gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of selective breeding for differential rates of 50‐kHz ultrasonic vocalizations on emotional behavior in rats (2008)

Fifty-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations have previously been shown to be positively correlated with reward and appetitive social behavior in rats, and to reflect a positive affective state. In this study, rats selectively bred for high and low rates of 50-kHz vocalizations as juveniles were tested as adults in a battery of behavioral tests for social/emotional behaviors. We found that animals selectively bred for high rates of 50-kHz vocalizations exhibited more crosses into the center area of the open field apparatus, were more likely to show a preference for a dilute sucrose solution (.8%) compared to tap water, and were less aggressive than randomly bred animals. Conversely, animals bred for low rates of 50-kHz calls produced more fecal boli during both open field testing and "tickling" stimulation, and made less contact with conspecifics in a social interaction test compared to randomly bred animals. We also observed that low line rats have elevated brain levels of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the cortex, which is consistent with literature showing that CCK content in the cortex is positively correlated with rates of aversive 22-kHz USVs. Conversely, high line animals had elevated levels of met-enkephalin in several brain regions, which is consistent with the role of endogenous-opioids in the generation 50-kHz USVs and positive affect. These results suggest that animals bred for high rates of 50-kHz may show a stress resilient phenotype, whereas low line rats may show a stress prone phenotype. As such these animals could provide novel insights into the neurobiology of emotion.
Erythrocyte C3d and C4d for monitoring disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (2010)

Determining the levels of the erythrocyte-bound complement activation products, especially E-C4d, is an informative measure of SLE disease activity as compared with assessing serum C4 levels and should be considered for monitoring disease activity in patients with SLE.
Service advertisement and discovery: enabling universal device cooperation (2000)

Service advertisement and discovery technologies enable device cooperation and reduce configuration hassles, a necessity in increasingly mobile computing environments. This article surveys five competing but similar "service discovery suites" and looks at efforts to bridge the technologies. Although most of these service discovery suites promise similar functionality (namely, reduced configuration hassles, improved device cooperation, and automated discovery of required services) they come at the problem from different philosophical and technical approaches. Since none of these technologies is a superset of the others and none is mature enough to dominate the market, interoperation among them will require bridging mechanisms. The survey concludes with a review of some developments in this area.
The behaviour of cow blastocyst in vitro: cinematographic and morphometric analysis. (1982)

The behaviour of the cow blastocyst in vitro was studied by time-lapse cinematography and analysed by morphometry. Three types of behaviour were observed: continuous expansion followed by hatching; discontinuous expansion interrupted by few contractions and followed by hatching; discontinuous expansion interrupted by several rapid contractions without hatching. This demonstrated that the pulsatile activity of the blastocyst is not a necessary condition of hatching but also that only a moderate pulsatile activity is compatible with normal hatching. The time of hatching in vitro corresponded approximately with the time of zona loss in vivo (9-10 days). Rupture of the zona occurred at any point of the trophoblast layer. Hatching by herniation through a reduced opening of the zona was occasionally observed. The behavior of the embryos from a particular animal was very similar but differences were noted between embryos from different animals.
Reliable Cell Segmentation Based on Spectral Phasor Analysis of Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering Imaging Data (2014)

Hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging has rapidly become an emerging tool for high content analyses of cell and tissue systems. The label-free nature of SRS imaging combined with its chemical specificity allows in situ and in vivo biochemical quantification at submicrometer resolution without sectioning and staining. Current hyperspectral SRS data analysis methods are based on either linear unmixing or multivariate analysis, which are not sensitive to small spectral variations and often provide obscure information on the cell composition. Here, we demonstrate a spectral phasor analysis method that allows fast and reliable cellular organelle segmentation of mammalian cells, without any a priori knowledge of their composition or basis spectra. We further show that, in combination with a branch-bound algorithm for optimal selection of a few wavenumbers, spectral phasor analysis provides a robust solution to label-free single cell analysis.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecularly Bridged Gold Nanoparticle Arrays (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTNonlinear Optical Properties of Molecularly Bridged Gold Nanoparticle ArraysJames P. Novak, Louis C. Brousseau, Fredrick W. Vance, Robert C. Johnson, Buford I. Lemon, Joseph T. Hupp, and Daniel L. FeldheimView Author Information Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 Department of Chemistry Materials Research Center, and Center for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 48, 12029–12030Publication Date (Web):November 16, 2000Publication History Received22 August 2000Published online16 November 2000Published inissue 1 December 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja003129hhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja003129hrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1330Altmetric-Citations128LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Metal nanoparticles,Monomers,Nanoparticles,Oligomers,Scattering Get e-Alerts
Activation of Protein Kinase C Suppresses the γ‐Aminobutyric AcidB Receptor‐Mediated Inhibition of the Vesicular Release of Noradrenaline and Acetylcholine (1992)

Modulation of the gamma-aminobutyric acidB (GABAB) receptor-mediated response by protein kinase C (PKC) was examined with regard to inhibition by stimulation of the GABAB receptor of stimulation-evoked release of noradrenaline (NA) from slices of cerebellar cortex and of acetylcholine (ACh) from strips of ileum. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) potentiated the high K(+)-evoked Ca2+-dependent release of NA and ACh, but not the ouabain-evoked release, even in the presence of external Ca2+. The potentiating effect was antagonized by sphingosine, thereby suggesting that PKC participates in the exocytotic-vesicular release of neurotransmitters, but does not do so in case of a nonvesicular release. GABA inhibited the high K(+)-evoked release of NA and ACh, but not the ouabain-evoked Ca(2+)-independent release. The effect of GABA was mimicked by baclofen and was antagonized by phaclofen, thereby suggesting that stimulation of the GABAB receptor inhibits the vesicular but not the nonvesicular release of neurotransmitters. TPA suppressed the GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition of high K(+)-evoked release of NA and ACh. The effect of TPA was antagonized by sphingosine. These results indicate that stimulation of the GABAB receptor inhibits the stimulation-evoked Ca(2+)-dependent release of neurotransmitters and that activation of PKC suppresses the GABAB receptor-mediated response.
Activation of DeltaF508 CFTR in a cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelial cell line by 4-phenylbutyrate, genistein and CPX (2000)

The cellular basis of cystic fibrosis (CF) is a defect in a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-activated chloride channel (CF transmembrane conductance regulator) in epithelial cells that leads to decreased chloride ion transport and impaired water transport across the cell membrane. This study investigated whether it was possible to activate the defective chloride channel in cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelial cells with 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA), genistein and 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (CPX). The CF bronchial epithelial cell line CFBE41o-, which expresses the deltaF508 mutation, was treated with these agents and loss of Cl-, indicating Cl- efflux, measured by X-ray microanalysis. 8-bromo-cAMP alone did not induce Cl- efflux in CFBE41o- cells, but after incubation with 4PBA a significant efflux of Cl- occurred. Stimulation of cells with a combination of genistein and cAMP also induced Cl- efflux, whereas a combination of pretreatment with 4PBA and a combined stimulation with genistein and cAMP induced an even larger Cl- efflux. Cl- efflux could also be stimulated by CPX, but this effect was not enhanced by 4PBA pretreatment. The deltaF508 mutation leads to impaired processing of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. The increased efflux of chloride after 4-phenylbutyrate treatment can be explained by the fact that 4-phenylbutyrate allows the deltaF508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator to escape degradation and to be transported to the cell surface. Genistein and 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine act by stimulating chloride ion efflux by increasing the probability of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator being open. The combination of 4-phenylbutyrate and genistein may be useful in a potential pharmacological therapy for cystic fibrosis patients with the deltaF508 mutation.
The establishment of polarity by hippocampal neurons in culture (1988)

By the end of the first week in culture, hippocampal neurons have established a single axon and several dendrites. These 2 classes of processes differ in their morphology, in their molecular composition, and in their synaptic polarity (Bartlett and Banker, 1984a, b; Caceres et al., 1984). We examined the events during the first week in culture that lead to the establishment of this characteristic form. Hippocampal cells were obtained from 18 d fetal rats, plated onto polylysine-treated coverslips, and maintained in a serum-free medium. The development of individual cells was followed by sequential photography at daily intervals until both axons and dendrites had been established; identification of the processes was confirmed by immunostaining for MAP2, a dendritic marker. Time-lapse video recording was used to follow the early stages of process formation. Hippocampal neurons acquired their characteristic form by a stereotyped sequence of developmental events. The cells first established several, apparently identical, short processes. After several hours, one of the short processes began to grow very rapidly; it became the axon. The remaining processes began to elongate a few days later and grew at a much slower rate. They became the cell's dendrites. Neurons that arose following mitosis in culture underwent this same sequence of developmental events. In a few instances, 2 processes from a cell exhibited the rapid growth typical of axons, but only one maintained this growth; the other retracted and became a dendrite. Axons branched primarily by the formation of collaterals, not by bifurcation of growth cones. As judged by light microscopy, processes are not specified as axons or dendrites when they arise. The first manifestation of neuronal polarity is the acquisition of axonal characteristics by one of the initial processes; subsequently the remaining processes become dendrites.
Structure of the Fab fragment from F124, a monoclonal antibody specific for hepatitis B surface antigen (2000)

The crystal structure of the Fab fragment from the monoclonal anti-preS2 antibody F124 (IgG1,kappa) has been solved by molecular replacement and refined at 3.0 A resolution. The Fab crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. F124 recognizes an epitope contained within the preS2 segment between residues 120 and 132 of the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus. The antibody shows a high affinity for the glycan N-linked to Asn123, but it also cross-reacts with the non-glycosylated peptide fragment 120-132. Although crystallization was performed in the presence of an eightfold excess of the cross-reactive peptide, no evidence for the ligand was found in the antigen-binding site, which is close to a neighbouring molecule in the crystal lattice. The antigen-binding site has a groove-like topology which is modulated with pocket-like cavities. It is characterized by a large number of tyrosine and aspartate residues. The importance of germ-line mutations at the binding site is discussed.
The race for a Zika vaccine is on (2016)

Researchers see many approaches—but a vaccine likely will take years.
Transgene integration into the same chromosome location can produce alleles that express at a predictable level, or alleles that are differentially silenced (2000)

In an effort to control the variability of transgene expression in plants, we used Cre-lox mediated recombination to insert a gus reporter gene precisely and reproducibly into different target loci. Each integrant line chosen for analysis harbors a single copy of the transgene at the designated target site. At any given target site, nearly half of the insertions give a full spatial pattern of transgene expression. The absolute level of expression, however, showed target site dependency that varied up to 10-fold. This substantiates the view that the chromosome position can affect the level of gene expression. An unexpected finding was that nearly half of the insertions at any given target site failed to give a full spatial pattern of transgene expression. These partial patterns of expression appear to be attributable to gene silencing, as low gus expression correlates with DNA methylation and low transcription. The methylation is specific for the newly integrated DNA. Methylation changes are not found outside of the newly inserted DNA. Both the full and the partial expression states are meiotically heritable. The silencing of the introduced transgenes may be a stochastic event that occurs during transformation.
Flexibility and Function in HIV Protease:  Dynamics of the HIV-1 Protease Bound to the Asymmetric Inhibitor Kynostatin 272 (KNI-272) (1998)

The HIV-1 protease is a 22 kDa homodimeric protein essential for function of the AIDS virus, and protease inhibitors have been developed into effective HIV drugs. In order to better understand HIV-1 protease−inhibitor interactions, we have investigated amide backbone dynamics by correlated 1H−15N NMR spectroscopy. To date, HIV-1 protease/inhibitor complexes studied by NMR spectroscopy have been limited to C2 symmetric structures, consisting of the protease bound to a symmetric inhibitor. Herein we report studies of the dynamics of HIV-1 protease complexed to KNI-272, a potent (Ki ca. 5 pM), asymmetric inhibitor which lifts the chemical shift degeneracy of the protease monomers and allows us to ascertain if the individual protease monomers have significantly different backbone motions. Using isotope filtered/edited spectra of 15N/13C protease complexed with unlabeled KNI-272, together with distances derived from the protease/KNI-272 X-ray structure, we obtained monomer specific NMR signal assignments. We derived information about monomer dynamics from a Lipari-Szabo analysis of amide 15N T1, T2, and NOE values. Modeling the complex as an axially symmetric rotor yielded an average overall correlation time of 9.65 ns and an anisotropy, D||/D⊥, of 1.27. Over 90% of the backbone amide sites are highly ordered with the squared order parameter, averaged over all measured residues, being 0.85. High amplitude internal motions are observed in several loops in the protease, especially those in the elbows of the flaps, while millisecond to microsecond time scale motion is observed at the flap-tips. While these results are similar to those reported for complexes with symmetric inhibitors, we find differences in internal motions between several residues in the flap of one monomer and the corresponding residues on the other monomer. Residue Gly 149 has a significantly larger order parameter than Gly 49; in addition, the motions on the chemical exchange time scale contribute to the relaxation of Gly 152 and Phe 153 but not to the relaxation of Gly 52 and Phe 53. These differences in flexibility correlate with differences in interactions made by these residues with KNI-272, as seen in the crystal structure. We also find that the average of the order parameters measured for residues in monomer 1 is less than for monomer 2, a result that correlates with the observation that average B factor for these residues is less in monomer 2 than in monomer 1.
Relaxin up‐regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide generation in rat coronary endothelial cells (2001)

Relaxin (RLX) is a reproductive hormone with vasodilatatory properties on several organs, including the heart. RLX-induced vasodilatation appears to depend on the stimulation of endogenous NO production. Here, we investigate whether RLX acts on rat coronary endothelial (RCE) cells in vitro by inducing changes of NO generation and, if so, to clarify the possible mechanism of action. RCE cells were treated for 24 h with vehicle (controls) or RLX, alone or in association with inhibitors of NO synthesis or dexamethasone, which inhibits transcription of NO synthase gene. In some experiments, inactivated RLX was given in the place of authentic RLX. Expression of NO synthase isozymes II and III was analyzed by immunocytochemistry, Western blot, and RT-PCR. NO production was evaluated by the Griess reaction for nitrite and the NO-sensitive fluorophore DAF-2/DA. Agonist-induced changes of intracellular Ca2+ transient were studied with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorophore Fura 2-AM. RLX was found to up regulate NOS II mRNA and protein and to stimulate intrinsic NO generation, likely through the activation of a dexamethasone-sensitive transcription factor, and to decrease agonist-induced intracellular Ca2+ transient. Conversely, RLX had negligible effects on NOS III expression. By these biological effects, RLX may afford significant protection against cardiovascular disease.
Atmospheric pressure cold plasma as an antifungal therapy (2011)

A microhollow cathode based, direct-current, atmospheric pressure, He/O2 (2%) cold plasma microjet was used to inactive antifungal resistants Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida glabrata in air and in water. Effective inactivation (&amp;gt;90%) was achieved in 10 min in air and 1 min in water. Antifungal susceptibility tests showed drastic reduction of the minimum inhibitory concentration after plasma treatment. The inactivation was attributed to the reactive oxygen species generated in plasma or in water. Hydroxyl and singlet molecular oxygen radicals were detected in plasma-water system by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. This approach proposed a promising clinical dermatology therapy.
Carrageenan-induced Paw Edema in Rat Elicits a Predominant Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Response in the Central Nervous System Associated with the Induction of Microsomal PGE2 Synthase-1 (2004)

Peripheral inflammation involves an increase in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in the central nervous system (CNS), which contributes to allodynia and hyperalgesia. In the present study we have determined the changes in prostanoid tissue levels and in expression of terminal prostanoid synthases in both the CNS and inflamed peripheral tissue during carrageenan-induced paw inflammation in the rat. Prostanoid levels were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and enzyme expression at the RNA level by quantitative PCR analysis during both the early (1-6 h) and late (12 and 24 h) phases of the inflammatory response. In the paw, the early phase was associated with increases in PGE(2) and thromboxane (TX)B(2) levels and with a peak of COX-2 expression that preceded that of microsomal prostaglandin-E(2) synthase-1 (mPGES-1). COX-2 and mPGES-1 remained elevated during the late phase, and PGE(2) continued to further increase through 24 h. The cytosolic PGE(2) synthase (cPGES) showed a small transient increase during the early phase, whereas mPGES-2 expression was not affected by inflammation. In the cerebrospinal fluid, elevated levels of PGE(2), 6-keto-PGF(1alpha), PGD(2), and TXB(2) were detected during the early phase. PGE(2) levels also increased in the spinal cord and, to a lesser extent, in the brain and remained elevated in both the cerebrospinal fluid and the spinal cord during the late phase. The expression of mPGES-1 was strongly up-regulated in the brain and spinal cord during inflammation, whereas no change was detected for the expression of cPGES, mPGES-2, COX-1, and terminal PGD, TX, or PGI synthases. The results show that the carrageenan-induced edema in the paw elicits an early phase of COX-2 induction in the CNS leading to an increase synthesis in PGD(2), 6-keto-PGF(1alpha), and TXB(2) in addition to the major PGE(2) response. The data also indicate that the up-regulation of mPGES-1 contributes to COX-2-mediated PGE(2) production in the CNS during peripheral inflammation.
Hormone Receptors and the Regulation of Insect Metamorphosis (1993)

Presented is a brief review of the role of ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone (JH) receptors in the regulation of insect larval molting and metamorphosis of the epidermis and the nervous system, using examples from Manduca sexta and Drosophila melanogaster. Ecdysteroids cause a molt by combining with the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and the ultraspiracle protein (both members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily) to activate directly a number of regulatory genes whose products both repress ongoing gene expression and stimulate genes associated with the production of the new stage in a cascading fashion. The presence of the JH-JH receptor (JHR) ensures that the molt is to another larval stage. At metamorphosis in the absence of JH, a new isoform of EcR and some new ecdysteroid-induced regulatory factors appear in response to low ecdysteroid. The subsequent high ecdysteroid then can activate a new cascade, causing the pupal molt. Also, the quantity of the new EcR isoform in metamorphosing larval neurons during adult development is correlated with cell fate. The JHR found in larval tissues is a 29-kDa nuclear protein that specifically binds JH with high affinity and is dependent on the presence of JH during ecdysteroid rises for its continued synthesis. This JHR represents a new class of intranuclear hormone receptors since it has no known DNA-binding domains and has a discrete subnuclear localization different from that of the EcR. Its specific action is unknown.