gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Beta-lactamase activity of purified and partially characterized human renal dipeptidase. (1984)

Human renal dipeptidase has been concentrated from kidneys by homogenization, 1-butanol solubilization, and (NH4)2SO4 fractionation. Final purification was achieved by high-pressure liquid chromatography followed by affinity chromatography. The enzyme appeared to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 220,000 by analytical high-pressure liquid chromatography. The molecular weight of human urinary dipeptidase was estimated by agarose gel filtration to be 218,000. Dissociation of human renal dipeptidase in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis produced a single polypeptide (Mr 59,000). These results suggest that the native enzyme contains four subunits of Mr 59,000. Analysis of the peptidase for zinc content gave 3.9 g atoms of zinc/mol of enzyme which supports the suggestion of a 4-subunit structure. Carbohydrate analyses of the purified human dipeptidase demonstrated that it was not a glycoprotein, a characteristic that distinguishes it from porcine and rat renal dipeptidase. beta-Lactamase activity of the purified human enzyme was demonstrated by measuring its activity against the two beta-lactam antibiotics, imipenem and SCH 29482. Kinetic analyses indicated that both antibiotics undergo enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis at rates which could produce inactivation of the antibiotics within the human kidney. The beta-lactamase inhibitor, cilastatin, demonstrated reversible competitive inhibition of the peptidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of both antibiotics with the same Ki of 0.7 microM.
The Interleukin-2 T-Cell System: A New Cell Growth Model (1984)

Synchronized interleukin-2 receptor-positive T cells, homogeneous immunoaffinity-purified interleukin-2, and a monoclonal antibody to interleukin-2 receptors were used to show that only three factors are critical for T-cell cycle progression: interleukin-2 concentration, interleukin-2 receptor density, and the duration of the interleukin-2 receptor interaction. Since the proliferative characteristics of T cells are identical to those of both prokaryotic and all other eukaryotic cells, these findings provide a new model that accounts fully for the variables that determine cell cycle progression.
Polarization characteristics of index-guided surface-emitting lasers with tilted pillar structure (1997)

We report precise control of polarization states for index-guided surface-emitting lasers by tilted-etching of the laser pillar. Circular laser pillars were etched by tilting the substrate toward ~110\ or ~11~0\ direction with an angle of 15/spl deg/-30/spl deg/ using reactive ion beam etching. For the laser device with a diameter of 7-10 μm, we observed selectivity of the polarization state. We found a dominant polarization with an electric field perpendicular to the tilted direction of laser pillar. The maximum orthogonal polarization suppression ratio was about 25 dB. The selectivity of polarization in the tilted laser pillar devices is interpreted to be originated from the difference in optical losses for the two waves polarized to ~110\ and ~11~0\ directions.
Paracrine PDGF-B/PDGF-Rβ signaling controls mesangial cell development in kidney glomeruli (1998)

Kidney glomerulus mesangial cells fail to develop in mice carrying targeted null mutations in the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B or PDGF-Rbeta genes. We have examined the pattern of expression of these genes and smooth muscle markers during kidney development, to address the possible mechanisms underlying the mutant phenotypes. In wild-type embryos, PDGF-B was expressed in vascular endothelial cells, particularly in capillary endothelial cells in the developing glomeruli, whereas PDGF-Rbeta was found in perivascular mesenchymal cells in the developing renal cortex. In the course of glomerular development, small groups of PDGF-Rbeta and desmin-expressing cells collected in the 'S'-shaped and early cup-shaped vesicles, and at later stages such cells were found in the glomerular mesangium. In PDGF-B or -Rbeta null embryos, some PDGF-Rbeta/desmin or desmin-positive cells, respectively, were seen in early cup-shaped vesicles, but fewer than in the wild type, and further development of the mesangium failed. In mouse chimeras composed of PDGF-Rbeta +/+ and -/- cells, the Rbeta-/- cells failed to populate the glomerular mesangium. Our results show that while the mesangial cell lineage is specified independently of PDGF-B/Rbeta, these molecules provide critical permissive signals in mesangial cell development. We propose a model in which mesangial cells originate from PDGF-Rbeta-positive progenitors surrounding the developing glomerular afferent and efferent arterioles, and are co-recruited in response to PDGF-B during angiogenic formation of the glomerular capillary tuft.
Effects of Glycosylation on the Properties and Functions of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin (1997)

The influenza virus A hemagglutinin (HA) is a trimeric glycoprotein that contains 3-9 N-linked glycosylation sequons per subunit, depending on the strain. The location of these sites is determined by the nucleotide sequence of the HA gene, and, since the viral genome is replicated by an error-prone RNA polymerase, mutations, which add or remove glycosylation sites, occur at a high frequency. Mutations that are not lethal to the virus add to the structural diversity of the virus population. Factors that determine the glycosylation of the HA are reviewed herein, as are the effects of host-specific glycosylation on receptor binding, fusion activity, and antigenic properties of the virus. Effects of host-specific glycosylation and selection on virulence and on vaccine efficacy and surveillance are discussed. In addition, inadequacies in our understanding of HA glycosylation and its effects on host range are emphasized.
Anti-AIDS Agents, 11. Betulinic Acid and Platanic Acid as Anti-HIV Principles from Syzigium claviflorum, and the Anti-HIV Activity of Structurally Related Triterpenoids (1994)

Betulinic acid [1] and platanic acid [2], isolated from the leaves of Syzigium claviforum, were found to be inhibitors of HIV replication in H9 lymphocyte cells. Evaluation of anti-HIV activity with eight derivatives of 1 revealed that dihydrobetulinic acid [3] was also a potent inhibitor of HIV replication. The C-3 hydroxy group and C-17 carboxylic acid group, as well as the C-19 substituents, contribute to enhanced anti-HIV activity. The inhibitory activity of these compounds against protein kinase C (PKC) was also examined, since a correlation between anti-HIV and anti-PKC activities has been suggested. However, there was no apparent correlation between anti-HIV activity and the inhibition of PKC among these compounds.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Increases Plasma Levels of the Endogenous Inotrope Apelin (2006)

Long-term CRT increases plasma levels of the endogenous inotrope apelin in patients with CHF.
Expression and prognostic significance of IAP-family genes in human cancers and myeloid leukemias. (2000)

Expression of several inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) was investigated in the National Cancer Institute panel of 60 human tumor cell lines, and the expression and prognostic significance of one of these, XIAP, was evaluated in 78 previously untreated patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). XIAP and cIAP1 were expressed in most cancer lines analyzed, with substantial variability in their relative levels. In contrast, NAIP mRNA was not detectable, and cIAP2 was found at the mRNA and protein levels in only 34 (56%) and 5 (8%) of the 60 tumor cell lines analyzed, respectively. Interestingly, XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2 mRNA levels did not correlate with protein levels in the tumor lines, indicating posttranscriptional regulation of expression. High levels of XIAP protein in tumor cell lines were unexpectedly correlated with sensitivity to some anticancer drugs, particularly cytarabine and other nucleosides, whereas higher levels of cIAP1 protein levels were associated with resistance to several anticancer drugs. The relevance of XIAP to in vivo responses to cytarabine was explored in AML, making correlations with patient outcome (n = 78). Patients with lower levels of XIAP protein had significantly longer survival (median, 133 versus 52.5 weeks; P = 0.05) and a tendency toward longer remission duration (median, 87 versus 52.5 weeks; P = 0.13) than those with higher levels of XIAP. Altogether, these findings show that IAPs are widely but differentially expressed in human cancers and leukemias and suggest that higher XIAP protein levels may have adverse prognostic significance for patients with AML.
Bovine spermatozoal head size variation and evaluation of a separation technique based on this size. (1999)

The objectives of this study were to determine the variation of head areas of normal spermatozoa attributable to breed, individual bull and ejaculate and to verify separation of X and Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa and separation effectiveness. Spermatozoa were evaluated using video enhanced contrast microscopy combined with video intensified fluorescent microscopy and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In Experiment 1, spermatozoal head areas were measured from 2 ejaculates collected from bulls of 3 beef and 2 dairy breeds. No differences in head areas were found between breeds or between bulls within breeds; variation was observed among ejaculates from individual bulls across breeds. In Experiment 2, spermatozoa from 5 ejaculates were separated on individual SEPDEVICEs (Patented). Head area, fluorescent intensity and PCR of spermatozoa retained in the SEPDEVICEs suggested a separation based on size in 1 of 5 samples. Ejaculate variation in head areas affected separation efficiency.
Two‐dimensional electrophoretic patterns of acute‐phase human serum proteins in the course of bacterial and viral diseases (1996)

Acute-phase serum proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis with isoelectric focusing in 3-10 immobilized pH gradients. Most spots were identified by reference to the plasma map in the SWISS-2DPAGE database. Serum amyloid A protein spots were identified by immunoblotting with specific antiserum and by matching determined with predicted values of electrophoretic parameters. Changes in the concentrations of alpha 1-antitrypsin, leucine-rich glycoprotein, haptoglobin, serum retinol-binding protein and transthyretin were quantitated by densitometry of silver-stained gels. Electrophoretic patterns from 18 patients with bacterial diseases and 16 patients with viral diseases were compared. The incidence of serum amyloid A protein spots was 18/18 in bacterial diseases and 6/16 in viral diseases. As the the other reactants studied, variations were simultaneous in bacterial disease and tended to be staggered in viral diseases.
The electroluminescence of organic materials (2000)

This article provides a review about electroluminescence from organic materials and deals in detail with organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), light-emitting electro-chemical cells (LECs) and electrogenerated chemilumi-nescence (ECL) reflecting different electrooptical appli-cations of conjugated materials. It is written from an organic chemist's point of view and pays particular attention to the development of organic materials involved in corresponding devices. In recent years a substantial amount of both academic and industrial research has been directed to organic electroluminescence in an effort to improve the processability and tunability of organic materials and the longevity of OLEDs and LECs. On the eve of the commercialization of organic electrolumi-nescence this review provides an overview of lifetimes and efficiencies attained and reflects materials and device concepts developed over the last decade. In this context electrogenerated chemiluminescence is discussed with respect to its importance as a versatile tool to simulate the fundamental electrochemical processes in OLEDs.
Electrical design of a cost-effective thermal enhanced plastic ball grid array package-NuBGA (1998)

An electrically and thermally optimized plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package, called new and useful ball grid array (NuBGA) is presented. NuBGA is a cavity down package with a metal heat spreader covering the entire back-side of the chip. The heat spreader is laminated with a single-core double-sided organic substrate. Super electrical performance is achieved by using the split-wrap-around (SWA) or split-via-connection (SVC) design concepts. All traces on the core substrate are designed into /spl mu/-stripline and co-planar stripline structures. In this paper, the focus is on (1) the unique design concepts; (2) the electrical measurement; (3) the electrical analysis; (4) the electrical performance comparison with other standard packages.
Enhancing DNA vaccine potency by modifying the properties of antigen-presenting cells (2007)

DNA vaccines represent a potentially promising approach for antigen-specific immunotherapy. Advances in our knowledge of the adaptive immune system have indicated that professional antigen-presenting cells, especially dendritic cells (DCs), play a key role in the generation of antigen-specific immune responses. Thus, the modification of the properties of DCs represents an important strategy for enhancing the potency of DNA vaccines. This review discusses strategies to increase the number of antigen-expressing DCs, enhance antigen expression, processing and presentation in DCs, promote the activation and function of DCs, and improve DC and T-cell interaction, in order to optimize DNA vaccine-elicited immune responses. Continuing progress in our understanding of DC and T-cell biology serves as a foundation for further improvement of DNA vaccine potency, which may lead to future clinical applications of DNA vaccines for the control of infectious diseases and malignancies.
Effect of human osteopontin on proliferation, transmigration and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in osteosarcoma cells. (2004)

hOPN could stimulate cyclin A expression in OS cells. hOPN has chemiotaxis to OS cells and increases their transmigration. hOPN enhances the secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in OS cells.
Eukaryotic chromosome transfer: linkage of the murine major histocompatibility complex to an inserted dominant selectable marker. (1984)

We have developed an approach for genetic analysis of the murine H-2 complex that has broad general applicability to the study of eukaryotic genome organization. We have used a retroviral vector to introduce a selectable marker into the mouse genome close to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Chromosomal segments containing large portions of the MHC from these donor cells have been transferred both to hamster and monkey cell recipients. The procedure involved the following steps. First, a murine cell line was multiply infected with a defective recombinant murine leukemia virus that contains the neomycin-resistance gene (a gene that confers resistance to G418). In this way, the neomycin-resistance gene was introduced at multiple sites in the mouse genome. Second, metaphase chromosomes, prepared from this infected cell population, were transferred to hamster cell recipients. Third, two G418-resistant transferents were identified that expressed murine H-2 antigens on their cell surface. These transferents were shown to contain a large segment of the murine MHC (H-2K and I regions) by DNA hybridization. The neomycin-resistance gene and the mouse MHC genes must be physically linked in these cells since they could be cotransferred from the hamster cells to monkey cells. Fourth, the murine cell carrying the neomycin-resistance gene near the MHC was identified from the original donor cell population. This cell will serve as a useful source of chromosome fragments for analysis of larger portions of the MHC. This series of steps can serve as a paradigm for the first steps in a detailed genetic analysis of any specific region of a mammalian genome to which one or more genes have already been mapped.
How Curcumin Works Preferentially with Water Soluble Antioxidants (2001)

In this study we investigated physicochemical characteristics of the curcumin radical by pulse radiolysis and laser flash photolysis. Two methylated curcumin derivatives, methylcurcumin and trimethylcurcumin, were synthesized to explore the role of phenol hydroxy and beta-diketone moieties in the free radical chemistry of curcumin. Our results show that the initially generated beta-oxo-alkyl transforms rapidly, probably via an intramolecular H-atom shift, into the phenoxyl-type curcumin radical. This phenoxyl does not react with oxygen, k < 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), and can be repaired by any water-soluble antioxidant with appropriate redox potential, E(6) < 0.83 V, for example, with vitamin C, k = (6 +/- 1) x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1). A molecular mechanism of cancer chemoprevention by curcumin is proposed, with special emphasis on the synergism with water-soluble antioxidants.
L‐Phenylalanine Cyclohexylamide: A simple and convenient auxiliary for the synthesis of optically pure α,α‐disubstituted (R)‐ and (S)‐amino acids (1995)

Abstract This work describes L ‐phenylalanine cyclohexylamide ( 5c ) as a simple, cheap, and powerful chiral auxiliary for the synthesis of a series of optically pure α,α‐disubstituted ( R )‐ and ( S )‐amino acids of type 1 , such as ( R )‐ and ( S )‐2‐methyl‐phenylalanine ( 1a ), ( R )‐ and ( S )‐2‐methyl‐2‐phenylglycine ( 1b ), and ( R )‐ and ( S )‐2‐methylvaline ( 1c ; Scheme 3 ). These amino acids were efficiently transformed into the suitably protected and activated amino acid building blocks ( R )‐ and ( S )‐ 12b and ( R )‐ and ( S )‐ 12c ( Scheme 4 ) which are ready for incorporation into peptides by solution or solid‐phase techniques. Based on the crystal structures of 6b, 6c , and 7a belonging to the diastereoisomeric peptides series 6 and 7 , the absolute configurations of each member of the series were determined. β‐Turn geometries of type II′ and I were observed for 6b and 7a , respectively, whereas 6c crystallized in an extended conformation. The impacts of side‐chain variation on conformation and crystal packing of these triamides are discussed.
<title>Implementation of compression with reversible embedded wavelets</title> (1995)

Compression with reversible embedded wavelets (CREW) is a unified lossless and lossy continuous-tone still image compression system. 'Reversible' wavelets are nonlinear filters which implement exact-reconstruction systems with minimal precision integer arithmetic. Wavelet coefficients are encoded in a bit-significance embedded order, allowing lossy compression by truncating the compressed data. Lossless coding of wavelet coefficients is unique to CREW. In fact, most of the coded data is created by the lessor significant bits of the coefficients. CREW's context-based coding, called Horizon coding, takes advantage of the spatial and spectral information available in the wavelet domain and adapts well to the lessor significant bits. In applications where the size of an image is large, it is desirable to perform compression in one pass using far less workspace memory than the size of the image. A buffering scheme which allows a one-pass implementation with reasonable memory is described.
Slicing of Rotating SiC Ingot by Electric Discharge Machining (2013)

A new method of electric discharge machining (EDM) is proposed for slicing a large silicon carbide (SiC) ingot in order to realize low kerf loss and fast cut. This principle is based on the rotating ingot, and it is called the rotating slicing method (RSM). It would be defecate the cutting chip effectively and one-point discharge. In this paper, we reported results of examinations of the RSM experimentally. Unstable discharge was not observed. Discharge damages on the wire surface were fewer than those of the conventional method. Net cutting speed was almost the same as the present method for the 2-inches ingot. The rotation axis of the ingot should be perpendicular to the feed direction of the wire, and it is important to fix the performance of the EDM such as the kerf loss. Roughness of the cutting surface was 3.4 µm of R a
Molecular Analysis of RNF213 Gene for Moyamoya Disease in the Chinese Han Population (2012)

Background: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is an uncommon cerebrovascular disorder characterized by progressive occlusion of the internal carotid artery causing cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage. Genetic factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of MMD are being increasingly recognized. Previous studies have shown that the RNF213 gene was related to MMD susceptibility in the Japanese population. However, there is no large scale study of the association between this gene and MMD in the Chinese Han population. Thus we designed this case-control study to validate the R4810K mutation and to define the further spectrum of RNF213 mutations in Han Chinese.
Experimental Observation of Picosecond Pulse Narrowing and Solitons in Optical Fibers (1980)

This paper reports narrowing and splitting of 7-ps-duration pulses from a mode-locked color-center laser by a 700-m-long, single-mode silica-glass fiber, at a wavelength (1.55 \ensuremath{\mu}m) of loss and large but negative group-velocity dispersion. At certain critical power levels, the observed behavior is characteristic of solitons.
Structure and properties of human interferon-α from Namalwa lymphoblastoid cells (1982)

The chromatographic properties of human interferon-alpha from Namalwa lymphoblastoid cells on Sephadex G-75 are described. The interferons are separated into two groups of four, with apparent molecular weights 19050 and 22000. Some of the latter form dimers at high concentrations. Fractions containing interferon were studied by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Seven of the components had apparent molecular weights in this system, after reduction, of between 18400 and 20900: one component is probably glycosylated and has an apparent molecular weight of 27500. Amino acid sequences of peptides derived from interferon mixtures were determined and are related to published sequences deduced from the nucleotide sequences of cloned complementary DNA coding for interferon-alpha. The results show that the major interferon-alpha species isolated from Namalwa cells do not undergo C-terminal processing. Amino acid analyses of peptides are presented in Supplementary Publication SUP 50117 (28 pages), which has been deposited with the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1981) 193, 5.
Science, Regulation, and Precedent for Genetically Modified Insects (2012)

Questions have been raised about the transparency and scientific quality of regulatory processes applied in the first open field releases of genetically modified (GM) insects, and there is concern that inappropriate precedents have been set [1], particularly through generic risk assessments covering multiple species and technologies [2]. The GM insects tested in the field so far are intended for sterile insect release programs against a major pest of cotton (pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella) in the United States [3] and against Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue fever, in the Cayman Islands [4], Malaysia [5], and Brazil [6]. In the pink bollworm release, the GM insects were sterilised by radiation and the GM trait was a heritable red marker colour that allowed discrimination from wild types. In the Aedes aegypti releases, the mosquitoes carried an inserted inherited dominant lethality trait that causes late larval stage mortality in offspring of homozygous and heterozygous individuals, as well as the colour marker trait to provide an essential discrimination from wild types. For control programs, insects with new genetic properties could be introduced either in large numbers in self-limiting populations or in smaller numbers in self-replicating populations for a specific beneficial purpose [7], [8], but releases have so far only involved the self-limiting category.