gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-handed interaction on a tablet display (2004)

A touchscreen can be overlaid on a tablet computer to support asymmetric two-handed interaction in which the preferred hand uses a stylus and the non-preferred hand operates the touchscreen. The result is a portable device that allows both hands to interact directly with the display, easily constructed from commonly available hardware. The method for tracking the independent motions of both hands is described. A wide variety of existing two-handed interaction techniques can be used on this platform, as well as some new ones that exploit the reconfigurability of touchscreen interfaces. Informal tests show that, when the non-preferred hand performs simple actions, users find direct manipulation on the display with both hands to be comfortable, natural, and efficient.
Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Reduces Myocardial and Renal Injury After Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair (2007)

In patients undergoing elective open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, RIPC reduces the incidence of postoperative myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, and renal impairment.
Imbalance of neurotrophin receptor isoforms TrkB-FL/TrkB-T1 induces neuronal death in excitotoxicity (2012)

A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying neuronal death in cerebral ischemia is required for the development of stroke therapies. Here we analyze the contribution of the tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) neurotrophin receptor to excitotoxicity, a primary pathological mechanism in ischemia, which is induced by overstimulation of glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate type. We demonstrate a significant modification of TrkB expression that is strongly associated with neurodegeneration in models of ischemia and in vitro excitotoxicity. Two mechanisms cooperate for TrkB dysregulation: (1) calpain-processing of full-length TrkB (TrkB-FL), high-affinity receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which produces a truncated protein lacking the tyrosine-kinase domain and strikingly similar to the inactive TrkB-T1 isoform and (2) reverse regulation of the mRNA of these isoforms. Collectively, excitotoxicity results in a decrease of TrkB-FL, the production of truncated TrkB-FL and the upregulation of TrkB-T1. A similar neuro-specific increase of the TrkB-T1 isoform is also observed in stroke patients. A lentivirus designed for both neuro-specific TrkB-T1 interference and increased TrkB-FL expression allows recovery of the TrkB-FL/TrkB-T1 balance and protects neurons from excitotoxic death. These data implicate a combination of TrkB-FL downregulation and TrkB-T1 upregulation as significant causes of neuronal death in excitotoxicity, and reveal novel targets for the design of stroke therapies.
Design of Low-Density Parity Check Codes for 5G New Radio (2018)

Turbo codes, prevalent in most modern cellular devices, are set to be replaced by LDPC codes as the code for forward error correction. This transition was ushered in mainly because of the high throughput demands for 5G New Radio (NR). The new channel coding solution also needs to support incremental-redundancy hybrid ARQ, and a wide range of blocklengths and coding rates, with stringent performance guarantees and minimal description complexity. In this article, we first briefly review the requirements of the new channel code for 5G NR. We then describe the LDPC code design philosophy and how the broad requirements of 5G NR channel coding led to the introduction of novel structural features in the code design, culminating in an LDPC code that satisfies all the demands of 5G NR.
PDL241, a novel humanized monoclonal antibody, reveals CD319 as a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis (2013)

The activity of PDL241 in both in vitro and in vivo models highlights the potential of CD319 as a therapeutic target in RA.
Immunogenicity and Tolerance of a 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Nonresponders to the 23-Valent Pneumococcal Vaccine (2000)

There is still a lack of effective vaccination strategies for patients with a deficient antibody response to bacterial polysaccharide antigens. In an open trial, we evaluated the immunogenicity and tolerance of a new 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in 22 infection-prone nonresponders to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and 21 controls. In the patient group, nonresponsiveness was confirmed by repeated vaccination with a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. The study protocol provided two doses of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, given 4 to 6 weeks apart, for both groups. The antibody response was determined before each vaccination and on follow-up by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared to the response in a functional opsonophagocytosis assay. Patients showed a significantly lower postvaccination immune response for all serotypes than did controls. The postvaccination response was serotype dependent. A median titer of >1 microgram/ml in patients was recorded only for serotypes 4, 9V, 14, and 19F, which are known to be more immunogenic than serotypes 6B, 18C, and 23F. In the patient group, 70% responded to serotype 19F (Pnc 19F), 65% responded to Pnc 14 and 4, 60% responded to Pnc 9V, 55% responded to Pnc 18C, 50% responded to Pnc 23F, and 25% responded to Pnc 6B. In the control group >95% of individuals showed a titer of >1 microgram/ml to every serotype. The vaccine was tolerated well, and no major side effects have been reported. The new pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is clearly more immunogenic in previous nonresponders than is the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine. Immunization with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine should be considered as a strategy to protect high-risk patients.
Reaction of thiete 1,1‐dioxide with α‐chlorobenzalphenylhydrazine and methyl phenylhydrazonochloroacetate (1978)

Abstract Thiete 1,1‐dioxide reacts with 2 moles of α‐chlorobenzalphenylhydrazine and methyl phenylhydrazonochloroacetate in the presence of triethylamine leading to the pyrazole derivatives 6 and 7 whose structure and mechanism of formation are discussed.
Imaging and treatment of B-cell lymphoma. (1990)

Ten patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have been evaluated as candidates for experimental radioimmunotherapy and five of those patients have been treated with a single high dose of iodine-131-(131I) labeled anti-pan B-cell antibodies. The evaluation protocol involved collecting biodistribution data by quantitation of gamma camera images and by tumor biopsy from trace labeled doses of antibody, to estimate the relative radiation dose delivered to normal organs and tumor sites. Each patient received up to three escalating mass doses (0.5 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, and 10.0 mg/kg) of radioiodinated antibody for determination of the antibody amount that yielded the most favorable biodistribution for treatment. The millicuries of 131I-labeled to the optimal antibody dose for therapy was selected to deliver 1,000 rads (three patients) or 1,500 rads (two patients) to normal uninvolved organs. Because severe bone marrow toxicity was expected, all patients had their bone marrow cryopreserved prior to entry into the study. This report details the methods and results of quantitative imaging, biodistribution data collection, and absorbed radiation dose estimation in patients with lymphoma receiving high level radioimmunotherapy with 131I-labeled antibodies.
Disinfection of bacteria attached to granular activated carbon (1984)

Heterotrophic plate count bacteria, coliform organisms, and pathogenic microorganisms attached to granular activated carbon particles were examined for their susceptibility to chlorine disinfection. When these bacteria were grown on carbon particles and then disinfected with 2.0 mg of chlorine per liter (1.4 to 1.6 mg of free chlorine residual per liter after 1 h) for 1 h, no significant decrease in viable counts was observed. Washed cells attached to the surface of granular activated carbon particles showed similar resistance to chlorine, but a progressive increase in sublethal injury was found. Observations made by scanning electron microscope indicated that granular activated carbon was colonized by bacteria which grow in cracks and crevices and are coated by an extracellular slime layer. These data suggest a possible mechanism by which treatment and disinfection barriers can be penetrated and pathogenic bacteria may enter drinking water supplies.
B7-H1 is up-regulated in HIV infection and is a novel surrogate marker of disease progression (2002)

The ligation of programmed death-ligand 1 (B7-H1) to T cells results in the preferential production of interleukin 10 (IL-10). We investigated if B7-H1 would be up-regulated in HIV infection, a disease characterized by increased IL-10 production, by measuring B7-H1, B7-1 (CD80), and B7-2 (CD86) expression and mRNA in 36 HIV-infected patients and in 22 healthy controls (HCs). Results showed that (1) B7-H1 expression and mRNA are augmented in cells of HIV patients; (2) increased IL-10 production in these patients is largely induced by B7-H1-expressing CD14(+) cells; (3) an inverse correlation is detected between B7-H1 expression and CD4 counts, whereas the up-regulation of B7-H1 is directly associated with HIV plasma viremia; (4) antiviral therapy results in the parallel down modulation of IL-10 production and B7-H1 expression/synthesis; and (5) B7-H1/CD80 and B7-H1/CD86 mRNA ratios are increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV patients compared with HCs. B7-H1 synthesis and expression are up-regulated in HIV infection, and the degree of dysregulation correlates with the severity of disease. Aberrant antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that exhibit increased B7-H1 expression and IL-10 production in HIV infection could be responsible for T-lymphocyte unresponsiveness and loss of protective immunity. B7-H1 is a surrogate marker potentially involved in AIDS disease progression.
Drug treatment of functional dyspepsia (2006)

Symptomatic improvement of patients with functional dyspepsia after drug therapy is often incomplete and obtained in not more than 60% of patients. This is likely because functional dyspepsia is a heterogeneous disease. Although great advance has been achieved with the consensus definitions of the Rome I and II criteria, there are still some aspects about the definition of functional dyspepsia that require clarification. The Rome criteria explicitly recognise that epigastric pain or discomfort must be the predominant complaint in patients labelled as suffering from functional dyspepsia. However, this strict definition can create problems in the daily primary care clinical practice, where the patient with functional dyspepsia presents with multiple symptoms. Before starting drug therapy it is recommended to provide the patient with an explanation of the disease process and reassurance. A thorough physical examination and judicious use of laboratory data and endoscopy are also indicated. In general, the approach to treat patients with functional dyspepsia based on their main symptom is practical and effective. Generally, patients should be treated with acid suppressive therapy using proton-pump inhibitors if the predominant symptoms are epigastric pain or gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Although the role of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) in functional dyspepsia continues to be a matter of debate, recent data indicate that there is modest but clear benefit of eradication of H pylori in patients with functional dyspepsia. In addition, H pylori is a gastric carcinogen and if found it should be eliminated. Although there are no specific diets for patients with FD, it may be helpful to guide the patients on healthy exercise and eating habits.
Neural entrainment reflects temporal predictions guiding speech comprehension (2016)

Speech segmentation requires flexible mechanisms to remain robust to features such as speech rate and pronunciation. Recent hypotheses suggest that low-frequency neural oscillations entrain to ongoing syllabic and phrasal rates, and that neural entrainment provides a speech-rate invariant means to discretize linguistic tokens from the acoustic signal. How this mechanism functionally operates remains unclear. Here, we test the hypothesis that neural entrainment reflects temporal predictive mechanisms. It implies that neural entrainment is built on the dynamics of past speech information: the brain would internalize the rhythm of preceding speech to parse the ongoing acoustic signal at optimal time points. A direct prediction is that ongoing neural oscillatory activity should match the rate of preceding speech even if the stimulation changes, for instance when the speech rate suddenly increases or decreases. Crucially, the persistence of neural entrainment to past speech rate should modulate speech perception. We performed an MEG experiment in which native Dutch speakers listened to sentences with varying speech rates. The beginning of the sentence (carrier window) was either presented at a fast or a slow speech rate, while the last three words (target window) were displayed at an intermediate rate across trials. Participants had to report the perception of the last word of the sentence, which was ambiguous with regards to its vowel duration (short vowel /ɑ/ – long vowel /aː/ contrast). MEG data was analyzed in source space using beamformer methods. Consistent with previous behavioral reports, the perception of the ambiguous target word was influenced by the past speech rate; participants reported more /aː/ percepts after a fast speech rate, and more /ɑ/ after a slow speech rate. During the carrier window, neural oscillations efficiently tracked the dynamics of the speech envelope. During the target window, we observed oscillatory activity that corresponded in frequency to the preceding speech rate. Traces of neural entrainment to the past speech rate were significantly observed in medial prefrontal areas. Right superior temporal cortex also showed persisting oscillatory activity which correlated with the observed perceptual biases: participants whose perception was more influenced by the manipulation in speech rate also showed stronger remaining neural oscillatory patterns. The results show that neural entrainment lasts after rhythmic stimulation. The findings further provide empirical support for oscillatory models of speech processing, suggesting that neural oscillations actively encode temporal predictions for speech comprehension.
Effect of Pretreatment with Intrathecal Excitatory Amino Acid Receptor Antagonists on the Development of Pain Behavior Caused by Plantar Incision (2000)

Spinal NMDA and mGluR antagonists may not be useful for preventing postsurgical pain. Spinal non-NMDA receptor antagonists reduced pain behaviors, but a preventive effect using preincision treatment was not apparent.
Replicative potential of human natural killer cells (2009)

The replicative potential of human CD56(+) CD3(-) natural killer (NK) cells is unknown. We found that by exposing NK cells to the leukaemic cell line K562 genetically modified to express 4-1BB ligand and interleukin 15 (K562-mb15-41BBL), they expanded for up to 30 population doublings, achieving numbers that ranged from 1.6 x 10(5) to 1.2 x 10(11)% (median, 5.9 x 10(6)%; n = 7) of those originally seeded. However, NK cells eventually became unresponsive to stimulation and died. Their demise could be suppressed by enforcing the expression of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT). TERT-overexpressing NK cells continued to proliferate in response to K562-mb15-41BBL stimulation for more than 1 year of culture, while maintaining a normal karyotype and genotype. Long-lived NK cells had high cytotoxicity against myeloid and T-lineage leukaemic cells. They remained susceptible to genetic manipulation, becoming highly cytotoxic to B-lineage leukaemic cells after expression of anti-CD19 signaling receptors. Thus, human NK cells have a replicative potential similar to that of T lymphocytes and their lifespan can be significantly prolonged by an increase in TERT activity. We suggest that the methods described here should have many applications in studies of NK cell biology and NK cell-based therapies.
Lysosomal enzyme phosphorylation. Recognition of a protein-dependent determinant allows specific phosphorylation of oligosaccharides present on lysosomal enzymes. (1984)

We have investigated the basis for the specific recognition of lysosomal enzymes by UDP-GlcNAc:lysosomal enzyme N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase. This enzyme is responsible for the selective phosphorylation of mannose residues on lysosomal enzymes. Two mammalian lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin D and uteroferrin, and two nonlysosomal glycoproteins were treated with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H to remove those high mannose oligosaccharide units which are accessible on the native protein. These proteins were then tested as inhibitors of three different glycosyltransferases. The endo H-treated lysosomal enzymes were shown to be specific inhibitors of the phosphorylation of intact lysosomal enzymes. Proteolytic fragments of cathepsin D, including the entire light chain and heavy chain, did not retain the ability to be recognized by the N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase. These findings indicate that the intact protein portion of lysosomal enzymes contains a specific recognition determinant which leads to high-affinity binding to the N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase. The expression of this determinant appears to be dependent on the conformation of the protein.
Keratocyte apoptosis after corneal surgery. (1998)

There are qualitative and quantitative differences in keratocyte apoptosis between LASIK, epithelial scrape-PRK, and transepithelial PRK. Epithelial injury is an important factor modulating keratocyte apoptosis. The level and distribution of keratocyte apoptosis, along with subsequent repopulation by activated stromal keratocytes, are likely to be important determinants of corneal wound healing associated with variability and regression after PRK and LASIK. Transepithelial PRK induces low levels of keratocyte apoptosis, and, therefore, this approach may be useful for treating higher levels of myopia and for retreatment after regression.
Cationic Oligo(thiophene ethynylene) with Broad-Spectrum and High Antibacterial Efficiency under White Light and Specific Biocidal Activity against S. aureus in Dark (2015)

We designed and synthesized a novel oligo(thiophene ethynylene) (OTE) to investigate the antibacterial activities against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Ralstonia solanacearum and Escherichia coli) bacteria in vitro by photodynamic therapy (PDT). Notably, OTE presents broad-spectrum and greatly high antibacterial activities after white light irradiation at nanogram per milliliter concentrations. The half inhibitory concentrations (IC50) values obtained for S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, and R. solanacearum are 8, 13, 24, and 52 ng/mL after illumination for 30 min, respectively, which are lower than that of other PDT agents. Interestingly, OTE shows the specific and very strong dark killing capability against S. aureus at the concentration of 180 ng/mL for 30 min, which is the highest efficiency biocide against S. aureus without the need of irradiation to date. The antibacterial mechanism investigated demonstrated that reactive oxygen species or singlet-oxygen generated by OTE kills bacteria irreversibly upon white light irradiation, and OTE as a v-type oligomer exerts its toxicity directly on destroying bacterial cytoplasmic membrane in the dark. Importantly, the OTE shows no cell cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility. The results indicate that it is potential to provide versatile applications in the efficient control of pathogenic organisms and specific application for killing S. aureus.
Voiding dysfunction (2001)

Voiding dysfunction in women is common, but is frequently undiagnosed until the patient presents with symptoms. The aetiology of voiding dysfunction includes the following, any of which may lead to acute or chronic disorders: obstructive causes; postsurgical conditions; neurological disorders; overdistension; inflammatory, pharmacological, psychogenic causes and learned voiding dysfunction; detrusor myopathy and urethral sphincter hypertrophy. Clinical assessment should include history, and general, neurological and pelvic examinations. Investigations may include uroflowmetry, ultrasound for residual urine and upper urinary tract dilatation, urodynamic assessment and electromyography. New surgical techniques to identify vesical branches of the pelvic nerves intraoperatively during radical hysterectomy have been shown to help prevent voiding dysfunction postoperatively. If acute retention occurs, then bladder drainage is the most important measure. Suprapubic catheters are superior to transurethral catheters if long-term voiding difficulties are expected. Whenever possible, patients with chronic retention should be taught clean intermittent self-catheterization. Depending on the cause, other possible treatment options include urethral dilatation, insertion of an intraurethral device, and neuromodulation. Voiding dysfunction in women is still poorly understood. Prompt management of acute retention is essential, and clean intermittent self-catheterization remains the most effective therapy for chronic retention.
Development of a Knowledge Acquisition System for Investigation and Categorisation of Train Driver Heuristics (1989)

An architecture for a comprehensive railway simulator containing numerical computations and expert systems is presented. A train control knowledge acquisition system is part of this architecture, which makes use of the technique of pattern recognition for investigation and categorisation of train drive heuristics.
Backing up a truck-trailer with suboptimal distance trajectories (2002)

In this paper, a fuzzy logic controller is designed for back-driving a truck-trailer model into a prescribed parking lot along a suboptimal trajectory where the optimality is defined in terms of the natural parabolic driving paths that a truck-trailer travels. By applying fuzzy logic control techniques, a controller is developed with nine rules, which works well even without using a mathematical model of the truck-trailer system. As long as the states of the truck are measurable at each discrete-time step during the control process, this controller can drive the truck-trailer to follow any feasible trajectories, and to park successfully into the lot along a suboptimal trajectory. In addition to the design, controllability and stability of the control system are discussed, by using the small gain theorem for the truck-trailer system and the Lyapunov method for the single truck system. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the new fuzzy logic controller, and to compare its control performance with other fuzzy logic controllers that were designed for the same purpose under the similar conditions without using any optimality criterion.