gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Drug Resistance and the Solid Tumor Microenvironment (2007)

Resistance of human tumors to anticancer drugs is most often ascribed to gene mutations, gene amplification, or epigenetic changes that influence the uptake, metabolism, or export of drugs from single cells. Another important yet little-appreciated cause of anticancer drug resistance is the limited ability of drugs to penetrate tumor tissue and to reach all of the tumor cells in a potentially lethal concentration. To reach all viable cells in the tumor, anticancer drugs must be delivered efficiently through the tumor vasculature, cross the vessel wall, and traverse the tumor tissue. In addition, heterogeneity within the tumor microenvironment leads to marked gradients in the rate of cell proliferation and to regions of hypoxia and acidity, all of which can influence the sensitivity of the tumor cells to drug treatment. In this review, we describe how the tumor microenvironment may be involved in the resistance of solid tumors to chemotherapy and discuss potential strategies to improve the effectiveness of drug treatment by modifying factors relating to the tumor microenvironment.
Transplantation of NIT-1 Cells Expressing pD-L1 for Treatment of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes (2008)

Our data demonstrated that overexpression of PD-L1 on pancreatic beta cells significantly can prolong allograft survival, and it is associated with inhibition of lymphocytes activation and proliferation, induction of lymphocytes apoptosis.
Nature of steroid-glucocorticoid receptor interactions: thermodynamic analysis of the binding reaction (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNature of steroid-glucocorticoid receptor interactions: thermodynamic analysis of the binding reactionManfred E. Wolff, John D. Baxter, Peter A. Kollman, David L. Lee, Irwin D. Kuntz, Ernest Bloom, Daniel T. Matulich, and Julie MorrisCite this: Biochemistry 1978, 17, 16, 3201–3208Publication Date (Print):August 8, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 8 August 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00609a005https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00609a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views209Altmetric-Citations83LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of N-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)acetamides using the Ritter reaction (2000)

Aromatic tert-alkylamines and N-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)acetamides were successfully prepared using the Ritter reaction under mild dilute conditions.
Statistical control of VLSI fabrication processes. A framework (1988)

A general framework for statistical control of VLSI (very large-scale integration) fabrication processes is given along with the architectural description of a software system that can be used for monitoring, diagnosis, and quality/quantity control of computer-aided integrated circuit manufacture. The task of process control is formulated as one of profit maximization, and the associated objective function and the constraints are developed for a number of manufacturing scenarios. The IC fabrication process is modeled as a stochastic system and the necessary conditions for efficient statistical control of VLSI fabrication processes are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Postoperative Analgesia After Co-administration of Clonidine and Morphine by the Intrathecal Route in Patients Undergoing Hip Replacement (1995)

Postoperative analgesia after intrathecal co-administration of clonidine hydrochloride (75 micrograms) and morphine sulfate (0.5 mg) was compared with analgesia produced after either intrathecal morphine (0.5 mg) or 0.9% sodium chloride in 90 patients undergoing total hip replacement under bupivacaine spinal anesthesia. Patient-controlled morphine requirements were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) postoperation by both clonidine/morphine (median 5 mg/24 h) and morphine (median 7 mg/24 h) compared with control (saline) (median 28 mg/24 h). However, no significant additional reduction in postoperative analgesic requirements was shown with the clonidine/morphine combination compared with morphine alone. Visual analog pain scores, although good in all groups at all times, were significantly poorer in the control group at 2 h (P < 0.04) and 4 h (P < 0.001) after operation compared with both treatment groups, and significantly poorer than the clonidine/morphine group at 6 h (P < 0.002) and 24 h (P < 0.009) postoperation. Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lower in the clonidine/morphine group than in the two other groups (P < 0.001) between 2 and 5 h after operation. The incidence of emesis was similar in the clonidine/morphine and morphine groups and was significantly more than in the control group.
Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in PLGA (Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Scaffold (2007)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
A General Approach to the Synthesis of Bisindolylmaleimides: Synthesis of Staurosporine Aglycone (1995)

Bisindolylmaleimides are prepared in 65-95% yield by reaction of an indole Grignard with either 2,3-dichloro-N-methylmaleimide or 2,3-dichloromaleimide. A one-step synthesis of arcyriarubin A in 72% yield affords ready access to the staurosporine aglycone.
Stereochemical Basis for Engineered Pyrrolysyl-tRNA Synthetase and the Efficient in Vivo Incorporation of Structurally Divergent Non-native Amino Acids (2011)

Unnatural amino acids (Uaas) can be translationally incorporated into proteins in vivo using evolved tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (RS) pairs, affording chemistries inaccessible when restricted to the 20 natural amino acids. To date, most evolved RSs aminoacylate Uaas chemically similar to the native substrate of the wild-type RS; these conservative changes limit the scope of Uaa applications. Here, we adapt Methanosarcina mazei PylRS to charge a noticeably disparate Uaa, O-methyl-l-tyrosine (Ome). In addition, the 1.75 Å X-ray crystal structure of the evolved PylRS complexed with Ome and a non-hydrolyzable ATP analogue reveals the stereochemical determinants for substrate selection. Catalytically synergistic active site mutations remodel the substrate-binding cavity, providing a shortened but wider active site. In particular, mutation of Asn346, a residue critical for specific selection and turnover of the Pyl chemical core, accommodates different side chains while the central role of Asn346 in aminoacylation is rescued through compensatory hydrogen bonding provided by A302T. This multifaceted analysis provides a new starting point for engineering PylRS to aminoacylate a significantly more diverse selection of Uaas than previously anticipated.
DataMine : application programming interface and query language for database mining (1996)

The main objective of the DataMine is to provide application development interface to develop knowledge discovery applications on the top of large databases. Current database systems have been designed mainly to support business applications. The success of SQL capitalized on a small number of primitives which are sufficient to support a vast majority of applications today. Unfortunately this is not enough to capture the emerging family of new applications dealing with the so called rule and knowledge discovery. The goal of the DataMine and our work is to make the next step in the development of DBMS and provide much needed support for the rule discovery applications.
Human Fatty Liver Disease: Old Questions and New Insights (2011)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning health problem that affects one-third of adults and an increasing number of children in developed countries. The disease begins with the aberrant accumulation of triglyceride in the liver, which in some individuals elicits an inflammatory response that can progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Although NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood, and therapeutic options are limited. Here, we discuss recent mechanistic insights into NAFLD, focusing primarily on those that have emerged from human genetic and metabolic studies.
A comparison of event models for naive bayes text classification (1998)

Recent approaches to text classification have used two different first-order probabilistic models for classification, both of which make the naive Bayes assumption. Some use a multi-variate Bernoulli model, that is, a Bayesian Network with no dependencies between words and binary word features (e.g. Larkey and Croft 1996; Koller and Sahami 1997). Others use a multinomial model, that is, a uni-gram language model with integer word counts (e.g. Lewis and Gale 1994; Mitchell 1997). This paper aims to clarify the confusion by describing the differences and details of these two models, and by empirically comparing their classification performance on five text corpora. We find that the multi-variate Bernoulli performs well with small vocabulary sizes, but that the multinomial performs usually performs even better at larger vocabulary sizes---providing on average a 27% reduction in error over the multi-variate Bernoulli model at any vocabulary size.
Simple device for treatment of hyperhidrosis by iontophoresis (1968)

A relatively inexpensive and easily constructed device for iontophoresis has at least one good clinical indication. This is in the treatment of palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis. Two or three treatments a week for about two weeks will usually induce an euhidrotic state, which can be maintained by treatment at intervals of one month or longer. An iontophoresis machine is basically a direct current power supply which is able to pass a current of 15 to 20 ma through the patients extremeties. Such a unit can be easily constructed from parts which are readily available from any electronics supply house.
Making Sense of Interaction Using a Model-Based Approach. (2006)

This thesis provides a theoretical method for developing and designing human computer interaction based on a continuous control process on mobile computing devices. This view provides a tight coupling between the user and system based on a continuous exchange of input/output dynamic information over a period of time, where continuous feedback from the display (visual/audio/haptic)influences the user's actions as more information becomes available and changes the user's perception. The proper representation and modeling of conceptual models in the interaction -via state-space model- and the explicit analysis of human behaviour and adaptability of the system to human behaviour -in the form of dynamic systems and probability theory are inherent to this framework.&#13;\nThis framework supports continuous interaction techniques based on tilt inputs and multimodal outputs with handheld devices because one-handed control requires less visual attention and multimodality in the interaction can compensate for the lack of the screen space. The dynamic systems approach to the design of such continuous interactive interfaces allows the incorporation of analytical tools and constructive techniques from manual and automatic control theory, probabilistic models{and thus many of the techniques of machine learning{into the&#13;\ninterface and integrating multimodality in a principled manner.&#13;\nMethods are presented for displaying the state of a system(visual/audio/haptic) with appropriate representation of a pseudo-physical model, via state-space model. Specifically, the use of predictive audio/visual-feedback for auditory/graphical display in a period of interaction is described, and it is shown how predictive elements can be introduced into goal directed displays, considering gains and delays present in the interaction loop. The use of these techniques in simulating the system behaviour before the actual implementation, and tuning and testing the system parameters are illustrated.&#13;\nViewing human behaviour as a control process, a general framework for supporting human behaviour is developed, which supports intermittent interaction by smooth and natural dynamic mode switching. This is a probabilistic approach and not only applicable on small screen devices but also in many range of computing appliances. It provides general design guidelines for dynamic interactive&#13;\nsystems based on models for the dynamic system, probabilistic language model and a probabilistic audio feedback.
Administration of Tobramycin and Gentamicin by the Intravenous Route Every 6 Hr in Patients with Normal Renal Function (1976)

The feasibility and safety of administration of tobramycin and gentamicin in every 6 hr rather than every 8 hr was studied in 18 patients with normal renal function. Eleven patients received tobramycin in a dose of 1.0-3.2 mg/kg every 6 hr, and seven received gentamicin in a dose of 1.4-2.0 mg/kg every 6 hr. The mean peak serum concentrations, excluding the levels in the three children given tobramycin, were 5.5 and 5.8 mug/ml in each group, respectively, after maximal dosage; trough levels 2 hr before the next dose were less than or equal to 1.8 mug/ml in both groups of patients. Neither drug accumulated in the serum when the dosage regimen was maintained for three to 19 days. There was no evidence of nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity. Administration of tobramycin and gentamicin every 6 hr seems to be a reasonable program for patients with normal renal function, pending further studies on safety.
Voice browsing (2000)

The Web provides universal access to information of staggering quantity and diversity. The universality results from the choice of a single means for representing information (HTML) and a single means for delivering it (HTTP). The end-user value produced by this choice is unrivaled in the history of data communications. As great as it is today, the Web's value continues to increase as the number of suppliers and consumers of information increases (Metcalfe's law). No new technology is needed to sustain this growth, except at the transport level, where bandwidth must increase to meet our user demand. What important limitations does the Web have that new technology could remove? One limitation involves access. While the Web (thanks to the geographical reach of the Internet beneath it) has many points of access, it supports just one type of access: visual, from a PC. As our reliance on the Web increases, so does our need to access it. Especially valuable and natural, would be voice access from a phone, especially a mobile phone. The next five years (2000-2005) will see the widespread deployment of voice browsers: digital personae who converse with their users by phone, retrieve Web information (for example, flight schedules) at their user's request, and carry out transactions (for example, changing a travel itinerary) according to their user's instructions. While the most familiar visual browsers today are lightweight PC applications, voice browsers will run in 24/7 network operations centers with the required telephony hardware and speech recognition software.
Primordial emergence of the recombination activating gene 1 (RAG1): sequence of the complete shark gene indicates homology to microbial integrases. (1996)

The rearrangement of antibody and T-cell receptor gene segments is indispensable to the vertebrate immune response. All extant jawed vertebrates can rearrange these gene segments. This ability is conferred by the recombination activating genes I and II (RAG I and RAG II). To elucidate their origin and function, the cDNA encoding RAG I from a member of the most ancient class of extant gnathostomes, the Carcharhine sharks, was characterized. Homology domains identified within shark RAG I prompted sequence comparison analyses that suggested similarity of the RAG I and II genes, respectively, to the integrase family genes and integration host factor genes of the bacterial site-specific recombination system. Thus, the apparent explosive evolution (or "big bang") of the ancestral immune system may have been initiated by a transfer of microbial site-specific recombinases.
ATM Activation by DNA Double-Strand Breaks Through the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 Complex (2005)

The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase signals the presence of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells by phosphorylating proteins that initiate cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA repair. We show that the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex acts as a double-strand break sensor for ATM and recruits ATM to broken DNA molecules. Inactive ATM dimers were activated in vitro with DNA in the presence of MRN, leading to phosphorylation of the downstream cellular targets p53 and Chk2. ATM autophosphorylation was not required for monomerization of ATM by MRN. The unwinding of DNA ends by MRN was essential for ATM stimulation, which is consistent with the central role of single-stranded DNA as an evolutionarily conserved signal for DNA damage.
Development of ultra-high density silicon nanowire arrays for electronics applications (2008)

This article reviews our recent progress on ultra-high density nanowires (NWs) array-based electronics. The superlattice nanowire pattern transfer (SNAP) method is utilized to produce aligned, ultra-high density Si NW arrays. We fi rst cover processing and materials issues related to achieving bulk-like conductivity characteristics from 10 20 nm wide Si NWs. We then discuss Si NW-based fi eld-effect transistors (FETs). These NWs & NW FETs provide terrifi c building blocks for various electronic circuits with applications to memory, energy conversion, fundamental physics, logic, and others. We focus our discussion on complementary symmetry NW logic circuitry, since that provides the most demanding metrics for guiding nanofabrication. Issues such as controlling the density and spatial distribution of both p-and n-type dopants within NW arrays are discussed, as are general methods for achieving Ohmic contacts to both p-and n-type NWs. These various materials and nanofabrication advances are brought together to demonstrate energy effi cient, complementary symmetry NW logic circuits.
Cytoskeletal-membrane interactions: a stable interaction between cell surface glycoconjugates and doublet microtubules of the photoreceptor connecting cilium. (1987)

The ciliary base is marked by a transition zone in which Y-shaped cross-linkers extend from doublet microtubules to the plasma membrane. Our goal was to investigate the hypothesis that the cross-linkers form a stable interaction between membrane or cell surface components and the underlying microtubule cytoskeleton. We have combined Triton X-100 extraction with lectin cytochemistry in the photoreceptor sensory cilium to investigate the relationship between cell surface glycoconjugates and the underlying cytoskeleton, and to identify the cell surface components involved. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binds heavily to the cell surface in the region of the Y-shaped cross-linkers of the neonatal rat photoreceptor cilium. WGA binding is not removed by prior digestion with neuraminidase and succinyl-WGA also binds the proximal cilium, suggesting a predominance of N-acetylglucosamine containing glycoconjugates. Extraction of the photoreceptor plasma membrane with Triton X-100 removes the lipid bilayer, leaving the Y-shaped crosslinkers associated with the axoneme. WGA-binding sites are found at the distal ends of the crosslinkers after Triton X-100 extraction, indicating that the microtubule-membrane cross-linkers retain both a transmembrane and a cell surface component after removal of the lipid bilayer. To identify glycoconjugate components of the cross-linkers we used a subcellular fraction enriched in axonemes from adult bovine retinas. Isolated, detergent-extracted bovine axonemes show WGA binding at the distal ends of the cross-linkers similar to that seen in the neonatal rat. Proteins of the axoneme fraction were separated by SDS-PAGE and electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose. WGA labeling of the nitrocellulose transblots reveals three glycoconjugates, all of molecular mass greater than 400 kD. The major WGA-binding glycoconjugate has an apparent molecular mass of approximately 600 kD and is insensitive to prior digestion with neuraminidase. This glycoconjugate may correspond to the dominant WGA-binding component seen in cytochemical experiments.
Designing Reliable Systems from Unreliable Components: The Challenges of Transistor Variability and Degradation (2005)

As technology scales, variability in transistor performance continues to increase, making transistors less and less reliable. This creates several challenges in building reliable systems, from the unpredictability of delay to increasing leakage current. Finding solutions to these challenges require a concerted effort on the part of all the players in a system design. This article discusses these effects and proposes microarchitecture, circuit, and testing research that focuses on designing with many unreliable components (transistors) to yield reliable system designs.
Acetyl Cholinesterase inhibitors in cognitive impairment in Huntington’s disease: A brief review (2013)

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with cognitive deficits. Cognitive dysfunction may be present in the early stages of the disease, even before the onset of motor symptoms. The cognitive dysfunction includes executive dysfunction, psychomotor symptoms, visuospatial deficits, perceptual deficits, memory loss and difficulty learning new skills. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have shown good effect in the treatment of other types of dementia and it is postulated that it might delay cognitive decline in HD. We reviewed the evidence for Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of cognitive decline and dementia associated with Huntington's disease. We identified 6 articles that investigated the role of Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for treatment of cognitive deficits in Huntington's disease. Following the review, the authors concluded that there is limited evidence for the use of Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for cognitive impairment in HD.