gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Embedding digital data on paper in iconic text</title> (1997)

A system has been built that embeds arbitrary digital data in an iconic representation of a text image. For encoding, a page image containing text is analyzed for the text regions. A highly reduced image of the page is generated, with an iconic version of the text that encodes an input data stream substituting for the text regions. The data is encoded into modulations of rectangular iconic representations of text words, where the length, height and vertical positioning of rectangles, as well as the spacing between rectangles, can all be independently varied. No correspondence need be maintained between the words in the document and the word icons. Word icons or other marks on each line can be used for identifying, calibrating and justifying iconic text. Decoding proceeds by finding iconic lines and determining the iconic word sizes and locations. Word icons printed with 8x reduction are reliably decoded from 300 ppi binary scans. One application is to present iconified first pages of many documents on a sheet of paper, where the URL of each document is encoded in its icon. Icon scanning and selection then allows retrieval of the full document. Another use is to print an icon on every page of a document, containing meta-information about the document or the specific page, such as the version, revision history, keywords, authorization, or a signed hashing of the full image for authentication.
Leydig Cells: Endocrine, Paracrine, and Autocrine Regulation (1994)

THAT the testes are related to the sexual characteristics of the individual and have reproductive power was observed at an early time in history. One of the earliest descriptions of this relationship in men and in animals was made by Aristotle, three centuries before Christ. He described how the castration of immature male birds prevented the development of sexual characteristics, such as the coloring of the crest and the attraction to females. He linked these changes in the bird to those observed in castrated boys who experienced the persistence of a high-pitched voice of childhood into adulthood and the lack of sexual hair development. The first convincing evidence of the role of the testis in the maintenance of male sexual characteristics was given in the middle of the nineteenth century by Berthold (1) who showed that atrophy of the cock's comb observed after castration was prevented by implantation of the testis into the abdominal cavity.
Dual Activity Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Pan-Antagonist/Autotaxin Inhibitor Reduces Breast Cancer Cell Migration In vitro and Causes Tumor Regression In vivo (2009)

Signal transduction modifiers that modulate the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) pathway have potential as anticancer agents. Herein, we describe metabolically stabilized LPA analogues that reduce cell migration and invasion and cause regression of orthotopic breast tumors in vivo. Two diastereoisomeric alpha-bromophosphonates (BrP-LPA) were synthesized, and the pharmacology was determined for five LPA G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The syn and anti diastereomers of BrP-LPA are pan-LPA GPCR antagonists and are also nanomolar inhibitors of the lysophospholipase D activity of autotaxin, the dominant biosynthetic source of LPA. Computational models correctly predicted the diastereoselectivity of antagonism for three GPCR isoforms. The anti isomer of BrP-LPA was more effective than syn isomer in reducing migration of MDA-MB-231 cells, and the anti isomer was superior in reducing invasion of these cells. Finally, orthotopic breast cancer xenografts were established in nude mice by injection of MB-231 cells in an in situ cross-linkable extracellular matrix. After 2 weeks, mice were treated with the BrP-LPA alone (10 mg/kg), Taxol alone (10 mg/kg), or Taxol followed by BrP-LPA. All treatments significantly reduced tumor burden, and BrP-LPA was superior to Taxol in reducing blood vessel density in tumors. Moreover, both the anti- and syn-BrP-LPA significantly reduced tumors at 3 mg/kg.
Tumor Therapy Mediated by Lentiviral Expression of shBcl-2 and S-TRAIL (2007)

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can selectively kill tumor cells and, in combination with other agents, could enhance tumor therapy. We explored the combined therapeutic effects of a secretable form of (S) TRAIL-induced apoptosis and the downregulation of Bcl-2 in human gliomas. We constructed a lentiviral delivery system: 1) for the expression of short hairpin (sh) RNA to downregulate Bcl-2 and for the expression of S-TRAIL to induce apoptosis in glioma cells; and 2) to follow delivery in vitro and the fate of tumors in real time in vivo. We demonstrate that lentiviral-mediated simultaneous downregulation of Bcl-2 and S-TRAIL-induced apoptosis leads to an increased expression of activated caspase-3 and caspase-7, thus resulting in accelerated S-TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in glioma cells in vitro. Using a highly malignant human glioma model expressing EGFRvIII and firefly luciferase, we show that the combined effect of Bcl-2 downregulation and S-TRAIL-induced apoptosis results in complete eradication of gliomas compared to S-TRAIL monotherapy. These results show that simultaneous triggering of TRAIL-mediated death receptor pathway and downregulation of Bcl-2 by shRNA leads to enhanced eradication of gliomas and serves as a template in developing and monitoring combination therapies for the treatment of drug-resistant cancers.
OSI Reference Model--The ISO Model of Architecture for Open Systems Interconnection (1980)

Considering the urgency of the need for standards which would allow constitution of heterogeneous computer networks, ISO created a new subcommittee for "Open Systems Interconnection" (ISO/ TC97/SC 16) in 1977. The first priority of subcommittee 16 was to develop an architecture for open systems interconnection which could serve as a framework for the definition of standard protocols. As a result of 18 months of studies and discussions, SC16 adopted a layered architecture comprising seven layers (Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application). In July 1979 the specifications of this architecture, established by SC16, were passed under the name of "OSI Reference Model" to Technical Committee 97 "Data Processing" along with recommendations to start officially, on this basis, a set of protocols standardization projects to cover the most urgent needs. These recommendations were adopted by T.C97 at the end of 1979 as the basis for the following development of standards for Open Systems Interconnectlon within ISO. The OSI Reference Model was also recognized by CCITT Rapporteur's Group on "Layered Model for Public Data Network Services." This paper presents the model of architecture for Open Systems Interconnection developed by SC16. Some indications are also given on the initial set of protocols which will-likely be developed in this OSI Reference Model.
18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for applying in healthy adults examination (2009)

Objective To discuss the clinical value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT imaging in healthy adults.Methods Reviewed PET/CT images of 317 healthy adults examination.Results There were 310 cases lesion with detection rate of 97.79%,detected common disease was fat liver(24.29%),next were hyperosteogeny(17.98%),intervertebral (17.03%),genyantritis (14.51%),maxillary cyst(12.30% ),hepatic cyst(9.15%),hysteromyoma (7.26%) and renal cyst(6.31% ).Detected 2 cases of malignant tumor,one was thyroid cancer,and the other was gastr-interstitialoma.Conclusions There is significant value of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in healthy adults examination.

Key words: 
18F-FDG;  PET/CT;  Healthy adult examination
A lifelong bleeding disorder associated with a deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (1991)

A 36-year-old patient was investigated for a lifelong history of epistaxis and delayed bleeding after minor surgeries. Deficiencies or abnormalities of the coagulation system, of platelet function, or of factor XIII and alpha-2-antiplasmin were excluded. Consistently, however, over a period of 7 years, a high basal euglobulin fibrinolytic activity was observed that was characterized by a high tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity, normal t-PA antigen, and undetectable plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) antigen and activity. The high specific activity of t-PA (640,000 IU/mg) and the minimal amounts of t-PA/PAI-1 complexes detected by fibrin zymography suggest that in this patient all t-PA was active. This is in striking contrast to normal plasma, where the majority of t-PA is complexed to PAI-1. Thus, in this patient, a severe deficiency of PAI-1 is associated with a delayed type bleeding tendency. Our observation underscores the importance of plasma PAI-1 for the stabilization of the hemostatic plug.
Common Core Standards (2011)

The Common Core standards released in 2010 for English language arts and mathematics have already been adopted by dozens of states. Just how much change do these new standards represent, and what is the nature of that change? In this article, the Common Core standards are compared with current state standards and assessments and with standards in top-performing countries, as well as with reports from a sample of teachers from across the country describing their own practices.
Thrombopoietin (1999)

Thrombopoietin (TPO) was first described as an activity in thrombocytopenic serum that could stimulate platelet production upon transfer into other animals. The molecular cloning of TPO has allowed a detailed characterisation of its precise biological activities, both in vitro and in vivo. TPO binds its specific receptor, the c-Mpl protein, which is expressed on the surface of target cells, and induces receptor dimerization and activation of intracellular signalling pathways including the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) and Ras cascades. TPO is a lineage-dominant cytokine, stimulating megakaryocyte production and maturation in vitro and inducing the greatest elevation in platelet numbers of any known cytokine upon administration to humans or laboratory animals. Indeed, gene targeting studies have established that the TPO/c-Mpl signalling system is the major physiological regulator of steady-state megakaryocyte and platelet production. These studies have also revealed a largely unanticipated role for TPO in the regulation of hemopoietic stem cells. Preclinical studies in animal models have indicated the capacity of c-Mpl ligands to overcome the thrombocytopenia associated with chemo/radiotherapy and clinical trials have already demonstrated the safety and efficacy of Mpl-ligands in elevating platelet counts in humans. It is likely that these molecules will lead to new therapeutics that will find utility in a range of clinical contexts.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Provisional Clinical Opinion: Testing for KRAS Gene Mutations in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma to Predict Response to Anti–Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Therapy (2009)

ASCO's provisional clinical opinions (PCOs) reflect expert consensus based on clinical evidence and literature available at the time they are written, and are intended to assist physicians in clinical decision-making and identify questions and settings for further research. Due to the rapid flow of scientific information in oncology, new evidence may have emerged since the time a PCO was submitted for publication. PCOs are not continually updated and may not reflect the most recent evidence. PCOs cannot account for individual variation among patients, and cannot be considered inclusive of all proper methods of care or exclusive of other treatments. It is the responsibility of the treating physician or other health care provider, relying on independent experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine the best course of treatment for the patient. Accordingly, adherence to any PCO is voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding its application to be made by the physician in light of each patient's individual circumstances. ASCO PCOs describe the use of procedures and therapies in clinical practice and cannot be assumed to apply to the use of these interventions in the context of clinical trials. ASCO assumes no responsibility for any injury or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of ASCO's PCOs, or for any errors or omissions.
Discrete cerebral hypothermia in the management of traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial (2009)

The cooling cap was not effective in establishing a statistically significant cranial-bladder temperature gradient or in reaching the target intracranial temperature in the majority of patients. No significant difference was achieved in mortality or morbidity between the 2 groups. As the technology currently stands, the Discrete Cerebral Hypothermia System cooling cap is not beneficial for the management of TBI. Further refinement of the equipment available for the delivery of selective cranial cooling will be needed before any definite conclusions regarding the efficacy of discrete cerebral hypothermia can be reached.
Marginal Level Dystrophin Expression Improves Clinical Outcome in a Strain of Dystrophin/Utrophin Double Knockout Mice (2010)

Inactivation of all utrophin isoforms in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice results in a strain of utrophin knockout mdx (uko/mdx) mice. Uko/mdx mice display severe clinical symptoms and die prematurely as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. Here we tested the hypothesis that marginal level dystrophin expression may improve the clinical outcome of uko/mdx mice. It is well established that mdx3cv (3cv) mice express a near-full length dystrophin protein at ∼5% of the normal level. We crossed utrophin-null mutation to the 3cv background. The resulting uko/3cv mice expressed the same level of dystrophin as 3cv mice but utrophin expression was completely eliminated. Surprisingly, uko/3cv mice showed a much milder phenotype. Compared to uko/mdx mice, uko/3cv mice had significantly higher body weight and stronger specific muscle force. Most importantly, uko/3cv outlived uko/mdx mice by several folds. Our results suggest that a threshold level dystrophin expression may provide vital clinical support in a severely affected DMD mouse model. This finding may hold clinical implications in developing novel DMD therapies.
Stabilizing plasmid copy number to improve recombinant protein production (2001)

The key objective for recombinant protein production in bacteria is the maximum exploitation of the cell factory's potential, whereby often strong expression vectors are used to increase product yield. If the metabolic load caused by recombinant expression exceeds the host's capacity, the system exhausts itself, resulting in a loss of protein yield. Excessive plasmid replication is observed after inducing recombinant gene expression, which greatly contributes to metabolic overload of the host cell. The transcriptional and translational machineries are extremely overstrained. By abolishing sequence homology between ColE1 RNA I/RNA II and tRNAs, we were able to restore the plasmid's replication control mechanisms and to keep the plasmid copy number constant throughout the culture process, thereby prolonging metabolic activity and productivity of the bacterial expression system. Because the bacterial host cell is not being exploited beyond its tolerable potential with this method, the constancy of the plasmid copy number level throughout the whole period of the bioprocess provides novel strategies for bioprocess optimization.
The mechanism of the Hammerhead Ribozyme (1993)

Journal Article The mechanism of the Hammerhead Ribozyme Get access O.C. Uhlenbeck, O.C. Uhlenbeck Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar S.C. Dahm, S.C. Dahm Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar K.J. Hertel K.J. Hertel Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Protein Engineering, Design and Selection, Volume 6, Issue Supplement, 1993, Page 38, https://doi.org/10.1093/protein/6.Supplement.38 Published: 01 January 1993
Targeted and highly efficient gene transfer into CD4+ cells by a recombinant human immunodeficiency virus retroviral vector. (1991)

We have established a recombinant HIV gene transfer system based on transient expression of the HIV packaging functions and a recombinant vector genome in monkey kidney Cos cells. The recombinant HIV retroviral vector introduced the neoR gene into CD4+ cells with high efficiency, comparable to that achieved with the highest titer amphotropic murine recombinant retrovirus. Vector preparations were devoid of replication competent, infectious HIV. Gene transfer was dependent on CD4 expression, as shown by expression of the CD4 gene in HeLa cells, and could be inhibited by soluble CD4. This specific and efficient gene transfer system may be useful for development of gene therapy for which T cells are the desired targets.
Biofilm Formation by the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans : Development, Architecture, and Drug Resistance (2001)

Biofilms are a protected niche for microorganisms, where they are safe from antibiotic treatment and can create a source of persistent infection. Using two clinically relevant Candida albicans biofilm models formed on bioprosthetic materials, we demonstrated that biofilm formation proceeds through three distinct developmental phases. These growth phases transform adherent blastospores to well-defined cellular communities encased in a polysaccharide matrix. Fluorescence and confocal scanning laser microscopy revealed that C. albicans biofilms have a highly heterogeneous architecture composed of cellular and noncellular elements. In both models, antifungal resistance of biofilm-grown cells increased in conjunction with biofilm formation. The expression of agglutinin-like (ALS) genes, which encode a family of proteins implicated in adhesion to host surfaces, was differentially regulated between planktonic and biofilm-grown cells. The ability of C. albicans to form biofilms contrasts sharply with that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which adhered to bioprosthetic surfaces but failed to form a mature biofilm. The studies described here form the basis for investigations into the molecular mechanisms of Candida biofilm biology and antifungal resistance and provide the means to design novel therapies for biofilm-based infections.
Determining the optimum threshold values of MCS levels for retransmission packets in HARQ schemes (2004)

We analyze the optimum threshold value used in determining the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) level of retransmission packets in HARQ schemes, although the first packet is erroneous, it has a considerable energy that can enhance the system performance such as packet error rate (PER) and throughput. Using the existing energy of the first transmission packet, we can save the power for retransmission while satisfying the given target PER. The saved power can be used to adjust the MCS level for retransmitted packets or increase the data rate of other users. The proposed algorithm which adjust the transmit power at the retransmission can be applied to all types of HARQ schemes including Chase combining, partial incremental redundancy (IR), and full IR. Especially in the IR scheme, retransmitted packets convey inherent coding gain as well as energy because they contain additional redundant information fro the first failed attempt. Using this inherent coding gain, we can save more energy compared to the simplest HARQ form, the Chase combining scheme. The result shows that the saved energy can enhance the throughput of the overall system. In addition, the proposed scheme yields robustness about feedback information errors.
Identification of extracellular phospholipase B, lysophospholipase, and acyltransferase produced by Cryptococcus neoformans (1997)

We recently identified phospholipase activity as a potential virulence factor of Cryptococcus neoformans. We have now defined the nature of the phospholipase activity produced by a clinical isolate of C. neoformans var. neoformans, under native conditions, by 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of radiolabelled substrates. Glycerophosphocholine was identified by NMR spectroscopy as the sole phospholipid degradation product of the reaction between substrate phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cryptococcal culture supernatants indicating the presence of phospholipase B (PLB). No lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) or products indicative of phospholipase C, phospholipase D, or other lipase activity were identified. Use of PC and lyso-PC containing radiolabelled acyl chains and separation of products by TLC confirmed the PLB and lysophospholipase (LPL) activities. Lysophospholipase transacylase (LPTA) activity was identified by the formation of radioactive PC from lyso-PC. Extracellular enzyme production was maximal after 6 to 10 h in fresh medium. Assay conditions were optimized for pH, linearity with time, enzyme concentration, and saturation by substrates to allow comparison with phospholipases from other organisms. LPL activity was 10- to 20-fold greater than PLB activity, with mean (+/- standard deviation) specific activities of 34.9 +/- 7.9 and 3.18 +/- 0.2 micromol of substrate hydrolyzed per min per mg of protein, respectively. The response of PLB to increasing substrate concentrations was bimodal, whereas inhibition of LPL and LPTA activities occurred at concentrations of substrate lyso-PC greater than 200 microM. Enzyme activities were stable at acid pH (3.8), with pH optima of 3.5 to 4.5. Activities were unchanged in the presence of exogenous serine protease inhibitors, divalent cations, and EDTA. We conclude that C. neoformans produces highly active extracellular PLB, LPL, and LPTA under native conditions.
Organic Layers Bonded to Industrial, Coinage, and Noble Metals through Electrochemical Reduction of Aryldiazonium Salts (2003)

The reduction of diazonium salts in an aprotic medium permits the attachment of substituted aryl groups to a variety of metals: Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pt, and Au. These aryl groups are strongly bonded to the metal as they resist sustained rinsing under sonication in organic solvents. The organic layers have been characterized by cyclic voltammetry, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. From these data it is possible to propose a structure for these grafted layers.