gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
36-Year-Old Female with Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome Treated with Eculizumab: A Case Report and Review of Literature (2014)

Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition characterized by diffuse vascular thrombosis, leading to multiple organ failure developing over a short period of time in the presence of positive antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). CAPS is a severe form of antiphospholipid syndrome, developing in about 1% of cases of classic antiphospholipid syndrome, manifesting as microangiopathy, affecting small vessels of multiple organs. It is acute in onset, with majority of cases developing thrombocytopenia and less frequently hemolytic anemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies have been reported as predominant antibodies associated with CAPS. Treatment options often utilized in CAPS include anticoagulation, steroids, plasma exchange, cyclophosphamide therapy, and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Even though the reported incidence of this condition is considered to be low, the mortality rate is approaching 50%. The high rate of mortality should warrant greater awareness among clinicians for timely diagnosis and treatment of this life-threatening condition. Studies have shown that complement activation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of aPL mediated thrombosis in CAPS. We report a case of a 36-year-old female admitted with clinical and laboratory findings consistent with CAPS successfully treated with eculizumab, a terminal complement inhibitor.
In Vitro and In Vivo Gene Transfer by an Optimized α-Cyclodextrin Conjugate with Polyamidoamine Dendrimer (2003)

The purpose of the present study is to optimize the structure of the polyamidoamine starburst dendrimer (dendrimer) conjugate with alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CDE conjugate) as a nonviral vector. alpha-CDE conjugates of dendrimer (generation 3, G3) with various average degrees of substitution (DS) of alpha-CyD of 1.1, 2.4, and 5.4 were prepared. alpha-CDE conjugates formed the complexes with pDNA, resulting in a change of the particle sizes of pDNA complexes, but the distinction of physicochemical properties among their vector/pDNA complexes was only very slight. The membrane-disruptive ability of alpha-CDE conjugates on liposomes encapsulating calcein and their cytotoxicity to NIH3T3 and HepG2 increased with an increase in the DS value of alpha-CyD. In vitro gene transfer activity of alpha-CDE conjugates in both NIH3T3 and HepG2 cells augmented as the charge ratio (vector/pDNA) increased, and the activity of alpha-CDE conjugate (DS 2.4) was the highest at higher charge ratios among dendrimer (G3), the three alpha-CDE conjugates, and TransFast. After intravenous administration of pDNA complexes in mice, alpha-CDE conjugate (DS 2.4) delivered pDNA more efficiently in spleen, liver, and kidney, compared with dendrimer and other alpha-CDE conjugates (DS 1.1 and 5.4). The potential use of alpha-CDE conjugate (G3, DS 2.4) could be expected as a nonviral vector in vitro and in vivo, and these data may be useful for design of alpha-CyD conjugates with other nonviral vectors.
Multiple Bragg Diffractions with Different Wavelengths and Polarizations Composed of Liquid Crystal/Polymer Periodic Phases (2017)

We first fabricated holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLCs) that produce multiple Bragg diffractions with different polarization states for every angle of incidence, through a photopolymerization-induced phase separation by one-time interferential exposure. The polarizations of the Bragg diffractions were well-controlled at individual wavelengths in the fabrication process by the compositional ratio of LCs to monomers. The raw mixtures of extremely low-functionality monomers having very different viscosities were used to reduce the domain size in phase separation and subsequently to form elaborate periodic structures of the LC and polymer phases. A cross-linker (1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidione) and a prepolymer with urethane groups were employed to strengthen the polymer network. Note that the diffractions of our HPDLCs are regarded as not purely but mostly Bragg type, according to the evaluation with the established criteria. The devices, which are monolithic but versatile in diffractive behaviors, have advantages of simple manufacturing and handling.
Inhibition of VEGF receptors causes lung cell apoptosis and emphysema (2000)

Pulmonary emphysema, a significant global health problem, is characterized by a loss of alveolar structures. Because VEGF is a trophic factor required for the survival of endothelial cells and is abundantly expressed in the lung, we hypothesized that chronic blockade of VEGF receptors could induce alveolar cell apoptosis and emphysema. Chronic treatment of rats with the VEGF receptor blocker SU5416 led to enlargement of the air spaces, indicative of emphysema. The VEGF receptor inhibitor SU5416 induced alveolar septal cell apoptosis but did not inhibit lung cell proliferation. Viewed by angiography, SU5416-treated rat lungs showed a pruning of the pulmonary arterial tree, although we observed no lung infiltration by inflammatory cells or fibrosis. SU5416 treatment led to a decrease in lung expression of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), phosphorylated VEGFR-2, and Akt-1 in the complex with VEGFR-2. Treatment with the caspase inhibitor Z-Asp-CH(2)-DCB prevented SU5416-induced septal cell apoptosis and emphysema development. These findings suggest that VEGF receptor signaling is required for maintenance of the alveolar structures and, further, that alveolar septal cell apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of emphysema.
Stable Mn(III) porphyrins mimic superoxide dismutase in vitro and substitute for it in vivo. (1994)

Several manganic porphyrins, with substituents on the methine bridge carbons, were prepared and examined for stability, redox behavior, catalysis of the dismutation of superoxide radical (O2-), and the ability to protect a superoxide dismutase (SOD)-null strain of E. coli against dissolved oxygen and a SOD-competent strain against paraquat. All of the compounds tested exhibited reversible redox behavior and were stable to EDTA in both the oxidized and reduced states, and several were able to catalyze the dismutation of O2- with the rate constants of approximately 10(7) M-1 s-1. The marked protective effects of some of these compounds exceeded that which could be anticipated on the basis of such rate constants. The tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridyl) compound was reduced enzymatically at the expense of NADPH and nonenzymatically by GSH and was kept in the reduced state within E. coli. Since the rate constant for reoxidation of the reduced form by O2- is 4 x 10(9) M-1 s-1, it appears that this compound acts in vivo as an NADPH/GSH:O2- oxidoreductase rather than as an SOD mimic. Its ability to facilitate aerobic growth of the SOD-null strain can be explained on this basis.
Molecular cloning of murine decay accelerating factor by immunoscreening (1996)

Although the cDNA of human decay accelerating factor (DAF) which restricts complement activation on homologous cell membranes was cloned in 1987, all trials to detect the cDNA of mouse DAF by cross-hybridization were unsuccessful. However, by immunoscreening with a rabbit antiserum against purified mouse DAF, we successfully cloned the cDNA. It contains four typical short consensus repeats (SCR) similar to that in human and guinea pig DAF. The base sequence showed 63.7 and 63.8% identity to that of human and guinea pig DAF respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence identity to human and guinea pig DAF was 47.2 and 46.5% respectively. Mouse complement receptor related gene Y (Crry)/p65 function is comparable to DAF. SCR3 and SCR4 of mouse DAF showed 50% identity to SCR2 and SCR3 of Crry/p65 respectively. Identification of the mouse DAF gene should open a new approach for determining the actual in vivo role of DAF by analyzing autoimmune mice as well as generating DAF gene knockout mice using embryonic stem cells.
Differences in meibomian fatty acid composition in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction and aqueous-deficient dry eye (2007)

The increase in branched-chain fatty acids may reflect greater quantities of wax and cholesterol esters and triglycerides in meibomian gland excreta. Since wax and cholesterol esters are the main lipids of meibum, these differences may have physical consequences for tear-film lipid-layer fluidity and stability. Meibomian fatty acid composition and particularly the increase in branched chains could be a marker for meibomian gland dysfunction.
Predictive factors in prostate cancer: current concepts from the 1999 College of American Pathologists Conference on Solid Tumor Prognostic Factors and the 1999 World Health Organization Second International Consultation on Prostate Cancer. (1999)

Many clinically important predictive factors in prostate cancer are derived from light microscopic examination of tissue specimens by the pathologist. Two separate international consensus conferences held in 1999 addressed the contemporary status of such prognostic factors, sponsored by the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Both conferences concluded that the following factors are recommended for routine use based on evidence from multiple published trials: TNM stage, histological grade using the Gleason system, surgical margin status, and serum prostate-specific antigen concentration. The WHO conference additionally recommended use of WHO nuclear grade, location of cancer within the prostate, and pathological effects of treatment. Other factors were categorized as promising or of unproven utility, including a wide variety of histopathologic and genetic markers. Standards are needed for analysis and quantitation of methods of tissue analysis, particularly for immunohistochemical studies and genotypic studies. This report describes the recommendations and conclusions of these two conferences.
Synthesis and Applications of Biodegradable Soy Based Graft Copolymers: A Review (2015)

Different kinds of biorenewable materials are rapidly emerging as potential alternatives to conventional petroleum-based synthetic materials. Among these materials, soy protein and its derivatives are of utmost interest and importance due to their advantages such as low cost, biodegradability, environmental friendliness, biocompatibility, renewability, and wide availability to name few. However, the poor physicochemical/mechanical properties as well as high moisture sensitivity of different soy based materials limit their successful applications in many fields. Different methodologies to produce new soy based materials with suitable functional groups are highly desired to increase their range of applications. So, in this Review, we have focused on the recent advances in the various graft copolymerization strategies involving soy and its applications. The synthesis, characterization, and methodology of graft-copolymer processing and resulting properties of the copolymers are fully covered. In this Review, we have attempted to provide a review of different soy protein based functional materials that will facilitate the development of a new generation of multifunctional biobased materials from biorenewable soy resources.
Resting anterior cingulate activity and abnormal responses to errors in subjects with elevated depressive symptoms: A 128‐channel EEG study (2005)

Depression has been associated with dysfunctional executive functions and abnormal activity within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a region critically involved in action regulation. Prior research invites the possibility that executive deficits in depression may arise from abnormal responses to negative feedback or errors, but the underlying neural substrates remain unknown. We hypothesized that abnormal reactions to error would be associated with dysfunctional rostral ACC activity, a region previously implicated in error detection and evaluation of the emotional significance of events. To test this hypothesis, subjects with low and high Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores performed an Eriksen Flanker task. To assess whether tonic activity within the rostral ACC predicted post-error adjustments, 128-channel resting EEG data were collected before the task and analyzed with low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) using a region-of-interest approach. High BDI subjects were uniquely characterized by significantly lower accuracy after incorrect than correct trials. Mirroring the behavioral findings, high BDI subjects had significantly reduced pretask gamma (36.5-44 Hz) current density within the affective (rostral; BA24, BA25, BA32) but not cognitive (dorsal; BA24', BA32') ACC subdivision. For low, but not high, BDI subjects pretask gamma within the affective ACC subdivision predicted post-error adjustments even after controlling for activity within the cognitive ACC subdivision. Abnormal responses to errors may thus arise due to lower activity within regions subserving affective and/or motivational responses to salient cues. Because rostral ACC regions have been implicated in treatment response in depression, our findings provide initial insight into putative mechanisms fostering treatment response.
Using name-based mappings to increase hit rates (1998)

Clusters of identical intermediate servers are often created to improve availability and robustness in many domains. The use of proxy servers for the World Wide Web (WWW) and of rendezvous points in multicast routing are two such situations. However, this approach can be inefficient if identical requests are received and processed by multiple servers. We present an analysis of this problem, and develop a method called the highest random weight (HRW) mapping that eliminates these difficulties. Given an object name and a set of servers, HRW maps a request to a server using the object name, rather than any a priori knowledge of server states. Since HRW always maps a given object name to the same server within a given cluster, it may be used locally at client sites to achieve consensus on object-server mappings. We present an analysis of HRW and validate it with simulation results showing that it gives faster service times than traditional request allocation schemes such as round-robin or least-loaded, and adapts well to changes in the set of servers. HRW is particularly applicable to domains in which there are a large number of requestable objects, there is a significant probability that a requested object will be requested again, and the CPU load due to any single object can be handled by a single server. HRW has now been adopted by the multicast routing protocols PIMv2 and CBTv2 as its mechanism for routers to identify rendezvous points/cores.
Natural roles of biosurfactants (2001)

Microorganisms produce a variety of surface-active agents (or surfactants). These can be divided into low-molecular-weight molecules that lower surface and interfacial tensions efficiently and high-molecular-weight polymers that bind tightly to surfaces. These surfactants, produced by a wide variety of microorganisms, have very different chemical structures and surface properties. It is therefore reasonable to assume that different groups of biosurfactants have different natural roles in the growth of the producing microorganisms. Moreover, as their chemical structures and surface properties are so different, each emulsifier probably provides advantages in a particular ecological niche. Several bioemulsifiers have antibacterial or antifungal activities. Other bioemulsifiers enhance the growth of bacteria on hydrophobic water-insoluble substrates by increasing their bioavailability, presumably by increasing their surface area, desorbing them from surfaces and increasing their apparent solubility. Bioemulsifiers also play an important role in regulating the attachment-detachment of microorganisms to and from surfaces. In addition, emulsifiers are involved in bacterial pathogenesis, quorum sensing and biofilm formation. Recent experiments indicate that a high-molecular-weight bioemulsifier that coats the bacterial surface can be transferred horizontally to other bacteria, thereby changing their surface properties and interactions with the environment.
On the Gaussian MAC with stop-feedback (2017)

We characterize the information-theoretic limits of the Gaussian multiple access channel (MAC) when variable-length stop-feedback is available at the encoder and a non-vanishing error probability is permitted. Due to the continuous nature of the channel and the presence of expected power constraints, we need to develop new achievability and converse techniques. Due to the multi-terminal nature of the channel model, we are faced with the need to bound the asymptotic behavior of the expected value of the maximum of several stopping times. We do so by leveraging tools from renewal theory developed by Gut (1974) and Lai and Siegmund (1979).
Transforming growth factor-β and epidermal growth factor synergistically stimulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) through a MEK-dependent mechanism in primary cultured pig thyrocytes (2002)

Enhancement of tumor cell growth and invasiveness by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) requires constitutive activation of the ras/MAPK pathway. Here we have investigated how MEK activation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) influences the response of fully differentiated and growth-arrested pig thyroid epithelial cells in primary culture to TGF-beta1. The epithelial tightness was maintained after single stimulation with EGF or TGF-beta1 (both 10 ng/ml) for 48 hours. In contrast, co-stimulation abolished the transepithelial resistance and increased the paracellular flux of [(3)H]inulin within 24 hours. Reduced levels of the tight junction proteins claudin-1 and occludin accompanied the loss of barrier function. N-cadherin, expressed only in few cells of untreated or single-stimulated cultures, was at the same time increased 30-fold and co-localised with E-cadherin at adherens junctions in all cells. After 48 hours of co-stimulation, both E- and N-cadherin were downregulated and the cells attained a fibroblast-like morphology and formed multilayers. TGF-beta1 only partially inhibited EGF-induced Erk phosphorylation. The MEK inhibitor U0126 prevented residual Erk phosphorylation and abrogated the synergistic responses to TGF-beta1 and EGF. The observations indicate that concomitant growth factor-induced MEK activation is necessary for TGF-beta1 to convert normal thyroid epithelial cells to a mesenchymal phenotype.
Molecular recognition specificity of Bacillus anthracis spore antibodies (1999)

The sensitivity and specificity of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against anthrax spore preparations has been assessed by Western blotting. None of the antibodies studied were completely specific in recognizing the anthrax spore surface. A polyclonal serum recognized a wide range of spore surface epitopes and demonstrated limited cross-reaction with the near-neighbour species Bacillus cereus spore surface. Two monoclonal antibodies studied demonstrated more extensive cross-reaction with distant-neighbour species B. globigii and B. subtilis. These monoclonal antibodies did not react with spore surface epitopes but did bind strongly to vegetative cell epitopes in all four Bacillus species studied.
A pediatric phase 1 trial of vorinostat and temozolomide in relapsed or refractory primary brain or spinal cord tumors: A children's oncology group phase 1 consortium study (2013)

Five-day cycles of vorinostat in combination with temozolomide are well tolerated in children with recurrent CNS malignancies with myelosuppression as the DLT. The recommended phase II combination doses are vorinostat, 300 mg/m(2) /day and temozolomide, 150 mg/m(2) /day.
Critical dimension AFM tip characterization and image reconstruction applied to the 45-nm node (2006)

Three significant critical dimension atomic force microscopy (CD AFM) advances are presented in this paper. First, scanning probe image reconstruction methodologies that were formerly limited to parabolic type tip shapes and single-valued surfaces (i.e., non-reentrant topography), are extended to multi-valued surfaces and reentrant tip geometries. This crucial step allows the elimination of image artifacts associated with CD AFM scanning of complex feature shapes using reentrant tips. Second, <i>in situ </i>AFM tip images are provided in an automated tool that enables full image reconstruction. Consequently, for the first time, the combination of <i>in situ </i>tip reconstruction with the inherent reference measurement qualities of the AFM and full morphology reconstruction allow CD AFM metrology essentially free of tip shape effects. CD AFM is now primarily driven by development of tip geometries that contact the entire specimen surface while retaining adequate tip lifetime. The background of CD AFM image dilation is described, and the limitations of "legacy" 1D image reconstruction ("tip width subtraction") are illustrated with idealized probe shapes. Initial validation of the automated software is provided by comparison with TEM micrographs. Tip characterizations are presented for a morphologically complex ~20 nm diameter carbon nanotube tip and reentrant silicon CD32 tips (tip width ~ 30nm). Finally, the capability for CD AFM to scan a reentrant sub-45 nm width trench is demonstrated. An EUV resist trench was scanned with a CD32 tip (tip width = 27.4 nm). Minimum CD ranged from 42 to 45 nm. Reentrant image reconstruction is shown for the scan cross-section.
Memory performance is related to amyloid and tau pathology in the hippocampus (2009)

This study implicates both amyloid deposition and tau pathology in the hippocampus as an early and late cause of decline in memory function over time in AD. Memory performance appears to be specifically related to the amount of amyloid plaques, NFTs and NTs in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus.
Dietary Copper and High Saturated and trans Fat Intakes Associated With Cognitive Decline (2006)

These data suggest that high dietary intake of copper in conjunction with a diet high in saturated and trans fats may be associated with accelerated cognitive decline.
APP mouse models for Alzheimer's disease preclinical studies (2017)

Animal models of human diseases that accurately recapitulate clinical pathology are indispensable for understanding molecular mechanisms and advancing preclinical studies. The Alzheimer's disease (AD) research community has historically used first-generation transgenic (Tg) mouse models that overexpress proteins linked to familial AD (FAD), mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP), or APP and presenilin (PS). These mice exhibit AD pathology, but the overexpression paradigm may cause additional phenotypes unrelated to AD Second-generation mouse models contain humanized sequences and clinical mutations in the endogenous mouse <i>App</i> gene. These mice show Aβ accumulation without phenotypes related to overexpression but are not yet a clinical recapitulation of human AD In this review, we evaluate different APP mouse models of AD, and review recent studies using the second-generation mice. We advise AD researchers to consider the comparative strengths and limitations of each model against the scientific and therapeutic goal of a prospective preclinical study.
Adaptive Mixtures of Local Experts (1991)

We present a new supervised learning procedure for systems composed of many separate networks, each of which learns to handle a subset of the complete set of training cases. The new procedure can be viewed either as a modular version of a multilayer supervised network, or as an associative version of competitive learning. It therefore provides a new link between these two apparently different approaches. We demonstrate that the learning procedure divides up a vowel discrimination task into appropriate subtasks, each of which can be solved by a very simple expert network.