gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
All-electrical indentation shear modulus and elastic modulus measurement using a piezoelectric cantilever with a tip (2007)

We have investigated an all-electrical indentation shear modulus and elastic modulus measurement technique using piezoelectric cantilever sensors with a tip for potential in vivo applications. A piezoelectric cantilever with a tip was capable of carrying out compression, shear, indentation, and indentation shear tests, where compression and shear tests refer to those where the sample is not confined by a container and the contact area of the cantilever is the same as or larger than the sample surface area and the indentation and indentation shear tests are those where the contact area of the cantilever is smaller than the sample surface area. Because the cantilever could measure both the elastic modulus and the shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio of a sample could be determined from the ratio of the shear modulus to the elastic modulus with no presumption. We showed that the experimental elastic moduli and shear moduli obtained from the indentation and indentation shear tests agree with those obtained from the compression and shear tests. Furthermore, we showed that the same elastic moduli and the same shear moduli could be obtained either by using the displacement measurements or by the induced voltage measurements across the sensing piezoelectric layer. With a model tissue consisting of modeling clay embedded in gelatin, we demonstrated that the indentation compression and indentation shear tests could produce two-dimensional elastic and shear moduli maps or images that accurately showed the size and location of the modeling clay inclusion.
Growth response of B16 melanoma to in vivo treatment with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) at the initial stage after tumor transplantation. (1984)

The changes of implanted B16 melanoma fragments in situ following early treatment with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) were studied by quantitative histopathologic methods from Day 1 to Day 7 and at Day 14 after transplantation. During the first 3-day period there were no apparent differences between the two groups in all the parameters studied. The most striking differences were observed on Day 5 after implantation, when the drug-treated tumor showed the lowest number of morphologically intact tumor cells and the lowest level of proliferative capacity, with a high proportion of melanotic cells. The late infiltration of host macrophages was more abundant in drug-treated tumors than in controls due to an enhanced production and liberation of melanin granules. The results suggest that a 7-day growth delay of drug-treated tumors is characterized not only by a reduced number (one order of magnitude) of intact tumor cells but also by a severely suppressed proliferative capacity.
Thermostability of cytochrome c-552 from the thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium Hydrogenobacter thermophilus (1989)

The denaturation of the c-type cytochrome of the thermophilic bacterium Hydrogenobacter thermophilus cytochrome c-552 by heat and guanidine hydrochloride was studied by measuring the change in circular dichroic spectra. The melting temperature (T1/2) of cytochrome c-552 in the presence of 1.5 M guanidine hydrochloride was 34 degrees C higher than that of the c-type cytochrome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c-551. Hydrogenobacter cytochrome c-552 is a much more stable protein than cytochrome c-551 of the mesophilic bacterium P. aeruginosa, even though their amino acid sequences are 56% identical and they have numerous other similarities. However, notwithstanding these similarities between the sequences of the cytochromes c-552 and c-551 that were compared, it is very likely that these differences in stability could be due to some heretofore undefined differences in their spatial structures. It has been suggested that alpha-helix structure and electrostatic interaction could be the source of the stable spatial structure of cytochrome c-552.
The murine interleukin 1β gene: structure and evolution (1986)

We have isolated from a genomic library a murine recombinant clone containing the gene coding for interleukin-1 beta m-RNA. A 7000 b.p. DNA fragment has been sequenced. Sequences homologous with human IL-1 beta cDNA have been found distributed within 7 exons. The translation of these sequences allows the prediction of a protein 269 aminoacids long. Hybridization of P388D1 RNA from cells stimulated with phorbol myristic acetate with a genomic DNA probe shows the existence of a 1.6 Kb murine IL-1 beta mRNA which is absent in the unstimulated cells. The comparative analysis between the murine IL-1 beta and the human IL-1 alpha genes shows extreme conservation of the aminoacids at the exon junctions. This observation together with the similarity in number and size of the exons suggests that these genes have diverged from a common ancestor.
Preparation and characterization of spin-labeled oligonucleotides for DNA hybridization (1991)

Sequence-specific spin-labeled oligodeoxynucleotides with conformation-sensitive electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals are synthesized and examined as solution-phase nucleic acid hybridization probes. Either a proxyl or tempo ring linked to the C(5) position of deoxyuridine (dU) by a nonrigid two-atom methylamino tether is incorporated within 15-mers by phosphotriester chemistry yielding stable spin-labeled probes with distinctive EPR specific activity (AEPR) values. The AEPR is greater for a proxyl-labeled than for a tempo-labeled probe and is consistent with EPR data of enzymatically labeled 26-mers [Bobst, A. M., Pauly, G. T., Keyes, R. S., and Bobst, E. V. (1988) FEBS Lett. 228, 33-36], after normalizing for percent labeling. The spectral characteristics of the free probes and the probe/target complexes are similar to those of enzymatically spin-labeled nucleic acids containing a different nonrigid two-atom-tethered spin label [Bobst, A. M., Kao, S.-C., Toppin, R. C., Ireland, J. C., and Thomas, I. E. (1984) J. Mol. Biol. 173, 63-70]. The presence of target DNA is detected in solution by EPR spectroscopy and the assay is based on the characteristic line-shape change associated with hybridization. The EPR spectra of free and bound probe reflect little interference from changes in global dynamics of the probe, and the line-shape change upon complexation results primarily from a change in local base dynamics. The presence or absence of hybridization can be detected in a loop-gap resonator with about 1 pmol of spin-labeled 15-mer within minutes.
Development of a New Hybrid System - Dual System (1996)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A new hybrid vehicle system has been developed, the Dual System, which combines the series and parallel hybrid systems.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Combination with a motor has reduced the engine size, only using the most efficient range of the engine. A transaxle employing a generator motor and a traction motor in one compact package is applicable to currently produced vehicles with little modification. Use of the generator as a motor realizes multiple control functions.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A prototype vehicle with this new Dual System was built and tested. Its driving performance and the fuel economy were measured, and the fuel economy results were analyzed.&lt;/div&gt;
Selectivity Estimation and Query Optimization in Large Databases with Highly Skewed Distribution of Column Values (1988)

When column values in a large dat.abase follow highly skewed distributions (such as Zipf distributions, typi( ally found in textual dnt,abascs), qnery optimizers in c111 rem relat.ional syst,ems often fail to choose optimal query plans cvcn for simple single-relation queries. The rtrnjor cause of these optil+rization failures is incorrect predicate selectivity estimation; the likelihood and cost of such errors are quantified. A scheme for adding userclrfin~~d selectivity estimators to a relational DBMS is propc,.:cd. The paper defines a series of new selectivity estimation methods that work well with highly skewed v&e distributions and then compares them to currently used methods such as uniform approximation and histograms. Empirical data from a large bibliographic database is used throughout the a.nalyses in this paper.
The Effects of Megadose Methylprednisolone and U-78517F on Toxicity Mediated by Glutamate Receptors in the Rat Neostriatum (1994)

Mechanisms of neuronal death after acute insults are unknown but may involve energy depletion and resultant glutamate toxicity. One potential pathway leading to cell death is the formation of oxygen free radicals in an energy-depleted state. Megadoses of glucocorticoids as well as the lazaroid compounds (e.g., 21-aminosteroids and 2-methylaminochromans) have been shown to be potent antioxidants, capable of mitigating the effects of oxygen radicals on lipid membranes in vitro. The authors investigated the protective antioxidant effects of megadose methylprednisolone (MPSS) and the lazaroid 2-methylaminochroman (U-78517F) on the size of striatal lesions caused by quinolinic acid, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist that mimics certain aspects of the secondary injury surrounding the pan-necrosis central to stroke or cerebral contusion. Treatment with MPSS (60 mg/kg/day) before quinolinate infusion and continuing through the first postoperative day caused a significant (P < 0.01) 56% increase in the size of striatal lesions. In contrast, treatment with MPSS given 2 to 6 hours after creation of the lesion did not affect lesion size. Animals treated with U-78517F also failed to exhibit any neuroprotective effects. The detrimental effect of pretreatment with megadose MPSS is likely the result of deleterious energy-depleting glucocorticoid effect of pretreatment with megadose MPSS is likely the result of deleterious energy-depleting glucocorticoid effects that outweight any positive antioxidant effects. We conclude that megadose MPSS, although found to be beneficial in the treatment of spinal cord injury, may not be beneficial in the treatment of intracranial insults involving glutamate toxicity.
A Carboxy-Terminal Trimerization Domain Stabilizes Conformational Epitopes on the Stalk Domain of Soluble Recombinant Hemagglutinin Substrates (2012)

Recently, a new class of broadly neutralizing anti-influenza virus antibodies that target the stalk domain of the viral hemagglutinin was discovered. As such, induction, isolation, characterization, and quantification of these novel antibodies has become an area of intense research and great interest. Since most of these antibodies bind to conformational epitopes, the structural integrity of hemagglutinin substrates for the detection and quantification of these antibodies is of high importance. Here we evaluate the binding of these antibodies to soluble, secreted hemagglutinins with or without a carboxy-terminal trimerization domain based on the natural trimerization domain of T4 phage fibritin. The lack of such a domain completely abolishes binding to group 1 hemagglutinins and also affects binding to group 2 hemagglutinins. Additionally, the presence of a trimerization domain positively influences soluble hemagglutinin stability during expression and purification. Our findings suggest that a carboxy-terminal trimerization domain is a necessary requirement for the structural integrity of stalk epitopes on recombinant soluble influenza virus hemagglutinin.
Fucosylation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (2006)

Fucosylated carbohydrate structures are involved in a variety of biological and pathological processes in eukaryotic organisms including tissue development, angiogenesis, fertilization, cell adhesion, inflammation, and tumor metastasis. In contrast, fucosylation appears less common in prokaryotic organisms and has been suggested to be involved in molecular mimicry, adhesion, colonization, and modulating the host immune response. Fucosyltransferases (FucTs), present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, are the enzymes responsible for the catalysis of fucose transfer from donor guanosine-diphosphate fucose to various acceptor molecules including oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. To date, several subfamilies of mammalian FucTs have been well characterized; these enzymes are therefore delineated and used as models. Non-mammalian FucTs that possess different domain construction or display distinctive acceptor substrate specificity are highlighted. It is noteworthy that the glycoconjugates from plants and schistosomes contain some unusual fucose linkages, suggesting the presence of novel FucT subfamilies as yet to be characterized. Despite the very low sequence homology, striking functional similarity is exhibited between mammalian and Helicobacter pylori alpha1,3/4 FucTs, implying that these enzymes likely share a conserved mechanistic and structural basis for fucose transfer; such conserved functional features might also exist when comparing other FucT subfamilies from different origins. Fucosyltranferases are promising tools used in synthesis of fucosylated oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which show great potential in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases and tumor metastasis.
Cloning and characterization of multiple human polyamine oxidase splice variants that code for isoenzymes with different biochemical characteristics (2002)

The recently cloned and characterized human polyamine oxidase (PAOh1) potentially represents a new class of catabolic enzymes in the mammalian polyamine metabolic pathway capable of the efficient oxidation of polyamines. Here the discovery of three additional human PAO splice variants is reported, and the data support the fact that the human PAO gene codes for at least four isoenzymes, each of which exhibit distinctive biochemical characteristics, suggesting the existence of additional levels of complexity in polyamine catabolism.
Regulation of the insulin-like developmental pathway of Caenorhabditis elegans by a homolog of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene (1999)

The human PTEN tumor suppressor gene is mutated in a wide variety of sporadic tumors. To determine the function of PTEN in vivo we have studied a PTEN homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans. We have generated a strong loss-of-function allele of the PTEN homolog and shown that the deficient strain is unable to enter dauer diapause. An insulin-like phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3'K) signaling pathway regulates dauer-stage entry. Mutations in either the daf-2 insulin receptor-like (IRL) gene or the age-1 encoded PI3'K catalytic subunit homolog cause constitutive dauer formation and also affect the life span, brood size, and metabolism of nondauer animals. Strikingly, loss-of-function mutations in the age-1 PI3'K and daf-2 IRL genes are suppressed by loss-of-function mutations in the PTEN homolog. We establish that the PTEN homolog is encoded by daf-18, a previously uncloned gene that has been shown to interact genetically with the DAF-2 IRL AGE-1 PI3'K signaling pathway. This interaction provides clear genetic evidence that PTEN acts to antagonize PI3'K function in vivo. Given the conservation of the PI3'K signaling pathway between C. elegans and mammals, the analysis of daf-18 PTEN mutant nematodes should shed light on the role of human PTEN in the etiology of metabolic disease, aging, and cancer.
Anisotropic etching of silicon in solutions containing tensioactive compounds (2016)

The results of investigations concerning anisotropic etching in 3M KOH and 25% TMAH solutions modified by tensioactive compounds such as alcohols, diols and a typical surfactant Triton X100 have been compared. Etching anisotropy was assessed on the basis of etch rates ratio V(110)/V(100). It was stated that the relation between surface tension of the solutions and etch rates of particular planes depend not only on the kind of surfactant but also on the kind of etching solution (KOH, TMAH). It points out an important role of TMA<sup>+</sup> ions in the etching process, probably in the process of forming an adsorption layer, consisting of the molecules of tensioactive compounds on Si surface, which decides about etch rate. We have observed that this phenomenon occurs only at high concentration of TMA<sup>+</sup> ions (25% TMAH). Reduction of TMAH concentration changes the properties of surfactant containing TMAH solutions. From all investigated solutions, the solutions that assured developing of (110) plane inclined at the angle of 45&deg; to (100) substrate were selected. Such planes can be used as micromirrors in MOEMS structures. The solutions provide the etch rate ratio V(110)/V(100)&lt;0.7, thus they were selected from hydroxide solutions containing surfactants. A simple way for etch rate anisotropy V(110)/V(100) assessment based on microscopic images etched structures has been proposed.
Pfitzinger Reaction in the Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds - A Review (2014)

Pfitzinger reaction is the formation of derivative of 4-quinoline carboxylic acids from isatins or its analogs under alkaline condition. This reaction was first discovered by Pfitzinger at the end of 19th century hence it is known as Pfitzinger reaction. This reaction has attracted a great deal of attention in the last few decades because of biological significance of quinoline carboxylic acid derivatives. The utility of Pfitzinger reaction has been proved time to time by its involvement in the synthesis of drugs or drug intermediates. The present review is focused on brief aspects of the synthesis of 4-quinoline carboxylic acids from isatins and its different derivatives. It also covers the literature on modification of original Pfitzinger reaction and its application for the synthesis of different bioactive molecules. Different 4-quinoline carboxylic acids analogs synthesized by Pfitzinger reaction or modified Pfitzinger reaction have been tested for varied pharmacological activities. The review encompasses all literature reports of Pfitzinger reaction in the synthesis of different pharmacologically active molecules. This reaction with some modification has been widely used for the synthesis of a number of drugs or drug intermediates. The review also discusses the different chemistry aspects of Pfitzinger reaction. Keywords: Pfitzinger reaction, isatin derivatives, ketones, quinoline-4-carboxylic acid, bioactive molecules.
B7-CD28/CTLA-4 costimulatory pathways are required for the development of T helper cell 2-mediated allergic airway responses to inhaled antigens (1997)

We have previously demonstrated that the development of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model is CD4+ T cell dependent. In the present study, we examined the role of the B7/CD28-CTLA4 costimulatory T cell activation pathway in the pathogenesis of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in this murine model. Sensitized A/J mice develop significant increases in airway responsiveness, bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophils, serum IgE levels, and Th2-associated cytokine production following aspiration challenge with OVA. Administration of CTLA4-Ig either before Ag sensitization or before pulmonary Ag challenge abolished Ag-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary eosinophilia. Examination of cytokine protein levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage showed a significant decrease in the level of the Th2 cytokine, IL-4, after CTLA4-Ig treatment either before sensitization or before challenge, with no significant change in the concentration of the Th1 cytokine, IFN-gamma. Further, the Ag-specific Ab isotypes IgG1 and IgE were significantly decreased in animals treated with CTLA4-Ig before challenge, while there was no significant change in the IgG2a Ab isotype. These data demonstrate that administration of CTLA4-Ig is effective in ablating allergen-induced airway dysfunction concomitant with a significant reduction in the Th2 response. We conclude that B7/CD28-CTLA-4 costimulation is required for the development of many of the immunologic and physiologic features of asthma, possibly by promoting a pathologic type 2-associated response.
News Briefs (1992)

VTLS to Create Online Catalog for Virginia. The Virginia State Library and Archives in Richmond, which has used the VTLS integrated online library system software since 1983, has contracted with VTLS, Inc., for the CAVALIR ONLINE Database Creation Project. The goal of the project is to create an online union catalog containing holdings of all participating libraries in Virginia.
Immunological Responses of Swine to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection (2002)

The immunology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS) begins with an initial encounter of PRRSV with the pig. Regardless of the route of entry of PRRSV--via inhalation, intramuscular vaccination, insemination, or other routes--productive infection occurs predominately in alveolar macrophages of the lung. Thus, innate responses of the lung and the alveolar macrophage comprise the initial defense against PRRSV. The virus appears not to elicit innate interferon and cytokine responses characteristic of other strongly immunogenic viral pathogens, and its effects are consistent with induction of a weak adaptive immune response. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity is induced in due course, and results in clearance of virus from the circulation but not from lymphoid tissues, where the infection becomes persistent. Subsequent reexposure to PRRSV elicits an anamnestic response that is partially to completely protective. Within this unconventional picture of anti-PRRSV immunity lie a variety of unresolved issues, including the nature of protective immunity within individual pigs and among pigs in commercial populations, the efficacy of protective immunity against genetically different PRRSV isolates, the effects of developmental age, sex, genetics, and other host factors on the immune response to PRRSV, and the possible suppression of host immunity to other pathogens.
Enhanced electron emission and its stability from gated Mo-polycide field emitters (2002)

Metal silicides are promising materials for field emission cathodes due to their high electrical conductivity and thermal stability. In this paper, we examined molybdenum (Mo) silicide formation on gated n/sup +/ poly-Si emitters to improve electron field emission and stability. Surface morphology and field emission properties of the pure poly-Si emitters and the Mo-silicided poly-Si (Mo-polycide) emitters have been examined and compared. Field emission from the Mo-polycide emitters exhibited significant enhancement in both electron emission efficiency and stability.
Improved Electrospray Ionization Efficiency Compensates for Diminished Chromatographic Resolution and Enables Proteomics Analysis of Tyrosine Signaling in Embryonic Stem Cells (2009)

Characterization of signaling pathways in embryonic stem cells is a prerequisite for future application of these cells to treat human disease and other disorders. Identification of tyrosine signaling cascades is of particular interest but is complicated by the relatively low levels of tyrosine phosphorylation in embryonic stem cells. These hurdles correlate with the primary limitations of mass spectrometry-based proteomics; namely, poor detection limit and dynamic range. To overcome these obstacles, we fabricated miniaturized LC-electrospray assemblies that provided approximately 15-fold improvement in LC-MS performance. Significantly, our characterization data demonstrate that electrospray ionization efficiency compensates for diminished chromatographic performance at effluent flow rates below Van Deemter minima. Use of these assemblies facilitated quantitative proteomics-based analysis of tyrosine signaling cascades in embryonic stem cells. Our results suggest that a renewed focus on miniaturized LC coupled to ultralow flow electrospray will provide a viable path for proteomic analysis of primary cells and rare post-translational modifications.