gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Persistence in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: Incidence, characteristics of patients and outcome (2005)

Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia often persists. The reasons for persistence and its outcome are poorly defined. We conducted a prospective-observational study among 245 consecutive S. aureus (MRSA: n=125; MSSA: n=120) bacteremias (>or=1 positive blood cultures (BC)) among 234 adults (18-103-y-old; median=59 y) hospitalized during 1 January 2002-31 December 2002 at a 600-bed teaching hospital. Measurements included bacteremia duration, complication-rate (metastatic infection, relapse or attributable mortality) and outcome. Bacteremia duration was measured based on follow-up BC among 193 patients and estimated based on symptoms resolution in the rest. Measured (1-59 d; median=2) and estimated (median=1 d) duration correlated (r=0.885) though positive follow-up BC was often detected without fever (57/105 patients, 54.3%). Persistence (defined as bacteremia for >or=3 d) was noted in 84 cases (38.4%). Complication-rate increased steadily with bacteremia duration (6.6%, 24.0% and 37.7% in bacteremia for 1-2, 3 and >or=4 d, respectively; p=0.05). Cox regression analysis revealed that bacteremia duration correlated positively with endovascular sources (p=0.006), vancomycin treatment (p=0.016), cardiovascular prosthesis (p=0.025), metastatic infections (p=0.025) and diabetes (p=0.038). It is concluded that persistent bacteremia is a feature of S. aureus infection, irrespective of oxacillin susceptibility, associated with worse outcome. Risk factors include endovascular sources, cardiovascular prosthesis, metastatic infections, vancomycin treatment and diabetes. Patients at risk may benefit from novel treatment strategies.
Hydrostatic pressure of the suprachoroidal space. (1989)

The hydrostatic pressure of the suprachoroidal space was measured in 18 cynomolgus monkey eyes by one of two methods: (1) direct cannulation, or (2) silicone sponge implantation. The intraocular pressure (IOP) and suprachoroidal pressure were monitored simultaneously with the IOP being held at various levels between 5 and 60 mm Hg. In eyes with direct cannulation, at an IOP of 15 mm Hg, the pressure in the anterior suprachoroidal (supraciliary) space was 0.8 +/- 0.2 mm Hg (n = 6, mean +/- SE) below the IOP, but the posterior suprachoroidal pressure was 3.7 +/- 0.4 mm Hg (n = 8) below the IOP. The suprachoroidal pressure in eyes with silicone sponge implant was 4.7 +/- 0.6 (n = 7) mm Hg below the IOP. A change in IOP produced a corresponding change in the supraciliary space pressure. However, the pressure difference between the anterior chamber and the posterior suprachoroidal space increased at higher IOP. This pressure differential is the driving force for uveoscleral outflow.
5-Azacytidine (NSC 102816): a new drug for the treatment of myeloblastic leukemia (1976)

The pyrimidine analog, 5-azacytidine (NSC 102816), was administered by continuous intravenous infusion in Ringer's lactate in increasing doses to sets of patients with metastatic cancer to establish a dose sufficient to produce mild toxicity. Twenty-one patients (23 trials) were treated with doses of 50–200 mg/sq/m/day for 5 days every 2–4 wk. Nausea and vomiting were moderate and easily preventable. Doses of 100- 200 mg/sq/m for 5 days every 14 days produced granulocytopenia, usually after two courses. Less toxicity was observed when courses were given every 21–28 days. Forty-five patients with previously treated and refractory acute myeloblastic leukemia were treated. The majority received doses of 150 mg/sq m for 5 days every 2 wk. Eleven (24%) complete remissions and four partial remissions were observed. The number of courses to achieve remission averaged three and required an average of 59 days. Nine patients with blastic crisis of chronic myeloblastic leukemia and four with refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia failed to respond. 5-Azacytidine administered by continuous infusion is well tolerated and is an active compound in acute myeloblastic leukemia.
Slip behavior in liquid films on surfaces of patterned wettability: Comparison between continuum and molecular dynamics simulations (2005)

We investigate the behavior of the slip length in Newtonian liquids subject to planar shear bounded by substrates with mixed boundary conditions. The upper wall, consisting of a homogenous surface of finite or vanishing slip, moves at a constant speed parallel to a lower stationary wall, whose surface is patterned with an array of stripes representing alternating regions of no shear and finite or no slip. Velocity fields and effective slip lengths are computed both from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and solution of the Stokes equation for flow configurations either parallel or perpendicular to the stripes. Excellent agreement between the hydrodynamic and MD results is obtained when the normalized width of the slip regions, a/sigma greater than or approximately equal O (10) , where sigma is the (fluid) molecular diameter characterizing the Lennard-Jones interaction. In this regime, the effective slip length increases monotonically with a/sigma to a saturation value. For a/sigma less than or approximately O (10) and transverse flow configurations, the nonuniform interaction potential at the lower wall constitutes a rough surface whose molecular scale corrugations strongly reduce the effective slip length below the hydrodynamic results. The translational symmetry for longitudinal flow eliminates the influence of molecular scale roughness; however, the reduced molecular ordering above the wetting regions of finite slip for small values of a/sigma increases the value of the effective slip length far above the hydrodynamic predictions. The strong correlation between the effective slip length and the liquid structure factor representative of the first fluid layer near the patterned wall illustrates the influence of molecular ordering effects on slip in noninertial flows.
Precomputed wave simulation for real-time sound propagation of dynamic sources in complex scenes (2010)

We present a method for real-time sound propagation that captures all wave effects, including diffraction and reverberation, for multiple moving sources and a moving listener in a complex, static 3D scene. It performs an offline numerical simulation over the scene and then applies a novel technique to extract and compactly encode the perceptually salient information in the resulting acoustic responses. Each response is automatically broken into two phases: early reflections (ER) and late reverberation (LR), via a threshold on the temporal density of arriving wavefronts. The LR is simulated and stored in the frequency domain, once per room in the scene. The ER accounts for more detailed spatial variation, by recording a set of peak delays/amplitudes in the time domain and a residual frequency response sampled in octave frequency bands, at each source/receiver point pair in a 5D grid. An efficient run-time uses this precomputed representation to perform binaural sound rendering based on frequency-domain convolution. Our system demonstrates realistic, wave-based acoustic effects in real time, including diffraction low-passing behind obstructions, sound focusing, hollow reverberation in empty rooms, sound diffusion in fully-furnished rooms, and realistic late reverberation.
Antischizophrenic drugs of the diphenylbutylpiperidine type act as calcium channel antagonists. (1983)

Antischizophrenic neuroleptic drugs of the diphenylbutylpiperidine class, which includes pimozide, fluspirilene, penfluridol, and clopimozide, inhibit [3H]nitrendipine binding with IC50 values of 13-30 nM. This inhibition involves receptors for the verapamil/prenylamine class of calcium channel antagonists. These diphenylbutylpiperidines also inhibit potassium-induced calcium-dependent contractions of rat vas deferens at concentrations of 40-350 nM. Other phenothiazine and butyrophenone neuroleptics lack such potent calcium-antagonist actions. Diphenylbutylpiperidines also differ from other neuroleptics in their ability to relieve negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as emotional withdrawal, as well as the positive symptoms which respond to all neuroleptics. We suggest that these unique antischizophrenic actions are related to a blockade by diphenylbutylpiperidines of voltage-operated calcium channels.
Adaptive optical microscopy: the ongoing quest for a perfect image (2014)

Abstract Adaptive optics is becoming a valuable tool for high resolution microscopy, providing correction for aberrations introduced by the refractive index structure of specimens. This is proving particularly promising for applications that require images from deep within biological tissue specimens. We review recent developments in adaptive microscopy, including methods and applications. A range of advances in different microscope modalities is covered and prospects for the future are discussed.
Sense codon emancipation for proteome-wide incorporation of noncanonical amino acids: rare isoleucine codon AUA as a target for genetic code expansion (2014)

One of the major challenges in contemporary synthetic biology is to find a route to engineer synthetic organisms with altered chemical constitution. In terms of core reaction types, nature uses an astonishingly limited repertoire of chemistries when compared with the exceptionally rich and diverse methods of organic chemistry. In this context, the most promising route to change and expand the fundamental chemistry of life is the inclusion of amino acid building blocks beyond the canonical 20 (i.e. expanding the genetic code). This strategy would allow the transfer of numerous chemical functionalities and reactions from the synthetic laboratory into the cellular environment. Due to limitations in terms of both efficiency and practical applicability, state-of-the-art nonsense suppression- or frameshift suppression-based methods are less suitable for such engineering. Consequently, we set out to achieve this goal by sense codon emancipation, that is, liberation from its natural decoding function - a prerequisite for the reassignment of degenerate sense codons to a new 21st amino acid. We have achieved this by redesigning of several features of the post-transcriptional modification machinery which are directly involved in the decoding process. In particular, we report first steps towards the reassignment of 5797 AUA isoleucine codons in Escherichia coli using efficient tools for tRNA nucleotide modification pathway engineering.
Longicin and Goniothalamicinone: Novel Bioactive Monotetrahydrofuran Acetogenins from Asimina longifolia (1995)

Longicin [1] and (2,4-cis and trans)-goniothalamicinone [2], two new monotetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins, have been isolated from the leaves and twigs of Asimina longifolia (the long leaf paw paw) by the use of the brine shrimp lethality test for bioactivity-directed fractionation. The structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic and chemical methods. Compound 1 was converted to its ketolactone isomer, (2,4-cis and trans)-longicinone [3], to aid the stereochemical elucidation of 1. Compounds 1-3 showed selective and potent cytotoxicities to certain human tumor cell lines, with the potency of 1 against pancreatic carcinoma (PaCa-2) over one million times that of adriamycin. Nine known cytotoxic acetogenins, annonacin, xylomaticin, isoannonacin, gigantetrocins A and B, muricatetrocins A and B, gigantetrocin-A-one and goniothalamicin, were also isolated for the first time from this species.
Tumor targeting with radiolabeled alpha(v)beta(3) integrin binding peptides in a nude mouse model. (2002)

The alpha(v)beta(3) integrin is expressed on proliferating endothelial cells such as those present in growing tumors, as well as on tumor cells of various origin. Tumor-induced angiogenesis can be blocked in vivo by antagonizing the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin with small peptides containing the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) amino acid sequence. This tripeptidic sequence, naturally present in extracellular matrix proteins, is the primary binding site of the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin. Because of selective expression of alpha(v)beta(3) integrin in tumors, radiolabeled RGD peptides are attractive candidates for alpha(v)beta(3) integrin targeting in tumors. We studied the in vivo behavior of the radiolabeled dimeric RGD peptide E-[c(RGDfK)](2) in the NIH:OVCAR-3 s.c. ovarian carcinoma xenograft model in BALB/c nude mice. Conjugation of the 1,4,7,10-tetraazadodecane-N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC) chelators enabled efficient radiolabeling with (111)In/(90)Y and (99m)Tc, respectively. The radiolabeled peptide was rapidly excreted renally. Uptake in nontarget organs such as liver and spleen was considerable. Tumor uptake peaked at 7.5% injected dose (ID)/g ((111)In-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)](2)) or 6.0%ID/g ((99m)Tc-HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)](2)) at 2 and 1 h postinjection, respectively. Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) receptor binding specificity was demonstrated by reduced tumor uptake after injection of the scrambled control peptide (111)In-DOTA-E-[c(RDKfD)](2) (0.28%ID/g at 2 h p.i.) and after coinjection of excess nonradioactive (115)In-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)](2) (0.22%ID/g at 2 h p.i.). A single injection of (90)Y-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)](2) at the maximum-tolerated dose (37 MBq) in mice with small s.c. tumors caused a significant growth delay as compared with mice treated with 37 MBq (90)Y-labeled scrambled peptide or untreated mice (median survival of 54 versus 33.5 versus 19 days, respectively). In conclusion, the radiolabeled RGD peptides (111)In-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)](2) and (99m)Tc-HYNIC-E-[c(RGDfK)](2) demonstrated high and specific tumor uptake in a human tumor xenograft. Injection of (90)Y-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)](2) induced a significant delay in tumor growth. Potentially, these peptides can be used for peptide receptor radionuclide imaging as well as therapy.
pH-Responsive and Thermoreversible Hydrogels of N-(2-hydroxyalkyl)-l-valine Amphiphiles (2009)

Gelation behavior of a series of low-molecular-weight-hydrogelators, N-(2-hydroxydodecyl)-L-amino acid, was studied in aqueous phosphate buffer (pH 12). The effect of head-group structure and chirality and hydrocarbon chain length on the gelation efficiency was investigated. Only N-(2-hydroxyalkyl)-L-valine (L-C(n)HVal, n = 10, 12, 14, and 16) derivatives were found to form gel in aqueous buffer at pH 12. The increase of the chain length of the hydrocarbon tail enhances the ability to gelate buffered water up to C14 chain length. The L-C16HVal amphiphile was found to have gelation ability lower than L-C14HVal. The gelation number, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and morphology of the supramolecular aggregates were studied. The effect of salt concentrations on the gelation was investigated. Addition of NaCl increased gelation number but decreased melting temperature of the hydrogels slightly. The morphology of the hydrogels was characterized by electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray diffraction techniques. Rheology measurements were performed to examine the mechanical strength of the hydrogels. Both hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions were shown to be the driving forces for supramolecular aggregate formation.
Adenovirus‐mediated CD40 ligand therapy induces tumor cell apoptosis and systemic immunity in the TRAMP‐C2 mouse prostate cancer model (2006)

Our observations highlight the therapeutic potential of using AdCD40L as a monotherapy or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or novel therapies (e.g., oncolytic viruses). The use of AdCD40L offers an attractive option for future clinical trials.
Core−Shell Gold Nanoparticle Assembly as Novel Electrocatalyst of CO Oxidation (2000)

This paper reports findings of an investigation of the electrocatalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) that occurs at nanocrystal gold cores with thiolate monolayer encapsulation and within a core−shell network assembly. The core−shell and network combinations allow the manipulation of core size properties and enhance the stability of nanosized catalysts against the propensity of aggregation while being catalytically active. Using alkanedithiolate-linked thin films assembled from two different gold core sizes (2 and 5 nm), we have demonstrated that the capped nanosites are both electrochemically accessible and catalytically active to CO oxidation upon electrochemical activation. Cyclic voltammetric data are presented for assessing the electrocatalytic properties. The results have important implications for the design and tailoring of nanosized gold catalysts via manipulating core−shell chemistry.
1.55-μm wavelength-selectable microarray DFB-LD's with monolithically integrated MMI combiner, SOA, and EA-modulator (2000)

We developed compact (1.136 mm/sup 2/) eight-channel wavelength-selectable microarray distributed feedback laser diodes (DFB-LD's) with a monolithically integrated 8/spl times/1 multimode-interference (MMI) optical combiner, a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), and an electro-absorption (EA) modulator. By using /spl plusmn/10/spl deg/C thermal tuning, an addressable wavelength range of 15.3 nm with uniform device characteristics and 2.5-Gb/s modulation performance were successfully demonstrated.
How to Examine Patients Using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (1988)

The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) examination has been widely recommended for periodic screening for tardive dyskinesia and follow-up of patients diagnosed with the disorder. However, few guidelines exist about how to use the examination in clinical practice. The authors discuss for whom, when, and how the AIMS examination can be used in a multidisciplinary setting; amplify the original instructions for the examination; and propose conventions to clarify scoring. Noting that the AIMS examination is not specific for tardive dyskinesia, they discuss a clinical approach to the patient who is found to have abnormal movements. The AIMS examination is best conducted within the context of an ongoing treatment program, the authors say, and should be part of the informed consent process necessary with patients treated with neuroleptic drugs.
Model for breast cancer survival: relative prognostic roles of axillary nodal status, TNM stage, estrogen receptor concentration, and tumor necrosis. (1988)

The independent prognostic effects of certain clinical and pathological variables measured at the time of primary diagnosis were assessed with Cox multivariate regression analysis. The 859 patients with primary breast cancer, on which the proportional hazards model was based, had a median follow-up of 60 months. Axillary nodal status (categorized as N0, N1-3 or N4+) was the most significant and independent factor in overall survival, but inclusion of TNM stage, estrogen receptor (ER) concentration and tumor necrosis significantly improved survival predictions. Predictions made with the model showed striking subset survival differences within stage: 5-year survival from 36% (N4+, loge[ER] = 0, marked necrosis) to 96% (N0, loge[ER] = 6, no necrosis) in TNM I, and from 0 to 70% for the same categories in TNM IV. Results of the model were used to classify patients into four distinct risk groups according to a derived hazard index. An 8-fold variation in survival was seen with the highest (greater than 3) to lowest index values (less than 1). Each hazard index level included patients with varied combinations of the above factors, but could be considered to denote the same degree of risk of breast cancer mortality. A model with ER concentration, nodal status, and tumor necrosis was found to best predict survival after disease recurrence in 369 patients, thus confirming the enduring biological significance of these factors.
Differential Phase-Shift Keying Receiver Design Applied to Strong Optical Filtering (2007)

We study, via simulation and experiments, the influence of the differential phase-shift keying decoder free spectral range (FSR) when strong optical filtering is considered for the nonreturn-to-zero and return-to-zero modulation formats and show that larger FSR can improve performance.
Sensing nitrous oxide with QCL-coupled silicon-on-sapphire ring resonators (2015)

We report the initial evaluation of a mid-infrared QCL-coupled silicon-on-sapphire ring resonator gas sensor. The device probes the N(2)O 2241.79 cm(-1) optical transition (R23 line) in the ν(3) vibrational band. N(2)O concentration is deduced using a non-linear least squares fit, based on coupled-mode theory, of the change in ring resonator Q due to gas absorption losses in the evanescent portion of the waveguide optical mode. These early experiments demonstrated response to 5000 ppmv N(2)O.
Cellular and Viral Requirements for Rapid Endocytic Entry of Herpes Simplex Virus (2004)

It was recently demonstrated that herpes simplex virus (HSV) successfully infects Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing glycoprotein D (gD) receptors and HeLa cells by an endocytic mechanism (A. V. Nicola, A. M. McEvoy, and S. E. Straus, J. Virol. 77:5324-5332, 2003). Here we define cellular and viral requirements of this pathway. Uptake of intact, enveloped HSV from the cell surface into endocytic vesicles was rapid (t(1/2) of 8 to 9 min) and independent of the known cell surface gD receptors. Following uptake from the surface, recovery of intracellular, infectious virions increased steadily up to 20 min postinfection (p.i.), which corresponds to accumulation of enveloped virus in intracellular compartments. There was a sharp decline in recovery by 30 min p.i., suggesting loss of the virus envelope as a result of capsid penetration from endocytic organelles into the cytosol. In the absence of gD receptors, endocytosed virions did not successfully penetrate into the cytosol but were instead transported to lysosomes for degradation. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, such as wortmannin, blocked transport of incoming HSV to the nuclear periphery and virus-induced gene expression but had no effect on virus binding or uptake. This suggests a role for PI 3-kinase activity in trafficking of HSV through the cytosol. Viruses that lack viral glycoproteins gB, gD, or gH-gL were defective in transport to the nucleus and had reduced infectivity. Thus, similar to entry via direct penetration at the cell surface, HSV entry into cells by wortmannin-sensitive endocytosis is efficient, involves rapid cellular uptake of viral particles, and requires gB, gD, and gH-gL.
Pigment composition, photosynthesis and fine structure of a non-blue-green prokaryotic algal symbiont (Prochloron sp.) in a didemnid ascidian from Hawaiian waters (1978)

Cells of a unicellular, green-coloured alga found growing endozoically in a didemnid ascidian around Hawaiian shores have been shown by electron microscopy to be clearly prokaryotic, like blue-green algae. The cell wall is like that of cyanophytes and there are no organelles. However, the thylakoids tend to occur in pairs or stacks, as in green eukaryotic algae. They contain no detectable amounts of bilin pigments (such as those characterizing blue-green algae) but have two distinct chlorophylls, chromatographically and spectroscopically identified as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b (a combination characterizing green plants). Both intact didemnids, containing the algae cells and isolated algae cells were capable of vigorous photosynthetic oxygen production in light. These features suggest that the algal endosymbiont discussed here should be referred to the new algal division, Prochlorophyta.