gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The problems of computer-assisted animation (1978)

In the last few years several systems have been written for aiding in the conventional two-dimensional animation process. The main purpose of these systems has been to let the computer produce missing drawings based on extreme drawings produced by animators. While there has been some success and a great deal of optimism, the promise of higher output and quality using a computer has not been realized. The transition from simple drawings optimized for use on the computer to the complicated and detailed drawings of quality conventional animation has been much harder than expected. The principle difficulty is that the animators drawings are really two dimensional projections of three dimensional characters as visualized in the animators head, hence information is lost, ie. one leg obscures another. The problem of making a program infer the original object from its projections is akin to extremely difficult artificial intelligence problems. Efforts to overcome this by drawing skeletons or increasing the number of overlays require more manual intervention thereby offsetting the gains of using the computer. One way to analyze an approach is to determine the average time required of an artist or operator at all stages of animation for every frame. A second problem not generally recognized is that a production animation system requires the management of hundreds of thousands of drawings, hence data base management techniques not normally found in experimental animation systems.
Urinary Matrix Metalloproteinases and their Endogenous Inhibitors Predict Hepatic Regeneration after Murine Partial Hepatectomy (2004)

We demonstrate that (1) urinary MMPs and their cognate inhibitors, the TIMPs, can be detected in the urine of mice undergoing partial hepatectomy, (2) the presence of these remodeling proteins in the urine may predict the progressive return of the partially resected liver to its preoperative mass, and (3) analysis of urinary MMPs and TIMPs may someday provide a noninvasive means of monitoring the status of patients undergoing hepatic resection and transplantation.
Link the Head to the "Beak": Zero Shot Learning from Noisy Text Description at Part Precision (2017)

In this paper, we study learning visual classifiers from unstructured text descriptions at part precision with no training images. We propose a learning framework that is able to connect text terms to its relevant parts and suppress connections to non-visual text terms without any part-text annotations. For instance, this learning process enables terms like beak to be sparsely linked to the visual representation of parts like head, while reduces the effect of non-visual terms like migrate on classifier prediction. Images are encoded by a part-based CNN that detect bird parts and learn part-specific representation. Part-based visual classifiers are predicted from text descriptions of unseen visual classifiers to facilitate classification without training images (also known as zero-shot recognition). We performed our experiments on CUBirds 2011 dataset and improves the state-of-the-art textbased zero-shot recognition results from 34.7% to 43.6%. We also created large scale benchmarks on North American Bird Images augmented with text descriptions, where we also show that our approach outperforms existing methods. Our code, data, and models are publically available link [1].
Failure of the stem cell niche rather than loss of oocyte stem cells in the aging ovary (2010)

The possibility of postnatal oogenesis in humans and other species has become one of today's most debated topics in the fields of reproductive and developmental biology. Wilhelm Waldeyer concluded in 1870 that oocyte production ceases with birth, and for more than a century scientists have been in consensus that the number of oocytes is gradually reduced throughout adult life [1]. A contemporary understanding of tissue regeneration, together with novel experimental methods, led to a new school of thought that has challenged the model of prenatal total endowment, by suggesting replenishment of the postnatal oocytes pool by adult Germline Stem Cell (GSC). According to this theory, a small number of GSC remains viable to produce oocytes or oocyte-like cells within the ovary throughout the lifespan of the adult female [2,3]. These cells may originate from within or from outside the ovary. However, in a parabiotic model, or after bone marrow transplantation, the absence of mature donor derived eggs in the recipient suggested that mature eggs are not readily generated by cells from outside of the ovary [4]. Supporters of the GSC model insist that the absence of mature eggs from a donor do not contradict the idea of a progenitor cell that may give rise to a pool of additional oocytes. Last year, Zou et. [5] established a GSC cell line by sorting for ovarian cells that were positive for the mouse vasa homologue (MVH) protein. These cells went through many passages in culture, showed high telomerase activity, and when stably transfected with GFP and transplanted into females, gave rise to offspring that carried the signal. The controversy surrounding the relation between age and the reducing number of eggs produced females only increased.
Exon/intron structure of the human ALL‐1 (MLL) gene involved in translocations to chromosomal region 11q23 and acute leukaemias (1996)

The acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)-1 gene on human chromosome 11q23 is the site of many locally clustered chromosomal alterations associated with several types of acute leukaemias, including deletions, partial duplications and translocations. Structurally variant proteins derived from the altered gene presumably cause the malignant transformation of early haemopoietic progenitor cells. According to previously published reports, the gene consisted of at least 21 exons spread over approximately 100 kb. In this report a set of genomic fragments was isolated that represent a total of 35 exons (exons 3-37) encompassing > 95% of the protein-coding region (except exons 1 and 2) and the 3'-non-translated region of the gene. The distances between these exons were determined and a detailed restriction map was produced. The majority of the exon/intron boundaries were sequenced and an intron-phase analysis was performed. The results form the basis for a greater understanding of the translocations and other structural alterations of the gene that conserve the open reading frame and thus produce presumably oncogenic variants of the ALL-1 protein.
T-Cell Reactivity to β-Cell Membrane Antigens Associated With β-Cell Destruction in IDDM (1995)

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) results from a T-cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells. In this study, we designed a sensitive assay to detect and identify islet cell-reactive T-cells in patients with newly diagnosed IDDM. The relation between T-cell recognition of beta-cell antigens with IDDM and the pathogenesis of the disease (the beta-cell destruction process) was tested in a large group of IDDM patients and compared with T-cell responses in nondiabetic children with other chronic inflammations and in immunologically normal, age-matched control subjects. The results demonstrate that peripheral blood T-cells reacting with a beta-cell membrane preparation enriched for insulin-secretory granule antigen were detectable in the majority of newly diagnosed IDDM patients (27 of 40 [67%]; mean stimulation index [SI] 37.0). Such reactivity was reduced postonset in IDDM patients proportionally to the duration of the disease (11 of 30 [37%]; mean SI 8.7). Nondiabetic age-matched control subjects showed no responses or moderate responses to the granule preparation (4 of 48 [8%]; mean SI 3.4). The magnitude of the T-cell response was significantly greater in newly diagnosed IDDM patients than in IDDM patients tested at least 2 years postonset (P < 0.001). Two children in remission for insulin dependency (so-called honeymoon period) displayed exceptionally high proliferative responses to insulin-secretory granules (mean SI 86.7). These results imply that T-cell recognition of insulin-secretory granule antigens is associated with IDDM and in particular with the immune-mediated process of beta-cell destruction.
Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor and Age‐Related Macular Degeneration (2008)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of new blindness in the western world and is becoming more of a socio-medical problem as the proportion of the aged population increases. There are multiple efforts underway to better understand this disease process. AMD involves the abnormal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), drusen formation, photoreceptor atrophy, and choroidal neovascularization. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play an important role in lipid degeneration, immune regulation, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), as well as regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These molecules have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD. In addition, PPAR gamma is expressed in RPE, an essential cell in photoreceptor regeneration and vision maintenance. This review summarizes the interactions between PPAR, AMD-related molecules, and AMD-related disease processes.
A distributed wavelength switching architecture for the TPON local network (2005)

Passive optical networks offer economic Provision Of telephony and low-dain-rate services over optical fibre. Upgrading of these networks by WDM will also bring the possibility of broadband access to customers, and with it the need for broad band switching to interconnect customers in the local network. A distributed switching architecture is proposed for reducing the component quantities needed to implement a local broadband exchange The architecture consists of three stages of switching, The first and third stages of which are distributed throughout the passive optical networks using wavelength routing technique, with only the middle stage implemented in the exchange, using either optical space or wavelength switching. When space switching is employed in the exchange, the distributed architecture almost halves the number of crosspoints, and when wavelength switching is used laser and regenerator numbers are reduced by 40%, compared with die conventional architecture of centralised switching.
Model-Based Control (2018)

Control is the practice of influencing the static or dynamic behavior of a process—technical, biological, social or otherwise—with respect to a desired outcome. This chapter provides the basic terminology and concepts of control, and highlights the potential and limits of the various control concepts and methodologies. All control systems are built up from the interplay of four components: process dynamics, manipulated variables, measured variables, and controlled variables. Process models are at the heart of any control design approach and formalize the operator expectations in the process response to internal and external excitations. State controllability is a property of systems or processes that allows for achieving any combination of values of state variables by the available process inputs, either directly or indirectly through interaction of process states. In terms of drying processes, these could be arbitrary precise product moisture content, arbitrary composition and content of valuable ingredients, any customer-specified product temperature, and so on.
Effects of Ionic Strength and Surface Charge on Protein Adsorption at PEGylated Surfaces (2005)

PEGylated Nb2O5 surfaces were obtained by the adsorption of poly(L-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) copolymers, allowing control of the PEG surface density, as well as the surface charge. PEG (MW 2 kDa) surface densities between 0 and 0.5 nm(-2) were obtained by changing the PEG to lysine-mer ratio in the PLL-g-PEG polymer, resulting in net positive, negative and neutral surfaces. Colloid probe atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize the interfacial forces associated with the different surfaces. The AFM force analysis revealed interplay between electrical double layer and steric interactions, thus providing information on the surface charge and on the PEG layer thickness as a function of copolymer architecture. Adsorption of the model proteins lysozyme, alpha-lactalbumin, and myoglobin onto the various PEGylated surfaces was performed to investigate the effect of protein charge. In addition, adsorption experiments were performed over a range of ionic strengths, to study the role of electrostatic forces between surface charges and proteins acting through the PEG layer. The adsorbed mass of protein, measured by optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS), was shown to depend on a combination of surface charge, protein charge, PEG thickness, and grafting density. At high grafting density and high ionic strength, the steric barrier properties of PEG determine the net interfacial force. At low ionic strength, however, the electrical double layer thickness exceeds the thickness of the PEG layer, and surface charges "shining through" the PEG layer contribute to protein interactions with PLL-g-PEG coated surfaces. The combination of AFM surface force measurements and protein adsorption experiments provides insights into the interfacial forces associated with various PEGylated surfaces and the mechanisms of protein resistance.
Direct Ink Write (DIW) 3D Printed Cellulose Nanocrystal Aerogel Structures (2017)

Pure cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) aerogels with controlled 3D structures and inner pore architecture are printed using the direct ink write (DIW) technique. While traditional cellulosic aerogel processing approaches lack the ability to easily fabricate complete aerogel structures, DIW 3D printing followed by freeze drying can overcome this shortcoming and can produce CNC aerogels with minimal structural shrinkage or damage. The resultant products have great potential in applications such as tissue scaffold templates, drug delivery, packaging, etc., due to their inherent sustainability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Various 3D structures are successfully printed without support material, and the print quality can be improved with increasing CNC concentration and printing resolution. Dual pore CNC aerogel scaffolds are also successfully printed, where the customizable 3D structure and inner pore architecture can potentially enable advance CNC scaffold designs suited for specific cell integration requirements.
Differential stereoselective pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor in extensive and poor metabolizers of pantoprazole?a preliminary study (1997)

Pantoprazole (PAN) is a proton pump inhibitor that is administered as a racemic mixture. The pharmacokinetics of PAN enantiomers were investigated in extensive metabolizers (EMs) and apparent poor metabolizers (PMs) of PAN who received a single, 40, 60, or 80 mg oral dose of racemic PAN as enteric-coated formulation. In the EMs, the serum concentrations of (-)-PAN were slightly higher than those of (+)-PAN at each dose level. The (+)/(-) ratios for the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and the half-life were 0.58-0.89 and 0.62-0.88, respectively. In the PMs, the serum concentrations and both enantiomers were much higher than those in the EMs at each dose level and significant differences in pharmacokinetics of (+)- and (-)-PAN were observed. The half-lives for (+)-PAN were 2.67-3.77 times longer than those for (-)-PAN. The AUCs for (+)-PAN were 2.65-3.45 times greater than those for (-)-PAN. Therefore, the metabolism of (+)-PAN is impaired to a greater extent than (-)-PAN in the PMs, which resulted in the stereoselective disposition of PAN in the PMs. It has been suggested that the EMs and the PMs of PAN could be differentiated by determining the (+)/(-) enantiomer ratio in serum at one time point, possibly 2-6 h after oral dosing, because the (+)/(-) enantiomer ratios in the PMs were opposite those in the EM subjects.
Thio analogs of pyrimidine bases: Syntheses and EIMS study of new ortho‐(meta‐ and para‐)bromobenzyl s‐mono and S‐N‐1‐disubstituted 5‐morpholinomethyl(5‐piperidinomethyl)‐2‐thiouracils (2007)

Abstract magnified image Eleven new ortho ‐( meta ‐ and para ‐)bromobenzyl S‐mono and S‐N‐1‐disubstituted derivatives of 5‐morpholinomethyl‐2‐thiouracil (MMTU) and 5‐piperidinomethyl‐2‐thiouracil (PMTU) have been prepared and their EI induced mass spectral fragmentation has been investigated. It has been shown that the data derived from EIMS spectra can be used to differentiate the isomers
Suppression of reaginic antibody formation. Iii. Relationship between immunogenicity and tolerogenicity of hapten-carrier conjugates. (1976)

All the multivalent DNPx-MγG conjugates were shown to be able to elicit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction on i.v. Challenge of rats which had been pre-sensitized i.d. with anti-DNP reaginic antibodies.
Replication of near 0.1 μm hole patterns by using x-ray lithography (1996)

The feasibility of x-ray lithography in applying device process was studied through fabrication of a small circuit consisting of experimental stacked film and contact holes numbering about 1k with replicated sizes from 0.6 to 0.085 μm. To resolve fine contact holes, in-house chemically amplified positive resist was used by employing a high contrast post-exposure-bake condition. By measuring the resistance and yields of prepared circuits, we have evaluated the reliability of the circuits. High yield of larger than 0.9 was obtained for contact holes larger than 0.15 μm, and prepared circuits were found to be feasible down to 0.085 μm.
Global Panel of HIV-1 Env Reference Strains for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies (2013)

ABSTRACT Standardized assessments of HIV-1 vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody responses are complicated by the genetic and antigenic variability of the viral envelope glycoproteins (Envs). To address these issues, suitable reference strains are needed that are representative of the global epidemic. Several panels have been recommended previously, but no clear answers have been available on how many and which strains are best suited for this purpose. We used a statistical model selection method to identify a global panel of reference Env clones from among 219 Env-pseudotyped viruses assayed in TZM-bl cells with sera from 205 HIV-1-infected individuals. The Envs and sera were sampled globally from diverse geographic locations and represented all major genetic subtypes and circulating recombinant forms of the virus. Assays with a panel size of only nine viruses adequately represented the spectrum of HIV-1 serum neutralizing activity seen with the larger panel of 219 viruses. An optimal panel of nine viruses was selected and augmented with three additional viruses for greater genetic and antigenic coverage. The spectrum of HIV-1 serum neutralizing activity seen with the final 12-virus panel closely approximated the activity seen with subtype-matched viruses. Moreover, the final panel was highly sensitive for detection of many of the known broadly neutralizing antibodies. For broader assay applications, all 12 Env clones were converted to infectious molecular clones using a proviral backbone carrying a Renilla luciferase reporter gene (Env.IMC.LucR viruses). This global panel should facilitate highly standardized assessments of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies across multiple HIV-1 vaccine platforms in different parts of the world. IMPORTANCE An effective HIV-1 vaccine will need to overcome the extraordinary genetic variability of the virus, where most variation occurs in the viral envelope glycoproteins that are the sole targets for neutralizing antibodies. Efforts to elicit broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies that will protect against infection by most circulating strains of the virus are guided in part by in vitro assays that determine the ability of vaccine-elicited antibodies to neutralize genetically diverse HIV-1 variants. Until now, little information was available on how many and which strains of the virus are best suited for this purpose. We applied robust statistical methods to evaluate a large neutralization data set and identified a small panel of viruses that are a good representation of the global epidemic. The neutralization properties of this new panel of reference strains should facilitate the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
A polygenic mouse model of psoriasiform skin disease in CD18-deficient mice. (1996)

Previously, a hypomorphic mutation in CD18 was generated by gene targeting, with homozygous mice displaying increased circulating neutrophil counts, defects in the response to chemically induced peritonitis, and delays in transplantation rejection. When this mutation was backcrossed onto the PL/J inbred strain, virtually all homozygous mice developed a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a mean age of onset of 11 weeks after birth. The disease was characterized by erythema, hair loss, and the development of scales and crusts. The histopathology revealed hyperplasia of the epidermis, subcorneal microabscesses, orthohyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and lymphocyte exocytosis, which are features in common with human psoriasis and other hyperproliferative inflammatory skin disorders. Repetitive cultures failed to demonstrate bacterial or fungal organisms potentially involved in the pathogenesis of this disease, and the dermatitis resolved rapidly after subcutaneous administration of dexamethasone. Homozygous mutant mice on a (PL/J x C57BL/6J)F1 background did not develop the disease and backcross experiments suggest that a small number of genes (perhaps as few as one), in addition to CD18, determine susceptibility to the disorder. This phenotype provides a model for inflammatory skin disorders, may have general relevance to polygenic human inflammatory diseases, and should help to identify genes that interact with the beta2 integrins in inflammatory processes.
SYNTHESIS OF SOME FUNCTIONALIZED PHOSPHINOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS (1989)

Abstract Various functionalized phosphinocarboxylic acids have been prepared by a number of complementary methods. Reactions of relatively electron-poor secondary phosphides with electron-rich halocarboxylates in liquid ammonia give high yields of phosphinocarboxylates. The substitution reaction may proceed by a classical SN 2 mechanism or by an SN rad mechanism. Reduction of the carboxylate can be a deleterious side reaction in the preparation of phosphinoacetic acids. Several phosphinopropionic acids are prepared by the Michael addition of diphenylphosphine to unsaturated esters. A valuable method proved to be the reaction of dichlorophosphinoacetic ester with functionalized organometallic reagents.
MORE: Multimedia Object Retrieval Environment (1993)

In this paper, we present a graph-based object model that will be used as a uniform framework for direct manipulation of multimedia information.
Synthesis and biological activity of N-substituted 5-fluorouracil-1-acetamides (1982)

Reaction of 5-fluorouracil ( I ) with sodium chloroacetate in the presence of sodium hydride afforded a mixture of 5-fluorouracil-1-acetic acid ( II ) and 5-fluorouracil-3-acetic acid ( III ). p -Nitrophenyl 5-fluorouracil-1-acetate ( IV ) reacted with amines in methanol or dimethylformamide to give N-substituted 5-fluorouracil-1-acetamides V . The following amides were prepared: diethylamide Vc , n-hexylamide Vd , cyclohexylamide Ve , adamantylamide Vf , anilide Vg , benzylamide Vh , benzhydrylamide Vi , pyrrolidide Vj , piperidide Vk , morpholide Vl , 3-dimethylaminopropylamide Vm , 3-aminopropylamide Vn , 2-hydroxyethylamide Vo , bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amide Vp and tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamide Vq . Compounds Vc-Vq do not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli in concentrations up to 1 mg/ml. Compounds Vf and Vh have a weak, compound Vq a significant, inhibition effect on the growth of L-1210 mouse leukemic cells in vitro in concentrations 1.5 . 10 -5 mol l -1 .