gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Floating-Body SOI Memory: Concepts, Physics and Challenges (2009)

We present an overview of the single-transistor memory cells (1T-DRAMs), which are based on floating-body effects in SOI MOSFETs. The typical device architectures, principles of operation and key mechanisms for programming are described. The various approaches (Z-RAM, MSDRAM, etc) are compared in terms of performance and potential for aggressive scaling.
Impact of Large Aggregated Uricases and PEG Diol on Accelerated Blood Clearance of PEGylated Canine Uricase (2012)

The size of conjugates is important for triggering such phenomena and we speculate that 40-60 nm is the lower size limit that can trigger ABC. Removal of the uricase aggregates and the PEG diol contaminant and modifying with small PEG reagents enabled ABC to be successfully avoided and sufficient reduction in the immunogenicity of 5 kDa mPEG-modified tetrameric canine uricase.
Self-Assembled Monolayers on Oxidized Metals. 2. Gold Surface Oxidative Pretreatment, Monolayer Properties, and Depression Formation (1998)

Self-assembly (SA) of organic monolayers onto gold surfaces has been known to be influenced by the surface conditions prior to monolayer adsorption. A new procedure is introduced for obtaining clean, reproducible Au surfaces, appropriate for monolayer self-assembly. The two-step procedure involves (i) exposure of the Au surface to UV/ozone (or O2 plasma) treatment and (ii) immersion in pure ethanol. The organic contaminants present on the (aged) gold surface are oxidized in the first step to volatile products such as carbon dioxide and water, followed by the second step where gold oxide, formed on the Au surface during the UV/ozone treatment, is reduced (to Au) by reaction of the oxidized gold with ethanol (the most frequently used solvent for SA of alkanethiols). It is shown by scanning force microscopy (SFM) measurements that gold oxide which is not reduced prior to monolayer SA is encapsulated by the closely packed alkanethiol monolayer adsorbed onto the gold oxide. This enables convenient imaging of the (otherwise unstable) gold oxide on the surface. The efficiency of the pretreatment procedure is demonstrated by complete removal of an octadecanethiol (C18SH) monolayer (a simulated stubborn contamination) from a gold surface using the above procedure, followed by reconstitution of a similar monolayer. Ellipsometry, contact-angle measurements, and grazing-incidence FTIR spectroscopy show that the removed and the reconstituted C18SH monolayers are indistinguishable. The formation of a high density of small depressions in such pretreated Au surfaces, as well as in aged (unpretreated) Au surfaces, is shown by STM imaging and discussed in light of similar morphologies induced by alkanethiol self-assembly.
Cluster Formation in Expanding Supersonic Jets: Effect of Pressure, Temperature, Nozzle Size, and Test Gas (1972)

To study homogeneous condensation in an expanding nozzle flow, cluster beams were sampled from the core of the flow field and transferred into a vacuum chamber for further analysis. Sonic and hypersonic nozzles with throat diameters 0.015 cm ≤ d ≤ 0.15 cm were used. Source temperature was varied between 120 ≤ T0 ≤ 450° K, source pressure between 100 ≤ p0 ≤ 12 000 torr. Test gases were the rare gases (except He), N2, and CO2. The size of the clusters (=microdroplets or -crystals) and the intensity of the cluster beam was measured with a through-flow ionization detector with retarding potential system to get the mass-to-charge distribution of the cluster ions. The mean cluster size N̄ varied between 102 and 104 atoms/cluster. The mean cluster size remained almost constant with increasing T0 if p0 was increased simultaneously according to the isentropic relation p0T0γ /(1−γ)=const. Considering the various types of cluster-growth reactions one expects to get cluster beams with the same size, if p0 and T0 fall within the narrow range between the isentrope p0T0γ /(1−γ)=const and the line for equal bimolecular processes, p0T0(1.5γ −1)/(1−γ)=const. The experiments confirm this result. The same model predicts that a decrease of nozzle throat diameter d can be compensated by an increase of source pressure p0 such that p0dq=const with 0&amp;lt;q&amp;lt;1. The experimental scaling law for constant cluster size gives q=0.8 for argon and q=0.6 for CO2. Comparing different gases, the same cluster size N̄ was obtained for the rare gases if they were in corresponding states prior to expansion and if the reduced nozzle scale was the same. This confirms the model of ``corresponding jets'' which extends the thermodynamic principle of corresponding states to real gas effects in a time-dependent system like a nozzle flow, and which applies equally to condensation in slow and fast expansions, including the transition to molecular flow.
ChemInform Abstract: The Selectivity of NaZnPO4 in the Dehydrogenation of Alcohols. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Audiovisual Detection of Behavioural Mimicry (2013)

Human mimicry is a behavioural cue occurring during social interaction that can inform us about the participants' inter-personal states and attitudes. It occurs when a participant in an interaction exhibits some behaviour as a result of a co-participants prior display of that signal, and occurs on both short and long time-scales. To develop a detection method for such behaviour, we use a method based on feature prediction, where we train an ensemble of regression models from one subject's features to the co-subject's features, for each class. The ensemble of models with lowest reconstruction error is used to detect mimicry and non-mimicry, using continuous audiovisual streams. As mimicry events are dynamical phenomena, we use a temporal regression model (long short-term memory neural networks) to capture sequential dependencies in the data. On a data set of ten 12-minute dyadic interaction episodes, our method gave average positive and negative recall rates of 77.5% and 60.0% respectively, on data with significant class imbalances, due to the relative sparsity of mimicry samples when doing continuous detection.
Liver-targeted antiviral nucleosides: Enhanced antiviral activity of phosphatidyl-dideoxyguanosine versus dideoxyguanosine in woodchuck hepatitis virus infection in vivo (1996)

It would be desirable to develop antiviral agents that can be targeted to liver to enhance their antiviral effects and reduce nonhepatic toxicity. 2',3'-Dideoxyguanosine (ddG) has been found to be a potent and selective antihepatitis B agent both in vitro and in vivo. To evaluate ddG and its liver-targeted analog, we synthesized a series of phosphatidyl-ddGs and incubated them with 2.2.15 cells, which chronically produce hepatitis B virus. 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-dideoxyguanosine (DPP-ddG) inhibited the production of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the culture medium by 90% at 4.5 mumol/L versus 9.1 mumol/L for ddG, while the liposome vehicle itself had no effect. To compare the efficacy of free ddG with its lipid prodrug in vivo, we treated woodchucks that were experimentally infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) for 4 weeks by intraperitoneal injection of 2.6 mumol/kg/d of free ddG or liposomes containing 2.6 mumol/kg/d of DPP-ddG. Liposomal DPP-ddG reduced serum WHV DNA by 23- to 46-fold at the end of the fourth week, while free ddG reduced serum WHV DNA by 2.2- to 10.4-fold. Treatment with small unilamellar liposomes containing DPP-ddG is substantially more effective than free ddG in reducing WHV-DNA levels in serum in WHV-infected woodchucks. The data suggest that the use of lipid prodrugs to target the liver may be useful in enhancing antiviral therapy of hepatitis.
Time-Reversal Wideband Communications (2013)

With the advance of semiconductor technologies, the performance of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has been improved a lot during the past decade in terms of both sampling rate and resolution. The cost has gone down dramatically that makes the wideband communication much affordable. Under such circumstances, a natural question to ask is: Is there a low complexity high energy-efficient solution to high throughput wideband communications? In this letter, we explore this question by studying time-reversal communications. We find that compared with that of OFDM system, the computational complexity of a time-reversal system at the transmitter side is lower since it requires similar additions but no multiplications. Furthermore, the computational complexity of a time-reversal system at the receiver side is negligible since only onetap detection is performed, which means that the overall computational complexity of time-reversal system is much lower than that of OFDM system. Moreover, we find that when the bandwidth is large enough, time-reversal system can achieve much higher achievable rate than OFDM system. Therefore, time-reversal technique is a desired solution to low complexity high throughput wideband communications when more bandwidth is available.
The Long-Term Performance of Electrically Charged Filters in a Ventilation System (2004)

The efficiency and pressure drop of filters made from polyolefin fibers carrying electrical charges were compared with efficiency and pressure drop for filters made from uncharged glass fibers to determine if the efficiency of the charged filters changed with use. Thirty glass fiber filters and 30 polyolefin fiber filters were placed in different, but nearly identical, air-handling units that supplied outside air to a large building. Using two kinds of real-time aerosol counting and sizing instruments, the efficiency of both sets of filters was measured repeatedly for more than 19 weeks while the air-handling units operated almost continuously. Pressure drop was recorded by the ventilation system's computer control. Measurements showed that the efficiency of the glass fiber filters remained almost constant with time. However, the charged polyolefin fiber filters exhibited large efficiency reductions with time before the efficiency began to increase again toward the end of the test. For particles 0.6 microm in diameter, the efficiency of the polyolefin fiber filters declined from 85% to 45% after 11 weeks before recovering to 65% at the end of the test. The pressure drops of the glass fiber filters increased by about 0.40 in. H2O, whereas the pressure drop of the polyolefin fiber filters increased by only 0.28 in. H2O. The results indicate that dust loading reduces the effectiveness of electrical charges on filter fibers.
Genetic diversity and selection in the maize starch pathway (2002)

Maize is both phenotypically and genetically diverse. Sequence studies generally confirm the extensive genetic variability in modern maize is consistent with a lack of selection. For more than 6,000 years, Native Americans and modern breeders have exploited the tremendous genetic diversity of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) to create the highest yielding grain crop in the world. Nonetheless, some loci have relatively low levels of genetic variation, particularly loci that have been the target of artificial selection, like c1 and tb1. However, there is limited information on how selection may affect an agronomically important pathway for any crop. These pathways may retain the signature of artificial selection and may lack genetic variation in contrast to the rest of the genome. To evaluate the impact of selection across an agronomically important pathway, we surveyed nucleotide diversity at six major genes involved in starch metabolism and found unusually low genetic diversity and strong evidence of selection. Low diversity in these critical genes suggests that a paradigm shift may be required for future maize breeding. Rather than relying solely on the diversity within maize or on transgenics, future maize breeding would perhaps benefit from the incorporation of alleles from maize's wild relatives.
Association and linkage studies of the TAQI A1 allele at the dopamine D2 receptor gene in samples of female and male alcoholics (1995)

To address the controversy surrounding DRD2 and alcoholism, we performed linkage and association studies utilizing alcoholic men from high-density families largely uncontaminated by other psychopathology and female alcoholics for whom secondary drug dependence (averaging 10 years later onset) was a prominent feature. The males and females were combined for a total of 52 alcoholics, and compared to 30 controls screened for the absence of alcoholism and other psychopathology, revealing a significant association between the frequency of the TaqI A1 allele and alcoholism. However, linkage and family-based association studies conducted on 20 families of male alcoholics found no evidence for association or linkage between Taq A and alcoholism. The results of our population-based association study, placed in the context of the literature, suggest that minimizing psychopathology in control groups is probably a more important explanation for divergent results than either sampling error or population stratification. When combined with the complete lack of within-family evidence, we concluded that the association, while not appearing to be artifactual, is not specific to the alcoholism phenotype, per se.
Functional expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 on human epithelial cells (1999)

Chemokines and their receptors play an important role in the process of leucocyte recruitment at sites of inflammation. However, recent evidence suggests that these proteins can also regulate non-leucocyte cell functions such as angiogenesis, migration and proliferation. We have investigated the expression of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) on primary cultures of type II alveolar epithelial cells, their transformed counterpart, the A549 cell line and also on other epithelial cell lines from various tissues. We found that all epithelial cell types tested express mRNA for CXCR4. Flow cytometric analysis and immunocytochemical staining shows that CXCR4 chemokine receptor is abundantly expressed on the surface of A549 epithelial cells. Furthermore, A549 cells responded to the CXCR4 ligand, stromal-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) with a rapid and robust calcium mobilization and not to other CXC chemokines, suggesting that CXCR4 is functionally active and is able to couple to G-protein signalling mechanisms. A549 cells did not proliferate in response to either SDF-1alpha or interleukin-8 (IL-8) CXC chemokines. These findings may have important implications for epithelial physiology and pathology.
An efficient on‐column expressed protein ligation strategy: Application to segmental triple labeling of human apolipoprotein E3 (2008)

Expressed protein ligation (EPL) is an intein-based approach that has been used for protein engineering and biophysical studies of protein structures. One major problem of the EPL is the low yield of final ligation product, primarily due to the complex procedure of the EPL, preventing EPL from gaining popularity in the research community. Here we report an efficient on-column EPL strategy, which focuses on enhancing the expression level of the intein-fusion protein that generates thioester for the EPL. We applied this EPL strategy to human apolipoprotein E (apoE) and routinely obtained 25-30 mg segmental, triple-labeled apoE from 1-L cell culture. The approaches reported here are general approaches that are not specific for apoE, thus providing a general strategy for a highly efficient EPL. In addition, we also report an isotopic labeling scheme that double-labels one domain and keeps the other domain of apoE deuterated. Such an isotopic labeling scheme can only be achieved using the EPL strategy. Our data indicated that the segmental triple-labeled apoEs using this labeling scheme produced high-quality, simplified NMR spectra, facilitating NMR spectral assignment. For large proteins, such as apoE, perdeuterated protein samples have to be used to reduce the linewidth of NMR signals, causing a major problem for the NOE-based NMR method, since perdeuterated proteins lack protons for NOE measurement. The new labeling strategy solves this problem and provides (13)C/(15)N double-labeled, protonated protein domains, allowing for determination of high-resolution NMR structure of these large proteins.
The molecular effect of metastasis suppressors on Src signaling and tumorigenesis: new therapeutic targets (2015)

A major problem for cancer patients is the metastasis of cancer cells from the primary tumor. This involves: (1) migration through the basement membrane; (2) dissemination via the circulatory system; and (3) invasion into a secondary site. Metastasis suppressors, by definition, inhibit metastasis at any step of the metastatic cascade. Notably, Src is a non-receptor, cytoplasmic, tyrosine kinase, which becomes aberrantly activated in many cancer-types following stimulation of plasma membrane receptors (e.g., receptor tyrosine kinases and integrins). There is evidence of a prominent role of Src in tumor progression-related events such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the development of metastasis. However, the precise molecular interactions of Src with metastasis suppressors remain unclear. Herein, we review known metastasis suppressors and summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of how these proteins inhibit metastasis through modulation of Src. Particular emphasis is bestowed on the potent metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) and its interactions with the Src signaling cascade. Recent studies demonstrated a novel mechanism through which NDRG1 plays a significant role in regulating cancer cell migration by inhibiting Src activity. Moreover, we discuss the rationale for targeting metastasis suppressor genes as a sound therapeutic modality, and we review several examples from the literature where such strategies show promise. Collectively, this review summarizes the essential interactions of metastasis suppressors with Src and their effects on progression of cancer metastasis. Moreover, interesting unresolved issues regarding these proteins as well as their potential as therapeutic targets are also discussed.
Suppression of Amplitude Effects In Bright-Field Stem Phase Contrast Imaging (1985)

Nearly all past Investigations Into the nature of the bright field Image in the STEM as a function of detector aperture size are based on the Scherzer conditions for optimum Imaging. Consequently, they are of limited use when applied to any but the thinnest of specimens. Here we examine Image contrast and resolution as the Scherzer conditions are relaxed in conjunction with detector size, and show that Image quality for strong phase objects can be significantly Improved because, in a certain configuration, amplitude contrast effects can be eliminated, while the phase contrast signal to noise ratio assumes a relative maximum. Thus, if the user is willing to make small sacrifices (≅5%) in resolution and contrast, it should be possible to obtain an amplitude effect free, pure phase contrast Image even for slightly thicker specimens.
Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on severity of nephritis and nitric oxide production in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice (2002)

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), an immunosuppressive drug commonly used in organ transplantation, is increasingly being used to treat autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. We evaluated the effect of MMF on the severity of nephritis and the production of NO in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. Eight-week-old female MRL/lpr mice (n = 20) were treated with MMF (100 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 12 weeks. Control mice (n = 20) received vehicle on the same schedule. The mice were killed after 12 weeks of treatment. Treatment with MMF significantly decreased the amount of proteinuria, prolonged survival and reduced the histological severity of glomerulonephritis. Urinary nitrite/nitrate excretion in the MMF-treated mice was significantly reduced during the first 8 weeks of treatment. However, by the end of the 12 weeks' treatment period, there was no significant difference between vehicle and MMF-treated mice in terms of urinary nitrite/nitrate excretion, intra-renal production of NO, expression of iNOS protein and induction of iNOS mRNA. We conclude that MMF is effective in attenuating the severity of nephritis in MRL/lpr mice. The beneficial effects of MMF on lupus nephritis during the early phase of the disease might be partly attributed to the inhibition of NO production. The inhibitory effect of MMF on NO production diminishes as the disease progresses. MMF probably has additional, as yet undefined mode of actions to fully account for its beneficial effects on lupus nephritis.
Aluminum nitride/silicon carbide multilayer heterostructure produced by plasma-assisted, gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (1993)

Pseudomorphic structures containing β(3C)-SiC and 2H-AlN have been grown on vicinal α(6H)-SiC(0001) at 1050 °C by plasma-assisted, gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. Reflection-high energy electron diffraction and cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed all layers to be monocrystalline. The AlN layers were uniform in thickness. Defects in these layers initiated at steps on the 6H-SiC film. The 3C-SiC layers contained a high density of stacking faults and microtwins caused primarily by the interfacial stresses generated by the mismatch in lattice parameters between AlN and β-SiC coupled with the very low stacking fault energy of SiC. This is the first report of the deposition of single crystal SiC/AlN/SiC thin film heterostructures on any substrate as well as the first report of the epitaxial growth of single crystal layers of binary materials with three different crystal structures.
Nanostructured Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Materials:  Kinetic Control of the Texture (2001)

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Chloroplast transit peptides from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii share features with both mitochondrial and higher plant chloroplast presequences (1990)

Chloroplast transit peptides from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been analyzed and compared with chloroplast transit peptides from higher plants and mitochondrial targeting peptides from yeast, Neurospora and higher eukaryotes. In terms of length and amino acid composition, chloroplast transit peptides from C. reinhardtii are more similar to mitochondrial targetting peptides than to chloroplast transit peptides from higher plants. They also contain the potential amphiphilic alpha-helix characteristic of mitochondrial presequences. However, in similarity with chloroplast transit peptides from higher plants, they contain a C-terminal region with the potential to form an amphiphilic beta-strand. As in higher plants, transit peptides that route proteins to the thylakoid lumen consist of an N-terminal domain similar to stroma-targeting transit peptides attached to a C-terminal apolar domain that share many characteristics with secretory signal peptides.