gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RENAL TUBULE ALBUMIN TRANSPORT (2004)

Albumin is the most abundant protein in serum and contributes to the maintenance of oncotic pressure as well as to transport of hydrophobic molecules. Although albumin is a large anionic protein, it is not completely retained by the glomerular filtration barrier. In order to prevent proteinuria, albumin is reabsorbed along the proximal tubules by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which involves the binding proteins megalin and cubilin. Endocytosis depends on proper vesicle acidification. Disturbance of endosomal acidification or loss of the binding proteins leads to tubular proteinuria. Furthermore, endocytosis is subject to modulation by different signaling systems, such as protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). In addition to being reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, albumin can also act as a profibrotic and proinflammatory stimulus, thereby initiating or promoting tubulo-interstitial diseases.
Sphenopalatine Endoscopic Ganglion Block: A Revision of a Traditional Technique for Cluster Headache (2006)

The diagnosis of chronic cluster headache (CH), the most painful form of headache, is based on typical clinical features characterized by strictly unilateral pain with no side shift and ipsilateral oculofacial autonomic phenomena. The attacks occur several times a day for periods of 1 to 2 months in the episodic form of the disease or less frequently on a daily basis in the chronic form. The pathogenesis of CH involves the activation of parasympathetic nerve structures located within the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), which explains many of the associated symptoms, whereas the activation of the ipsilateral hypothalamic gray matter may explain its typical circadian and circannual periodicity. A number of surgical approaches have been tried in cases of chronic CH resistant to pharmacologic therapy, of which SPG blockade has been shown to have certain efficacy. We have adopted a new technique based on endoscopic ganglion blockade that approaches the pterigo-palatine fossa by way of the lateral nasal wall and consists of the injection of a mixture of local anesthetics and corticosteroids, which was performed in 20 selected patients with chronic CH, according to the International Headache Society criteria (18 male, 2 female; mean age 40 yr), who were selected for SPG blockade because they were totally drug resistant. The symptoms improved significantly, but always only temporarily, in 11 cases. These results should be considered rather good because, unlike other frequently used techniques, SPG blockade is not invasive and should therefore always be attempted before submitting patients to more invasive surgical approaches.
Axon injury and stress trigger a microtubule-based neuroprotective pathway (2012)

Axon injury elicits profound cellular changes, including axon regeneration. However, the full range of neuronal injury responses remains to be elucidated. Surprisingly, after axons of Drosophila dendritic arborization neurons were severed, dendrites were more resistant to injury-induced degeneration. Concomitant with stabilization, microtubule dynamics in dendrites increased. Moreover, dendrite stabilization was suppressed when microtubule dynamics was dampened, which was achieved by lowering levels of the microtubule nucleation protein γ-tubulin. Increased microtubule dynamics and global neuronal stabilization were also activated by expression of expanded polyglutamine (poly-Q) proteins SCA1, SCA3, and huntingtin. In all cases, dynamics were increased through microtubule nucleation and depended on JNK signaling, indicating that acute axon injury and long-term neuronal stress activate a common cytoskeleton-based stabilization program. Reducing levels of γ-tubulin exacerbated long-term degeneration induced by SCA3 in branched sensory neurons and in a well established Drosophila eye model of poly-Q-induced neurodegeneration. Thus, increased microtubule dynamics can delay short-term injury-induced degeneration, and, in the case of poly-Q proteins, can counteract progressive longer-term degeneration. We conclude that axon injury or stress triggers a microtubule-based neuroprotective pathway that stabilizes neurons against degeneration.
Human Cyclin E, a Nuclear Protein Essential for the G1-to-S Phase Transition (1995)

Cyclin E was first identified by screening human cDNA libraries for genes that would complement G1 cyclin mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and has subsequently been found to have specific biochemical and physiological properties that are consistent with it performing a G1 function in mammalian cells. Most significantly, the cyclin E-Cdk2 complex is maximally active at the G1/S transition, and overexpression of cyclin E decreases the time it takes the cell to complete G1 and enter S phase. We have now found that mammalian cells express two forms of cyclin E protein which differ from each other by the presence or absence of a 15-amino-acid amino-terminal domain. These proteins are encoded by alternatively spliced mRNAs and are localized to the nucleus during late G1 and early S phase. Fibroblasts engineered to constitutively overexpress either form of cyclin E showed elevated cyclin E-dependent kinase activity and a shortened G1 phase of the cell cycle. The overexpressed cyclin E protein was detected in the nucleus during all cell cycle phases, including G0. Although the cyclin E protein could be overexpressed in quiescent cells, the cyclin E-Cdk2 complex was inactive. It was not activated until 6 to 8 h after readdition of serum, 4 h earlier than the endogenous cyclin E-Cdk2. This premature activation of cyclin E-Cdk2 was consistent with the extent of G1 shortening caused by cyclin E overexpression. Microinjection of affinity-purified anti-cyclin E antibodies during G1 inhibited entry into S phase, whereas microinjection performed near the G1/S transition was ineffective. These results demonstrate that cyclin E is necessary for entry into S phase. Moreover, we found that cyclin E, in contrast to cyclin D1, was required for the G1/S transition even in cells lacking retinoblastoma protein function. Therefore, cyclins E and D1 control two different transitions within the human cell cycle.
Neutral pumping in a helicon discharge (1998)

At powers of 500-800 W of 13.56 MHz rf power in a 1 kG axial magnetic field, the neutral pressure in the bulk of a helicon discharge with electron densities of and electron temperatures of eV in argon decreased by a factor of ten compared to the pressure before the discharge. These experimental results are compared with a simple axial diffusion model of ionization and neutral transport and agree qualitatively with calculated axial profiles of neutral pressure. The effects of cusped fields on neutral density profiles and plasma confinement are also examined.
Test-range calibration of digital camera's inner parameters (2008)

Distortion error models, which represent the influences of digital cameras' distortion, such as radial distortion, eccentric distortion and affine distortion in image planes, to image pixels, are thoroughly investigated in this paper. Digital camera's inner parameters were calibrated using test-range method, and some instructive conclusions were obtained through a series of experiments.
Using Bayesian networks to predict survival of liver transplant patients. (2005)

The relative scarcity of grafts available for liver transplantation highlights the need to identify patients likely to have good outcomes after treatment. We used transplant information from the United Network for Organ Sharing database to construct a Bayesian network model to predict 90-day graft survival. The final model incorporated a set of 29 pre-transplant variables, and it achieved performance, as measured by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, of 0.674 by cross-validation and 0.681 on an independent validation set. The results showed a positive predictive value of 91%, while the negative predictive value was lower at 30%. With additional refinement and validation, our model may be useful as an adjunct to clinical experience in identifying patients most likely to have good outcomes following liver transplantation.
Effect of Steroidal Anti-Progestins on Implantation of Fertilized Eggs of Rats and Mice. (1962)

A method for determining the implantation frequency in rats and mice is described: animals found to have mated are autopsied on days 10 to 12 after established mating and the number of implanted fetuses counted. Among animals receiving injections of sesame oil on days 1, 2 and 3 after mating, 13 of 13 rats contained implantations with an average number of 11.5 ± 1.8 fetuses, and 10 of 12 mice were pregnant with an average of 10.2 ± 0.56 fetuses. Significant departures from these frequencies of pregnancy were observed in both rats and mice receiving, on days 1, 2 and 3 in sesame oil as a vehicle, the anti-progestins: 2β, 17β-dihydroxy,2α-ethinyl-A-nor(5α)-androstane (IV); 3β,17β-di-acetoxy,17α - ethinyl − 19 - nor - δ3,5-androstadiene (VI); 17β-thiomethyl,Δ1,3,5-16-estratetrene (VIII); and 3,17-dione,19-acetoxy-Δ1,3-androstadiene (IX). Among 5 other antiprogestins tested (Fig. 1 & Table I) 3 did not significantly reduce the frequency of implantation (I, II and VII) at any dose used in either rats or mice, and 2 (III and V) were active by this criterion in mice but not in rats. In several instances a non-significant reduction in occurrence of implantation was, however, accompanied by a significant reduction in number of implanted fetuses e.g., at low doses in rats receiving IV and VI. A single injection on day 1 after mating of adequate amounts of compounds IV, VI, VIII and IX is effective for implantation inhibition. Injection on day 3 of doses inhibitory when administered on day 1 leads to much less effective implantation inhibition in several instances (Table II). Two compounds (IV and VI) found effective by injection are also effective when given by gavage to rats and mice but higher doses are required for significant effect by this oral route.
QoS technology for home networks (2004)

With widespread Internet technologies, and the increasing number of users owning networking devices at home, home LANs are becoming a popular utility. Home LANs may be established on two distinct layer 2 technologies, i.e., wired and wireless Ethernet, each of which has variants providing different communication modes and speeds. There appears to be a large demand in the home network area for the use of applications such as real-time communication with audio/video (AV) appliances and IP telephony, all of which require QoS. To provide QoS in a network, it is necessary to discover the network topology and available resources, e.g., the used layer 2 type, the provided communication speed, and the configured communication mode. The paper presents a mechanism for topology discovery and resource reservation, which can quickly detect network changes.
Outcome of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in a Population-Based Study (2006)

Among patients presenting with new-onset heart failure, a substantial proportion had an ejection fraction of more than 50 percent. The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was similar to that of patients with reduced ejection fraction.
Targetted localisation and imaging of a murine lymphoma using 131I-labelled monoclonal antibody. (2001)

In vivo tumor targetting with radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies is a promising approach for the diagnosis and therapy of tumors. A specific monoclonal antibody (mAb), DLAB was generated to the Dalton's lymphoma associated antigen (DLAA) from Haemophilus paragallinarum-induced spontaneous fusion. In order to study the tumor localisation and biodistribution properties of the monoclonal antibody, scintigraphic studies were performed using the radiolabelled DLAB. 131-labelled DLAB was administered intravenously into Swiss mice bearing Dalton's lymphoma and external scintiscanning was performed at different time intervals. Clear tumor images were obtained which revealed selective and specific uptake of radiolabel and the results were compared with biodistribution data. The radioiodinated monoclonal antibody showed fast tumor uptake which increased significantly to 14.6% injected dose (ID)/g at 12 hr post-injection. Enhanced blood clearance of radioactivity resulted in higher tumor/blood ratio of 5.96 at 48 hr. 131I-labelled DLAB resulted in selective and enhanced uptake of the radioactivity by the tumor compared to the non-specific antibody and the results suggest the potential use of spontaneous fusion for producing specific monoclonal antibodies for tumor detection and therapy.
Safety and Tolerability of Pardoprunox, a New Partial Dopamine Agonist, in a Randomized, Controlled Study of Patients with Advanced Parkinson’s Disease (2009)

The pardoprunox safety and tolerability profile as an adjunct to levodopa was improved using a gradual titration schedule that included intermediate dose steps. Using this titration, doses up to 18 mg/day were well tolerated.
Dominant dysplasia of the lens in transgenic mice expressing the dbl oncogene. (1991)

To study the transforming activity of the dbl oncogene and its effect on normal development in vivo, we linked dbl cDNA to promoters with different cell type specificities and used the constructs to generate transgenic mice. The promoters included the mouse alpha A-crystallin promoter, the rat insulin II promoter, and a mouse metallothionein promoter. We also generated transgenic mice carrying a recombinant cosmid clone that contains the entire dbl gene. Mice with the crystallin promoter construct developed cataracts and expressed the dbl protein in their lenses. The architecture of the lenses suggested a block to the normal pattern of differentiation and elongation of the secondary fiber cells. Mice with the insulin II promoter expressed dbl protein in the pancreas but showed no evidence of diabetes and no apparent pancreatic beta-cell defects. Similarly, mice with the metallothionein promoter expressed dbl protein in heart and testes, but showed no pathologic abnormalities in these tissues even after treatment with heavy metals. However, one family of mice carrying the metallothionein promoter construct showed cataracts and a dramatic fibroblastic dysplasia of the lens. One family with the cosmid-dbl gene showed a nearly identical lenticular dysplasia, but with a slower developmental time course. Thus, although the dbl oncogene did not induce neoplasia in any of the mice studied, it is apparently capable of interfering with the ability of the lens epithelial cells to differentiate into lens fiber cells, and of inducing metaplasia of the epithelial cells into fibroblastic cells.
Plasma Concentrations of Fibroblast Growth Factors 21 and 19in Patients with Cushing's Syndrome (2010)

The objective of this study was to measure plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 and 19 (FGF21 and FGF19) levels in patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS) and to compare it with those of lean control subjects (C) and patients with obesity (OB). Fourteen untreated patients with CS, 19 patients with OB and 36 controls were included in the study. Plasma FGF21 and FGF19 levels were measured by ELISA kits, other hormonal and biochemical parameters were measured by standard laboratory methods. Plasma FGF19 did not significantly differ among the studied groups. Plasma FGF21 levels were significantly higher in both CS and OB groups relative to C group but they did not differ between CS and OB groups. In a combined population of all three groups FGF21 levels positively correlated with BMI, waist circumference and percentage of total and truncal fat mass. Less prominent inverse relationship with these parameters was found for FGF19. Neither FGF21 nor FGF19 were significantly related to cortisol concentrations. Increased FGF21 concentrations in both patients with CS and OB relative to lean subjects suggest that excessive body fat and/or related metabolic abnormalities rather than direct effects of cortisol are responsible. In contrast neither obesity nor hypercortisolism significantly affected FGF19 concentrations.
Rottlerin Is a Mitochondrial Uncoupler That Decreases Cellular ATP Levels and Indirectly Blocks Protein Kinase Cδ Tyrosine Phosphorylation (2001)

Protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) is activated by stimuli that increase its tyrosine phosphorylation, including neurotransmitters that initiate fluid secretion in salivary gland (parotid) epithelial cells. Rottlerin, a compound reported to be a PKCdelta-selective inhibitor, rapidly increased the rate of oxygen consumption (QO2) of parotid acinar cells and PC12 cells. In parotid cells, this was distinct from the effects of the muscarinic receptor ligand carbachol, which promoted a sodium pump-dependent increase in respiration. Rottlerin increased the QO2 of isolated rat liver mitochondria to a level similar to that produced when oxidative phosphorylation was initiated by ADP or when mitochondria were uncoupled by carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP). The effects of rottlerin on mitochondrial QO2 were neither mimicked nor blocked by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X. Rottlerin was not effective in blocking PKCdelta activity in vitro. Exposure of freshly isolated parotid acinar cells to rottlerin and FCCP reduced cellular ATP levels and reduced stimuli-dependent increases in tyrosine phosphorylation of PKCdelta. Neither rottlerin nor FCCP reduced stimuli-dependent PKCdelta tyrosine phosphorylation in RPG1 cells (a salivary ductal line) or PC12 cells, consistent with their dependence on glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation for energy-dependent processes. These results demonstrate that rottlerin directly uncouples mitochondrial respiration from oxidative phosphorylation. Previous studies using rottlerin should be evaluated cautiously.
Characterization of MOAT-C and MOAT-D, New Members of the MRP/cMOAT Subfamily of Transporter Proteins (1998)

On the basis of amino acid identity and protein topology, the MRP/cMOAT transporter subfamily falls into two groups; the first group consists of MRP, cMOAT, and MOAT-D, and the second group consists of MOAT-B and MOAT-C.
The gesture pendant: a self-illuminating, wearable, infrared computer vision system for home automation control and medical monitoring (2002)

In this paper we present a wearable device for control of home automation systems via hand gestures. This solution has many advantages over traditional home automation interfaces in that it can be used by those with loss of vision, motor skills, and mobility. By combining other sources of context with the pendant we can reduce the number and complexity of gestures while maintaining functionality. As users input gestures, the system can also analyze their movements for pathological tremors. This information can then be used for medical diagnosis, therapy, and emergency services. Currently, the Gesture Pendant can recognize control gestures with an accuracy of 95% and user-defined gestures with an accuracy of 97%. It can detect tremors above 2 HZ within /spl plusmn/.1 Hz.
Dynamic fluorescence imaging for multiparametric measurement of tumor vasculature (2011)

Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and a promising target for cancer therapy. Blood vessel monitoring is an indispensable tool for evaluation and development of anti-angiogenic drugs. Here, we report a new noninvasive in vivo imaging tool, named dynamic fluorescence imaging (DyFI), for the simultaneous measurement of multiple vascular parameters including vascular density, perfusion rate, and permeability using spatiotemporal profiles of indocyanine green. Using DyFI in a tumor xenograft model, we quantitatively measured multiple vascular parameters in tumors and normal tissues with high spatial resolution. The multimodality of this method allowed us to find negative spatial correlations between perfusion and permeability. Moreover, DyFI was effective for revealing the early effects of an anti-angiogenic drug. We suggest that DyFI could be a useful tool for the preclinical development of anti-angiogenic drugs.
Neuroprotection by adenosine A2A receptor blockade in experimental models of Parkinson's disease (2002)

Adenosine A2A receptors are abundant in the caudate-putamen and involved in the motor control in several species. In MPTP-treated monkeys, A2A receptor-blockade with an antagonist alleviates parkinsonian symptoms without provoking dyskinesia, suggesting this receptor may offer a new target for the antisymptomatic therapy of Parkinson's disease. In the present study, a significant neuroprotective effect of A2A receptor antagonists is shown in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Oral administration of A2A receptor antagonists protected against the loss of nigral dopaminergic neuronal cells induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in rats. A2A antagonists also prevented the functional loss of dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum and the ensuing gliosis caused by MPTP in mice. The neuroprotective property of A2A receptor antagonists may be exerted by altering the packaging of these neurotoxins into vesicles, thus reducing their effective intracellular concentration. We therefore conclude that the adenosine A2A receptor may provide a novel target for the long-term medication of Parkinson's disease, because blockade of this receptor exerts both acutely antisymptomatic and chronically neuroprotective activities.
Biologically active, recombinant DNA in clathrin-coated vesicles isolated from rat livers after in vivo injection of liposome-encapsulated DNA. (1986)

DNA entrapped in liposomes containing lactosylceramide in the bilayers is found to be associated with clathrin-coated vesicles isolated from the rat livers after intravenous injection of these liposomes. The presence of the exogenous DNA in the coated vesicles was detected by Southern blotting. The amount of DNA present in the coated vesicles does not appear to vary up to 4 h after injection of the liposomes into the animals. The recognition of the lactosyl group present in the liposome by the galactose receptor present on the surface of the different liver cells may lead to their internalization in a way analogous to receptor-mediated endocytosis of various macromolecules. DNA present in the lumen of the coated vesicles is found to be biologically active as evidenced by its replication in bacterial cells and mouse fibroblasts.
Differential gene expression profiles of radioresistant oesophageal cancer cell lines established by continuous fractionated irradiation (2004)

Radiation therapy is a powerful tool for the treatment of oesophageal cancer. We established radioresistant cell lines by applying fractionated irradiation in order to identify differentially expressed genes between parent and radioresistant cells. Six oesophageal cancer cell lines (TE-2, TE-5, TE-9, TE-13, KYSE170, and KYSE180) were treated with continuous 2 Gy fractionated irradiation (total dose 60 Gy). We compared expression profiles of each parent and radioresistant lines on a cDNA microarray consisting of 21168 genes. In the fractionated irradiation trial, four radioresistant sublines (TE-2R, TE-9R, TE-13R, KYSE170R) were established successfully, and we identified 19 upregulated and 28 downregulated genes common to radioresistant sublines. Upregulated genes were associated with apoptosis and inflammatory response (BIRC2 and COX-2), DNA metabolism (CD73), and cell growth (PLAU). Downregulated genes were associated with apoptosis (CASP6), cell adhesion (CDH1 and CDH3), transcription (MLL3), and cell cycle (CDK6). Some of these genes were known to be associated with radiation response, such as COX-2, but others were novel. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction confirmed that genes selected by cDNA microarray were overexpressed in clinical specimens of radioresistant cases. Global gene analysis of radioresistant sublines may provide new insight into mechanisms of radioresistance and effective radiation therapy.