gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of imidazo[4,5‐b]pyridines from aminoimidazolecarbaldehydes (1997)

Abstract 4‐Amino‐1,2‐dimethylimidazole‐5‐carbaldehyde (1) and 5‐amino‐1‐methylimidazole‐4‐carbaldehydes 3 were prepared by reduction of the corresponding aminoimidazolecarbonitriles 2 and 4. Condensation of 1 and 3 with carbonitriles, ketones and polyfunctional carbonyl compounds bearing the‐CH 2 CO‐moiety afforded to the imidazo[4,5‐ b ]pyridine derivatives.
Simple purification method of the antiphospholipid antibody from normal human plasma. (1997)

We have reported that rabbit serum contains a phospholipid (PL)/ganglioside-binding protein which adsorbs to Sephacryl S-400 gel and agglutinates human red blood cells. A new protein similar to the PL/ganglioside-binding protein was simply purified from normal human plasma using Sephacryl S-400, Sepharose CL-4B and DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B columns. The purified protein was found to agglutinate rabbit red blood cells. The hemagglutination was specifically inhibited by two PL, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, but not by any other PL, gangliosides, saccharides or glycoproteins tested. From analyses of the N-terminal amino acid sequence and immunological specificity, the protein was identified to be a human immunoglobulin M.
Circulating Levels of Thrombopoietic and Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome (2002)

The endogenous levels of TPO, IL-6 and IL-8 are elevated in the thrombocytopenic patients with AML and MDS. Our results are consistent with previous mechanistic studies and suggest that TPO and IL-6 may be active mediators of platelet production.
The interaction of human platelet thrombospondin with fibrinogen. Thrombospondin purification and specificity of interaction. (1985)

Human platelet thrombospondin (TSP) was purified to homogeneity by chromatography on fibrinogen coupled to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose. The yield of TSP was 1.3 mg or approximately 22% of that present in platelet-rich plasma as determined by radioimmunoassay. It analyzed on discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate gels as a single band having apparent molecular weights of 180,000 and greater than 400,000 under reducing and nonreducing conditions, respectively. Amino acid analysis gave results similar to previously published values. Antibodies raised in rabbits were monospecific as evaluated by radioimmunoassay. In double immunodiffusion tests, these antibodies gave one line of identity against TSP purified by this procedure and TSP purified by published procedures, confirming the identity of the material isolated. The protein possesses no lectin-like activity. The specificity of the TSP-fibrinogen interaction was investigated. TSP binding to fibrinogen-Sepharose occurred in the presence of EDTA, indicating that calcium and magnesium ions are not required for interaction of TSP with fibrinogen. The binding of TSP to fibrinogen-Sepharose was quantitatively blocked by pretreatment with an antibody to the cyanogen bromide cleavage fragment composed of residues 241-476 of the carboxyl-terminal end of the alpha chain of fibrinogen. Antibodies against the D and E domains of fibrinogen had no effect on the binding. Excess fibrinogen (30 mg/ml) added to platelet extract quantitatively inhibited binding of TSP to fibrinogen-Sepharose. TSP preferentially bound to uncross-linked fibrin, suggesting that the TSP-fibrinogen binding site is unavailable in cross-linked fibrin. These results indicate that TSP binds specifically to immobilized fibrinogen or uncross-linked fibrin through determinants present in the carboxyl-terminal portion of the alpha chain and that these interactions do not require calcium or magnesium ions.
A novel mechanism for the biogenesis of outer membrane vesicles in Gram-negative bacteria (2016)

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have important biological roles in pathogenesis and intercellular interactions, but a general mechanism of OMV formation is lacking. Here we show that the VacJ/Yrb ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport system, a proposed phospholipid transporter, is involved in OMV formation. Deletion or repression of VacJ/Yrb increases OMV production in two distantly related Gram-negative bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae and Vibrio cholerae. Lipidome analyses demonstrate that OMVs from VacJ/Yrb-defective mutants in H. influenzae are enriched in phospholipids and certain fatty acids. Furthermore, we demonstrate that OMV production and regulation of the VacJ/Yrb ABC transport system respond to iron starvation. Our results suggest a new general mechanism of OMV biogenesis based on phospholipid accumulation in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane. This mechanism is highly conserved among Gram-negative bacteria, provides a means for regulation, can account for OMV formation under all growth conditions, and might have important pathophysiological roles in vivo.
THz Medical Imaging: in vivo Hydration Sensing (2011)

The application of THz to medical imaging is experiencing a surge in both interest and federal funding. A brief overview of the field is provided along with promising and emerging applications and ongoing research. THz imaging phenomenology is discussed and tradeoffs are identified. A THz medical imaging system, operating at ~525 GHz center frequency with ~125 GHz of response normalized bandwidth is introduced and details regarding principles of operation are provided. Two promising medical applications of THz imaging are presented: skin burns and cornea. For burns, images of second degree, partial thickness burns were obtained in rat models <i>in vivo</i> over an 8 hour period. These images clearly show the formation and progression of edema in and around the burn wound area. For cornea, experimental data measuring the hydration of <i>ex vivo</i> porcine cornea under drying is presented demonstrating utility in ophthalmologic applications.
Two frequency self-injected flashlamp pumped dye laser for nonlinear optics experiments (1983)

A high-power short pulse (self-injected) version of a two frequency flashlamp pumped dye laser is presented. Stable nanosecond duration pulses are obtained with a gain in output intensity of a factor of 12 with respect to the normal (long pulse) dye laser configuration over the tuning range of Rhodamine <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6G</tex> . The first results of non-linear excitation of surface polaritons in solids with this source are reported.
Throughput analysis, optimal buffer allocation, and traffic imbalance study of a generic nonblocking packet switch (1991)

A general model is presented to study the performance of a family of space-domain packet switches, implementing both input and output queuing and varying degrees of speedup. Based on this model, the impact of the speedup factor on the switch performance is analyzed. In particular, the maximum switch throughput, and the average system delay for any given degree of speedup are obtained. The results demonstrate that the switch can achieve 99% throughput with a modest speedup factor of four. Packet blocking probability for systems with finite buffers can also be derived from this model, and the impact of buffer allocation on blocking probability is investigated. Given a fixed buffer budget, this analysis obtains an optimal placement of buffers among input and output ports to minimize the blocking probability. The model is also extended to cover a nonhomogeneous system, where traffic intensity at each input varies and destination distribution is not uniform. Using this model, the effect of traffic imbalance on the maximum switch throughput is studied. It is seen that input imbalance has a more adverse effect on throughput than output imbalance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sulfur-Polypyrrole Composite Cathodes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries (2012)

Sulfur-polypyrrole composite cathodes with sulfur contents of 77, 64, to 53 wt% have been synthesized by an in-situ deposition of sulfur with polypyrrole pre-synthesized by an oxidation method. The presence of polypyrrole in the form of nanoparticles prohibits the agglomeration of sulfur during the synthesis, resulting in small sulfur particles and well-mixed sulfur-polypyrrole composites. The sulfur-polypyrrole composite cathodes synthesized have been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The composite cathodes show better electrochemical stability, lower overpotential, and better cyclability compared to the pristine sulfur as the polypyrrole particles facilitate ion and charge transfer within the electrodes. The composites consisting of 64 and 53 wt% of sulfur exhibit higher discharge capacities and better cyclability than sulfur at C/2, 1 C, and 2 C rates, e.g., retaining capacities of >500 mAh/g at 1 C and ∼400 mAh/g at 2 C after 50 cycles. The polypyrrole in the composites improves the electrochemical contact within the electrodes as evidenced by the reduced charge transfer resistance and improved rate capability as well as the porosity of electrodes as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.
A new strategy for the synthesis of taurine derivatives using the ‘safety-catch’ principle for the protection of sulfonic acids (2006)

The safety-catch principle has been applied for the development of a new method for protecting sulfonic acids. 2,2-Dimethylsuccinic acid was reduced to 2,2-dimethylbutane-1,4-diol, which was selectively silylated to give 4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilanyloxy)-2,2-dimethylbutan-1-ol. Reaction of the latter compound with 2-chloroethanesulfonyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine afforded 4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-2,2-dimethylbutyl ethenesulfonate directly. The ethenesulfonate underwent Michael-type addition with secondary amines to give protected derivatives of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid). Deprotection was achieved on treatment with tetrabutylammonium fluoride, whereby cleavage of the silicon-oxygen bond led to an intermediate alkoxide that immediately cyclised to 2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuran with liberation of a sulfonate. Pure sulfonic acids were obtained from the crude product by ion exchange chromatography on a strongly basic resin, which was eluted with aqueous acetic acid. The method developed should be generally applicable to the protection of sulfonic acids and is amenable to a multiparallel format.
Animal models of sepsis (2013)

Sepsis remains a common, serious, and heterogeneous clinical entity that is difficult to define adequately. Despite its importance as a public health problem, efforts to develop and gain regulatory approval for a specific therapeutic agent for the adjuvant treatment of sepsis have been remarkably unsuccessful. One step in the critical pathway for the development of a new agent for adjuvant treatment of sepsis is evaluation in an appropriate animal model of the human condition. Unfortunately, the animal models that have been used for this purpose have often yielded misleading findings. It is likely that there are multiple reasons for the discrepancies between the results obtained in tests of pharmacological agents in animal models of sepsis and the outcomes of human clinical trials. One of important reason may be that the changes in gene expression, which are triggered by trauma or infection, are different in mice, a commonly used species for preclinical testing, and humans. Additionally, many species, including mice and baboons, are remarkably resistant to the toxic effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, whereas humans are exquisitely sensitive. New approaches toward the use of animals for sepsis research are being investigated. But, at present, results from preclinical studies of new therapeutic agents for sepsis must be viewed with a degree of skepticism.
Does Uric Acid Have a Pathogenetic Role in Graft Dysfunction and Hypertension in Renal Transplant Recipients? (2005)

Hyperuricemia is common in RTR and is associated with need for antihypertensive therapy and level of graft function.
Changes in serum concentrations of calcium and its regulating hormones during tail suspension in rats. (1996)

To study the effects of mechanical unloading on systemic calcium homeostasis, we determined the changes in serum concentration of calcium, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) during tail-suspension experiments in rats. The serum concentration of ionized calcium significantly increased during the 14 days of the suspension, reflecting increased bone resorption in the hind limbs. This hypercalcemic condition should cause suppression in PTH secretion. Indeed, serum PTH levels decreased on Day 3 of the suspension. This decrease was associated with lower serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin [correction of dihyroxyvitamin] D3 probably due to a decrease in the activity of 1 alpha-hydroxylase in the kidneys resulting from a decrease in PTH secretion. Since it is known that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates osteoblastic function, it is suggested that endocrine responses evoked by tail suspension aggravate disuse atrophy of the hind limbs.
Influenza season in Réunion dominated by influenza B virus circulation associated with numerous cases of severe disease, France, 2014 (2014)

The 2014 seasonal influenza in Réunion, a French overseas territory in the southern hemisphere, was dominated by influenza B. Resulting morbidity impacted public health. Relative to the total number of all-cause consultations over the whole season, the rate of acute respiratory infection (ARI) consultations was 6.5%. Severe disease occurred in 32 laboratory-confirmed influenza cases (31.7 per 100,000 ARI consultations), 16 with influenza B. The observed disease dynamics could present a potential scenario for the next European influenza season.
Polymorph Screening: Comparing a Semi-Automated Approach with a High Throughput Method (2009)

Polymorph screening studies of sulfathiazole, mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, and ROY were carried out using a semi-automated apparatus. Cooling crystallization and slurry aging experiments were conducted with varying process conditions and a selection of 16 diverse solvents to find as many polymorphic forms as possible. Results yielded four out of five polymorphs of sulfathiazole, both polymorphs and a solvate of mefenamic acid, four out of the seven stable forms of ROY, as well as the two most commonly encountered polymorphs and a solvate of flufenamic acid. The results obtained in this study were compared with a novel high throughput method based on patterned substrates of self-assembled monolayers.(17, 32, 38) It was shown that in the case of sulfathiazole and mefenamic acid the same number of polymorphs were obtained using the two approaches. In the case of ROY, the semi-automated approach was not able to produce three of the forms found using the patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) method. These three forms were found in fewer than 1% of approximately 10 000 experiments performed using the high throughput approach and thus will be very difficult to find in the 58 experiments performed using the semi-automated approach. Results of this study demonstrate that the simple semi-automated approach of ∼60 experiments described in this work is suitable for early stage polymorph screening as it was able to reproduce effectively the diversity of polymorphs in model compounds.
The implementation of hardware subroutines on field programmable gate arrays (2002)

The dynamically reconfigurable Plessey ERA (electrically reconfigurable array), by supporting the paging of full and partial sets of configuration data at system clock speed, allows silicon multitasking and introduces the concept of the hardware subroutine. The ERA requires 2.5 times less data per equivalent gate as compared to the established industry standard devices. In addition, loading the data in parallel bytes at clock speeds up to 25 MHz reduces the time taken for the complete configuration of a 10000 equivalent gate array to less than 140 mu s.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Hypertonic media inhibit receptor-mediated endocytosis by blocking clathrin-coated pit formation. (1989)

Two seemingly unrelated experimental treatments inhibit receptor mediated endocytosis: (a) depletion of intracellular K+ (Larkin, J. M., M. S. Brown, J. L. Goldstein, and R. G. W. Anderson. 1983. Cell. 33:273-285); and (b) treatment with hypertonic media (Daukas, G., and S. H. Zigmond. 1985. J. Cell Biol. 101:1673-1679). Since the former inhibits the formation of clathrin-coated pits (Larkin, J. M., W. D. Donzell, and R. G. W. Anderson, 1986. J. Cell Biol. 103:2619-2627), we were interested in determining whether hypertonic treatment has the same effect, and if so, why. Fibroblasts (human or chicken) were incubated in normal saline made hypertonic with 0.45 M sucrose, then broken open by sonication and freeze-etched to generate replicas of their inner membrane surfaces. Whereas untreated cells display typical geodesic lattices of clathrin under each coated pit, hypertonic cells display in addition a number of empty clathrin "microcages". At first, these appear around the edges of normal coated pit lattices. With further time in hypertonic medium, however, normal lattices largely disappear and are replaced by accumulations of microcages. Concomitantly, low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors lose their normal clustered distribution and become dispersed all over the cell surface, as seen by fluorescence microscopy and freeze-etch electron microscopy of LDL attached to the cell surface. Upon return to normal medium at 37 degrees C, these changes promptly reverse. Within 2 min, small clusters of LDL reappear on the surfaces of cells and normal clathrin lattices begin to reappear inside; the size and number of these receptor/clathrin complexes returns to normal over the next 10 min. Thus, in spite of their seeming unrelatedness, both K+ depletion and hypertonic treatment cause coated pits to disappear, and both induce abnormal clathrin polymerization into empty microcages. This suggests that in both cases, an abnormal formation of microcages inhibits endocytosis by rendering clathrin unavailable for assembly into normal coated pits.
Unifying theory of hypoxia tolerance: molecular/metabolic defense and rescue mechanisms for surviving oxygen lack. (1996)

We develop a unifying theory of hypoxia tolerance based on information from two cell level models (brain cortical cells and isolated hepatocytes) from the highly anoxia tolerant aquatic turtle and from other more hypoxia sensitive systems. We propose that the response of hypoxia tolerant systems to oxygen lack occurs in two phases (defense and rescue). The first lines of defense against hypoxia include a balanced suppression of ATP-demand and ATP-supply pathways; this regulation stabilizes (adenylates) at new steady-state levels even while ATP turnover rates greatly decline. The ATP demands of ion pumping are down-regulated by generalized "channel" arrest in hepatocytes and by "spike" arrest in neurons. Hypoxic ATP demands of protein synthesis are down-regulated probably by translational arrest. In hypoxia sensitive cells this translational arrest seems irreversible, but hypoxia-tolerant systems activate "rescue" mechanisms if the period of oxygen lack is extended by preferentially regulating the expression of several proteins. In these cells, a cascade of processes underpinning hypoxia rescue and defense begins with an oxygen sensor (a heme protein) and a signal-transduction pathway, which leads to significant gene-based metabolic reprogramming-the rescue process-with maintained down-regulation of energy-demand and energy-supply pathways in metabolism throughout the hypoxic period. This recent work begins to clarify how normoxic maintenance ATP turnover rates can be drastically (10-fold) down-regulated to a new hypometabolic steady state, which is prerequisite for surviving prolonged hypoxia or anoxia. The implications of these developments are extensive in biology and medicine.
Cutting Edge: In Contrast to Effector T Cells, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells Are Highly Susceptible to CD95 Ligand- but Not to TCR-Mediated Cell Death (2005)

CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (T(reg)) suppress T cell function and protect rodents from autoimmune disease. Regulation of T(reg) during an immune response is of major importance. Enhanced survival of T(reg) is beneficial in autoimmune disease, whereas increased depletion by apoptosis is advantageous in cancer. We show here that freshly isolated FACS-sorted T(reg) are highly sensitive toward CD95-mediated apoptosis, whereas other T cell populations are resistant to CD95-induced apoptosis shortly after isolation. In contrast, TCR restimulation of T(reg) in vitro revealed a reduced sensitivity toward activation-induced cell death compared with CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. Thus, the apoptosis phenotype of T(reg) is unique in comparison to other T cells, and this might be further explored for novel therapeutic modulations of T(reg).
Analytical Instrumentation: Performance Characteristics and Quality (2000)

Analytical Measurements. Uncertainty and Random Error. Instrument Performance Characteristics. Quality Systems in Analytical Measurements. UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Systems. Atomic Spectroscopy. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrophotometers. System Characteristics of Gas Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Gas Chromatography. Capillary Electrophoresis. Mass Spectrometry Systems. Signals. Unwanted Signals: Noise, Drift and Interference. Convolution. Monochromators. Radiation Sources. Radiation Detectors. Responses to Self-Assessment Questions. Bibliography. SI Units and Physical Constants. Periodic Table. Index.
The embedded Bluetooth CCD camera (2002)

When the bandwidth of the 2G+ and 3G cellular communication increases, video communication will find wide application. One is home security. The video can be used to check the condition of the house appliances, e.g., whether the stove is on or off. The video can also be used to detect an intruder. When someone enters the house, an alarm together with the video is sent to the mobile terminal of the owner by using a motion detection technique. The video is used to verify that the alarm is due to the member of the family or intruder. If it is an intruder then proper action can be taken, eg, to call the police. This can reduce the false alarm rate. For reasons of hiding the camera and ease of installment, the connection between the CCD camera and the computer is preferred to be wireless. Bluetooth technology is a short-range radio link. It is an emerging technology for the home wireless network. This paper describes how to make a embedded CCD camera which will find wide applications in the future.
Recombinant human basic-fibroblastic growth factor: different medical dressings for clinical application in wound healing. (1992)

Recombinant human basic-Fibroblastic Growth Factor (rhb-FGF) is a basic single-chain protein showing high activity as mitogenetic and angiogenetic agent. The application of rhb-FGF in wound healing as stimulator of the tissue repair process is strictly connected with the covering of the wound by means of a proper dressing. A wide number of synthetic occlusive or non-occlusive wound dressings has been developed. Owing to the delicate proteic structure of rhb-FGF, and generally of all the Growth Factors, compatibility with the dressings has to be every time tested, to avoid its inactivation and consequent loss of tissue repair properties.