulated blood glucose values of 1.93 +/- 0.86 mmol l-1. The implications of these results are discussed.
Rapid expression of vaccine proteins for B‐cell lymphoma in a cell‐free system (2005)

The idiotype (Id)-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) fusion proteins are potential vaccines for immunotherapy of B-cell lymphoma. In this study, four vaccine candidates were constructed by fusing murine GM-CSF to the amino- or carboxy-terminus of the 38C13 murine B-lymphocyte Id scFv with two different arrangements of the variable regions of the heavy chain and light chain (VL-VH and VH-VL). scFv (VH-VL) and GM-CSF/scFv fusion proteins were expressed in an Escherichia coli cell-free protein synthesis system. In order to promote disulfide bond formation during cell-free expression, cell extract was pretreated with iodoacetamide (IAM), and a sulfhydryl redox buffer composed of oxidized and reduced glutathione was added. The E. coli periplasmic disulfide isomerase, DsbC, was also added to rearrange incorrectly formed disulfide linkages. The 38C13 B-lymphocyte Id scFv was expressed with 30% of its soluble yield in active form (43 microg/ml) when tested with an anti-idiotypic mAb, S1C5, as the capture antibody in radioimmunoassay. It was found that the amino-terminal GM-CSF fusion proteins, GM-VL-VH and GM-VH-VL, showed much higher activity than the carboxy-terminal GM-CSF fusion proteins, VL-VH-GM and VH-VL-GM, in stimulating the cell proliferation of a GM-CSF-dependent cell line, NFS-60. Between the two amino-terminal GM-CSF fusion proteins, GM-VL-VH showed a higher total and soluble yield than GM-VH-VL.
The Earliest Events in Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Infection of the Murine Olfactory Neuroepithelium and Entry of the Central Nervous System (1995)

After intranasal instillation of mice with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), olfactory receptor neurons are infected. By 12 to 24 hr postinfection, VSV antigens are observed in adjoining supporting and basal cells and in other structures of the olfactory epithelium and lamina propria. Peripheral deafferentation of the olfactory epithelium with Triton X-100 or bilateral surgical bulbectomy does not prevent spread of VSV to the central nervous system (CNS); the route of spread differs considerably from the route taken when the olfactory nerve is intact. In contrast to rabies virus and HSV-1, VSV does not use the trigeminal nerve for entry into the brain, as the trigeminal ganglion remains virus-free following intranasal infection. These results indicate that VSV has a strong tropism for olfactory receptor cells, using them for entry into the CNS. Both retrograde and anterograde transneuronal and nonneuronal (ependymal cells and cerebrospinal fluid) pathways are utilized by VSV within the CNS.
HER-2-targeted therapy: lessons learned and future directions. (2003)

HER-2 is overexpressed in 20-25% of invasive breast cancers and is associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype and reduced survival rates. The HER-2 status of a tumor is the critical determinant of response to the HER-2-targeted antibody trastuzumab. Thus, accurate assessment of HER-2 expression levels is essential for identifying breast cancer patients who will benefit from HER-2-targeted therapy. Trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy increases response rates, time to progression, and survival. However, the majority of cancers that initially respond to trastuzumab begin to progress again within 1 year. This minireview describes HER-2 targeting strategies currently in use or in stages of development for the treatment of breast cancer.
Amorphous Semiconductors Usher in Digital X-Ray Imaging (1997)

Unlike other major medical imaging methods, such as computed tomography, ultrasound, nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging—all of which are digital—conventional x-ray imaging remains a largely analog technology. Making the transition from analog to digital could bring several advantages to x-ray imaging: Contrast and other aspects of image quality could be improved by means of image processing; radiological images could be compared more easily with those obtained from other imaging modalities; the electronic distribution of images within hospitals would make remote access and archiving possible; highly qualified personnel could service remote or poorly populated regions from a central facility by means of “teleradiology”; and radiologists could use computers more effectively to help with diagnosis—work that has already been initiated at the University of Chicago by Kunio Doi and his coworkers.
Channel estimation for the W-CDMA system, performance and robustness analysis from a terminal perspective (2003)

Two different approaches for channel estimation for the wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) system are compared by means of simulations. As W-CDMA uses time-multiplexed pilots, there is a need for interpolating primary channel estimates obtained from using these pilot symbols. Both channel estimators are similar in that they linearly combine primary channel estimates to perform this interpolation. The first channel estimator uses simple linear interpolation and the second channel estimator uses a Wiener filter approach. The Wiener filter approach requires a knowledge of the Doppler spread and the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). The channel estimators are compared in terms of the resulting bit-error rate (BER). This is done with respect to deviations in the SIR and Doppler spread as used for the design of the Wiener filter, from their nominal values. For the evaluation a Rayleigh fading channel, with three independent and equally strong paths, are assumed. No power control is used. On the one hand, for low velocities, the simulations indicate that the Wiener filter approach is quite robust against model errors in terms of SIR and Doppler spread. For high vehicular velocities, on the other hand, and in the presence of model errors, the interpolator performs well compared to the Wiener filter approach.
Factors underlying the variability of lipid droplet fluorescence in MA‐10 leydig tumor cells (1994)

Neutral lipids accumulate in cellular lipid droplets. These droplets vary remarkably in number and amount between cells. In the present studies, the variability in lipid content was quantified by comparing the coefficient of variation of fluorescence histograms of nile red lipid-stained cells to the variability of cell size or cell protein distributions. This measure of lipid droplet variability persisted through a wide range of cell lipid content and averaged 4.4-fold more variability than cell size and 2.6-fold more variability than cell protein content. While looking for possible explanations for this variability, it was determined that cell to cell variability could not be explained by multiple clonal populations of cells or the confluence of the cell monolayer. Analysis of lipid variability using a more droplet-specific fluorescent dye, bodipy, reduced variability by about 44%. Cell cycle analysis revealed that G2 + M cells contained more lipid than S-phase cells, which in turn contained more lipid than G0 + G1 cells, but that variability was equally large throughout the cell cycle. The cholesteryl ester hydrolase inhibitor, diethylumbelliferyl phosphate, inhibited hydrolysis of both cholesteryl esters and triglycerides. Lipid content of diethylumbelliferyl phosphate-treated cells increased while the variability in lipid staining decreased by an average of 72%. Thus, the excess lipid fluorescence variability compared to cell size or protein fluorescence could in part be explained by variability in cellular hydrolysis of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester. Excess lipid fluorescent variability could be reduced by an average of 44% when a more lipid droplet-specific stain was used instead of nile red.
The Anaerobic Regulatory Network Required for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nitrate Respiration (2007)

ABSTRACT In Pseudomonas aeruginosa , the narK 1 K 2 GHJI operon encodes two nitrate/nitrite transporters and the dissimilatory nitrate reductase. The narK 1 promoter is anaerobically induced in the presence of nitrate by the dual activity of the oxygen regulator Anr and the N-oxide regulator Dnr in cooperation with the nitrate-responsive two-component regulatory system NarXL. The DNA bending protein IHF is essential for this process. Similarly, narXL gene transcription is enhanced under anaerobic conditions by Anr and Dnr. Furthermore, Anr and NarXL induce expression of the N-oxide regulator gene dnr . Finally, NarXL in cooperation with Dnr is required for anaerobic nitrite reductase regulatory gene nirQ transcription. A cascade regulatory model for the fine-tuned genetic response of P. aeruginosa to anaerobic growth conditions in the presence of nitrate was deduced.
Tree-based group key agreement (2004)

Secure and reliable group communication is an active area of research. Its popularity is fueled by the growing importance of group-oriented and collaborative applications. The central research challenge is secure and efficient group key management. While centralized methods are often appropriate for key distribution in large multicast-style groups, many collaborative group settings require distributed key agreement techniques. This work investigates a novel group key agreement approach which blends key trees with Diffie--Hellman key exchange. It yields a secure protocol suite called Tree-based Group Diffie--Hellman (TGDH) that is both simple and fault-tolerant. Moreover, the efficiency of TGDH appreciably surpasses that of prior art.
Alcohol and the Unborn Baby (1983)

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can have harmful affects on the unborn baby. It is important for Aboriginal health workers to know the affects of foetal alcohol syndrome so that particular needs of the child at home and at school can be catered for. As a preventative measure it is also important that women and girls are educated about the harmful effects of drinking on the child in the womb.
Identification of distinct C3b and C4b recognition sites in the human C3b/C4b receptor (CR1, CD35) by deletion mutagenesis. (1988)

Complementary DNA clones encoding the NH2-terminal region of human CR1 have been isolated and sequenced. The deduced complete amino acid sequence of the F allotype of human CR1 contains 2,039 residues, including a 41-residue signal peptide, an extracellular domain of 1,930 residues, a 25-amino acid transmembrane domain, and a 43-amino acid cytoplasmic region. The extracellular domain is composed exclusively of 30 short consensus repeats (SCRs), characteristic of the family of C3/C4-binding proteins. The 28 NH2-terminal SCRs are organized as four long homologous repeats (LHRs) of seven SCRs each. The newly sequenced LHR, LHR-A, is 61% identical to LHR-B in the NH2-terminal two SCRs and greater than 99% identical in the COOH-terminal five SCRs. Eight cDNA clones were spliced to form a single construct, piABCD, that contained the entire CR1 coding sequence downstream of a cytomegalovirus promoter. COS cells transfected with piABCD transiently expressed recombinant CR1 that comigrated with the F allotype of erythrocyte CR1 on SDS-PAGE and that mediated rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes bearing C4b and C3b. Recombinant CR1 also had factor I-cofactor activity for cleavage of C3(ma). Analyses of six deletion mutants expressed in COS cells indicated that the NH2-terminal two SCRs of LHR-A contained a site determining C4 specificity and the NH2-terminal two SCRs of LHR-B and -C each had a site determining C3 specificity. The presence of these three distinct sites in CR1 may enable the receptor to interact multivalently with C4b/C3b and C3b/C3b complexes generated during activation of the classical and alternative pathways.
Chemistry Of Photofrin II And Some New Photosensitizers (1989)

The biological activity of a series of porphyrin dimers and trimers with ester and ether linkages, related to Photofrin II and some new photosensitizers with better optical properties are discussed. The structure and biological activity of a large number of photosensitizers, recently reported in the literature, are also reviewed.
Recognition modes of RNA tetraloops and tetraloop‐like motifs by RNA‐binding proteins (2013)

RNA hairpins are the most commonly occurring secondary structural elements in RNAs and serve as nucleation sites for RNA folding, RNA-RNA, and RNA-protein interactions. RNA hairpins are frequently capped by tetraloops, and based on sequence similarity, three broad classes of RNA tetraloops have been defined: GNRA, UNCG, and CUYG. Other classes such as the UYUN tetraloop in histone mRNAs, the UGAA in 16S rRNA, the AUUA tetraloop from the MS2 bacteriophage, and the AGNN tetraloop that binds RNase III have also been characterized. The tetraloop structure is compact and is usually characterized by a paired interaction between the first and fourth nucleotides. The two unpaired nucleotides in the loop are usually involved in base-stacking or base-phosphate hydrogen bonding interactions. Several structures of RNA tetraloops, free and complexed to other RNAs or proteins, are now available and these studies have increased our understanding of the diverse mechanisms by which this motif is recognized. RNA tetraloops can mediate RNA-RNA contacts via the tetraloop-receptor motif, kissing hairpin loops, A-minor interactions, and pseudoknots. While these RNA-RNA interactions are fairly well understood, how RNA-binding proteins recognize RNA tetraloops and tetraloop-like motifs remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the structures of RNA tetraloop-protein complexes and the general themes that have emerged on sequence- and structure-specific recognition of RNA tetraloops. We highlight how proteins achieve molecular recognition of this nucleic acid motif, the structural adaptations observed in the tetraloop to accommodate the protein-binding partner, and the role of dynamics in recognition.
Low-noise microwave bipolar transistor with sub-half-micrometer emitter width (1978)

This paper presents details of the fabrication process and performance of an n-p-n silicon microwave bipolar transistor with emitter opening widths as small as 0.3 µm. The fabrication process involves local oxidation, ion implantation, and lateral etching techniques for emitter definition. Noise figure as low as 1.0 dB at 1.5 GHz, 2.0 dB at 4 GHz, and 3.3 d B at 6 GHz were achieved. Measured noise figures and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</tex> -parameters are shown to be in approximate agreement with modeled performance based on device structure and process parameters. Prospects for further reductions in bipolar transistor noise figures are discussed.
Comparative micromorphologic in vitro porcine study of IntraLase and Femto LDV femtosecond lasers (2008)

The laser cuts of the IntraLase FS and Femto LDV femtosecond lasers were equally smooth and of excellent quality. The standard deviation of the flap thickness was small and equal in both systems.
The First Synthesis of Herbicidin B. Stereoselective Construction of the Tricyclic Undecose Moiety by a Conformational Restriction Strategy Using Steric Repulsion between Adjacent Bulky Silyl Protecting Groups on a Pyranose Ring (1999)

The first total synthesis of the nucleoside antibiotic herbicidin B (1b) was achieved, where a novel aldol-type C-glycosidation reaction promoted by samarium diiodide (SmI2) was used as a key step. Treatment of methyl 3,4-O-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyl-1,3-disiloxanediyl)-1-phenylthio-2-ulos-β-d-glucuronate (13) with SmI2 in THF regioselectively gave the corresponding 1-enolate, which was readily trapped with 1-β-d-xylosyladenine 5'-aldehyde derivative 7 to afford the product 19a,b as an anomeric mixture. Dehydration of the 5'-hydroxyl in 19a,b with using Burgess's inner salt gave the enone 20, which was subsequently hydrogenated to give undeculofuranuronyl adenine derivative 21. Deprotection of 21 gave a tricyclic sugar nucleoside, 23. However, it was an epimer of herbicidin B at the 6'-position. Construction of the desired 6'-α-configuration was achieved by using a conformational restriction strategy based on repulsion between adjacent bulky protecting groups on the pyranose ring. Thus, when methyl 3-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-4-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-1-phenylthio-2-ulos-d-glucuronate (29c), the conformation of which was restricted in an unusual 1C4-like conformation, was used as a precursor for ulose 1-enolate in the SmI2-promoted aldol reaction with 7, the desired 6'-α-aldol product 30c was predominantly obtained. Compound 30c was dehydrated, followed by hydrogenation of the alkenyl bond and then deprotection to form an internal ketal linkage between the 3'- and 7'-positions, which spontaneously gave herbicidin B.
Giant ectopic pelvic spleen: report of a case and review of the literature. (1993)

We report a case of giant ectopic pelvic spleen combined with an accessory spleen and confirmed by liver-spleen scan, angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical findings. In various reviews of the literature, no ectopic pelvic spleen larger than this one has been reported.
Hole-induced exoelectron emission and luminescence of corundum doped with Mg (1985)

Thermally stimulated exoelectron emission (TSEE) and thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) preliminary excited by X-rays of Al2O3 single crystals containing different amounts of Mg impurities and treated under oxiding and reducing conditions are investigated. TSEE and TSL are found to be due to the recombination process of holes thermally released from traps on Mg2+ ions (TSEE and TSL peaks at 230 K) as well as of electrons thermally released from traps (TSEE and TSL peaks at 255 K). TSEE is observed synchronously with the F-centre emission in the 3.0 eV band both, in the hole and electron recombination process. The experimental results are interpreted basing on the model of hole-electron recombination in the two-centre Auger-process. [Russian Text Ignored].
Compartment pressures after closed tibial shaft fracture. Their relation to functional outcome (1992)

We measured pressures in the anterior and deep posterior compartments continuously for up to 72 hours in 20 patients with closed fractures of the tibial shaft treated primarily in plaster casts. All were examined independently after periods of three to 14 months. Pressures above 40 mmHg occurred in seven (35%) and above 30 mmHg in 14 (70%). No patient had the symptoms of compartment syndrome during monitoring. Abnormalities at review did not correlate with the maximum consecutive time periods during which the compartment pressures were raised. Thus, in the absence of symptoms the monitored pressures did not relate to outcome. Routine monitoring in this type of patient is therefore of doubtful benefit.
Web Based Probabilistic Textual Entailment (2005)

The embryonic kidney is an excellent model system in which to address many fundamental issues in developmental biology. Inductive interactions are required for proliferation and differentiation of the ureter epithelium and kidney mesenchyme. Recent studies implicate a receptor-type tyrosine kinase as a target of inductive signals in the developing ureter. In the mesenchyme, the early induction response requires at least two transcription factors, WT1 and Pax-2. Through the integrated application of in vitro culture models and gene targeting methods, the molecular mechanisms underlying kidney morphogenesis are becoming clearer.
The Voice as a Narrative Element in Documentary Films (2021)

Modern documentary filmmakers use fiction-influenced narrative styles that blur the boundaries between fact and fiction, stretching the limits and rules of the genre set by what is referred to as classic or expository documentary. Another major change in the documentary form and narrative style is the inclusion of the filmmaker in the film. As a result of filmmakers starring in their own films, interacting with the subjects, and narrating the story themselves, documentaries have become more personality driven. In these modern methods, the voices of the narrators and/or the filmmakers carry a significant importance as narrative elements. Taking five music-related documentary films into account—Lot 63, Grave C (Sam Green); Crossing the Bridge: The Sound of Istanbul (Fatih Akin); Metal: A Headbanger's Journey (Sam Dunn, Scot McFadyen, and Jessica Joywise); The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: Metal Years (Penelope Spheeris); and Searching for Sugar Man (Malik Bendjelloul)—this paper analyzes how the voices of the narrators and/or the filmmakers are used as narrative elements, and what effects these voices have on the narrative styles and the modes of these documentaries.
Reactions with N‐Carbonylsulfamoyl Chloride (1968)

Abstract N‐Carbonylsulfamoyl chloride (NCSA) is an intermediate that can be obtained from cyanogen chloride and sulfur trioxide, and which reacts with many compounds, via electrophilic substitution, much more readily than other isocyanates. Reactions with compounds containing hydroxyl, amino, or carboxyl groups lead to N‐chlorosulfonylurethanes, ‐ureas, and ‐amides, respectively. This group of products also includes the parent substance sulfamoyl chloride (amidosulfonyl chloride). The reaction of N‐carbonylsulfamoyl chloride with olefins provides an easy route, not only to derivatives of β‐amino acids and unsaturated carboxylic acids, but also to many β‐lactams. New, very reactive sulfonylisocyanates of several types can be obtained by further reactions of primary products obtained from N‐carbonylsulfamoyl chloride and by the reaction of N‐carbonylsulfamoyl chloride with olefins in the presence of free‐radical formers. When allowed to react with a number of compounds, NCSA undergoes loss of carbon dioxide to form products containing the grouping = NSO 2 Cl.