gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SUBSTITUTED BUTYRO LACTONES. PART III. SYNTHESIS OF y-(4-ALKOXY-3-CHLOROPHENYL) BUTYRO LACTONES (1958)

\(\beta\)-(4-Alkoxy-3-chIorobenzoyl)-propionic acids, obtained by succinoylation of 2-chlorophenyl alkyl ethers, have been reduced to furnish \(\gamma\)-(4-alkoxy-3-chlorophenyl)- butyro lactones.
The effects of inhibitory and facilitatory intracortical circuits on interhemispheric inhibition in the human motor cortex (2007)

Inhibitory and facilitatory intracortical pathways regulating motor cortical output can be studied non-invasively in humans with transcranial magnetic stimulation. These circuits include short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF). Stimulation of the motor cortex also inhibits the contralateral motor cortex (interhemispheric inhibition, IHI) at short (approximately 10 ms, IHI10) or long intervals (approximately 40 ms, IHI40). We investigated how SICI, ICF, and LICI influence IHI10 and IHI40. We hypothesize that intracortical circuits will have similar effects on IHI and cortical output neurons: SICI and LICI will decrease IHI, and ICF will increase it. Motor evoked potentials were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscles bilaterally in 10 healthy subjects. We compared IHI10 and IHI40 alone to IHI10 and IHI40 elicited in the presence of SICI, ICF, or LICI. Our results showed that SICI and LICI reduced IHI10, IHI40 and corticospinal output to a similar degree. ICF increased corticospinal output but had no effect on either IHI10 or IHI40. The different effects of ICF on corticospinal excitability and IHI suggest the transcallosal fibres mediating IHI and the corticospinal output system arise from different neuronal populations. SICI and LICI produce more global inhibition with similar effects on the transcallosal and descending corticospinal circuits.
Automatic generation of topological indoor maps for real-time map-based localization and tracking (2011)

Personal location information is regarded as the most important contextual information transmitted in ubiquitous systems. Many pedestrian indoor localization systems rely on map-matching to constrain sensor errors. The maps required for computer aided localization and tracking need to incorporate a semantic structure. Such maps are not readily available and therefore most groups working on localization solutions manually create the required maps for specific testing scenarios. To provide a solution for map generation on a larger scale, we have developed a map generation toolkit that parses standard CAD-plans, to automatically generate topological maps for indoor environments. We propose a heuristic parser that separates superfluous data from the information depicting semantic building entities, e.g. rooms and doors. In our experiments approximately 95% of all structures were detected successfully. After the extraction we transform the extracted building information into an object-based building model designed for the application of fast particle-filter-based map-matching algorithms. A performance test with a typical filter implementation demonstrates that the model is sufficiently optimized to achieve pedestrian tracking and localization in real-time.
Enhancement-Mode AlGaN/AlN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor with Low On-State Resistance and High Breakdown Voltage (2006)

A low on-resistance and high-breakdown-voltage enhancement-mode (E-mode) AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) was fabricated without the recessed-gate process. A thin AlGaN barrier layer (4.5 nm) was used for the normally-off operation. In order to decrease the on-state resistance, two different techniques are used. One is the side-ohmic contact, which has a low contact resistance, due to the direct contact with the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). The other is SiO2 passivation, which induces the sheet carriers and decreases the sheet resistance. As a result, an on-state resistance of 1.9 mΩ·cm2 and an off-state breakdown voltage of 610 V were achieved for the E-mode HEMT within a threshold voltage of approximately -0.1 V.
Plasmonic Energy Collection through Hot Carrier Extraction (2011)

Conversion of light into direct current is important for applications ranging from energy conversion to photodetection, yet often challenging over broad photon frequencies. Here we show a new architecture based on surface plasmon excitation within a metal-insulator-metal device that produces power based on spatial confinement of electron excitation through plasmon absorption. Plasmons excited in the upper metal are absorbed, creating a high concentration of hot electrons which can inject above or tunnel through the thin insulating barrier, producing current. The theoretical power conversion efficiency enhancement achieved can be almost 40 times larger than that of direct illumination while utilizing a broad spectrum of IR to visible wavelengths. Here we present both theoretical estimates of the power conversion efficiency and experimental device measurements, which show clear rectification and power conversion behavior.
Suppressive effect of locally produced interleukin‐10 on respiratory syncytial virus infection (2001)

Interleukin (IL)-10 is known to be a multifunctional cytokine. This study was designed to evaluate the role of IL-10 during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection using a C57BL/6 transgenic (TG) mouse model in which the expression of murine IL-10 cDNA was regulated by a human salivary amylase promoter (IL-10 TG mice). These mice expressed a large amount of IL-10 in the nasal mucosa and in salivary glands. Viral replication in the respiratory tract after intranasal infection with RSV was suppressed significantly in IL-10 TG mice compared to non-transgenic controls. This suppression was IL-10 specific, because it was prevented by treating mice with neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibodies. We also found that IL-10-stimulated T cells displayed cytotoxic activity against infected murine nasal epithelial cells. Previous data indicated that IL-10 induces Fas ligand (L) expression on mouse T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that Fas/Fas L mediated cytotoxicity is involved in the suppression of RSV replication observed in IL-10 TG mice after intranasal infection.
Money (1997)

This essay, written around 1779, challenges the simple quantity theory of money. From the perspective of the paper money issued to pay for America’s Revolutionary War—bills of credit, or continentals—the essay rejects the idea that the value of money is determined by the number of pieces of paper issued. That idea ignores the fact that an individual nation is just a small part of the world economy. More relevant than quantity, the essay argues, are two other features: the date the government promises to exchange the pieces of paper for specie and the credibility of that promise.
Composable Behavioral Models and Schematic-Based Simulation of Electrokinetic Lab-on-a-Chip Systems (2006)

This paper presents composable behavioral models and a schematic-based simulation methodology to enable top-down design of electrokinetic (EK) lab-on-a-chip (LoC). Complex EK LoCs are shown to be decomposable into a system of elements with simple geometry and specific function. Parameterized and analytical models are developed to describe the electric and biofluidic behavior within each element. Electric and biofluidic pins at element terminals support the communication between adjacent elements in a simulation schematic. An analog hardware description language implementation of the models is used to simulate LoC subsystems for micromixing and electrophoretic separation. Both direct current (dc) and transient analysis can be performed to capture the influence of system topology, element sizes, material properties, and operational parameters on LoC system performance. Accuracy (relative error generally less than 5%) and speedup <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(≫hbox100times)$</tex> of the schematic-based simulation methodology are demonstrated by comparison to experimental measurements and continuum numerical simulation.
Response of an Abnormal Sinus Node to Intravenous Flecainide Acetate (1984)

A patient with sinus node disease underwent provocative testing with flecainide, a new Vaughan Williams class IC antiarrhythmic agent. There were dramatic increases in sinus node recovery times and in sinoatrial conduction times, and the magnitude of the response could only be witnessed because of the emergence of a subsidiary junctional pacemaker without retrograde conduction to the atria.
Aminoacyl-CoAs as Probes of Condensation Domain Selectivity in Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis (1999)

In nonribosomal biosynthesis of peptide antibiotics by multimodular synthetases, amino acid monomers are activated by the adenylation domains of the synthetase and loaded onto the adjacent carrier protein domains as thioesters, then the formation of peptide bonds and translocation of the growing chain are effected by the synthetase's condensation domains. Whether the condensation domains have any editing function has been unknown. Synthesis of aminoacyl-coenzyme A (CoA) molecules and direct enzymatic transfer of aminoacyl-phosphopantetheine to the carrier domains allow the adenylation domain editing function to be bypassed. This method was used to demonstrate that the first condensation domain of tyrocidine synthetase shows low selectivity at the donor residue (D-phenylalanine) and higher selectivity at the acceptor residue (L-proline) in the formation of the chain-initiating D-Phe-L-Pro dipeptidyl-enzyme intermediate.
Self-Optimizing Memory Controllers: A Reinforcement Learning Approach (2008)

Eciently utilizing o-chip DRAM bandwidth is a critical issue in designing cost-eective, high-performance chip multiprocessors (CMPs). Conventional memory controllers deliver relatively low performance in part because they often employ fixed, rigid access scheduling policies designed for average-case application behavior. As a result, they cannot learn and optimize the long-term performance impact of their scheduling decisions, and cannot adapt their scheduling policies to dynamic workload behavior. We propose a new, self-optimizing memory controller design that operates using the principles of reinforcement learning (RL) to overcome these limitations. Our RL-based memory controller observes the system state and estimates the long-term performance impact of each action it can take. In this way, the controller learns to optimize its scheduling policy on the fly to maximize long-term performance. Our results show that an RL-based memory controller improves the performance of a set of parallel applications run on a 4-core CMP by 19% on average (up to 33%), and it improves DRAM bandwidth utilization by 22% compared to a state-of-the-art controller.
A New Optimization Model for 3d Well Design (2004)

This paper introduces a software package that uses a genetic algorithm to find the optimum drilling depth of directional and horizontal wells in 3D. A special penalty function, mutation, crossover probabilities, and stopping criterion were used to obtain the global minimum of drilling depth. This minimum was achieved at the minimum values for kickoff point, inclination angle, build-up and drop-off rates. The minimum values of these parameters reduce the dogleg severity, which in turn reduce the drilling operation problems. The optimized design was compared to the conventional design (based on a trial and error method) and the WELLDES program (based on sequential unconstrained minimization technique) for two wells. The optimized design reduced the total drilling length of the two wells, while all other operational parameters were kept within the limiting constraints. The conventional design and WELLDES program have some variables out of their constraint limits
Ultralarge multimers of von Willebrand factor form spontaneous high-strength bonds with the platelet glycoprotein Ib-IX complex: studies using optical tweezers (2002)

Ultralarge von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) multimers have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the catastrophic microangiopathic disorder, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Spontaneous ULVWF binding to platelets has been ascribed to increased avidity due to the greatly increased number of binding sites for platelets (the A1 domain) per molecule. To address the mechanism of enhanced ULVWF binding to platelets, we used optical tweezers to study the unbinding forces from the glycoprotein Ib-IX (GP Ib-IX) complex of plasma VWF, ULVWF, and isolated A1 domain. The unbinding force was defined as the minimum force required to pull ligand-coated beads away from their attachment with GP Ib-IX-expressing cells. Beads coated with plasma VWF did not bind to the cells spontaneously, requiring the modulators ristocetin or botrocetin. The force required to break the ristocetin- and botrocetin-induced plasma VWF-GP Ib-IX bonds occurred in integer multiples of 6.5 pN and 8.8 pN, respectively, depending on the number of bonds formed. In contrast, beads coated with either ULVWF or A1 domain bound the cells in the absence of modulators, with bond strengths in integer multiples of approximately 11.4 pN for both. Thus, in the absence of shear stress, ULVWF multimers form spontaneous high-strength bonds with GP Ib-IX, while plasma VWF requires exogenous modulators. The strength of individual bonds formed with GP Ib-IX was similar for both ULVWF and the isolated A1 domain and greater than those of plasma VWF induced by either modulator. Therefore, we suggest that the conformational state of ULVWF multimers is more critical than their size for interaction with platelets.
Improving Network Operations With Intelligent Agents (1997)

Automating network and system management tasks has never been easier, since the advent of intelligent agents. This article describes the uses and advantages of intelligent agents, to identify and resolve problems locally, instead of dispatching technicians to remote locations, which is both expensive and time-consuming. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neoplastic transformation of a human bronchial epithelial cell line by a recombinant retrovirus encoding viral harvey ras (1988)

Activated ras oncogenes have previously been implicated in the pathogenesis of human lung carcinomas. A v-Ha-ras-containing retrovirus, Zip-ras, was generated by inserting the coding region of the v-Ha-ras oncogene into the Zip-NeoSV(X) [Cepko et al., Cell 37:1053-1062, 1984] retroviral vector. Amphotrophic Zip-ras retrovirus was used to infect an SV40 large T antigen-positive immortalized cell line, BEAS-2B, derived from normal bronchial epithelial cells, the predominant progenitor cells of human lung carcinomas. Zip-ras-infected BEAS-2B cells selected for G418 resistance formed anaplastic carcinomas in 12 of 15 athymic nude mice (latency 3 wk), whereas Zip-NeoSV(X)-infected BEAS-2B control cultures inoculated into 12 nude mice formed no tumors after a minimum of 7 mo. Tumor cell lines were established and demonstrated to be of human epithelial origin and to express v-Ha-ras p21 protein. A common feature of the tumor cell lines was an increase in ploidy. The increased efficiency of neoplastic transformation by v-Ha-ras of cell lines as compared with our previous results with normal bronchial epithelial cells [Yoakum et al., Science 227:1174-1179, 1985] is consistent with the hypothesis that the "immortalization" step is rate-limiting in in vitro human epithelial cell carcinogenesis.
Control of Electrophosphorescence in Conjugated Dendrimer Light-Emitting Diodes (2001)

We present a novel platinum porphyrin based phosphorescent dendrimer for use as a triplet harvesting dopant in organic light-emitting diodes. Two types of dendritic host materials are used. Through the choice of a common branching architecture around the emissive chromophore unit of both guest and host materials, we are able to achieve excellent miscibility. The relative contribution of guest to host emission is found to depend strongly on the energy level offsets of the two blend materials, indicating strong trapping processes. Under pulsed operation, we observe a striking dependence of the emission spectrum on pulse period, independent of the host material used. This spectral modification is attributed to the quenching of triplet excitations at high excitation densities. We find excellent agreement between our measured data and a model based on bimolecular recombination.
Potent Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Gene Expression and Virus Production by an HIV-2 Tat Activation-Response RNA Decoy (1999)

Tat activation-response region (TAR) decoys have been developed for use in gene therapy for people infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). When a TAR RNA decoy is overexpressed, it will bind Tat, thus leaving less of this crucial protein to bind to and activate the natural transcriptional promoter of HIV-1. Previous TAR decoy constructs have used HIV-1 TAR. However, recent epidemiological and biological data began to suggest that the TAR region from the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) may suppress HIV-1 transcription and hence replication. We created a vector which overexpresses TAR-2 under the control of the human U6 small nuclear RNA gene promoter and here show that the U6-TAR-2 decoy construct potently inhibits both HIV-2 and HIV-1 gene expression. Further, this decoy construct is able to markedly suppress HIV-1 replication. Thus, we have directly proven that TAR-2 can suppress HIV-1 replication and suggest that the HIV-2 TAR decoy may prove useful for combating HIV-1 infection.
Dynamic Control of CaMKII Translocation and Localization in Hippocampal Neurons by NMDA Receptor Stimulation (1999)

Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is thought to increase synaptic strength by phosphorylating postsynaptic density (PSD) ion channels and signaling proteins. It is shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor stimulation reversibly translocates green fluorescent protein-tagged CaMKII from an F-actin-bound to a PSD-bound state. The translocation time was controlled by the ratio of expressed beta-CaMKII to alpha-CaMKII isoforms. Although F-actin dissociation into the cytosol required autophosphorylation of or calcium-calmodulin binding to beta-CaMKII, PSD translocation required binding of calcium-calmodulin to either the alpha- or beta-CaMKII subunits. Autophosphorylation of CaMKII indirectly prolongs its PSD localization by increasing the calmodulin-binding affinity.
A Phase I First-in-Human Trial of Bardoxolone Methyl in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors and Lymphomas (2012)

Bardoxolone methyl was well tolerated with an MTD of 900 mg/d. The increase in eGFR suggests that bardoxolone methyl might be beneficial in chronic kidney disease. Objective tumor responses and pharmacodynamic effects were observed, supporting continued development of other synthetic triterpenoids in cancer.
The cBio Cancer Genomics Portal: An Open Platform for Exploring Multidimensional Cancer Genomics Data (2012)

The cBio Cancer Genomics Portal (http://cbioportal.org) is an open-access resource for interactive exploration of multidimensional cancer genomics data sets, currently providing access to data from more than 5,000 tumor samples from 20 cancer studies. The cBio Cancer Genomics Portal significantly lowers the barriers between complex genomic data and cancer researchers who want rapid, intuitive, and high-quality access to molecular profiles and clinical attributes from large-scale cancer genomics projects and empowers researchers to translate these rich data sets into biologic insights and clinical applications.
Immunogenicity of infectious pathogens and vaccine antigens (2015)

The concept of the immunogenicity of an antigen is frequently encountered in the context of vaccine development, an area of intense interest currently due to the emergence or re-emergence of infectious pathogens with the potential for worldwide spread. However, the theoretical notion of immunogenicity as discussed in older textbooks of immunology needs reconsideration due to advances in our understanding of immunologic responses. Immunogenicity is a property that can either be a desirable attribute, for example in the generation of an effective protective immunity against infectious pathogens or an undesirable trait, for example when it relates to novel therapeutic compounds and drugs, where an immune response needs to be prevented or inhibited. In this Forum Article, we aimed to revisit the issue of immunogenicity to discuss a series of simple questions relevant to the concept that are frequently rephrased but incompletely resolved in the immunologic literature.
Cloning and characterization of the cDNA and gene for human epitheliasin (2001)

Previously, we reported cloning and characterization of the mouse gene, epitheliasin. In the present work we cloned the cDNA of the full-length human orthologue and characterized its gene including 2 kb of 5' flanking sequence. Analysis of epitheliasin gene expression in adult tissues shows that it is expressed as 3.4 kb and 2 kb transcripts. The major 3.4 kb transcript is observed in the following order: prostate > colon > small intestine > pancreas > kidney > lung > liver. Epitheliasin transcripts in fetal tissues are observed only in kidney and lung. In situ hybridization analysis of tissues revealed that epitheliasin was preferentially expressed in epithelial cells. The gene consists of 14 exons and 13 introns based on comparison with its cDNA sequence. In the 5' flanking region, we identified two transcription start sites and three CpG islands encompassing a number of potential regulatory elements including SP1, SREBP, GRE/PRE and ERE. The region upstream of the transcription sites lacks a TATA box but contains an initiator-like element as well as a downstream promoter-like element. In vitro experiments with lymph node carcinoma of prostate (LNCaP) cells revealed that the epitheliasin gene was induced by androgens and the induction was not blocked by cycloheximide indicating that the induction required no intermediate protein factors. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that androgens strongly increased epitheliasin protein levels.
Selectins: Interpreters of Cell-Specific Carbohydrate Information During Inflammation (1992)

Although a bewildering array of cell surface carbohydrate structures have been described, the physiological relevance of any of these complex molecules has often eluded biologists. A family of cell surface glycoproteins, the "selectins," has a characteristic ability to use some of these carbohydrate structures in adhesive mechanisms that help localize leukocytes to regions of inflammation. This article will review the biology of these carbohydrate-binding adhesive proteins and discuss the potential for developing anti-inflammatory antagonists that could inhibit binding events that are selectin-mediated.
The sequence and de novo assembly of hog deer genome (2019)

Hog deer (Axis porcinus) is a small deer species in family Cervidae and has been undergoing a serious and global decline during the past decades. Chengdu Zoo currently holds a captive population of hog deer with sufficient genetic diversity in China. We sequenced and de novo assembled its genome sequence in the present study. A total of six different insert-size libraries were sequenced and generated 395 Gb of clean data in total. With aid of the linked reads of 10X Genomics, genome sequence was assembled to 2.72 Gb in length (contig N50, 66.04 Kb; scaffold N50, 20.55 Mb), in which 94.5% of expected genes were detected. We comprehensively annotated 22,473 protein-coding genes, 37,019 tRNAs, and 1,058 Mb repeated sequences. The newly generated reference genome is expected to significantly contribute to comparative analysis of genome biology and evolution within family Cervidae.