gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glutamate transporter EAAC1 is expressed on Müller cells of lower vertebrate retinas (2001)

Abstract The expression of glutamate transporter EAAC1 was investigated in carp and bullfrog retinas using Western blotting, immunofluorescence double labeling and confocal laser scanning microscopic techniques. In addition to a variety of retinal neurons, radially oriented elements spanning the whole neural retinas of carp and bullfrog were also EAAC1‐immunoreactive, and EAAC1 was found to be predominantly on the cell membrane. Virtually all EAAC1‐labeled radial elements were immunopositive to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a specific marker for retinal Müller cells of carp and bullfrog, indicating that they were Müller cells. This finding suggests that EAAC1, which has been thought to be an exclusively neuronal type, may be a glial transporter as well. EAAC1 of Müller cells may play an important modulatory role in the retina by making contributions to glutamate homeostasis. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:89–95, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopant‐free complementary metal oxide silicon field effect transistors (2016)

Abstract Abstractauthoren We present a dopant‐free CMOS technology where n‐ and p‐type semiconductor contacts are realized exclusively based on ultrathin silicon nitrides and metals with appropriate work function. Ellipsometry and FTIR measurements are applied to characterize the thermally grown nitride layers. Unipolar behavior and ohmic contact behavior are accomplished showing that with an appropriate nitride thickness dangling bonds as well as metal‐induced gap states can be suppressed, thus yielding a depinning of the Fermi level. n‐type and –for the first time – p‐type MOSFETs using low‐ and high‐work‐function metals such as aluminum, nickel, or platinum are successfully presented. In contrast to (metal–silicon) Schottky‐barrier MOSFETs, the fabricated devices exhibit on/off ratios larger than .
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of some non-nucleoside 2,3-disubstituted quinazoline derivatives (Part-V). (1998)

Several [2-phenyl-4(3H)-oxo-3-quinazolinylamino]-N-substituted- arylacetamides (1a-j) have been synthesized and tested at the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, for their anti-HIV activity against susceptible human host cells (CEM cell line) over a wide range of concentrations (6.35 x 10(-8) to 2.00 x 10(-4) M). The highest protection observed is 45.67%. The structures of these compounds have been established on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data.
Slewing Flexible Spacecraft with Deflection-Limiting Input Shaping (1997)

A control scheme is described for slewing e exible spacecraft with both suppression of dee ection during the slew and elimination of residual oscillations. The method minimizes the maneuver time subject to constraints on residual vibration magnitude, sensitivity to modeling errors, rest-to-rest slew distance, and the transient dee ection amplitude. Furthermore, a solution is sought that provides inherent fuel efe ciency. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated with linear and nonlinear computer simulations.
Peptides for nucleic acid delivery (2016)

Nucleic acids and their synthetic oligonucleotide (ON) analogs are a group of gene therapeutic compounds which hold enormous clinical potential. Despite their undoubted potential, clinical translation of these molecules, however, has been largely held back by their limited bioavailability in the target tissues/cells. To overcome this, many different drug delivery systems have been devised. Among others, short delivery peptides, called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), have been demonstrated to allow for efficient delivery of nucleic acids and their ON analogs, in both cell culture and animal models. In this review, we provide brief overview of the latest advances in nucleic acid delivery with CPPs, covering the two main vectorization strategies, covalent conjugation and nanoparticle formation-based approach. In conclusion, CPP-based drug delivery systems have the capacity to overcome the hurdle of delivery and thus have the potential to facilitate the clinical translation of nucleic acid-based therapeutics.
Nitric Oxide Reaction with Lipid Peroxyl Radicals Spares α-Tocopherol during Lipid Peroxidation (2000)

The reactions of nitric oxide ((.)NO) and alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TH) during membrane lipid oxidation were examined and compared with the pair alpha-TH/ascorbate. Nitric oxide serves as a more potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation propagation reactions than alpha-TH and protects alpha-TH from oxidation. Mass spectrometry, oxygen and (.)NO consumption, conjugated diene analyses, and alpha-TH fluorescence determinations all demonstrated that (.)NO preferentially reacts with lipid radical species, with alpha-TH consumption not occurring until (.)NO concentrations fell below a critical level. In addition, alpha-TH and (.)NO cooperatively inhibit lipid peroxidation, exhibiting greater antioxidant capacity than the pair alpha-TH/ascorbate. Pulse radiolysis analysis showed no direct reaction between (.)NO and alpha-tocopheroxyl radical (alpha-T(.)), inferring that peroxyl radical termination reactions are the principal lipid-protective mechanism mediated by (.)NO. These observations support the concept that (.)NO is a potent chain breaking antioxidant toward peroxidizing lipids, due to facile radical-radical termination reactions with lipid radical species, thus preventing alpha-TH loss. The reduction of alpha-T(.) by ascorbate was a comparatively less efficient mechanism for preserving alpha-TH than (.)NO-mediated termination of peroxyl radicals, due to slower reaction kinetics and limited transfer of reducing equivalents from the aqueous phase. Thus, the high lipid/water partition coefficient of (.)NO, its capacity to diffuse and concentrate in lipophilic milieu, and a potent reactivity toward lipid radical species reveal how (.)NO can play a critical role in regulating membrane and lipoprotein lipid oxidation reactions.
A stereoselective route from glycals to asparagine-linked N-protected glycopeptides (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA stereoselective route from glycals to asparagine-linked N-protected glycopeptidesFrank E. McDonald and Samuel J. DanishefskyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 26, 7001–7002Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00052a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00052a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views511Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Effects of Once-Weekly Dosing of a Long-Acting Release Formulation of Exenatide on Glucose Control and Body Weight in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes (2007)

Exenatide LAR offers the potential of 24-h glycemic control and weight reduction with a novel once-weekly treatment for type 2 diabetes.
Drosophila Maternal Hsp83 mRNA Destabilization Is Directed by Multiple SMAUG Recognition Elements in the Open Reading Frame (2008)

SMAUG (SMG) is an RNA-binding protein that functions as a key component of a transcript degradation pathway that eliminates maternal mRNAs in the bulk cytoplasm of activated Drosophila melanogaster eggs. We previously showed that SMG destabilizes maternal Hsp83 mRNA by recruiting the CCR4-NOT deadenylase to trigger decay; however, the cis-acting elements through which this was accomplished were unknown. Here we show that Hsp83 transcript degradation is regulated by a major element, the Hsp83 mRNA instability element (HIE), which maps to a 615-nucleotide region of the open reading frame (ORF). The HIE is sufficient for association of a transgenic mRNA with SMG protein as well as for SMG-dependent destabilization. Although the Hsp83 mRNA is translated in the early embryo, we show that translation of the mRNA is not necessary for destabilization; indeed, the HIE functions even when located in an mRNA's 3′ untranslated region. The Hsp83 mRNA contains eight predicted SMG recognition elements (SREs); all map to the ORF, and six reside within the HIE. Mutation of a single amino acid residue that is essential for SMG's interaction with SREs stabilizes endogenous Hsp83 transcripts. Furthermore, simultaneous mutation of all eight predicted SREs also results in transcript stabilization. A plausible model is that the multiple, widely distributed SREs in the ORF enable some SMG molecules to remain bound to the mRNA despite ribosome transit through any individual SRE. Thus, SMG can recruit the CCR4-NOT deadenylase to trigger Hsp83 mRNA degradation despite the fact that it is being translated.
Wide-beam atmospheric optical communication for aircraft application using semiconductor diodes (1983)

Design considerations for atmospheric optical communication systems using wide divergent beams are described. This new approach can eliminate the need for complex gimbaled pointing and tracking mountings. Communicating systems have been designed and built using both infrared LED and cw and pulsed laser diodes operating in the wavelength range of lambda = 0.8-0.9 microm. Both single-channel and multichannel receivers were designed with fields of view (FOVs) ranging from 0.4 to 24 degrees. Receiver performances were compared for a range close to 1 km under various ambient conditions. Laboratory simulation experiments were used to determine the operating margin and expected SNRs resulting from various design considerations. The need for narrow spectral bandwidth and wide-angle FOV interference filters is pointed out. The systems designed in the present work were low data rate (a few kbit/sec) communication systems and are suitable for aircraft-to-aircraft data exchange or voice communication.
Mammalian α‐keto acid dehydrogenase complexes: gene regulation and genetic defects 1 (1995)

Recent application of the tools of molecular biology has provided insight with respect to the structure, regulation, and defects of the genes encoding the PDC and the BCKADC. cDNAs for the alpha-KGDC have only recently been cloned. Evidence for long-term regulation of the expression of the subunits of the PDC and the BCKADC has been obtained. Detailed analyses of the promoter-regulatory regions of the genes encoding the individual subunits of these complexes have provided leads as to molecular mechanisms involved. Evidence for coordinated regulation of expression of the subunits of the complexes has been obtained under some conditions but not others. Except for the PDC E1 alpha (X) promoter, the other promoters of the genes encoding PDC and BCKADC components are TATA-less with characteristics of housekeeping genes. Most cases of PDC deficiency, which produces lactic acidosis, are caused by defects in the coding region of the E1 alpha subunit. In contrast, gene defects that cause maple syrup urine disease are more heterogeneous, involving errors in any one of the subunits of the BCKADC. Alpha-KGDC deficiency has been reported but specific mutations have not been identified. Future work is expected to include detailed studies of the genes encoding the protein kinases and phosphatases that specifically regulate the PDC and the BCKADC by covalent modification.
The Radiansphere around a Small Antenna (1959)

The "radiansphere" is the boundary between the near field and the far field of a small antenna. Its radius is one radianlength (λ/2π), at which distance the three terms of the field are equal in magnitude. A "small" antenna is one somewhat smaller than the radiansphere, but it has a "sphere of influence" occupying the radiansphere. The power that theoretically can be intercepted by a hypothetical isotropic antenna is that which flows through the radiansphere or its cross section, the "radiancircle." From a small electric dipole, the far field of radiation is identified as a retarded magnetic field. Between two such dipoles, the far mutual impedance is that of mutual inductance, expressed in terms of space properties and the radiansphere. A small coil wound on a perfect spherical magnetic core is conceived as an ideal small antenna. Its radiation power factor is equal to the ratio of its volume over that of the radiansphere. A fraction of this ratio is obtainable in various forms of small antennas (C or L) occupying a comparable amount of space. A radiation shield, in the form of a conducting shell the size of the radiansphere, enables separate measurement of radiation resistance and loss resistance.
[Inhibition of translation of immunoglobulin mRNA in vitro using an alkylating oligonucleotide derivative]. (1990)

Effect of complementary oligonucleotides and their reactive derivatives on translation of mouse immunoglobulin G kappa light chain was investigated. It was found that oligonucleotide pTGCTCTGGTTT and shorter oligonucleotides complementary to the coding sequence of the mRNA (nucleotides 205-215) do not arrest translation of the mRNA in the rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation system. Preincubation of the mRNA with the alkylating 4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)benzyl-5'-phosphamide derivative of the oligonucleotide completely suppresses the synthesis of the protein thus demonstrating higher efficiency of the reactive oligonucleotide derivatives as inhibitors of the mRNA function.
Homocellular regulatory mechanisms in sodium-transporting epithelia: avoidance of extinction by “flush-through” (1981)

In recent years electrophysiologic studies on several sodium-transporting epithelia have uncovered two "homocellular" (intrinsic) regulatory mechanisms that appear to protect the absorptive cells from marked changes in sodium and potassium content in response to rapid and wide-ranging physiologic variations in the rate of transcellular sodium transport. These are: 1) an inverse relation between intracellular sodium activity and the sodium conductance of the apical (mucosal) membrane, and 2) a parallel relation between the rate of sodium extrusion from the cell across the basolateral membrane ("pump activity") and the conductance of that barrier to potassium. The purpose of this review is to document these homocellular regulatory mechanisms, discuss their physiologic significance, and speculate on possible underlying mechanism(s).
Probability of error in MMSE multiuser detection (1997)

The performance analysis of the minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) linear multiuser detector is considered in an environment of nonorthogonal signaling and additive white Gaussian noise. In particular, the behavior of the multiple-access interference (MAI) at the output of the MMSE detector is examined under various asymptotic conditions, including: large signal-to-noise ratio; large near-far ratios; and large numbers of users. These results suggest that the MAI-plus-noise contending with the demodulation of a desired user is approximately Gaussian in many cases of interest. For the particular case of two users, it is shown that the maximum divergence between the output MAI-plus-noise and a Gaussian distribution having the same mean and variance is quite small in most cases of interest. It is further proved in this two-user case that the probability of error of the MMSE detector is better than that of the decorrelating linear detector for all values of normalized crosscorrelations not greater than 1/2 /spl radic/(2+/spl radic/3)/spl cong/0.9659.
Toward eliminating HLA class I expression to generate universal cells from allogeneic donors (2013)

Long-term engraftment of allogeneic cells necessitates eluding immune-mediated rejection, which is currently achieved by matching for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression, immunosuppression, and/or delivery of donor-derived cells to sanctuary sites. Genetic engineering provides an alternative approach to avoid clearance of cells that are recognized as "non-self" by the recipient. To this end, we developed designer zinc finger nucleases and employed a "hit-and-run" approach to genetic editing for selective elimination of HLA expression. Electro-transfer of mRNA species coding for these engineered nucleases completely disrupted expression of HLA-A on human T cells, including CD19-specific T cells. The HLA-A(neg) T-cell pools can be enriched and evade lysis by HLA-restricted cytotoxic T-cell clones. Recognition by natural killer cells of cells that had lost HLA expression was circumvented by enforced expression of nonclassical HLA molecules. Furthermore, we demonstrate that zinc finger nucleases can eliminate HLA-A expression from embryonic stem cells, which broadens the applicability of this strategy beyond infusing HLA-disparate immune cells. These findings establish that clinically appealing cell types derived from donors with disparate HLA expression can be genetically edited to evade an immune response and provide a foundation whereby cells from a single donor can be administered to multiple recipients.
The Pathology of Familial Breast Cancer: Predictive Value of Immunohistochemical Markers Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, HER-2, and p53 in Patients With Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (2002)

BRCA1 has a distinctive morphology and immunohistochemical phenotype. The combined morphologic and immunohistochemical data can be used to predict the risk of a young patient harboring a germline mutation in BRCA1. The BRCA2 phenotype is currently not well defined.
The effects of a visual fidelity criterion of the encoding of images (1974)

Shannon's rate-distortion function provides a potentially useful lower bound against which to compare the rate-versus-distortion performance of practical encoding-transmission systems. However, this bound is not applicable unless one can arrive at a numerically-valued measure of distortion which is in reasonable correspondence with the subjective evaluation of the observer or interpreter. We have attempted to investigate this choice of distortion measure for monochrome still images. This investigation has considered a class of distortion measures for which it is possible to simulate the optimum (in a rate-distortion sense) encoding. Such simulation was performed at a fixed rate for various measures in the class and the results compared subjectively by observers. For several choices of transmission rate and original images, one distortion measure was fairly consistently rated as yielding the most satisfactory appearing encoded images.
Effect of preoperative chemotherapy on the outcome of women with operable breast cancer. (1998)

Preoperative chemotherapy is as effective as postoperative chemotherapy, permits more lumpectomies, is appropriate for the treatment of certain patients with stages I and II disease, and can be used to study breast cancer biology. Tumor response to preoperative chemotherapy correlates with outcome and could be a surrogate for evaluating the effect of chemotherapy on micrometastases; however, knowledge of such a response provided little prognostic information beyond that which resulted from postoperative therapy.
Finding scientific topics (2004)

A first step in identifying the content of a document is determining which topics that document addresses. We describe a generative model for documents, introduced by Blei, Ng, and Jordan [Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y. & Jordan, M. I. (2003) J. Machine Learn. Res. 3, 993-1022], in which each document is generated by choosing a distribution over topics and then choosing each word in the document from a topic selected according to this distribution. We then present a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for inference in this model. We use this algorithm to analyze abstracts from PNAS by using Bayesian model selection to establish the number of topics. We show that the extracted topics capture meaningful structure in the data, consistent with the class designations provided by the authors of the articles, and outline further applications of this analysis, including identifying "hot topics" by examining temporal dynamics and tagging abstracts to illustrate semantic content.
A sodium channel gene SCN9A polymorphism that increases nociceptor excitability (2009)

Sodium channel Na(V)1.7, encoded by the SCN9A gene, is preferentially expressed in nociceptive primary sensory neurons, where it amplifies small depolarizations. In studies on a family with inherited erythromelalgia associated with Na(V)1.7 gain-of-function mutation A863P, we identified a nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism within SCN9A in the affected proband and several unaffected family members; this polymorphism (c. 3448C&T, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms database rs6746030, which produces the amino acid substitution R1150W in human Na(V)1.7 [hNa(V)1.7]) is present in 1.1 to 12.7% of control chromosomes, depending on ethnicity. In this study, we examined the effect of the R1150W substitution on function of the hNa(V)1.7 channel, and on the firing of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in which this channel is normally expressed. We show that this polymorphism depolarizes activation (7.9-11mV in different assays). Current-clamp analysis shows that the 1150W allele depolarizes (6mV) resting membrane potential and increases ( approximately 2-fold) the firing frequency in response to depolarization in DRG neurons in which it is present. Our results suggest that polymorphisms in the Na(V)1.7 channel may influence susceptibility to pain.
Bradykinin-12-lipoxygenase-VR1 signaling pathway for inflammatory hyperalgesia (2002)

The capsaicin-sensitive vanilloid receptor (VR1) was recently shown to play an important role in inflammatory pain (hyperalgesia), but the underlying mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that pain-producing inflammatory mediators activate capsaicin receptors by inducing the production of fatty acid agonists of VR1. This study demonstrates that bradykinin, acting at B2 bradykinin receptors, excites sensory nerve endings by activating capsaicin receptors via production of 12-lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. This finding identifies a mechanism that might be targeted in the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammatory pain.