gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modification of Oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) Macromer with a GRGD Peptide for the Preparation of Functionalized Polymer Networks (2001)

A novel macromer, oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF), was synthesized by the reaction between poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of molecular weight 1000 (PEG 1.0K) and fumaryl chloride. The oligo(PEG fumarate) (OPF 1.0K) was modified with a peptide known to modulate cellular functions, Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp (GRGD), after being activated with 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (NPC). The determined yield of the GRGD modification in 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate buffer of pH 8.3 was 83% as determined by NMR measurements. The OPF 1.0K and the OPF 1.0K modified with GRGD were cross-linked with an unsaturated biodegradable polyester, poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), by photopolymerization. The cross-linked PPF was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. The equilibrium contact angle of water on the cross-linked PPF surface decreased with the incorporation of OPF 1.0K and the OPF 1.0K modified with GRGD. The results suggest that the OPF macromer can be used for the preparation of functionalized networks incorporating cell adhesion specific sequences.
Opposing Effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP Kinases on Apoptosis (1995)

Apoptosis plays an important role during neuronal development, and defects in apoptosis may underlie various neurodegenerative disorders. To characterize molecular mechanisms that regulate neuronal apoptosis, the contributions to cell death of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family members, including ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), JNK (c-JUN NH2-terminal protein kinase), and p38, were examined after withdrawal of nerve growth factor (NGF) from rat PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells. NGF withdrawal led to sustained activation of the JNK and p38 enzymes and inhibition of ERKs. The effects of dominant-interfering or constitutively activated forms of various components of the JNK-p38 and ERK signaling pathways demonstrated that activation of JNK and p38 and concurrent inhibition of ERK are critical for induction of apoptosis in these cells. Therefore, the dynamic balance between growth factor-activated ERK and stress-activated JNK-p38 pathways may be important in determining whether a cell survives or undergoes apoptosis.
Uptake and concentration of bioactive macromolecules by K562 cells via the transferrin cycle utilizing an acid-labile transferrin conjugate (1991)

The transferrin cycle was used to attempt the import of bioactive macromolecules into cells with the aid of an acid-labile cross-linking agent. Anti-tetanus F(ab')2 fragments were iodinated and then conjugated to transferrin with a newly developed acid-labile cleavable cross-linking reagent, bismaleimidoethoxy propane, following thiolation of both proteins. Noncleavable conjugates were also prepared. At saturating conjugate concentrations, the uptake rate for both conjugates averaged over the first 2 h is about 6.5 fmol/million cells/min. Incubation of loaded cells in fresh medium for 30 min and analysis of cell pellets and supernatants reveal that 1) of the previously cell-associated label, only intact conjugate (about 50% of the label) is returned to the medium; 2) most of the remaining cell-associated material for the cleavable conjugate is chromatographically coincident with free Fab with some contribution from free F(ab')2 fragments. In contrast, the cell pellets loaded with noncleavable conjugates contained intact transferrin-F(ab'), conjugates. These results are consistent with transferrin receptor-mediated uptake of acid-labile conjugate followed by hydrolysis in acidified endosomes and resulting in concentration of free F(ab')2 and Fab within a prelysosomal intracellular compartment. A protein shuttle such as transferrin may therefore be used with ketal based acid-labile cross-linkers to load foreign molecules into an intracellular compartment. In addition, these data provide independent confirmation of the low pH compartment within the transferrin cycle. This new methodology is applicable to other cases of receptor/ligand trafficking to report low pH compartments independent of morphological analysis. Since transferrin receptors are overexpressed in tumors, antineoplastic agents could be targeted to tumors as transferrin acid-labile conjugates. This import system might be particularly useful in combatting the tumor cell export of antitumor agents occurring in multidrug resistance.
Photodeposition of Micrometer-Scale Polymer Patterns on Optical Imaging Fibers (1995)

Microstructures were fabricated on optical imaging fibers with a photopolymerization technique. Monodisperse polymeric microarrays were produced containing spots of 2.5 micrometers in diameter spaced 4.5 micrometers apart. Polymer microarrays were also deposited on other substrates by using imaging fibers for light delivery. The technique allows micrometer-scale photopatterning with masks larger than the desired dimensions.
Automated functional test generation (2002)

The paper describes a new process for automating and controlling functional software testing, using a model of an application's desired behavior. The technology, known as Model Reference Technology, or MRT, is described. The process used to build a model and generate tests is explained and examples given. Samples of the results obtained by Cadence Design Systems using production applications of this technology are included.
Very low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in four sibs of a family with non-neuropathic Niemann-Pick disease and sea-blue histiocytosis. (1990)

Very low serum levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol ranging from 8.6 to 13.9 mg/dl were detected in four out of 12 sibs of a Brazilian kindred with the non-neuropathic form of Niemann-Pick disease. Hepatosplenomegaly, interstitial infiltration of the lungs, absence of neurological signs, sea-blue histiocytes in the bone marrow and liver, and high values for serum acid phosphatase (18 to 32 U/l) were common to all affected children. Leucocyte acid sphingomyelinase activity ranged from 3.6 to 6.5% of mean control values, and fibroblast activity from 9 to 13% of mean controls. The parents had low-normal levels. The relationship between these findings is unclear and deserves further investigation.
The Impact in Older Women of Ovarian FMR1 Genotypes and Sub-Genotypes on Ovarian Reserve (2012)

We recently associated ovarian FMR1genotypes and sub-genotypes with distinct ovarian aging patterns. How they impact older females is, however, unknown. We, therefore, investigated 217 consecutive first in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles in women >40 assessing oocyte yields, stratified for better (anti-Müllerian hormone, AMH >1.05 ng/mL) or poorer (AMH ≤ 1.05 ng/mL) functional reserve (FOR)). Mean age was 42.4 ± 2.0 years, mean AMH 0.76 ± 0.92 ng/mL and mean oocyte yield 5.3 ± 5.4. Overall, and in women with better FOR, FMR1 did not affect oocyte yields. With poorer FOR (AMH ≤ 1.05 ng/mL) women with het-norm/high, however, demonstrated higher oocyte yields (5.0 ± 3.8) than those with het-norm/low sub-genotype 3.1 ± 2.5; P = 0.03), confirmed after log conversion. Known associated with low FOR at young age, het-norm/high, thus, appears to preserve FOR into older age, and both het sub-genotypes appear to expand female reproductive lifespan into opposite directions.
Disconnected operation for AFS (1993)

AFS plays a prominent role in our plans for a mobile workstation. The AFS client manages a cache of the most recently used files and directories. But even when the cache is hot, access to cached data frequently involves some communication with one or more file servers to maintain consistency guarantees. Without network access, cached data is soon rendered unavailable. We have modified the AFS cache manager to offer optimistic consistency guarantees when it can not communicate with a file server. When the client reestablishes a connection with the file server, it tries to propagate all file modifications to the server. If conflicts are detected, the replay agent notifies the user that manual resolution is needed. Our system brings the benefits of contemporary distributed computing environments to mobile laptops, offering a fresh look at the potential for nomadic computing.
Ecto 5' nucleotidase (5'NT) as a sensitive indicator of human zinc deficiency. (1991)

Ecto 5' nucleotidase (5'NT) is an integral plasma membrane enzyme located on most mammalian cells, and it is zinc dependent. We assayed 5'NT activity in the lymphocytes of two groups of subjects. The first group of six subjects had a mild state of zinc deficiency, as measured on the basis of zinc levels in lymphocytes, granulocytes, and platelets, but were otherwise healthy. They received 50 mg zinc as acetate orally for 12 weeks. The second six subjects were normal human volunteers in whom a mild state of zinc deficiency was induced experimentally by dietary techniques (4.2 to 5.6 mg daily zinc intake). For the assay of 5'NT, intact lymphocytes were incubated with 8-14C-labeled inosine monophosphate as substrate. Product and substrate were separated by thin-layer chromatography. Zinc level in cells was measured by flameless atomic absorption technique. In the first group of subjects with zinc deficiency, the decreased activity of 5'NT was corrected and the cellular zinc levels were normalized by oral zinc supplementation (p less than 0.01). In the second group of subjects, the baseline data were compared with those in early zinc depletion (4 to 8 weeks) and late depletion periods (greater than 20 weeks). A decrease in the activity of 5'NT was observed during the early zinc depletion phase. Zinc levels in lymphocytes, granulocytes, and platelets decreased significantly only during the late zinc depletion phase (p less than 0.01). Plasma zinc level did not change even during the late zinc depletion phase. Our studies show that 5'NT activity may be a sensitive and useful indicator of mild deficiency of zinc in human subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Analysis of Single Cells by Capillary Electrophoresis with On-Column Derivatization and Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection (1995)

On-column derivatization of single mammalian cells with capillary electrophoretic separation and laser-induced fluorescence detection is described. Individual cells are electrophorectically injected into the front end of the separation capillary, which is used as a chamber to lyse the cell and derivatize its contents for subsequent separation and detection. Reagents to lyse the cell and derivatize its contents are electrophoretically injected into the front end of the capillary (2.7 mm, 600-pL volume for a 17-µm -i.d. capillary) after the cell has been injected. Dopamine and five amino acids have been quantitatively determined in individual rat pheochromocytoma cells after on-column derivatization with naphthalene-2, 3-dicarboxaldehyde and CN-. Average values of compounds determined in these cells range from 180 ±110 amol/ cell for aspartic acid to 5.1 ± 1.5 fmol/cell for taurine. © 1995, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Regulation of T‐cell apoptosis: a mixed lymphocyte reaction model (2000)

Despite the capacity for antigen-specific activation and rapid clonal expansion, homeostatic mechanisms ensure that the mature immune system contains a relatively stable number of T cells. In recent years, it has become apparent that this stability is a consequence of apoptotic death of most of the specific T cells generated during an immune response. Clearly this process must be tightly regulated in order to retain sufficient T-cell progeny to mediate an effective response, whilst allowing the rapid deletion of these cells at the end of the response to prevent lymphadenopathy and cross-reactive autoimmunity. In this study, the factors that regulate the sensitivity of T cells to apoptosis were investigated in vitro after the induction of primary T-cell activation within a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). It was found that activated T cells rapidly acquire the expression of both Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) on their surface and contain high levels of the precursor form of the pro-apoptotic enzyme, caspase 8 (FLICE). However, these T cells were resistant for up to 5 days to apoptosis following the stimulation of Fas; a maximal apoptotic response was observed after 7 days. This time point coincided with a marked reduction in expression of the FLICE inhibitory protein (FLIP) and maximal activity of caspase 8. At time points beyond day 7, the number of viable cells in the MLR decreased further despite a reduction in the expression of FasL. However, the expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) at these late time points was low, resulting in a decrease in expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. This can produce apoptosis by allowing leakage of cytochrome-c from mitochondria resulting in direct activation of the caspase cascade. In this study, it is shown that T cells are resistant to apoptosis for the first 5 days after activation as a consequence of insensitivity of the Fas pathway and the presence of intracellular Bcl-2. After between 5 and 7 days, the cells become sensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis while retaining Bcl-2 expression. At later time points, Fas ligation is reduced but the cells respond to a decreased availability of IL-2 by reducing Bcl-2 expression; this encourages further apoptosis by allowing the direct activation of caspase enzymes.
Dual wideband monolithically integrated millimeter-wave passive front-end sub-systems (2010)

Recent advances in micromachining have enabled the development of wideband millimeter-wave antennas with integrated beamformers presented in this paper. A combination of two radiators, both having consistent radiation patterns, is used to cover K-through W-band frequencies. Two planar log-periodic antennas are monolithically integrated with respective multi-stage micro-coaxial impedance transformers and filters to instantaneously cover K through Q-band and V through W-band with high rejection at the cross-over frequency. The low-band antenna uses a low-pass filter having a maximum insertion loss of 1.5dB at 50GHz. The band-pass filter of the high-band antenna achieves insertion loss <; 1dB for the pass-band with very deep rejection outside the pass-band. In addition, an end-fire log-periodic antenna operating in the higher band is also designed and integrated with the band-pass filter. VSWR of the end-fire log-periodic antenna with integrated band-pass filter is shown to be <; 2:1. A prototype 18 to 110GHz planar log-periodic antenna is fabricated and measured to demonstrate the validity of the computational models.
Efficient Presentation of Phagocytosed Cellular Fragments on the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Products of Dendritic Cells (1998)

Cells from the bone marrow can present peptides that are derived from tumors, transplants, and self-tissues. Here we describe how dendritic cells (DCs) process phagocytosed cell fragments onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II products with unusual efficacy. This was monitored with the Y-Ae monoclonal antibody that is specific for complexes of I-Ab MHC class II presenting a peptide derived from I-Ealpha. When immature DCs from I-Ab mice were cultured for 5-20 h with activated I-E+ B blasts, either necrotic or apoptotic, the DCs produced the epitope recognized by the Y-Ae monoclonal antibody and stimulated T cells reactive with the same MHC-peptide complex. Antigen transfer was also observed with human cells, where human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRalpha includes the same peptide sequence as mouse I-Ealpha. Antigen transfer was preceded by uptake of B cell fragments into MHC class II-rich compartments. Quantitation of the amount of I-E protein in the B cell fragments revealed that phagocytosed I-E was 1-10 thousand times more efficient in generating MHC-peptide complexes than preprocessed I-E peptide. When we injected different I-E- bearing cells into C57BL/6 mice to look for a similar phenomenon in vivo, we found that short-lived migrating DCs could be processed by most of the recipient DCs in the lymph node. The consequence of antigen transfer from migratory DCs to lymph node DCs is not yet known, but we suggest that in the steady state, i.e., in the absence of stimuli for DC maturation, this transfer leads to peripheral tolerance of the T cell repertoire to self.
Targeting of Interferon-Beta to Produce a Specific, Multi-Mechanistic Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus (2007)

By combining IFN-dependent cancer selectivity with IFN-beta expression to optimize both anticancer effects and normal tissue antiviral effects, we were able to achieve, to our knowledge for the first time, tumor-specific replication, IFN-beta gene expression, and efficacy following systemic delivery in preclinical models.
Carbon monoxide in biology and medicine (2004)

Carbon monoxide (CO), a product of organic oxidation processes, arises in vivo during cellular metabolism, most notably heme degradation. CO binds to the heme iron of most hemoproteins. Tissue hypoxia following hemoglobin saturation represents a principle cause of CO-induced mortality in higher organisms, though cellular targets cannot be excluded. Despite extreme toxicity at high concentrations, low concentrations of CO can confer cytoprotection during ischemia/reperfusion or inflammation-induced tissue injury. Likewise, heme oxygenase, an enzyme that produces CO, biliverdin and iron, as well as a secondary increase in ferritin synthesis, from the oxidation of heme, can confer protection in vivo and in vitro. CO has been shown to affect several intracellular signaling pathways, including guanylate cyclase, which generates guanosine 3':5' cyclic monophosphate and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Such pathways mediate, in part, the known vasoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects of this gas. Exogenous CO delivered at low concentrations is showing therapeutic potential as an anti-inflammatory agent and as such can modulate numerous pathophysiological states. This review will delve into the biological significance and medical applications of this gas molecule.
Prognostic value of choline and betaine depends on intestinal microbiota-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (2014)

Elevated plasma levels of choline and betaine are each associated with incident MACE risk independent of traditional risk factors. However, high choline and betaine levels are only associated with higher risk of future MACE with concomitant increase in TMAO.
Unattended, robotic drug-release testing of enterically coated aspirin (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUnattended, robotic drug-release testing of enterically coated aspirinR. J. Eckstein, Grover D. Owens, M. A. Baim, and D. A. HudsonCite this: Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 11, 2316–2320Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00124a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00124a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views81Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Celiac Disease (2005)

Celiac disease is a complex autoimmune enteropathy that affects the small bowel in genetically predisposed individuals. It is thought that celiac disease is the result of an inappropriate T cell-mediated immune response against ingested gluten protein. The characteristic lesion of the small intestinal mucosa includes loss of absorptive villi and infiltration of the lamina propria with inflammatory cells. The clinical presentation of celiac disease varies greatly depending on patient's age, duration and extent of the disease, and the presence of extraintestinal manifestations. Unfortunately, most patients with celiac disease have either silent or atypical presentations, thus escaping diagnosis for several years. Medical nutrition therapy with lifelong adherence to a strict gluten-free diet is the only accepted treatment of celiac disease. Individuals at risk for this entity should undergo appropriate serologic testing, but there is no evidence to support mass screening.
Transcriptional regulation of connective tissue growth factor by cortisol in osteoblasts (2000)

Glucocorticoids have important effects on osteoblastic function. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)/insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 2 (IGFBP-rP2) plays a role in cell adhesion and function. We examined the regulation of CTGF/IGFBP-rP2 synthesis in cultures of osteoblast-enriched cells from 22-day fetal rat calvariae (Ob cells). Cortisol caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in CTGF/IGFBP-rP2 mRNA levels in Ob cells. Cycloheximide did not preclude the effect, indicating that it was not protein synthesis dependent. Cortisol increased the rate of CTGF/IGFBP-rP2 transcription and, in transcriptionally arrested Ob cells, did not modify the decay of the transcript. Parathyroid hormone decreased, whereas transforming growth factor-beta and, to a lesser extent, bone morphogenetic protein 2 increased CTGF/IGFBP-rP2 mRNA levels, but other hormones and growth factors had no effect. In conclusion, cortisol stimulates CTGF/IGFBP-rP2 transcription in Ob cells. Because CTGF/IGFBP-rP2 binds IGFs, its increased expression could be relevant to the actions of cortisol in bone.
The mechanism of intercellular aggregation. I. The kinetics of the Fc gamma receptor-mediated aggregation of P388D1 cells with antibody-coated lymphocytes at 4 degrees C. (1984)

The formation of specific, heterophilic conjugates between cells from the P388D1 mouse macrophage line and antibody-coated mouse spleen cells was followed in cell suspensions at 4 degrees C by dual parameter flow cytometry. Intercellular aggregation in this system is mediated by the binding of the Fc portions of IgG antibodies on the spleen cells with Fc receptors (Fc gamma R) on P388D1. We show that the rate of aggregation reaches a plateau with increasing cell concentrations, suggesting that the initial collision between cells is not the rate limiting step of conjugate formation. The rates of aggregation are strongly dependent upon the cell surface densities of both Fc gamma R and antibody. In conjugates, however, only small fractions of available receptors or antibodies are utilized in bond formation. The rate-limiting step of aggregation, therefore, involves the formation of ligand-receptor bonds, and may be the diffusion of antibodies and receptors toward one another in small areas of intercellular contact. Inhibitor studies implicate microfilaments, but not microtubules, divalent cations, or energy-dependent processes as being important in aggregation. Finally, conjugates are stable when diluted into medium alone, but dissociate in media containing protein A, soluble immune complexes, or anti-Fc gamma R antibodies. This suggests that conjugates are stabilized by multiple intercellular ligand-receptor bonds, which constantly break and reform at the cell:cell interface, and that protein A, immune complexes, and anti-Fc gamma R disaggregate the conjugates by preventing the reformation of broken bonds.