gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring Language and Learning (2011)

How do we learn language? Is it the same as how we learn to walk or how we learn to do mathematics? These are the questions that characterise the long theoretical journey by researchers and thinkers which produced the theories of language acquisition which underlie much of the pedagogy of the primary English literacy classroom today. The first section of this chapter outlines the three main language acquisition theories that emerged early in the twentieth century: the behaviourist theory of language acquisition; the cognitivist theory of language acquisition; and the sociocultural theory of language acquisition.
Development and Characterization of Conditionally Immortalized Osteoblast Precursor Cell Lines from Human Bone Marrow Stroma (1998)

Although the differentiation of mature osteoblasts has been well studied, there is still a need for a convenient way to study preosteoblast differentiation. Our laboratory has recently described a method for isolating small numbers of authentic osteoblast precursor cells from human bone marrow (Rickard et al., J Bone Miner Res 11:312-324, 1996). Here we describe the conditional immortalization of these cells by retroviral transfection with the amphotrophic vector, pZipSV40tsa58, which encodes for a temperature-sensitive mutant form of the simian virus large T-antigen. At the permissive temperature of 34 degrees C, the cell lines proliferated, but differentiation was arrested, whereas at the restrictive temperature of 39.5 degrees C, proliferation was decreased and differentiation was induced. As assessed by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR after 4 days of culture at 39.5 degrees C, the six cell lines expressed similar mRNA levels both constitutively and in response to dexamethasone (Dex) and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH2)D3) for osteoblast (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], type I collagen [Col I], osteocalcin [OC], and parathyroid hormone receptor [PTH-R] and adipocyte (lipoprotein lipase [LPL]) genes. In the presence of 10(-8) M Dex, gene expression for ALP, PTH-R, and LPL increased, but that for OC decreased. Stimulation with 10(-8) M 1,25(OH2)D3 increased gene expression for ALP, OC, and Col I. Changes in protein production for ALP, OC, and type I procollagen in response to Dex and 1,25(OH2)D3 were similar to changes in mRNA levels. When cultured at 39.5 degrees C with ascorbate and beta1-glycerolphosphate for 21 days, mineralization of matrix occurred, whereas culture with Dex plus 1,25(OH2)D3, or rabbit serum led to enhanced formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets within 6 days. Thus, these cell lines are capable of bipotential differentiation and should serve as an excellent tool to study the molecular mechanisms that regulate and select for osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation in humans.
Expression of the sodium channel β3 subunit in injured human sensory neurons (2004)

Voltage-gated sodium channel alpha-subunits play a key role in pain pathophysiology, and are modulated by beta-subunits. We previously reported that beta1- and beta2-subunits were decreased in human sensory neurons after spinal root avulsion injury. We have now detected, by immunohistochemistry, beta3-subunits in 82% of small/medium and 67% of large diameter sensory neurons in intact human dorsal root ganglia: 54% of beta3 small/medium neurons were NGF receptor trkA negative. Unlike beta1- and beta2, beta3-immunoreactivity did not decrease after avulsion injury, and the beta3:neurofilament ratio was significantly increased in proximal injured human nerves. beta3-subunit expression may thus be regulated differently from beta1, beta2 and Nav1.8. Targeting beta3 interactions with key alpha-subunits, particularly Nav1.3 and Nav1.8, may provide novel selective analgesics.
Utero-ovarian relationships in placental mammals : role of uterus and embryo in the regulation of progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum. A review (1983)

The role of the uterus and that of the embryo in regulating luteal progesterone secretion appear to differ greatly, depending on the mammal. However, the situation is analogous in some mammals. The main role of luteal progesterone is to permit the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, and there appears to be a relationship between the type of placenta and the uterine and embryonic modes of regulating luteal activity. When placentation is endotheliochorial (carnivores), the corpus luteum is active over a remarkably long period; the uterus does not have any limiting action in any of the species studied and the presence of an embryo does not profoundly modify luteal progesterone secretion. When placentation is epitheliochorial (artiodactyls), hysterectomy, like the presence of an embryo in the uterus, considerably prolongs luteal activity in all the species studied. The uterus limits the duration of progesterone secretion by producing luteolytic PGF2 alpha. The embryo maintains progesterone secretion by acting directly on the uterus, causing a change in the synthesis of prostaglandins; this change eventually favors the synthesis of luteotropic PGE's. Moreover, the embryo secretes LH-like and possibly prolactin-like luteotropic factors. When placentation is hemochorial (rodents, lagomorphs, higher primates), the uterus plays a slight role or none at all in regulating luteal activity in all the species studied. The presence of an embryo prolongs and often increases progesterone secretion. The embryo acts in two ways: (a) by causing decidual tissue to form in the endometrium; this tissue secretes the luteotropic factors, uterine "prolactin" and sometimes PGE, and (b) by secreting an LH-like chorionic hormone that is produced in large quantities in primates.
The Vascular Biology of the Glycoprotein Ib-IX-V Complex (2001)

It has long been recognized that binding of von Willebrand factor (vWf) by the platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex initiates the cascade of events leading to thrombosis and haemostasis. In the last several years, however, it has become apparent that the GP Ib-IX-V complex plays a much broader role in vascular biology, a recognition in part due to the identification of novel adhesive ligands for GP Ib-IX-V such as P-selectin and Mac-1. Binding of vWf by the GP Ib-IX-V complex is also important in formation of the developing thrombus. Platelets can utilize the GP Ib-IX-V complex and PSGL-1 to roll on activated endothelium via surface-expressed endothelial P-selectin. The GP Ib-IX-V complex can bind the I domain of Mac-1, a binding interaction potentially relevant to transmigration of macrophages through mural thrombus, a process required for vessel remodeling post angioplasty. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the structure and function of this important platelet receptor, with particular emphasis on insights made within the last two years.
Melanocyte-Specific Expression of the Human Tyrosinase Promoter: Activation by the Microphthalmia Gene Product and Role of the Initiator (1994)

The tyrosinase gene is expressed specifically in melanocytes and the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium, which together are responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. By using a combination of DNase I footprinting and band shift assays coupled with mutagenesis of specific DNA elements, we examined the requirements for melanocyte-specific expression of the human tyrosinase promoter. We found that as little as 115 bp of the upstream sequence was sufficient to direct tissue-specific expression. This 115-bp stretch contains three positive elements: the M box, a conserved element found in other melanocyte-specific promoters; an Sp1 site; and a highly evolutionarily conserved element located between -14 and +1 comprising an E-box motif and an overlapping octamer element. In addition, two further elements, one positive and one negative, are located between positions -185 and -150 and positions -150 and -115, respectively. We also found that the basic helix-loop-helix factor encoded by the microphthalmia gene, which is essential for melanocyte differentiation, can transactivate the tyrosinase promoter via the M box and the conserved E box located close to the initiator. Since in vitro assays failed to identify any melanocyte-specific DNA-binding activity, the possibility that the specific arrangement of elements within the basal tyrosinase promoter determines melanocyte-specific expression is discussed.
Gesture navigation (2002)

This paper describes the evaluation of a gesture-based mechanism for issuing the back and forward commands in web navigation. Results show that subjects were able to navigate significantly faster when using gestures compared to the normal back button. They were also extremely enthusiastic about the technique, with several expressing their wish that "all browsers should support this".
Intranasal Sensitization of Japanese Cedar Pollen by the Co‐Administration of Low Doses of Cholera Toxin but Not Its Recombinant B Subunit to Mice (2000)

We evaluated the effects of cholera toxin (CT) and the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) on the intranasal sensitization of Japanese cedar pollen (JCP) in mice. JCP suspended in phosphate-buffered saline was administered into the nostrils of mice in combination with varying doses of CT or recombinant CTB(r-CTB) once a week for 5 weeks. Antibody responses specific to sugi basic protein (SBP) were monitored by ELISA for seven weeks. The sensitization of JCP alone did not induce IgG1, IgG2b, IgG2a, IgE or IgA. In contrast, sensitization of JCP in combination with CT (JCP/CT) elicited the prominent production of SBP-specific IgG1 and low levels of IgG2b and IgG2a on Day 49. IgE production was detected only in the serum of mice which were treated with JCP/CT, and not under any other protocol. Using spleen cells from these mice, cytokine production was examined by ELISA in culture supernatants after they had been stimulated in vitro with major cedar pollen allergens, Cry j 1, Cry j 2 or SBP. Notable responses were an increase of IFN-gamma as well as IL-4 in JCP/CT-sensitized cells stimulated with Cry j 2, but not in those stimulated with Cry j 1. No significant differences were detected in IL-5 production among the experimental groups. Histopathological examination, however, showed that eosinophil infiltration was evident in the nasal mucosa of the JCP/CT-sensitized mice following challenge with JCP/CT, but weak with BSA/CT or CT alone. Thus, the immunological and histological analyses indicated that the co-administration of a low dose of CT in combination with JCP allows the induction of pollen-allergic states in mice.
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Technique to Access the Information beyond the Molecular Weight of the Analyte (2012)

The Electrospray Ionization (ESI) is a soft ionization technique extensively used for production of gas phase ions (without fragmentation) of thermally labile large supramolecules. In the present review we have described the development of Electrospray Ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) during the last 25 years in the study of various properties of different types of biological molecules. There have been extensive studies on the mechanism of formation of charged gaseous species by the ESI. Several groups have investigated the origin and implications of the multiple charge states of proteins observed in the ESI-mass spectra of the proteins. The charged analytes produced by ESI can be fragmented by activating them in the gas-phase, and thus tandem mass spectrometry has been developed, which provides very important insights on the structural properties of the molecule. The review will highlight recent developments and emerging directions in this fascinating area of research.
Mechanical Properties versus Morphology of Ordered Polymers (1980)

Morphological techniques in conjunction with mechanical testing have been employed to determine the relationships between mechanical properties and morphology of a new class of high strength, high modulus, thermally stable aromatic heterocyclic polymers. The polymers studied were poly-p-phenylene benzobis-oxazole (PBO) and predominantly ploy-p-phenylene benzobisthiazole PBT). The microstructural studies involved laser Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electron diffraction and electron microscopy, wide and small angle x-ray scattering and birefringence measurements. Mechanical measurements have employed ambient and high temperature mechanical testing as a function of strain rate and state of stress (uniaxial tension, double loop bending). The effect of processing conditions on fiber morphology and subsequently on mechanical properties has been studied for optimization of processing conditions for high strength and modulus rigid rod polymer fibers and films.
Dual-wavelength (GaAl)As laser (1982)

A monolithic structure integrating two stripe-geometry (GaAl)As lasers emitting at 8500 and 8850 Å is described. The threshold currents for both lasers are in the 50–70 mA range. The spacing between the stripes for the device reported here is 25 μm; it can be reduced to 10 μm in order to optimise the direct coupling to a 50 μm diameter fibre.
The solubilization and biological activities ofAspergillusÎ²-(1â3)-d-glucan (2004)

We have recently demonstrated that the cell wall beta-glucan of Candida albicans could be solubilized by sodium hypochlorite, followed by dimethylsulfoxide-extraction (NaClO-DMSO method). In this study, applying this method to Aspergillus spp., we prepared mycelial cell wall beta-glucan and examined its physical properties and immunotoxicological activity. The acetone-dried mycelia of Aspergillus spp. were oxidized by the NaClO-DMSO method. An analysis of (13)C NMR spectra revealed the preparations to be composed of alpha-(1 --> 3) and beta-(1 --> 3)-D-glucan. Also, the proportion of alpha-(1 --> 3) and beta-(1 --> 3)-D-glucan varied. Furthermore, a solubilized Aspergillus beta-glucan (ASBG) was prepared from OX-Asp by urea-autoclave treatment. ASBG showed limulus activity similar to Candida solubilized beta-glucan (CSBG), and there was little difference in the activity of ASBG between various Aspergillus spp. ASBG affected the production of IL-8 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). ASBG should be useful for analyzing the clinical role of beta-glucan.
Tuberculosis subunit vaccines: from basic science to clinical testing (2007)

More than 80 years after the introduction of Bacillus Calmette-GuErin, the first tuberculosis vaccine, new vaccines for tuberculosis are finally in clinical trials. The selection of antigens on which new subunit vaccines are based represent the first fulfillment of the promise of proteomics and genomics, and the delivery systems for these antigens are likewise the first fruits of the improved understanding of how the host immune system recognizes pathogens. However, clinical trials are still at Phase I and there remain formidable obstacles to the registration of the first new TB vaccines. Here the authors review the vaccines in clinical trials and discuss the different approaches they take to stimulating immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, focusing on recombinant subunit vaccines. The challenges that confront these approaches and how they are being addressed are then discussed.
Suppression of tumorigenesis by the p53 target PUMA (2004)

The p53 tumor suppressor regulates diverse antiproliferative processes such that cells acquiring p53 mutations have impaired cell-cycle checkpoints, senescence, apoptosis, and genomic stability. Here, we use stable RNA interference to examine the role of PUMA, a p53 target gene and proapoptotic member of the Bcl2 family, in p53-mediated tumor suppression. PUMA short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) efficiently suppressed PUMA expression and p53-dependent apoptosis but did not impair nonapoptotic functions of p53. Like p53 shRNAs, PUMA shRNAs promoted oncogenic transformation of primary murine fibroblasts by the E1A/ras oncogene combination and dramatically accelerated myc-induced lymphomagenesis without disrupting p53-dependent cell-cycle arrest. However, the ability of PUMA to execute p53 tumor suppressor functions was variable because, in contrast to p53 shRNAs, PUMA shRNAs were unable to cooperate with oncogenic ras in transformation. These results demonstrate that the p53 effector functions involved in tumor suppression are context dependent and, in some settings, depend heavily on the expression of a single proapoptotic effector. Additionally, they demonstrate the utility of RNA interference for evaluating putative tumor suppressor genes in vivo.
Regulated appearance of NMDA receptor subunits and channel functions during in vitro neuronal differentiation (2002)

The schedule of NMDA receptor subunit expression and the appearance of functional NMDA-gated ion channels were investigated during the retinoic acid (RA) induced neuronal differentiation of NE-4C, a p53-deficient mouse neuroectodermal progenitor cell line. NR2A, NR2B, and NR2D subunit transcripts were present in both nondifferentiated and neuronally differentiated cultures, while NR2C subunits were expressed only transiently, during the early period of neural differentiation. Several splice variants of NR1 were detected in noninduced progenitors and in RA-induced cells, except the N1 exon containing transcripts that appeared after the fourth day of induction, when neuronal processes were already formed. NR1 and NR2A subunit proteins were detected both in nondifferentiated progenitor cells and in neurons, while the mature form of NR2B subunit protein appeared only at the time of neuronal process elongation. Despite the early presence of NR1 and NR2A subunits, NMDA-evoked responses could be detected in NE-4C neurons only after the sixth day of induction, coinciding in time with the expression of the mature NR2B subunit. The formation of functional NMDA receptors also coincided with the appearance of synapsin I and synaptophysin. The lag period between the production of the subunits and the onset of channel function suggests that subunits capable of channel formation cannot form functional NMDA receptors until a certain stage of neuronal commitment. Thus, the in vitro neurogenesis by NE-4C cells provides a suitable tool to investigate some inherent regulatory processes involved in the initial maturation of NMDA receptor complexes.
Improved Replication of Autographa calif or nica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus in Roller Bottles: Characterization of the Progeny Virus (1981)

A reproducible growth curve was established for the propagation of Autographa californica (Speyer) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ACMNPV) In a continuous insect line from Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) during large-volume production. A newly developed method for quantitation of polyhedra inclusion bodies (PIB) by electron microscopy (EM) during the growth cycle was compared to hemocytometer counts. The virus particles (VP) ratio to PFU and VP per PIB were established by EM methods. Optimal yields of PIB and cell-free virus with biological activities were obtained in six consecutive production lots when the growth curve conditions were followed. The DNA of the viruses produced in the 1st and 8th passages in the S. frugiperda cell line was treated with restriction endonucleases and compared with that from the E-2 cloned variant of this virus. Data confirmed that the virus was the ACMNPV and also indicated that there were no detectable changes after 8 passages in insect cell culture.
A short and efficient synthesis of grisan (1989)

Abstract A three‐step synthesis of grisan (spiro[benzofuran‐2(3 H )‐1′‐cyclohexane]), using methoxymethoxybenzene and 1‐chloromethylcyclohexene as starting materials, is described.
Omeprazole: Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Interactions (1989)

Omeprazole is a prodrug which is converted to its active form only at the site of action, namely the parietal cell. There it binds irreversibly with H+-K+-ATPase (the gastric proton pump), which causes an effective and long-lasting inhibition of gastric acid secretion. The pharmacokinetic profile of omeprazole is rather complicated, showing concentration-dependent elimination kinetics and an oral bioavailability which increases with the dose and during repeated administration. For the choice of dosage regimens this has minor consequences, in view of the wide therapeutic range of omeprazole and because an almost continuous maximum effect is obtained with once daily oral administration of 20-40 mg. Omeprazole may influence the pharmacokinetics of concurrently administered drugs by an inhibition of their oxidative metabolism. For most drugs studied thus far, the influence is less or even negligible in comparison with the influence of cimetidine, with the exception of diazepam. For every new combination of omeprazole with a drug that has a critical therapeutic range the consequences of a possible interaction should be studied.
Opioid growth factor (OGF) inhibits anchorage-independent growth in human cancer cells. (2004)

Opioid growth factor (OGF) is a native endogenous opioid peptide ([Met5]-enkephalin) that interacts with the OGF receptor (OGFr), and serves as a tonically active negative growth factor in neoplasia. To inquire whether OGF modulates anchorage-independent growth, HT-29 human colon cancer cells were grown in soft agar and subjected to this peptide. In contrast to controls, HT-29 cells exposed to OGF had 57% fewer colonies, and these colonies were reduced in area by 75%. The changes induced by OGF were abolished by concomitant treatment with naloxone, indicating a receptor-mediated mechanism for peptide activity. Continuous blockade of opioid-receptor interactions with the potent and long-acting opioid antagonist, naltrexone (NTX), revealed an increase of 81 and 49% in the number and area, respectively, of colonies compared to control levels. These data suggest that OGF is tonically active in neoplastic cells growing in soft agar medium. HT-29 cells studied under anchorage-independent conditions were not influenced in growth by a variety of natural and synthetic opioids, including those selective for micro, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. Similar effects on anchorage-independent growth by OGF and NTX observed for HT-29 cells were recorded in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells (Mia PaCa-2, Panc-1) and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (CAL-27). These results using anchorage-independent conditions are consistent with previous data showing that OGF can markedly influence tumor growth in xenografts, and suggest that clonogenic assays can be utilized as indicators of tumorigenicity when tumor transplantation experiments are restricted.
Triptolide, a Component of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Modulates the Functional Phenotype of Dendritic Cells (2007)

These findings demonstrate that TPT can inhibit the maturation and allogenicity of DCs and promotes the expansion of regulatory T cells. These effects were confirmed by in vivo experiments though treatment of TPT can prolong mice heart allograft survival. Furthermore, modulation of the DC surface phenotype towards that of a tolerogenic phenotype could contribute to the ability of TPT to suppress productive immunity and maintain homeostasis.
Kristallstrukturuntersuchungen an ZnCl21 (1961)

According to former investigations ZnCl 2 should form the CdCl 2 -( C 19-) structure; therefore Zn should be surrounded by six chlorines. An examination showed that neither the powder diagram of ZnCl 2 as given in the literature nor the diagrams of ZnCl 2 which we produced are compatible with the C 19-type. Three modifications of ZnCl 2 which we named α -, β - and γ -ZnCl 2 have been synthezised: α -ZnCl 2 : I [unk]2 d − D 2 d 12 , a = 5.40 Å, c = 10.35 Å, Z = 4; β -ZnCl 2 : P 2 1 / n − C 2 h 5 , a = 6.54 Å, b = 11.31 Å, c = 12.33 Å, β = 90°, Z = 12; γ -ZnCl 2 : P 4 2 / nmc − D 4 h 15 , a = 3.70 Å, c = 10.67 Å, Z = 2. The crystal structures of these modifications have been determined. In all structures Zn is tetrahedrally surrounded by four chlorines, α - and β -ZnCl 2 form new structure types, and γ -ZnCl 2 belongs to the HgI 2 -( C 13-)type.