gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Irinotecan chemotherapy combined with fluoropyrimidines versus irinotecan alone for overall survival and progression-free survival in patients with advanced and/or metastatic colorectal cancer (2016)

There was no overall survival benefit of the irinotecan and fluoropyrimidine treatment over irinotecan alone, thus both regimens remain reasonable options in treating patients with advanced or metastatic CRC. Given the low and moderate quality of the evidence, future studies with sufficient numbers of patients in each treatment arms are needed to clarify the benefit observed in progression-free survival with combination irinotecan and fluoropyrimidines.
Single atom modification (O → S) of tRNA confers ribosome binding (1999)

Escherichia coli tRNALysSUU, as well as human tRNALys3SUU, has 2-thiouridine derivatives at wobble position 34 (s2U*34). Unlike the native tRNALysSUU, the full-length, unmodified transcript of human tRNALys3UUU and the unmodified tRNALys3UUU anticodon stem/loop (ASLLys3UUU) did not bind AAA- or AAG-programmed ribosomes. In contrast, the completely unmodified yeast tRNAPhe anticodon stem/loop (ASLPheGAA) had an affinity (Kd = 136+/-49 nM) similar to that of native yeast tRNAPheGmAA (Kd = 103+/-19 nM). We have found that the single, site-specific substitution of s2U34 for U34 to produce the modified ASLLysSUU was sufficient to restore ribosomal binding. The modified ASLLysSUU bound the ribosome with an affinity (Kd = 176+/-62 nM) comparable to that of native tRNALysSUU (Kd = 70+/-7 nM). Furthermore, in binding to the ribosome, the modified ASLLys3SUU produced the same 16S P-site tRNA footprint as did native E. coli tRNALysSUU, yeast tRNAPheGmAA, and the unmodified ASLPheGAA. The unmodified ASLLys3UUU had no footprint at all. Investigations of thermal stability and structure monitored by UV spectroscopy and NMR showed that the dynamic conformation of the loop of modified ASLLys3SUU was different from that of the unmodified ASLLysUUU, whereas the stems were isomorphous. Based on these and other data, we conclude that s2U34 in tRNALysSUU and in other s2U34-containing tRNAs is critical for generating an anticodon conformation that leads to effective codon interaction in all organisms. This is the first example of a single atom substitution (U34-->s2U34) that confers the property of ribosomal binding on an otherwise inactive tRNA.
Introduction and perspective, historical note (2013)

P2 nucleotide receptors were proposed to consist of two subfamilies based on pharmacology in 1985, named P2X and P2Y receptors. Later, this was confirmed following cloning of the receptors for nucleotides and studies of transduction mechanisms in the early 1990s. P2X receptors are ion channels and seven subtypes are recognized that form trimeric homomultimers or heteromultimers. P2X receptors are involved in neuromuscular and synaptic neurotransmission and neuromodulation. They are also expressed on many types of non-neuronal cells to mediate smooth muscle contraction, secretion, and immune modulation. The emphasis in this review will be on the pathophysiology of P2X receptors and therapeutic potential of P2X receptor agonists and antagonists for neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders, visceral and neuropathic pain, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, kidney failure, bladder incontinence and cancer, as well as disorders if the special senses, airways, skin, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems.
Coexpression of MUC1 mucin peptide core and the thomsen-friedenreich antigen in colorectal neoplasms (1998)

TF antigen is strongly coexpressed with MUC1 mucin peptide core in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence, resulting in well- and moderately differentiated carcinomas. Only in mucinous carcinomas may it be coexpressed with MUC2 antigen.
V75R576 IL-4 Receptor α Is Associated with Allergic Asthma and Enhanced IL-4 Receptor Function (2002)

Asthma is a complex polygenic disease. Many studies have implicated the importance of IL-4R alpha in the development of allergic inflammation and its gene has been implicated in the genetics of asthma and atopy. In this study, we examined the functional consequences of two of the human IL-4R alpha allelic variants that have been found to associate with asthma and atopy. We examined the effects of each variant alone and in combination on IL-4-dependent gene induction. We found that neither the Q576R nor the I75V variants affected IL-4-dependent CD23 expression. However, the combination of V75R576 resulted in expression of an IL-4R alpha with enhanced sensitivity to IL-4. We next examined the genetics of five of the known IL-4R alpha allelic variants in asthmatic and nonatopic populations. Strikingly, the association of V75/R576 with atopic asthma was greater than either allele alone and the association of R576 with atopic asthma was dependent on the coexistence of V75. A haplotype analysis revealed a single IL-4R alpha haplotype that was associated with allergic asthma, VACRS, further confirming the importance of the V75 and R576 combination in the genetics of asthma. This is the first report demonstrating that a functional alteration in IL-4R alpha requires the coexistence of two naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in combination; neither snp alone is sufficient. These data illustrate the importance of studying snps in combination, because the functional significance of a given snp may only be evident in a specific setting of additional snps in the same or different genes.
Zobaczyć i zrozumieć (2006)

Przedstawiono role eksperymentu jako niezbednego instrumentu w nauczaniu chemii. Podkreślono wage jego osobistego odbioru i wyrabiania sobie na tej podstawie zdolności i umiejetności postrzegania oraz wnioskowania. Calośc odniesiono do problemu nauczania, takze w początkowym etapie studiow chemicznych, oraz roli jaką w tym procesie powinien spelniac nauczyciel.
Isolation and sequence of the granulin precursor cDNA from human bone marrow reveals tandem cysteine-rich granulin domains. (1992)

Granulins are candidate growth factors recently discovered in human and rat inflammatory leukocytes and bone marrow. Two granulin homologs, epithelin 1 and 2, occur in the rat kidney. Epithelin 1, which is probably identical to rat leukocyte granulin, exhibits proliferative and antiproliferative effects on epithelial cells in vitro. Here we show by cDNA analysis that the prepropeptide for the human granulins is a 593-residue glycoprotein, containing seven tandem repeats of the 12-cysteine granulin domain. By Northern blot analysis, gene expression was seen in myelogenous leukemic cell lines of promonocytic, promyelocytic, and proerythroid lineage, in fibroblasts and was seen very strongly in epithelial cell lines. Some epithelial cell lines respond to the mature peptide and express the gene. Among tissues examined, the kidney had the highest levels of granulin mRNA.
Current-Induced Magnetization Switching and CPP-GMR in 30 nm$phi$Scale Spin Valves Fabricated Using EB-Assisted CVD Hard Masks (2006)

In this study, current-perpendicular-to-plane great magnetoresistance (CPP-GMR) spin valves with the minimum pillar width of 34 nm <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$phi$</tex> were successfully fabricated using EB-assisted chemical–vapor–deposition (CVD) hard masks. An area of the obtained magnetic cell is about one order smaller compared with those fabricated with normal EB or photo lithography technique. Measurement of transport properties such as current-induced magnetization switching (CIMS) and MR were demonstrated in such spin valves with various pillar widths. Dependence of the CPP-MR properties on the milled pillar width was discussed. In the case of 66 nm <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$phi$</tex> width in particular, the MR by external magnetic field switching and CIMS were 0.4% and 0.3%, respectively. The critical switching current <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$I_c$</tex> was <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$sim $</tex> 40 mA ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$J_csim 9 times 10^8$</tex> A/cm <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$^2$</tex> ). In the case of smaller width, only MR by external magnetic field was observed.
Chaperonin GroE and ADP facilitate the folding of various proteins and protect against heat inactivation (1994)

In the presence of ADP, the molecular chaperones GroEL and GroES from Escherichia coli not only facilitated the refolding of various proteins, but also prevented their irreversible heat inactivation in vitro. Without nucleotides the refolding reactions were arrested by GroEL. Addition of GroES and ADP to the reaction mixture initiated the refolding reactions and the enzyme activities were regained efficiently. The presence of GroE (GroEL and GroES) and ADP also protected against heat inactivation of native enzymes at various temperatures. These findings suggest that in the presence of GroES, nucleotide binding is an important event in the mechanism of GroEL-facilitated protein folding.
Local Binary Pattern Histogram features for on-screen eye-gaze direction estimation and a comparison of appearance based methods (2016)

Human Computer Interaction (HCI) has become an important focus of both computer science researches and industrial applications. And, on-screen gaze estimation is one of the hottest topics in this rapidly growing field. Eye-gaze direction estimation is a sub-research area of on-screen gaze estimation and the number of studies that focused on the estimation of on-screen gaze direction is limited. Due to this, various appearance-based video-oculography methods are investigated in this work. Firstly, a new dataset is created via user images taken from daylight censored cameras located at computer screen. Then, Local Binary Pattern Histogram (LBPH), which is used in this work for the first time to obtain on-screen gaze direction information, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods are employed to extract image features. And, parameter optimized Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) learning methods are adopted in order to estimate on-screen gaze direction. Finally, these methods' abilities to correctly estimate the on-screen gaze direction are compared using the resulting classification accuracies of applied methods and previous works. The best classification accuracy of 96.67% is obtained when using LBPH and SVM method pair which is better than previous works. The results also show that appearance based methods are pretty applicable for estimating on-screen gaze direction.
Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Maleic Anhydride with Epoxides: A Chain-Growth Approach to Unsaturated Polyesters (2011)

We report the ring-opening copolymerization of maleic anhydride with a variety of epoxides catalyzed by a chromium(III) salen complex. Quantitative isomerization of the cis-maleate form of all polymers affords the trans-fumarate analogues. Addition of chain transfer reagents yields low M(n), narrow PDI polymer samples. This method provides access to a range of new unsaturated polyesters with versatile functionality, as well as the first synthesis of high molecular weight poly(propylene fumarate).
Highly Phosphorescent Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes Containing Benzoimidazole-Based Ligands (2004)

New benzoimidazoles (bi) have been synthesized. These compounds readily undergo cyclometalation with iridium trichloride, and bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes, (bi)2Ir(acac) (bi = cyclometalated benzoimidazole; acac = acetylacetonate), can be isolated. One of the complexes, (fbi)2Ir(acac) (fbi = 2-(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl-1H-benzoimidazole), was also characterized by single-crystal X-ray structural determination. Some of the complexes, (bi)2Ir(acac), are highly phosphorescent at ambient condition. Light-emitting devices using these complexes as dopants were fabricated, and the emission colors range from green to red. Some green- and yellow-emitting devices exhibit very high efficiencies.
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin: A Cytokine That Promotes the Development of IgM+ B Cells In Vitro and Signals Via a Novel Mechanism (1999)

A novel cytokine from a thymic stromal cell line (thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)) promotes the development of B220+/IgM+ immature B cells when added to fetal liver cultures, long term bone marrow cultures, or bone marrow cells plated in semisolid medium. Because the activities of TSLP overlap with those of IL-7 in some in vitro assays, we compared the signaling mechanisms employed by TSLP and IL-7. Proliferation of a factor-dependent pre-B cell line (NAG8/7) in response to either TSLP or IL-7 was inhibited by anti-IL-7R alpha mAbs, suggesting that the functional TSLP receptor complex uses IL-7R alpha. In contrast, three different Abs to the common cytokine receptor gamma-chain had no effect on the response of these cells to TSLP, indicating that the functional TSLP receptor complex does not use the common cytokine receptor gamma-chain. Both cytokines induced activation of Stat5, but only IL-7 induced activation of the Janus family kinases Jak1 and Jak3. In fact, TSLP failed to activate any of the four known Janus family kinases, suggesting that Stat5 phosphorylation is mediated by a novel mechanism. Taken together, these data support the idea that TSLP can make unique contributions to B lymphopoiesis and indicate that it does so by mechanisms distinct from IL-7.
A novel variable-frequency three-phase induction motor drive system using only three controlled switches (2001)

This paper presents a novel variable-frequency motor drive system for a three-phase induction machine. In this drive system, the machine is excited by unidirectional stator currents shaped and sequenced such that a rotating air-gap flux is induced so that the machine can operate. Due to the unidirectional nature of the currents, an "inverter" that incorporates only three active, insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor-type switches, and three freewheeling diodes can synthesize them. The drive system requires an asymmetric induction machine that can easily be obtained by externally rewiring a motor with a dual-wound stator. The inverter is supplied by a single-phase input via a voltage-doubler diode rectifier; hence, it can be operated with residential service. In this paper, theoretical control methods are presented and both simulation and experimental results are provided proving the validity of the proposed drive system.
Poly(phenyllactide):  Synthesis, Characterization, and Hydrolytic Degradation (2001)

Poly(phenyllactide) was synthesized via the ring-opening polymerization of phenyllactide, the dimer of phenyllactic acid. Phenyllactide was synthesized by two methods, the solution phase condensation of L-phenyllactic acid and by thermal cracking of low molecular weight phenyllactic acid oligomers. The poor solubility of the monomer limited solution polymerizations of phenyllactide to low yields and low molecular weights, but melt polymerization of phenyllactide with Sn(Oct)2/tert-butylbenzyl alcohol at 180 degrees C gave high molecular weight polymers in high yields. The resulting polymers were amorphous due to epimerization of approximately 10% of the stereocenters during polymerization. Poly(phenyllactide) has a glass transition temperature of 50 degrees C and degrades to monomer at 320 degrees C. Experiments run at 55 degrees C at pH 7.4 show that poly(phenyllactide) degrades at approximately 1/5 the rate of rac-polylactide.
Elevated tumor mutational burden and prolonged clinical response to anti-PD-L1 antibody in platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer (2017)

•We report an ovarian cancer patient with a prolonged response to immunotherapy.•Comprehensive genomic profiling may detect patients who benefit from immunotherapy.•Mutational burden thresholds for ovarian cancer may be lower than other cancers.
The 5'-terminal Non-coding Region of Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus RNA is Highly Conserved (1990)

The 5' non-coding region of the genomes of 11 isolates of Murray Valley encephalitis virus from Australia and Papua New Guinea were examined by primer extension sequencing. Although the 5' non-coding region of all isolates was found to be highly conserved, three isolates were significantly different in that they contained extra uridine residues. Two of these isolates from Papua New Guinea contained an extra uridine residue, nominally positioned after nucleotide 54, which was absent from all but one of the Australian isolates tested. This isolate (OR 156) contained a further uridine residue at the same site. These results provide further support for earlier observations on the genetic relationships between these isolates, in particular that OR 156 is more closely related to the Papua New Guinea strains than to the Australian strains.
Biologically relevant effects of mRNA amplification on gene expression profiles (2006)

This study establishes that the gene expression profile obtained after amplification of mRNA of left ventricular biopsies is representative for the whole left ventricle of the rat heart. However, specific gene transcripts present in parental tissues were undetectable in the minute left ventricular biopsies. Transcripts that were lost due to the amplification process were not randomly distributed, but had higher GC-content and hairpins in the sequence and were mainly found in the lower intensity range which includes many transcription factors from specific signalling pathways.
The Long-Term Stability of Recombinant (Serine-17) Human Interferon-β (1988)

Escherichia coli-derived (Serine 17) human interferon-beta (HuIFN-beta SER) was formulated with SDS and placed at multiple isothermal temperatures (-70 degrees C to 37 degrees C). Three stability-indicating test methods (bioassay, SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC) were used to evaluate the long-term stability of this preparation. No change was observed when stored for nearly a year at either -70 degrees C or 4 degrees C. At the elevated temperatures, proteolytic cleavage, noncovalent oligomer formation, and loss of antiviral activity were observed. The absence of a carrier protein makes this stable IFN-beta frozen reference preparation useful as a standard in both biological assays and protein chemical methods of analysis.
Human microbiomes and their roles in dysbiosis, common diseases, and novel therapeutic approaches (2015)

The human body is the residence of a large number of commensal (non-pathogenic) and pathogenic microbial species that have co-evolved with the human genome, adaptive immune system, and diet. With recent advances in DNA-based technologies, we initiated the exploration of bacterial gene functions and their role in human health. The main goal of the human microbiome project is to characterize the abundance, diversity and functionality of the genes present in all microorganisms that permanently live in different sites of the human body. The gut microbiota expresses over 3.3 million bacterial genes, while the human genome expresses only 20 thousand genes. Microbe gene-products exert pivotal functions via the regulation of food digestion and immune system development. Studies are confirming that manipulation of non-pathogenic bacterial strains in the host can stimulate the recovery of the immune response to pathogenic bacteria causing diseases. Different approaches, including the use of nutraceutics (prebiotics and probiotics) as well as phages engineered with CRISPR/Cas systems and quorum sensing systems have been developed as new therapies for controlling dysbiosis (alterations in microbial community) and common diseases (e.g., diabetes and obesity). The designing and production of pharmaceuticals based on our own body's microbiome is an emerging field and is rapidly growing to be fully explored in the near future. This review provides an outlook on recent findings on the human microbiomes, their impact on health and diseases, and on the development of targeted therapies.
Amino acid sequence of the N-terminal 139 residues of light chain derived from a homogeneous rabbit antibody (1974)

The amino acid sequence of the N-terminal 139 residues of the L (light) chain derived from a homogeneous rabbit antibody (designated BS-1) to type III pneumococci was determined. A combination of methods involving tryptic cleavage restricted to the 2 arginine residues of the molecule and mild acid hydrolysis of a labile peptide bond between the V (variable) and C (constant) regions of the L chain (Fraser et al., 1972) allowed the isolation of two large peptides comprising the entire V region (residues 1-109); these peptides were suitable for automated Edman degradation. The complete sequence analysis of the V region was carried out with only 4mumol of L chain. This material was homogeneous, although minor variant sequences, if present at the 10% value, would not have been detected. The L chain contains 3 intrachain disulphide bridges, whose pairing was established by diagonal electrophoresis: there is one V-region bridge between positions 23 and 88 and one C-region bridge between positions 134 and 194; the third one connects V and C domains between positions 80 and 171. When compared with the basic sequence of human kappa chains, rabbit L chain BS-1 appears to be more similar to the V(KI) prototype sequence than to V(KII) or V(KIII) sequences, where V(KI), V(KII) and V(KIII) represent subgroups I, II and III respectively of V regions of kappa light chains. The V regions of rabbit heavy and light chains are homologous to each other. The presence of two clusters of 3 glycine residues in positions 94-96 and 99-101 respectively is remarkable. Residues 94-96 may be related to antibody complementarity whereas residues 99-101 function probably as a pivot permitting the combining region of the L chain to make optimal contact with the antigenic determinant (Wu & Kabat, 1970).
Participant Observation and its Place in the Study of Illicit Drug Abuse (1989)

Summary Participant observation has long been utilized as a valuable research methodology in the study of illicit drug abuse. It should not be viewed in isolation, but seen as an essential complement to the quantitative analysis of trends in drug use, such as epidemiological studies and the monitoring of services for drug users. Fieldwork conducted at the Drug Indicators Project and other relevant studies highlight the practical and ethical problems faced by the participant observer, including issues of access, co‐operation and confidentiality. This is particularly pertinent when working with drug users not in contact with services. When working with drug users in a treatment context, the need to be flexible and sensitive to the needs of agency staff is stressed, and the ways in which participant observers can operate as volunteers are explored. Contemporary concern about HIV infection, AIDS, and risk behaviour amongst drug users, raises the potential for an expansion and redefinition of the role of the participant observer to take on some of the functions of health educator, and two options are suggested.