gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Stimulation of IκB Phosphorylation Is Not Sufficient To Activate NF-κB (1995)

NF-kappa B is a major inducible transcription factor in many immune and inflammatory reactions. Its activation involves the dissociation of the inhibitory subunit I kappa B from cytoplasmic NF-kappa B/Rel complexes, following which the Rel proteins are translocated to the nucleus, where they bind to DNA and activate transcription. Phosphorylation of I kappa B in cell-free experiments results in its inactivation and release from the Rel complex, but in vivo NF-kappa B activation is associated with I kappa B degradation. In vivo phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha was demonstrated in several recent studies, but its role is unknown. Our study shows that the T-cell activation results in rapid phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha and that this event is a physiological one, dependent on appropriate lymphocyte costimulation. Inducible I kappa B alpha phosphorylation was abolished by several distinct NF-kappa B blocking reagents, suggesting that it plays an essential role in the activation process. However, the in vivo induction of I kappa B alpha phosphorylation did not cause the inhibitory subunit to dissociate from the Rel complex. We identified several protease inhibitors which allow phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha but prevent its degradation upon cell stimulation, presumably through inhibition of the cytoplasmic proteasome. In the presence of these inhibitors, phosphorylated I kappa B alpha remained bound to the Rel complex in the cytoplasm for an extended period of time, whereas NF-kappa B activation was abolished. It appears that activation of NF-kappa B requires degradation of I kappa B alpha while it is a part of the Rel cytoplasmic complex, with inducible phosphorylation of the inhibitory subunit influencing the rate of degradation.
Cystic Fibrosis Sputum (2000)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by the presence of a viscoelastic mucus layer in the upper airways and bronchi. The underlying problem is a mutation in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein. Clinical studies of gene transfer for CF are ongoing. For gene delivery to the airways of CF patients to be effective, the mucus covering the target cells must be overcome. We therefore examined the extent to which CF sputum presents a physical barrier to the transport of nanospheres of a size comparable to that of lipoplexes and other transfection systems currently being clinically evaluated for CF gene therapy. We observed that an extremely low percentage of nanospheres (< 0.3%) moved through a 220-microm-thick CF sputum layer after 150 min. The largest nanospheres studied (560 nm) were almost completely blocked by the sputum, whereas the smaller nanospheres (124 nm) were retarded only by a factor of 1.3 as compared with buffer. Surprisingly, the nanospheres diffused significantly more easily through the more viscoelastic sputum samples. We hypothesize that the structure of the network in sputum becomes more macroporous when the sputum becomes more viscoelastic. Sputum from a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease retarded the transport of nanospheres to the same extent as did CF sputum. When directly mixed with CF sputum, recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I moderately facilitated the transport of nanospheres through CF sputum.
The low density lipoprotein receptor in Xenopus laevis. II. Feedback repression mediated by conserved sterol regulatory element (1991)

The 5'-flanking regions of the two low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor genes in Xenopus laevis contain three repeat sequences that are virtually identical to the repeats that mediate sterol-regulated transcription of the human LDL receptor gene. Like their human counterparts, Xenopus repeats 1 and 3, but not repeat 2, bind the transcription factor Sp1 and thus probably function as positive transcription elements. Xenopus repeat 2, like human repeat 2, contains all of the nucleotides that are required for sterol regulation. Administration of sterols repressed Xenopus LDL receptor mRNA in cultured A6 kidney cells and in the liver of intact frogs. In frogs this repression was associated with a 2-fold increase in plasma LDL levels. Xenopus LDL contains a protein corresponding in size to human apoB-100, a ligand for the LDL receptor. We found no evidence that frog plasma contains B-48, nor did we observe a clear-cut protein corresponding to apoE. We conclude that the structural gene for the LDL receptor has been under sterol-mediated regulation at least since the time of amphibian development more than 350 million years ago.
Construction of recombinant murine retroviruses that express the human T-cell leukemia virus type II and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III trans activator genes (1986)

Recombinant retroviruses containing the trans activator genes of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type II and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III were constructed. The trans activator genes tat II and tat III were inserted into the murine retroviral vector pZIPNEOSV(X)1. Recombinant plasmids were transfected into the psi 2 and psi AM packaging cell lines that produce murine leukemia virions containing no retroviral RNA. Functional tat II and tat III gene products were expressed as demonstrated by trans activation of HTLV type I and II and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III long terminal repeat-directed gene expression in the respective infected cells. Use of these recombinant vectors permits high-efficiency gene transfer into a wide variety of cells, thereby providing the opportunity to study the biochemical effects associated with tat II and tat III gene expression.
Efflux of the Natural Polyamine Spermidine Facilitated by the Bacillus subtilis Multidrug Transporter Blt (1997)

Multidrug transporters pump structurally dissimilar toxic molecules out of cells. It is not known, however, if detoxification is the primary physiological function of these transporters. The chromosomal organization of the gene encoding the Bacillus subtilis multidrug transporter Blt suggests a specific function for this protein; it forms a single operon with another gene, bltD, whose protein product is identified here as a spermine/spermidine acetyltransferase, an enzyme catalyzing a key step in spermidine degradation. Overexpression of the Blt transporter in B. subtilis leads not only to the multidrug-resistance phenotype but also to the efflux of large amounts of spermidine into the medium; this efflux is supressed by an inhibitor of Blt, reserpine. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the natural function of the Blt transporter is the efflux of spermidine, whereas multiple drugs may be recognized by Blt merely opportunistically.
InAs-based bipolar transistors grown by molecular beam epitaxy (2002)

Large mobilities and electron saturation velocity make InAs a promising material for high speed devices. Investigations into materials characteristics of doped InAs show nonideal behavior with standard molecular beam epitaxy dopants, silicon, and beryllium. Critical thicknesses for cracking of AlxIn1−xAs on InAs were empirically determined as a function of x. Mesa pn junctions in InAs show no effects of surface Fermi level pinning and exhibit good rectification with low reverse leakage. Bipolar junction transistor and heterojunction bipolar transistor devices are presented, along with their dc electrical characteristics. Common emitter current gains of 100 have been achieved in these bipolar devices.
Nanoencapsulated Microcrystalline Particles for Superamplified Biochemical Assays (2002)

We report on the preparation and utilization of a novel class of particulate labels based on nanoencapsulated organic microcrystals with the potential to create highly amplified biochemical assays. Labels were constructed by encapsulating microcrystalline fluorescein diacetate (FDA; average size of 500 nm) within ultrathin polyelectrolyte layers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) via the layer-by-layer technique. Subsequently, the polyelectrolyte coating was used as an "interface" for the attachment of anti-mouse antibodies through adsorption. A high molar ratio of fluorescent molecules present in the microcrystal core to biomolecules on the particle surface was achieved. The applicability of the microcrystal-based label system was demonstrated in a model sandwich immunoassay for mouse immunoglobulin G detection. Following the immunoreaction, the FDA core was dissolved by exposure to organic solvent, leading to the release of the FDA molecules into the surrounding medium. Amplification rates of 70-2000-fold (expressed as an increase in assay sensitivity) of the microcrystal label-based assay compared with the corresponding immunoassay performed with direct fluorescently labeled antibodies are reported. Our approach provides a general and facile means to prepare a novel class of biochemical assay labeling systems. The technology has the potential to compete with enzyme-based labels as it does not require long incubation times, thus speeding up bioaffinity tests.
Aspirin‐triggered lipoxin A 4 and lipoxin A 4 up‐regulate transcriptional corepressor NAB1 in human neutrophils (2001)

Aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin A4 (ATL) is an endogenous lipid mediator that mimics the actions of native lipoxin A4, a putative "stop signal" involved in regulating resolution of inflammation. A metabolically more stable analog of ATL, 15-epi-16-(para-fluoro)-phenoxy-lipoxin A4 analog (ATLa), inhibits neutrophil recruitment in vitro and in vivo and displays potent anti-inflammatory actions. ATLa binds with high affinity to the lipoxin A4 receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor on the surface of leukocytes. In this study, we used freshly isolated human neutrophils to examine ATLa's potential for initiating rapid nuclear responses. Using differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we identified a subset of genes that was selectively up-regulated upon short exposure of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to ATLa but not to the chemoattractant leukotriene B4 or vehicle alone. We further investigated ATLa regulation of one of the genes, NAB1, a transcriptional corepressor identified previously as a glucocorticoid-responsive gene in hamster smooth muscle cells. Treatment of human neutrophils with pertussis toxin blocked ATLa up-regulation of NAB1. In addition, ATLa stimulated NAB1 gene expression in murine lung vascular smooth muscle in vivo. These findings provide evidence for rapid transcriptional induction of a cassette of genes via an ATLa-stimulated G protein-coupled receptor pathway that is potentially protective and overlaps with the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid regulatory circuit.
DNA‐Templated Organic Synthesis: Nature's Strategy for Controlling Chemical Reactivity Applied to Synthetic Molecules (2004)

In contrast to the approach commonly taken by chemists, nature controls chemical reactivity by modulating the effective molarity of highly dilute reactants through macromolecule-templated synthesis. Nature's approach enables complex mixtures in a single solution to react with efficiencies and selectivities that cannot be achieved in conventional laboratory synthesis. DNA-templated organic synthesis (DTS) is emerging as a surprisingly general way to control the reactivity of synthetic molecules by using nature's effective-molarity-based approach. Recent developments have expanded the scope and capabilities of DTS from its origins as a model of prebiotic nucleic acid replication to its current ability to translate DNA sequences into complex small-molecule and polymer products of multistep organic synthesis. An understanding of fundamental principles underlying DTS has played an important role in these developments. Early applications of DTS include nucleic acid sensing, small-molecule discovery, and reaction discovery with the help of translation, selection, and amplification methods previously available only to biological molecules.
Characteristics of Gadolinium Oxide Nanocrystal Memory with Optimized Rapid Thermal Annealing (2009)

Gadolinium oxide nanocrystal memories treated by postdeposition rapid thermal annealing were investigated. Bandgap offset performed by a crystallized dot surrounded by amorphous dielectrics is successfully demonstrated and proven by the transmission electron microscopy images and electron diffraction pattern. The memory exhibits a hysteresis memory window of and NC dot density of more than . In addition, the formation of and charge loss characteristics on annealing temperature were analyzed and optimized at . The data endurance of program and erase cycling for a sufficient memory window was also observed for the nanocrystal memory.
Disruption of TAK1 in hepatocytes causes hepatic injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis (2009)

TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a MAP3K family member that activates NF-kappaB and JNK via Toll-like receptors and the receptors for IL-1, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta. Because the TAK1 downstream molecules NF-kappaB and JNK have opposite effects on cell death and carcinogenesis, the role of TAK1 in the liver is unpredictable. To address this issue, we generated hepatocyte-specific Tak1-deficient (Tak1DeltaHEP) mice. The Tak1DeltaHEP mice displayed spontaneous hepatocyte death, compensatory proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and perisinusoidal fibrosis at age 1 month. Older Tak1DeltaHEP mice developed multiple cancer nodules characterized by increased expression of fetal liver genes including alpha-fetoprotein. Cultures of primary hepatocytes deficient in Tak1 exhibited spontaneous cell death that was further increased in response to TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha increased caspase-3 activity but activated neither NF-kappaB nor JNK in Tak1-deficient hepatocytes. Genetic abrogation of TNF receptor type I (TNFRI) in Tak1DeltaHEP mice reduced liver damage, inflammation, and fibrosis compared with unmodified Tak1DeltaHEP mice. In conclusion, hepatocyte-specific deletion of TAK1 in mice resulted in spontaneous hepatocyte death, inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis that was partially mediated by TNFR signaling, indicating that TAK1 is an essential component for cellular homeostasis in the liver.
Dosimetry of 252 Cf Sources for Neutron Radiotherapy with and without Augmentation by Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (1992)

Interstitial and intracavity 252Cf sources have been used to treat a number of tumor types with encouraging results. In particular these tumors include a variety of cervical, head-and-neck, and oral-cavity cancers and possible malignant gliomas. As a neutron source, 252Cf offers certain theoretical advantages over photon therapy (i.e., in treating tumors with significant hypoxic or necrotic components). With the recent availability of 10B-labeled tumor-seeking compounds, the usefulness of 252Cf may be further improved by augmenting the 252Cf dose to the tumor with an additional dose due to the fission (following thermal neutron capture) of 10B located in the tumor itself. While the high mean neutron energy permits 252Cf to deliver a high-LET, low-OER dose to the tumor on a macroscopic scale, thermalization of neutrons followed by 10B capture may augment this dose at the cellular level if adequate loading of tumor cells with 10B is possible. This paper presents results of a Monte Carlo simulation study investigating the dosimetric characteristics of linear 252Cf sources both with and without the quantitative increase in tumor dose possible with the addition of 10B. Results are displayed in the form of "along and away" tables and dose profiles in a water phantom. Comparisons of Monte Carlo results with experimental and analytical dosimetry data available in the literature are also presented.
Tunable terahertz generation using femtosecond pulse shaping (2002)

Femtosecond pulse shaping and photomixing methods are combined to make a tunable terahertz source. Grating-pair pulse shaper selects two main frequency components to produce pulses that are modulated with a period which is inversely proportional to the frequency separation. The shaped pulse is then photomixed in semi-insulating GaAs under external bias. Terahertz (THz) emission frequency follows the modulation frequency of the excitation pulses, from 0.5 to 3 THz. Contrary to cw photomixing, this method can easily be combined with electro-optic and photoconductive sampling detection methods.
Genetically Targeted T Cells Eradicate Established Breast Cancer in Syngeneic Mice (2009)

Treatment with scFv-CD28-zeta-modified T cells was able to induce a host antitumor immunity in syngeneic mice. Complete tumor elimination by scFv-CD28-zeta-modified T cells required T cell-derived interferon-gamma and perforin, indicating that cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion play a role in the in vivo response.
Impact of upper digestive symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (2006)

Upper digestive symptoms, frequently present in IBS patients, impair health-related quality of life and psychological status. This effect is greater in patients with IBS-C and IBS-A than in those with IBS-D. These data emphasize the importance of evaluating the presence of upper digestive symptoms in IBS patients.
The human homolog of the JE gene encodes a monocyte secretory protein. (1989)

The mouse fibroblast gene, JE, was one of the first platelet-derived growth factor-inducible genes to be described as such. The protein encoded by JE (mJE) is the prototype of a large family of secreted, cytokinelike glycoproteins, all of whose members are induced by a mitogenic or activation signal in monocytes macrophages, and T lymphocytes; JE is the only member to have been identified in fibroblasts. We report the identification of a human homolog for murine JE, cloned from human fibroblasts. The protein predicted by the coding sequence of human JE (hJE) is 55 amino acids shorter than mJE, and its sequence is identical to that of a recently purified monocyte chemoattractant. When expressed in COS cells, the human JE cDNA directed the secretion of N-glycosylated proteins of Mr 16,000 to 18,000 as well as proteins of Mr 15,500, 15,000, and 13,000. Antibodies raised against mJE recognized these hJE species, all of which were secreted by human fibroblasts. hJE expression was stimulated in HL60 cells during phorbol myristate acetate-induced monocytoid differentiation. However, resting human monocytes constitutively secreted hJE; treatment with gamma interferon did not enhance hJE expression in monocytes, and treatment with phorbol myristate acetate or lipopolysaccharide inhibited its expression. Thus, human JE encodes yet another member of the large family of JE-related cytokinelike proteins, in this case a novel human monocyte and fibroblast secretory protein.
Preparation and properties of keratin–poly(vinyl alcohol) blend fiber (2003)

Abstract Keratin–poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend fibers containing 13–46 wt % of –SSO Na + (S‐sulfo) keratin were prepared by the wet‐spinning technique. They were formed by dehydration of an aqueous solution of S‐sulfo keratin and PVA (spinning dope) in a coagulation bath of sodium sulfate–saturated solution and subsequently drawn. Keratin–PVA fibers showed higher tenacity than that of wool, presumably originating from the high mechanical strength of the PVA component. The heat treatment at about 200°C improved the waterproof characteristics such as shrinkage of keratin–PVA fibers more conspicuously than did PVA fibers. That is, after heat treatment at 195°C for 10 min, keratin–PVA blend fiber shrank 20% in water at 60°C, whereas PVA fiber shrank 56%. Differential thermal analysis suggested the crosslinking of disulfide bonds between keratin molecules during the heat treatment, whereas the additional crystallization of PVA component was not observed. Adsorption of heavy metal and toxic gas to keratin–PVA fibers was also investigated. Keratin–PVA fiber was found to adsorb Ag + and formaldehyde gas more efficiently than PVA. Thus, blends of keratin and PVA were advantageous for both polymer fibers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 756–762, 2004
Studies on the Pyrimidine Derivatives. XXII. The Syntheses of New Thiamine Derivatives. (1963)

Direct introduction of substituents of organic groups to the hydroxyl group of thiamine was achieved by the use of phosgene. O-Chlorocarbonylthiamine (VI) thus prepared was converted into O-carbamoylthiamine and O-alkoxycarbonylthiamine. The free bases of O-carbamoyl derivatives were assigned dihydrothiochrome structures (XV) and (XVI). S-Carbamoylthiamine derivatives were also prepared. Application of S→O rearrangement of the carbamoyl group gave various O, S-bis substituted thiamine derivatives.
논문 : 한국 미기록 귀화식물: 한석사초(사초과) (2014)

사초과의 미기록 귀화식물인 한석사초(Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. var. scoparia)가 강원도 인제군 한석산에서 발견되었다. 타래사초절에 속하는 본 종은 북아메리카 원산으로, 유럽과 뉴질랜드에 도입되어 분포하고 있고, 암꽃의 비늘조각이 피침형이며, 과포가 큰 특징으로 인해 아시아에 분포하는 근연종인 C. leporina L. 그리고 타래사초와 뚜렷이 구분된다. 국명은 채집지의 이름을 따서 ‘한석사초’로 명명하였으며, 형태적 특징에 대한 기재, 도해, 생태사진 및 검색표를 제시하였다.
Subpicogram Per Milliliter Detection of Interleukins Using Silicon Photonic Microring Resonators and an Enzymatic Signal Enhancement Strategy (2013)

The detection of biomolecules at ultralow (low to subpicogram per milliliter) concentrations and within complex, clinically relevant matrices is a formidable challenge that is complicated by limitations imposed by the Langmuir binding isotherm and mass transport, for surface-based affinity biosensors. Here we report the integration of an enzymatic signal enhancement scheme onto a multiplexable silicon photonic microring resonator detection platform. To demonstrate the analytical value of this combination, we simultaneously quantitated levels of the interleukins IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 in undiluted cerebrospinal fluid in an assay format that is multiplexable, relatively rapid (90 min), and features a 3 order of magnitude dynamic range and a limit of detection ≤1 pg/mL. The modular nature of this assay and technology should lend itself broadly amenable to different analyte classes, making it a versatile tool for biomarker analysis in clinically relevant settings.
Closed-wound drainage systems. The Solcotrans Plus versus the Stryker-CBC ConstaVAC. (1991)

Ninety-six patients (63 females and 33 males) who underwent total joint arthroplasty or spinal reconstructive surgery were randomized to receive either a Solcotrans Plus or a Stryker-CBC ConstaVAC closed-wound drainage system. A binomial test showed that the Stryker-CBC ConstaVAC system was significantly preferred over the Solcotrans Plus system for ease of use, as reported by nurses. However, Solcotrans Plus was more cost-effective because a larger volume of blood shed by a patient could be reinfused while maintaining the standards of the American Association of Blood Banks. The difference in the occurrence of side effects between the two systems was not statistically significant.