gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimisation and Application of Polyolefin Branch Quantification by Melt‐State 13C NMR Spectroscopy (2006)

Abstract Summary: Quantitative branch determination in polyolefins by melt‐state NMR has been investigated paying particular attention to sensitivity per unit time. Comparison of spectra obtained using spectrometers operating at 700, 500 and 300 MHz 1 H Larmor frequency, with 4 and 7 mm MAS probeheads, showed that the best sensitivity was achieved at 500 MHz using a 7 mm 13 C 1 H optimised high‐temperature probehead. For materials available in large quantities static melt‐state NMR, using large‐diameter detection coils at 300 MHz, was shown to produce comparable results to melt‐state MAS measurements in less time. Artificial line broadening, introduced by FID truncation, was reduced by the use of π pulse‐train heteronuclear dipolar‐decoupling. This decoupling method, when combined with a higher duty‐cycle, allowed for the whole FID to be acquired. Optimised methods have been applied to the characterisation of short‐chain branching (SCB) in polyethylene‐ and poly(propylene)‐ co ‐ α ‐olefins with varying comonomer incorporation. Long‐chain branch (LCB) concentrations of 8 branches per 100 000 CH 2 were quantified for an industrial ‘linear’ polyethylene in 13 h, with a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 10 for the α branch site used. The use of J‐coupling mediated polarisation transfer techniques were also shown to be viable for branch quantification in the melt‐state. An example of the time efficient quantification of very low branch contents in polyethylene using optimised 13 C melt‐state NMR under magic‐angle spinning. Concentrations of 7–8 branches per 100 000 CH 2 groups were determined in only 13 h. magnified image An example of the time efficient quantification of very low branch contents in polyethylene using optimised 13 C melt‐state NMR under magic‐angle spinning. Concentrations of 7–8 branches per 100 000 CH 2 groups were determined in only 13 h.
Amino Acids Allosterically Regulate the Thiamine Diphosphate-dependent α-Keto Acid Decarboxylase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2007)

The gene rv0853c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv codes for a thiamine diphosphate-dependent alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (MtKDC), an enzyme involved in the amino acid degradation via the Ehrlich pathway. Steady state kinetic experiments were performed to determine the substrate specificity of MtKDC. The mycobacterial enzyme was found to convert a broad spectrum of branched-chain and aromatic alpha-keto acids. Stopped-flow kinetics showed that MtKDC is allosterically activated by alpha-keto acids. Even more, we demonstrate that also amino acids are potent activators of this thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzyme. Thus, metabolic flow through the Ehrlich pathway can be directly regulated at the decarboxylation step. The influence of amino acids on MtKDC catalysis was investigated, and implications for other thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes are discussed.
Dynamic Tensile Loading Improves the Functional Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Laden Nanofiber-Based Fibrocartilage (2011)

Fibrocartilaginous tissues such as the meniscus serve critical load-bearing roles, relying on arrays of collagen fibers to resist tensile loads experienced with normal activity. As these structures are frequently injured and possess limited healing capacity, there exists great demand for tissue-engineered replacements. Toward recreating the structural features of these anisotropic tissues in vitro, we employ scaffolds composed of co-aligned nanofibers that direct mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) orientation and the formation of organized extracellular matrix (ECM). Concomitant with ECM synthesis, the mechanical properties of constructs increase with free-swelling culture, but ultimately failed to achieve equivalence with meniscal fibrocartilage. As mechanical forces are essential to the development and maintenance of musculoskeletal tissues, this work examined the effect of cyclic tensile loading on MSC-laden nanofibrous constructs. We hypothesized that loading would modulate the transcriptional behavior of MSCs, spur the deposition of ECM, and lead to enhancements in construct mechanical properties compared to free-swelling controls. Fiber-aligned scaffolds were seeded with MSCs and dynamically loaded daily in tension or maintained as nonloaded controls for 4 weeks. With mechanical stimulation, fibrous gene expression increased, collagen deposition increased, and the tensile modulus increased by 16% relative to controls. These results show that dynamic tensile loading enhances the maturation of MSC-laden aligned nanofibrous constructs, suggesting that recapitulation of the structural and mechanical environment of load-bearing tissues results in increases in functional properties that can be exploited for tissue engineering applications.
A flexible model for resource management in virtual private networks (1999)

As IP technologies providing both tremendous capacity and the ability to establish dynamic secure associations between endpoints emerge, Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are going through dramatic growth. The number of endpoints per VPN is growing and the communication pattern between endpoints is becoming increasingly hard to forecast. Consequently, users are demanding dependable, dynamic connectivity between endpoints, with the network expected to accommodate any traffic matrix, as long as the traffic to the endpoints does not overwhelm the rates of the respective ingress and egress links. We propose a new service interface, termed a hose , to provide the appropriate performance abstraction. A hose is characterized by the aggregate traffic to and from one endpoint in the VPN to the set of other endpoints in the VPN, and by an associated performance guarantee.Hoses provide important advantages to a VPN customer: (i) flexibility to send traffic to a set of endpoints without having to specify the detailed traffic matrix, and (ii) reduction in the size of access links through multiplexing gains obtained from the natural aggregation of the flows between endpoints. As compared with the conventional point to point (or customer-pipe) model for managing QoS, hoses provide reduction in the state information a customer must maintain. On the other hand, hoses would appear to increase the complexity of the already difficult problem of resource management to support QoS. To manage network resources in the face of this increased uncertainty, we consider both conventional statistical multiplexing techniques, and a new resizing technique based on online measurements.To study these performance issues, we run trace driven simulations, using traffic derived from AT&amp;amp;T's voice network, and from a large corporate data network. From the customer's perspective, we find that aggregation of traffic at the hose level provides significant multiplexing gains. From the provider's perspective, we find that the statistical multiplexing and resizing techniques deal effectively with uncertainties about the traffic, providing significant gains over the conventional alternative of a mesh of statically sized customer-pipes between endpoints.
Measurements of dust deposition velocity in a wind-tunnel experiment (2014)

Abstract. In this study, we present the results of a wind-tunnel experiment on dust deposition. A new method is proposed to derive dust deposition velocity from PDA (particle dynamics analysis) particle-velocity and particle-size measurements. This method has the advantage that the motions of individual dust particles are directly observed and all relevant data for computing dust deposition velocity is collected using a single instrument, and thus the measurement uncertainties are reduced. The method is used in the wind-tunnel experiment to measure dust deposition velocities for different particle sizes, wind speeds and surface conditions. For sticky-smooth wood and water surfaces, the observed dust deposition velocities are compared with the predictions using a dust deposition scheme, and the entire data set is compared with the data found in the literature. From the wind-tunnel experiments, a relatively reliable data set of dust deposition velocities is obtained, which is valuable for the development and validation of dust deposition schemes.
Cloning of a novel, ubiquitously expressed human phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and identification of its binding site on p85. (1993)

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) has been implicated as a participant in signaling pathways regulating cell growth by virtue of its activation in response to various mitogenic stimuli. Here we describe the cloning of a novel and ubiquitously expressed human PI 3-kinase. The 4.8-kb cDNA encodes a putative translation product of 1,070 amino acids which is 42% identical to bovine PI 3-kinase and 28% identical to Vps34, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae PI 3-kinase involved in vacuolar protein sorting. Human PI 3-kinase is also similar to Tor2, a yeast protein required for cell cycle progression. Northern (RNA) analysis demonstrated expression of human PI 3-kinase in all tissues and cell lines tested. Protein synthesized from an epitope-tagged cDNA had intrinsic PI 3-kinase activity and associated with the adaptor 85-kDa subunit of PI 3-kinase (p85) in intact cells, as did endogenous human PI 3-kinase. Coprecipitation assays showed that a 187-amino-acid domain between the two src homology 2 domains of p85 mediates interaction with PI 3-kinase in vitro and in intact cells. These results demonstrate the existence of different PI 3-kinase isoforms and define a family of genes encoding distinct PI 3-kinase catalytic subunits that can associate with p85.
New approaches in gastric cancer research: I. Monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis and therapy. (1989)

Although the use of monoclonal antibodies is still in the initial phase of clinical testing in most fields, it promises a basic change in the traditionally unsatisfactory treatment of gastric cancer. This review reports on the use of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of gastric cancer, such as the detection of tumor markers and immunoscintigraphy. Another approach aimed at improving the diagnosis of gastric cancer by monoclonal antibodies, is the development of immunocytology as a simple screening method. Finally, monoclonal antibodies are useful for detecting oncogene products. The present experimental and clinical results achieved with cytotoxic monoclonal antibodies and immunotoxins in the treatment of gastric cancer indicate that the erstwhile theoretical concept has now been put into practice and, hopefully, will be of significant benefit to the patient. Additionally, intra-operative tumor imaging provides a chance of improving surgical treatment of gastric cancer.
Robust Speech Activity Detection in Movie Audio: Data Resources and Experimental Evaluation (2019)

Speech activity detection in highly variable acoustic conditions is a challenging task. Many approaches to detect speech activity in such conditions involve an inherent knowledge of the noise types involved. Movie audio can offer an excellent research test-bed for developing speech activity models. A robust speech detection in movie audio is also a crucial step for subsequent content analyses such as audio diarization. Obtaining labels for supervision of such data can be very expensive, and may not be scalable. In this paper, we employ a simple, yet effective approach to obtain speech labels for movie data by coarse aligning the subtitles with movie audio. We compiled a dataset, called Subtitle-aligned Movie Corpus (SAM) of nearly 23 hours of data labelled as speech from ninety-five Hollywood movies. We propose convolutional neural network architectures that use log-mel spectrograms as input features to predict speech at a segment-level, as opposed to frame-level. We show that our models trained on SAM outperform existing baselines on two independent, publicly released movie speech datasets. We have made the SAM corpus and pretrained models publicly available for further research.
Clinical significance of human kallikrein 10 gene expression in colorectal cancer and gastric cancer (2006)

KLK10 expression is up-regulated in CRC and GC and higher expression of KLK10 closely correlates with advanced disease stage, which predicts a poorer prognosis; however, further follow-up study is needed.
A two-step approach for the catalytic conversion of glucose to 2,5-dimethylfuran in ionic liquids (2010)

Lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive resource for producing transportation fuels, and consequently novel approaches are being sought for transforming the lignin and cellulosic constituents of biomass to fuels or fuel additives. Glucose, the monomer of cellulose, is a good starting material for exploring such chemistries. We report here the results of an investigation aimed at identifying catalysts for the dehydration of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) dissolved in ionic liquids and the subsequent conversion of HMF to 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), a high-energy content product that could be used as a fuel or fuel additive. Heteropoly acids were found to be exceptionally active and selective catalysts for the dehydration of glucose. Nearly 100% yield of HMF could be achieved using 12-molybdophosphoric acid (12-MPA) in a solution of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCl) and acetonitrile. The addition of acetonitrile to EMIMCl suppressed the formation of humins from glucose. The high HMF selectivity achievable with heteropoly acid catalysts is ascribed to stabilization of 1,2-enediol and other intermediates involved in the dehydration of glucose and the avoidance of forming the 2,3-enediol intermediate leading to furylhydroxymethyl ketone (FHMK). Carbon-supported metals, and in particular Pd/C, were effective in promoting the hydrogenation of HMF dissolved in EMIMCl and acetonitrile to DMF. The following intermediates were observed in the hydrogenation of HMF to DMF: 5-methylfurfural (MF), 5-methylfurfyl alcohol (MFA), and 2,5-dihydroxymethylfuran (DHMF). The relative rate of formation and consumption of these compounds was explored by using each of them as a reactant in order to identify the reaction pathway from HMF to DMF. It was also observed that HMF produced via glucose dehydration could be converted to DMF without isolation, if the dehydration catalyst, 12 MPA, was replaced by the hydrogenation catalyst, Pd/C. This two-step catalytic approach provides the basis for completely converting glucose to HMF and further converting HMF to DMF.
Amantadine in Parkinson's disease. Review of more than two years' experience (1972)

Four hundred thirty patients with Parkinson's disease were treated with amantadine hydrochloride alone or in conjunction with other anti-Parkinsonism medications over a 2 1/2-year period. Of 351 patients who took 200 mg a day for 60 days, 64% showed a favorable response to the drug at 60 days and thereafter. Of those patients who received amantadine and levodopa, 79% responded favorably, as compared with 48% in the group who did not receive levodopa. In one half of the patients treated, a decline in the therapeutic efficacy of amantadine was observed between 30 and 60 days. Few side effects were noted even after long periods of administration, and laboratory studies disclosed no consistent significant abnormalities.
Cutting Edge: C1q Binds Deoxyribose and Heparan Sulfate through Neighboring Sites of Its Recognition Domain (2010)

C1q, the recognition subunit of the C1 complex of complement, is an archetypal pattern recognition molecule with the striking ability to sense a wide variety of targets, including a number of altered self-motifs. The recognition properties of its globular domain were further deciphered by means of x-ray crystallography using deoxy-D-ribose and heparan sulfate as ligands. Highly specific recognition of deoxy-D-ribose, involving interactions with Arg C98, Arg C111, and Asn C113, was observed at 1.2 A resolution. Heparin-derived tetrasaccharide interacted more loosely through Lys C129, Tyr C155, and Trp C190. These data together with previous findings define a unique binding area exhibiting both polyanion and deoxy-D-ribose recognition properties, located on the inner face of C1q. DNA and heparin compete for C1q binding but are poor C1 activators compared with immune complexes. How the location of this binding area in C1q may regulate the level of C1 activation is discussed.
Pancreatic β-Cells Secrete Insulin in Fast- and Slow-Release Forms (2006)

Insulin vesicles contain a chemically rich mixture of cargo that includes ions, small molecules, and proteins. At present, it is unclear if all components of this cargo escape from the vesicle at the same rate or to the same extent during exocytosis. Here, we demonstrate through real-time imaging that individual rat and human pancreatic beta-cells secrete insulin in heterogeneous forms that disperse either rapidly or slowly. In healthy pancreatic beta-cells maintained in culture, most vesicles discharge insulin in its fast-release form, a form that leaves individual vesicles in a few hundred milliseconds. The fast-release form of insulin leaves vesicles as rapidly as C-peptide leaves vesicles. Healthy beta-cells also secrete a slow-release form of insulin that leaves vesicles more slowly than C-peptide, over times ranging from seconds to minutes. Individual beta-cells make vesicles with both forms of insulin, though not all vesicles contain both forms of insulin. In addition, we confirm that insulin vesicles store their cargo in two functionally distinct compartments: an acidic solution, or halo, and a condensed core. Thus, our results suggest two important features of the condensed core: 1) It exists in different states among the vesicles undergoing exocytosis and 2) its dissolution determines the availability of insulin during exocytosis.
Characterization of soapstock and deodorizer distillates of vegetable oils using gas chromatography (2008)

Abstract Soapstock and deodorizer distillates are complex lipid mixtures that are produced in significant amounts by the vegetable oil refining process. These mixtures contain components such as fatty acids, sterols, squalene and tocopherols that have important commercial value and therefore their characterization and quantification are of interest. We describe here the development of a simple gas chromatography (GC) method based on a silylation derivatization technique coupled with the use of a medium polar column to separate the different classes of fatty compounds in these waste streams. This method is suitable for GC coupled with either a flame ionization detector or a mass spectrometer.
Smooth centile curves for skew and kurtotic data modelled using the Box–Cox power exponential distribution (2004)

Abstract The Box–Cox power exponential (BCPE) distribution, developed in this paper, provides a model for a dependent variable Y exhibiting both skewness and kurtosis (leptokurtosis or platykurtosis). The distribution is defined by a power transformation Y ν having a shifted and scaled (truncated) standard power exponential distribution with parameter τ . The distribution has four parameters and is denoted BCPE ( µ , σ , ν , τ ). The parameters, µ , σ , ν and τ , may be interpreted as relating to location (median), scale (approximate coefficient of variation), skewness (transformation to symmetry) and kurtosis (power exponential parameter), respectively. Smooth centile curves are obtained by modelling each of the four parameters of the distribution as a smooth non‐parametric function of an explanatory variable. A Fisher scoring algorithm is used to fit the non‐parametric model by maximizing a penalized likelihood. The first and expected second and cross derivatives of the likelihood, with respect to µ , σ , ν and τ , required for the algorithm, are provided. The centiles of the BCPE distribution are easy to calculate, so it is highly suited to centile estimation. This application of the BCPE distribution to smooth centile estimation provides a generalization of the LMS method of the centile estimation to data exhibiting kurtosis (as well as skewness) different from that of a normal distribution and is named here the LMSP method of centile estimation. The LMSP method of centile estimation is applied to modelling the body mass index of Dutch males against age. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Direct RAMbus technology: the new main memory standard (1997)

Providing three times the memory bandwidth of the 66-MHz SDRAM subsystem, Direct RDRAM modules fit seamlessly into the existing mechanical space and airflow environment of the industry-standard PC chassis.
Mapping the Binding Site of Colchicinoids on β-Tubulin (2000)

2-Chloroacetyl-2-demethylthiocolchicine (2CTC) and 3-chloroacetyl-3-demethylthiocolchicine (3CTC) resemble colchicine in binding to tubulin and react covalently with beta-tubulin, forming adducts with cysteine residues 239 and 354. The adducts at Cys-239 are less stable than those at Cys-354 during formic acid digestion. Extrapolating to zero time, the Cys-239 to Cys-354 adduct ratio is 77:23 for 2CTC and 27:73 for 3CTC. Using energy minimization modeling to dock colchicinoids into the electron crystallographic model of beta-tubulin in protofilaments (Nogales, E. , Wolf, S. G., and Downing, K. H. (1998) Nature 391, 199-203), we found two potential binding sites. At one, entirely encompassed within beta-tubulin, the C2- and C3-oxygen atoms of 2CTC and 3CTC overlapped poorly with those of colchicine and thiocolchicine, but distances from the reactive carbon atoms of the analogs to the sulfur atoms of the cysteine residues were qualitatively consistent with reactivity. The other potential binding site was located at the alpha/beta interface. Here, the oxygen atoms of the analogs overlapped well with those of colchicine, but relative distances of the reactive carbons to the cysteine sulfur atoms did not correlate with the observed reactivity. A significant conformational change must occur in the colchicine binding site of tubulin in the transition from the unpolymerized to the polymerized state.
Testicular and Ovarian Resistance to Luteinizing Hormone Caused by Inactivating Mutations of the Luteinizing Hormone–Receptor Gene (1996)

In normal males, luteinizing hormone (LH) regulates the function of Leydig cells and, hence, male sexual differentiation, pubertal androgenization, male sexual function, and fertility. Abnormalities in the function of Leydig cells result in primary hypogonadism and varying degrees of male pseudohermaphroditism.1-5 In these patients, Leydig cells are absent, hypoplastic, or unresponsive to stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and studies of testicular-biopsy samples from some patients have revealed the absence of LH receptors.2,3 In normal women, LH stimulates the theca cells to produce androgen precursors for aromatization to estradiol by granulosa cells during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. . . .