gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Molecular Neurobiology of the Acetylcholine Receptor (1986)

The acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is the most thoroughly characterized component ofthe neuromuscular transduction process. Earlier reviews that summarize the structural and biochemical features of the AChR include Popot & Changeux (1984), Stroud (1983), Conti-Tronconi & Raftery (1982), and Karlin (1980). This receptor translates the binding of the neurotrans­ mitter, acetylcholine (ACh), into a rapid increase and subsequent decrease in the permeability of the endplate membrane to the passage of cations. Inward flux of ions through the channel is passive, driven by elec­ trochemical gradients across the receptor-containing membrane. The physiological effect is to temporarily depolarize the endplate, a response that is translated into muscular contraction in the case of a neuromuscular junction, or potentiation of electric tissue in the stacked asymmetric cells of electric organs in Torpedo (a marine elasmobranch) or Electrophorus (a freshwater teleost). The availability of acetylcholine receptors from electric tissue was a fundamental key to molecular characterization. The subunit stoichiometry of the four identified polypeptides has been unequivocally established as 1X2/3yb, and the funnel shape of the molecule has been well characterized with respect to position of the ion channel. Distribution of protein relative to the phospholipid bilayer and some aspects ofthe subunit arrangements in a quasipentameric structure around the ion channel have also been established. The genes for the four subunits that constitute the
RESEARCH ON DATA CONSISTENCY IN SPATIALDATABASE SYSTEM (2000)

Geographical Information System (GIS) is widely used in many fields.With the rapid development of computer network,GIS users care more about data sharing in networks.In traditional relational database,data consistency was controlled by consistency control mechanism when a data object is locked in a sharing mode,other transactions can only read it,but can not update it.This is appropriate in traditional relational databases that store attribute data and mainly deal with short transactions.In spatial databases,because of vast amount of data and complex topological relations,long transaction are met frequently.If the traditional consistency control method has been used yet,the system's concurrency will be badly influenced.So there come many new requirements for the consistency control in the field of GIS.There are many aspects of data consistency problems in spatial databases,such as the inconsistency between attribute and geometry data; the inconsistency of topological relations after geometry objects has been modified.In this paper,other two cases of data consistency are discussed in Multi_user Geographical Information System. In GIS,there are many forms of data,such as geometry data,attribute,image data,and DEM data.In this paper ,we only discuss spatial geometry data.
Characterization of Protein Cross-Links via Mass Spectrometry and an Open-Modification Search Strategy (2008)

Protein-protein interactions are key to function and regulation of many biological pathways. To facilitate characterization of protein-protein interactions using mass spectrometry, a new data acquisition/analysis pipeline was designed. The goal for this pipeline was to provide a generic strategy for identifying cross-linked peptides from single LC/MS/MS data sets, without using specialized cross-linkers or custom-written software. To achieve this, each peptide in the pair of cross-linked peptides was considered to be "post-translationally" modified with an unknown mass at an unknown amino acid. This allowed use of an open-modification search engine, Popitam, to interpret the tandem mass spectra of cross-linked peptides. False positives were reduced and database selectivity increased by acquiring precursors and fragments at high mass accuracy. Additionally, a high-charge-state-driven data acquisition scheme was utilized to enrich data sets for cross-linked peptides. This open-modification search based pipeline was shown to be useful for characterizing both chemical as well as native cross-links in proteins. The pipeline was validated by characterizing the known interactions in the chemically cross-linked CYP2E1-b5 complex. Utility of this method in identifying native cross-links was demonstrated by mapping disulfide bridges in RcsF, an outer membrane lipoprotein involved in Rcs phosphorelay.
Cloning and characterization of the gene for immunogenic protein MPB64 of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (1989)

The gene for immunogenic protein MPB64 found in culture filtrates of only Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some strains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG was cloned by using a single-probe method and was sequenced. The gene analysis revealed that the structural gene for MPB64 consisted of 618 base pairs, and its deduced molecular weight was 22,400. Twenty-two amino acids for a putative signal peptide and 205 amino acids for the MPB64 protein were observed. In the coding region, the third letter of the codon showed a biased codon and a high G+C content (78.5%). The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli by using an E. coli expression vector. The product showed migration similar to that of the authentic MPB64 protein by electrophoresis and reacted with the polyclonal and the monoclonal antibodies raised against the MPB64 protein. The strict specificity of MPB64 could be applied to immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis.
Metallo-β-Lactamases: the Quiet before the Storm? (2005)

The ascendancy of metallo-beta-lactamases within the clinical sector, while not ubiquitous, has nonetheless been dramatic; some reports indicate that nearly 30% of imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains possess a metallo-beta-lactamase. Acquisition of a metallo-beta-lactamase gene will invariably mediate broad-spectrum beta-lactam resistance in P. aeruginosa, but the level of in vitro resistance in Acinetobacter spp. and Enterobacteriaceae is less dependable. Their clinical significance is further embellished by their ability to hydrolyze all beta-lactams and by the fact that there is currently no clinical inhibitor, nor is there likely to be for the foreseeable future. The genes encoding metallo-beta-lactamases are often procured by class 1 (sometimes class 3) integrons, which, in turn, are embedded in transposons, resulting in a highly transmissible genetic apparatus. Moreover, other gene cassettes within the integrons often confer resistance to aminoglycosides, precluding their use as an alternative treatment. Thus far, the metallo-beta-lactamases encoded on transferable genes include IMP, VIM, SPM, and GIM and have been reported from 28 countries. Their rapid dissemination is worrisome and necessitates the implementation of not just surveillance studies but also metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitor studies securing the longevity of important anti-infectives.
Corticosteroids in head injury (2000)

The global epidemic of head injuries is only just beginning. Currently over a million people die each year from brain injuries, and a similar number are disabled, often with profound effects on the quality of their lives.1 Road crashes account for most of the injuries, and car use is rapidly increasing in many countries. By 2020 road crashes will, it is estimated, have moved from ninth to third in the world ranking of disease burden as measured in disability adjusted life years, and second in developing countries.2 Identifying effective treatments for head injury is thus of global health importance.

Corticosteroids have been used to treat severe head injury for over 30 years, though recently their value has been questioned because of the failure to demonstrate effectiveness in randomised trials.3 Nevertheless, corticosteroids continue to be used widely, albeit inconsistently. Two 1996 British surveys, one of nursing staff in 39 neurosurgical intensive care units and one of medical directors in 44 neurosurgical intensive care units, found that corticosteroids were used to treat head injury in 49% and 14% of units respectively. 4 5

If a treatment as simple and …
Olefin Metathesis Involving Ruthenium Enoic Carbene Complexes (2001)

Olefin metathesis has become a valuable reaction in organic synthesis, as has been demonstrated by its frequent use as the key bond constructions for total syntheses of many natural products. With the recent discovery of highly active catalyst 1, trisubstituted and functionalized alkenes have been synthesized efficiently by cross-metathesis (CM), further expanding the substrate scope for this reaction. With these successes in hand, unprecedented metathesis reactions were explored. There have been no previous reports of the dimerization of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds by a metathesis mechanism. Molybdenum- and tungsten-based catalysts form metallocyclobutane with acrylates, but they are inactive due to carbonyl oxygen chelation. Our group reported the synthesis of ester carbene 4 by a nonmetathesis route and showed that 4 was extremely reactive. In fact, ester carbene 4 was the first carbene to ring-open cyclohexene but did not react in a catalytic fashion.4 The nontrivial synthesis, lack of stability, and the ineffective catalytic activity of ester carbene 4 has limited its uses in organic synthesis.
Current opinion and review on peanut oral immunotherapy (2014)

In the last decade, peanut oral immunotherapy research has shown promise as an alternative treatment to avoidance in peanut-allergic patients. Research has not only focused on desensitization, but also on immunologic changes and sustained-tolerance. This article reviews the current literature and the historical background of oral immunotherapy as well as immune mechanisms in oral immunotherapy and other therapies being explored in food allergic individuals.
Therapeutic Application of Allogeneic Fetal Membrane-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Regenerative Medicine (2012)

In 1968, Friedenstein et al. isolated clonogeneic spindle-shaped cells from bone marrow (BM) in monolayer cultures, which they called colony-forming-unit fibroblasts These cells showed the ability to self-renew and to differentiate toward a mesodermal lineage as adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes and connective stromal cells. Several studies reported that BM-derived multipotential stromal precursor cells can also differentiate into lineages such as ectodermal cells and endodermal cells For this reason, BM-derived stromal cells were first considered to be stem cells by Caplan and were named mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (Caplan, 1991). The Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy proposed the following minimal criteria for defining human MSCs: (1) MSCs must be plastic-adherent when maintained under standard culture conditions, (2) MSCs must express CD105, CD73 and CD90, and lack expression of CD45, CD34, CD14 or CD11b, CD79a or CD19 and HLA-DR surface molecules, (3) MSCs must differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondroblasts in vitro
Paraoxonase Active Site Required for Protection Against LDL Oxidation Involves Its Free Sulfhydryl Group and Is Different From That Required for Its Arylesterase/Paraoxonase Activities (1998)

Human serum paraoxonase (PON 1) exists in 2 major polymorphic forms (Q and R), which differ in the amino acid at position 191 (glutamine and arginine, respectively). These PON allozymes hydrolyze organophosphates and aromatic esters, and both also protect LDL from copper ion-induced oxidation. We have compared purified serum PONs of both forms and evaluated their effects on LDL oxidation, in respect to their arylesterase/paraoxonase activities. Copper ion-induced LDL oxidation, measured by the production of peroxides and aldehydes after 4 hours of incubation, were reduced up to 61% and 58%, respectively, by PON Q, but only up to 46% and 38%, respectively, by an equivalent concentration of PON R. These phenomena were PON-concentration dependent. Recombinant PON Q and PON R demonstrated similar patterns to that shown for the purified serum allozymes. PON Q and PON R differences in protection of LDL against oxidation were further evaluated in the presence of glutathione peroxidase (GPx). GPx (0.1 U/mL) alone reduced copper ion-induced LDL oxidation by 20% after 4 hours of incubation. The addition of PON R to the above system resulted in an additive inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation, whereas PON Q had no such additive effect. The 2 PON allozymes also differed by their ability to inhibit initiation, as well as propagation, of LDL oxidation. PON Q was more efficient in blocking LDL oxidation if added when oxidation was initiated, whereas PON R was more potent when added 1 hour after the initiation of LDL oxidation. These data suggest that the 2 allozymes act on different substrates. Both PON allozymes were also able to reduce the oxidation of phospholipids and cholesteryl ester. PON Q arylesterase activity was reduced after 4 hours of LDL oxidation by only 28%, whereas the arylesterase activity of PON R was reduced by up to 55%. Inactivation of the calcium-dependent PON arylesterase activity by using the metal chelator EDTA, or by calcium ion removal on a Chelex column, did not alter PON's ability to inhibit LDL oxidation. However, blockage of the PON free sulfhydryl group at position 283 with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate inhibited both its arylesterase activity and its protection of LDL from oxidation. Recombinant PON mutants in which the PON free sulfhydryl group was replaced by either alanine or serine were no longer able to protect against LDL oxidation, even though they retained paraoxonase and arylesterase activities. Overall, these studies demonstrate that PON's arylesterase/paraoxonase activities and the protection against LDL oxidation do not involve the active site on the enzyme in exactly the same way, and PON's ability to protect LDL from oxidation requires the cysteine residue at position 283.
Teaching Anatomy in the Digital World (2004)

Anatomy has a long and checkered past as a scientific discipline. In ancient Egypt, dissection was a religious ritual. During the Renaissance, it was considered an artistic and spiritual exploration of life, suffering, and death. Its heyday came in the 19th century, with the development of quick, effective surgical techniques on the battlefield and, later, the introduction of anesthesia, when knowledge of the structural intricacies of the body began to have practical significance for doctors. Throughout the 20th century, dissection of the human body served as an initiation rite for first-year medical students, even as the research focus in the . . .
Integral three-dimensional image capture equipment with closely positioned lens array and image sensor (2013)

We have developed a compact integral three-dimensional (3D) imaging equipment that positions the lens array and image sensor in close proximity to each other. In the conventional scheme, a camera lens is used to project the elemental images generated by the lens array onto the image sensor. In contrast, the imaging equipment presented here combines the lens array and image sensor into one unit and makes no use of a camera lens. This scheme eliminates the resolution deterioration and distortion caused by the use of a camera lens and improves, in principle, the quality of the reconstructed 3D image. We captured objects with this imaging equipment and displayed the reconstructed 3D images using display equipment consisting of a liquid crystal panel and a lens array. The reconstructed 3D images were found to have appropriate motion parallax.
Separation of N-Glycans by HPLC (2003)

Most glycoproteins carry a very heterogeneous mixture of oligosaccharides and even a single glycosylation site of a pure glycoprotein is often heterogeneously glycosylated. The structural diversity of oligosaccharides arises from linkage variants, from differences in the size and number of charges of glycans, and from differences in the monosaccharide composition of glycans. Fortunately, the biosynthetic pathway is subject to certain restrictions, so that structural diversity is limited and amenable to laborator investigation. Different approaches have been developed to the structural characterization of oligosaccharides, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), massspectrometry, linkage analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), sequence analysis using specific exoglycosidases and others, but a crucial part of these strategies is the separation of the glycan mixture into homogeneous glycan fractions. In this chapter some high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-techniques are described for the isolation of oligosaccharides, in particular N-linked glycans.
Multicenter Prospective Investigation on Efficacy and Safety of Carperitide as a First-Line Drug for Acute Heart Failure Syndrome With Preserved Blood Pressure COMPASS: Carperitide Effects Observed Through Monitoring Dyspnea in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Study (2008)

In the present study, following carperitide monotherapy, 83.2% of AHFS patients recovered from the acute phase. Based on these findings, carperitide seems useful for the first-line drug treatment of AHFS in patients with pulmonary congestion and preserved blood pressure.
Pheromone Regulated Production of Inositol-(1, 4, 5)-Trisphosphate in the Mammalian Vomeronasal Organ* (1997)

Social behaviors of most mammals are profoundly affected by chemical signals, pheromones, exchanged between conspecifics. Pheromones interact with dendritic microvilli of bipolar neurons in the vomeronasal organ (VNO). To investigate vomeronasal signal transduction pathways, microvillar membranes from porcine VNO were prepared. Incubation of such membranes from prepubertal females with boar seminal fluid or urine results in an increase in production of inositol-(1, 4, 5)-trisphosphate (IP3). The dose response for IP3 production is biphasic with a GTP-dependent component at low stimulus concentrations and a nonspecific increase in IP3 at higher stimulus concentrations. The GTP-dependent stimulation is mimicked by GTPgammaS and blocked by GDPbetaS. Furthermore, the GTP-dependent component of the stimulation of IP3 production is sex specific and tissue dependent. Studies with monospecific antibodies reveal a G alpha(q/11)-related protein in vomeronasal neurons, concentrated at their microvilli. Our observations indicate that pheromones in boar secretions act on vomeronasal neurons in the female VNO via a receptor mediated, G protein-dependent increase in IP3. These observations set the stage for further investigations on the regulation of stimulus-excitation coupling in vomeronasal neurons. The pheromone-induced IP3 response also provides an assay for future purification of mammalian reproductive pheromones.
Two SP-C genes encoding human pulmonary surfactant proteolipid. (1988)

Human pulmonary surfactant proteolipid of Mr = 5,000, now termed surfactant protein C (SP-C), is produced by proteolytic processing of an Mr = 22,000 precursor. The active hydrophobic peptide imparts surface active properties to pulmonary surfactant phospholipids. We have determined the entire nucleotide sequence of two distinct genes encoding SP-C from a genomic library prepared from human leukocytes. SP-C genes were encoded by approximately 3.0 kilobase pairs of DNA containing six exons and five introns. In both genes, the active hydrophobic region of the polypeptide was located in the second exon that encodes a peptide of 53 amino acids. The entire nucleotide sequences of the two classes of SP-C genes differed by only 1%. Two cDNAs encoding SP-C were distinguished on the basis of an 18-nucleotide deletion at the beginning of the fifth exon; no such deletion was detected within the two classes of SP-C genes. Comparison of the 3'-untranslated regions of SP-C cDNA clones and the two classes of genomic clones demonstrated that cDNAs with and without the 18-base pair deletion could be derived from both of the genes. This 18-base pair deletion occurs in nucleotide sequences compatible with two distinct RNA splice sites. One additional cDNA clone showed the addition of an 8-base pair insert at the end of exon 5, which was also compatible with two distinct splice sites. Both classes of SP-C genes were represented by cDNAs, demonstrating that both classes of genes are actively transcribed. The two SP-C genes were readily distinguished on the basis of their nucleotide sequences and restriction fragment analyses of their flanking DNA. Two distinct classes of human SP-C genes are transcribed, and the heterogeneity in the SP-C RNAs appears to result from differential splicing.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Produced by Sphingosine Kinase 1 Promotes Breast Cancer Progression by Stimulating Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis (2012)

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a pleiotropic bioactive lipid mediator that promotes breast cancer progression by diverse mechanisms that remain somewhat unclear. Here we report pharmacologic evidence of a critical role for sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) in producing S1P and mediating tumor-induced hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in a murine model of breast cancer metastasis. S1P levels increased both in the tumor and the circulation. In agreement, serum S1P levels were significantly elevated in stage IIIA human breast cancer patients, compared with age/ethnicity-matched healthy volunteers. However, treatment with the specific SphK1 inhibitor SK1-I suppressed S1P levels, reduced metastases to lymph nodes and lungs, and decreased overall tumor burden of our murine model. Both S1P and angiopoietin 2 (Ang2) stimulated hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in vitro, whereas SK1-I inhibited each process. We quantified both processes in vivo from the same specimen by combining directed in vivo angiogenesis assays with fluorescence-activated cell sorting, thereby confirming the results obtained in vitro. Notably, SK1-I decreased both processes not only at the primary tumor but also in lymph nodes, with peritumoral lymphatic vessel density reduced in SK1-I-treated animals. Taken together, our findings show that SphK1-produced S1P is a crucial mediator of breast cancer-induced hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Our results implicate SphK1 along with S1P as therapeutic targets in breast cancer.
Methylketon‐Addukte der Chinolinium‐ und Isochinolinium‐Reihe. Über Pseudobasen III (1956)

Abstract Wie Pyridinium‐Kationen nehmen auch Chinolinium‐ und Isochinolinium‐Kationen Methyl‐ und Methylenketone zu säureempfindlichen Addukten auf, die im übrigen aber beständiger als die‐jenigen der Pyridinium‐Reihe sind. Das Verhalten bei der Hydrierung, die Art der Einwirkung von p‐Nitrosodimethylanilin und die Austauschbarkeit der Methylketon‐Reste sprechen für eine im wesentlichen salzartige Beziehung zwischen einem Chinolinium‐ bzw. Isochinolinium‐Kation und einem Methylketon‐Anion. — Während die Existenz isolierbarer Pseudobasen (Carbinolbasen) aus quartären Salzen des Acridins und Cotarnins erwiesen, in der Pyridinium‐Reihe unwahrscheinlich, in der Chinolinium‐ und Isochinolinium‐Reihe zumindest nicht gesichert ist, erlauben die besonderen Verhältnisse bei N‐[2,6‐Dichlorbenzyl]‐chinolinium‐ und ‐isochinolinium‐Verbindungen die Darstellung eines Basentyps, bei dem die positive Ladung an kein bestimmtes Atom fixiert ist. — Nach dem experimentell begründeten allgemeinen Formelschema X für die neu aufgefundenen, salzartigen Addukte stehen ihre Kationen vielmehr zwischen echten Ammoniumbasen und Carbinol‐basen. Im Gegensatz zu letzteren addieren sie nur Verbindungen mit starker CH‐Acidität, nicht solche mit ausgeprägtem elektromerem Effekt. Das Hydroxylanion läßt sich durch andere anionische Reste ersetzen. — Piperidin scheint von Chinolinium‐ und Isochinoliniumbasen kondensierend zu Derivaten wahrer Carbinol‐ basen aufgenommen zu werden.