gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temporal coherency for video tone mapping (2012)

Tone Mapping Operators (TMOs) aim at converting real world high dynamic range (HDR) images captured with HDR cameras, into low dynamic range (LDR) images that can be displayed on LDR displays. Several TMOs have been proposed over the last decade, from the simple global mapping to the more complex one simulating the human vision system. While these solutions work generally well for still pictures, they are usually less e_cient for video sequences as they are source of visual artifacts. Only few of them can be adapted to cope with a sequence of images. In this paper we present a major problem that a static TMO usually encounters while dealing with video sequences, namely the temporal coherency. Indeed, as each tone mapper deals with each frame separately, no temporal coherency is taken into account and hence the results can be quite disturbing for high varying dynamics in a video. We propose a temporal coherency algorithm that is designed to analyze a video as a whole, and from its characteristics adapts each tone mapped frame of a sequence in order to preserve the temporal coherency. This temporal coherency algorithm has been tested on a set of real as well as Computer Graphics Image (CGI) content and put in competition with several algorithms that are designed to be time-dependent. Results show that temporal coherency preserves the overall contrast in a sequence of images. Furthermore, this technique is applicable to any TMO as it is a post-processing that only depends on the used TMO.
Expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant human glutamine synthetase (1997)

A bacterial expression system has been engineered for human glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) that produces approximately 60 mg of enzyme (20% of the bacterial soluble protein) and yields approx. 8 mg of purified enzyme per litre of culture. The recombinant enzyme was purified 5-fold to apparent homogeneity and characterized. It has a subunit molecular mass of approx. 45000 Da. The Vmax value obtained using a radioactive assay with ammonia and l-[G-3H]glutamic acid as substrates was 15.9 micromol/min per mg, 40% higher than that obtained in the colorimetric assay (9.9 micromol/min per mg) with hydroxylamine replacing ammonia as a substrate. Km values for glutamate were 3.0 mM and 3.5 mM, and for ATP they were 2.0 mM and 2. 9 mM for the radioactive and spectrophotometric assays respectively. The Km for ammonia in the radioactive assay was 0.15 mM. The midpoint of thermal inactivation was 49.7 degrees C. Hydroxylamine, Mg(II) and Mg(II)-ATP stabilized the enzyme against thermal inactivation, whereas ATP promoted inactivation. The pure enzyme is stable for several months in storage and provides a source for additional studies, including X-ray crystallography.
Phosphorylation of Histone H2AX and Activation of Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 in Response to Replication-dependent DNA Double-strand Breaks Induced by Mammalian DNA Topoisomerase I Cleavage Complexes (2003)

DNA double-strand breaks originating from diverse causes in eukaryotic cells are accompanied by the formation of phosphorylated H2AX (gammaH2AX) foci. Here we show that gammaH2AX formation is also a cellular response to topoisomerase I cleavage complexes known to induce DNA double-strand breaks during replication. In HCT116 human carcinoma cells exposed to the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin, the resulting gammaH2AX formation can be prevented with the phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase-related kinase inhibitor wortmannin; however, in contrast to ionizing radiation, only camptothecin-induced gammaH2AX formation can be prevented with the DNA replication inhibitor aphidicolin and enhanced with the checkpoint abrogator 7-hydroxystaurosporine. This gammaH2AX formation is suppressed in ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related) deficient cells and markedly decreased in DNA-dependent protein kinase-deficient cells but is not abrogated in ataxia telangiectasia cells, indicating that ATR and DNA-dependent protein kinase are the kinases primarily involved in gammaH2AX formation at the sites of replication-mediated DNA double-strand breaks. Mre11- and Nbs1-deficient cells are still able to form gammaH2AX. However, H2AX-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts exposed to camptothecin fail to form Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 foci and are hypersensitive to camptothecin. These results demonstrate a conserved gammaH2AX response for double-strand breaks induced by replication fork collision. gammaH2AX foci are required for recruiting repair and checkpoint protein complexes to the replication break sites.
Cutting Edge: Generation of Splenic CD8+ and CD8− Dendritic Cell Equivalents in Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand Bone Marrow Cultures (2005)

We demonstrate that functional and phenotypic equivalents of mouse splenic CD8(+) and CD8(-) conventional dendritic cell (cDC) subsets can be generated in vitro when bone marrow is cultured with fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (flt3) ligand. In addition to CD45RA(high) plasmacytoid DC, two distinct CD24(high) and CD11b(high) cDC subsets were present, and these subsets showed equivalent properties to splenic CD8(+) and CD8(-) cDC, respectively, in the following: 1) surface expression of CD11b, CD24, and signal regulatory protein-alpha; 2) developmental dependence on, and mRNA expression of, IFN regulatory factor-8; 3) mRNA expression of TLRs and chemokine receptors; 4) production of IL-12 p40/70, IFN-alpha, MIP-1alpha, and RANTES in response to TLR ligands; 5) expression of cystatin C; and 6) cross-presentation of exogenous Ag to CD8 T cells. Furthermore, despite lacking surface CD8 expression, the CD24(high) subset contained CD8 mRNA and up-regulated surface expression when transferred into mice. This culture system allows access to bona fide counterparts of the splenic DC subsets.
Critical role of phospholipids in apoptosis (2003)

The specificity of cellular effects of lysolipid phosphate (LLP) growth factors is determined by binding to endothelial differentiation gene encoded G protein coupled receptors (Edg Rs), which transduce diverse proliferation and effector signals. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), sphingosine 1 phosphate (SPP) and other structurally related lysolipid phosphates have major effects on diverse cellular functions, including initiation and regulation of proliferation, improvement of survival, regulation of apoptosis, promotion of differentiation and stimulation of cytoskeletal filament based functions of cells. Sphingolipids and their metabolites, ceramide, sphingosine and SPP are involved in a variety of cellular processes including differentiation, cellular senescence, apoptosis and proliferation. All animal cells, regardless of origin or lineage, expose PS on their surface as part of the program of apoptotic cell death. This review summarized the current research results on LLP signaling and its role as antiapoptotic or proapoptotic factors.
Complete genome of a JC virus genotype type 6 from the brain of an African American with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. (1999)

This is the first example of an African JCV genotype identified in the brain of an African-American PML patient. The extent of sequence divergence of JCV type 6 suggests a split of type 6 strains before the separation of types 2 and 3. These findings confirm that distinctive African genotypes of JCV have been maintained in the African-American population and that they are capable of causing PML.
Domain naming convention for Internet user applications (1982)

For many years, the naming convention &amp;quot;&amp;lt;user&amp;gt;@&amp;lt;host&amp;gt; &amp;quot; has served the ARPANET user community for its mail system, and the substring &amp;quot;&amp;lt;host&amp;gt; &amp;quot; has been used for other applications such as file transfer (FTP) and terminal access (Telnet). With the advent of network
[On the reaction of chlorine, bromine, iodine and some N-chloro and N-bromo compounds with peptone in aqueous solution (author's transl)]. (1976)

The course of the reaction cited in the heading was investigated by determination of the decrease of iodometrically ascertainable oxidation capacity (pH = 7,00; initial concentration: 5 X 10(-3) M active Halogen/1, 0,5 g peptone/1). From the curves depicted in fig. 1 the following scale of reactivity can be derived: dibromoisocyanuric acid greater than bromine greater than 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin greater than N-bromo-N'-chloro-dimethylhydantoin greater than clorine greater than trichloroisocyanuric acid greater than 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin greater than iodine greater than chloramine T. The reactivity differences tentatively are explained by electronic, kinetic resp. thermodynamic effects.
10 CHALLENGING PROBLEMS IN DATA MINING RESEARCH (2006)

In October 2005, we took an initiative to identify 10 challenging problems in data mining research, by consulting some of the most active researchers in data mining and machine learning for their opinions on what are considered important and worthy topics for future research in data mining. We hope their insights will inspire new research efforts, and give young researchers (including PhD students) a high-level guideline as to where the hot problems are located in data mining. Due to the limited amount of time, we were only able to send out our survey requests to the organizers of the IEEE ICDM and ACM KDD conferences, and we received an overwhelming response. We are very grateful for the contributions provided by these researchers despite their busy schedules. This short article serves to summarize the 10 most challenging problems of the 14 responses we have received from this survey. The order of the listing does not reflect their level of importance.
Dolutegravir plus Abacavir–Lamivudine for the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection (2013)

Dolutegravir plus abacavir-lamivudine had a better safety profile and was more effective through 48 weeks than the regimen with efavirenz-tenofovir DF-emtricitabine. (Funded by ViiV Healthcare; SINGLE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01263015 .).
Nucleotide sequence analysis of a matrix and small hydrophobic protein dicistronic mRNA of bovine respiratory syncytial virus demonstrates extensive sequence divergence of the small hydrophobic protein from that of human respiratory syncytial virus (1991)

The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the matrix (M) and small hydrophobic (SH) proteins of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) have been determined from a dicistronic mRNA. Comparison of these sequences with the corresponding published sequences of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) revealed extensive overall homology at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels in the M protein, but low overall homology at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels in the SH protein. There was only 16 to 22% identity between the BRSV SH protein and the HRSV SH proteins at the C terminus. There were also an additional eight amino acids at the C terminus of BRSV. Despite the low level of identity, there were similarities in the predicted hydropathy profiles of BRSV and HRSV SH proteins. The transcription start and stop signals, which are conserved among HRSV mRNAs, were also identified in the M-SH dicistronic mRNA of BRSV. In addition, the intergenic sequence for the M-SH gene junction of BRSV was determined.
Human marrow stromal cell therapy for stroke in rat (2002)

Neurologic benefit resulting from hMSC treatment of stroke in rats may derive from the increase of growth factors in the ischemic tissue, the reduction of apoptosis in the penumbral zone of the lesion, and the proliferation of endogenous cells in the subventricular zone.
Removal of double-stranded contaminants from RNA transcripts: synthesis of adenovirus VA RNA1from a T7 vector (1990)

Bacteriophage RNA polymerases are widely used to synthesize defined RNAs on a large scale in vitro. Unfortunately, the RNA product contains a small proportion of contaminating RNAs, including complementary species, which can lead to errors of interpretation. We cloned the gene encoding Ad2 VA RNAI into a vector containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter in order to generate large quantities of VA RNA for the study of its interaction with the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase DAI. Exact copies of VA RNAI were synthesized efficiently, but were contaminated with small amounts of dsRNA which activated DAI and confounded interpretation of kinase assays. We therefore developed a method to remove the dsRNA contaminants, allowing VA RNAI and mutants to be tested for their ability to activate or inhibit DAI. This method appears to be generally applicable.
Detection of ras Oncogenes Using PCR (1989)

Cancer is thought to be mainly due to alterations in the cellular genome that affect the expression or function of genes controlling cell growth and differentiation. Present-day molecular cancer research aims at identifying the alterations responsible for the development of tumors, at characterizing the genes involved and at determining the consequences of the gene alterations for the control of cell growth and differentiation and for the process of carcinogenesis. Five major approaches have been used to identify genes that may place a role in carcinogenesis: 1) characterization of cellular sequences transduced to the genome of acutely transforming retroviruses, 2) transfection of tumor DNA into mouse NIH/3T3 cells and selection for transforming genes, 3) isolation of genes altered by insertion or viral sequences, 4) direct isolation of altered genes from tumor cells with a visible alteration, such as a translocation in their chromosomes, and 5) isolation of genes with sequence similarities to genes discovered by the other approaches. By these procedures, a large number of genes have been identified, but to date only a fraction of these have been implicated in the development of human tumors. Of these, the ras family has been the most thoroughly investigated.
The unusual distribution of the neuronal/lymphoid cell surface CD200 (OX2) glycoprotein is conserved in humans (2001)

OX2 (CD200) is a type-1 membrane glycoprotein that contains two immunoglobulin superfamily domains and which is expressed on a variety of lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells in the rat. The recent characterization of a receptor for OX2 (OX2R) on myeloid cells, and the phenotype of an OX2-deficient mouse, suggests that OX2 may regulate myeloid cell activity in anatomically diverse locations. Here we report the tissue distribution of the human homologue of the rat OX2 glycoprotein using a new monoclonal antibody (mAb), OX104, raised against recombinant human OX2. Human OX2 was expressed at the cell surface of thymocytes, B cells, T cells, neurons, kidney glomeruli, tonsil follicles, the syncytiotrophoblast and endothelial cells. This broad, but not ubiquitous, distribution pattern is very similar to that observed in rats, suggesting that OX2 may regulate myeloid cell activity in a variety of tissues in humans.
Social Goals and Social Organization (1986)

Published as a tribute to the memory of Elisha Pazner, this book contains a collection of essays providing a comprehensive view of the design and evaluation of economic mechanisms, written and edited by the major contributors to the field. Amongst the topics included are bargaining theory and the economics of competitive bidding. The surveys are preceded by 'A Perspective', by Leo Hurwicz which contains a systematic account of the development of the literature on mechanism design, and this provides a context for both the surveys and the six published papers authored or co-authored by Elisha Pazner that complete the book and demonstrate Pazner's interest in and contribution to the study of economic mechanisms. Leonid Hurwitcz is the Nobel Prize Winner 2007 for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, along with colleagues Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson, for his work on the effectiveness of markets.
Avidin-biotin technology in targeted therapy (2010)

Avidin and biotin technology has proved to be an extremely versatile tool with broad applications, such as pretargeting, delivering avidin gene into cells enabling targeting of biotinylated compounds and targeting of viral vectors.
Foreground and shadow occlusion handling for outdoor augmented reality (2010)

Occlusion handling in augmented reality (AR) applications is challenging in synthesizing virtual objects correctly into the real scene with respect to existing foregrounds and shadows. Furthermore, outdoor environment makes the task more difficult due to the unpredictable illumination changes. This paper proposes novel outdoor illumination constraints for resolving the foreground occlusion problem in outdoor environment. The constraints can be also integrated into a probabilistic model of multiple cues for a better segmentation of the foreground. In addition, we introduce an effective method to resolve the shadow occlusion problem by using shadow detection and recasting with a spherical vision camera. We have applied the system in our digital cultural heritage project named Virtual Asuka (VA) and verified the effectiveness of the system.
Brazil: Os vírus de computador e a legislação penal brasileira (2004)

No dia 26, primeiro dia da epidemia, o MyDoom infectou uma em cada dez mensagens enviadas, e os antivírus e filtros bloquearam cerca de 1,2 milhão de e-mails contaminados. A praga virtual afetou pelo menos meio milhão de computadores em 168 países, e já é considerada a mais agressiva da história. Destronou o Sobig.f, que em agosto do ano passado contaminou 250 mil máquinas nas primeiras 24 horas
Detection of hypoxia in human squamous cell carcinoma by EF5 binding. (2000)

Localization and quantitation of 2-nitroimidazole drug binding in low pO2 tumors is a technique that can allow the assessment of hypoxia as a predictive assay. EF5 [2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) acetamide] is such a drug, and it has been shown to be predictive of radiation response in rodent tumors. Using fluorescence immunohistochemical techniques, we provide data on the presence, distribution, and levels of EF5 binding as a surrogate for hypoxia in human head and neck and uterine cervix squamous cell cancers (SCCs). Six patients with SCC were studied. Four patients had head and neck tumors, and two had uterine cervix cancers. The incubation of fresh tissue cubes in EF3 under hypoxic conditions ("reference binding") demonstrated that all tumors were capable of binding drug, and that this binding varied by a factor of 2.9-fold (174.5-516.1) on an absolute fluorescence scale. In the five patients treated at the lowest drug doses (9 mg/kg), in situ binding was quantitatable. For all six patients, the maximum rate of in situ binding varied by a factor of 6.7 between the lowest and highest binding tumor (24.8-160.3) on an absolute fluorescence scale. In tumors with high binding regions, intratumoral heterogeneity was large, extending from minimal fluorescence (<1%) up to 88.6% of reference binding. In tumors with minimal binding, there was little intratumoral heterogeneity. These studies demonstrate substantial heterogeneity of in situ binding between and within individual squamous cell tumors.
Recognition of Picture Book Makers(Editors/Writers) and Consumers(Parents of Young Children/Preschool Teachers) about Picture Books (2007)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the recognition differences between picture book makers(editors/writers) and picture book consumers(parents of young children/preschool teachers) about picture books. The study subjects were 69 children's book-editors(editors, designers), 72 children's book-writers, 78 parents of young children, and 79 preschool teachers. The results of this study were as follows. First, they differently recognized the effects of good picture books on children's development, and the contents and components of picture books. However, both groups preferred creative stories to traditional stories and agreed on the children's preferences of the book genre and characteristics. Second, picture book makers and consumers were differently aware of the quality of Korean picture books published in Korea but they agreed on the quality of foreign picture books. They thought that more picture books with better contents and formality on the imaginary, artistic, and real-life related themes needed to be published in Korea. Third, the book makers and consumers obtained information on the picture books in the book stores and libraries in most cases. The book makers were more interested than the consumer in the picture, writer, cover design, and publishing company of the books, whereas the consumers placed a higher priority in the purchase process. Both groups pointed out the non-professional editing and sales policy as the problems in the Korean publishing company.
Improved Experimental Procedure for the Synthesis of the Potent MEK Inhibitor PD184352 (2005)

Abstract An improved synthesis of the potent MEK inhibitor PD184352 (2-(2-Chloro-4-iodo-phenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluoro-benzamide)) is herein reported. This new and reproducible protocol provides a simple and efficient way of generating gram quantities of PD184352 with minimal purification.
Gambicin: A novel immune responsive antimicrobial peptide from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (2001)

A novel mosquito antimicrobial peptide, gambicin, and the corresponding gene were isolated in parallel through differential display-PCR, an expressed sequence tag (EST) project, and characterization of an antimicrobial activity in a mosquito cell line by reverse-phase chromatography. The 616-bp gambicin ORF encodes an 81-residue protein that is processed and secreted as a 61-aa mature peptide containing eight cysteines engaged in four disulfide bridges. Gambicin lacks sequence homology with other known proteins. Like other Anopheles gambiae antimicrobial peptide genes, gambicin is induced by natural or experimental infection in the midgut, fatbody, and hemocyte-like cell lines. Within the midgut, gambicin is predominantly expressed in the anterior part. Both local and systemic gambicin expression is induced during early and late stages of natural malaria infection. In vitro experiments showed that the 6.8-kDa mature peptide can kill both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, has a morphogenic effect on a filamentous fungus, and is marginally lethal to Plasmodium berghei ookinetes. An oxidized form of gambicin isolated from the cell line medium was more active against bacteria than the nonoxidized form from the same medium.