gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organic Photovoltaics : Mechanisms, Materials, and Devices (2005)

Foreword 1 Alan J. Heeger, Nobel Laureate, University of California at Santa Barbara Foreword 2 Aloysius F. Hepp and Sheila G. Bailey, Photovoltaic and Space Environments Branch, NASA Glenn Research Center Preface Acknowledgements Editors Contributors General Overviews The Story of Solar Cells J. Perlin Inorganic Photovoltaic Materials and Devices: Past, Present, and Future A.F. Hepp, S.G. Bailey, and R.P. Raffaelle Natural Organic Photosynthetic Solar Energy Transduction R.E. Blankenship Solid-State Organic Photovoltaics: A Review of Molecular and Polymeric Devices P.A. Lane and Z.H. Kafafi Mechanisms and Modeling Simulations of Optical Processes in Organic Photovoltaic Devices N-K. Persson and O. Inganas Coulomb Forces in Excitonic Solar Cells B.A. Gregg Electronic Structure of Organic Photovoltaic Materials: Modeling of Exciton-Dissociation and Charge-Recombination Processes J. Cornil, V. Lemaur, M.C. Steel, H. Dupin, A. Burquel, D. Beljonne, and J-L. Bredas Optimization of Organic Solar Cells in Both Space and Energy-Time Domains S-S. Sun and C.E. Bonner Materials and Devices Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells H. Hoppe and N.S. Sariciftci Organic Solar Cells Incorporating a p-i-n Junction and a p-n Homojunction M. Hiramoto Liquid-Crystal Approaches to Organic Photovoltaics B. Kippelen, S. Yoo, J.A. Haddock, B. Domercq, S. Barlow, B. Minch, W. Xia, S.R. Marder, and N.R. Armstrong Photovoltaic Cells Based on Nanoporous Titania Films Filled with Conjugated Polymers K.M. Coakley and M.D. McGehee Solar Cells Based on Cyanine and Polymethine Dyes H. Tian and F. Meng Semiconductor Quantum Dot Based Nanocomposite Solar Cells M.H. Wu, A. Ueda, and R. Mu Solar Cells Based on Composites of Donor Conjugated Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes E. Kymakis and G.A.J. Amaratunga Photovoltaic Devices Based on Polythiophene/C60 L.S. Roman Alternating Fluorene Copolymer-Fullerene Blend Solar Cells O. Inganas, F. Zhang, X. Wang, A. Gadisa, N-K. Persson, M. Svensson, E. Perzon, W. Mammo, and M.R. Andersson Solar Cells Based on Diblock Copolymers: A PPV Donor Block and a Fullerene Derivatized Acceptor Block R.A. Segalman, C. Brochon, and G. Hadziioannou Interface Electronic Structure and Organic Photovoltaic Devices Y. Gao The Influence of the Electrode Choice on the Performance of Organic Solar Cells A.B. Djurisic' and C.Y. Kwong Conducting and Transparent Polymer Electrodes F. Zhang and O. Inganas Progress in Optically Transparent Conducting Polymers V. Seshadri and G.A. Sotzing Optoelectronic Properties of Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene Binary Pairs with Variety of LUMO Level Differences S. Sensfuss and M. Al-Ibrahim Polymer-Fullerene Concentration Gradient Photovoltaic Devices by Thermally Controlled Interdiffusion M. Drees, R.M. Davis, and R. Heflin Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes for Organic Photovoltaic Devices M.H-C. Jin and L. Dai Index
Looking Older (2008)

Skin appearance is a primary indicator of age. During the last decade, substantial progress has been made toward understanding underlying mechanisms of human skin aging. This understanding provides the basis for current use and new development of antiaging treatments. Our objective is to review present state-of-the-art knowledge pertaining to mechanisms involved in skin aging, with specific focus on the dermal collagen matrix. A major feature of aged skin is fragmentation of the dermal collagen matrix. Fragmentation results from actions of specific enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases) and impairs the structural integrity of the dermis. Fibroblasts that produce and organize the collagen matrix cannot attach to fragmented collagen. Loss of attachment prevents fibroblasts from receiving mechanical information from their support, and they collapse. Stretch is critical for normal balanced production of collagen and collagen-degrading enzymes. In aged skin, collapsed fibroblasts produce low levels of collagen and high levels of collagen-degrading enzymes. This imbalance advances the aging process in a self-perpetuating, never-ending deleterious cycle. Clinically proven antiaging treatments such as topical retinoic acid, carbon dioxide laser resurfacing, and intradermal injection of cross-linked hyaluronic acid stimulate production of new, undamaged collagen. Attachment of fibroblasts to this new collagen allows stretch, which in turn balances collagen production and degradation and thereby slows the aging process. Collagen fragmentation is responsible for loss of structural integrity and impairment of fibroblast function in aged human skin. Treatments that stimulate production of new, nonfragmented collagen should provide substantial improvement to the appearance and health of aged skin.
Dos oitocentos ao XXI: cientistas, livros e Internet (2007)

A partir do relato de uma experiencia de pesquisa acerca das origens da palavra cientista (scientist) –relacionada com uma investigacao mais ampla sobre as vinculos entre a ciencia e os anos oitocentos–, este artigo examina alguns recursos de Internet que podem ser uteis para pesquisas similares, especialmente aqueles reunidos em Internet Archive , uma Internet Library, agora oficialmente reconhecida como biblioteca pelo estado da California, EUA.
Glucuronidation of Prodrug Reactive Site: Isolation and Characterization of Oxymethylglucuronide Metabolite of Fosphenytoin (2001)

A unique immunoreactive oxymethylglucuronide metabolite derived from fosphenytoin has been isolated from sera from uremic patients receiving this prodrug.
Isolation and Characterization of the Eicosapentaenoic Acid Biosynthesis Gene Cluster from Shewanella sp. BR-2 (2009)

Forty-four eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-producing microbial strains were isolated from the intestines of marine fishes. Among them, one strain showing a maximum level of EPA (4.78%of total fatty acids) was identified as Shewanella sp. BR-2 on the basis of its 16S rRNA sequence. The EPA content reached a maximum level during the mid-exponential phase of cell growth, and gradually decreased with further growth of the cells. A cosmid DNA including the EPA biosynthesis gene cluster consisting of pfaA-E was isolated from a cosmid library of genomic DNA of Shewanella sp. BR-2, named pCosEPA-BR2. An E. coli clone harboring pCosEPA-BR2 produced EPA at a maximum level of 7.5%of total fatty acids, confirming the EPA biosynthesis activity of the cloned gene cluster.
Two monoclonal antibodies selective for human mammary carcinoma. (1985)

Mouse myeloma cells were fused with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with the MCF-7 human mammary carcinoma cell line. Among hybridomas, two (3B18 and 15A8) were selected and cloned. Hybridoma 3B18 produces kappa-IgG1 antibodies that react with a cytoplasmic component of MCF-7 cells. In immunoperoxidase assays, 3B18 reacts with 27 of 31 specimens of human mammary carcinoma. It reacts most consistently with poorly differentiated and infiltrating ductal breast cancers, but it also reacts with isolated cells in 3 of 5 benign mammary pathological lesions with a variable distribution. The antibody does not react with normal mammary epithelium. It does not react with any normal human tissues, and it reacts with only one of 19 other cancers tested. Hybridoma 15A8 produces kappa-IgG1 antibodies that react with the surface membranes of the cells of two human breast cancer cell lines but not with a human fibroblast cell line. In immunoperoxidase assays, the antibody reacted with 28 out of 31 human mammary carcinomas. The antibody also reacts more weakly with normal human epithelial cells of breast, renal proximal tubule, skin, esophagus, and salivary gland, but no other normal tissue. The antibody was unreactive with 14 of 18 other malignant tissues tested. Since 3B18 and 15A8 detect antigens found predominantly in human mammary carcinomas and, possibly, distinguish overlapping categories of human mammary carcinomas, they may prove useful in determining the cellular lineage from which human mammary carcinomas arise, or they may have other clinical applications in breast cancer.
Inbreeding Depression, Inbred and Hybrid Grain Yields, and Other Traits of Maize Genotypes Representing Three Eras1 (1984)

Improvement in the genetic worth of maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrids over the years can be a consequence of increased heterosis and/or improved inbred parents. The objectives of this study were to determine the nature of the genetic improvement of maize hybrids over a period of about 40 years using a representative series of hybrids and to determine any associated changes in morphological and yield component traits. Non parental single crosses of double crosses from the 1930's and the 1950's and single crosses of the 1970's, their inbred parents, and their F, generations were grown at 31 500 and 58 800 plants/ha. The study was conducted at Urbana and Shabbona, 111. However, the inbreds were grown at Urbana only and, because of poor germination of the inbreds of the earlier decades, were grown at 31 500 and 48 800 plants/ha. The majority of the improvement in inbred and hybrid yielding ability occurred between the 1950's and the 1970's. Recent inbreds and hybrids stand better, stay green longer, and have smaller tassels than their earlier counterparts. Grain yield inbreeding depression (and heterosis) increased from the 1950's to the 1970's and a part of it is manifest at loci that condition the responsiveness of the hybrids of the 1970's to increased plant densities. Plant and ear height inbreeding depression seem to have decreased from the 1950's to the 1970's.
Inhibition of human chorionic gonadotropin β‐subunit modulates the mitogenic effect of c‐myc in human prostate cancer cells (2002)

The inhibition of beta-hCG sensitizes prostate cancer cells to the antiproliferative effects of c-Myc inhibition, including tumors that are refractory to c-Myc decrease alone.
[A case of gastric carcinoma with peritoneal metastasis successfully treated by combination chemotherapy of S-1 and cisplatin]. (2011)

This case is a 69-year-old woman. We diagnosed gastric cancer and cholecystolithiasis by close inspection of abdominal pain. Because preoperative diagnosis was T2N0M0, Stage I B, we performed an operation. Many lesser tubercles were shown, and were diagnosed as peritoneal metastases pathologically. The tumor in corpus ventriculi infiltrated out of gastric serosa. We judged that curative resection was impossible and finished the operation after giving an intra-abdominal dosage of cisplatin(CDDP)at 85mg. After operation, 3 courses of performed S-1/CDDP combination chemotherapy were performed. Because we observed contraction of the main lesion and could not point out the peritoneal metastases and ascitis, we performed a second look operation. All the nodules found with peritoneal and rectouterine excavation had disappeared and we performed distal gastrectomy. The postoperative diagnosis was pT2(MP), pN0CY0, Stage I B, Cur A, therapy grade 1a. Chemotherapy does succeed, and this is a valuable case in which a radical operation could be performed.
Hypothesized resource relationships among African planktonic diatoms (1986)

Several hypotheses are advanced for resource relationships among planktonic diatoms in African freshwater lakes that are consistent with the light and nutrient conditions of the lakes and the extant and fossil distributions of the diatom species in them. The hypotheses are all testable and are potentially powerful tools for interpreting past climatic conditions. A ranking is proposed along a Si: P gradient: at the high end are the planktonic Synedra spp. with the highest Si requirements and lowest P requirements (high Si : P), the planktonic Nitzschia spp. are intermediate, and the Stephanodiscus spp. are at the low end with the lowest Si requirements and highest P requirements (low Si : P). Melosira species may be ranked along a light: P gradient. We suggest that Melosira distans and Melosira ambigua grow under high light and have low P requirements, Melosira agassizii and Melosira granulata are intermediate, and Melosira nyassensis has the lowest light and highest P requirements. There also appears to be a relationship between pore size and the light regime for growth among the Melosira species; thus, M. distans and M. ambigua have the smallest pores and highest light requirements, M. nyassensis has the largest pores and lowest light requirements. Melosira granulata is intermediate and seems to be very variable in pore size, depending on the light environment. One diatom, Nitzschia fonticola, lives in and on colonies of Microcystis and is considered to be an obligate nitrogen heterotroph.
Chromosome 7 and 19 Trisomy in Cultured Human Neural Progenitor Cells (2009)

We report that hNPCs are susceptible to accumulation of chromosome 7 and 19 trisomy in long-term cell culture. These results suggest that micro-environmental cues are powerful factors in the selection of specific hNPC aneuploidies, with trisomy of chromosome 7 being the most common. Given that a number of stem cell based clinical trials are being conducted or planned in USA and a recent report in PLoS Medicine showing the dangers of grafting an inordinate number of cells, these data substantiate the need for careful cytogenetic evaluation of hNPCs (fetal or hESC-derived) before their use in clinical or basic science applications.
A comprehensive genetic map of murine chromosome 11 reveals extensive linkage conservation between mouse and human. (1989)

Interspecific backcross animals from a cross between C57BL/6J and Mus spretus mice were used to generate a comprehensive linkage map of mouse chromosome 11. The relative map positions of genes previously assigned to mouse chromosome 11 by somatic cell hybrid or genetic backcross analysis were determined (Erbb, Rel, 11-3, Csfgm, Trp53-1, Evi-2, Erba, Erbb-2, Csfg, Myhs, Cola-1, Myla, Hox-2 and Pkca). We also analyzed genes that we suspected would map to chromosome 11 by virtue of their location in human chromosomes and the known linkage homologies that exist between murine chromosome 11 and human chromosomes (Mpo, Ngfr, Pdgfr and Fms). Two of the latter genes, Mpo and Ngfr, mapped to mouse chromosome 11. Both genes also mapped to human chromosome 17, extending the degree of linkage conservation observed between human chromosome 17 and mouse chromosome 11. Pdgfr and Fms, which are closely linked to II-3 and Csfgm in humans on chromosome 5, mapped to mouse chromosome 18 rather than mouse chromosome 11, thereby defining yet another conserved linkage group between human and mouse chromosomes. The mouse chromosome 11 linkage map generated in these studies substantially extends the framework for identifying homologous genes in the mouse that are involved in human disease, for elucidating the genes responsible for several mouse mutations, and for gaining insights into chromosome evolution and genome organization.
Cross protection in mice with the Smith diffuse strain of Staphylococcus aureus versus a type Ia strain of group B streptococci (1982)

Active immunization of mice with whole cell vaccine or cell surface polysaccharide from either the Smith diffuse strain of Staphylococcus aureus or SS-615 (type Ia of group G streptococci) protected against challenge by either the homologous or heterologous strains. In the peritoneal cavity of mice immunized with either of these organisms rapid phagocytosis and reduction of the viable cells was observed at 6 h after the challenge. Cell surface polysaccharides extracted from strains Smith diffuse and SS-615, both prepared by the same procedure as that of the Smith surface antigen, were capable of absorbing the protective antibody in rabbit hyperimmune sera prepared with homologous or heterologous strains.
Investigation of the Supplementary Effect of GaAs Laser Therapy on the Rehabilitation of Human Digital Flexor Tendons (2004)

Significant improvement obtained in edema reduction both immediately and 12 weeks after supplementary GaAs laser application in our study has been interpreted as an important contribution to the rehabilitation of human flexor tendon injuries because edema is known to have a detrimental effect on functional recovery during both early and late stages of tendon healing. However, our study has failed to show a significant positive effect of supplementary GaAs laser application on the other functional recovery parameters of human flexor tendon injury rehabilitation and we suggest further clinical study in this topic be done using different laser types and dosages in order to delineate the role of this promising treatment modality.
A Convergence Theorem for Sequential Learning in Two-Layer Perceptrons (1990)

We consider a perceptron with Ni input units, one output and a yet unspecified number of hidden units. This perceptron must be able to learn a given but arbitrary set of input-output examples. By sequential learning we mean that groups of patterns, pertaining to the same class, are sequentially separated from the rest by successively adding hidden units until the remaining patterns are all in the same class. We prove that the internal representations obtained by such procedures are linearly separable. Preliminary numerical tests of an algorithm implementing these ideas are presented and compare favourably with results of other growth algorithms.
An adaptive congestion control scheme for real time packet video transport (1995)

We show that modulating the source rate of a video encoder based on congestion signals from the network has two major benefits: the quality of the video transmission degrades gracefully when the network is congested and the transmission capacity is used efficiently. Source rate modulation techniques have been used in the past in designing fixed rate video encoders used over telephone networks. In such constant bit rate encoders, the source rate modulation is done using feedback information about the occupancy of a local buffer. Thus, the feedback information is available instantaneously to the encoder. In the scheme proposed, the feedback may be delayed by several frames because it comes from an intermediate switching node of a packet switched network. The paper shows the proposed scheme performs quite well despite this delay in feedback. We believe the use of such schemes will simplify the architecture used for supporting real time video services in future nationwide gigabit networks.
128 Toward a Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine (2012)

Current influenza virus vaccines are effective when well matched to the circulating strains, but they have clear limitations and improvements are needed. First, specific populations (eg, the elderly) are not well served by the present vaccine formulations, and vaccines inducing an enhanced immune response are needed. Second, yearly administration of vaccines is cumbersome and costly, and could be avoided by the availability of cross-protective (universal) influenza virus vaccines. Regarding the first point, I will discuss efforts to develop self-adjuvanted live influenza virus vaccines based on truncations of the virus' NS1 protein, its major interferon antagonist. Regarding the development of universal influenza virus vaccines, I will describe novel immunogens comprising the conserved influenza hemagglutinin stalk domain lacking the globular head (headless hemagglutinin) and peptide vaccines which induce cross-protective immune responses against the long alpha helix (LAH) in the hemagglutinin stalk.
A pyrosequencing-tailored nucleotide barcode design unveils opportunities for large-scale sample multiplexing (2007)

Multiplexed high-throughput pyrosequencing is currently limited in complexity (number of samples sequenced in parallel), and in capacity (number of sequences obtained per sample). Physical-space segregation of the sequencing platform into a fixed number of channels allows limited multiplexing, but obscures available sequencing space. To overcome these limitations, we have devised a novel barcoding approach to allow for pooling and sequencing of DNA from independent samples, and to facilitate subsequent segregation of sequencing capacity. Forty-eight forward-reverse barcode pairs are described: each forward and each reverse barcode unique with respect to at least 4 nt positions. With improved read lengths of pyrosequencers, combinations of forward and reverse barcodes may be used to sequence from as many as n(2) independent libraries for each set of 'n' forward and 'n' reverse barcodes, for each defined set of cloning-linkers. In two pilot series of barcoded sequencing using the GS20 Sequencer (454/Roche), we found that over 99.8% of obtained sequences could be assigned to 25 independent, uniquely barcoded libraries based on the presence of either a perfect forward or a perfect reverse barcode. The false-discovery rate, as measured by the percentage of sequences with unexpected perfect pairings of unmatched forward and reverse barcodes, was estimated to be <0.005%.
Alternatively Spliced Focal Adhesion Kinase in Rat Brain with Increased Autophosphorylation Activity (1997)

pp125 focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase transducing signals initiated by integrin engagement and G protein-coupled receptors, is highly expressed in brain. FAK from brain had a higher molecular weight and an increased autophosphorylation activity, than from other tissues. In addition to a 9-base insertion in the 3'-coding region, which defines FAK+, rat striatal FAK mRNAs contained several additional short exons, coding for peptides of 28, 6, and 7 residues, respectively (termed boxes 28, 6, and 7), surrounding the autophosphorylated Tyr-397. In transfected COS 7 cells, the presence of boxes 6 and 7 conferred an increased overall tyrosine phosphorylation, a higher phosphorylation of Tyr-397 assessed with a phosphorylation state-specific antibody, and a more active autophosphorylation in immune precipitates. The presence of box 28 did not alter further these parameters. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide maps of hippocampal FAK were identical to those of FAK+6,7. The presence of the various exons did not alter the interaction of FAK with c-Src, n-Src, or Fyn. Thus, several splice isoforms of FAK are preferentially expressed in rat brain, some of which have an increased autophosphorylation activity, suggesting that FAK may have specific properties in neurons.
Cetuximab and Chemotherapy as Initial Treatment for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (2009)

First-line treatment with cetuximab plus FOLFIRI, as compared with FOLFIRI alone, reduced the risk of progression of metastatic colorectal cancer. The benefit of cetuximab was limited to patients with KRAS wild-type tumors. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00154102.)
Binding properties of rat prorenin and renin to the recombinant rat renin/prorenin receptor prepared by a baculovirus expression system (2006)

The rat recombinant renin/prorenin receptor (AB188298 in DDJB), which conjugated with FLAG epitope in its N-terminus, was expressed in a baculovirus expression system. The recombinant receptor, prepared from the cytoplasmic fraction of the insect cells, was identified by Western blotting using anti-FLAG antibody. Prorenin as well as renin bound to the receptor with different binding affinities. Their Kd values were estimated at 8.0 and 20 nM, respectively. The amounts of prorenin and renin bound to the immobilized receptors were 1.0 and 0.2 pmole, respectively. The prorenin bound to the receptor had renin activity and the renin kept the activity at similar level to that before the binding. The Km of their complexes was the same at 3.3 microM when sheep angiotensinogen was used as the substrate. Their Vmax values were 5.5 and 10 nM.h(-1), respectively. The molecular activities of prorenin and renin bound to the receptor were 1.1 and 10 h(-1), respectively. From these findings, rat prorenin as well as renin was indicated to bind to the recombinant receptor and express the enzymatic activity in vitro.