gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A remarkably effective copper(II)-dipyridylphosphine catalyst system for the asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones in air (2005)

The combination of catalytic amounts of optically active dipyridylphosphine and CuF(2) along with hydride donor PhSiH(3) generated in situ a remarkably reactive catalyst system (substrate-to-ligand molar ratio up to 100,000) for the highly enantioselective hydrosilylation of a broad spectrum of aryl alkyl ketones (up to 97% enantiomeric excess) in normal atmosphere and at mild conditions (ambient temperature to -20 degrees C, compatible with traces of moisture) in the absence of base additives. Furthermore, a highly effective catalytic asymmetric hydrosilylation of unsymmetrical diarylketones using this catalyst system was also realized (up to 98% enantiomeric excess). The introduction of the dipyridylphosphine ligands in the air-accelerated and inexpensive metal-mediated asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones makes the present system highly attractive and thus provides an excellent opportunity for practical applications.
Exchanging ESAT6 with TB10.4 in an Ag85B Fusion Molecule-Based Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine: Efficient Protection and ESAT6-Based Sensitive Monitoring of Vaccine Efficacy (2005)

Previously we have shown that Ag85B-ESAT-6 is a highly efficient vaccine against tuberculosis. However, because the ESAT-6 Ag is also an extremely valuable diagnostic reagent, finding a vaccine as effective as Ag85B-ESAT-6 that does not contain ESAT-6 is a high priority. Recently, we identified a novel protein expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis designated TB10.4. In most infected humans, TB10.4 is strongly recognized, raising interest in TB10.4 as a potential vaccine candidate and substitute for ESAT-6. We have now examined the vaccine potential of this protein and found that vaccination with TB10.4 induced a significant protection against tuberculosis. Fusing Ag85B to TB10.4 produced an even more effective vaccine, which induced protection against tuberculosis comparable to bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination and superior to the individual Ag components. Thus, Ag85B-TB10 represents a new promising vaccine candidate against tuberculosis. Furthermore, having now exchanged ESAT-6 for TB10.4, we show that ESAT-6, apart from being an excellent diagnostic reagent, can also be used as a reagent for monitoring vaccine efficacy. This may open a new way for monitoring vaccine efficacy in clinical trials.
Introduction to Microdisplays (2006)

Microdisplays are tiny, high-resolution electronic displays, designed for use in magnifying optical systems such as HDTV projectors and near-eye personal viewers. As a result of research and development into this field, Microdisplays are incorporated in a variety of visual electronics, notably new 3G portable communications devices, digital camera technologies, wireless internet applications, portable DVD viewers and wearable PCs. Introduction to Microdisplays encapsulates this market through describing in detail the theory, structure, fabrication and applications of Microdisplays. In particular this book: Provides excellent reference material for the Microdisplay industry through including an overview of current applications alongside a guide to future developments in the field Covers all current technologies and devices such as Silicon Wafer Backplane Technology, Liquid Crystal Devices, Micromechanical Devices, and the emerging area of Organic Light Emitting Diodes Presents guidance on the design of applications of Microdisplays, including Microdisplays for defence and telecoms, from basic principles through to their performance limitations Introduction to Microdisplays is a thorough and comprehensive reference on this emerging topic. It is essential reading for display technology manufacturers, developers, and system integrators, as well as practising electrical engineers, physicists, chemists and specialists in the display field. Graduate students, researchers, and developers working in optics, material science, and telecommunications will also find this a valuable resource. The Society for Information Display (SID) is an international society, which has the aim of encouraging the development of all aspects of the field of information display. Complementary to the aims of the society, the Wiley-SID series is intended to explain the latest developments in information display technology at a professional level. The broad scope of the series addresses all facets of information displays from technical aspects through systems and prototypes to standards and ergonomics. © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE RELIABILITY OF A MODIFIED VERSION OF THE ONEMILE ROCKPORT FITNESS WALKING TEST. (1998)

63 A modified version of the Rockport Fitness Walking Test (RFWT) has been determined to be reliable for persons with mental retardation. Previous investigations have used one pacer for each participant. While this protocol may be reliable, it is not likely feasible in most school or community-based settings. Therefore, the purpose of this study is twofold: first to evaluate the reliability of a modified version of the RFWT using one pacer per five participants; second, to determine the agreement among the one to one protocol and the proposed five to one protocol. This study compared the end completion times and mean peak heart rates of three different one-mile walking sessions of 35 participants with mild mental retardation. Eighteen females (21.1± 2.7 yr.) and 17 males (19.7 ± 2.8 yr.) participated in each testing session. Each participant randomly completed two sessions of walking with one pacer per five participants and one session of one pacer per participant on an indoor surface 1/9th of a mile long. Results from ANOVA indicated end completion times and mean peak heart rates did not differ based on gender (p=0.798), sessions (p=0.053), and gender x sessions (p=0.855). To determine agreement, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for end completion times for the first five to one and the one to one (R=0.83) and the second five to one and the one to one (R=0.85). ICC's were calculated for mean peak heart rates for the first five to one and the one to one(R=0.95) and for the second five to one and the one to one (R=0.93). The results support that the five to one modified walking protocol produces results similar to the results using the one to one testing. While the five to one protocol appears to be reliable, further validation of this protocol is warranted.
Expression of myelin proteins in the developing human spinal cord: Cloning and sequencing of human proteolipid protein cDNA (1987)

A full-length clone for the human proteolipid protein (PLP) was isolated from a cDNA library constructed from poly(A)+ RNA isolated from fetal spinal cords obtained at 15-24 weeks of conceptional age. The sequence of the human PLP cDNA was determined, and the deduced amino acid sequence was found to be identical with that of rat PLP. Comparison of human and rat PLP cDNA clones indicated that the coding regions retained 97% homology and that there were also other areas of conserved sequence. The human 5'-untranslated region was 93% homologous to that of the rat. The 3'-untranslated region was, overall, 73% homologous to that of the rat with areas containing greater than 84% homology in the first 400 and last 200 nucleotides. The most variability within the 3'-untranslated region occurred between nucleotides 2,000-2,500, where homology with the rat cDNA dropped to 55%. Expression of PLP in the human spinal cord between 11 and 23 weeks after conception was examined and compared with the expression of the myelin basic protein (MBP). RNA was isolated from pooled human spinal cords obtained at three periods of development: 11-14 weeks, 17-19 weeks, and 21-23 weeks. Northern blot analysis revealed a 3.2-kilobase (kb) PLP mRNA that was present at higher abundance in the 21-23-week spinal cord RNA than in the 17-19-week or the 11-14-week samples. The 17-19-week RNA sample also contained a PLP-hybridizing band at 2.2 kb which may possibly have arisen by utilization of alternative polyadenylation signals. Messenger RNA for MBP was detectable at 11-14 weeks but was readily evident in both the 17-19- and 21-23-week age groups. Immunoblot analysis of whole spinal cord homogenates indicated that polypeptides for MBP preceded the appearance polypeptides for PLP by 3-4 weeks.
Reawakening the cellular death program in neoplasia through the therapeutic blockade of IAP function (2005)

Recent studies have shown that members of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family are highly expressed in several classes of cancer. The primary implication of these findings is that the elevated expression of IAPs is not coincidental but actually participates in oncogenesis by helping to allow the malignant cell to avoid apoptotic cell death. This concept, together with the discovery of several IAP-regulatory proteins that use a conserved mode of action, has stimulated a major effort by many research groups to devise IAP-targeting strategies as a means of developing novel antineoplastic drugs. In this Review, we consider the evidence both for and against the IAPs being valid therapeutic targets, and we describe the types of strategies being used to neutralize their functions.
Monoclonal antibody to the message sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe of opioid peptides exhibits the specificity requirements of mammalian opioid receptors. (1983)

Six myeloma cell hybrids producing antibodies to human beta-endorphin were isolated from a single mouse spleen. The monoclonal antibodies displayed different binding patterns with the antigen. We report the characterization of one antibody which recognizes the tetrapeptide Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe representing the message sequence found at the NH2 terminus of all naturally occurring mammalian opioid peptides. Competition experiments in radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry show that the antibody fails to bind the beta-endorphin precursor beta-lipotrophin, does not discriminate among opioid peptides that share the same message sequence but have different COOH-terminal extensions, and does not react with pharmacologically inactive derivatives of beta-endorphin. The antibody recognition of the message sequence of natural opioid peptides is sensitive to those molecular changes that affect their receptor binding competence.
She has served her sentence but can she finally clear her name? (2005)

Jailed in 1996 for grievous bodily harm that led to the death of a patient, intensive care nurse Amanda Jenkinson will have her case reviewed this week
Preparation of water‐soluble chitosan (2004)

Abstract An improved method of preparing water soluble chitosan was studied by N ‐acetylation with acetic anhydride. Its merits were a simple processing technique, very short reaction time, little agent, high molecular weight of the product, and good water solubility. This article not only discusses the effect of several factors, such as the amount of reactants, concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution, and solvent system, on N ‐acetylation but also some influential factors on the water solubility of N ‐acetylated chitosan. Experiments showed that the amount of acetic anhydride was the most important factor affecting the N ‐acetylation degree of the chitosan. The effect of the means of adding materials and the amount of solvent on the reaction could not be ignored. The solubility of half N ‐acetylated chitosan was not changed with an increase in the molecular weight in water, and the water solubility decreased with increasing molecular weight in the alkaline region. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3497–3503, 2004
Structural properties and cation ordering in layered hexagonalCaxCoO2 (2006)

A series of ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{x}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ $(0.15\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.40)$ materials have been prepared by means of an ion exchange reaction from ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements revealed a rich variety of structural phenomena resulting from cation ordering, structural distortion, and twinning. Systematic structural analysis, in combination with the experimental data of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ $(0.15\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.8)$ and ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ $(1.5\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.4)$ systems, suggests that there are two common well-defined cation ordered states corresponding, respectively, to the orthorhombic superstructure at around $x=1∕2$ and the ${3}^{1∕2}a\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{3}^{1∕2}a$ superstructure at around $x=1∕3$ in this kind of system. Multiple ordered states, phase separation, and incommensurate structural modulations commonly appear in the materials with $0.33&lt;x&lt;0.5$. The TEM observations also reveal an additional periodic structural distortion with ${\mathbf{q}}_{2}={\mathbf{a}}^{*}∕2$ in materials for $x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.35$. This structural modulation also appears in the remarkable superconducting phase ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.33}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}∙1.3{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$.
Phenotypic differences between healthy effector CTL and leukemic LGL cells support the notion of antigen-triggered clonal transformation in T-LGL leukemia (2007)

T cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-LGL) is a chronic clonal lymphoproliferation of CTL. In many ways, T-LGL clones resemble terminal effector CTL, including down-modulation of CD28 and overexpression of perforin, granzymes, and CD57. We studied the transcriptome of T-LGL clones and compared it with healthy CD8+CD57+ effector cells as well as CD8+CD57- populations. T-LGL clones were sorted based on their TCR variable beta-chain restriction, and controls were obtained by pooling cell populations from 14 donors. Here, we focus our analysis on immunological networks, as immune mechanisms play a prominent role in the etiology of bone marrow failure in T-LGL. Informative genes identified by expression arrays were studied further in an independent cohort of patients using Taqman PCR, ELISA assays, and FACS analysis. Despite a strikingly similar gene expression profile between T-LGL clones and their healthy counterparts, important phenotypic differences were identified, including up-modulation of TNFRS9, myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1, IFN-gamma, and IFN-gamma-related genes, and several integrins/adhesion molecules. In addition, T-LGL clones were characterized by an overexpression of chemokines and chemokine receptors that are typically associated with viral infections (CXCL2, Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1, IL-18, CCR2). Our studies suggest that immunodominant LGL clones, although phenotypically similar to effector CTL, show significantly altered expression of a number of genes, including those associated with an ongoing viral infection or chronic, antigen-driven immune response.
Memory system performance of programs with intensive heap allocation (1995)

Heap allocation with copying garbage collection is a general storage management technique for programming languages. It is believed to have poor memory system performance. To investigate this, we conducted an in-depth study of the memory system performance of heap allocation for memory systems found on many machines. We studied the performance of mostly functional Standard ML programs which made heavy use of heap allocation. We found that most machines support heap allocation poorly. However, with the appropriate memory system organization, heap allocation can have good performance. The memory system property crucial for achieving good performance was the ability to allocate and initialize a new object into the cache without a penalty. This can be achieved by having subblock by placement with a subblock size of one word with a write-allocate policy, along with fast page-mode writes or a write buffer. For caches with subblock placement, the data cache overhead was under 9% for a 64K or larger data cache; without subblock placement the overhead was often higher than 50%.
Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cell associated monoclonal antibodies HRS-1 and HRS-2 react with activated cells of lymphoid and monocytoid origin. (1988)

The two monoclonal antibodies HRS-1 and HRS-2, which were obtained after immunization with the Hodgkin's derived cell line L428, detect different epitopes on a 120 kd antigen. This antigen is present on Hodgkin- and Reed-Sternberg (H&RS) cells in all subtypes of Hodgkin's lymphoma and on large cell anaplastic non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The H&RS- associated 120 kd antigen appears to be a non-lineage specific activation antigen, as it is not present on normal B and T lymphocytes or monocytes, but appears on these cells after activation. Because of their restricted reactivity with H&RS cells, HRS-1 and HRS-2 alone or in combination may be helpful for immunoimaging and immunotherapy of Hodgkin's lymphomas.
Neuropharmacological effects of triterpenoids (2013)

Triterpenes comprise one of the most interesting groups of natural products due to their diverse pharmacological activities. Triterpenes are ubiquitously present in variety of ethnomedicinal plants. The term ‘triterpene’ represents naturally occuring terpenes, whereas the broader expression ‘triterpenoid’ includes secondary metabolites. It has been estimated that 80 distinct types of both the structure and the chemical characteristics of triterpenes have been identified till today. Many such compounds can either be used directly as active compounds or modified to increase their selectivity and potency. The present article provides updates on wide range of biological activities of tetracyclic triterpenes and pentacyclic triterpenoids such as immunomodulatory, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, antidepressant, memory enhancer, antinociceptive, neuroprotective and other CNS actions. Several structural groups of triterpenes have demonstrated specificity against transcriptional factors which can be promising candidates for treating inflammation, cancer, and immune diseases.
Receptor Editing Occurs Frequently during Normal B Cell Development (1998)

Allelic exclusion is established in development through a feedback mechanism in which the assembled immunoglobulin (Ig) suppresses further V(D)J rearrangement. But Ig expression sometimes fails to prevent further rearrangement. In autoantibody transgenic mice, reactivity of immature B cells with autoantigen can induce receptor editing, in which allelic exclusion is transiently prevented or reversed through nested light chain gene rearrangement, often resulting in altered B cell receptor specificity. To determine the extent of receptor editing in a normal, non-Ig transgenic immune system, we took advantage of the fact that lambda light chain genes usually rearrange after kappa genes. This allowed us to analyze kappa loci in IgMlambda+ cells to determine how frequently in-frame kappa genes fail to suppress lambda gene rearrangements. To do this, we analyzed recombined VkappaJkappa genes inactivated by subsequent recombining sequence (RS) rearrangement. RS rearrangements delete portions of the kappa locus by a V(D)J recombinase-dependent mechanism, suggesting that they play a role in receptor editing. We show that RS recombination is frequently induced by, and inactivates, functionally rearranged kappa loci, as nearly half (47%) of the RS-inactivated VkappaJkappa joins were in-frame. These findings suggest that receptor editing occurs at a surprisingly high frequency in normal B cells.
A study of renal‐efferent neurones and their neural connexions within cat renal ganglia using intracellular electrodes. (1981)

1. Intracellular recordings were made, in vitro, fron neurones located within left renal ganglia and left coeliac ganglia of cat solar plexus. 2. Forty-three percent of the neurones of the renal ganglia tested were identified by antidromic activation as renal-efferent neurones. 3. Electrical stimulation of all nerve trunks emanating from renal ganglia, other than the renal nerves, did not antidromically activate renal ganglia neurones. Neurones not antidromically activated were designated as non-efferent neurones. 4. Neurones within the renal ganglia were also characterized as phasic or tonic neurones depending on their pattern of discharge. 5. Electrical stimulation of renal nerves produced excitatory synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) in 18% of the renal-efferent neurones. 6. Compounded e.p.s.p.s were produced in 50% of the renal ganglia neurones tested by stimulation of the ipsilateral splanchnic nerves and in 84% of the neurones upon stimulation of the vertebral nerve. 7. Synaptic responses demonstrating characteristics typical of those induced by activation of multisynaptic neural pathways were produced upon stimulation of renal and coeliac nerves. 8. The results of this study indicate that the electrophysiological properties of renal-efferent neurones vary considerably from neurone to neurone and that these neurones receive synaptic inputs from a variety of preganglionic fibres and possibly from other neurones having their soma located within the solar plexus.
Cardiovascular Consequences When Nitric Oxide and Lipid Signaling Converge (2009)

The identification of nitric oxide ((*)NO) as an endogenously produced free radical mediator of endothelial-dependent relaxation and host defense has fundamentally changed concepts of cell signal transduction. Ligand-receptor oriented paradigms of cell signaling were originally centered on the concept of a high affinity and specific interaction between a ligand and its receptor, resulting in the activation of secondary signaling events such as gene expression or modulation of catalytic protein function. While (*)NO ligation of the heme iron of soluble guanylate cyclase is consistent with this perspective, the readily diffusible and broadly reactive (*)NO is increasingly appreciated to react with a vast array of target molecules that mediate paracrine vasodilator actions, inhibition of thrombosis and neointimal proliferation, and both pro- and antiinflammatory signaling reactions that are not affected by inhibitors of soluble guanylate cyclase. There is an expanding array of functionally significant "off target" collateral reactions mediated by (*)NO that are guanylate cyclase-independent and rather are dictated by anatomic distribution and the formation of secondary (*)NO-derived species. These reactions are a critical element of redox-regulated signaling and are addressed herein in the context of the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids to vascular and inflammatory signaling mediators. Because of their abundance and the intrinsic reactivity of unsaturated lipid intermediates and eicosanoid metabolism enzymes with (*)NO and other oxides of nitrogen, lipid signaling mechanisms are a significant target for regulation by (*)NO in the vascular compartment. This convergence of (*)NO and lipid signaling pathways thus adds another level of regulation to physiological responses such as vasodilation, thrombosis, and inflammation. Herein, interactions between (*)NO and lipid signaling events are placed in the context of cardiovascular regulation.