gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of gluconeogenesis in exercising men by mass isotopomer distribution analysis (2002)

We evaluated the hypothesis that coordinated adjustments in absolute rates of gluconeogenesis (GNG ab ) and hepatic glycogenolysis (Gly) would maintain euglycemia and match glucose production (GP) to peripheral utilization during rest and exercise. Specifically, we evaluated the extent to which gradations in exercise power output would affect the contribution of GNG ab to GP. For these purposes, we employed mass isotopomer distribution analysis (MIDA) and isotope-dilution techniques on eight postabsorptive (PA) endurance-trained men during 90 min of leg cycle ergometry at 45 and 65% peak O 2 consumption (V˙o 2 peak ; moderate and hard intensities, respectively) and the preceding rest period. GP was constant in resting subjects, whereas the fraction from GNG (f GNG ) increased over time during rest (22.3 ± 0.9% at 11.25 h PA vs. 25.6 ± 0.9% at 12.0 h PA, P &lt; 0.05). In the transition from rest to exercise, GP increased in an intensity-dependent manner (rest, 2.0 ± 0.1; 45%, 4.0 ± 0.4; 65%, 5.84 ± 0.64 mg · kg −1 · min −1 , P &lt; 0.05), although glucose rate of disappearance exceeded rate of appearance during the last 30 min of exercise at 65%V˙o 2 peak . Compared with rest, increases in GP were sustained by 92 and 135% increments in GNG ab during moderate- and hard-intensity exercises, respectively. Correspondingly, Gly (calculated as the difference between GP and MIDA-measured GNG ab ) increased 100 and 203% over rest during the two exercise intensities. During moderate-intensity exercise, f GNG was the same as at rest; however, during the harder exercise f GNG decreased significantly to account for only 21% of GP. The highest sustained GNG ab observed in these trials on PA men was 1.24 ± 0.3 mg · kg −1 · min −1 . We conclude that, after an overnight fast, 1) absolute GNG rates increased with intensity of effort despite a reduced f GNG at 65% V˙o 2 peak , 2) during exercise Gly is more responsible than GNG ab for maintaining GP, and 3) in 12-h fasted men, neither increased Gly or GNG ab nor was their combination able to maintain euglycemia during prolonged hard (65%V˙o 2 peak ) exercise.
Visualization of Plasma Membrane Compartmentalization by High-Speed Quantum Dot Tracking (2013)

In this study, we have imaged plasma membrane molecules labeled with quantum dots in live cells using a conventional wide-field microscope with high spatial precision at sampling frequencies of 1.75 kHz. Many of the resulting single molecule trajectories are sufficiently long (up to several thousand steps) to allow for robust single trajectory analysis. This analysis indicates that a majority of the investigated molecules are transiently confined in nanoscopic compartments with a mean size of (100–150 nm)(2) for a mean duration of 50–100 ms.
Bone Marrow Transplantation Generates Immature Oocytes and Rescues Long-Term Fertility in a Preclinical Mouse Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Premature Ovarian Failure (2007)

These data from a preclinical mouse model validate a testable clinical strategy for preserving or resurrecting ovarian function and fertility in female cancer patients after CTx, thus aligning with recommendations of the 2005 National Cancer Institute Breast Cancer Progress Review Group and President's Cancer Panel to prioritize research efforts aimed at improving the quality of life in cancer survivors.
Findings of the WMT 2018 Shared Task on Parallel Corpus Filtering (2018)

We posed the shared task of assigning sentence-level quality scores for a very noisy corpus of sentence pairs crawled from the web, with the goal of sub-selecting 1% and 10% of high-quality data to be used to train machine translation systems. Seventeen participants from companies, national research labs, and universities participated in this task.
Inhibition of ATM and ATR kinase activities by the radiosensitizing agent, caffeine. (1999)

Caffeine exposure sensitizes tumor cells to ionizing radiation and other genotoxic agents. The radiosensitizing effects of caffeine are associated with the disruption of multiple DNA damage-responsive cell cycle checkpoints. The similarity of these checkpoint defects to those seen in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) suggested that caffeine might inhibit one or more components in an A-T mutated (ATM)-dependent checkpoint pathway in DNA-damaged cells. We now show that caffeine inhibits the catalytic activity of both ATM and the related kinase, ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), at drug concentrations similar to those that induce radiosensitization. Moreover, like ATM-deficient cells, caffeine-treated A549 lung carcinoma cells irradiated in G2 fail to arrest progression into mitosis, and S-phase-irradiated cells exhibit radioresistant DNA synthesis. Similar concentrations of caffeine also inhibit gamma- and UV radiation-induced phosphorylation of p53 on Ser15, a modification that may be directly mediated by the ATM and ATR kinases. DNA-dependent protein kinase, another ATM-related protein involved in DNA damage repair, was resistant to the inhibitory effects of caffeine. Likewise, the catalytic activity of the G2 checkpoint kinase, hChk1, was only marginally suppressed by caffeine but was inhibited potently by the structurally distinct radiosensitizer, UCN-01. These data suggest that the radiosensitizing effects of caffeine are related to inhibition of the protein kinase activities of ATM and ATR and that both proteins are relevant targets for the development of novel anticancer agents.
The LDAP Application Program Interface (1995)

This document defines a C language application program interface to
the lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP). This memo provides
information for the Internet community. This memo does not specify an
Internet standard of any kind.
Synthesis and characterization of polyamides containing unnatural amino acids (1995)

We describe the synthesis of several polyamides that retain the secondary structure of proteins and contain derivatizable side chains. The derivatizable side chain allows for further reaction of the polymer chain (e.g., chain cross-linking or addition of pendant groups). Polymers of alpha-amino acids containing a terminal unsaturated bond on the side chain have been synthesized. Poly-L-pentenyl glycine, poly-L-propargyl glycine, and poly-L-allyl glycine were synthesized chemically via Leuchs' anhydrides and enzymatically using subtilisin Carlsberg. Poly-L-propargyl glycine and poly-D,L-allyl glycine folded into the beta-sheet configuration whereas poly-L-pentenyl glycine assumed a helical conformation. The secondary structure of poly-L-allyl glycine and poly-D,L-pentenylglycine could not be determined conclusively. Comparison of properties between the polymers obtained chemically and enzymatically is provided.
The Mucosal Invasion Model (2001)

The PSM is a good in vitro model for assessment of pharmacologic and genetic manipulations of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumor cell lines and has several advantages over other commonly used matrices.
Hohlraum drive and implosion velocity scaling to 500 TW laser drive on NIF (2012)

Abstract Not Provided
Curry Compound Fights Cancer in the Clinic (2008)

Kavita Chopra recalls the way that her grandmother would dissolve a teaspoon of the Indian curry spice turmeric in water each morning to promote good health. Today, Chopra takes an 8-g pill of curcumin — the molecule that gives turmeric its bright yellow color — to fight
Betaine: a key modulator of one-carbon metabolism and homocysteine status (2005)

Betaine serves as a methyl donor in a reaction converting homocysteine to methionine, catalysed by the enzyme betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase. It has been used for years to lower the concentration of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) in patients with homocystinuria, and has recently been shown to reduce fasting and in particular post-methionine load (PML) tHcy in healthy subjects. Betaine exists in plasma at concentrations of about 30 micromol/L; it varies 10-fold (from 9 to 90 micromol/L) between individuals, but the intra-individual variability is small. Major determinants are choline, dimethylglycine and folate in plasma, folic acid intake and gender. Recent studies have demonstrated that plasma betaine is a stronger determinant of PML tHcy than are vitamin B6 and folate. The betaine-PML tHcy relationship is attenuated after supplementation with B-vitamins, and is most pronounced in subjects with low folate. Betaine shows a weaker association with fasting tHcy (than with PML tHcy), and also this association is most pronounced in subjects with low folate. In pregnancy, plasma betaine declines until gestational week 20, and thereafter remains constant. From gestational week 20 onwards, fasting tHcy shows a strong inverse association with plasma betaine, and betaine becomes a stronger predictor than folate of fasting tHcy. To conclude, betaine status is a component of an individual's biochemical make-up with ramifications to one-carbon metabolism. Betaine status should be investigated in pathologies related to altered metabolism of homocysteine and folate, including cardiovascular disease, cancer and neural tube defects.
Beyond molecules: Self-assembly of mesoscopic and macroscopic components (2002)

Self-assembly is a process in which components, either separate or linked, spontaneously form ordered aggregates. Self-assembly can occur with components having sizes from the molecular to the macroscopic, provided that appropriate conditions are met. Although much of the work in self-assembly has focused on molecular components, many of the most interesting applications of self-assembling processes can be found at larger sizes (nanometers to micrometers). These larger systems also offer a level of control over the characteristics of the components and over the interactions among them that makes fundamental investigations especially tractable.
Implementing incremental code migration with XML (2000)

We demonstrate how XML and related technologies can be used for code mobility at any granularity, thus overcoming the restrictions of existing approaches. By not fixing a particular granularity for mobile code, we enable complete programs as well as individual lines of code to be sent across the network. We define the concept of incremental code mobility as the ability to migrate and add, remove, or replace code fragments (i.e., increments) in a remote program. The combination of fine-grained and incremental migration achieves a previously unavailable degree of flexibility. We examine the application of incremental and fine-grained code migration to a variety of domains, including user interface management, application management on mobile thin clients, for example PDAs, and management of distributed documents.
The Physical State of Mannitol after Freeze-Drying: Effects of Mannitol Concentration, Freezing Rate, and a Noncrystallizing Cosolute (1998)

The objectives of this study were to (1) measure the effects of freezing rate and mannitol concentration on the physical state of freeze-dried mannitol when mannitol is present as a single component, (2) determine the relative concentration threshold above which crystalline mannitol can be observed by X-ray powder diffraction in the freeze-dried solid when a variety of noncrystallizing solutes are included in the formulation, and (3) measure the glass transition temperature of amorphous mannitol and to determine the degree to which the glass transition temperature of freeze-dried solids consisting of mannitol and a disaccharide is predicted by the Gordon-Taylor equation. Both freezing rate and mannitol concentration influence the crystal form of mannitol in the freeze-dried solid when mannitol is present as a single component. Slow freezing of 10% (w/v) mannitol produces a mixture of the alpha and beta polymorphs, whereas fast freezing of the same solution produces the delta form. Fast freezing of 5% (w/v) mannitol results primarily in the beta form. The threshold concentration above which crystalline mannitol is detected in the freeze-dried solid by X-ray diffraction is consistently about 30% (w/w) when a second, noncrystallizing solute is present, regardless of the nature of the second component. The glass transition temperature of amorphous mannitol measured from the quench-cooled melt is approximately 13 degreesC. Accordingly, mannitol is an effective plasticizer of freeze-dried solids when the mannitol remains amorphous. Glass transition temperatures of mixtures of mannitol and the disaccharides sucrose, maltose, trehalose, and lactose are well predicted by the Gordon-Taylor equation with values of k in the range of 3 to 4.
Synthesis and Reactions of 4‐Chromanones (1982)

Abstract Many natural products, such as the plant insecticides rotenone and ageratochromene (precocene), some fungitoxic phytoalexins, hashish constituents, vitamin E, and plant pigments, contain the chroman ring system as common structural unit. Some years ago we discovered a particularly simple entry to this class of heterocyclic compounds: The condensation of o ‐hydroxyacetophenones with aliphatic aldehydes and ketones in the presence of pyrrolidine leads to 4‐chromanones in good yields. The scope of application and limitations as well as modification of this versatile synthesis are outlined; the accompanying tables give a good indication of the wealth and variety of possible substituents. The reaction of o ‐hydroxyacetophenone, e. g. with glyoxylic acid or with α,β‐unsaturated ketones, proceeds atypically. The majority of the new chromanones can be used, inter alia , for the preparation of chromones, chromones and chromons, and for the synthesis of tricyclic and larger ring systems.
Femtosecond pulse shaping directly in the mid-IR using acousto-optic modulation (2006)

Pulse shaping directly in the mid-IR is accomplished by using a germanium acousto-optic modulator (Ge AOM) capable of programmable phase and amplitude modulation for IR light between 2 and 18 microm. Shaped waveforms centered at 4.9 microm are demonstrated in both the frequency and the time domains. With a 50% throughput efficiency, the Ge AOM can generate much more intense pulses with higher resolution than can indirect shaping methods. Furthermore, the phase stability of the shaped pulse proved sufficient for cross correlation with unshaped mid-IR pulses. Thus, phase- and amplitude-tailored pulses can now be readily incorporated into phase-sensitive experiments, such as heterodyned 2D IR spectroscopy.
Visualizing Real-Time Security Threats Using Hybrid SCADA / PMU Measurement Displays (2005)

This paper explores ways to highlight threats to power system security by displaying data from phasor measurement units (PMUs) and SCADA data sources simultaneously. SCADA measurements provide a picture of the steady-state health of the system, whereas PMUs capture the faster variations that may indicate small-signal stability problems. The software system described in this system gathers SCADA and PMU data and displays them on a geographic map of the system. The system uses contour plots to show the variation of a measurement with location, even when adjacent measurement points are widely spread. The system superimposes trend plots on this display to show the past variation of a quantity over a user-specified time window. The goal of the system is to help operators gauge the present security of the grid.
Phthalocyanine-Biomolecule Conjugated Photosensitizers for Targeted Photodynamic Therapy and Imaging (2015)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is now in clinical practice in many European and American countries as a minimally invasive therapeutic technique to treat oncologic malignancies and other nononcologic conditions. Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are gathering importance as effective photosensitizers in targeted PDT and imaging of tumors. The possibility of modification around the Pc macrocycle led the researchers to the synthesis of a diversity of photosensitizers with varied cell specificity, cellular internalization and localization, photodynamic cytotoxicity and excretion. Cellular targeting is the primary aspect of an ideal photosensitizer for targeting PDT. Therefore, Pcs have been structurally modified with a variety of biomolecules capable of recognizing the specific lesions. This review emphasizes the photocytotoxicity and the cellular uptakes of phthalocyanine photosensitizers conjugated with biomolecules including carbohydrates, nucleotides and protein constituents such as amino acids and peptides. In addition, the role of the Pc-biomolecule conjugates in imaging and antimicrobial chemotherapy has been discussed.
Considerations regarding the Use of Digital Data to Generate Video Backgrounds (1978)

Considering the probable future of digital technology over the next half dozen years, it should become possible to do television production using a stage that is entirely empty except for the actors. Subsequently the background scenery and even the foreground props would be filled in by digital electronics. The technical advances that could make this possible include advanced framestores with greatly expanded digital memories—more bytes at less cost and with reduced access time—and new holographic techniques. With such equipment, electronic backgrounds and props would look just as real and substantial as the actors themselves and could be panned over, zoomed in on, and lit up just as actual studio or location scenery could be. A “tagged video” keying technique would be used to “position” such “scenery” and we can conceive that digital “libraries” would be developed as sources for the scenic designers to draw from.
Subcellular localization of hyaluronate synthetase in oligodendroglioma cells. (1984)

In order to provide some insight into the mechanism of hyaluronate synthesis, the subcellular localization of the synthetase system for hyaluronate was determined in eukaryotic cells. The mouse oligodendroglioma cell line G26-24, which produces copious amounts of hyaluronate in culture, was chosen as a system for these studies. Protease treatment and homogenization of cells followed by hyaluronate synthetase assay suggested that nucleotide-binding sites and trypsin-sensitive synthetase sites were not exposed at the outer membrane surface. Protease treatment following homogenization did result in decreased activity. Membrane fragments, prepared by gentle homogenization in iso- and hypotonic buffers, were subjected to differential centrifugation followed by several continuous and discontinuous sucrose equilibrium and velocity gradient systems. Hyaluronate synthetase activity co-fractionated with a plasma membrane marker in all systems, including those in which Golgi markers were separable. Treatment of intact cells in culture with several hyaluronidases resulted in a marked stimulation of cell-free synthetase activity. The stimulated activity was also found exclusively in plasma membrane-enriched fractions.
Differential localization of human nongastric H+-K+-ATPase ATP1AL1 in polarized renal epithelial cells (2000)

The human H(+)-K(+)-ATPase, ATP1AL1, belongs to the subgroup of nongastric, K(+)-transporting ATPases. In concert with the structurally related gastric H(+)-K(+)-ATPase, it plays a major role in K(+) reabsorption in various tissues, including colon and kidney. Physiological and immunocytochemical data suggest that the functional heteromeric ion pumps are usually found in the apical plasma membranes of renal epithelial cells. However, the low expression levels of characteristic nongastric ion pumps makes it difficult to verify their spatial distribution in vivo. To investigate the sorting behavior of ATP1AL1, we expressed this pump by stable transfection in MDCK and LLC-PK(1) renal epithelial cell lines. Stable interaction of ATP1AL1 with either the endogenous Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase beta-subunit or the gastric H(+)-K(+)-ATPase beta-subunit was tested by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and surface biotinylation. In cells transfected with ATP1AL1 alone, the alpha-subunit accumulated intracellularly, consistent with its inability to assemble and travel to the plasma membrane with the endogenous Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase beta-subunit. Cotransfection of ATP1AL1 with the gastric H(+)-K(+)-ATPase beta-subunit resulted in plasma membrane localization of both pump subunits. In cotransfected MDCK cells the heteromeric ion pump was predominantly polarized to the apical plasma membrane. Functional expression of ATP1AL1 was confirmed by (86)Rb(+) uptake measurements. In contrast, cotransfected LLC-PK(1) cells accumulate ATP1AL1 at the lateral membrane. The distinct polarization of ATP1AL1 indicates that the alpha-subunit encodes sorting information that is differently interpreted by cell type-specific sorting mechanisms.
Evaluation of space cooperation between China and Brazil: An excellent example of South-South Co-operation (2004)

Space cooperation between China and Brazil started in 1986 and after 15 years of successful joint creative work, the two sides reached the 2002 Protocol, providing a more concrete framework for further cooperation in space projects. This bilateral agreement was claimed to be an authentic bilateral effort amplifying the so-called South-South relationship. A close examination of the Protocol has revealed that this document, while responding to the UN Declaration on International Cooperation, has made a significant contribution and set a good example to space cooperation among developing countries. Placed against the background of the developing space commercialization, the success of this model can test the viability of existing space commercial rules and make further improvements.
In vivo Drug Screening in Human Skin Using Femtosecond Laser Multiphoton Tomography (2006)

The novel femtosecond laser multiphoton imaging system DermaInspect forin vivotomography of human skin was used to study the diffusion and intradermal accumulation of topically applied cosmetic and pharmaceutical components. Near-infrared 80 MHz picojoule femtosecond laser pulses were employed to excite endogenous fluorophores and fluorescent components of a variety of ointments via a two-photon excitation process. In addition, collagen was imaged by second harmonic generation. A high submicron spatial resolution and 50 ps temporal resolution was achieved using galvoscan mirrors and piezodriven focusing optics together with a time-correlated single-photon counting module with a fast microchannel plate detector. Individual intratissue cells, intracellular mitochondria, melanosomes, and the morphology of the nuclei as well as extracellular matrix elements were clearly visualized due to NAD(P)H, melanin, elastin, and collagen imaging and the calculation of fluorescence lifetime images. Nanoparticles and intratissue drugs were detected by two-photon-excited fluorescence. In addition, hydration effects and UV effects were studied by monitoring modifications of cellular morphology and autofluorescence. The system was used to observe the diffusion through the stratum corneum and the accumulation and release of functionalized nanoparticles along hair shafts and epidermal ridges. The novel noninvasive 4-D multiphoton tomography tool provides high-resolution optical biopsies with subcellular resolution, and offers for the first time the possibility to study in situ the diffusion through the skin barrier, long-term pharmacokinetics, and cellular response to cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.