gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Candida albicansdimorphism as a therapeutic target (2011)

The ability to switch between yeast and hyphal growth forms (dimorphism) is one of the most discussed and best investigated virulence attributes of the human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Both morphological forms seem to be important for virulence and have distinct functions during the different stages of disease development, including adhesion, invasion, damage, dissemination, immune evasion and host response. In this review, we will provide an overview of the known and potential roles of C. albicans dimorphism and will discuss the potential benefit of drugs that can inhibit the morphological transition.
Evidence for incomplete replication of a penguin poxvirus in cells of mammalian origin. (1998)

The recent discovery of a novel poxvirus [penguin-pox virus (PPV)] from Jackass penguins offers the potential of a unique candidate vaccine vector for use in mammals. Infectivity studies were therefore undertaken using a number of mammalian cell lines and chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). It was shown that the simian CV-1 cell line was able to support replication of the PPV DNA, but no infectious progeny virus could be recovered from the infected cells. Electron microscopy was used to establish the extent of virus morphogenesis in CV-1 cells as compared to that in both chorio-allantoic membranes (CAMs) of hens' eggs and CEF cells. It appears that CV-1 cells are able to support partial maturation of PPV, but that morphogenesis does not proceed to the stage of mature infectious particles. Vaccinia virus promoters were successful in achieving transient gene expression in PPV-infected cells.
Review article: pharmacological approaches for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatitis C infection (2007)

Results from clinical trials with these agents in healthy subjects confirm that activation of thrombopoiesis via the TPO pathway is an effective method of stimulating platelet production. This approach may provide safer, more effective treatment for thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic liver disease. Several of these agents are currently being tested in large scale trials.
Protection against acetaminophen-induced liver injury and lethality by interleukin 10: Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (2002)

Mechanistic study of idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatitis (DIH) continues to be a challenging problem because of the lack of animal models. The inability to produce this type of hepatotoxicity in animals, and its relative rarity in humans, may be linked to the production of anti-inflammatory factors that prevent drug-protein adducts from causing liver injury by immune and nonimmune mechanisms. We tested this hypothesis by using a model of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in mice. After APAP treatment, a significant increase was observed in serum levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-13, cytokines that regulate inflammatory mediator production and cell-mediated autoimmunity. When IL-10 knockout (KO) mice were treated with APAP, most of these mice died within 24 to 48 hours from liver injury. This increased susceptibility to APAP-induced liver injury appeared to correlate with an elevated expression of liver proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-1, as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In this regard, mice lacking both IL-10 and iNOS genes were protected from APAP-induced liver injury and lethality when compared with IL-10 KO mice. All strains, including wild-type animals, generated similar amounts of liver APAP-protein adducts, indicating that the increased susceptibility of IL-10 KO mice to APAP hepatotoxicity was not caused by an enhanced formation of APAP-protein adducts. In conclusion, these findings suggest that an important feature of the normal response to drug-induced liver injury may be the increased expression of anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. Certain polymorphisms of these factors may have a role in determining the susceptibility of individuals to idiosyncratic DIH.
Biological Evaluation of Polymeric Micelles with Covalently Bound Doxorubicin (2009)

The main limitation of contemporary anticancer chemotherapy remains to be the insufficient specificity of the drugs for tumor tissue, which decreases the maximum tolerated dose due to severe side effects. Micellar drug delivery systems based on amphiphilic block copolymers with a very narrow size distribution (10 to 100 nm in diameter) is a novel innovative approach. Here, we report biological and pharmacological properties of polymeric micellar conjugate containing doxorubicin (DOX) covalently bound via hydrolytically cleavable hydrazone bonds to the micelle core. The system had a very low systemic toxicity (almost 20 times lower than free DOX) and long circulation in the bloodstream (with half of the dose after 24 h). Significant accumulation of tested micelles within the tumor was confirmed by fluorescent whole body imaging. Our new micellar system showed promising therapeutic activity against established murine EL-4 T-cell lymphoma; it was found that it is able to completely cure about 75% of tumor-bearing mice (with doses of either 1 x 150 mg DOX kg(-1) or 2 x 75 mg DOX kg(-1), administered i.v.). Moreover, treatment with micelles in cured mice induced tumor-specific resistance. Up to 80% of these mice survived rechallenge with original but not with distinct tumor cells.
Thermal Conductivity Estimation From Temperature Logs (1991)

Abstract Heat losses to over/underburden play an important role in determining the efficiency of a thermal oil recovery process such as cyclic steam stimulation. Thermal conductivity is a key parameter for evaluating heat losses. Since there is generally little information concerning in situ thermal conductivity values, it is often assumed in reservoir simulation models that the reservoir and its over/underlying formations possess the same value of thermal conductivity. If the over/underlying formations possess significantly higher values of thermal conductivity compared to the reservoir, the heat losses will be underestimated in calculations based on uniform thermal properties. Systematic procedures to estimate thermal conductivity values from temperature logs and core measurements are presented in this paper and applied to field and laboratory data.
Cancer stem cells: Cell culture, markers, and targets for new therapies (2009)

A cancer stem cell (CSC) is defined as an undifferentiated cell with the ability to self-renew, differentiate to multiple lineages and initiate tumors that mimic the parent tumor. In this review, we focus on glioblastomas, describing recent progress and problems in characterizing these cells. There have been advances in CSC culture, but tumor cell heterogeneity has made purification of CSCs difficult. Indeed, it may be that CSCs significantly vary from tumor to tumor. We also discuss the proposal that CSCs are resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy and play a major role in repopulating tumors following treatment. To overcome their resistance to conventional therapies, we may be able to use our extensive knowledge of the signaling pathways essential for stem cells during development. These pathways have potential as targets for new glioblastoma therapies. Hence, although there is an ongoing debate on the nature of CSCs, the theory continues to suggest new ideas for both the lab and the clinic.
Mechanical properties of crosslinked polyethylene (1986)

Abstract The mechanical properties of crosslinked polyethylene were studied in an extended range of test conditions in order to determine the recommended service conditions for articles made of crosslinked polyethylene. On the other hand, this study can clarify the advantages of crosslinked polyethylene against the unmodified polymer. In fact, the results referred in the literature concerning the changes of mechanical properties of polyethylene introduced by crosslinking are contradictory and cannot clearly distinguish the two types of polymer. The above study concluded that tensile tests at elevated temperatures (above 70°C) with low stresses (about 0.5 MPa) can clearly describe the effect of crosslinking on the mechanical properties of LDPE, i.e., an improvement at least for deformation and service life.
Cytokine expression in circulating T lymphocytes from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. (2003)

Our results suggest a relationship between the percentage of circulating T lymphocytes expressing TNF-alpha and possibly IFN-gamma and IL-4 and the histological type of atherosclerotic plaque in patients with carotid artery disease.
High-speed phase- and group-delay scanning with a grating-based phase control delay line (1997)

A rapid-scanning optical delay line that employs phase control has several advantages, including high speed, high duty cycle, phase- and group-delay independence, and group-velocity dispersion compensation, over existing optical delay methods for interferometric optical ranging applications. We discuss the grating-based phase-control delay line and its applications to interferometric optical ranging and measurement techniques such as optical coherence domain reflectometry and optical coherence tomography. The system performs optical ranging over an axial range of 3 mm with a scanning rate of 6m/s and a repetition rate of 2 kHz. The device is especially well suited for applications such as optical coherence tomography that require high-speed, repetitive, linear delay line scanning with a high duty cycle.
Four cardiac hormones eliminate up to two-thirds of human breast cancers in athymic mice. (2008)

Four cardiac hormones eliminate up to two-thirds of human breast adenocarcinomas in athymic mice.
Facilitating efficient synchronization of asymmetric threads on hyper-threaded processors (2008)

So far, the privileged instructions MONITOR and MWAIT introduced with Intel Prescott core, have been used mostly for inter-thread synchronization in operating systems code. In a hyper-threaded processor, these instructions offer a "performance-optimized" way for threads involved in synchronization events to wait on a condition. In this work, we explore the potential of using these instructions for synchronizing application threads that execute on hyper-threaded processors, and are characterized by workload asymmetry. Initially, we propose a framework through which one can use MON- ITOR/MWAIT to build condition wait and notification primitives, with minimal kernel involvement. Then, we evaluate the efficiency of these primitives in a bottom-up manner: at first, we quantify certain performance aspects of the primitives that reflect the execution model under consideration, such as resource consumption and responsiveness, and we compare them against other commonly used implementations. As a further step, we use our primitives to build synchronization barriers. Again, we examine the same performance issues as before, and using a pseudo-benchmark we evaluate the efficiency of our implementation for fine-grained inter-thread synchronization. In terms of throughput, our barriers yielded 12% better performance on average compared to Pthreads, and 26% compared to a spin-loops-based implementation, for varying levels of threads asymmetry. Finally, we test our barriers in a real- world scenario, and specifically, in applying thread-level Speculative Pre computation on four applications. For this multithreaded execution scheme, our implementation provided up to 7% better performance compared to Pthreads, and up to 40% compared to spin-loops-based barriers.
Demonstration of synergistic effects of sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase inhibitors against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cultured cells, and characterization of mutants resistant to pyrimethamine. (1996)

In vitro evidence indicated that combination treatment, using sulfonamides and DHFR/TS inhibitors, may be effective in treating neosporosis.
Using negative pressure therapy for healing of a sternal wound. (2005)

Lisa Clubley and Lorraine Harper examine the treatment provided to a patient who had cardiac surgery and developed complications that resulted in the development of an extensive open sternal wound. The consultant surgeon responsible for the care made a decision to use negative pressure therapy (vacuum-assisted closure) despite such therapy for a wound of this nature being contraindicated in the manufacturer's clinical guidelines
Monoclonal antibodies from plants: A new speed record (2006)

The medical use of mAbs has grown tremendously since the first mAb, Orthoclone, was approved in 1986 for treatment of transplant rejection. In addition to immunosuppressive therapy, mAbs have proven useful as treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection, inflammatory diseases, and a variety of cancers. The market for medical mAbs is estimated to exceed $20 billion, and >150 are in clinical development (1). Although this progress is seemingly a biotechnology success story, the costs associated with a therapeutic mAb regimen can exceed $20,000 per year, which seriously may limit their current and future clinical use (2). These high costs are attributable to a number of factors, including the inherent expense of purification and cGMP for recombinant biologics and, to a significant extent, the cost of producing the raw material containing the antibody. To date, all Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved mAbs are derived from mammalian cells. Because of a reliance on relatively expensive equipment, an economy of scale may not be met by mammalian cell-based fermentation technology. This realization has fueled the development of numerous transgenic technologies during the last two decades that, it was hoped, would significantly lower production costs. These transgenic systems have involved transgenic yeast, bacteria, insects, animals, and plants (3). Each method appears to offer some advantages in scalability and cost, but they have all proven to possess distinct shortcomings precluding their acceptance by the larger scientific community, the medical community, or the FDA. These shortcomings include immunogenic glycosylation, propensity for viral pathogen copropagation, developmental instability, complex genetics, environmental concerns, and, most significantly, prolonged development times. One or more of these deficiencies is associated with every transgenic system, including current mammalian cell-based techniques. In this issue of PNAS, Giritch et al. (4) report significant progress in remedying several of these drawbacks but, most importantly, describe a technique that drastically reduces overall development time.
Computerized Adaptive Testing: A Primer (1990)

Contents: C.V. Bunderson, Foreword to the First Edition. D.H. Gitomer, Foreword to the Second Edition. H. Wainer, Preface to the First Edition. H. Wainer, Preface to the Second Edition. H. Wainer, Introduction and History. B.F. Green, System Design and Operation. R. Flaugher, Item Pools. H. Wainer, R.J. Mislevy, Item Response Theory, Item Calibration, and Proficiency Estimation. D. Thissen, R.J. Mislevy, Testing Algorithms. N.J. Dorans, Scaling and Equating. D. Thissen, Reliability and Measurement Precision. L. Steinberg, D. Thissen, H. Wainer, Validity. H. Wainer, N.J. Dorans, B.F. Green, R.J. Mislevy, L. Steinberg, D. Thissen, Future Challenges. H. Wainer, D. Eignor, Caveats, Pitfalls, and Unexpected Consequences of Implementing Large-Scale Computerized Testing.
Image processing for computer‐aided diagnosis of lung cancer by CT (LSCT) (1994)

Abstract This paper reports a special‐purpose CT for early detection of lung cancer and presents the basic idea. The parallel use of the following two systems is investigated as the diagnosis‐support image display method needed in such a system, and a satisfactory result is obtained. The maximum intensity projection (MIP) is applied as a means to realize the two‐dimensional projection display from the three‐dimensional information composed of 40 slices of lung tissue while retaining the information concerning the pathological shadows. When the simple MIP is applied, there is a large disturbance due to unnecessary organ signals. Consequently, a method is developed in which unnecessary information is deleted by thresholding; The automatic recognition of candidates for the pathological shadows is applied to each slice. Only the CT image containing a shadow candidate is displayed on CRT, which helps to reduce greatly the number of cross sections to be displayed. In the automatic recognition of the pathological shadow, the quoit filter recently developed by the authors is employed.
Co-crystals: A novel approach to modify physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (2009)

Crystal form can be crucial to the performance of a dosage form. This is especially true for compounds that have intrinsic barriers to drug delivery, such as low aqueous solubility, slow dissolution in gastrointestinal media, low permeability and first-pass metabolism. The nature of the physical form and formulation tends to exhibit the greatest effect on bioavailability parameters of water insoluble compounds that need to be given orally in high doses. An alternative approach available for the enhancement of drug solubility, dissolution and bioavailability is through the application of crystal engineering of co-crystals. The physicochemical properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredients and the bulk material properties can be modified, whilst maintaining the intrinsic activity of the drug molecule. This article covers the advantages of co-crystals over salts, solvates (hydrates), solid dispersions and polymorphs, mechanism of formation of co-crystals, methods of preparation of co-crystals and application of co-crystals to modify physicochemical characteristics of active pharmaceutical ingredients along with the case studies. The intellectual property implications of creating co-crystals are also highly relevant.
The development of an eluted stain bioassay (ESTA) for human growth hormone. (1995)

The basic characteristics of MTT-formazan production by both quiescent Nb2 cells and those activated by fetal calf serum or human growth hormone (hGH) are described. These characteristics are exploited for the development of an MTT-ESTA bioassay for purified preparations of lactogens such as growth hormone. The resulting in vitro bioassay is sensitive and precise, with a detection limit of about 0.05 mU hGH/l (19 ng/l) and a within-assay imprecision of 2.5% in the presence of 0.3 mU hGH/l (114 ng/l). When utilizing quiescent Nb2 cells for bioassays, large magnitudes of response are observed. The major component of the response is clearly derived from metabolic activation of the cells, rather than increased cell proliferation. The response was abolished by anti-human growth hormone. Delayed addition of the latter demonstrated that the presence of the hormone is required for the entire 96 h of the recommended bioassay incubation period to obtain the maximum response. At high doses, the dose-response relationship reaches a prolonged plateau which covers 4 orders of magnitude of incremental hormone concentrations. A decline in response is observed at the highest dose tested, 10(6) mU hGH/l (385 mg/l). This auto-inhibition is consistent with recent reports of a reduction in response due to stoichiometric blockade of sequential receptor dimerisation which is crucial for activation of both somatogenic and lactogenic receptors by hGH.
Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor function and expression (2000)

TECHNIQUES FOR CHARACTERIZING RECEPTOR FUNCTION. Epitope Tagging and Detection Methods for Receptor Identification (U. Klein & M. von Zastrow). Measurement of Receptor Phosphorylation in Situ (M. Bouvier, et al.). Reconstitution and in vitro Phosphorylation of G Protein--Coupled Receptors (J. Ptasienski & M. Hosey). Identification of Residues that are Phosphorylated within a Receptor (K. Palczewski, et al.). Palmitoylation of G Protein--Coupled Receptors (H. Jin, et al.). Assays for Measuring Receptor/G Protein Coupling (Q. Li & R. Cerione). PROTEINS THAT REGULATE RECEPTOR FUNCTION. Expression and Activity of G Protein--Coupled Receptor Kinases (R. Loudon, et al.). Characterization of Arrestin Expression and Function (V. Gurevich, et al.). The G Protein--Coupled Receptor Phosphatase (J. Pitcher & R. Lefkowitz). REGULATION OF RECEPTOR TRAFFICKING AND EXPRESSION. Radioligand Binding Assays for G Protein--Coupled Receptor Internalization (M. Toews). Characterization of Receptor Sequestration by Immunofluorescent Microscopy (F. Santini & J. Keen). Characterization of Receptor Trafficking Using Green Fluorescent Protein (N. Tarasova, et al.). The Analysis of Post--Transciptional Regulation of the Expression of G Protein--Coupled Receptors (B. Tholanikunnel & C. Malbon). Index.
Organizing and searching the world wide web of facts - step one: the one-million fact extraction challenge (2006)

Due to the inherent difficulty of processing noisy text, the potential of the Web as a decentralized repository of human knowledge remains largely untapped during Web search. The access to billions of binary relations among named entities would enable new search paradigms and alternative methods for presenting the search results. A first concrete step towards building large searchable repositories of factual knowledge is to derive such knowledge automatically at large scale from textual documents. Generalized contextual extraction patterns allow for fast iterative progression towards extracting one million facts of a given type (e.g., Person-BornIn-Year) from 100 million Web documents of arbitrary quality. The extraction starts from as few as 10 seed facts, requires no additional input knowledge or annotated text, and emphasizes scale and coverage by avoiding the use of syntactic parsers, named entity recognizers, gazetteers, and similar text processing tools and resources.
MediaStation 5000: integrating video and audio (1994)

MediaStation 5000 is a highly integrated desktop multimedia system implemented on a single PC plug-in board. It performs multistandard compression, high-speed image processing, and fast 2D and 3D graphics functions. The Texas instruments Multimedia Video Processor (MVP), a single-chip multiprocessing device with a highly parallel internal architecture, provides the system's processing power and programmability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Complete covalent structure of a human immunoglobulin D: sequence of the lambda light chain. (1983)

We have determined the amino acid sequence of the lambda light chain of human IgD WAH. Together with the sequence of the delta heavy chain already reported, this establishes the complete covalent structure of a human immunoglobulin D. The sequence determination was greatly aided by our ability to use high-pressure liquid chromatography to purify large peptides, including one large fragment extending from Ser-81 through the carboxyl terminus. The IgD molecule is a four-chain monomer of Mr approximately equal to 176,000; it consists of two lambda chains (each of 214 residues, Mr = 22,893) and two delta chains (each of 512 residues, Mr approximately equal to 65,000, including carbohydrate), and, unlike murine IgD, it contains two C delta 2 domains. A computer-assisted search using the J (joining) segment of the WAH lambda chain as a test piece showed a close evolutionary relationship of human and mouse J lambda regions and suggested that germ-line J lambda genes in the two species are very similar if not identical. DNA segments encoding J lambda, J kappa, and JH appear to have had a common evolutionary origin, and, surprisingly, JH seems closer to J lambda than does J kappa.