gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationships between Water Wettability and Ice Adhesion (2010)

Ice formation and accretion may hinder the operation of many systems critical to national infrastructure, including airplanes, power lines, windmills, ships, and telecommunications equipment. Yet despite the pervasiveness of the icing problem, the fundamentals of ice adhesion have received relatively little attention in the scientific literature and it is not widely understood which attributes must be tuned to systematically design "icephobic" surfaces that are resistant to icing. Here we probe the relationships between advancing/receding water contact angles and the strength of ice adhesion to bare steel and twenty-one different test coatings (∼200-300 nm thick) applied to the nominally smooth steel discs. Contact angles are measured using a commercially available goniometer, whereas the average strengths of ice adhesion are evaluated with a custom-built laboratory-scale adhesion apparatus. The coatings investigated comprise commercially available polymers and fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (fluorodecyl POSS), a low-surface-energy additive known to enhance liquid repellency. Ice adhesion strength correlates strongly with the practical work of adhesion required to remove a liquid water drop from each test surface (i.e., with the quantity [1 + cos θ(rec)]), and the average strength of ice adhesion was reduced by as much as a factor of 4.2 when bare steel discs were coated with fluorodecyl POSS-containing materials. We argue that any further appreciable reduction in ice adhesion strength will require textured surfaces, as no known materials exhibit receding water contact angles on smooth/flat surfaces that are significantly above those reported here (i.e., the values of [1 + cos θ(rec)] reported here have essentially reached a minimum for known materials).
Hydroxocobalamin association during cell culture results in pink therapeutic proteins (2013)

Process control of protein therapeutic manufacturing is central to ensuring the product is both safe and efficacious for patients. In this work, we investigate the cause of pink color variability in development lots of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and Fc-fusion proteins. Results show pink-colored product generated during manufacturing is due to association of hydroxocobalamin (OH-Cbl), a form of vitamin B12. OH-Cbl is not part of the product manufacturing process; however we found cyanocobalamin (CN-Cbl) in cell culture media converts to OH-Cbl in the presence of light. OH-Cbl can be released from mAb and Fc-fusion proteins by conversion with potassium cyanide to CN-Cbl, which does not bind. By exploiting the differential binding of CN-Cbl and OH-Cbl, we developed a rapid and specific assay to accurately measure B12 levels in purified protein. Analysis of multiple products and lots using this technique gives insight into color variability during manufacturing.
Synthetic studies on the marine natural product halichondrins (2003)

Abstract In connection with the de elopment of a practical synthesis of the right half, and its analog E7389, of halichondrin B, an efficient and scalable synthesis of the two major building blocks is reported. In addition, a new synthesis of the C20–C26 segment via a regiospecific and stereoselecti e S N 2' process is presented. A sulfonamide class of ligands is shown to be effective for asymmetric Ni/Cr-mediated reactions under both stoichiometric and catalytic conditions, and the X-ray structure reveals this class of ligands to be tridentate. On the basis of three X-ray structures, a possible mechanism is suggested for this process. Stable and crystalline Cr(III)/sulfonamide complexes are shown to be effective for catalytic Cr-mediated coupling reactions of allyl, alkenyl, and alkyl halides with aldehydes, and some examples for application of the stoichiometric and catalytic asymmetric processes are presented.
Protecting Users Against Phishing Attacks with AntiPhish (2006)

Phishing is a form of online identity theft that aims to steal sensitive information such as online banking passwords and credit card information from users. Phishing scams have been receiving extensive press coverage because such attacks have been escalating in number and sophistication. According to a study by Gartner, 51 million US Internet users have identified the receipt of e-mail linked to phishing scams and about 2 million of them are estimated to have been tricked into giving away sensitive information. This paper presents a novel browser extension, AntiPhish, that aims to protect users against spoofed Web site-based phishing attacks. To this end, AntiPhish tracks the sensitive information of a user and generates warnings whenever the user attempts to give away this information to a Web site that is considered un-trusted.
Comparison of Commercial Latex Agglutination and Sandwich Enzyme Immunoassays with a Competitive Binding Inhibition Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Antigenemia and Antigenuria in a Rabbit Model of Invasive Aspergillosis (2000)

A commercial latex agglutination assay (LA) and a sandwich enzyme immunoassay (SEIA) (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) were compared with a competitive binding inhibition assay (enzyme immunoassay [EIA]) to determine the potential uses and limitations of these antigen detection tests for the sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA). Toward this end, well-characterized serum and urine specimens were obtained by using a rabbit model of IA. Serially collected serum or urine specimens were obtained daily from control rabbits or from rabbits immunosuppressed and infected systemically with Aspergillus fumigatus. By 4 days after infection, EIA, LA, and SEIA detected antigen in the sera of 93, 93, and 100% of A. fumigatus-infected rabbits, respectively, whereas antigen was detected in the urine of 93, 100, and 100% of the rabbits, respectively. False-positive results for non-A. fumigatus-infected rabbits for EIA, LA, and SEIA were as follows: for serum, 14, 11, and 23%, respectively; for urine, 14, 84, and 90%, respectively. Therefore, although the sensitivities of all three tests were similar, the specificity was generally greater for EIA than for LA or SEIA. Infection was also detected earlier by EIA, by which the serum of 53% of A. fumigatus-infected rabbits was positive as early as 1 day after infection, whereas the serum of only 27% of the rabbits tested by LA was positive. Although the serum of 92% of A. fumigatus-infected rabbits was positive by SEIA as early as 1 day after infection, the serum of a high percentage (50%) was false positive before infection. The urine of 21% of A. fumigatus-infected rabbits was positive by EIA as early as 1 day after infection, and the urine of none of the rabbits was false positive before infection. When EIA results for urine specimens were combined with those for serum, sensitivity was improved (i.e., 67% of rabbits were positive by 1 day after infection and only one rabbit gave a false-positive result). A total of 93% of A. fumigatus-infected rabbits were positive for antigen in urine as early as 1 day after infection and the urine of 100% of the rabbits was positive by SEIA. However, before infection, 79% of A. fumigatus-infected rabbits were false positive for antigen in urine by LA and 90% were false positive for antigen in urine by SEIA. These data indicate that the EIA has the potential to be used to diagnose IA with both serum and urine specimens and to detect a greater number of infections earlier with greater specificity than the specificities achieved with the commercial tests.
Photonic-crystal slow-light enhancement of nonlinear phase sensitivity (2002)

We demonstrate how slow group velocities of light, which are readily achievable in photonic-crystal systems, can dramatically increase the induced phase shifts caused by small changes in the index of refraction. Such increased phase sensitivity may be used to decrease the sizes of many devices, including switches, routers, all-optical logical gates, wavelength converters, and others. At the same time a low group velocity greatly decreases the power requirements needed to operate these devices. We show how these advantages can be used to design switches smaller than 20 µm×200 µm in size by using readily available materials and at modest levels of power. With this approach, one could have ∼105 such devices on a surface that is 2 cm×2 cm, making it an important step towards large-scale all-optical integration.
Data Augmentation in Emotion Classification Using Generative Adversarial Networks (2017)

It is a difficult task to classify images with multiple class labels using only a small number of labeled examples, especially when the label (class) distribution is imbalanced. Emotion classification is such an example of imbalanced label distribution, because some classes of emotions like \emph{disgusted} are relatively rare comparing to other labels like {\it happy or sad}. In this paper, we propose a data augmentation method using generative adversarial networks (GAN). It can complement and complete the data manifold and find better margins between neighboring classes. Specifically, we design a framework with a CNN model as the classifier and a cycle-consistent adversarial networks (CycleGAN) as the generator. In order to avoid gradient vanishing problem, we employ the least-squared loss as adversarial loss. We also propose several evaluation methods on three benchmark datasets to validate GAN's performance. Empirical results show that we can obtain 5%~10% increase in the classification accuracy after employing the GAN-based data augmentation techniques.
A New Voice (2005)

This study examines the cultural meanings Korean American women give to participation in sports. Interviews with six Korean American women at a large Midwestern university revealed that their sporting experiences involved a complicated process of identity construction, not only as Asian American women but also as ethnically Korean American women. In addition, the study shows how sport becomes a focal point of negotiations and compromise with regard to gender relations in terms of traditional Korean values and beliefs.
Intravenous infusion of apolipoprotein E accelerates clearance of plasma lipoproteins in rabbits. (1989)

Plasma cholesterol levels in cholesterol-fed rabbits were markedly reduced by the intravenous infusion or bolus injection of recombinant human apo E or rabbit plasma apo E. Administration of 6-70 mg of apo E resulted in an approximately 20-40% acute reduction in plasma cholesterol levels within 2-3 h. Plasma cholesterol levels remained reduced for 4-8 h after the administration of apo E. Furthermore, the intravenous injection of apo E reduced the plasma cholesterol levels in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. The addition of apo E to [14C]cholesterol-labeled canine thoracic duct lymph or [14C]cholesterol-labeled chylomicrons resulted in accelerated plasma clearance of these diet-induced lipoproteins in normal rabbits, with the uptake occurring primarily in the liver. This study suggests that the amount or availability of apo E in the plasma of cholesterol-fed rabbits may be rate limiting for the normal clearance of diet-induced remnant lipoproteins.
An antibody to lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor prevents transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. (1990)

Uncertainty regarding pathogenic mechanisms has been a major impediment to effective prevention and treatment for human neurologic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, tropical spastic paraparesis, and AIDS demyelinating disease. Here, we implicate lymphotoxin (LT) (tumor necrosis factor beta [TNF-beta]) and TNF-alpha in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of an autoimmune demyelinating disease. In this communication, we report that treatment of recipient mice with an antibody that neutralizes LT and TNF-alpha prevents transfer of clone-mediated EAE. LNC-8, a myelin basic protein-specific T cell line, produces high levels of LT and TNF-alpha after activation by concanavalin A, antibody to the CD-3 epsilon component of the T cell receptor, or myelin basic protein presented in the context of syngeneic spleen cells. LNC-8 cells transfer clinical signs of EAE. When LNC-8 recipient mice were also treated with TN3.19.12, a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes LT and TNF-alpha, the severity of the transferred EAE was reduced, while control antibodies did not alter the disease. The effect of anti-LT/TNF-alpha treatment was long lived and has been sustained for 5 mo. These findings suggest that LT and TNF-alpha and the T cells that produce them play an important role in EAE.
Production of crystallizable cruzain, the major cysteine protease from Trypanosoma cruzi. (1993)

The major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi, cruzain, has been previously expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion polypeptide. The proteolytic processing events required to obtain active, mature cruzain from the recombinant expression system have been characterized using mutational analysis of the cloned gene. An inactive variant of cruzain (cruzain-C25A) revealed that the proteolytic cleavage of the COOH-terminal domain from the recombinant cruzain is independent of cruzain activity. This cleavage event, presumably performed by another protease, was reduced, although not completely eliminated, in a variant in which the cleavage recognition site was altered (cruzain-E219P). To obtain a homogeneous COOH terminus of the recombinant enzyme, a truncated form of cruzain (cruzain-delta c) was engineered by insertion of a stop codon in the gene at a site corresponding to autoproteolysis observed with the native enzyme, purified from epimastigotes. Diffraction quality crystals of recombinant cruzain (cruzain) and the truncated variant (cruzain-delta c) have been produced and characterized. Cruzain and cruzain-delta c were cocrystallized with the peptide fluoromethyl ketone (FMK) inhibitors, Z-Phe-Arg-FMK and Z-Phe-Ala-FMK, respectively, (where Z is benzyloxycarbonyl). The crystals are monoclinic, space group P2(1), with a = 45.5 A, b = 51.0 A, c = 45.7 A, and beta = 116.1 degrees. One cruzain molecule is present in the asymmetric unit. The crystallographic data reveal that the high resolution structure determination is feasible. This system will facilitate the three-dimensional structure determinations and biochemical analyses of cruzain and cruzain variants.
Identification of Glioma Stem Cells: What is Already Known and How Far do We Still Need to Go? The Biomarkers Dilemma (2012)

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been isolated in multiple tumour types and although the presence of surface markers selectively expressed on CSCs can be used to isolate these cells, no marker or pattern of markers are sufficiently robust to definitively identify CSCs.
Efficient incorporation of galactose into lipopolysaccharide by Escherichia coli K-12 strains with polar galE mutations (1990)

Efficient incorporation of exogenous galactose into lipopolysaccharide was observed in a strain with a galE::Tn10 insertion and a strain with a deletion of galOPE. No incorporation was observed in a strain with a longer (galETK) deletion, indicating that incorporation into the galE mutants was due to a low level of expression of galTK from internal or fortuitous promoters. These galE mutants provided a convenient and specific way to radiolabel lipopolysaccharide.
Effect of sterilization on osteoinduction Comparison of five methods in demineralized rat bone (1988)

The aim of this study was to find a safe, effective sterilization method that does not destroy the bone-inductive capacity of demineralized bone implants. Five sterilizing agents were tested in rats. Implants procured and processed under sterile conditions served as controls. New bone formation was evaluated by determining dry weight, calcium content, and Sr-85 incorporation of the induced ossicles. Glutaraldehyde solution, formaldehyde gas, and ethylene oxide destroyed almost all the bone-inductive capacity. Irradiation by 2.5 Mrads Co-60 resulted in a loss of about half of the inductive capacity. Merthiolate (0.18 per cent) was the only sterilizing agent that did not reduce the bone-inductive capacity of the demineralized implants. Because merthiolate is not sporicidal, gamma irradiation appears to be the most appropriate sterilizing agent for demineralized bone in clinical use.
Epidermal growth factor mediated DNA delivery into lung cancer cells via the epidermal growth factor receptor. (1996)

We have developed a targeted DNA delivery system for the treatment of lung cancer by gene therapy. This system uses epidermal growth factor (EGF), which has receptors that are overexpressed on lung cancer cells, and couples receptor-mediated endocytosis with an endosomal lysis agent for targeted gene delivery. Recombinant human EGF was chemically modified to allow for its attachment to DNA through the use of the poly-cation poly-L-lysine (PLL). The EGF/PLL conjugate was able to bind DNA and when incubated with several different lung cancer cell lines, high levels of gene expression resulted when uptake was performed in the presence of replication-defective adenovirus, which was used only as an endosomal lysis agent. When the adenovirus was coupled directly to the EGF/DNA complex, the levels of gene expression were up to fourfold higher. Depending on the lung cancer cell line and the type of complex used, approximately 14% to 99% of the cells showed DNA uptake, whereas a colon adenocarcinoma cell line that does not express the EGF receptor at the cell surface showed little or no DNA uptake. As a result, the EGF/DNA complex can deliver therapeutic genes to lung cancer cells by targeting to specific receptors.
Identification of a cAMP regulatory region in the gene for rat cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP). Use of chimeric genes transfected into hepatoma cells. (1984)

cAMP stimulates the transcription of the gene for the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (EC 4.1.1.32) (PEPCK) in rat liver. We have investigated the nucleotide sequences required for regulation of PEPCK gene expression by cAMP. A chimeric gene was constructed in which a 620-base pair fragment of the 5'-end of the PEPCK gene (including 547 base pairs of 5'-flanking sequence) was ligated to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK) structural gene. The PEPCK promoter fragment was introduced either in the proper orientation for transcription of the TK gene or in the opposite orientation. These fusion genes and the parent vector, pOPF, which contains the intact TK gene, were transfected individually into TK-deficient FTO-2B rat hepatoma cells. FTO-2B cells contain an active endogenous PEPCK gene which is stimulated by cAMP. Cells were selected in HAT medium and grown either as mass cell cultures or as individual clones. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Bt2cAMP) plus theophylline (16 h) stimulated TK activity 1.6-6.1-fold in cell lines transfected with the PEPCK-TK fusion gene containing the PEPCK promoter fragment in the correct orientation. However, the intact TK gene was not induced by Bt2cAMP after transfection, nor was there any expression of the PEPCK-TK fusion gene in cells which contained the PEPCK promoter fragment in the wrong transcriptional orientation. Bt2cAMP also increased the levels of TK mRNA in cells transfected with the PEPCK-TK fusion gene, but not in cells transfected with the intact TK gene. The chimeric PEPCK-TK mRNA initiated at the PEPCK start site, as determined by S1 nuclease mapping. There was no relationship between the number of copies of the PEPCK-TK gene integrated in the various cell lines and either the basal level of TK activity or its inducibility of Bt2cAMP.
MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF VOLTAGE-SENSITIVE SODIUM CHANNELS (1986)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Modeling the economic and health consequences of managing chronic osteoarthritis pain with opioids in Germany: comparison of extended-release oxycodone and OROS hydromorphone (2007)

Based on these analyses, OROS hydromorphone is expected to yield health benefits at reasonable cost in Germany.
Two years?? experience with two recombinant factor VIII concentrates (1993)

Transmission of infectious diseases via the use of plasma concentrates has lent special significance to the manufacture of recombinant coagulation factor concentrates. At present, two factor VIII concentrates manufactured by recombinant DNA technology, produced by Baxter (Recombinate) and Bayer/Miles (Kogenate), are undergoing clinical trials. At the haemophilia centres in Bonn and Frankfurt am Main a total of 4.1 million IU have been used by twelve patients for prophylaxis and treatment for bleeding between 1989 and 1990. The clinical efficacy, particularly in the treatment of bleeding episodes was good and corresponded with that of plasma-derived concentrates. There were no allergic reactions, development of inhibitors or other serious side effects. In laboratory investigations no adverse results were encountered.
An Advanced BIRA for Memories With an Optimal Repair Rate and Fast Analysis Speed by Using a Branch Analyzer (2010)

As memory capacity and density grow, a corresponding increase in the number of defects decreases the yield and quality of embedded memories for systems-on-chip as well as commodity memories. For embedded memories, built-in redundancy analysis (BIRA) is widely used to solve quality and yield issues by replacing faulty cells with healthy redundant cells. Many BIRA approaches require extra hardware overhead in order to achieve optimal repair rates, or they suffer a loss of repair rate in minimizing the hardware overhead. An innovative BIRA approach is proposed to achieve optimal repair rates, lower area overhead, and increase analysis speed. The proposed BIRA minimizes area overhead by eliminating some storage coverage for only must-repair faulty information. The proposed BIRA analyzes redundancies quickly and efficiently by evaluating all nodes of a branch in parallel with a new analyzer which is simple and easy-to-implement. Experimental results show that the proposed BIRA allows for a much faster analysis speed than that of the state-of-the-art BIRA, as well as the optimal repair rate, and relatively small area overhead.
Sagnac interferometry in a slow-light medium (2006)

We use a Sagnac interferometer to measure the dispersive and absorptive properties of room temperature Rubidium vapor on the ${D}_{2}$ line at $780.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. We apply a pump beam such that the resulting $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ system exhibits electromagnetically induced transparency. Using a ``biased alignment'' technique we demonstrate a direct and robust method of measuring the rapid variation in the refractive index. Such a ``slow-light'' Sagnac interferometer is ideally suited to precision measurement applications such as magnetometry and inertial sensing.