gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence that cutaneous carcinogen-initiated epithelial cells from mice are quiescent rather than actively cycling. (1997)

The basal layer of the epidermis and hair follicles is composed of actively cycling, transit-amplifying cells and quiescent cells including stem cells. To determine which population is the target of carcinogenic chemicals, we treated CD-1 female mice topically with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an agent known to kill cycling but not quiescent cells, to probe the origin of the neoplastic lesions. We first determined that 5-FU kills cycling cells in the epidermis. Treatment of mice at 59 days of age (when in anagen 1) with topical 5-FU delayed hair regrowth by 10 days compared to vehicle-treated controls, suggesting that 5-FU killed the cells in anagen. Moreover, 5-FU suppressed the usual hyperplastic response of the epidermal cells to treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. 5-FU reduced the number of epidermal basal cells counted in cross-sections of skin and suppressed DNA synthesis. Approximately 50% of mice treated with 5-FU developed, within 1 week of treatment, a sloughing of the epidermis persisting for 3 weeks, followed by complete healing. Despite the evidence of cell killing in the epidermis and lower hair follicles, in a carcinogenesis experiment where 5-FU or vehicle was applied following tumor initiation with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, the papilloma and carcinoma responses were virtually identical whether or not the mice were treated with 5-FU, suggesting that the tumors arose from quiescent, rather than actively cycling, epidermal cells. When 5-FU was applied before initiation, the papilloma but not the carcinoma responses were slightly but significantly reduced relative to controls. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the quiescent rather than the rapidly proliferating cells are the targets of tumor initiation.
Droplet-based nano/picoliter mixer using hydrophobic microcapillary vent (1999)

A mixing device for liquid droplets with pL-nL volume was developed for the first time. Two droplets with volume of 5 nL were pneumatically manipulated and joined together in a microchannel. For drawing off the air between two droplets, Hydrophobic Microcapillary Vent (HMCV)-a vent valve driven by the negative capillary action-was utilized. The mixer can be used as a diffusion-based optical chemical detector, or as a basic component in integrated multistep Micro Total Analysis Systems (/spl mu/TAS). Since the mixer has planar structure without moving parts, it can be fabricated by molding technique at low cost.
Effects of Mannitol on Blood Volume and Central Hemodynamics in Patients Undergoing Cerebral Aneurysm Surgery (1983)

The effects on hemodynamics and blood volume of 500 ml of 20% mannitol administered intravenously in 15 min at the beginning of cerebral aneurysm surgery have been studied in 10 patients. Measurements were made before the infusion of mannitol (control) and at 15-min intervals for 1 hr. Control measurements showed normal hemodynamic data, while blood volume was lower than normal (P < 0.001). Immediately after the mannitol infusion cardiac index (25%; P < 0.01), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (48%; P < 0.001), and blood volume (43%; P < 0.001) increased. Thirty minutes after the mannitol infusion, blood volume had returned to control levels, while the cardiac index and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure decreased 21% (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) below control levels. Forty-five minutes after the mannitol infusion, serum osmolality and urine volume remained high. Our data confirm the presence of hypovolemia in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and a transient increase in blood volume associated with the infusion of mannitol. The data emphasize, however, that the hemodynamic response is biphasic, with an initial increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac index, followed by a hypokinetic circulatory pattern with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac index below control levels. The hypokinetic state occurred in spite of return of blood volume to control levels, suggesting that redistribution of blood from central to peripheral circulatory compartments had occurred.
Two EITS Manual for the Profile of Mood States (1971 & 1992) (1971)

Profile of Mood States (POMS) measures six identifiable mood or affective states: Tension-Anxiety; Depression-Dejection; Anger-Hostility; Vigor-Activity; Fatigue-Inertia; and Confusion-Bewilderment. 
Items in folder: The POMS Manual explains the description, method of administration and scoring, interpretation of the POMS factor scores, correlation among POMS factors, a total mood disturbance score, reliability of the POMS factor, validity studies, psychiatric outpatient normative samples, college student normative samples, selected bibliography, references, and appendices; The scantron response answer sheets are also included; Alternative POMS-SF Adjectives were also included to clarify the meaning of an item on the POMS-SF if a subject questions the meaning; Handwritten notes based on the Measurement Issues Related to Fatigue in Cancer Patients by Barb Piper and Ada Lindsey; An article, “A Brief POMS Measure of Distress for Cancer Patients” (see abstract); An article, “A Shortened Version of the Profile of Mood States” (see abstract); A packet of information related to the Mood States (adjectives, correlation analysis).
Investigations on the 4-Quinolone-3-carboxylic Acid Motif. 2. Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationship of Potent and Selective Cannabinoid-2 Receptor Agonists Endowed with Analgesic Activity in Vivo (2008)

Quinolone-3-carboxamides 11 bearing at position 5, 6, 7, or 8 diverse substituents such as halides, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, and aryloxy groups differing in their steric/electronic properties, were prepared. The new compounds were tested in vitro for CB1 and CB2 receptor affinity in comparison with the reference compounds rimonabant and SR144528. The tested compounds exhibited CB2 affinity in the range from 55.9 to 0.8 nM and CB1 affinity in the range from >10,000 to 5.3 nM, with selectivity indeces [Ki(CB1)/Ki(CB2)] varying from >2666.6 to 1.23. On the basis of the structure-selectivity relationship developed, the presence of a substituent at C6/C8 or C7 well accounts for the high or low CB2 selectivity, respectively. Compound 11c, characterized by high CB2 affinity and selectivity, showed analgesic activity in the formalin test of acute peripheral and inflammatory pain in mice as a result of selective CB2 agonistic activity.
The revised ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT diagnostic criteria for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) - practical implications (2013)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most prevalent idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, is associated with a poor prognosis. An accurate diagnosis of IPF is essential for optimal management. The recent ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT recommendations on the diagnosis and management of IPF were developed from a systematic review of the published literature. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scanning has a central role in the IPF diagnostic pathway with formal designation of criteria for an HRCT pattern of UIP. In the correct clinical context, a UIP pattern on HRCT is indicative of a definite diagnosis of IPF without the need for a surgical lung biopsy. However, although the 2011 ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement is a major advance, the application of guideline recommendations by clinicians has identified limitations that need to be addressed in future statements. Key problems include: 1) the lack of management recommendations for the highly prevalent clinical scenarios of probable and possible IPF; 2) the ongoing confusion about the diagnostic role of bronchoalveolar lavage (reflecting ambiguity in the current recommendation); 3) HRCT misdiagnosis by less experienced radiologists, increasingly recognised as a major problem; and 4) the lack of integration of clinical data, including the treated course of disease, in the designation of the diagnostic likelihood of IPF.
Characterization of the mouse cDNA and gene coding for a hepatocyte growth factor-like protein: expression during development (1991)

The cDNA and gene coding for mouse hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (HGF-like protein) were isolated and characterized. The size of the gene from the site of initiation of transcription to the polyadenylation site is 4613 bp in length and is composed of 18 exons separated by 17 intervening sequences. The exons range in size from 36 to 227 bp in length, while the intervening sequences range in size from 78 to 613 bp in length. The site of initiation of transcription was identified by primer extension analysis using total RNA isolated from mouse liver. On the basis of these results, the first exon is 146 bp in length and includes 94 bp of 5'-noncoding sequence. The sequence 5'TATGTG3' is present between 34 and 39 bp upstream of the transcription start site and could potentially be the TATA sequence found for many constitutively expressed eukaryotic genes to be the promoter for RNA polymerase II. The sequence 5'GCAAT3' at -96 to -92 may be the CCAAT sequence responsible for stimulation of transcription of some eukaryotic genes. The same sequences in the Genbank and NBRF databases were homologous to similar regions in the genes coding for both human and mouse HGF-like protein (Han et al., 1991). The acyl-peptide hydrolase gene is 410 bp downstream of the mouse HGF-like protein, but is transcribed from the complementary strand. The mouse cDNA for HGF-like protein codes for a putative protein with the same domain structure as its human homologue with four kringle domains followed by a serine protease-like domain. On the basis of the translated sequence of the cDNA, the mouse HGF-like protein would be 716 amino acids in length with a molecular weight of 80K. There are four potential N-linked carbohydrate attachment sites. The DNA and amino acid sequences of mouse HGF-like protein are compared to the human protein. Overall, the two proteins are about 80% identical with each other. In contrast to mRNA for human HGF-like protein, which is 2.4 and 3.0 kilobases in length in human liver, only the smaller species is seen in mouse and rat liver. The expression pattern of mRNA coding for HGF-like protein during development and in maternal rats was determined by Northern analysis. It is apparent that the majority of mRNA coding for HGF-like protein is expressed in liver. Messenger RNA is also expressed at a lower level in lung, adrenal, and placenta.
Comparison of various techniques used to estimate spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (the EuroBaVar study) (2004)

This study compared spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) estimates obtained from an identical set of data by 11 European centers using different methods and procedures. Noninvasive blood pressure (BP) and ECG recordings were obtained in 21 subjects, including 2 subjects with established baroreflex failure. Twenty-one estimates of BRS were obtained by methods including the two main techniques of BRS estimates, i.e., the spectral analysis (11 procedures) and the sequence method (7 procedures) but also one trigonometric regressive spectral analysis method (TRS), one exogenous model with autoregressive input method (X-AR), and one Z method. With subjects in a supine position, BRS estimates obtained with calculations of alpha-coefficient or gain of the transfer function in both the low-frequency band or high-frequency band, TRS, and sequence methods gave strongly related results. Conversely, weighted gain, X-AR, and Z exhibited lower agreement with all the other techniques. In addition, the use of mean BP instead of systolic BP in the sequence method decreased the relationships with the other estimates. Some procedures were unable to provide results when BRS estimates were expected to be very low in data sets (in patients with established baroreflex failure). The failure to provide BRS values was due to setting of algorithmic parameters too strictly. The discrepancies between procedures show that the choice of parameters and data handling should be considered before BRS estimation. These data are available on the web site (http://www.cbi.polimi.it/glossary/eurobavar.html) to allow the comparison of new techniques with this set of results.
Resolution of ground‐penetrating radar reflections at differing frequencies (2006)

Abstract Ground‐Penetrating Radar (GPR) data that are frequency filtered will produce a variety of data sets, each with a differing subsurface resolution. At the site of Petra, Jordan, filtered reflection data were processed to produce discrete categories of low (200–350 MHz), middle (500–650 MHz), and high (650–800 MHz) frequency wave amplitudes. The high frequency reflections were especially effective in identifying construction techniques from a buried Nabataean age wall. The results suggest that post‐acquisition GPR data frequency filtering may be helpful in identifying some differences in construction techniques and building materials in otherwise difficult to interpret subtle buried features. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Phase I evaluation of tetrahydrouridine combined with cytosine arabinoside. (1979)

In conventional clinical use, cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) is rapidly deaminated by pyrimidine nucleoside deaminase to the nontoxic compound uracil arabinoside. Tetrahydrouridine (THU) effectively inhibits this enzymatic degradation but is by itself nontoxic. This study demonstrates that concomitant administration of THU markedly increases the myelosuppressive potency of ara-C. When 25 or 50 mg/kg of THU iv and 0.1--0.2 mg/kg of ara-C iv are given daily x 5 days, they produce moderate-to-severe leukopenia and mild-to-moderate thrombocytopenia. A dose of 25 mg/kg of THU with 0.1 mg/kg of ara-C iv daily x 5 days appears appropriate for phase II studies; it produces myelosuppression equivalent to that produced by 3 mg/kg/day x 5 days of ara-C alone. No toxicity occurred with this combination that would not have been expected from ara-C given alone in an equitoxic dose. Although THU and ara-C produced a reduction in peripheral blood and bone marrow blast cells in eight of nine patients with acute leukemia, bone marrow remission did not occur in any of these heavily pretreated patients.
PDOCM : Fast Text Compression on MasPar Machine (1995)

Due to rapid progress in data communications, we are able to acquire the information we need with ease. One means of achieving this is a parallel machine such as the MasPar. Although the parallel machine makes it possible to receive/transmit enormous quantities of data, because of the increasing volume of information that must be processed, it is necessary to transmit only a minimal amount of data bits. This paper suggests a new coding method for the parallel machine, which compresses the data by reducing redundancy. Parallel Dynamic Octal Compact Mapping (PDOCM) compresses at least 1 byte per word, compared with other coding techniques, and achieves a 54.188-fold speedup with 64 processors to transmit 10 million characters.
Elevated levels of mRNA can account for the trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus. (1986)

The genome of human immunodeficiency virus encodes a protein that dramatically elevates amounts of viral proteins. The precise mechanism of this trans-activation remains to be established. It has been reported that trans-activation can occur without major changes in the levels of mRNA. We constructed recombinant plasmids containing those viral sequences required in cis for trans-activation linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. These plasmids were introduced into cultured cells in either the presence or absence of a second plasmid that directed expression of the viral trans-activator protein. Expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene was measured at the level of protein (by enzymatic assay) and RNA (by ribonuclease protection and primer extension). Our results demonstrate that trans-activation is accompanied by large increases in mRNA levels; these increases may be sufficient to explain the elevated levels of trans-activated protein.
Antimicrobial Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis (2019)

<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is a ubiquitous human commensal pathogen. It is commonly isolated in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and is considered one of the main causes of the recurrent acute pulmonary infections and progressive decline in lung function that characterize this inherited life-threatening multisystem disorder. However, the true role of <i>S. aureus</i> in CF patients is not completely understood. The main aim of this narrative review is to discuss the present knowledge of the role of <i>S. aureus</i> in CF patients. Literature review showed that despite the fact that the availability and use of drugs effective against <i>S. aureus</i> have coincided with a significant improvement in the prognosis of lung disease in CF patients, clearly evidencing the importance of <i>S. aureus</i> therapy, how to use old and new drugs to obtain the maximal effectiveness has not been precisely defined. The most important problem remains that the high frequency with which <i>S. aureus</i> is carried in healthy subjects prevents the differentiation of simple colonization from infection. Moreover, although experts recommend antibiotic administration in CF patients with symptoms and in those with persistent detection of <i>S. aureus</i>, the best antibiotic approach has not been defined. All these problems are complicated by the evidence that the most effective antibiotic against methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA) cannot be used in patients with CF with the same schedules used in patients without CF. Further studies are needed to solve these problems and to assure CF patients the highest level of care.
Role of Altered Intestinal Microbiota in Systemic Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease (2014)

The normal intestinal microbiota plays a major role in the maintenance of health and disease prevention. In fact, the alteration of the intestinal microbiota has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of several pathological conditions, including obesity and insulin resistance, among others. Recent studies have revealed profound alterations of the gut microbial flora in patients and animals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Alterations in the composition of the microbiome in CKD may contribute to the systemic inflammation and accumulation of gut-derived uremic toxins, which play a central role in the pathogenesis of accelerated cardiovascular disease and numerous other CKD-associated complications. This review is intended to provide a concise description of the potential role of the CKD-associated changes in the gut microbiome and its potential role the pathogenesis of inflammation and uremic toxicity. In addition, the potential efficacy of pre- and pro-biotics in the restoration of the microbiome is briefly described.
A2: Analog Malicious Hardware (2016)

While the move to smaller transistors has been a boon for performance it has dramatically increased the cost to fabricate chips using those smaller transistors. This forces the vast majority of chip design companies to trust a third party -- often overseas -- to fabricate their design. To guard against shipping chips with errors (intentional or otherwise) chip design companies rely on post-fabrication testing. Unfortunately, this type of testing leaves the door open to malicious modifications since attackers can craft attack triggers requiring a sequence of unlikely events, which will never be encountered by even the most diligent tester. In this paper, we show how a fabrication-time attacker can leverage analog circuits to create a hardware attack that is small (i.e., requires as little as one gate) and stealthy (i.e., requires an unlikely trigger sequence before effecting a chip's functionality). In the open spaces of an already placed and routed design, we construct a circuit that uses capacitors to siphon charge from nearby wires as they transition between digital values. When the capacitors fully charge, they deploy an attack that forces a victim flip-flop to a desired value. We weaponize this attack into a remotely-controllable privilege escalation by attaching the capacitor to a wire controllable and by selecting a victim flip-flop that holds the privilege bit for our processor. We implement this attack in an OR1200 processor and fabricate a chip. Experimental results show that our attacks work, show that our attacks elude activation by a diverse set of benchmarks, and suggest that our attacks evade known defenses.
Dynamics of GATA transcription factor expression during erythroid differentiation (1993)

Abstract Although the formation of terminally differentiated erythroid cells has been shown to require the presence of a functional GATA-1 gene in vivo, the role of this transcription factor and other members of the GATA family at earlier stages of erythroid differentiation is unclear. In this report, the expression of GATA-1, GATA-2, and GATA-3 has been examined in enriched peripheral blood progenitors before and after culture in a well-characterized liquid culture system. In addition primary leukemic cells as well as several erythroleukemic and nonerythroid cell lines were analyzed for GATA factor expression. The results show that the profile of GATA factor expression in erythroid cells is distinct from that of myeloid or lymphoid lineages. Erythroleukemic cell lines express little or no GATA-3, but high levels of GATA-1 and GATA-2. When they are induced to display the terminal erythroid phenotype, little change in the level of GATA-1 is detected but a significant decline in the levels of GATA-2 is observed commensurate with the degree of maturation achieved by the cells. Enrichment of erythroid progenitors from peripheral blood leads to selection of cells that express both GATA-1 and GATA-2. As the enriched populations are cultured in suspension in the presence of multiple cytokines, the levels of both GATA-1 and GATA-2 initially increase. However, in cultures containing only erythropoietin, which show exclusive erythroid differentiation, the levels of GATA-1 continue to increase, whereas GATA-2 expression declines as erythroid maturation progresses. In contrast, cultures lacking Epo (ie, with interleukin-3 and kit ligand) display limited progression towards both the myeloid and erythroid pathways, and high levels of expression of both GATA-1 and GATA-2 are maintained. Despite the initial upregulation of GATA-1 expression in the latter cultures, terminal erythroid differentiation does not occur in the absence of erythropoietin. These results indicate that GATA-1 upregulation is associated with both the initiation and the maintenance of the erythroid program, but that these two processes appear to be under separate regulatory control. Thus, the dynamic changes in the levels of different GATA factors that occur during primary erythroid differentiation suggest that the levels of these factors may influence the progression to specific hematopoietic pathways.