gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled phase I trial of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor with filgrastim after dose-intensive chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer. (1997)

Thrombocytopenia caused by chemotherapy is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the treatment of malignant disease. Recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF) is a potent stimulator of megakaryocytopoiesis and prevents chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in preclinical studies. We administered PEG-rHuMGDF with filgrastim after dose-intensive chemotherapy to 41 patients with advanced cancers to determine its safety and effects on hematologic recovery. Carboplatin 600 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 1,200 mg/m2 were administered to patients with advanced cancer. Patients were randomly assigned to receive blinded study drug, either PEG-rHuMGDF or placebo (3-to-1 ratio), commencing the day after chemotherapy. PEG-rHuMGDF was given at doses of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 microg per kilogram body weight by daily subcutaneous injection for between 7 and 20 days. All patients received concurrent filgrastim 5 microg per kilogram body weight per day until neutrophil recovery. Fifteen patients had received PEG-rHuMGDF alone in a previous phase I study. Platelet function and peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) were assessed. PEG-rHuMGDF enhanced platelet recovery in a dose-related manner when compared with placebo. The platelet nadir occurred earlier in patients given PEG-rHuMGDF (P = .002) but there was no difference in the depth of the nadir. Recovery to baseline platelet count was achieved significantly earlier following PEG-rHuMGDF administration compared with placebo (median, 17 days for PEG-rHuMGDF 0.3 to 5.0 microg/kg versus 22 days for placebo, P = .014). In addition, platelet recovery was faster in patients who had previously received PEG-rHuMGDF, suggesting that pretreatment might be beneficial. Platelet function did not change during or after administration of PEG-rHuMGDF. Levels of PBPC on day 15 after chemotherapy were significantly greater in patients administered PEG-rHuMGDF 0.3 to 5.0 microg/kg and filgrastim compared with those given placebo plus filgrastim. PEG-rHuMGDF was well tolerated at all doses. Two patients given PEG-rHuMGDF had a thrombotic episode. PEG-rHuMGDF accelerates platelet recovery after moderately dose-intensive carboplatin and cyclophosphamide, and is likely to be clinically useful in treatment of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. Because it enhances mobilization of PBPC by filgrastim, PEG-rHuMGDF might also allow more efficient collection of stem cells for autologous or allogeneic transplantation.
Seroflocculating Steroids. II.1 General2 (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSeroflocculating Steroids. II.1 General2Frederic C. Chang, Robert T. Blickenstaff, Aaron Feldstein, Jane Ransom Gray, George S. McCaleb, and Douglas H. SpruntCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 9, 2161–2163Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01566a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01566a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views46Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Comparison of benzene adsorption on nickel(111) and nickel(100) (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComparison of benzene adsorption on nickel(111) and nickel(100)A. K. Myers, G. R. Schoofs, and J. B. BenzigerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 9, 2230–2232Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100293a002https://doi.org/10.1021/j100293a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views350Altmetric-Citations58LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Enzymes of uracil catabolism in normal and neoplastic human tissues. (1985)

Enzymes of the pyrimidine base catabolism, dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.2), dihydropyrimidinase (EC 3.5.2.2), and beta-ureidopropionase (EC 3.5.1.6) were compared in the cytosolic extract of several normal and neoplastic human tissues. The activity was measured by following the catabolism of [6-14C]-uracil to dihydrouracil, carbamyl-beta-alanine, and beta-alanine. Substrate inhibition, hysteresis, allosterism, and the lack of dihydropyrimidinase are pointed out as special problems in assaying enzymes of pyrimidine degradation. The activity of dihydrouracil dehydrogenase has been demonstrated in several human extrahepatic tissues and tumors. The enzyme is rate limiting in extrahepatic solid tumors but not in their normal counterparts. Some of these solid tumors contain greater amounts of activity than do their normal equivalents, which encourages the use of inhibitors of this enzyme in conjunction with treatment of these tumors by 5-fluorouracil. Because of the lack of a pattern in dihydrouracil dehydrogenase activity between tumors and normal tissues, the enzyme is not a good marker for tumorigenicity. Dihydropyrimidinase, on the other hand, is highly active in all solid tumors studied but not in their normal counterparts; therefore, we suggest that dihydropyrimidinase can serve as a good marker of tumorigenicity as well as a target for cancer chemotherapy of human solid tumors.
A fractal block coding technique employing frequency sensitive competitive learning (2002)

The authors discuss a block oriented fractal coding technique for still images based on contractive affine transformation theory. A brief overview of the generalized technique is provided and a number of its attractive as well as less favorable features are discussed. In particular, the high order of computational complexity associated with the technique is addressed. A neural network paradigm known as frequency sensitive competitive learning (FSCL) is employed to assist the encoder in locating fractal self-similarity within a source image. A judicious development of the proper neural network size for optimal time performance is provided. Such an optimally chosen network has the effect of reducing the time complexity of the original encoding algorithm from O(n/sup 4/) to O(n/sup 3/). An implementation of fractal block coding employing FSCL and coding results is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
New Tc-99m brain imaging agents (1984)

In developing new Tc-99m brain perfusion imaging agents for SPECT, a series of BAT (bis-aminoethanethiol) derivatives was prepared. These N/sub 2/S/sub 2/ ligands formed stable and neutral complexes with reduced Tc-99m, either by Sn(II)-PPi or sodium borohydride reduction. The purity of the Tc-99m complexes was >95% (HPLC reverse-phase column, acetonitrile: pH 7.0 buffer, 85:15). The biodistribution in rats was evaluated using I-125 iodoantipyrine (IAP), a free diffusible tracer, as the internal reference. Compounds with a free hydroxyl group (I and IV) showed lower brain uptake, inspite of high P.C.; this may be related to in vivo instability of the complexes. High initial brain uptake was observed for three compounds (II, III and V), however, only compound V (P.C.=384) showed significant brain retention. Planar imaging with compound V in a monkey demonstrated that the compound localized in brain and the retention time was T/sub 1/2/=35 min. Compounds of this type may be useful as brain imaging agent in themself or as a basis for further structural modification to improve brain uptake and retention.
Microbubble compositions, properties and biomedical applications (2009)

Over the last decade, there has been significant progress towards the development of microbubbles as theranostics for a wide variety of biomedical applications. The unique ability of microbubbles to respond to ultrasound makes them useful agents for contrast ultrasound imaging, molecular imaging, and targeted drug and gene delivery. The general composition of a microbubble is a gas core stabilized by a shell comprised of proteins, lipids or polymers. Each type of microbubble has its own unique advantages and can be tailored for specialized functions. In this review, different microbubbles compositions and physiochemical properties are discussed in the context of current progress towards developing novel constructs for biomedical applications, with specific emphasis on molecular imaging and targeted drug/gene delivery.
Targeted pharmacotherapy of retinal diseases with ranibizumab (2007)

Diseases of retinal and/or choroidal blood vessels are the most prevalent causes of moderate and severe vision loss in developed countries. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of many of these diseases. Ranibizumab is a humanized antigen-binding fragment that binds all isoforms of VEGF-A. Intraocular injections of ranibizumab cause significant visual improvement in approximately 40% of patients with choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Pilot trials have indicated that intraocular injections of ranibizumab also provide benefits in patients with macular edema due to diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusions. Based upon several case series, bevacizumab, a full-length humanized monoclonal antibody that binds all isoforms of VEGF-A, improves vision in patients with choroidal neovascularization due to AMD and other diseases. Case series also suggest that bevacizumab can cause regression of retinal neovascularization in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Taken together, results with ranibizumab and bevacizumab suggest that potent antagonists of VEGF will provide the foundation of treatment for a wide variety of diseases complicated by retinal or choroidal neovascularization, or by excessive vascular leakage leading to macular edema.
Discounting in the hotel industry: A new approach (1992)

Faced with the need to discount room rates, lodging companies have tried different methods to segment high-rate customers from low-rate customers. For many hotel companies, the discounting mechanism is informal, encouraging prospective guests to haggle in an attempt to push down the rate. Moreover, casual discounting procedures allow high-rate customers to trade down-purchasing lodging at a price far lower than they would otherwise be willing to pay. By establishing discrete rate tiers, however, a hotel can maximize its revenue by offering different room products to different market segments. The key is to segment the markets and to keep them segmented. Marriott has attempted to do that by setting up "fenced rates"-discounts aimed primarily at leisure travelers that are tied to such restrictions as advance purchase, no itinerary change, and no refund. Such restrictions do not hamper leisure travelers, but business travelers find it difficult to overcome such hurdles. The initial response from consumers has been positive, and Marriott has garnered substantial incremental room nights from the program.
Comparative immunogenicity of conjugates composed of the Staphylococcus aureus type 8 capsular polysaccharide bound to carrier proteins by adipic acid dihydrazide or N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (1992)

Staphylococcus aureus type 8 capsular polysaccharide (CP) was conjugated either to diphtheria toxoid or to Pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant exoprotein A by using adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) or N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP) as the joining reagent. The polysaccharide/protein ratios of these two pairs of conjugates were similar. The two synthetic schemes bound the linker to the carboxyls of the type 8 CP by carbodiimide-mediated condensation. ADH was bound to the carboxyls of the protein, whereas SPDP reacted with the amino groups of the protein. Intermolecular linking of the carrier protein, caused by the carbodiimide during the conjugation reaction with the type 8 CP derivative, probably accounts for the larger size of the conjugates formed with ADH compared with those formed with SPDP. Both conjugates synthesized with ADH elicited higher levels of CP antibodies, especially after the first immunization, than did those prepared with SPDP. Similar levels of exoprotein A antibodies were elicited by both conjugates. Higher levels of diphtheria toxoid antibodies were elicited by the conjugate prepared with SPDP than by the one prepared with ADH. The basis for the differences in the immunogenicities of these two pairs of S. aureus type 8 CP conjugates is discussed.
ChunkStash: speeding up inline storage deduplication using flash memory (2010)

Storage deduplication has received recent interest in the research community. In scenarios where the backup pro-cess has to complete within short time windows, inline deduplication can help to achieve higher backup through-put. In such systems, the method of identifying duplicate data, using disk-based indexes on chunk hashes, can cre-ate throughput bottlenecks due to disk I/Os involved in index lookups. RAM prefetching and bloom-filter based techniques used by Zhu et al. [42] can avoid disk I/Os on close to 99 % of the index lookups. Even at this reduced rate, an index lookup going to disk contributes about 0.1msec to the average lookup time – this is about 1000 times slower than a lookup hitting in RAM. We propose to reduce the penalty of index lookup misses in RAM by orders of magnitude by serving such lookups from a flash-based index, thereby, increasing inline deduplica-tion throughput. Flash memory can reduce the huge gap between RAM and hard disk in terms of both cost and access times and is a suitable choice for this application. To this end, we design a flash-assisted inline dedu-plication system using ChunkStash1, a chunk metadata store on flash. ChunkStash uses one flash read per chunk lookup and works in concert with RAM prefetching strategies. It organizes chunk metadata in a log-structure on flash to exploit fast sequential writes. It uses an in-memory hash table to index them, with hash collisions resolved by a variant of cuckoo hashing. The in-memory hash table stores (2-byte) compact key signatures instead of full chunk-ids (20-byte SHA-1 hashes) so as to strike tradeoffs between RAM usage and false flash reads. Fur-ther, by indexing a small fraction of chunks per con-tainer, ChunkStash can reduce RAM usage significantly with negligible loss in deduplication quality. Evaluations using real-world enterprise backup datasets show that ChunkStash outperforms a hard disk index based inline deduplication system by 7x-60x on the metric of backup throughput (MB/sec). 1
Antiallodynic Effect of Intrathecal Gabapentin and Its Interaction with Clonidine in a Rat Model of Postoperative Pain (2000)

Intrathecal gabapentin is effective against tactile allodynia that occurs after paw incision, and interacts synergistically with clonidine. Unlike results in vitro, gabapentin does not obligatorily need to enter cells via the L-amino acid transporter mechanism to achieve its effects in vivo.
Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Rejection of Experimental Human Lung Cancer by Genetic Overexpression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Chain-Related Gene A (2006)

Studies have highlighted molecular and cell biological mechanisms of the NKG2D-NKG2D ligand system in the activation of natural killer (NK) cell and T cell functions. In this study we explore the potential of genetic overexpression of human major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (MICA), a powerful NKG2D ligand, for the induction of NK cell-mediated antitumor immunity in a humanized murine model of non-small cell lung cancer. Using tissue microarray technology we detected expression of MICA in only 30% of the samples from patients with lung cancer. Staining was always weak and focal, indicating that expression of MICA is detectable but limited in human lung cancer. Genetic overexpression of MICA by means of adenoviral transduction or transfection of expression plasmids was feasible in cell lines in vitro, primary human cancer tissue ex vivo, and in experimental human cancers in vivo. The presence of MICA on the surface of largely NK cell-resistant human lung cancer cells reestablished NK cell susceptibility and provoked NK cell-mediated antitumor immunity by murine and human NK cells in two different experimental therapy models. In this study we analyze the interaction of human NK cells with MICA-positive human cancer cells in an in vivo setting. Our data demonstrate that MICA overexpression can function as NK cell-mediated immunotherapy in experimental lung cancer.
Effects of Continuous Vasopressin Infusion in Patients with Septic Shock (2004)

Vasopressin infusion was effective in increasing MAP and reducing heart rate while decreasing the dopamine dosage in patients with septic shock. Comparative studies with catecholamine vasopressors are needed to define the optimal role of vasopressin in septic shock therapy. In the meantime, vasopressin infusion at <or=0.03 units/min should be considered only if response to 1 or 2 catecholamine vasopressors is inadequate or as a method to reduce the dose of these therapies.
Therapeutic Efficacy of ABT-737, a Selective Inhibitor of BCL-2, in Small Cell Lung Cancer (2008)

Bcl-2 is a central regulator of cell survival that is overexpressed in the majority of small cell lung cancers (SCLC) and contributes to both malignant transformation and therapeutic resistance. We compared primary SCLC xenografts prepared from de novo human tumors with standard cell line-based xenografts in the evaluation of a novel and highly potent small molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2, ABT-737. ABT-737 induced dramatic regressions in tumors derived from some SCLC cell lines. In contrast, only one of three primary xenograft SCLC tumors showed significant growth inhibition with ABT-737. Explanations for this apparent dichotomy may include relatively low expression of Bcl-2 in the primary xenografts or inherent differences in the model systems. The addition of etoposide to ABT-737 in the primary xenografts resulted in significant decreases in tumor growth, underscoring the clinical potential of ABT-737 in combination therapy. To identify factors that may contribute to resistance to ABT-737 and related inhibitors, we isolated resistant derivatives of an initially sensitive cell line-based xenograft. Acquired resistance in this model was associated with decreases in the expression of the primary target Bcl-2, of proapoptotic partners of Bcl-2 (Bax and Bim), and of Bcl-2:Bim heterodimers. Expression profiling reveals 85 candidate genes demonstrating consistent changes in gene expression with acquired resistance. Taken together, these data have specific implications for the clinical development of Bcl-2 inhibitors for SCLC and broader implications for the testing of novel anticancer strategies in relevant preclinical models.
Recent developments in graph matching (2002)

Graphs are a powerful and versatile tool useful in various subfields of science and engineering. In many applications, for example, in pattern recognition and computer vision, it is required to measure the similarity of objects. When graphs are used for the representation of structured objects, then the problem of measuring object similarity turns into the problem of computing the similarity of graphs, which is also known as graph matching. In this paper, similarity measures on graphs and related algorithms are reviewed. Also theoretical work showing various relations between different similarity measures is discussed. Other topics to be addressed include graph clustering and efficient indexing of large databases of graphs.
Effects of motor and sensory nerve transplants on amount and specificity of sciatic nerve regeneration (2007)

Nerve regeneration after complete transection does not allow for adequate functional recovery mainly because of lack of selectivity of target reinnervation. We assessed if transplanting a nerve segment from either motor or sensory origin may improve specifically the accuracy of sensory and motor reinnervation. For this purpose, the rat sciatic nerve was transected and repaired with a silicone guide containing a predegenerated segment of ventral root (VR) or dorsal root (DR), compared to a silicone guide filled with saline. Nerve regeneration and reinnervation was assessed during 3 months by electrophysiologic and functional tests, and by nerve morphology and immunohistochemistry against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) for labeling motor axons. Functional tests showed that reinnervation was successful in all the rats. However, the two groups with a root allotransplant reached higher degrees of reinnervation in comparison with the control group. Group VR showed the highest reinnervation of muscle targets, whereas Group DR had higher levels of sensory reinnervation than VR and saline groups. The total number of regenerated myelinated fibers was similar in the three groups, but the number of ChAT+ fibers was slightly lower in the VR group in comparison with DR and saline groups. These results indicate that a predegenerated root nerve allotransplant enhances axonal regeneration, leading to faster and higher levels of functional recovery. Although there is not clear preferential reinnervation, regeneration of motor axons is promoted at early times by a motor graft, whereas reinnervation of sensory pathways is increased by a sensory graft.