gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular biochemistry and cellular biology (1992)

Biochemistry of Endotoxins: Molecular Biochemistry of Lipopolysaccharides (E.T.. Rietschel, L. Brade, B. Lindner, and U. Zahringer). Chemical Structure of Lipid A (K. Takayama and N. Qureshi). Biosynthesis of Lipid A (C.R.H. Raetz). Chemical Synthesis of Lipid A (S. Kusumoto). Structure-Function Relationships of Lipid A (H. Takada and S. Kotani). Chemical Structure of the Core Region of Lipopolysaccharides (O. Holst and H. Brade). Chemical Synthesis of Core Structures (P.L. Stutz and F.M. Unger). Structure-Function Relationship to Core Oligosaccharide (J.-M. Cavaillon and N. Haeffner-Cavaillon). Supramolecular Structure of Lipopolysaccharides and Lipid A (U. Seydel and K. Brandenburg). Cell Biology of Endotoxin: Cellular Membrane Receptors for Lipopolysaccharide (M.-G. Lei and T.-Y. Chen). Plasma Membrane Gangliosides as Potential Binding Sites for Bacterial Endotoxins (H.C. Yohe, L.S. Brown, and J.L. Ryan). LPS-Initiated Signal Transduction Pathways in Macrophages (D.O. Adams). The LPS Mutational Defect in C3H/HeJ Mice (M. Nakano and H. Shinomiya). Interaction of Liposome-Incorporated Lipopolysaccharide with Responsive Cells (J. Dijkstra and J.L. Ryan). Endotoxin-Endothelial Cell Interactions (T.H. Pohlman and J.M. Harlan). Regulation of Cell Surface Receptor Expression by LPS (A. Ding and C. Nathan). LPS Binding Proteins in Granulocyte Lysosomes (N. Ohno). Processing of LPS by Phagocytes (A.L. Erwin and R.S. Munford). Index.
Physical Biology in Cancer. 2. The physical biology of circulating tumor cells (2013)

The identification, isolation, and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) promises to enhance our understanding of the evolution of cancer in humans. CTCs provide a window into the hematogenous, or "fluid phase," of cancer, underlying the metastatic transition in which a locally contained tumor spreads to other locations in the body through the bloodstream. With the development of sensitive and specific CTC identification and isolation methodologies, the role of CTCs in clinical diagnostics, disease surveillance, and the physical basis of metastasis continues to be established. This review focuses on the quantification of the basic biophysical properties of CTCs and the use of these metrics to understand the hematogenous dissemination of these enigmatic cells.
Regulation of Human Interleukin‐2 and Interferon‐Gamma Gene Expression by Suppressor T Lymphocytes (1991)

Concomitant with induction of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) gene expression in human tonsil cells, mitogenic stimulation induces a transient activation of cells able to effectively suppress expression of these genes. Induction of IL-2 and IFN-gamma genes largely precedes appearance of suppressor cell activity, allowing expression of both genes to occur before strong down-regulation is exerted by activated suppressor cells. Suppressive activity induced in one cell population can inhibit IL-2 and IFN-gamma gene expression in another population from the same donor. The distinct nature of suppressor cells is supported by the absence of down-regulation of IL-2 gene expression in a helper cell line, MLA-144; yet, in these cells, negative control can be expressed when active suppressor cells are introduced. Our findings support the concept that actual levels of IL-2 and IFN-gamma gene activity are regulated to a large extent by the differential kinetics of activation of suppressor cells on one hand and of cells expressing the IL-2 and IFN-gamma genes on the other.
Narrowband Reflection From Weakly Coupled Cladding-Modulated Bragg Gratings (2015)

A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible cladding-modulated grating design with weakly coupled corrugations on long side waveguides is demonstrated on the silicon-on-insulator platform to allow not only a narrowband reflection (Δλ = 0.217 nm) but also an insensitive Bragg wavelength to the grating width change (Δλ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> /ΔW <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> = 0.0167). Fine-tuning of the reflection bandwidth is also possible by simply adjusting the grating width (Δλ/ΔW <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> = 0.012). With a 30-nm grating width, as-fabricated cladding-modulated gratings are demonstrated to provide a close-to-unity peak reflectivity, a 0.6 nm reflection bandwidth and a 21.4 dB extinction ratio. The additional propagation loss arising from the introduction of sidewall corrugations is characterized to be only 0.1 dB. Such a superior performance is difficult to be reproduced by simply using stripor slab-type grating counterparts.
Pressure Pulse Workovers in Heavy Oil (2002)

Abstract Approximately 100 pressure pulse workovers have been performed on heavy oil wells in Canada since 1998. Analysis of a number of the wells shows varying degrees of success, but in general, the workovers have paid for themselves in almost all recent cases. Although there is insufficient information to fully prove hypotheses using statistical criteria, it appears that pressure pulse workovers have particular application in three situations: ▪In cases where the CHOPS well did not initially start producing sand during the primary completion attempts;▪In cases where the well became disconnected from the far-field pressure and gravity driving forces; and,▪In cases when it is desired to place a workover chemical in a well-dispersed fashion around a well. This article will review the physical mechanisms and drive energy sources that are believed to be responsible for CHOPS production; it will also present the physical processes that we believe occur during aggressive pressure pulse workovers around a heavy oil well.
Kinetics of the inhibition of tissue factor-factor VIIa by tissue factor pathway inhibitor. (1995)

Tissue factor-factor VIIa catalysed activation of factor IX is inhibited by the complex of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and factor Xa. At present, no information is available as to what extent the kinetics of complex formation between TFPI and factor Xa during factor X activation contribute to the overall rate of inactivation of the factor X converting complex. We have determined the kinetic parameters of the individual reactions, i.e. factor X activation, formation of the TFPI-factor Xa complex, and inactivation of tissue factor-factor VIIa by the TFPI-factor Xa complex. We modelled the overall reaction by assuming a two-step reaction: factor Xa generated by tissue factor-factor VIIa forms a reversible complex with TFPI and in the second step this complex forms a reversible quaternary complex with tissue factor-factor VIIa. The validity of the model was demonstrated by analysis of factor Xa generation curves in the presence of TFPI. Independently determined constants for factor X activation (kcat = 12 s-1, Km = 70 nM) and inhibition of tissue factor-factor VIIa by TFPI-factor Xa complex (rate constant of inhibition of 1.1 x 10(8) M-1S-1) were used. The association rate constant of the formation of the TFPI-factor Xa complex was estimated by fitting the model to the data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Establishment and characterization of a pair of non-malignant and malignant tumor derived cell lines from an African American prostate cancer patient (2010)

Research into molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying prostate carcinogenesis in high-risk African American men would be greatly advanced by in vitro models of African American prostate tumors representing primary tumors. However, the generation of immortalized primary African American prostate cancer cells that will accurately reflect the in situ characteristics of malignant epithelium is currently limited but is greatly needed. We have successfully established immortalized cell lines of a pair of non-malignant and malignant tumors derived from an African American prostate cancer patient with HPV-16E6E7 (RC-77N/E and RC-77T/E). RC-77N/E and RC-77T/E cells are currently growing well at passage 40. Both cells exhibit epithelial morphology and are androgen sensitive. The RC-77T/E cells produced tumors in SCID mice whereas the RC-77N/E cells produced no tumor in SCID mice. These cells expressed androgen-regulated prostate-specific homobox gene, NKX 3.1, epithelial cell specific cytokeratn 8, androgen receptor (AR), prostate specific antigen (PSA), and p16. Chromosome analysis showed that both cell lines are similar; near diploid human male (XY) with most chromosome counts in the 45-48 range. However, RC-77T/E cell line has new marker chromosomes: M1B=del/t(4;?)(q28;?), M5=16q+ in addition to those observed in the RC-77N/E cell line (M1=del(4)(q28q34)+hsr in some, M1A=t(4q;?),M2=der(9?),M2A=del(M2p-),M3=iso(?), M4=der(22?)). This is the first documented case of the establishment of pair of non-malignant and malignant tumors derived from an African American prostate cancer patient. These models will provide novel tools to study the molecular and genetic mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis, especially for high-risk African American men.
SSX antigens as tumor vaccine targets in human sarcoma. (2003)

The efficacy of current standard therapies for the treatment of sarcoma remains limited. With the aim of identifying target antigens relevant to the development of vaccine-based immunotherapy of sarcoma, we have addressed the relevance of tumor-specific antigens encoded by genes belonging to the SSX family as vaccine targets in sarcoma tumors. Expression of SSX-1 to -5 was analyzed in a collection of sarcoma tumors of diverse histological subtypes and in sarcoma cell lines. We found expression of at least one SSX-encoded antigen in 42% of sarcoma tumors, including 5 of 7 different histological subtypes, and in 50% of sarcoma cell lines. SSX-1 was the most frequently expressed family member, followed by SSX-4, -2 and -5. Expression of SSX-3 was detected in only one sample. Importantly, most SSX positive samples co-expressed more than one family member. In addition, assessment of CD8+ T cell recognition of HLA-A2+ SSX-2+ sarcoma cells showed that the latter were efficiently recognized and lysed by SSX-2-specific CTLs. The results of this study indicate that SSX antigens are relevant targets for the development of vaccine-based immunotherapy of sarcoma and encourage the start of vaccination trials using SSX-derived immunogens in sarcoma patients.
Autodisplay: Functional Display of Active β-Lactamase on the Surface of Escherichia coli by the AIDA-I Autotransporter (2000)

Members of the protein family of immunoglobulin A1 protease-like autotransporters comprise multidomain precursors consisting of a C-terminal autotransporter domain that promotes the translocation of N-terminally attached passenger domains across the cell envelopes of gram-negative bacteria. Several autotransporter domains have recently been shown to efficiently promote the export of heterologous passenger domains, opening up an effective tool for surface display of heterologous proteins. Here we report on the autotransporter domain of the Escherichia coli adhesin involved in diffuse adherence (AIDA-I), which was genetically fused to the C terminus of the periplasmic enzyme beta-lactamase, leading to efficient expression of the fusion protein in E. coli. The beta-lactamase moiety of the fusion protein was presented on the bacterial surface in a stable manner, and the surface-located beta-lactamase was shown to be enzymatically active. Enzymatic activity was completely removed by protease treatment, indicating that surface display of beta-lactamase was almost quantitative. The periplasmic domain of the outer membrane protein OmpA was not affected by externally added proteases, demonstrating that the outer membranes of E. coli cells expressing the beta-lactamase AIDA-I fusion protein remained physiologically intact.
Wherefore interferon? (1997)

Interferon (IFN) was discovered by virologists interested in the phenomenon of viral interference and for many years was considered to be exclusively an antiviral substance. In time, it was accepted that the antiviral action was only one manifestation of the multiple effects of IFN on cells. IFN was shown to inhibit the development of tumors, to modulate immune function, and even to induce disease. Some aspects of these phenomena will be discussed. Despite this plethora of biological effects of type I IFN, the potency of its antiviral action, combined with its varied effects on both the cell-mediated and humoral immune response, render it a most effective and remarkable antiviral substance. Arguments will be presented to support the hypothesis that the major role of IFN is, after all, in antiviral defense. Finally, the use of type I IFN in the treatment of patients with viral and neoplastic diseases and even diseases of varied and unknown etiology is discussed.
Concise Review: Cell Therapies for Hereditary Metabolic Liver Diseases—Concepts, Clinical Results, and Future Developments (2014)

The concept of cell-based therapies for inherited metabolic liver diseases has been introduced for now more than 40 years in animal experiments, but controlled clinical data in humans are still not available. In the era of dynamic developments in stem cell science, the "right" cell for transplantation is considered as an important key for successful treatment. Do we aim to transplant mature hepatocytes or do we consider the liver as a stem/progenitor-driven organ and replenish the diseased liver with genetically normal stem/progenitor cells? Although conflicting results from cell tracing and transplantation experiments have recently emerged about the existence and role of stem/progenitor cells in the liver, their overall contribution to parenchymal cell homeostasis and tissue repair is limited. Accordingly, engraftment and repopulation efficacies of extrahepatic and liver-derived stem/progenitor cell types are considered to be lower compared to mature hepatocytes. On the basis of these results, we will discuss the current clinical cell transplantation programs for inherited metabolic liver diseases and future developments in liver cell therapy.
Adaptive C-OFDM system at 30 GHz for the last mile wireless broadband access to interactive services (2002)

In this paper a wireless local multipoint distribution system (LMDS) at 30 GHz for the last mile broadband distribution to users of interactive services is investigated. The system we propose users a coded OFDM transmission scheme with FDM and/or TDM multiplexing techniques and adaptive carrier allocation to counteract the effects of the wireless communication channel. An urban microcell in an actual propagation environment is analyzed by means of a ray-tracing tool. Coverage probability is defined and investigated and the choices of the optimum multiplexing technique and carrier allocation algorithm are discussed. It is found that a pure FDM technique with adaptive carrier allocation and priority to users having the largest path loss leads to the best performance.
Cutting Edge: STAT6-Deficient Mice Have Enhanced Tumor Immunity to Primary and Metastatic Mammary Carcinoma (2000)

STAT4 and STAT6 are essential for the development of CD4(+) Th1 and Th2 development, respectively. Tumor immunologists have hypothesized that Th1 cells are critical in tumor immunity because they facilitate differentiation of CD8(+) T cells, which are potent anti-tumor effectors. We have used STAT4(-/-) and STAT6(-/-) mice to test this hypothesis. BALB/c and knockout mice were challenged in the mammary gland with the highly malignant and spontaneously metastatic BALB/c-derived 4T1 mammary carcinoma. Primary tumor growth and metastatic disease are reduced in STAT6(-/-) mice relative to BALB/c and STAT4(-/-) mice. Ab depletions demonstrate that the effect is mediated by CD8(+) T cells, and immunized STAT6(-/-) mice have higher levels of 4T1-specific CTL than BALB/c or STAT4(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, Th1 or Th2 cells are not involved, because CD4 depletion does not diminish the anti-tumor effect. Therefore, deletion of the STAT6 gene facilitates development of potent anti-tumor immunity via a CD4(+)-independent pathway.
Research progress on capsicum red pigment (2008)

Currently capsicum red pigment as a natural food colors is attracting increasing attention. The method of extracting capsicum red pigment and review the study on the stability of the pigment was introduced,especially on the application of emerging technologies in the extraction process and enhancing stability.
Spectral bounds on plasmon resonances for Ag and Au prolate and oblate nanospheroids (2008)

Analytical expressions for the plasmon resonance frequencies of prolate and oblate spheroids and their dependence on ellipticity have been derived, and approximate bounds on these frequencies established. These formulas may be useful in tuning the plasmon resonance within certain limits. With increasing aspect ratio, the prolate spheroid resonance is red shifted relative to a sphere with no lower limit under the assumptions of a Drude dispersion model. On the other hand, the oblate resonances are blue shifted as the spheroid becomes increasingly flat, but up to a limit.
DNA Vaccines. (2001)

Within the last decade bacterial plasmids encoding foreign antigens have revolutionized vaccine design. Although no DNA vaccine has yet been approved for routine human or veterinary use, the potential of this vaccine modality has been demonstrated in experimental animal models. Plasmid DNA vaccination has shown efficacy against viral, bacterial and parasitic infections, modulated the effects of autoimmune and allergic diseases and induced control over cancer progression. With a better understanding of the basic immune mechanisms that govern induction of protective or curative immune responses, plasmid DNA vaccines and their mode of delivery are continuously being optimized. Because of the simplicity and versatility of these vaccines, various routes and modes of delivery are possible to engage the desired immune responses. These may be T or B effector cell responses able to eliminate infectious agents or transformed cells. DNA vaccines may also induce an immunoregulatory/modulatory or immunosuppressive (tolerizing) response that interferes with the differentiation, expansion or effector functions of B and T cells. In this sense a DNA vaccine may be thought of as a 'negative' vaccine. Pre-clinical and initial small-scale clinical trials have shown DNA vaccines in either of these modes to be safe and well tolerated. Although DNA vaccines induce significant immune responses in small animal trials their efficacy in humans has so far been less promising thus necessitating additional optimizations of this novel vaccine approach.
Graphical Evaluation of Blood-to-Brain Transfer Constants from Multiple-Time Uptake Data. Generalizations (1985)

The method of graphical analysis for the evaluation of sequential data (e.g., tissue and blood concentrations over time) in which the test substance is irreversibly trapped in the system has been expanded. A simpler derivation of the original analysis is presented. General equations are derived that can be used to analyze tissue uptake data when the blood-plasma concentration of the test substance cannot be easily measured. In addition, general equations are derived for situations when trapping of the test substance is incomplete and for a combination of these two conditions. These derivations are independent of the actual configuration of the compartmental system being analyzed and show what information can be obtained for the period when the reversible compartments are in effective steady state with the blood. This approach is also shown to result in equations with at least one less nonlinear term than those derived from direct compartmental analysis. Specific applications of these equations are illustrated for a compartmental system with one reversible region (with or without reversible binding) and one irreversible region.
Enzymatic properties of beta-D-galactoside alpha2 leads to 6 sialytransferase from bovine colostrum. (1977)

The substrate specificity and kinetic properties of a pure sialyltransferase from bovine colostrum have been examined. The transferase appears to incorporate sialic acid into the sequence, NeuAcalpha2 leads to 6Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc, which is commonly found in glycoproteins. It has a strict substrate specificity for CMP-NeuAc and forms only the alpha2 leads to 6 sialyl linkage with beta-D-galactosides. N-Acetyllactosamine (Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc) and asialo-glycoproteins containing the N-acetyllactosaminyl linkage at the nonreducing ends of the oligosaccharides prosthetic groups are the best acceptor substrates. Isomers of N-acetyllactosamine with beta1 leads to 3 or beta1 leads to 6 glycosidic linkages are less than 1% as effective as acceptor substates as the beta1 leads to 4-linked isomer. Lactose (Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc) is also a poor acceptor, indicating the importance of the 2-acetamido group in the N-acetylglucosaminyl residues. The unnatural substrate beta-methyl-L-arabinopyrano-side, a five-carbon analog of beta-methyl-D-galactoside which contains no 6-hydroxyl, also acts as a poor acceptor of the transferase and the sialylated product has been partially characterized. Kinetic properties of the enzyme in the presence and absence of inhibitors suggest that the transferase has an equilibrium random order mechanism.
A Method for the Determination of Binding Constants by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2000)

A new method for the determination of binding constants using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is presented. The intensity of a reference complex with a known log K value is monitored before and after addition of a second host or guest. On the basis of the change in intensity of the reference complex and extrapolation from a calibration curve, the log K value is then derived for the complex of interest using a set of simultaneous equilibrium equations. Binding constants of several crown ether-alkali metal cation complexes that were previously studied were determined to validate this strategy. Log K values for complexes involving dibenzo-16-crown-5 and its sym-oxyacetate derivative with Na+ or K+ were also determined.
Direct evidence for a receptor-ligand interaction between the T-cell surface antigen CD2 and lymphocyte-function-associated antigen 3. (1987)

The recognition of foreign antigen by T lymphocytes requires direct contact with cells expressing the antigen. It has recently become clear that T lymphocytes can form conjugates with other cells in the absence of foreign antigen expression. Studies using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to inhibit conjugate formation have suggested that a portion of the antigen-dependent adhesion is mediated by T lymphocytes interacting with cells expressing lymphocyte-function-associated antigen 3 (LFA-3), a widely distributed cell surface protein. We have investigated antigen-independent adhesion by incorporating affinity-purified LFA-3 into the lipid membrane of an artificial target cell (ATC; a nylon-matrix vesicle with a lipid membrane). These vesicles are similar in size and density to intact cells, so that conjugates between cells and ATCs may be seen by light microscopy. ATCs expressing a density of LFA-3 similar to that on intact cells were found to form conjugates with T cells, but only if the T cells expressed the sheep erythrocyte receptor, CD2 (T11; LFA-2). Previous studies using mAbs have implicated the CD2 molecule in both adhesion and T-cell activation. ATCs prepared without surface protein or with purified HLA class I protein failed to interact with the CD2-positive T cells, indicating that the adhesion found was mediated by the LFA-3 molecule. Furthermore, mAb against LFA-3 or CD2 was able to block the LFA-3-mediated vesicle-cell interaction, whereas mAb against LFA-1 or HLA failed to inhibit the interaction. These results provide direct evidence that LFA-3 functions as an adhesion molecule by serving as a ligand for the CD2 molecule on T cells.