gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Problems with the microbial production of butanol (2009)

With the incessant fluctuations in oil prices and increasing stress from environmental pollution, renewed attention is being paid to the microbial production of biofuels from renewable sources. As a gasoline substitute, butanol has advantages over traditional fuel ethanol in terms of energy density and hygroscopicity. A variety of cheap substrates have been successfully applied in the production of biobutanol, highlighting the commercial potential of biobutanol development. In this review, in order to better understand the process of acetone-butanol-ethanol production, traditional clostridia fermentation is discussed. Sporulation is probably induced by solvent formation, and the molecular mechanism leading to the initiation of sporulation and solventogenesis is also investigated. Different strategies are employed in the metabolic engineering of clostridia that aim to enhancing solvent production, improve selectivity for butanol production, and increase the tolerance of clostridia to solvents. However, it will be hard to make breakthroughs in the metabolic engineering of clostridia for butanol production without gaining a deeper understanding of the genetic background of clostridia and developing more efficient genetic tools for clostridia. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid to the metabolic engineering of E. coli for butanol production. The importation and expression of a non-clostridial butanol-producing pathway in E. coli is probably the most promising strategy for butanol biosynthesis. Due to the lower butanol titers in the fermentation broth, simultaneous fermentation and product removal techniques have been developed to reduce the cost of butanol recovery. Gas stripping is the best technique for butanol recovery found so far.
Recent and potential drugs for treatment of insomnia (2007)

本稿では不眠症治療薬として日本で未発売の新薬および開発中の新薬候補化合物について，創薬ターゲット別にその特徴と海外での臨床開発状況を概説する．現在，不眠症治療薬の主流は，ゴールドスタンダードとして位置付けられているゾルピデムなどのGABA-A受容体をターゲットにした非ベンゾジアゼピン系誘導体である．それらは作用持続が短く入眠効果には優れるが睡眠維持作用はなく，種々の副作用を誘発することから，1）製剤面，2）サブタイプ選択性においてGABA-A受容体作動薬の更なる改良が進行中である．一方，従来の不眠症治療薬が鎮静型睡眠をもたらすのに対して，生理的睡眠を誘発する不眠症治療薬：ラメルテオンが武田薬品から昨年米国で発売されたが，この薬剤は3）メラトニンMT1/MT2受容体作動薬であり，新機序不眠症治療薬開発の筆頭に挙げる事ができよう．更にこれに続くものとして睡眠・覚醒調節に重要な神経伝達物質を創薬ターゲットとした4）ヒスタミンH1受容体拮抗薬/逆作動薬，5）セロトニン（5-HT）2A受容体拮抗薬/逆作動薬，6）オレキシン受容体拮抗薬があるが，現在いずれも活発な研究開発が進行中なため，今後の進展が注目される．
BIOSTATISTICAL MODELING USING TRADITIONAL PREOPERATIVE AND PATHOLOGICAL PROGNOSTIC VARIABLES IN THE SELECTION OF MEN AT HIGH RISK FOR DISEASE RECURRENCE AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY FOR PROSTATE CANCER (1998)

This model suggests that race, preoperative prostate specific antigen, postoperative Gleason sum and pathological stage are important independent prognosticators of recurrence after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Race should be considered in future models that attempt to predict the likelihood of recurrence after surgery.
Optical analysis of mirror-based pattern generation (2003)

We study mirror based pattern generation systems to provide an understanding of how they can be operated in an analog mode to meet the quasi-continuous sizing and placement requirements of optical lithography. Both tilting mirrors and piston-motion mirrors are examined. The aerial images are compared with those generated by simple binary masks. The effect of grayscaling, used to place and size features, on image quality is measured. Normalized image log slope (NILS) is used as the measure of image quality. Tilting mirrors used in grayscale mode provide image quality comparable to binary masks, and piston mirrors are somewhat better.
Tooth Movement in Orthodontic Treatment with Low-Level Laser Therapy: A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Studies (2014)

Varying the wavelength with a reasonable dose in the target zone leads to obtaining the desired biological effect and achieving a reduction of the orthodontic treatment time, although there are studies that do not demonstrate any benefit according to their values.
Beyond Mere Diversity:  Tailoring Combinatorial Libraries for Drug Discovery (1998)

Combinatorial library design attempts to choose the best set of substituents for a combinatorial synthetic scheme to maximize the chances of finding a useful compound, such as a drug lead. Initial efforts were focused primarily on maximizing diversity, perhaps allowing some bias by the inclusion of a small, fixed set of pharmacophoric substituents. However, many factors besides diversity impact good library design for drug discovery. A library can be better "tailored" by assigning the candidate substituents to categories such as polar, pharmacophoric, rigid, low molecular weight, and expensive. Stratified sampling by successive steps of D-optimal design generates diverse designs which are also consistent with desirable profiles of these properties. Comparing the diversity scores among design profiles reveals the tradeoffs between diversity, physical property distributions, synthetic difficulty, expense, and pharmacophoric bias. The diversity scores can be calibrated by scoring the best designs from subsets of the candidates made either from specific classes of substituents or by randomly eliminating candidates. This procedure shows how poor random designs are compared even to highly biased optimal designs. Library design requires a synergistic effort between computational and synthetic medicinal chemists, so specialized interactive software has been developed to integrate substructure searching, display, and statistical experimental design to facilitate this interaction for the effective design of well-tailored libraries.
Evaluation of Environmental, Nutritional, and Host Factors in Cats with Hyperthyroidism (1999)

Abstarct The pathologic changes associated with hyperthyroidism (adenomatous hyperplasia, adenoma of the thyroid gland) have been well characterized in cats, but the pathogenesis of these changes remains unclear. In this research, we undertook a case–control study to search for potential risk factors for this disease. Owners of 379 hyperthyroid and 351 control cats were questioned about their cats' exposure to potential risk factors including breed, demographic factors, medical history, indoor environment, chemicals applied to the cat and environment, and diet. The association between these hypothesized risk factors and outcome of disease was evaluated by conditional logistic regression. Two genetically related cat breeds (ie, Siamese and Himalayan) were found to have diminished risk of developing hyperthyroidism. Cats that used litter had higher risk of developing hyperthyroidism than those that did not. Use of topical ectoparasite preparations was associated with increased risk of developing hyperthyroidism. Compared with cats that did not eat canned food, those that ate commercially prepared canned food had an approximate 2-fold increase in risk of disease. When these 4 variables (breed, use of cat litter, consumption of canned cat food, and use of topical ectoparasite preparations) from the univariate analysis were selected for further study as candidate risk factors and analyzed by multivariate conditional logistic regression, a persistent protective effect of breed (ie, Siamese or Himalayan) was found. In addition, results suggested a 2to 3-fold increase in risk of developing hyperthyroidism among cats eating a diet composed mostly of canned cat food and a 3-fold increase in risk among those using cat litter. In contrast, the use of commercial flea products did not retain a strong association. The results of this study indicate that further research into dietary and other potentially important environmental factors (eg, cat litter) is warranted.
The Streptomyces reticuli α-chitin-binding protein CHB2 and its gene (1998)

When co-cultivated with chitin-containing fungi, Streptomyces reticuli secretes the chitin-binding protein CHB2. Microscopical and immunological investigations revealed that CHB2 acts like a glue to mediate the contact between the fungal and the Streptomyces hyphae. CHB2 was purified to homogeneity, and the sequence of its N-terminal amino acids was determined and used to deduce an oligonucleotide, which was then used to probe a subgenomic library. The chb2 gene was cloned, sequenced and overexpressed. The deduced mature protein has a molecular mass of 18.6 kDa, and a large number of its amino acids are identical to those of CHB1 from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis. CHB2 effectively targets different types of alpha-chitin, but no other polysaccharide. The dissociation constant (Kd) for binding to purified crab shell chitin is 0.27 microM. Immunological studies suggest that homologues of CHB1 and CHB2 are secreted by streptomycetes while growing in the presence of alpha-chitin-containing substrates.
Potentiation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Induced NF-κB Activation by Deacetylase Inhibitors Is Associated with a Delayed Cytoplasmic Reappearance of IκBα (2003)

Previous studies have implicated acetylases and deacetylases in regulating the transcriptional activity of NF-kappa B. Here, we show that inhibitors of deacetylases such as trichostatin A (TSA) and sodium butyrate (NaBut) potentiated TNF-induced expression of several natural NF-kappa B-driven promoters. This transcriptional synergism observed between TNF and TSA (or NaBut) required intact kappa B sites in all promoters tested and was biologically relevant as demonstrated by RNase protection on two instances of endogenous NF-kappa B-regulated gene transcription. Importantly, TSA prolonged both TNF-induced DNA-binding activity and the presence of NF-kappa B in the nucleus. We showed that the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B was acetylated in vivo. However, this acetylation was weak, suggesting that other mechanisms could be implicated in the potentiated binding and transactivation activities of NF-kappa B after TNF plus TSA versus TNF treatment. Western blot and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy experiments revealed a delay in the cytoplasmic reappearance of the I kappa B alpha inhibitor that correlated temporally with the prolonged intranuclear binding and presence of NF-kappa B. This delay was due neither to a defect in I kappa B alpha mRNA production nor to a nuclear retention of I kappa B alpha but was rather due to a persistent proteasome-mediated degradation of I kappa B alpha. A prolongation of I kappa B kinase activity could explain, at least partially, the delayed I kappa B alpha cytoplasmic reappearance observed in presence of TNF plus TSA.
Primary T-cell and activated macrophage response associated with tumor protection using peptide/poly-N-acetyl glucosamine vaccination. (1999)

The mode of peptide-based cancer vaccine administration critically affects the ability to achieve a clinically relevant tumor-specific response. We have previously shown (Cole et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 3: 867-873, 1997) that a specific formulation of the polysaccharide poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (p-GlcNAc, designated as F2 gel) is an effective vehicle for sustained cytokine and peptide delivery in vitro. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of F2 gel/peptide vaccination in the murine EG.7-OVA tumor model and to elucidate potential mechanisms involved in the observed cell-mediated response. C57BL/6 mice were given injections of 200 microl in the base of tail/footpad using either F2 gel alone or 200 microg of: SIINFEKL minimal peptide (OVA) in PBS, OVA peptide/endoplasmic reticulum insertion signal sequence fusion (ESOVA) in PBS, OVA in F2 gel, or ESOVA in F2 gel. Splenocytes were tested 10 days later for a secondary response using a Cr51 assay as well as a primary CTL response using the lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay. Splenocytes from immunized mice were harvested at specific time points and assayed for cell surface and intracellular markers. On day 10 postvaccination, animals were challenged with EG.7-OVA murine thymoma cells. Tumor size and appearance were recorded. Vaccination with F2 gel/peptide (either OVA or ESOVA) resulted in a primary T-cell response (up to 25% tumor cell-specific lysis) and no tumor growth in 69% of the mice. By 48 h, the proportion of splenic T cells had increased 4-fold compared with B cells. Presence of an increased Th1 CD4 helper population was demonstrated by IFN-gamma production. CD4 cells were activated at 24 and 48 h as shown by IL-2 receptor alpha chain expression (from 2% basal expression to 15.4% at 48 h). Activated splenic macrophages increased from 3 to 8% within 10 h, and their level of B7-2 expression doubled. Depletion of macrophages before vaccine injection abolished any tumor-specific primary CTL response. F2 gel/peptide tumor vaccine can prime the immune system in an antigen-specific manner by generating a measurable primary T-cell response with minimal peptide; this process involves macrophage presence and activation as well as induction of Th1 CD4 cells. This is the first demonstration of a primary CTL response generated with minimal peptide vaccination using a noninfectious delivery system. These results justify additional studies to better define the mechanisms involved in F2 gel/peptide vaccination in preparation for clinical trials.
MicroRNAs As Novel Regulators of Angiogenesis (2009)

MicroRNAs are short noncoding RNAs that function as negative regulators of gene expression. Posttranscriptional regulation by miRNAs is important for many aspects of development, homeostasis, and disease. Endothelial cells are key regulators of different aspects of vascular biology, including the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Here, we review the approaches and current experimental evidence for the involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of the angiogenic process and their potential therapeutic applications for vascular diseases associated with abnormal angiogenesis.
The study and investigation of inline E-beam inspection for 28nm process development (2017)

The research aims at the VC (voltage contrast) of contact-loop defects in 28nm processes. A new type defect, contact W (tungsten) missing, was found during process developments, and the designed inline E-beam inspection was used to detect those defects by their VC features. The mechanism of defects and the method of the enhancement of the detection were described. An extreme high signal E-beam scan recipe is required in corresponding to the unique defect wanted and, in doing so, the partial-opened W missing defects can be found. Since the defect can be detected instantly by E-beam inspection, and therefore an inline monitoring index can be set up. Compared to the end-of-line electrical test, this inline monitor is very much closer to the trouble process and shrinks the response time. The following process experiments and evaluation can be instantly verified and examined. Finally, the W missing defect was fixed by an optimization of CT Etch process and controlling of CT loop minienvironment. Instead to the debug method of failure analysis, E-beam inspection can speed up 8nm development.
Relationship between premenstrual symptoms and oral contraceptive use: a controlled study. (1990)

Patterns of menstrual cycle-related change were compared in three groups of women differing in their use of oral contraceptives and being matched for age, occupation, and parity. These groups were: a "monophasic group" (n = 35) established on low dose "combined" pills with stable levels of estrogen and progestagen. a "triphasic group" (n = 30) on low dose pills with escalating progestagen dosage, and a "non-pill control group" (n = 57) using nonsteroidal contraceptives. Each woman kept visual analogue ratings of mood, irritability, energy, tension, breast tenderness, bloating, and sexual interest for two or three cycles. Cyclicity was evident in all variables assessed, but the only variable to show a clear difference between groups was breast tenderness; the "monophasic group" showed less premenstrual breast tenderness than the other two groups. The monophasic group also showed a tendency to menstrual rather than premenstrual symptoms. In view of the similarity of timing of most cyclical symptoms in the three groups, it is difficult to attribute such cyclical phenomena to the effects of either ovulation or variation in corpus luteum function. For most subjects, the cyclical changes were relatively mild, and these findings need to be replicated in women suffering from severe premenstrual syndrome. However, alternative explanations need to account for changes in women both taking and not taking oral contraceptives.
Limb Blood Flow During Exercise Is Dependent on Nitric Oxide (1998)

EDNO contributes significantly to limb blood flow during exercise. Conditions that reduce EDNO production disturb the hyperemic response to exercise, resulting in a reduced exercise capacity.
Revision surgery of the lumbar spine: anterior lumbar interbody fusion followed by percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (2006)

The results demonstrate that ALIF followed by PSF can be an effective alternative in revision surgery of the lumbosacral spine in selected cases. Not only can solid fusion be achieved, sagittal alignment can also be restored in the majority of patients.
Endothelial Dysfunction, Hemodynamic Forces, and Atherosclerosis (1999)

Vascular Endothelium: A Dynamic Interface A central premise of modern vascular biology is that the endothelial lining of the cardiovascular system is a dynami-cally mutable interface, which is locally responsive to various stimuli originating from the circulating blood or neighboring cells and tissues, and thus, can actively participate in the physiological adaptation or pathophysiological dysfunction of a given region of the vasculature.1 From a teleological point of view, the endothelium is well-suited to function in this capac-ity, given its unique anatomical position between blood and tissues and its ability to generate an impressive repertoire of biological effectors (e.g., nitric oxide, eicosanoids, cytokines, growth factors and inhibitors, vasoactive substances, procoagulants and anticoagulants, and fibrinolytic factors and inhibitors). Early studies of the mechanisms underlying this plasticity suggested that many of these endothelial-derived substances, in fact, function as agonist/antagonist pairs in multifactorial pathophysiological balances that serve to regulate hemostasis and thrombosis, inflammation, and other responses to injurious stimuli by the vascular lining. These studies also identified certain humoral substances, such as proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, and gamma- interferon) and bacterial products (e.g., Gram negative endotoxins), as potent stimuli that could modify the “set-point” of these various pathophysiological balances. The reproducibility of this humoral mode of stimulation and its wide-reaching biological implications, has led to its extensive study, in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models, as a biochemical paradigm of endothelial activation.2,3 In addition to these humoral stimuli, both systemic and local, the vascular endothelium is also constantly exposed to a spectrum of hemodynamic forces generated by pulsatile blood flow. These forces include hydrostatic pressures, cyclic strains, and wall shear stresses. There is increasing evidence that these biomechanical stimuli can directly influence endothelial structure and function, acutely and chronically, thus constituting a novel paradigm of endothelial activation. This brief editorial review is intended to provide a perspective on the role of biomechanical forces, alone and in conjunction with humoral stimuli, as relevant factors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications. This is a rapidly developing field, and the following discussion, therefore, is intended to simply provide a conceptual framework.
Novel method for matrix-assisted laser mass spectrometry of proteins (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNovel method for matrix-assisted laser mass spectrometry of proteinsShankai. Zhao, Kasi V. Somayajula, Andrew G. Sharkey, David M. Hercules, Franz. Hillenkamp, Michael. Karas, and Arndt. IngendohCite this: Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 5, 450–453Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00005a012RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views280Altmetric-Citations73LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (457 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
On the behavior of the LINC transmitter (2002)

The effects of RF signal processing impairments in a LINC transmitter are analyzed. A theoretical analysis of the effect of three different kinds of imbalances between the parallel signal paths in a real LINC transmitter is presented. These include the power gain and delay (or phase) imbalance between the two RF paths and the different nonlinear characteristics of both RF power amplifiers. In all cases analytical expressions have been obtained in order to evaluate the effect of the imbalances on the performance of the LINC transmitter. The gain and the phase imbalance between both power amplifiers appears as a serious constraint on performance. The system degradations are described in terms of the undesired response rejection at the system output. A classical two tones test has been used.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>