gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clonal growth of human prostatic epithelial cells is stimulated by fibroblasts (1989)

The interaction of fibroblasts with adult human prostatic epithelial cells was studied in vitro. Stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation, measured by clonal growth assay, was demonstrated when prostatic epithelial cells were grown in coculture with fibroblasts. Epithelial growth in cocultures with fibroblasts was greater than could be obtained in isolated culture in an "optimized," serum-free medium previously described. Fibroblasts were able to compensate for the deletion of several growth factors from this "optimized" medium, including epidermal growth factor and insulin, but were notably unable to replace bovine pituitary extract. Epithelial growth stimulation identical to that achieved in coculture was produced by medium conditioned by fibroblasts. Similar results were obtained by using fibroblasts of adult human prostate origin, adult human skin, human fetal lung fibroblasts (IMR-90), and mouse 3T3 cells. No difference in response was demonstrated between prostatic epithelial cells derived from normal or malignant tissues. Fixed fibroblast monolayers and extracellular matrix prepared from fibroblast cultures failed to stimulate prostatic epithelial growth. These results suggest that a soluble growth factor is secreted by prostatic fibroblasts and other human fibroblasts of nonprostatic origin, as well as by embryonic mesenchymal cells from nonhuman species, which is capable of producing a marked proliferative response in vitro from adult human prostatic epithelium. This proliferative response could not be reproduced by the addition of a variety of known growth factors to prostatic epithelial cell cultures.
IMPLICATION OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR α SIGNALING IN SEPTIC SHOCK (2005)

Septic shock is initiated by a systemic inflammatory response to microbial infection that frequently leads to impaired perfusion and multiple organ failure. Because of its high risk of death, septic shock is a major problem particularly for patients in the intensive care unit. In general, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a strong activator of various immune responses and stimulates monocytes/macrophages to release a variety of inflammatory cytokines. However, overproduction of inflammatory factors in response to bacterial infections is known to cause septic shock, similar to that induced by LPS. Studies of LPS-signaling pathways and downstream inflammatory cytokines may have critical implications in the treatment of sepsis. In recent years, there has been significant progress in understanding the signaling pathways activated by LPS and its receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as well as by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), a potent inflammatory cytokine induced by LPS stimulation. This review briefly summarizes our current knowledge of these signaling pathways and critical signal transducers. Characterization of key signal transducers may allow us to identify tractable, novel targets for the therapeutic interventions of sepsis.
Causes and consequences of microsatellite instability in endometrial carcinoma. (1999)

Genetic instability of microsatellite repeat sequences [microsatellite instability (MI)] is commonly seen in tumors associated with the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome and is a result of inactivating mutations in any of several genes involved in a particular pathway of DNA mismatch repair. Sporadic (i.e., nonhereditary) manifestations of several tumor types, including colorectal, gastric, and endometrial carcinomas, also exhibit MI in a significant fraction of cases. Many MI+ sporadic colorectal carcinomas are associated with somatic mutations of mismatch repair genes, and several genes with coding region microsatellites are frequently mutated as a result in these cancers. The molecular causes and consequences of MI in sporadic endometrial carcinomas remain obscure, however. The aims of this study were: (a) to identify a series of sporadic endometrial carcinomas with clear evidence of MI; (b) to determine the extent to which somatic alterations in mismatch repair genes are associated with this MI; and (c) to establish whether the genes containing coding region microsatellite repeats that are known to be disrupted in MI+ gastrointestinal cancers are also disrupted in MI+ endometrial carcinomas. Matched pairs of normal and tumor DNA from 57 consecutive cases of endometrial carcinoma were examined for evidence of MI using a consensus panel of microsatellite markers. Fourteen cases (25%) displayed unequivocal evidence of MI, consistent with previously published estimates of the incidence of MI+ sporadic endometrial carcinoma. These cases were subjected to a mutation screen of the coding regions and exon-intron boundaries of the mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MLH1. Although several polymorphisms were detected, no clearly deleterious mutations were found in either of these genes. Notably, however, hypermethylation of the MLH1 promoter region was identified in 10 of 14 (71%) MI+ cases. Somatic mutations in coding region microsatellite repeats in the TGFbetaIIR, IGFIIR, BAX, E2F4, MSH3, MSH6, BRCA1, and BRCA2 genes were generally rare. Four MI+ tumors (29%) contained somatic mutations in the PTEN gene, only one of which was likely the result of MI. These data indicate that somatic mutational inactivation of known mismatch repair genes does not account for the great majority of sporadic endometrial carcinomas with MI and that a significant fraction of these cases may instead be causally associated with hypermethylation of the MLH1 promoter. Furthermore, genes with coding region microsatellites that are frequently mutated in MI+ gastrointestinal cancers are rarely mutated in MI+ endometrial cancers, implying the existence of alternative molecular targets for the tumorigenic effects of MI in this tumor type.
Children in Need of Mental Health Treatment: A Judge's View of Revised Public Law and New Private Law Proceedings (1991)

TREATMENT 349 are confidential, and most of the records are sealed.Therefore, lawyers and judges may find themselves in court with no relevant education, training or experience.The purpose of this article is to guide Oklahoma lawyers and judges through the secret world of juvenile mental health law.The focus is on that maze of overlapping and sometimes conflicting legislation known as the Juvenile Code.' Particular focus is on House Bill 2354,2 which became effective September 1, 1990. 3 The bill revises the Juvenile Code's public law proceedings.It also creates new private law proceedings for children fourteen and older who are privately placed by their parents in mental hospitals.The article begins with a brief legal history.The Juvenile Code's public law proceedings are then examined in detail.Private law proceedings are explored in a like manner.The article concludes with suggested changes in the law. II. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY A. Legal HistoryTo better understand Oklahoma's current law, it may be helpful to highlight a few key cases from the federal and Oklahoma courts concerning the rights of the mentally ill.In O'Connor v. Donaldson,I the United States Supreme Court held that psychiatric confinement of a nondangerous mentally ill person who is capable of surviving outside an institution is unconstitutional.'Such confinement violates the individual's constitutional right to liberty, guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. 71.OKLA.STAT.tit.
Variations of the C2H2 zinc finger motif in the yeast genome and classification of yeast zinc finger proteins (1997)

The PROSITE pattern Zinc_Finger_C2H2 was extended to permit the detection of all C2H2 zinc fingers and their parent proteins in the recently completed sequence of the yeast genome. Additionally, a new computer program was written that extracts other zinc binding motifs (non C2H2 'fingers'), overlapping with the classical zinc finger pattern, from the found set of yeast C2H2 fingers. The complete and correct detection of all fingers is a prerequisite for the classification of the yeast zinc finger proteins in functional terms. The detected 53 yeast C2H2 zinc finger proteins do not contain finger clusters with 10 or more repeats, as is frequently found in higher eukaryotes. Only three proteins contain four or more fingers in a cluster. Moreover, nearly all 27 yeast proteins with tandem arrays of two or three finger domains can be classified into nine subgroups with high sequence conservation in their finger clusters, in particular of their DNA recognition helices. These results and application of the recently elaborated finger/DNA recognition rules suggest that the yeast proteins belonging to the same subgroup may recognize identical or very similar DNA sites.
Viscoelastic Properties of a New in situ Gelling Thiolated Chitosan Conjugate (2005)

The aim of this study was the synthesis of a new thiolated chitosan conjugate and the evaluation of its viscoelastic properties in vitro. The modification of chitosan was achieved by covalent attachment of isopropyl-S-acetylthioacetimidate to chitosan. The resulting conjugate (chitosan-TEA; chitosan-thioethylamidine) exhibited 300.7+/-27.4 micromol thiol groups per gram polymer and no disulfide bond. For rheological studies, the pH of 0.5% and 1% polymer solutions was adjusted to 6.5 in order to simulate a physiological pH-level. Both, 0.5% and 1% chitosan-TEA solutions showed the transition from sol to gel within 30 min. Within 6 h of incubation, the storage modulus of 0.5% and 1% chitosan-TEA increased 3354-fold and 6199-fold, whereas the loss modulus increased 11-fold and 38-fold, respectively. Frequency sweep measurements demonstrated an increase in crosslinking of the thiolated polymer as a function of time. The formation of inter- and/or intramolecular disulfide bonds was monitored indirectly via determining the decrease of thiol groups. Unmodified chitosan did not exhibit in situ gelling properties. The release of a fluorescent marker being incorporated in a 0.5% chitosan-TEA solution was significantly (p<0.001) slower, when the formulation was preincubated for one hour and consequently already highly crosslinked. The polymer generated within this study represents a promising novel tool for various drug delivery systems, where in situ gelling properties are advantageous.
Philosophy of organ donation: Review of ethical facets (2015)

Transplantation ethics is a philosophy that incorporates systematizing, defending and advocating concepts of right and wrong conduct related to organ donation. As the demand for organs increases, it is essential to ensure that new and innovative laws, policies and strategies of increasing organ supply are bioethical and are founded on the principles of altruism and utilitarianism. In the field of organ transplantation, role of altruism and medical ethics values are significant to the welfare of the society. This article reviews several fundamental ethical principles, prevailing organ donation consent laws, incentives and policies related to the field of transplantation. The Ethical and Policy Considerations in Organ Donation after Circulatory Determination of Death outline criteria for death and organ retrieval. Presumed consent laws prevalent mostly in European countries maintain that the default choice of an individual would be to donate organs unless opted otherwise. Explicit consent laws require organ donation to be proactively affirmed with state registries. The Declaration of Istanbul outlines principles against organ trafficking and transplant tourism. World Health Organization's Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue and Organ Transplantation aim at ensuring transparency in organ procurement and allocation. The ethics of financial incentives and non-financial incentives such as incorporation of non-medical criteria in organ priority allocation have also been reviewed in detail.
An Electron Microscopic Study on the Subcommissural Organ of the Monkey, <i>Macacus fuscatus</i> (1972)

The subcommissural organ of the adult Japanese red-faced monkey (Macacus fuscatus) was studied by electron microscope.In the ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ two types of secretory substances are demonstrated: one, containing a fine flocculent substance, is light secretory sacs which are derived from the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum located near the perikaryon. The other, filled with homogenously distributed material, is represented by dense secretory granules which are probably produced in the Golgi apparatus through condensation of the content of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Both may be released into the ventricular lumen to form the so-called Reissner fibre (apical secretion).The end-feet of the ependymal cells abutting on the capillaries are characterized by an accumulation of dense bodies of various sizes, some of which can be discerned by acid phosphatase activity. The nature and significance of these dense bodies were discussed in relation to the basal secretion possible in this organ.In the acid phosphatase preparation, the enzyme activity is also present in the Golgi apparatus, lipofuscin granules as well as typical lysosomal particles scattered in the cytoplasm, while the light secretory sacs and the dense secretory granules show little or no reactivity. In the hypendyma located underneath the ependymal cells there are perivascular spaces of varying widths and occasionally secretory hypenymal cells which are similar to the ependymal cells in structure. The capillary endothelial cells frequently contain dense granules resembling dense bodies or dense secretory granules found in the cells of the subcommissural organ.
Phenoxazine, IX. Synthese und Lichtabsorption von 8‐Hydroxy‐phenoxazonen‐(3) (1966)

Abstract 8‐Hydroxy‐phenoxazon‐(3) ( 19 ) und dessen 1.7‐Dimethylderivat ( 10 ) werden auf zwei unabhängigen Wegen dargestellt. Die Elektronenspektren mit auffallend langwellig liegenden Banden bestätigen den früher für ψ‐α‐Hydroxy‐orcein angenommenen 8‐Hydroxy‐phenoxazon‐(3)‐Chromophor.
Age-related Bruch's membrane change: a clinical study of the relative role of heredity and environment. (1993)

For many years there has been controversy concerning the role of genetic influences in the pathogenesis of age-related macular disease. It is widely believed that the lesions causing visual loss occur in response to age-related changes in Bruch's membrane which are recognised clinically as drusen. In this study the density, size, and confluence of drusen as shown on colour photographs were compared in eyes of 50 spouses and 53 sibling pairs ascertained during a prospective study of age-related macular disease. Concordance between pairs of drusen--number, size, and density-were determined by kappa statistic and chi 2 test for trend. Drusen were absent in one sibling and 26 spouses of patients. There was a trend towards concordance of drusen characteristics between siblings but not between spouses, although the difference achieved 5% significance only for the number and density of drusen in the central macula. The difference of concordance between the probands and spouses and the probands and siblings was significant for all characteristics. These findings support the belief that genetic factors influence age-related changes in Bruch's membrane. They also imply that environmental factors are less important or alternatively that the environmental variation between households included in our study was not great enough to be evident.
Microwave generation in a reflex triode powered by an explosive wire generator (2002)

Summary form only given. We present results of simulations, design and experiments with a compact high-voltage generator which was used as a power supply for the generation of microwave pulses in a reflex triode. The generator, including the primary storage capacitor(1 /spl mu/F, 80 kV) and the reflex triode, has dimensions of 120/spl times/50/spl times/150 cm and it is based on inductive energy storage (storage inductance of /spl ap/1 /spl mu/H) and explosive wires. The storage inductance with explosive wires and sharpening gas switch are placed in a N/sub 2/+SF/sub 6/ filled hermetic volume which is separated from the reflex triode by a high-voltage interface insulator. We tested the operation of the generator with different active loads as well as with a conventional planar electron diode. It was found that the generator produces 70-ns pulses with voltage and current amplitude of 400-500 kV and 8-6 kA, respectively. The operation of the reflex triode was studied with different cathodes and anode-cathode gaps. The best results were obtained with a velvet cathode having diameter of 80 mm. Results of careful measurements of the parameters of the microwave radiation (frequency, power, directionality) are presented.
Antigenic Characterization of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Strains with Monoclonal Antibodies (1985)

To study the antigenic characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we developed and evaluated monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to three strains of RSV: 11 to Long, 4 to 18537, and 9 to A2. Six of these MAbs immunoprecipitated the nucleoprotein, six the large glycoprotein, and 11 the fusion protein. By the pattern of the reactions of these MAbs to 16 strains of RSV in an indirect immunofluorescence assay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we were able to distinguish three subgroups. With a panel of 10 of these 24 MAbs, we tested 26 strains isolated between 1979 and 1982 in Boston and found that 22 belonged to group 1, 4 to group 2, and none to group 3. The pattern of the reactions of the MAbs against representative strains from the three groups identified nine epitopes by indirect immunofluorescence assay: three of each on the nucleoprotein, the large glycoprotein, and the fusion protein. These results, along with those of previous studies, suggest that groups 1 and 3 are antigenically similar and group 2 is antigenically more distinct.
Botulinum Toxin Type A for Treating Voice Tremor (2004)

Voice tremor improves following injections of botulinum toxin type A.
NF-κB activation by Helicobacter pylorirequires Akt-mediated phosphorylation of p65 (2009)

The results suggest that cag PAI-positive H. pylori activates Akt in gastric epithelial cells and this may contribute to H. pylori-mediated NF-kappaB activation associated with mucosal inflammation and carcinogenesis.
Enhancement of Gauss–Newton Inversion Method for Biological Tissue Imaging (2013)

The multiplicatively regularized Gauss-Newton inversion (GNI) algorithm is enhanced and utilized to obtain complex permittivity profiles of biological objects-of-interest. The microwave scattering data is acquired using a microwave tomography system comprised of 24 co-resident antennas immersed into a saltwater matching fluid. Two types of biological targets are imaged: ex vivo bovine legs and in vivo human forearms. Four different forms of the GNI algorithm are implemented: a blind inversion, a balanced inversion, a shape-and-location inversion, and a novel balanced shape-and-location inversion. The latter three techniques incorporate typical permittivity values of biological tissues as prior information to enhance the reconstructions. In those images obtained using the balanced shape-and-location reconstruction algorithm, the various parts of the tissue being imaged are clearly distinguishable. The reconstructed permittivity values in the bovine leg images agree with those obtained via direct measurement using a dielectric probe. The reconstructed images of the human forearms qualitatively agree with magnetic resonance imaging images, as well as with the expected dielectric values obtained from the literature.
Replication-competent, nonneuroinvasive genetically engineered herpes virus is highly effective in the treatment of therapy-resistant experimental human tumors. (1999)

A genetically engineered, nonneurotropic herpes simplex virus (R7020) with a proven safety profile in both animals and humans was found effective in the treatment of large xenotransplanted tumors arising from a radiation- and chemotherapy-resistant human epidermoid carcinoma and a hormone-refractory prostate adenocarcinoma. R7020 replicated to high titer and caused rapid regression of the human tumor xenografts. Tumor destruction was accelerated in animals given both R7020 and fractionated ionizing radiation. Tumors arising from cells surviving one treatment with R7020 were fully susceptible to a second dose of virus. We conclude R7020 is an effective antitumor agent for non-central nervous system tumor xenografts with an excellent safety profile.
A basement‐membrane permeability assay which correlates with the metastatic potential of tumour cells (1992)

We describe an in vitro assay for measuring the ability of tumour cells to permeabilize basement membranes, using transwell chambers coated with the reconstituted basement membrane, matrigel. Unlike previous matrigel-based procedures which quantified passage of tumour cells across a matrigel barrier, the new assay measures the ability of tumour cells to degrade the basement membrane and increase the diffusion rate of fluorescent (FL) dextran through the barrier. The procedure has the major advantage that permeability can be rapidly and accurately quantified, either by fluorometry or by the use of radiolabelled dextran, thus avoiding tedious and subjective scoring methods. Optimal conditions for the assay are described. In addition, it is demonstrated that the assay can clearly discriminate between metastatic and non-metastatic tumour cell lines, metastatic tumours permeabilizing the basement membrane and non-metastatic counterparts failing to do so. A range of enzyme inhibitors suggested that the increase in basement-membrane permeability caused by the metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma 13762 MAT is probably dependent upon the synergistic action of several degradative enzymes, namely proteases, type-IV collagenase, and heparanase. Furthermore, the ability to permeabilize the basement membrane was dependent upon intact tumour cells; tumour cell extracts, lysates and supernatants were inactive.
What should blog search look like? (2008)

Blog search has not yet reached its full potential. In this position paper, we suggest that more could be done to accommodate the task of finding good blogs to read, especially with respect to matching a desired taste or style of writing. We propose a faceted navigation interface as a good starting point for blog and author search, and that search oriented around people and their writings will lend itself well to advanced interfaces. We also argue that blog search is probably best integrated with search on other forms of timely social media for the task of determining what is currently being thought about a particular topic.
Characterization of Sputtered TiNi Shape Memory Alloy Thin Films (1999)

The sputtering of TiNi polycrystalline alloys without and with a titanium mesh has been investigated for the development of shape memory alloy (SMA) micro-actuators. The thickness and composition distributions of TiNi thin films have been determined by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). The composition of sputtered films was demonstrated to depend on the density of the titanium mesh and the distance from the target center, thus enabling easy fabrication of high and low temperature SMA actuators. The transition temperatures and resistivity have been measured with respect to the composition.