gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical and immunopathological features of patients with lupus hepatitis (2013)

Lupus hepatitis was not infrequent in active SLE patients which would be one of the indices indicating SLE activity. Positive intense deposit of complement 1q in liver may be a characteristic immunopathological feature of lupus hepatitis, which provides a new way to differentially diagnose lupus hepatitis from other liver diseases.
Chondrocytes dedifferentiated by serial monolayer culture form cartilage nodules in nude mice. (1987)

Chondrocytes isolated from rabbit costal growth cartilage grew rapidly and expressed the differentiated phenotypes of chondrocytes in primary monolayer cultures. They had a typical polygonal shape, synthesized glycosaminoglycan (GAG) actively and responded to parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, during successive passages they lost the abilities to proliferate and express differentiated phenotypes. They changed from polygonal to fibroblast-like morphology during the third to fourth passage. Their GAG synthesis rapidly decreased in the 4th passage to 10% of that during primary culture. The increase in GAG synthesis and intracellular cyclic AMP induced by PTH also became smaller and were lost in the 4th passage. From these findings, cells in the 4th passage appeared to be dedifferentiated. However, subcutaneous transplantation of cells at the 5th passage into nude mice resulted in the formation of cartilaginous nodules. Moreover, cells isolated from these nodules and cultured in vitro had a typical polygonal shape and synthesized GAG actively and PTH increased their metachromatic matrix and intracellular cyclic AMP level. These findings suggest that chondrocytes that appear to be dedifferentiated after serial passages still have the potential to differentiate.
Forward Flight Effects on Counterflow Thrust Vector Control of a Supersonic Jet (1999)

Introduction T HE bene ts of active thrust vector control in high-performance  ghter aircraft, such as improved agility and maneuverability, are well established. Unfortunately, conventional thrust vectoring schemes, which rely on mechanical means to vector the jet thrust, have some associated drawbacks. They generally require complicated hardware, which can add to the aircraft weight; the dynamic performance of such systems is less than ideal; and there are heat transfer problems due to the hot exhaust jet impinging on the vectoring surface. Although recent advances have been made in improving mechanical systems, some of the mentioned issues remain a concern. In recent years, a  uidic-based thrust vectoring technique, counter ow thrust vector control (CFTVC), has been exploredwith promising results.2i4 These investigationshave convincingly demonstrated that CFTVC can be used to achieve single-axis pitch vectoring and multiaxis thrust vectoring for supersonic nozzles of various geometries and over a wide range of operating conditions. One of the primary advantages of CFTVC is the simplicity of hardware and excellent dynamic response. A comprehensive summary of these studies can be found in Refs. 2 and 4. The ultimate goal of our researchprogramis to developa CFTVC system that can be implemented in aircraft propulsion systems of the future. To this end one needs to consider real  ight effects, such as high jet exhaust temperatures and the in uence of forward  ight. Although high-temperatureeffects have been addressed to a limited extent in a previous investigation, almost nothing is known about forward  ight effects on CFTVC performance. In the present study, forward  ight effectsare simulatedby generatinga co owing stream around the periphery of the CFTVC system consisting of a rectangular Mach 1.4 jet. The in uence of the co owing stream on the system performance in terms of jet vector angle response is described in this Note.
Regulation of tight junctions during the epithelium-mesenchyme transition:direct repression of the gene expression of claudins/occludin by Snail (2003)

Snail is a transcription repressor that plays a central role in the epithelium-mesenchyme transition (EMT), by which epithelial cells lose their polarity. Claudins and occludin are integral membrane proteins localized at tight junctions, which are responsible for establishing and maintaining epithelial cell polarity. We examined the relationship between Snail and the promoter activity of claudins and occludin. When Snail was overexpressed in cultured mouse epithelial cells, EMT was induced with concomitant repression of the expression of claudins and occludin not only at the protein but also at the mRNA level. We then isolated the promoters of genes encoding claudins and occludin, in which multiple E-boxes were identified. Transfection experiments with various promoter constructs as well as electrophoretic mobility assays revealed that Snail binds directly to the E-boxes of the promoters of claudin/occludin genes, resulting in complete repression of their promoter activity. Because the gene encoding E-cadherin was also reported to be repressed by Snail, we concluded that EMT was associated with the simultaneous repression of the genes encoding E-cadherin and claudins/occludin (i.e. the expression of adherens and tight junction adhesion molecules, respectively).
Achilles tendon healing: A correlation between functional and mechanical performance in the rat (1993)

The pathogenesis and treatment of rupture of the Achilles tendon remain a source of controversy. This study presents the results of a biomechanical, functional, and morphological evaluation of a group of rats that had division and repair of the Achilles tendon. A total of 46 rats were used: 18 for biomechanical testing, 18 for functional evaluation, and 10 for histology. Morphological examination revealed an early inflammatory response with loose connective tissue formation that was replaced gradually by fibroblasts and a collagenous matrix. The functional evaluation (Achilles functional index [AFI]) was made from measurements of the hind pawprints of walking rats. Division and repair of the Achilles tendon produced a significant functional impairment (mean [+/- SEM] AFI = -87 +/- 8; p < 0.001), which gradually improved with healing time. The load to failure for the repaired tendons consistently improved with healing time, in a manner similar to the functional recovery. The average deformation (repair/control) varied considerably and was not related to healing time. The stiffness of the repaired tendons increased with healing time and was 60% of the corresponding control side by day 15. The major finding of this study was a strong correlation between the AFI and the failure load of the healing tendon-bone constructs (250-300 g group, r = 0.97, p < 0.001; 325-375 g group, r = 0.96, p < 0.001).
Wettability and interface considerations in advanced heat-resistant Ni-base composites (2006)

Oxide fiber-reinforced Ni-base composites have long been considered as attractive heat-resistant materials. After several decades of active research, however, interest in these materials began to decline around mid-1990’s due chiefly to 1) a lack of manufacturing technology to grow inexpensive single-crystal oxide fibers to be used in structural composites, and 2) fiber strength loss during processing due to chemical interactions with reactive solutes in the matrix. The cost disadvantage has been mitigated to a large extent by the development of innovative fiber fabrication processes such as the Internal Crystallization Method (ICM) that produces monocrystalline oxide fibers in a cost-effective manner. Fiber strength loss has been an equally restrictive issue but recent work has shown that it may be possible to design creep-resistant composites even when fiber surface reconstruction from chemical interactions has degraded the strength of extracted fibers tested outside the matrix. The key issue is the optimization of the compositeand interface structure. Reaction-formed defects may be healed by the matrix (or a suitable coating material) so that the fiber residing in the matrix may exhibit diminished sensitivity to flaws as compared to fibers extracted from the matrix and tested in isolation of the matrix. Generally, the Ni-base/Al2O3 composites exhibit acceptable levels of wettability and interface strength (further improved with the aid of reactive solutes), which are required for elevated-temperature creep-resistance. In order to harness the full potential of these composites, the quality of the interface as manifested in the fiber/matrix wettability, interface composition, interphase morphology, and interface strength must be designed. We identify key issues related to the measurement of contact angle, interface strength, and chemical and structural properties at the fiber/matrix interface in the Ni/alumina composites, and present the current state-ofthe-art in understanding and designing the Ni/alumina interface. There should be no doubt that optimization of the interfaceand composite microstructure through judicious control of the fabrication process and surface modification shall yield technologically promising Ni-base/oxide fiber composites.
Category Theory in Real Time (1994)

The article surveys some past and present debates within mathematics over the meaning of category theory. It argues that such conceptual analyses, applied to a field still under active development, must be in large part either predictions of, or calls for, certain programs of further work
A novel HIV-CCR5 receptor vaccine strategy in the control of mucosal SIV/HIV infection (2004)

An immunization strategy that targets both the virus and its CCR5 receptor has significantly inhibited SHIV(89.6P) infection and may serve as a novel strategy in the prevention of HIV transmission.
Increased Range Bistatic Scatter Radio (2014)

Scatter radio achieves communication by reflection and requires low-cost and low-power RF front-ends. However, its use in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is limited, since commercial scatter radio (e.g. RFID) offers short ranges of a few tens of meters. This work redesigns scatter radio systems and maximizes range through non-classic bistatic architectures: the carrier emitter is detached from the reader. It is shown that conventional radio receivers may show a potential 3dB performance loss, since they do not exploit the correct signal model for scatter radio links. Receivers for on-off-keying (OOK) and frequency-shift keying (FSK) that overcome the frequency offset between the carrier emitter and the reader are presented. Additionally, non-coherent designs are also offered. This work emphasizes that sensor tag design should accompany receiver design. Impact of important parameters such as the antenna structural mode are presented through bit error rate (BER) results. Experimental measurements corroborate the long-range ability of bistatic radio; ranges of up to 130 meters with 20 milliwatts of carrier power are experimentally demonstrated, with commodity software radio and no directional antennas. Therefore, bistatic scatter radio may be viewed as a key enabling technology for large-scale, low-cost and low-power WSNs.
The Design of a Four-helix Bundle Protein (1987)

The design of proteins with predetermined structural properties is a necessary first step in the de novo design of novel enzymes and receptors. A major problem associated with the design of proteins is the high flexibility inherent in polypeptide chains. It has been estimated that a protein of 100 residues can adopt up to 10100 different conformations, a number that is as large as the number of atoms in the universe (Creighton 1984)! The mechanism by which a protein adopts a relatively well-defined set of conformations out of such a large number of possibilities is only beginning to be understood, and it is not possible to predict the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence.
Risk factors for development of incipient and overt diabetic nephropathy in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: prospective, observational study (1997)

Several potentially modifiable risk factors predict the development of incipient and overt diabetic nephropathy in normoalbuminuric patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Screening of Phage-Expressed Antibody Libraries by Capture Lift (2003)

Cloning and expression of functional antibody fragments (Fabs) in bacteria and on the surface of filamentous phage has revolutionized the processes by which antibodies (Abs) are discovered and engineered. Cloning, expression, and screening efficiencies of phage systems permit the characterization of large numbers of Abs (>106). For example, using immobilized antigen (Ag), specific Abs can be rapidly enriched from large populations of Fabs displayed on the surface of filamentous phage (1). However, the selection methods are typically biased toward the enrichment of the highest affinity Fabs displaying the slowest dissociation rates because of prolonged incubation times and multiple washing steps. Thus, a significant number of unique clones displaying low or intermediate affinities to diverse epitopes may be lost while enriching higheraffinity clones to potentially less interesting dominant epitopes. An optimal screening system would permit the rapid characterization of all clones present in the library.
Photochemical approach to the synthesis of the pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine antibiotics (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochemical approach to the synthesis of the pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine antibioticsMichele A. Weidner-Wells, Ann DeCamp, and Paul H. MazzocchiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 24, 5746–5758Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00285a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00285a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1023Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Complications of Smallpox Vaccination, 1968 (1969)

In 1968, 572 persons in the United States had confirmed vaccination complications. Of these, 82.5 per cent had received Vaccinia Immune Globulin. Sixty-eight per cent of the patients were primary vaccinees, 7 per cent were revaccinees, 20 per cent acquired vaccinia not by vaccination but by contact, and 5 per cent had unknown histories of vaccination. There were nine deaths: four caused by postvaccinial encephalitis, four associated with vaccinia necrosum, and one caused by eczema vaccinatum. There were 74 complications and one death per 1,000,000 primary vaccinations. Morbidity and mortality rates were highest for infants, with 112 complications and five deaths per 1,000,000 primary vaccinations. Eczema vaccinatum was more severe for contacts than for vaccinees. Although the risk with revaccination is less than a tenth that with primary vaccination, vaccinia necrosum develops in patients with immunologic disorders whether or not they have been previously vaccinated. These estimates, based on surveillance, must be considered minimal.
Closed-Loop Control of Epilepsy by Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (2012)

Many neurological and psychiatric diseases are associated with clinically detectable, altered brain dynamics. The aberrant brain activity, in principle, can be restored through electrical stimulation. In epilepsies, abnormal patterns emerge intermittently, and therefore, a closed-loop feedback brain control that leaves other aspects of brain functions unaffected is desirable. Here, we demonstrate that seizure-triggered, feedback transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) can dramatically reduce spike-and-wave episodes in a rodent model of generalized epilepsy. Closed-loop TES can be an effective clinical tool to reduce pathological brain patterns in drug-resistant patients.
Gelatin Hydrogel Microspheres Enable Pinpoint Delivery of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor for the Development of Functional Collateral Vessels (2004)

IA administration of bFGF-impregnated, 29-microm-diameter AGHMs strongly induced functional collateral vessels without worsening ischemia, indicating the possible therapeutic usefulness of this approach.
Fuel-efficient pulse command profiles for flexible spacecraft (1996)

A procedure for designing command profiles for flexible spacecraft is presented. The command profiles are designed to maneuver a spacecraft with very little residual vibration, even in the presence of modeling errors. To model the case where a spacecraft is equipped with on-off reaction jets, the command signals are restricted to positive or negative constant-amplitude pulses. The technique results in command profiles that are much more fuel efficient than the time-optimal commands, yet do not incur a significant time penalty. Robustness to modeling errors of both the time-optimal and the fuel-efficient commands are shown to be highly dependent on move distance; however, the fuel-efficient profiles are always as robust as the time-optimal profiles.
The Four‐Quadrant Phase‐Mask Coronagraph. I. Principle (2000)

We describe a new type of coronagraph, based on the principle of a phase mask as proposed by Roddier and Roddier a few years ago but using an original mask design found by one of us (D. R.), a four‐quadrant binary phase mask (0, π) covering the full field of view at the focal plane. The mutually destructive interferences of the coherent light from the main source produce a very efficient nulling. The computed rejection rate of this coronagraph appears to be very high since, when perfectly aligned and phase‐error free, it could in principle reduce the total amount of light from the bright source by a factor of 108, corresponding to a gain of 20 mag in brightness at the location of the first Airy ring, relative to the Airy peak. In the real world the gain is of course reduced by a strong factor, but nulling is still performing quite well, provided that the perturbation of the phase, for instance, due to the Earth's atmosphere, is efficiently corrected by adaptive optics. We show from simulations that a detection at a contrast of 10 mag between a star and a faint companion is achievable in excellent conditions, while 8 mag appears routinely feasible. This coronagraph appears less sensitive to atmospheric turbulence and has a larger dynamic range than other recently proposed nulling techniques: the phase‐mask coronagraph (by Roddier and Roddier) or the Achromatic Interfero‐Coronagraph (by Gay and Rabbia). We present the principle of the four‐quadrant coronagraph and results of a first series of simulations. We compare those results with theoretical performances of other devices. We briefly analyze the different limitations in space or ground‐based observations, as well as the issue of manufacturing the device. We also discuss several ways to improve the detection of a faint companion around a bright object. We conclude that, with respect to previous techniques, an instrument equipped with this coronagraph should have better performance and even enable the imaging of extrasolar giant planets at a young stage, when coupled with additional cleaning techniques.
2001: An Odyssey in Inhaler Formulation and Design (2001)

he history of inhaler development in modern times can be traced to the metering valve and propellants (pressurized metered-dose inhalers [pMDIs]) used in the delivery of therapies for the treatment of asthma in the 1950s (3). This was followed closely by the somewhat-primitive dry-powder inhalers (DPIs) in the 1970s (Intal-Cromolyn-A Monograph, Fisons Corporation, Bedford, MA, 1973). Throughout this period nebulizers were used to deliver drugs in an aqueous solution. However, the solution was dispensed independently of the nebulizer, and the two substances were combined in the home or the hospital. Recently, aqueoussolution metering systems have been developed that are handheld and similar in application to pMDIs and DPIs (4,5).
Embracing wireless interference (2007)

Traditionally, interference is considered harmful. Wireless networks strive to avoid scheduling multiple transmissions at the same time in order to prevent interference. This paper adopts the opposite approach; it encourages strategically picked senders to interfere. Instead of forwarding packets, routers forward the interfering signals. The destination leverages network-level information to cancel the interference and recover the signal destined to it. The result is analog network coding because it mixes signals not bits.
Study of T lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with hepatitis B liver cirrhosis spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (2004)

Objective: To study T lymphocyte subpopulations in 136 cases with hepatitis B liver cirrhosis spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Methods: It was detected by indirect fluorescence assay that T lymphocyte subpopulations (CD + 3,CD + 8 and CD + 4/CD + 8) of the patients. Results: T lymphocyte subpopulations of the patients were serious disorder. Compared with normal, CD + 3 T lymphocyte subpopulations was decreased significantly (P0.01), CD + 8 was increased obviously (P0.01), whereas CD + 4/CD + 8 was reduced obviously (P0.01). Conclusion: T lymphocyte subpopulations were disorder in the patients with hepatitis B liver cirrhosis spontaneous bacterial Peritonitis. It results in disorder of immune functions. It has guiding significance for clinical therapy and prognostic judgement.
Azepanone-Based Inhibitors of Human and Rat Cathepsin K (2001)

The synthesis, in vitro activities, and pharmacokinetics of a series of azepanone-based inhibitors of the cysteine protease cathepsin K (EC 3.4.22.38) are described. These compounds show improved configurational stability of the C-4 diastereomeric center relative to the previously published five- and six-membered ring ketone-based inhibitor series. Studies in this series have led to the identification of 20, a potent, selective inhibitor of human cathepsin K (K(i) = 0.16 nM) as well as 24, a potent inhibitor of both human (K(i) = 0.0048 nM) and rat (K(i,app) = 4.8 nM) cathepsin K. Small-molecule X-ray crystallographic analysis of 20 established the C-4 S stereochemistry as being critical for potent inhibition and that unbound 20 adopted the expected equatorial conformation for the C-4 substituent. Molecular modeling studies predicted the higher energy axial orientation at C-4 of 20 when bound within the active site of cathepsin K, a feature subsequently confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Pharmacokinetic studies in the rat show 20 to be 42% orally bioavailable. Comparison of the transport of the cyclic and acyclic analogues through CaCo-2 cells suggests that oral bioavailability of the acyclic derivatives is limited by a P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux mechanism. It is concluded that the introduction of a conformational constraint has served the dual purpose of increasing inhibitor potency by locking in a bioactive conformation as well as locking out available conformations which may serve as substrates for enzyme systems that limit oral bioavailability.