gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unmet needs in antiplatelet therapy (2008)

Despite antiplatelet therapy, patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and those undergoing coronary intervention continue to experience atherothrombotic events, indicating a need for improvement in both overall patient management and antiplatelet treatments. Limitations of clopidogrel, which is widely used in dual therapy with aspirin, include slow onset of effect, low inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) in many patients, interindividual variability in response, and irreversible P2Y 12 binding that prevents rapid offset of effect. Higher doses of clopidogrel may overcome some of these issues, and new oral agents such as the thienopyridine prasugrel and the reversible P2Y 12 antagonist AZD6140 have faster onset of action and produce greater IPA. However, antiplatelet treatment must strike a balance between reduced atherothrombotic risk and bleeding risk, and it has yet to be determined whether greater platelet inhibition will produce better clinical outcome in terms of ischaemic events with an acceptable bleeding profile. Bleeding is an inherent risk of antiplatelet therapy and an independent predictor of poor prognosis in ACS patients, a factor that should be taken into account in assessing risks and benefits of antiplatelet treatment. New reversible P2Y 12 antagonists offer the potential to discontinue antiplatelet therapy closer to invasive procedures compared with the thienopyridines, thus potentially reducing both procedure-related bleeding rates and duration of exposure to atherothrombotic risk prior to procedures. Ongoing large-scale Phase 3 trials will provide important information on whether the strategies of achieving higher levels of P2Y 12 inhibition and using reversible inhibitors can improve antiplatelet therapy.
Advances in Bone Biology: The Osteoclast* (1996)

Much has been learned about the cell biology and molecular biology of the osteoclast in the last 5 yr. The osteoclast appears to be derived from CFU-GM, the committed monocyte-granulocyte precursor cell. This cell then differentiates into more committed precursors for the osteoclast. The role of the marrow microenvironment appears to be critical for murine osteoclast formation, although in human systems it appears to be nonessential but acts to enhance osteoclast formation and resorption. The osteoclast has been shown to be a secretory cell capable of producing both stimulators and inhibitors of osteoclast formation and resorption. The identification of the role of protooncogenes, such as c-fos and pp60c-src, in osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption has provided important insights into the regulation of normal osteoclast activity. Studies such as these should help us to dissect the pathophysiology of abnormal osteoclastic activity, such as seen in hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteopetrosis, and Paget's disease of bone. Future research is needed to further delineate the signaling pathways involved in osteoclastic bone resorption in response to cytokines and hormones, as well as to identify the molecular events required for commitment of multipotent precursors to the osteoclast lineage. Development of osteoclast cell lines may be possible and would greatly enhance our understanding of the biology of the osteoclast. Utilization of current model systems to examine the effects of cytokines and hormones on osteoclast precursors in vitro and in vivo and the ability to obtain large numbers of highly purified osteoclasts for production of osteoclast cDNA libraries should lead to important new discoveries in osteoclast biology.
Automatic Test, Configuration, and Repair of Cellular Arrays (1975)

A cellular array is an iterative array of identical information processing machines, cells. The arrays discussed are rectangular arrays of programmable logic, in which information stored in a working cell tells the cell how to behave. No signal line connects more than a few cells. A loading mechanism in each cell allows a computer directly connected to one cell to load any good cell that is not walled off by flawed cells. A loading arm is grown by programming cells to form a path that carries loading information. Cell mechanisms allow a computer to monitor the growth of a loading arm, and to change the arm''s route to avoid faulty cells. Properly programmed cells carry test signals between a twisted cell and a testing computer directly connected to only a few cells. The computer may discover the faculty cells in an array; and repair the array by loading the array''s good cells to embed a desired machine. Terminology and network models are developed to describe the characteristics of a machine that are important to the test and repair of an array embedding in that machine. Important machine classes are defined, and their test and repair requirements are compared. Computer simulations of repair aid this comparison. Each machine class is represented by a particular cellular machine design. Arrays are presented for realizing highly-integrated, computer-maintained memories, such as variable-length shift registers, random-access memories, and track-addressed sequential-access memories. One flawed array of simple cells may perform like any digital machine, within limits set by the size of the array, its number of input-output leads, and the speed of its components. One such machine can test, configure, and repair its cellular environment. Applications for these cellular arrays are discussed. The thesis'' approach is oriented toward the realities and trends in large-scale integrated circuit production; and has potential integration level, reliability, maintainability, and flexible advantages.
Reconstruction of the time profile of femtosecond laser pulses through cross-phase modulation (1998)

Experimental results concerning the determination of the time profile of femtosecond laser pulses are presented. The method is based on the analysis of the changes of the laser spectrum induced at different delays by cross-phase modulation. Pulses from a 30-fs Ti:sapphire laser at 800 nm are characterized over a high dynamic range. Second-harmonic pulses at 400 nm from the same laser are also characterized, exhibiting the expected improvement in contrast ratio.
Development of a dopamine- and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate- regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) in the prenatal rat central nervous system, and its relationship to the arrival of presumptive dopaminergic innervation (1987)

The development of a dopamine- and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein with an apparent Mr of 32,000 (DARPP-32) has been investigated in the central nervous system of the prenatal and newborn rat by immunocytochemical methods. DARPP-32 first appears in the rat brain at day 14 of gestation, in the anlage of the primary olfactory cortex and the caudate nucleus. Over the next few days, the number of immunoreactive cell bodies in these 2 areas, and in the olfactory tubercle and frontal cortex, increases rapidly. By the day of birth, most of the brain regions that will ultimately contain DARPP-32-positive somata already display a disposition toward DARPP-32-like immunoreactivity similar to that observed in the adult animal. In addition to the nuclei mentioned above, DARPP-32-containing cell bodies also appear over the intervening period in the olfactory nucleus, nucleus accumbens, central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral funiculus, and the choroid plexus and ependymal layers of the third, fourth, and lateral ventricles and the Sylvian aqueduct. Many of these immunoreactive cells disappear during subsequent postnatal maturation. DARPP-32-immunoreactive fibers were also observed in the prenatal and newborn rat CNS. As in the adult, the processes were observed in known target areas of the DARPP-32-containing neurons, namely, the globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, internal capsule, and substantia nigra. The ontogeny of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreactivity was analyzed simultaneously. Of particular interest was the observation that the arrival within a given brain region of the presumed dopaminergic, TH-containing innervation, part of whose postsynaptic function is putatively mediated by DARPP-32, was preceded by at least 2 d by the appearance of the DARPP-32-containing cells. Moreover, the subsequent reorganization of the DARPP-32-positive somata within the caudate nucleus into distinct clumps also predated by 1 or 2 d the aggregation of the TH fibers into the same microzones. The development of DARPP-32-like immunoreactivity is mostly complete by the day of birth, and is consistent with its playing a role in mediating some of the postsynaptic actions of dopamine pathways. The appearance of this protein does not seem to be dependent on the presence of a dopaminergic innervation.
The Liver Is a Site for Tumor-Induced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Accumulation and Immunosuppression (2009)

Tumor-induced immunosuppression plays a key role in tumor evasion of the immune system. A key cell population recognized as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) contributes and helps orchestrate this immunosuppression. MDSC can interact with T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells to create an environment favorable for tumor progression. In various tumor models, their presence at high levels has been reported in the bone marrow, blood, spleen, and tumor. We report for the first time that MDSC accumulate and home to the liver in addition to the other organs. Liver MDSC suppress T cells and accumulate to levels comparable with splenic MDSC. Additionally, hematopoiesis in the liver contributes to the dramatic expansion of MDSC in this organ. Furthermore, MDSC in the liver interact with macrophages, also known as Kupffer cells, and cause their up-regulation of PD-L1, a negative T-cell costimulatory molecule. The liver is thus an organ in which MDSC accumulate and can contribute to immunosuppression directly and indirectly. MDSC play a role in various pathologic states in addition to cancer, and these results contribute to our understanding of their biology and interactions with immune-related cells.
Architectural and implementation tradeoffs in the design of multiple-context processors (abstract) (1992)

We examine two multiple-context schemes in the context of scalable shared-memory multiprocessors. The blocked scheme switches between contexts at cache misses. The proposed interleaved scheme switches between available contexts on a cycle-by-cycle basis, while providing full pipeline interlocks for good single-context performance. We show the interleaved scheme to have a performance advantage over the blocked scheme due to its ability to hide pipeline dependencies and reduce the context switch cost. We also show that, while the implementation of the interleaved scheme is more complex, this complexity is not overwhelming.
Induction of CCR2‐dependent macrophage accumulation by oxidized phospholipids in the air‐pouch model of inflammation (2009)

These data demonstrate that oxidized phospholipids trigger a type of inflammatory response that leads to selective macrophage accumulation in vivo, a process relevant for the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
The Neurology of AIDS (1999)

edited by Howard E. Gendelman, Stuart A. Lipton, Leon Epstein, and Susan Swindells, 650 pp., New York, NY, Chapman & Hall, 1998, $169.95 

It has been estimated that two thirds of the approximately 1 million HIV-infected citizens of the United States will develop significant nervous system complications. Understanding HIV and its multiple clinical effects has become mandatory for all practicing neurologists. Further, research on HIV in all its aspects has helped reveal the mechanisms associated with pathogenesis and treatment in a much wider field. The authors of this book have taken a broad approach to describing the effects of HIV infection on the nervous system. They have succeeded by soliciting contributors who are truly expert in their various disciplines, and who are active and internationally recognized in the field of HIV. The success of the book is in no small measure due to the fact that most of the contributors can also impart information in a concise and easily understood fashion. There are chapters on the molecular virology of HIV, how it may enter the brain, where and why it may become resident in the nervous system, and what it may do to the immune and nervous systems that will lead to disease. There are descriptions of a variety of in vitro and animal models being used to further knowledge of the field. There are sections on clinical disease covering the primary effects …
Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Identification ofMycobacterium tuberculosisComplex Members to the Species Level (2008)

The species identification of members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is critical to the timely initiation of both appropriate antibiotic therapy and proper public health control measures. However, the current commercially available molecular assays identify mycobacteria only to the complex level and are unable to differentiate M. tuberculosis from the closely related M. bovis and M. bovis BCG. We describe here a rapid and robust two-step, multiplex, real-time PCR assay based on genomic deletions to definitively identify M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. bovis BCG, and other members of the complex. When tested against a panel of well-characterized mycobacterial reference strains, the assay was both sensitive and specific, correctly identifying all strains. We applied this assay to 60 clinical isolates previously identified as M. tuberculosis complex and found 57 M. tuberculosis isolates and 3 M. bovis BCG isolates from patients who had received intravesical BCG. Furthermore, analysis of 15 clinical specimens previously identified as M. bovis by spoligotyping revealed an isolate of M. tuberculosis that had been misidentified. We propose that this assay will allow the routine identification of M. tuberculosis complex members in the clinical laboratory.
Effect of Combined Anticoagulation Using Heparin and Bivalirudin on the Hemostatic and Inflammatory Responses to Cardiopulmonary Bypass in the Rat (2007)

Bivalirudin attenuates hemostatic activation during experimental CPB with potential effects on markers of the inflammatory response. However, with this dosing regimen, the combination of heparin and bivalirudin does not seem to confer any measurable advantages over full-dose bivalirudin anticoagulation.
The Role of Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma (2016)

Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematologic malignancy. The treatment of this disease has changed considerably over the last two decades with the introduction to the clinical practice of novel agents such as proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs. Basic research efforts towards better understanding of normal and missing immune surveillence in myeloma have led to development of new strategies and therapies that require the engagement of the immune system. Many of these treatments are under clinical development and have already started providing encouraging results. We, for the second time in the last two decades, are about to witness another shift of the paradigm in the management of this ailment. This review will summarize the major approaches in myeloma immunotherapies.
Free energy and structure dependence of intramolecular triplet energy transfer in organic model compounds (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFree energy and structure dependence of intramolecular triplet energy transfer in organic model compoundsMichael E. Sigman and Gerhard L. ClossCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 13, 5012–5017Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100166a022https://doi.org/10.1021/j100166a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views355Altmetric-Citations72LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
A Highly Robust Audio Fingerprinting System With an Efficient Search Strategy (2003)

Imagine the following situation. You’re in your car, listening to the radio and suddenly you hear a song that catches your attention. It’s the best new song you have heard for a long time, but you missed the announcement and don’t recognize the artist. Still, you would like to know more about this music. What should you do? You could call the radio station, but that’s too cumbersome. Wouldn’t it be nice if you could push a few buttons on your mobile phone and a few seconds later the phone would respond with the name of the artist and the title of the music you’re listening to? Perhaps even sending an email to your default email address with some supplemental information. In this paper we present an audio fingerprinting system, which makes the above scenario possible. By using the fingerprint of an unknown audio clip as a query on a fingerprint database, which contains the fingerprints of a large library of songs, the audio clip can be identified. At the core of the presented system are a highly robust fingerprint extraction method and a very efficient fingerprint search strategy, which enables searching a large fingerprint database with only limited computing resources.
Contributions of heavy and light chains of rabbit immunoglobulin G to antibody activity. I. Binding studies on isolated heavy and light chains (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTContributions of heavy and light chains of rabbit immunoglobulin G to antibody activity. I. Binding studies on isolated heavy and light chainsRichard G. Painter, Harvey J. Sage, and Charles TanfordCite this: Biochemistry 1972, 11, 8, 1327–1337Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00758a001https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00758a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views86Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Radio-holographic reflector measurement of the 30-m millimeter radio telescope at 22 GHz with a cosmic signal source (1988)

Le profil de l'antenne reflectrice du radiotelescope de 30 m de l'IRAM a ete mesure par une methode radio-holographique dont la precision est de 25 μm rms. La methode d'observation est decrite et des cartes en couleurs de la deviation du reflecteur sont presentees
Genetics of Epilepsy and Genetic Epilepsies (2009)

This volume provides updated information on epilepsy genes, on the clinical picture of genetic epilepsies discovered so far, and on conceptual advances in the complicated area of genotype-phenotype correlations.
Recent studies on monogenic epilepsies present new insights into mechanisms whereby a mutation of a single gene, coding for an ion channel, can result in a complex epileptic phenotype. The analysis of genetically-determined epileptogenic dysplasia is advancing our understanding of the role of genes in controlling normal and pathological brain development.
The pathogenic mechanisms by which gene mutations determine progressive myoclonus epilepsies offer critical opportunities to understand the role of genetic factors in neurodegenerative phenomena associated with an even broader range of progressive epilepsy types.
The specialists who have contributed to this book are outstanding international experts in their respective fields, ensuring first and foremost that the reviews are of relevance to clinicians dealing with epilepsy in their daily practice, as well as providing the highest quality scientific information for biomedical research.
In the Cellular Garden of Forking Paths: How p38 MAPKs Signal for Downstream Assistance (2002)

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are evolutionarily conserved enzymes which connect cell-surface receptors to regulatory targets within cells and convert receptor signals into various outputs. In mammalian cells, four distinct MAPKs have been identified: the extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)-1/2, the c-jun N-terminal kinases or stress-activated protein kinases 1 (JNK1/2/3, or SAPK1s), the p38 MAPKs (p38 alpha/beta/gamma/delta, or SAPK2s), and the ERK5 or big MAP kinase 1 (BMK1). The p38 MAPK cascade is activated by stress or cytokines and leads to phosphorylation of its central elements, the p38 MAPKs. Downstream of p38 MAPKs there is a diversification and extensive branching of signalling pathways. For that reason, we will focus in this review on the different signalling events that are triggered by p38 activity, and analyse how these events contribute to specific gene expression and cellular responses.
Muscle-Specific Overexpression of CD36 Reverses the Insulin Resistance and Diabetes of MKR Mice (2004)

Insulin resistance is one of the primary characteristics of type 2 diabetes. Mice overexpressing a dominant-negative IGF-I receptor specifically in muscle (MKR mice) demonstrate severe insulin resistance with high levels of serum and tissue lipids and eventually develop type 2 diabetes at 5-6 wk of age. To determine whether lipotoxicity plays a role in the progression of the disease, we crossed MKR mice with mice overexpressing a fatty acid translocase, CD36, in skeletal muscle. The double-transgenic MKR/CD36 mice showed normalization of the hyperglycemia and the hyperinsulinemia as well as a marked improvement in liver insulin sensitivity. The MKR/CD36 mice also exhibited normal rates of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle when compared with the decreased rate of fatty acid oxidation in MKR. With the reduction in insulin resistance, beta-cell function returned to normal. These and other results suggest that the insulin resistance in the MKR mice is associated with increased muscle triglycerides levels and that whole-body insulin resistance can be, at least partially, reversed in association with a reduction in muscle triglycerides levels, although the mechanisms are yet to be determined.