gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) induce epithelial differentiation of NT2D1 human embryonal carcinoma cells (2000)

Human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells represent the stem cells of testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) and are morphologically, antigenically and functionally related to the stem cells of early mammalian embryos. Despite the large capacity for differentiation displayed by TGCT stem cells, little is known of the factors controlling their developmental potency. We have analyzed the differentiation elicited in NT2D1 human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) and compared it with that elicited by retinoic acid (RA). We have found that while RA induced expression of neuronal, endodermal and epithelial markers in NT2D1 human EC cells, treatment with BMPs resulted in a predominantly epithelial phenotype. We also provide evidence to suggest that at least some of the effects elicited by RA in human EC cells might be mediated through RA-induced expression of BMP-7. Thus BMPs may play an important role in specifying the type of differentiation arising from human multipotent stem cells. The manipulation of BMP signalling in human embryonic multipotent stem cells may therefore prove a useful approach in attempts to generate specific differentiated cell types in vitro, and loss of the malignant and/or transformed phenotype.
Lignin Formation in Plants. The Dilemma of Linkage Specificity (2001)

Lignification is the process of forming the collective of phenylpropanoid macromolecules termed lignin. There are two ways to define lignin: 1) from a chemical point of view (i.e. its chemical composition and structure), and 2) from a functional view that stresses what lignin does within the plant. It has been recognized for 50 years now that lignin is a polymeric material composed of phenylpropanoid units derived from three cinnamyl alcohols (monolignols): p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols (Fig. It was suspected that this view might be too simplistic (Sarkanen and Ludwig, 1971), and there are now many examples showing that other phenolics can be incorporated into lignins (for review, see Sederoff et al., 1999). From a functional point of view, lignins impart strength to cell walls, facilitate water transport, and impede the degradation of wall polysaccharides, thus acting as a major line of defense against pathogens, insects, and other herbivores.
Prostate-Specific Antigenic Domain of Human Prostate Specific Antigen Identified with Monoclonal Antibodies (1989)

With the use of five murine monoclonal antibodies (1A5, 2A4, 3F1, F5 and 3A12) and an antigen-affinity purified goat polyclonal IgG antibody, the presence of a prostate-specific antigenic domain in human prostate-specific antigen molecule was identified. The results were based upon a series of quantitative competitive inhibition assays of each 125I-labeled monoclonal antibody and polyclonal antibody binding to prostate-specific antigen by unlabeled monoclonal antibodies as inhibitors, and immunohistochemical examination of an extensive panel of human tissue specimens. A cluster of two epitopes that are spatially related or in close topographical proximity and represent a prostate-specific antigenic domain are defined by the monoclonal antibodies 1A5, 2A4, 3F1, and F5, 3A12, respectively.
Biodistribution and inflammatory profiles of novel penton and hexon double-mutant serotype 5 adenoviruses (2012)

The use of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors in the clinical setting is severely hampered by the profound liver tropism observed after intravascular delivery coupled with the pronounced inflammatory and innate immune response elicited by these vectors. Liver transduction by circulating Ad5 virions is mediated by a high-affinity interaction between the capsid hexon protein and blood coagulation factor X (FX), whilst penton-α(v)integrin interactions are thought to contribute to the induction of anti-Ad5 inflammatory and innate immune responses. To overcome these limitations, we sought to develop and characterise for the first time novel Ad5 vectors possessing mutations ablating both hexon:FX and penton:integrin interactions. As expected, intravascular administration of the FX binding-ablated Ad5HVR5*HVR7*E451Q vector (AdT*) resulted in significantly reduced liver transduction in vivo compared to Ad5. In macrophage-depleted mice, increased spleen uptake of AdT* was accompanied by an elevation in the levels of several inflammatory mediators. However ablation of the penton RGD motif in the AdT* vector background (AdT*RGE) resulted in a significant 5-fold reduction in spleen uptake and attenuated the antiviral inflammatory response. A reduction in spleen uptake and inflammatory activation was also observed in animals after intravascular administration of Ad5RGE compared to the parental Ad5 vector, with reduced co-localisation of the viral beta-galactosidase transgene with MAdCAM-1+ sinus-lining endothelial cells. Our detailed assessment of these novel adenoviruses indicates that penton base RGE mutation in combination with FX binding-ablation may be a viable strategy to attenuate the undesired liver uptake and pro-inflammatory responses to Ad5 vectors after intravascular delivery.
Discovery of a New Capsular Serotype (6C) within Serogroup 6 ofStreptococcus pneumoniae (2007)

Using two monoclonal antibodies, we found subtypes among pneumococcal isolates that are typed as serotype 6A by the quellung reaction. The prevalent subtype bound to both monoclonal antibodies and was labeled here 6Aalpha, whereas the minor subtype bound to only one monoclonal antibody and was labeled 6Abeta. To determine the biochemical nature of the two serologically defined subtypes, we purified capsular polysaccharides (PSs) from the two subtypes and examined their chemical structures with gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The study results for 6Aalpha PS are consistent with the previously published structure of 6A PS, which is -->2) galactose (1-->3) glucose (1-->3) rhamnose (1-->3) ribitol (5-->phosphate. In contrast, the 6Abeta PS study results show that its repeating unit is -->2) glucose 1 (1-->3) glucose 2 (1-->3) rhamnose (1-->3) ribitol (5-->phosphate. We propose to continue referring to 6Aalpha as serotype 6A but to refer to 6Abeta as serotype 6C. Serotype 6C would thus represent the 91st pneumococcal serotype, with 90 pneumococcal serotypes having previously been recognized. This study also demonstrates that a new serotype may exist within an established and well-characterized serogroup or serotype.
Loss of function in the autism and learning disabilities associated gene Nf1 disrupts corticocortical and corticostriatal functional connectivity in human and mouse (2019)

ABSTRACT Children with the autosomal dominant single gene disorder, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), display multiple structural and functional changes in the central nervous system, resulting in neuropsychological cognitive abnormalities. Here we assessed the pathological functional organization that may underlie the behavioral impairments in NF1 using resting-state functional connectivity MRI. Coherent spontaneous fluctuations in the fMRI signal across the entire brain were used to interrogate the pattern of functional organization of corticocortical and corticostriatal networks in both NF1 pediatric patients and mice with a heterozygous mutation in the Nf1 gene ( Nf1 +/- ). Children with NF1 demonstrated abnormal organization of cortical association networks and altered posterior-anterior functional connectivity in the default network. Examining the contribution of the striatum revealed that corticostriatal functional connectivity was altered. NF1 children demonstrated reduced functional connectivity between striatum and the frontoparietal network and increased striatal functional connectivity with the limbic network. Awake passive mouse functional connectivity MRI in Nf1 +/- mice similarly revealed reduced posterior-anterior connectivity along the cingulate cortex as well as disrupted corticostriatal connectivity. The striatum of Nf1 +/- mice showed increased functional connectivity to somatomotor and frontal cortices and decreased functional connectivity to the auditory cortex. Collectively, these results demonstrate similar alterations across species, suggesting that NF1 pathogenesis is linked to striatal dysfunction and disrupted corticocortical connectivity in the default network.
Pathobiology of experimental acute pancreatitis. (1993)

Pancreatic duct obstruction, even in the absence of biliary obstruction and/or bile reflux into the pancreatic duct, can trigger acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis. The earliest changes are seen within acinar cells. Early derangements in acinar cell biology include inhibition of digestive enzyme secretion and the co-localization of lysosomal hydrolases with digestive enzyme zymogens. Under appropriate conditions, this co-localization could lead to digestive enzyme activation within acinar cells.
Empirical Analysis of Predictive Algorithms for Collaborative Filtering (2013)

Collaborative filtering or recommender systems use a database about user preferences to predict additional topics or products a new user might like. In this paper we describe several algorithms designed for this task, including techniques based on correlation coefficients, vector-based similarity calculations, and statistical Bayesian methods. We compare the predictive accuracy of the various methods in a set of representative problem domains. We use two basic classes of evaluation metrics. The first characterizes accuracy over a set of individual predictions in terms of average absolute deviation. The second estimates the utility of a ranked list of suggested items. This metric uses an estimate of the probability that a user will see a recommendation in an ordered list. Experiments were run for datasets associated with 3 application areas, 4 experimental protocols, and the 2 evaluation metrics for the various algorithms. Results indicate that for a wide range of conditions, Bayesian networks with decision trees at each node and correlation methods outperform Bayesian-clustering and vector-similarity methods. Between correlation and Bayesian networks, the preferred method depends on the nature of the dataset, nature of the application (ranked versus one-by-one presentation), and the availability of votes with which to make predictions. Other considerations include the size of database, speed of predictions, and learning time.
Natural resistance to Salmonella typhimurium in different inbred mouse strains. (1979)

The mechanisms of natural resistance to intravenous challenge with Salmonella typhimurium C5 are complex. LD50 determinations showed inbred mouse strains of low, intermediate and high natural resistance, with BALB/c and B10 strains the most susceptible, A/J the most resistant. Delayed (footpad) hypersensitivity was not by itself a measure of natural resistance. Resistant mouse strains sensitized either s.c. or i.v. with an attenuated salmonella strain showed positive 48 h footpad reactions when tested 8 days later with a salmonella extract, but three very susceptible strains also showed positive reactions. Determinations of the in vivo net growth rate of salmonellae in the liver and spleen during the first phase of the infection (up to day 4) arrange the different mouse strains into two categories of fast and slow net growth rate. All fast net growth rate strains are susceptible, but not all slow net growth rate strains are resistant. Besides slow net growth rate, resistance requires the participation of other factors appearing in the second phase of the infection (towards the end of the first week) probably involving the cellular immune response, which halts further bacterial growth. Not all slow net growth rate strains are equally capable of suppressing bacterial growth in this second phase. The host mechanism determining slow net growth rate is inherited as a dominant trait, and appears to be operating before the main cellular immune response. The influence of this mechanism on net growth rate is reflected in the time to death following a given dose of salmonellae. The present results suggest that overall resistance to salmonellae is polygenic, but that the mechanism responsible for the differences in early net growth rate is less complex.
Eosinophilic nasal polyps are a rich source of eotaxin, eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3. (2006)

Our findings suggest, that all members of the eotaxin family are involved in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. The results are more likely indicative of a complex cooperation between all members of the eotaxin family than of a specific role in the development of eosinophilia and nasal polyposis.
RNA-Guided Nucleases: A New Era for Engineering the Genomes of Model and Nonmodel Organisms (2013)

In 1946, H. J. Muller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery with Drosophila melanogaster , some 20 years earlier, that exposure to X-rays caused mutation ([Muller 1927][1]). This led to the identification of a large number of Drosophila mutants and chromosome rearrangements, many
Electrical properties of solid oxide electrolytes (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrical properties of solid oxide electrolytesT. H. Etsell and Spyridon N. FlengasCite this: Chem. Rev. 1970, 70, 3, 339–376Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60265a003https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60265a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4371Altmetric-Citations830LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
E2F-1-mediated transactivation is inhibited by complex formation with the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product. (1993)

Previous studies have shown that the carboxyl-terminal region of E2F-1 (residues 368-437) can support transcriptional activation when linked to the DNA-binding domain of the yeast transcription factor GAL4. This region also contains an 18-residue retinoblastoma (RB)-binding sequence, raising the possibility that RB binding might inhibit the ability of E2F-1 to form protein-protein contacts required for activation. Here we report a further analysis of the E2F-1 activation domain. In addition, we show that overexpression of RB, but not the RB mutant, RBd22, can inhibit GAL4/E2F-1 activity in vivo. Moreover, expression of the simian virus 40 large tumor antigen (T antigen), but not the RB-binding defective T antigen point mutant, K1, can overcome this repression. Three different GAL4/E2F-1 mutants that activate transcription, but fail to bind to RB, are not significantly affected by overexpression of RB. These findings support a model wherein RB suppresses E2F-1-mediated transcriptional activation through direct physical association.
Development of chimeric molecules for recognition and targeting of antigen-specific B cells in pemphigus vulgaris (2000)

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering disease characterized by circulating pathogenic IgG antibodies against desmoglein 3 (Dsg3). The purpose of this study was to develop chimeric molecules for specific recognition and elimination of autoimmune B cells in PV. Mouse hybridoma cell lines producing anti-Dsg3 antibody (5H10, 12A2) were developed as an in vitro model system for targeting B cells. Dsg3-GFP, a baculoprotein containing the entire extracellular domain of Dsg3 fused with green fluorescence protein, recognized and targeted the hybridoma cells through their surface immunoglobulin receptors in an antigen-specific way. The epitopes of these monoclonal antibodies were mapped on the amino terminal EC1 and part of EC2, a region considered functionally important in cadherins. Chimeric toxin molecules containing the mapped region (Dsg3deltaN1) and modified Pseudomonas exotoxin were produced in bacteria (Dsg3deltaN1-PE40-KDEL, PE3 7-Dsg3deltaN1-KDEL) and tested in vitro on hybridoma cell lines. The chimeric toxins, but not Dsg3deltaN1 alone, showed dose-dependent toxic activity with a reduction in hybridoma cell number to 40-60% of toxin-negative control cultures, compared with little or no effect on anti-Dsg3-negative hybridoma cells. Furthermore, these toxins showed toxic effects on anti-Dsg3 IgG-producing B cells from Dsg3deltaN1-immunized mice, with a 60% reduction in cell number compared with Dsg3deltaN1 alone. Thus, specific recognition and targeting of antigen-specific B cells in PV was demonstrated; this strategy may hold promise as a future therapeutic option for PV and other autoimmune diseases.
Vehicle-controlled, randomized, double-blind study to assess safety and efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream applied once daily 3 days per week in one or two courses of treatment of actinic keratoses on the head (2007)

A 4-week course of treatment with three times weekly dosing of imiquimod 5% cream, with a repeated course of treatment for those patients who fail to clear after the first course of treatment, is a safe and effective treatment for AK. The overall complete clearance rate (complete clearance after either course 1 or course 2) is comparable to the 16-week treatment regimen, while decreasing drug exposure to the patient and decreasing the overall treatment time.
Wide Resection of Primary Tumors of Bone and Replacement with Massive Bone Grafts (1978)

The treatment by wide resection of 104 local aggressive and low grade malignant bone tumors is presented with results after follow-up for 5.0 years on the average. The series comprises 29 giant cell tumors, most of them malignant or premalignant, 25 cartilaginous tumors (12 verified chondrosarcomas and 13 chondromas suspect of malignancy), 14 cases of sarcoma, 6 of fibrosarcoma, 4 parosseal sarcomas, 3 osteosarcomas and one chordoma. The remaining 36 cases include: aneurysmal bone cysts, fibrous dysplasia, chondroblastomas, osteoblastomas, giant chondromyxoid fibroma, and hemangiomas. After resection of the affected area, the resulting defect was replaced with massive autologous or allogeneic bone or osteoarticular graft in altogether 68 cases (autologous bone transplant in 61 cases and allograft in 7). A metallic endoprosthesis was used in replacement in 8 cases. No replacement of the defect was needed in 28 cases. The technique of the allogeneic bone transplantations consisted of massive bone or bone cartilage grafts which had been stored at a low temperature, and firm osteosynthesis. In every case, allogeneic (stored) bone was supplemented with autologous cancellous bone around the juncture of graft and host bone. This supplement proved to be important for success of the operation. The overall results were good in 81% and fair in 11%. Five cases had to be amputated and 3 patients were lost to follow-up, a possible total of 8% poor results. Extensive resection with massive bone grafting is a worthwhile approach in the treatment of selected cases of aggressive and low grade malignant bone tumors.
Cryptosporidiosis in Pigs and Horses (2018)

Cryptosporidiosis, based on shedding of oocysts in feces, was reported in piglets in Vietnam. Initial accounts of natural infection in pigs were reported in the US in 1977 in a pig with necrotic enteritis in South Dakota and in three purebred Duroc pigs in Kansas. Clinical cryptosporidiosis in horses was reported in immunodeficient Arabian foals in the US in 1978. In 1982, piglets in New South Wales, as well as suckling and fattening pigs in the Federal Republic of Germany, and a diarrheic nursing piglet in South Dakota were reported to be infected with Cryptosporidium. The establishment of cryptosporidiosis outside the intestinal tract was accomplished by inoculating ten hysterectomy-derived 3- to 6-d-old piglets with oocysts originally isolated from a calf and concentrated by sugar flotation into the trachea and onto the conjunctival sacs. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent horses was confirmed in two foals, a 1-week-old Percheron and a 6-week-old Arabian.
Distributed Bragg reflector ring oscillators: A large aperture source of high single-mode optical power (1993)

Distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR) ring oscillators are the first monolithic semiconductor lasers containing broad-area active regions which operate in a single mode to several times their threshold current. Orthogonally oriented diffraction gratings surrounding an unpatterned active region select a single spatial and temporal mode of oscillation. The authors present both analytic and experimental verification of single mode operation for active dimensions up to 368 mu m*1000 mu m. Threshold current densities under 200 A/cm/sup 2/ and total differential efficiencies greater than 60% have been measured. DBR ring oscillators have demonstrated over 1 W of single frequency output power, 460 mW of spatially coherent, single frequency output power, and nearly circular diffraction limited output to 4xI/sub th/. The performance potential of these devices is enormous, considering that the output apertures are nearly two orders of magnitude wider than conventional single-mode sources which generate up to 0.2 W of coherent output.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Bacteroides: the Good, the Bad, and the Nitty-Gritty (2007)

Bacteroides species are significant clinical pathogens and are found in most anaerobic infections, with an associated mortality of more than 19%. The bacteria maintain a complex and generally beneficial relationship with the host when retained in the gut, but when they escape this environment they can cause significant pathology, including bacteremia and abscess formation in multiple body sites. Genomic and proteomic analyses have vastly added to our understanding of the manner in which Bacteroides species adapt to, and thrive in, the human gut. A few examples are (i) complex systems to sense and adapt to nutrient availability, (ii) multiple pump systems to expel toxic substances, and (iii) the ability to influence the host immune system so that it controls other (competing) pathogens. B. fragilis, which accounts for only 0.5% of the human colonic flora, is the most commonly isolated anaerobic pathogen due, in part, to its potent virulence factors. Species of the genus Bacteroides have the most antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the highest resistance rates of all anaerobic pathogens. Clinically, Bacteroides species have exhibited increasing resistance to many antibiotics, including cefoxitin, clindamycin, metronidazole, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones (e.g., gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin).