gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new 12-kilodalton dimer associated with pre-TCR complex and clonotype-independent CD3 complex on immature thymocytes (1997)

We have characterized the pre-TCR/CD3 complex and the clonotype-independent CD3 (CIC) complex expressed on the cell surface of the immature cell line KKF which we previously identified as the cell line expressing only TCR beta-chain associated with the CD3 complex on the cell surface. We now show that KKF expresses the pT alpha-beta heterodimer-CD3 complex and also the CIC complex on the cell surface by surface biotinylation. In addition, not only the CIC complex but also the pT alpha-beta complex was found to be associated with the molecular chaperon calnexin. Whereas the CD3 zeta-chain was very weakly associated with the pre-TCR/CD3 complex, a 12-kDa molecule (designated pTAC12 as pre-TCR-associated chain) was more stably associated as a dimer with the pre-TCR complex as well as the CIC complex on KKF cells. The significance of pTAC12 dimer in the CD3 complex of immature thymocytes in vivo was demonstrated by coprecipitation of pTAC12 with the CD3 complex in thymocytes from SCID mice. These results show that pTAC12 is a component of the pT alpha-beta complex as well as the CIC complex, and they suggest that pTAC12 may play a role in signaling through and/or in the expression of the pre-TCR/CD3 complex.
Introduction of Clusterin Gene into Human Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells Enhances Their Resistance to Cytotoxic Chemotherapy through Inhibition of Apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo (2001)

Recent studies have revealed the powerful antiapoptotic activity of clusterin in various malignant tumors; however, the significance of clusterin expression in the acquisition of a resistant phenotype against several kinds of treatment in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not been well characterized. We, therefore, transfected the clusterin cDNA into RCC ACHN cells, that scarcely express clusterin protein, to examine whether overexpression of clusterin inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Although no significant differences were observed in the in vitro growth rates between clusterin-transfected ACHN (ACHN/CL) and the vector only-transfected cell line (ACHN/Co), ACHN/CL exhibited high resistance to cisplatin treatment compared with ACHN/Co, with a greater than 5-fold higher IC(50) through the inhibition of apoptotic cell death, which was demonstrated by DNA fragmentation analysis and western blotting of PARP protein. Moreover, intravenous administration of cisplatin into athymic nude mice bearing ACHN/CL tumors resulted in 2- to 3-times faster tumor growth compared with ACHN/Co tumors. These findings suggest that clusterin overexpression helps confer a chemoresistant phenotype through inhibition of apoptosis in human RCC cells.
Donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) peptides are presented by recipient MHC molecules during graft rejection. (1992)

Peptides from donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules were examined for their activation of allogeneically primed T cells. After immunization with either allogeneic spleen cells or a skin allograft, primed T cells proliferate in response to peptides derived from polymorphic regions of alpha and beta chains of class II allo-MHC molecules. The results demonstrate that presentation of donor-MHC peptides by host-derived antigen-presenting cells is a common event in vivo. Thus, self-restricted T cell recognition of processed alloantigens may play a critical role in transplantation. An in-depth understanding of this response may result in the development of additional molecular therapies to combat allograft rejection.
Comparison between adaptive OFDM and single carrier modulation with frequency domain equalization (2002)

The aim of the paper is to compare multicarrier and single carrier modulation schemes for radio communication systems. In both cases the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and its inverse are utilized. In the case of OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), the inverse FFT transforms the complex amplitudes of the individual subcarriers at the transmitter into the time domain. At the receiver the inverse operation is carried out. In the case of single carrier modulation, the FFT and its inverse are used at the input and output of the frequency domain equalizer in the receiver. Different single carrier and multicarrier transmission systems are simulated with time-variant transfer functions measured with a wideband channel sounder. In the case of OFDM, the individual subcarriers are modulated with fixed and adaptive signal alphabets. Furthermore, a frequency-independent as well as the optimum power distribution are used.
A Multistage Motion Vector Processing Method for Motion-Compensated Frame Interpolation (2008)

In this paper, a novel, low-complexity motion vector processing algorithm at the decoder is proposed for motion-compensated frame interpolation or frame rate up-conversion. We address the problems of having broken edges and deformed structures in an interpolated frame by hierarchically refining motion vectors on different block sizes. Our method explicitly considers the reliability of each received motion vector and has the capability of preserving the structure information. This is achieved by analyzing the distribution of residual energies and effectively merging blocks that have unreliable motion vectors. The motion vector reliability information is also used as a prior knowledge in motion vector refinement using a constrained vector median filter to avoid choosing identical unreliable one. We also propose using chrominance information in our method. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has better visual quality and is also robust, even in video sequences with complex scenes and fast motion.
Fiber optic sensing of tissue pH to assess low blood flow states (2003)

Tissue pH is a regional measure of anaerobic metabolism and low blood flow state that can be measured using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (700 - 1100 nm). NIR light passes through the skin to probe muscle and tissue at depths of 5 - 10 mm. We have used a fiber optic probe to collect light both through skin and directly from internal organs during surgical procedures, to investigate the measurement of tissue pH in a number of settings. We have demonstrated the successful optical measurement of tissue pH during complete blood flow cessation (vessel occlusion) and during reduced blood flow conditions such as hemorrhagic shock. We have shown, in a series of animal studies, that optically measured tissue pH is accurate under conditions of variable blood flow, temperature, hematocrit and oxygen saturation.
Hedgehog signaling and response to cyclopamine differs in epithelial and stromal cells in benign breast and breast cancer (2006)

The hedgehog pathway regulates epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, differentiation, proliferation and survival during development. Stimulation of hedgehog signaling induces carcinogenesis or promotes cell survival in cancers of multiple organs. Using real-time, quantitative PCR, laser capture microdissection, and immunohistochemistry, distinctive patterns of expression of the hedgehog pathway members patched 1 (PTCH1), smoothened, GLI1, GLI2 and the 3 hedgehog ligands were identified for epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts in benign breast and breast cancer. Hedgehog ligands were expressed at higher levels in some cancer epithelial cell lines compared to noncancerous epithelial cells. Correspondingly, expression of GLI1, a transcription factor and transcriptional product of hedgehog signaling, was increased 8-fold in cancer epithelial cell lines; however, PTCH1, also a transcriptional target of hedgehog signaling in many cell types, was not increased. GLI1 protein and mRNA, and PTCH1 and sonic hedgehog (SHH) proteins were elevated in 3 of 10 breast cancers; however, PTCH1 transcripts were not consistently increased. Hedgehog-mediated transcription, as indicated by a reporter of GLI-dependent promoter activity and by expression of GLI1 transcripts, was reduced by the hedgehog pathway inhibitor cyclopamine in both MDA-MB-435 cancer epithelial cells and MCF10AT epithelial cells, a cell line derived from benign breast. However, cyclopamine reduced viability of cancer epithelial cell lines, including MDA-MB-435, but did not specifically affect fibroblasts or epithelial cells from benign breast, including MCF10AT. Treatment with sonic hedgehog ligand diminished the cyclopamine-induced reduction in GLI-dependent promoter activity in MCF10AT and MDA-MB-435 and viability of MDA-MB-435. These results demonstrate modulation of GLI-mediated transcription in both cancer and benign-derived epithelial cells by cyclopamine and sonic hedgehog, and further suggest that hedgehog signaling contributes to the survival of only the cancer epithelial cells. Determination as to whether the increase in GLI1 and SHH expression in breast cancer indicates a significant increase in hedgehog signaling will require further evaluation.
Reversible Inhibition of α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase by Hydrogen Peroxide:  Glutathionylation and Protection of Lipoic Acid (2007)

We have previously demonstrated that when cardiac mitochondria were challenged with H2O2, NADH production and oxidative phosphorylation declined. Upon consumption of H2O2, mitochondrial function was restored. These alterations were due, in large part, to reversible glutathionylation and inhibition of the Krebs cycle enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. The current study was undertaken to identify the site and consequences of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase glutathionylation. Mitochondria were treated with H2O2 for varying periods of time. Protein sulfhydryls that had undergone H2O2 mediated glutathionylation were specifically derivatized with N-ethylmaleimide-biotin. Subsequent purification of biotin labeled (glutathionylated) protein and Western blot analysis revealed that the E2 subunit of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase was reversibly glutathionylated. Further analysis revealed that lipoic acid, a required cofactor covalently attached to the E2 subunit, was the site of glutathionylation. The relative level of glutathionylated lipoic acid closely paralleled the degree of enzyme inhibition and reactivation. Glutathionylation of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase protected lipoic acid from modification by the electrophilic lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Glutathionylation of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase can therefore be viewed as an antioxidant response protecting the enzyme from oxidative damage.
Maternal serum screening for trisomy 18 in the first trimester of pregnancy (1998)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of first-trimester biochemical screening for trisomy 18, by using pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in combination with maternal age. Maternal serum levels of PAPP-A and free beta-hCG were assayed retrospectively in stored sera from 323 singleton pregnancies at 8-13 weeks' gestation. These samples included 23 trisomy 18 pregnancies and 300 unaffected controls, diagnosed either at chorionic villus sampling or at mid-trimester amniocentesis. The median MOM in affected pregnancies was 0.25 for PAPP-A and 0.34 for free beta-hCG. Statistically significant reductions were found in the mean levels of both PAPP-A (t test: P < 0.000001) and free beta-hCG (p < 0.000001) in trisomy 18 affected pregnancies when compared with the unaffected samples. Screening for trisomy 18 using a combination of maternal age, PAPP-A and free beta-hCG would achieve a detection rate of 76.6 per cent for a false-positive rate of 0.5 per cent. These results suggest that first-trimester biochemical screening for trisomy 18 might be possible. Further investigations in a general population are needed before introducing such screening into clinical practice.
2 Cardiovascular Consequences of Exercise Hyperpnea (1999)

In summary, evidence shows that the respiratory muscles demand a significant portion of the cardiac output during maximal exercise. Estimates of both animal and human blood flow and VO2 to the respiratory muscles during maximal exercise approximate 14-16% of the total cardiac output and VO2. During heavy exercise, this metabolic demand of the respiratory muscles affects the distribution of cardiac output between the respiratory muscles and the legs such that leg vascular conductance and blood flow increases with respiratory muscle unloading and decreases with respiratory loading. The reflex effects underlying this blood flow redistribution remain unknown; however, these data do clearly support the existence of a significant sympathetic effect output to working skeletal muscle in heavy exercise. These data also invite the exciting (although speculative) prospect of important chemo- or mechano-induced reflexes emanating from respiratory muscle under load.Finally, while not yet completely understood or investigated, it appears that respiratory muscle work during strenuous exercise affects exercise performance.
Lasers and Optics for Measuring Tooth Decay (2010)

Lasers may finally provide dental patients a good reason to open up and say ahhhh. Dentists are already using optical technologies to detect tooth decay and lasers for therapeutic interventions, and they are looking to a future in which they can combine these methods for minimally invasive dentistry.
17세기 후반~18세기 초 경상도 邑治(읍치)의戶口(호구) 구성과 변동-대구,울산,단성호적대장의 비교- (2015)

조선 후기 읍치는 일찍부터 행정과 경제의 중심지로 대구 서상면·울산 부내면·단성 현내면은 읍치가 위치한 지역이었다. 자연환경에 따라 거주민의 직역이 달랐고, 監營과 兵營 등 관청의 유무는 지역의 인적 구성을 달리 하는 요인이었다. 17세기 후반~18세기 전반, 읍치의 호구수는 지역 평균에 비해 높은 편이었다. 읍치 호구집중도는 서상면과 같은 도시지역[大邑]에서 높은 경향을 보이고 현내면과 같은 농촌지역[小邑]에서는 낮은 경향을 보인다. 17세기 후반 호적대장에서는 관속호의 수가 증가하는 경향을 보이는데, 행정적 규모가 큰 읍치일수록 관속호의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 계층 구성에서 읍치는 외곽보다, 그리고 도시지역일수록, 중층의 비율이 높았다. 이는 읍치의 지역적 성격과 함께 대구·울산·단성의 행정적 위치에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 호구수 변동 양상을 살펴보면 17세기 후반 양역변통과 주민 판별의 목적으로 호구 파악이 강화되는 경향을 보이는데, 읍치지역일수록 호구수 유지 및 증가현상이 두드러진다. 이는 읍치에 관아가 소재함에 따라 구휼이나 거주민의 주거환경이 더 나았을 것이라는 측면, 또는 관의 대민 통제성이 읍치에서 더욱 강하게 작용하여 호적대장의 기재에 반영이 되었을 것이라는 측면에서 이해할 수 있지 않을까 한다.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Progress (1992)

HCC is not a major killer among malignant diseases in Western countries, and until recently few Western hepatologists were interested in this cancer. After the demonstration of an etiologic role for HBV infection in hepatocarcinogenesis, interest surged even in lowincidence countries, particularly among molecular biologists and oncologists. A large body of literature now exists dealing with molecular mechanism in HBVrelated human HCC and hepadnavirus-induced HCC in animals. The recent identification and cloning of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has focused interest on chronic C hepatitis which, under the name of non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis, had for some time been suspected as another etiological factor for HCC in certain areas of the world. It did not take long before well-documented evidence linked HCV to HCC. Imaging diagnosis of small-mass lesions in the liver has progressed remarkably in recent years, as emphasized in a previous review in this JOURNAL (1). In countries where detection and resection of small HCCs in cirrhotic livers are common practice, pathologists are discussing how to differentiate large, benign, hyperplastic nodules; adenomatous hyperplastic nodules with potential to transform; and early HCC lesions histopathologically. Radiologists are attempting to make similar diagnostic distinction by imaging alone with limited success. This review attempts to update the recent progress made in the basic study of HCC.
Effect of pulmonary exacerbations on long-term lung function decline in cystic fibrosis (2011)

It is unknown what proportion of long-term lung function decline in cystic fibrosis (CF) is explained by pulmonary exacerbations. The aim of this study was to determine how exacerbations requiring hospitalisation contribute to the course of CF lung disease. This was a retrospective cohort study. The primary outcome was the rate of decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) % predicted. Out of 851 subjects, 415 (48.8%) subjects had ≥ 1 exacerbation. After adjustment for confounders, the annual rate of FEV(1) decline in those without an exacerbation was 1.2% per yr (95% CI 1.0-1.5), compared with 2.5% per yr (95% CI 2.1-2.8) in those with an exacerbation. The proportion of overall FEV(1) decline associated with ≥ 1 exacerbation was 52% (95% CI 35.0-68.9). For a given number of exacerbations, the annual rate of FEV(1) decline was greatest in subjects with ≤ 6 months between exacerbations. Half of FEV(1) decline seen in CF patients was associated with pulmonary exacerbations. Time between exacerbations, specifically ≤ 6 months between exacerbations, plays an important contribution to overall lung function decline. These findings support using time to next exacerbation as a clinical end-point for CF trials.
Security for Industrial Communication Systems (2005)

Modern industrial communication networks are increasingly based on open protocols and platforms that are also used in the office IT and Internet environment. This reuse facilitates development and deployment of highly connected systems, but also makes the communication system vulnerable to electronic attacks. This paper gives an overview of IT security issues in industrial automation systems which are based on open communication systems. First, security objectives, electronic attack methods, and the available countermeasures for general IT systems are described. General security objectives and best practices are listed. Particularly for the TCP/IP protocol suite, a wide range of cryptography-based secure communication protocols is available. The paper describes their principles and scope of application. Next, we focus on industrial communication systems, which have a number of security-relevant characteristics distinct from the office IT systems. Confidentiality of transmitted data may not be required; however, data and user authentication, as well as access control are crucial for the mission critical and safety critical operation of the automation system. As a result, modern industrial automation systems, if they include security measures at all, emphasize various forms of access control. The paper describes the status of relevant specifications and implementations for a number of standardized automation protocols. Finally, we illustrate the application of security concepts and tools by brief case studies describing security issues in the configuration and operation of substations, plants, or for remote access.
Molecular markers of endometrial carcinoma detected in uterine aspirates (2011)

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most frequent of the invasive tumors of the female genital tract. Although usually detected in its initial stages, a 20% of the patients present with advanced disease. To date, no characterized molecular marker has been validated for the diagnosis of EC. In addition, new methods for prognosis and classification of EC are needed to combat this deadly disease. We thus aimed to identify new molecular markers of EC and to evaluate their validity on endometrial aspirates. Gene expression screening on 52 carcinoma samples and series of real-time quantitative PCR validation on 19 paired carcinomas and normal tissue samples and on 50 carcinoma and noncarcinoma uterine aspirates were performed to identify and validate potential biomarkers of EC. Candidate markers were further confirmed at the protein level by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. We identified ACAA1, AP1M2, CGN, DDR1, EPS8L2, FASTKD1, GMIP, IKBKE, P2RX4, P4HB, PHKG2, PPFIBP2, PPP1R16A, RASSF7, RNF183, SIRT6, TJP3, EFEMP2, SOCS2 and DCN as differentially expressed in ECs. Furthermore, the differential expression of these biomarkers in primary endometrial tumors is correlated to their expression level in corresponding uterine fluid samples. Finally, these biomarkers significantly identified EC with area under the receiver-operating-characteristic values ranging from 0.74 to 0.95 in uterine aspirates. Interestingly, analogous values were found among initial stages. We present the discovery of molecular biomarkers of EC and describe their utility in uterine aspirates. These findings represent the basis for the development of a highly sensitive and specific minimally invasive method for screening ECs.
Human CD25+CD4+ T Suppressor Cell Clones Produce Transforming Growth Factor β, but not Interleukin 10, and Are Distinct from Type 1 T Regulatory Cells (2002)

T regulatory (Tr) cells are essential for the induction of peripheral tolerance. Several types of Tr cells exist, including CD4(+) T cells which express CD25 constitutively and suppress immune responses via direct cell-to-cell interactions, and type 1 T regulatory (Tr1) cells, which function via secretion of interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. The relationship between CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells and Tr1 cells remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate at the clonal level that Tr1 and CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells are two distinct subsets of regulatory cells with different cytokine production profiles. Furthermore, CD25(-)CD4(+) T cells can be rendered anergic by IL-10 and differentiated into Tr1 cells in the absence of CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells. Cloned human CD25(+)CD4(+) T cell populations are heterogeneous and only a subset of clones continues to express high levels of CD25 and is suppressive. The intensity of CD25, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4, and glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor expression correlates with the suppressive capacity of the T cell clones. None of the CD25(+)CD4(+) T cell clones with suppressive function produce IL-10, but all produce TGF-beta. Suppression mediated by CD25(+)CD4(+) T cell clones is partially dependent on TGF-beta, but not on constitutive high expression of CD25. Together these data indicate that naturally occurring human CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells are distinct from IL-10-producing Tr1 cells.
Omalizumab in allergic diseases, a recent review. (2011)

Omalizumab is a biological engineered molecule, targeting the Cepsilon3 domain of the IgE molecule. It binds with free IgE and prevents free IgE from attaching to high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) on effector cells such as mast cells, basophils and also on dendritic cells. The result is a blocking of mediator release from these cells and the inhibition of antigen presentation by dendritic cells. In addition, omalizumab downregulates FcepsilonRI expression on these effector cells. Omalizumab prevents early and late phase allergic reactions of skin and lungs. Omalizumab has been investigated extensively in moderate-to-severe asthma in adults and children. It effectively reduces rates of asthma exacerbation, emergency visits for asthma and hospital admissions among these patients. Currently, omalizumab is primarily indicated for patients, age 6 years and over, with moderate to severe asthma (GINA step 4). Omalizumab was investigated in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (to ragweed, birch and grass pollens) and has been found to improve rhinitis symptoms and to reduce medication use among these patients. Administered together with allergen immunotherapy, omalizumab reduced incidence of side effects and rates of anaphylaxis from allergen immunotherapy. Omalizumab has been investigated in the treatment of food allergy, atopic dermatitis and urticaria. Despite benefits observed from these initial trials, it further deserves investigations to clarify optimal conditions for use in these conditions. Side effects from omalizumab were few, however, it requires careful considerations in administration of this agent. An observational period (up to 2 hours after the first three doses) and the availability of auto-injectable epinephrine are recommended. Pharmacoeconomics of omalizumab is briefly reviewed. Omalizumab represents a major breakthrough of translational medicine in allergy.