gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transport and secretion of truncated T cell receptor beta-chain occurs in the absence of association with CD3. (1990)

The T cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain is produced in the endoplasmic reticulum where it associates with the TCR alpha-chain and the members of the CD3 complex to form the complete receptor. When the other chains of the complex are not available, the beta-chain is rapidly degraded within the endoplasmic reticulum. When incomplete TCR.CD3 complexes are formed, they are transported through the Golgi apparatus and degraded in lysosomes. In this study, a truncated form of the TCR beta-chain has been made by removal of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic segments. Unlike the normal beta-chain, the truncated molecule is stable and is transported through the Golgi apparatus and secreted. This process occurs at a similar rate in both T and B cells, indicating that it is not affected by the presence or absence of CD3 components. These data suggest that an element in the transmembrane or cytoplasmic region of the beta-chain confers sensitivity to the degradative control mechanisms that regulate TCR expression.
Potential antitumor agents. 59. Structure-activity relationships for 2-phenylbenzimidazole-4-carboxamides, a new class of minimal DNA-intercalating agents which may not act via topoisomerase II (1990)

A series of substituted 2-phenylbenzimidazole-4-carboxamides has been synthesized and evaluated for in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity. These compounds represent the logical conclusion to our search for "minimal" DNA-intercalating agents with the lowest possible DNA-binding constants. Such "2-1" tricyclic chromophores, of lower aromaticity than the structurally similar 2-phenylquinolines, have the lowest DNA binding affinity yet seen in the broad series of tricyclic carboxamide intercalating agents. Despite very low in vitro cytotoxicities, several of the compounds had moderate levels of in vivo antileukemic effects. However, the most interesting aspect of their biological activity was the lack of cross-resistance shown to an amsacrine-resistant P388 cell line, suggesting that these compounds may not express their cytotoxicity via interaction with topoisomerase II.
Learning to Care (2017)

If I'm honest, I know what it means to have caring teachers. As a privileged (White, middle class, U.S. American) student who attended funded schools, I knew what it felt like to be cared for and to make connections with teachers. These positive experiences are what made the pain of moments of non-care that much more distressing.
Viral persistencein vivothrough selection of neutralizing antibody-escape variants (2000)

Despite initial virus control by CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), noncytopathic or variably cytopathic viruses (e.g., hepatitis B and C viruses, HIV) are able to establish persistent infections. The role of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in controlling disease progression is unclear. Therefore, the phenomenon of viral evasion from the nAb response and its implications for virus persistence remain controversial. Here we demonstrate nAb-mediated viral clearance in CTL-deficient mice infected with the prototypic noncytopathic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (strain WE). During prolonged CTL absence, neutralization-resistant virus mutants were selected in individual mice within 70-90 days. In naive animals infected with these virus variants only low nAb responses were induced, resulting in an increased tendency of virus to persist.
<title>Adaptive cosine transform coding using marginal analysis</title> (1995)

An adaptive cosine tranform coding algorithm is proposed for data compression. The algorithm employs cosine transform and marginal analysis technique to convert data from time domain to frequency domain and achieve bit allocation for the quantization of the signal in its frequency domain. Compared with the conventional cosine transform coding which employs a logarithm approach to bit allocation, this algorithm yields lower mean squared quantization errors. The simulation result is presented here for waveform signal coding but, with a 2D cosine transform, the algorithm is applicable also to image signals.
Design of threshold dominant delay Physical Unclonable Functions in 65nm CMOS (2014)

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) exploits static process variation across integrated circuits in the manufacturing processes to generate many unique, random and unclonable security keys. In this paper, a threshold dominant delay PUFs (TDD-PUFs) is designed in TSMC 65nm CMOS technology. After configuring the nMOSFET and pMOSFET dominant delay, TDD-PUFs updates the key without physically replace. N stages threshold dominant delay cell, arbiter and other circuits are organized to realize TDD-PUFs. In custom designed, the layout of 128-bit TDD-PUFs occupies 358.62μm×154.65μm. Experimental results show that the randomness is about 100% over a range of environmental variations.
Binding Patterns of Human Norovirus-Like Particles to Buccal and Intestinal Tissues of Gnotobiotic Pigs in Relation to A/H Histo-Blood Group Antigen Expression (2007)

Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) phenotypes have been associated with susceptibility to human noroviruses (HuNoVs). Our aims were: (i) to determine the patterns of A/H HBGA expression in buccal and intestinal tissues of gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs; (ii) to determine if virus-like particles (VLPs) of HuNoV genogroup I (GI) and GII bind to A- or H-type tissues; (iii) to compare A/H expression and VLP binding patterns and confirm their binding specificities by blocking assays; (iv) to develop a hemagglutination inhibition test using buccal cells from live pigs to determine the Gn pig's A/H phenotype and to match viral strains with previously determined HuNoV VLP binding specificities; and (v) to determine the A/H phenotypes and compare these data to the infection outcomes of a previous study of 65 Gn pigs inoculated with HuNoV GII/4 strain HS66 and expressing A and/or H or neither antigen on their buccal and intestinal tissues (S. Cheetham, M. Souza, T. Meulia, S. Grimes, M. G. Han, and L. J. Saif, J. Virol. 80:10372-10381, 2006). We found that the HuNoV GI/GII VLPs of different clusters bound to tissues from four pigs tested (two A+ and two H+). The GI/1 and GII/4 VLPs bound extensively to duodenal and buccal tissues from either A+ or H+ pigs, but surprisingly, GII/1 and GII/3 VLPs bound minimally to the duodenum of an A+ pig. The VLP binding was partially inhibited by A-, H1-, or H2-specific monoclonal antibodies, but was completely blocked by porcine mucin. Comparing the A/H phenotypes of 65 HS66-inoculated Gn pigs from our previous study, we found that significantly more A+ and H(+) pigs (51%) than non-A+ and non-H+ pigs (12.5%) shed virus. From the 22 convalescent pigs, significantly more A+ or H+ pigs (66%) than non-A+ or H+ pigs (25%) seroconverted.
The tert-Butyl Side Chain: A Powerful Means to Lock Peptoid Amide Bonds in the Cis Conformation (2013)

The very simple sterically hindered tert-butyl side chain exerts complete control over the peptoid amide geometry which only exists in the cis conformation. It is exemplified in NtBu glycine homo-oligomers and in linear oligopeptoids designed with an alternating cis-trans backbone amide pattern.
La tecnologia del vi i la destil.lació a la Catalunya del 1800 (1997)

En aquest article es descriuen alguns aspectes tecnics de la vinicultura catalana de la transicio entre els segles XVIII i el XIX, en el marc d'un canvi tecnologic mes general. En la fabricacio del vi i dels seus derivats, un conjut de conceptes teorics, d'experiments de laboratori i d'habilitats tecniques es complementaven a traves d'una xarxa de quimics academics, d'artesans, de mecanics o de comerciants licoristes, que transformaren considerablement l'estudi del vi, la seva produccio i conservacio. En concret, i sota influencia francesa, un seguit de noves propostes foren liderades a Catalunya per alguns dels representants genuins de les Escoles tecniques de la Junta de Comerc. Si a la primera part del segle XIX, aquestes institucions es poden considerar, desde d'una perspectiva historica, com precedents de l'Escola Industrial barcelonina, de manera analoga, les noves tecniques vinicoles del 1800 serien en part un antecedent, una especie de protoenginyeria, que posaria algunes...
Specific Impairment of Human Platelet P2Y AC ADP Receptor–Mediated Signaling by the Antiplatelet Drug Clopidogrel (1999)

Clopidogrel is an effective new antiplatelet agent useful for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular, cardiac, and peripheral arterial disease. However, the mechanism of clopidogrel action is not well understood, although it is known to inhibit ADP-evoked platelet aggregation. In the current study, the effect of clopidogrel on recently identified human platelet ADP receptors and their signaling pathways was investigated by using platelets from clopidogrel-treated subjects, 6 healthy volunteers (2 females and 4 males) who received 75 mg of clopidogrel daily for 7 days. Blood was taken and various platelet receptor signaling pathways were analyzed before treatment, after 7 days of medication, and 4 weeks after treatment had ceased. Platelet tests included the analysis of aggregation, rapid calcium influx, calcium mobilization from intracellular stores, adenylyl cyclase, and phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). The data indicate that clopidogrel does not affect those platelet ADP receptors coupled to cation influx (P2X1 ADP receptors) or calcium mobilization (P2Y1 ADP receptors). In contrast, clopidogrel treatment specifically impairs the ADP receptor coupled to G(i)/adenylyl cyclase (P2Y(AC) ADP receptors). Clopidogrel abolishes the inhibitory P2Y(AC) receptor-mediated ADP effects on prostaglandin E(1)-stimulated, cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of VASP without affecting epinephrine, thrombin, and thromboxane signaling. VASP phosphorylation is known to be closely correlated with the inhibition of platelet and fibrinogen receptor (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) activation. Therefore, inhibition of the platelet P2Y(AC) ADP receptor and its intracellular signaling, including decreased VASP phosphorylation, is suggested as a molecular mechanism of clopidogrel action.
On‐Line Assessment of Metabolic Activities Based on Culture Redox Potential and Dissolved Oxygen Profiles During Aerobic Fermentation (1992)

We report here on the utility of on-line culture redox potential and dissolved oxygen measurements to identify metabolic changes in fermentation by Corynebacterium glutamicum under aerobic conditions. Metabolic changes were identified by observing discrepancies in the profile of culture redox potential and dissolved oxygen. On the basis of these measurements, we can identify the end of the lag phase, threonine exhaustion, and glucose exhaustion during fermentation.
Agriculture: The selector of improbable mutations (2006)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Recent advances of novel targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (2009)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths world-wide. Recent advances in cancer biology have led to the identification of new targets in neoplastic cells and the development of novel targeted therapies. At this time, two targeted agents are approved by the FDA in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) erlotinib, and the anitangiogenic bevacizumab. A third agent, cetuximab, which was recently shown to enhance survival when used with cisplatin and vinorelbine as first line therapy for advanced NSCLC, will likely be approved by regulatory agencies. With more than 500 molecularly targeted agents under development, the prospects of identifying novel therapies that benefit individual patients with lung cancer are bright.
THE INDUCTION OF MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX CLASS II EXPRESSION IS SUFFICIENT FOR THE DIRECT ACTIVATION OF HUMAN CD4+ T CELLS BY PORCINE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS1 (2000)

The role played by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive vascular endothelial cells in organ graft rejection is unknown but potentially very important. Methods. The MHC class II-negative porcine vascular endothelial cell line PIEC was stably transfected with the human class II transactivator CIITA, in order to induce MHC class II expression without the coinduction of T-cell costimulatory ligands. These PIEC cells were compared with interferon gamma-treated PIEC cells for their capacity to stimulate the proliferation of pure human CD4+ T cells. Results. The CIITA-transfected PIECs were as effective as interferon y-treated PIECs for stimulating unprimed human CD4+ T cells, the peak response with the CIITA-transfected cells in fact occurring earlier (day 3 instead of day 5). Monoclonal antibodies to SLA-DR substantially inhibited the CD4+ T-cell responses in both cases. However, whereas the response to interferon gamma-treated PIEC was partially inhibited by CTLA4-Ig, that to CIITA-transfected PIEC was not. Conclusions. The strong stimulation of CD4+ T cells by the specific induction of MHC class II antigens demonstrates that PIEC cells constitutively express functionally effective levels of costimulatory ligands. This finding strengthens the case that vascular endothelial cells are professional antigen-presenting cells and that MHC class II-positive vascular endothelial cells might play a role in the rejection of organ allografts.
Early cardiac hypertrophy in mice with impaired calmodulin regulation of cardiac muscle Ca2+ release channel (2007)

Studies with isolated membrane fractions have shown that calmodulin (CaM) inhibits the activity of cardiac muscle cell Ca(2+) release channel ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2). To determine the physiological importance of CaM regulation of RyR2, we generated a mouse with 3 amino acid substitutions (RyR2-W3587A/L3591D/F3603A) in exon 75 of the Ryr2 gene, which encodes the CaM-binding site of RyR2. Homozygous mutant mice showed an increased ratio of heart weight to body weight, greatly reduced fractional shortening of the left ventricle, and lethality at 9-16 days of age. Biochemical analysis of hearts of 7- and 10-day-old homozygous mutant mice indicated an impaired CaM inhibition of RyR2 at micromolar Ca(2+) concentrations, reduction in RyR2 protein levels and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) sequestration, and upregulation of genes and/or proteins associated with class II histone deacetylase/myocyte enhancer factor-2 and calcineurin signaling pathways. Sustained Ca(2+) transients, often displaying repeated periods of incomplete Ca(2+) removal, were observed in homozygous cardiomyocytes. Taken together, the data indicate that impaired CaM inhibition of RyR2, associated with defective sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release and altered gene expression, leads to cardiac hypertrophy and early death.
Determination of atomic desolvation energies from the structures of crystallized proteins (1997)

We estimated effective atomic contact energies (ACE), the desolvation free energies required to transfer atoms from water to a protein's interior, using an adaptation of a method introduced by S. Miyazawa and R. L. Jernigan. The energies were obtained for 18 different atom types, which were resolved on the basis of the way their properties cluster in the 20 common amino acids. In addition to providing information on atoms at the highest resolution compatible with the amount and quality of data currently available, the method itself has several new features, including its reference state, the random crystal structure, which removes compositional bias, and a scaling factor that makes contact energies quantitatively comparable with experimentally measured energies. The high level of resolution, the explicit accounting of the local properties of protein interiors during determination of the energies, and the very high computational efficiency with which they can be assigned during any computation, should make the results presented here widely applicable. First we used ACE to calculate the free energies of transferring side-chains from protein interior into water. A comparison of the results thus obtained with the measured free energies of transferring side-chains from n-octanol to water, indicates that the magnitude of protein to water transfer free energies for hydrophobic side-chains is larger than that of n-octanol to water transfer free energies. The difference is consistent with observations made by D. Shortle and co-workers, who measured differential free energies of protein unfolding for site-specific mutants in which Ala or Gly was substituted for various hydrophobic side-chains. A direct comparison (calculated versus observed free energy differences) with those experiments finds slopes of 1.15 and 1.13 for Gly and Ala substitutions, respectively. Finally we compared calculated and observed binding free energies of nine protease-inhibitor complexes. This requires a full free energy function, which is created by adding direct electrostatic interactions and an appropriate entropic component to the solvation free energy term. The calculated free energies are typically within 10% of the observed values. Taken collectively, these results suggest that ACE should provide a reasonably accurate and rapidly evaluatable solvation component of free energy, and should thus make accessible a range of docking, design and protein folding calculations that would otherwise be difficult to perform.
DNA polymerases engineered by directed evolution to incorporate non-standard nucleotides (2014)

DNA polymerases have evolved for billions of years to accept natural nucleoside triphosphate substrates with high fidelity and to exclude closely related structures, such as the analogous ribonucleoside triphosphates. However, polymerases that can accept unnatural nucleoside triphosphates are desired for many applications in biotechnology. The focus of this review is on non-standard nucleotides that expand the genetic "alphabet." This review focuses on experiments that, by directed evolution, have created variants of DNA polymerases that are better able to accept unnatural nucleotides. In many cases, an analysis of past evolution of these polymerases (as inferred by examining multiple sequence alignments) can help explain some of the mutations delivered by directed evolution.
ALOE VERA IN THE TREATMENT OF ROENTGEN ULCERS AND TELANGIECTASIS (1936)

The use of the fresh whole leaf of aloe vera in the treatment of roentgen dermatitis was suggested by C. E. and Creston Collins.<sup>1</sup>Early in 1935 they reported the case of a woman, aged 31, who had had a severe roentgen dermatitis of the left forehead following a depilating roentgen treatment. Various local treatments were tried without effect, and exfoliation and severe itching persisted at the treated site. The patient received a local application of the fresh whole leaf of aloe vera to allay the itching. Within twenty-four hours the sensation of itching and burning subsided and the condition progressively improved within the next five weeks and showed "complete regeneration of skin of the forehead and scalp, new hair growth, complete restoration of sensation, and absence of scars." Radiation sequelae have been classified by Wise and Sulzberger<sup>2</sup>as "(1) pigmentation, (2) telangiectasis, (3) sclerosis, (4) keratoses, (5)
Simultaneous 13C and 31P NMR studies of perfused rat liver. Effects of insulin and glucagon and a 13C NMR assay of free Mg2+. (1983)

Metabolism of [2-13C]pyruvate, [1,2-13C]ethanol, and NH4+ in the presence and absence of 7 nM insulin has been followed at 35 degrees C by alternate scan 13C and 31P NMR at 90.5 and 145.8 MHz, respectively, in isolated perfused liver from 16-h fasted rats. With this technique, 31P and 13C NMR spectra are recorded simultaneously so that both phosphate metabolites and 13C-labeled metabolites could be followed, noninvasively, in perfused liver to give a comprehensive view of the response to a variety of stimuli. 13C-labeled glycogen increased synchronously, at a rate of 17 mumol of glucose units/g of liver/h, with the synthesis of 13C-labeled glucose, which also proceeded at a rate of 17 mumol/g of liver/h; glycogenesis was essentially a gluconeogenic process under these conditions and was not affected by the presence of insulin. From the position of the 13C-labeled citrate peak observed in liver, the measurement of Kd for the citrate-Mg complex under our conditions, and the expression relating these quantities to the concentration of free Mg2+, the intracellular level of free Mg2+ is estimated to be 0.46 +/- 0.05 mM in perfused rat liver. After subsequent administration of glucagon, a rapid decrease in glycogen and citrate was seen by 13C NMR and a 44% increase in glycero-3-phosphocholine was seen by 31P NMR; increase in glycero-3-phosphocholine is consistent with stimulation of liver phospholipase activity by glucagon. The co-administration of two different 13C-labeled substrates introduced multiplet structure arising from spin-spin interaction between labeled adjacent carbons into the peaks of several key metabolites. 13C enrichments at specific carbons of citrate, glutamate, glutamine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose and the distribution of intensity within the multiplets of specific carbons were measured in spectra of perfusates and extracts of the freeze-clamped livers. Within the context of a first order model for fluxes into the Krebs cycle and into glucose, analytical expressions were written that describe the intensity distributions within the several multiplets. In this way, a set of simultaneous equations was generated and solved in general form; when the measured intensity ratios are substituted into these expressions, relative fluxes under the conditions of the experiment can be estimated. Because a redundancy of information is available, checks on self-consistency are built into the estimated fluxes.
Electronic Commerce on the Internet (1997)

Topical therapy with Maalox and diphenhydramine or viscous lidocaine was administered to 73% and 15% of the patients, respectively, whereas acyclovir was administered to only 17%. Dosing and administration of topical agents in the treatment of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis in preschoolers were problematic. Acyclovir was not being used as often as it could have been.
Direct and Indirect Effects (2022)

The direct effect of one eventon another can be defined and measured byholding constant all intermediate variables between the two.Indirect effects present conceptual andpractical difficulties (in nonlinear models), because they cannot be isolated by holding certain variablesconstant. This paper shows a way of defining any path-specific effectthat does not invoke blocking the remainingpaths.This permits the assessment of a more naturaltype of direct and indirect effects, one thatis applicable in both linear and nonlinear models. The paper establishesconditions under which such assessments can be estimated consistentlyfrom experimental and nonexperimental data,and thus extends path-analytic techniques tononlinear and nonparametric models.