gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers with 21% efficiency by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (1994)

Proton implanted, vertical cavity top-surface emitting lasers exhibit the highest single-mode and multi-mode output powers, highest power conversion efficiency, and lowest threshold voltage for such devices reported to date. These lasers use new mirror grading designs that are enabled by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy's capabilities of alloy grading and carbon doping. The results validate this growth technology by exceeding the previous best results which were based on molecular beam epitaxy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Stiffness Control of Surgical Continuum Manipulators (2011)

This paper introduces the first stiffness controller for continuum robots. The control law is based on an accurate approximation of a continuum robot's coupled kinematic and static force model. To implement a desired tip stiffness, the controller drives the actuators to positions corresponding to a deflected robot configuration that produces the required tip force for the measured tip position. This approach provides several important advantages. First, it enables the use of robot deflection sensing as a means to both sense and control tip forces. Second, it enables stiffness control to be implemented by modification of existing continuum robot position controllers. The proposed controller is demonstrated experimentally in the context of a concentric tube robot. Results show that the stiffness controller achieves the desired stiffness in steady state, provides good dynamic performance, and exhibits stability during contact transitions.
In Vitro Angiogenesis of 3D Tissue Engineered Adipose Tissue (2009)

Using a cell assembly device developed in this laboratory, we coextruded adipose derived stem cells (ADSC) and gelatin/alginate hydrogel to form cubic 3D constructions (10 × 10 × 10 mm 3 ) with regular distributed go-through pores. The ADSC grew, proliferated, and differentiated within these constructions. With the addition of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), cells located on the scaffold walls differentiated into endothelial like cells while cells embedded in the hydrogel differentiated into adipose like cells. The integrity of the constructions remained for more than 60 days. This new technology enables us to construct 3D adipose tissue with blood vessel-like structures in vitro which is a significant enhancement in adipose tissue engineering and provides a better biomimic 3D model for studying cell—cell interaction, stem cell differentiation conditions and cell organization mechanisms.
Population Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of 3,4‐Diaminopyridine Free Base in Patients With Lambert‐Eaton Myasthenia (2017)

Lambert-Eaton myasthenia (LEM) is a rare autoimmune disorder associated with debilitating muscle weakness. There are limited treatment options and 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP) free base is an investigational orphan drug used to treat LEM-related weakness. We performed a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis using 3,4-DAP and metabolite concentrations collected from a phase II study in patients with LEM. The Triple Timed Up & Go (3TUG) assessment, which measures lower extremity weakness, was the primary outcome measure. A total of 1,270 PK samples (49 patients) and 1,091 3TUG data points (32 randomized patients) were included in the PK/PD analysis. A two-compartment and one-compartment model for parent and metabolite, respectively, described the PK data well. Body weight and serum creatinine partially explained the variability in clearance for the final PK model. A fractional inhibitory maximum effect (E<sub>max</sub> ) model characterized the exposure-response relationship well. The PK/PD model was applied to identify a suggested dosing approach for 3,4-DAP free base.
Augmentation of Type I IL-1 Receptor Expression and IL-1 Signaling by IL-6 and Glucocorticoid in Murine Hepatocytes (1999)

IL-1 signal is transduced through type I receptor (IL-1RI). We have recently reported that LPS augments IL-1RI mRNA expression in the hepatocytes of mice in vivo, and the augmentation is mediated by the interaction of IL-1, IL-6, and glucocorticoid (GC). In this study, we examined whether IL-1RI mRNA expression level in the hepatocytes reflects those of cell surface molecule and IL-1 signaling. When primary cultured murine hepatocytes were treated with dexamethasone (Dex) or IL-6, these two reagents synergistically up-regulated IL-1RI mRNA expression in the cells. 125I-labeled IL-1 binding experiment showed that the level of binding was also up-regulated by the treatment with Dex and IL-6. Scatchard analysis revealed that the number of IL-1R increased. The increased binding of IL-1 was completely inhibited by an Ab against murine IL-1RI, indicating that Dex and IL-6 augmented the expression of cell surface IL-1RI molecule. When hepatocytes were pretreated with Dex and IL-6, the activation of IL-1R-associated kinase was augmented in response to IL-1, indicating that IL-1 signaling was also augmented. In addition, IL-1 treatment following administration of the combination of Dex and IL-6 into mice markedly increased the serum level of serum amyloid A. These results indicate that GC and IL-6 augment the expression of cell surface IL-1RI in hepatocytes, as well as IL-1 signaling and IL-1R-associated kinase activation, through up-regulation of IL-1RI mRNA level, which represents a novel regulatory network between IL-1, GC, and IL-6.
Acidovorax soli sp. nov., isolated from landfill soil (2010)

A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile strain, BL21(T), was isolated from landfill soil in Pohang, Korea. Strain BL21(T) grew optimally at pH&emsp14;7.0, 30 °C and 0 % NaCl (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain BL21(T) belonged to the class Betaproteobacteria and was related to the genus Acidovorax. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain BL21(T) was less than 98.30 % similar to those of other species in the genus Acidovorax. DNA-DNA hybridization values with phylogenetically related species of the genus Acidovorax were only 11.7-28.4 %. The major fatty acid components included summed feature 3 (iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C(16 : 1)ω7c), C(16 : 0), C(18 : 1)ω7c and C(10 : 0) 3-OH. The DNA G+C content was 60.9 mol%. For these reasons, strain BL21(T) (=KCTC 22399(T) =JCM 15909(T)) is proposed as a novel species in the genus Acidovorax, with the name Acidovorax soli sp. nov.
Human noroviruses recognize sialyl Lewis x neoglycoprotein (2008)

The carbohydrate binding characteristics of a norovirus GII.3 (Chron1) and a GII.4 (Dijon) strain were investigated using virus-like particles (VLPs) and saliva samples from 81 individuals genotyped for FUT2 (secretor) and FUT3 (Lewis) and phenotyped for ABO and Lewis blood groups. The two VLPs showed a typical secretor-gene-dependent binding and bound significantly stronger to saliva from A, B, and AB than from O individuals (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001) but did not bind to any samples from secretor-negative individuals. The GII.3 strain showed larger interindividual variation and bound stronger to saliva from B than from A(2) secretors (P < 0.01). When assaying for binding to neoglycoproteins, the GII.3 and GII.4 strains were compared with the Norwalk GI.1 prototype strain. Although all three strains bound to Lewis b (and H type 1 chain) glycoconjugates, only the two GII strains showed an additional binding to sialyl Lewis x. This novel binding was specific since the VLPs did not bind to structural analogs, e.g., Lewis x or sialyl Lewis a, but only to sialyl Lewis x, sialyl diLewis x and sialylated type 2 chain conjugates. In inhibition experiments, the sialyl Lewis x conjugate was the most potent inhibitor. The minimal requirement for this potential receptor structure is Neu5Ac alpha 3Gal beta 4(Fuc alpha 3)GlcNAc beta 3Gal beta- where Fuc is not absolutely necessary for binding. Our study shows that some human norovirus GII strains have at least two binding specificities: one secretor-gene-dependent related to alpha1,2-fucosylated carbohydrates and another related to alpha2,3-sialylated carbohydrates of the type 2 chain, e.g., sialyl Lewis x.
Capillary-scale polarimetry for flowing streams (2001)

A micro-polarimeter with a 40 nL probe volume was configured so that it is compatible with capillary-scale flowing stream analysis. The optical configuration consists of two polarizing optics, a capillary, a laser source and a photodetector which is very simple to configure with low cost components. This unique polarimeter is based upon the interaction of a linearly polarized laser beam and a capillary tube, in this case one with an inner diameter of 250 microns. Side illumination of the tube results in a 360 degrees fan of scattered light, which contains a set of interference fringes that change in response to optically active solutes. Solutes that exhibit optical activity are quantifiable and are detected by analyzing the polarization state of the backscattered light. The ability of the instrument to make extremely sensitive optical activity measurements in flowing streams is shown by the determination of (R)-mandelic acid, with a detection limit of 66 x 10(-6) M (507 x 10(-12) g), and the non-optically active control, glycerol. Additionally, the detector was configured to minimize refractive index perturbations.
Validation of DNA Sequences Using Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Nucleoside Mass Tagging (2002)

We present a mass spectrometry (MS)-based nucleoside-specific mass-tagging method to validate genomic DNA sequences containing ambiguities not resolved by gel electrophoresis. Selected types of (13)C/(15)N-labeled dNTPs are used in PCR amplification of target regions followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)-MS analysis. From the mass difference between the PCR products generated with unlabeled nucleosides and products containing (13)C/(15)N-labeled nucleosides, we determined the base composition of the genomic regions of interest. Two approaches were used to verify the target regions: The first approach used nucleosides partially enriched with stable isotopes to identify a single uncalled base in a gel electrophoresis-sequenced region. The second approach used mass tags with 100% heavy nucleosides to examine a GC-rich region of a polycytidine string with an unknown number of cytidines. By use of selected (13)C/(15)N-labeled dNTPs (dCTPs) in PCR amplification of the target region in tandem with MALDI-TOF-MS, we determined precisely that this string contains 11 cytidines. Both approaches show the ability of our MS-based mass-tagging strategy to solve critical questions of sequence identities that might be essential in determining the proper reading frames of the targeted regions.
Target Validation Using RNA Interference in Solid Tumors (2006)

Reverse genetics is one strategy that is currently used to establish a link between a target gene and a disease phenotype. In this process, the function of a gene is inhibited and the consequence of its loss on a desired biological function, such as tumor growth and metastasis, is monitored. RNA interference (RNAi) has been found to be the most effective method to specifically inhibit gene expression. Notably, interactions between cancer cells, stromal cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) are crucial to angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Tumor cells and the surrounding stroma are the principle source of growth factors and cytokines, which induce remodeling of the ECM mediated by metalloproteases (MMPs) secreted by macrophages. The production of macrophages is regulated by colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1, which is overexpressed in several tumors. When short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting either the CSF-1 or its receptors were delivered into colon and breast cancer xenografts in mice, tumor growth was inhibited. Associated with this suppression, we observed decreased tumor vascularity, reduced expression of angiogenic factors and MMPs, and decreased macrophage recruitment to the tumors. The suppression of CSF-1 by RNA interference is therefore a powerful tool to block gene function and influence tumor-stroma interactions in solid tumor development.
High-efficiency gene transfer employing adenovirus-polylysine-DNA complexes. (1994)

Gene transfer may be accomplished via the receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway employing molecular conjugate vectors. These synthetic agents consist of two covalently linked functional components: a DNA-binding domain and a domain that is a ligand for a cell surface receptor. Recognition of the ligand by its appropriate cell surface receptor allows cellular internalization of the complex via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Since conjugates are limited because they lack a specific mechanism to accomplish cell vesicle escape, and since adenoviruses possess such a mechanism, we derived conjugates that incorporate adenovirus into their functional design. The adenovirus-polylysine conjugates mediated high-efficiency gene transfer. In this configuration, the viral moiety functions both as an endosomolysis agent and also as the ligand domain of the conjugate. To determine whether the adenovirus component of the conjugate could function exclusively in the former capacity, combination conjugates were constructed containing an alternative ligand in conjugation with an incorporated adenovirus. Internalization of these conjugates via the receptor for the alternative ligand in cells lacking adenovirus receptors demonstrated that the adenovirus moiety could function to enhance conjugate entry in this context. Thus, it is possible to design highly efficient molecular conjugate vectors that possess specific and distinct mechanisms to accomplish cellular internalization and cell vesicle escape.
Parallel human genome analysis: microarray-based expression monitoring of 1000 genes. (1996)

Microarrays containing 1046 human cDNAs of unknown sequence were printed on glass with high-speed robotics. These 1.0-cm2 DNA "chips" were used to quantitatively monitor differential expression of the cognate human genes using a highly sensitive two-color hybridization assay. Array elements that displayed differential expression patterns under given experimental conditions were characterized by sequencing. The identification of known and novel heat shock and phorbol ester-regulated genes in human T cells demonstrates the sensitivity of the assay. Parallel gene analysis with microarrays provides a rapid and efficient method for large-scale human gene discovery.
A Multifunction Tactile and Proximity Sensing Method by Optical and Electrical Simultaneous Measurement (2012)

This paper presents a new single-unit tactile and proximity sensing method which simultaneously uses optical and electrical measurement. The proposed sensor consists of electrodes and a photodiode with a light-emitting diode. In the proposed method, the admittance between the electrodes and the photodiode is measured. The electrical properties of most objects vary with the distance between the sensor and the object, and in this sensor, they are measured from the admittance between the electrodes. Additionally, the optical properties of the sensor surface (indentation) are measured from the admittance of the photodiode. In the experiment, discrimination between six materials (acrylic, glass, aluminum, and sponges with three different hardness values) and detection of the indentation were demonstrated during contact, while the object proximity could also be detected. The proposed sensor may be useful as a tactile sensor in robots.
Osmoresponsive Glasses: Osmotically Triggered Volume Changes of Organosilica Sol–Gels as a Means for Controlled Release of Biomolecules (2006)

Organosilica sol–gels are shown to exhibit bulk volume changes when the osmolarity of the external medium is altered (see figure). These glasses stabilize enzymes in low-water-content laundry detergent formulations, and when diluted with water, the enzymes can be released on demand for potential applications in fabric care systems. Such osmotic triggering is reminiscent of osmoregulation and osmoadaption in natural biological systems.
Multiple sclerosis: Trial of a synthetic polypeptide (1982)

A synthetic polypeptide, copolymer I (COP I), composed of alanine, glutamic acid, lysine, and tyrosine, has been demonstrated to be nonencephalitogenic and nontoxic in laboratory animals, yet it is capable of suppressing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. A preliminary open trial examined the ability of COP I to alter the course of disease in 12 patients with chronic progressive and 4 with exacerbating-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). After therapy for as long as two years or more, no undesirable side reaction was noted in any patient. Three patients with chronic progressive MS and 2 with exacerbating-remitting disease are better. These results, which may represent simply a placebo effect or may be a significant response, are now being examined in randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trials.
Preparation of (6R)- and (6S)-(1R,4R)-6-Methyl-2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-5-phenylmethyl-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes, Intermediates in a Synthesis of New Quinolones (1992)

An efficient chiral synthesis of both diastereoisomers (an) and (2b) was performed using trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline as starting material.These bridged piperaaines were used in the preparation of quinolones.In the course of our investigations on the synthesis of new quinolones, BMY 40062' (1) (Figure 1) was found to be a potent antibacterial agent.The chiral (lR.4R)-or (1S,4s)-2,5-diazabicy~l0[2.2.1]heptane groups have already been used as the C,-substituent of other antimicrobial quinol~nes.~!~ To extend our work in this area, we were interested in modifying the naphthyridine ( I ) by adding a methyl group on the chiral bridged piperazine (2).We started from the trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (3) (Scheme l), which after inversion at C,, N.0-ditosylation and inversion at C , , provided the 4-acetoxy-N-tosyl-D-proline ethyl ester ( 5 ) in 29% yield (from 3) as previously Hz, lH, H-6); 4.30 ( s , lH, H-1); 4.41 (s, lH, 8-4).12. The 7-[ (3R)-and (3S)-(lR,4R)-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.l]heptan-2-y1) analogs Of 13 (14a.14bIwere also obtained via selective protection and deprotection of the bridged piperazine ( 1 0 .) or (lob), following a similar procedure as described in an earlier paper:
“The Network Vehicle - A Glimpse into the Future of Mobile Multi-Media” (1998)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The Network Vehicle is the Delphi Automotive Systems' vision for the future convergence of the communications infrastructure, computers, and the automobile. It features many advanced functions such as: satellite video, Internet access, virtual navigation, remote vehicle diagnostics and control, games, mobile office, automotive web site, and customized real-time stock quotes and sports scores. These features are enabled by an integrated planar antenna that is capable of multiple satellite reception, a client-server network architecture, and unique human-vehicle-interfaces. The software application is written in Java, using API's (Application Programming Interfaces) to reduce the complexity and cost of the source code.&lt;/div&gt;
High-Valent Manganese Corroles and the First Perhalogenated Metallocorrole Catalyst (2001)

On pyrrole! The pyrrole-based corrole ligands can offer an alternative to porphyrin systems. The manganese corroles 1-4 are readily synthesized, undergo metal- not ligand-based redox chemistry, and 4 in particular shows impressive catalytic activity in the oxygenation of styrene with iodosylbenzene.
Application of a rapid microplaque assay for determination of human immunodeficiency virus neutralizing antibody titers (1990)

To perform a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) plaque assay in nonadherent host cells, we developed a novel technique in which HIV-infected MT-2 cells were formed into monolayers by centrifugation through molten agarose. Infection, formation of cell monolayers, and enumeration of plaques all took place in 96-well microtiter plates. When this process was preceded by 18 h of incubation of HIV with patient serum samples, neutralizing antibody titers between 1:10 and 1:5,000 could be accurately determined in patient serum samples. In addition to the determination of neutralizing antibody titers (with the use of various serum dilutions and a constant virus concentration), neutralization indices could also be determined with different virus dilutions and a single dilution of patient serum.
Near-Infrared Light-Responsive Core–Shell Nanogels for Targeted Drug Delivery (2011)

A near-infrared light-responsive drug delivery platform based on Au-Ag nanorods (Au-Ag NRs) coated with DNA cross-linked polymeric shells was constructed. DNA complementarity has been applied to develop a polyacrylamide-based sol-gel transition system to encapsulate anticancer drugs into the gel scaffold. The Au-Ag NR-based nanogels can also be readily functionalized with targeting moieties, such as aptamers, for specific recognition of tumor cells. When exposed to NIR irradiation, the photothermal effect of the Au-Ag NRs leads to a rapid rise in the temperature of the surrounding gel, resulting in the fast release of the encapsulated payload with high controllability. In vitro study confirmed that aptamer-functionalized nanogels can be used as drug carriers for targeted drug delivery with remote control capability by NIR light with high spatial/temporal resolution.
The aging skin microenvironment dictates stem cell behavior (2020)

Aging manifests with architectural alteration and functional decline of multiple organs throughout an organism. In mammals, aged skin is accompanied by a marked reduction in hair cycling and appearance of bald patches, leading researchers to propose that hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are either lost, differentiate, or change to an epidermal fate during aging. Here, we employed single-cell RNA-sequencing to interrogate aging-related changes in the HFSCs. Surprisingly, although numbers declined, aging HFSCs were present, maintained their identity, and showed no overt signs of shifting to an epidermal fate. However, they did exhibit prevalent transcriptional changes particularly in extracellular matrix genes, and this was accompanied by profound structural perturbations in the aging SC niche. Moreover, marked age-related changes occurred in many nonepithelial cell types, including resident immune cells, sensory neurons, and arrector pili muscles. Each of these SC niche components has been shown to influence HF regeneration. When we performed skin injuries that are known to mobilize young HFSCs to exit their niche and regenerate HFs, we discovered that aged skin is defective at doing so. Interestingly, however, in transplantation assays in vivo, aged HFSCs regenerated HFs when supported with young dermis, while young HFSCs failed to regenerate HFs when combined with aged dermis. Together, our findings highlight the importance of SC:niche interactions and favor a model where youthfulness of the niche microenvironment plays a dominant role in dictating the properties of its SCs and tissue health and fitness.
Experimental and simulation results of two-dimensional prototype anti-scatter grids for mammography (2002)

We report experimental and simulation results for two prototype 2D, air-core anti-scatter grids. The fabrication method uses X-ray lithography and electroplating, which allows the fabrication of high aspect ratio metal parts. The grids are made of Ni with 20 /spl mu/m thick walls (lamella) and 300 /spl mu/m period. This geometry provides an 87.1% transmission of primary radiation. Grids of a desired grid ratio are obtained by stacking an appropriate number of layers, each approximately 250-350 /spl mu/m thick.