gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Viscoelastic Properties, Ionic Conductivity, and Materials Design Considerations for Poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide-b-styrene)-Based Ion Gel Electrolytes (2011)

The viscoelastic properties and ionic conductivity of ion gels based on the self-assembly of a poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide-b-styrene) (SOS) triblock copolymer (Mn,S = 3 kDa, Mn,O = 35 kDa) in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([EMI][TFSA]) were investigated over the composition range of 10–50 wt % SOS and the temperature range of 25–160 °C. The poly(styrene) (PS) end-blocks associate into micelles, whereas the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) midblocks are well-solvated by this ionic liquid. The ion gel with 10 wt % SOS melts at 54 °C, with the longest relaxation time exhibiting a similar temperature dependence to that of the viscosity of bulk PS. However, the actual values of the gel relaxation time are more than 4 orders of magnitude larger than the relaxation time of bulk PS. This is attributed to the thermodynamic penalty of pulling PS end-blocks through the PEO/[EMI][TFSA] matrix. Ion gels with 20–50 wt % SOS do not melt and show two plateaus in the storage modulus over the temperature and frequency ranges measured. The one at higher frequencies is that of an entangled network of PEO strands with PS cross-links; the modulus displays a quadratic dependence on polymer weight fraction and agrees with the prediction of linear viscoelastic theory assuming half of the PEO chains are elastically effective. The frequency that separates the two plateaus, ωc, reflects the time scale of PS end-block pull-out. The other plateau at lower frequencies is that of a congested micelle solution with PS cores and PEO coronas, which has a power law dependence on domain spacing similar to diblock melts. The ionic conductivity of the ion gels is compared to PEO homopolymer solutions at similar polymer concentrations; the conductivity is reduced by a factor of 2.1 or less, decreases with increasing PS volume fraction, and follows predictions based on a simple obstruction model. Our collective results allow the formulation of basic design considerations for optimizing the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and ionic conductivity of these gels.
Extramedullary Expansion of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells in Interleukin (IL)-6–sIL-6R Double Transgenic Mice (1997)

Soluble cytokine receptors modulate the activity of their cognate ligands. Interleukin (IL)-6 in association with the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) can activate cells expressing the gp130 signal transducer lacking the specific IL-6R. To investigate the function of the IL-6-sIL-6R complex in vivo and to discriminate the function of the IL-6-sIL-6R complex from the function of IL-6 alone, we have established a transgenic mouse model. Double-transgenic mice coexpressing IL-6 and sIL-6R were generated and compared with IL-6 and sIL-6R single-transgenic mice. The main phenotype found in IL-6-sIL-6R mice was a dramatic increase of extramedullary hematopoietic progenitor cells in liver and spleen but not in the bone marrow. In IL-6 single-transgenic mice and sIL-6R single-transgenic mice no such effects were observed. The high numbers of hematopoietic progenitor cells were reflected by a strong increase of peripheral blood cell numbers. Therefore, activators of the gp130 signal transducer like the IL-6-IL-6R complex may represent most powerful stimulators for extramedullary hematopoietic progenitor cells. gp130 activators may become important for the expansion of hematopoietic progenitor cells in vivo and in vitro.
Clinical and Immune Responses in Advanced Melanoma Patients Immunized With an Anti-Idiotype Antibody Mimicking Disialoganglioside GD2 (2000)

TriGem has minimal toxicity and generates robust and specific IgG immune responses against GD2. Objective responses were minimal, but there may be a favorable impact on disease progression and survival that will require prospective randomized trials.
Oxidation of White Oils (1936)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxidation of White OilsRalph W. DornteCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1936, 28, 1, 26–30Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1936Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1936https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50313a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50313a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views58Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Adaptation of Chimeric Retroviruses In Vitro and In Vivo: Isolation of Avian Retroviral Vectors with Extended Host Range (2001)

We have designed and characterized two new replication-competent avian sarcoma/leukosis virus-based retroviral vectors with amphotropic and ecotropic host ranges. The amphotropic vector RCASBP-M2C(797-8), was obtained by passaging the chimeric retroviral vector RCASBP-M2C(4070A) (6) in chicken embryos. The ecotropic vector, RCASBP(Eco), was created by replacing the env-coding region in the retroviral vector RCASBP(A) with the env region from an ecotropic murine leukemia virus. It replicates efficiently in avian DFJ8 cells that express murine ecotropic receptor. For both vectors, permanent cell lines that produce viral stocks with titers of about 5 x 10(6) CFU/ml on mammalian cells can be easily established by passaging transfected avian cells. Some chimeric viruses, for example, RCASBP(Eco), replicate efficiently without modifications. For those chimeric viruses that do require modification, adaptation by passage in vitro or in vivo is a general strategy. This strategy has been used to prepare vectors with altered host range and could potentially be used to develop vectors that would be useful for targeted gene delivery.
A translational study “case report” on the small molecule “energy blocker” 3-bromopyruvate (3BP) as a potent anticancer agent: from bench side to bedside (2012)

The small alkylating molecule, 3-bromopyruvate (3BP), is a potent and specific anticancer agent. 3BP is different in its action from most currently available chemo-drugs. Thus, 3BP targets cancer cells' energy metabolism, both its high glycolysis ("Warburg Effect") and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This inhibits/ blocks total energy production leading to a depletion of energy reserves. Moreover, 3BP as an "Energy Blocker", is very rapid in killing such cells. This is in sharp contrast to most commonly used anticancer agents that usually take longer to show a noticeable effect. In addition, 3BP at its effective concentrations that kill cancer cells has little or no effect on normal cells. Therefore, 3BP can be considered a member, perhaps one of the first, of a new class of anticancer agents. Following 3BP's discovery as a novel anticancer agent in vitro in the Year 2000 (Published in Ko et al. Can Lett 173:83-91, 2001), and also as a highly effective and rapid anticancer agent in vivo shortly thereafter (Ko et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 324:269-275, 2004), its efficacy as a potent anticancer agent in humans was demonstrated. Here, based on translational research, we report results of a case study in a young adult cancer patient with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, a bench side discovery in the Department of Biological Chemistry at Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine was taken effectively to bedside treatment at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt/Main Hospital, Germany. The results obtained hold promise for 3BP as a future cancer therapeutic without apparent cyto-toxicity when formulated properly.
Effect of Oral Egg Antibody in Experimental F18+ Escherichia coli Infection in Weaned Pigs. (1997)

The protection conferred by egg antibody specific for F18-fimbriae against infection with F18+ Escherichia coli was studied in controlled passive immunization trials involving weaned pigs. Parameters of protection consisted of body weight gain, frequency and severity of diarrhea and recovery of the challenge strain of F18+ E. coli. Weaned pigs at four weeks of age were challenge exposed once daily for three days by oral inoculation with 10(11) cfu of virulent F18+ E. coli followed by daily administration of antibody supplemented feed for 9 days starting from the first challenge day 0. Results showed a dose-dependent response to antibody treatment. The group of pigs given 1:50 titer of antibody in feed had less frequency of diarrhea (P < 0.01-0.05), higher rate of gain (P < 0.01) and lower isolation rate of challenge strain in rectal and intestinal swabs (P < 0.01) compared to non-treated control. In the same manner, the anti-F18 antibody significantly reduced adherence of F18+ E. coli to pig intestinal epithelial cells in vitro (P < 0.01). Results suggest that egg antibodies specific for the F18 fimbriae is a suitable immunotherapeutic agent for pigs infected with F18+ E. coli and that pigs can be protected from overt clinical disease and the subsequent reduced performance arising from infection with this pathogen.
Prognostic significance of tumor cell proliferation rate as determined by the MIB-1 antibody in breast carcinoma: its relationship with vimentin and p53 protein. (1996)

The prognostic value of tumor cell proliferative activity as measured by the MIB-1 monoclonal antibody in invasive ductal not otherwise specified breast carcinomas was determined for 186 patients, including 111 with no axillary node involvement. The MIB-1 antibody detects the Ki-67 antigen in microwave-processed paraffin sections of the formalin-fixed tumors. The mean MIB-1 score was 16% for all tumors, 16% for the node-negative group, and 15% for the node-positive group. In univariate survival analysis, the MIB-1 score (dichotomized, </=10 versus >/=10%) predicted overall 5-year survival in all of these groups. The mean MIB-1 score was significantly higher in vimentin- and p53 protein-positive tumors (P > 0.001) than in negative ones. The impact of vimentin expression and of p53 positivity on the prognostic significance of the tumor cell proliferation rate was assessed. Vimentin was associated significantly with poor 5-year survival in the entire cohort, and a particularly strong association was found in the node-negative group. p53 had a weak but statistically nonsignificant influence on survival. In a multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model, vimentin (P = 0.0002) was the only independent prognostic factor in node-negative patients. In contrast, the MIB-1 score (P = 0.009) was the only independent prognostic factor in the node-positive group. Therefore, node-negative patients with vimentin-positive tumors and node-positive patients with tumors with high proliferation rates might be appropriate candidates for early adjuvant chemotherapy.
Submicrometer Spatial Resolution of Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (2003)

Enhanced fluorescence emission intensity from fluorescein was observed on glass slides covered with thin films of silver nanoparticles using a confocal laser-scanning microscope. The silver nanoparticle film increased the emission intensity of fluorescein by an average of at least three-fold in the area studied. Statistics are given on the enhancement of individual areas of the silver particle film with a resolution of approximately 210 nm. A histogram of intensity values indicates that the enhancement appears to occur without distinct subpopulations, with the exception that very high intensity subpopulations may occur but could not be resolved. Spatial features with dimensions near or smaller than the resolution limit of the confocal microscope, on the silver nanoparticle slide that enhanced the emission of fluorescein, were found using autocorrelation functions. These spatial features are of the same size as those found from the emission of slides containing silver nanoparticles only. These spatial features do not appear in control slides containing fluorescein without any silver nanoparticles. No long-range spatial ordering of the fluorescence enhancement on chemcially deposited silver nanoparticle slides was detected.
Functional Conducting Polymers via Thiol-ene Chemistry (2012)

We demonstrate here that thiol-ene chemistry can be used to provide side-chain functionalized monomers based on 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) containing ionic, neutral, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic side chains. All reactions gave high yields and purification could generally be accomplished through precipitation. These monomers were polymerized either chemically or electro-chemically to give soluble materials or conductive films, respectively. This strategy provides for facile tuning of the solubility, film surface chemistry, and film morphology of this class of conducting polymers.
The Patenting of DNA (1998)

John J. Doll
 There has been considerable controversy in the biotechnology community regarding the patenting of DNA sequence. In this Policy Forum, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office presents its view that, as in other fields of technology, DNA-related inventions may be patentable if they meet all the conditions for patentability, including, for example, utility, novelty, nonobviousness, written description and enablement. Issuing of a patent on a fragment of a gene does not preclude the future patenting of the full-length gene but the patent to the gene fragment may dominate a later patent to the full-length gene. The granting of comprehensive claims to downstream DNA products such as full-length genes or to ultimate proteins is unlikely in the absence of a significant amount of information about the gene and protein being disclosed in the patent application.
Graft Permeabilization Facilitates Gene Therapy of Transplant Arteriosclerosis in a Rabbit Model (1998)

Manipulations within target tissues can enhance the efficiency of gene transfer into SMCs. Although mechanical permeabilization is clinically problematic, in principle, targeting SMC replication may provide a genetic approach to the treatment of transplant arteriosclerosis.
Photodimerization in pyrimidine-substituted dipeptides (2005)

Ten N(epsilon)-glycylornithineamide derivatives have been synthesized containing various N(alpha)-linked pyrimidine-1-ylacetyl groups which can undergo (2pi + 2pi) photodimerization on irradiation with UV light at 254 nm. The dimerization efficiency of the free and bound pyrimidine groups was compared in aqueous solution: it was dependent on the substitution of the pyrimidine ring. N(alpha),N(alpha')-bis-(uracil-1-ylacetyl)-(N(epsilon)-glycylornithineamide) and N(alpha),N(alpha')-bis-(5-bromouracil-1-ylacetyl)-(N(epsilon)-glycylornithineamide) were identified as possible candidates for optical data storage.
Mechanism of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Termination of processive synthesis on a natural DNA template is influenced by the sequence of the template-primer stem (1993)

During processive DNA synthesis in vitro, the human immunoefficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase encounters template nucleotide positions at which continued synthesis is difficult. At these positions, the enzyme has a relatively high probability of dissociating from the template, and product molecules of corresponding length accumulate as the incubation proceeds. These positions, which are known as termination sites, could be associated with template secondary structures in some cases, but many termination sites appear to be template sequence-related rather than secondary structure-related. Mechanisms producing these blocks in processive DNA synthesis are not well understood. In this study, to examine further the effects of template sequence on termination, we engineered selected single-base changes in the M13mp2 template, and we found that such changes can influence termination. Several general trends emerged from the study. First, strong termination sites rarely correspond to dATP as the "incoming" substrate opposite template T. Second, the sequence of the template-primer stem is more important for termination than the sequence of the single-stranded template ahead of the primer. Thus, we note the phenomenon of action at a distance: changing sequence at one nucleotide position in the template-primer stem alters termination at other positions, a few nucleotides distant at the primer 3' end. A and C as template bases in the template-primer stem have opposite effects. A is the strongest terminator residue, and C is the weakest terminator residue, followed by G. Since termination sites are produced by reverse transcriptase dissociation from the template-primer, the results suggest that the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase has properties reminiscent of a sequence-specific double-stranded DNA-binding protein in that its binding mechanism can distinguish both base residues and positions in the double-stranded DNA template-primer stem.
The type I and type II bovine scavenger receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells are trimeric proteins with collagenous triple helical domains comprising noncovalently associated monomers and Cys83-disulfide-linked dimers. (1991)

Scavenger receptors have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis and other macrophage-associated functions. The structures and processing of type I and type II bovine macrophage scavenger receptors were examined using polyclonal anti-receptor antibodies. Pulse/chase metabolic labeling experiments showed that both types of scavenger receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells behaved as typical cell surface membrane glycoproteins. They were synthesized as endoglycosidase H-sensitive precursors which were converted to endoglycosidase H-resistant mature forms expressed on the cell surface. The reduced precursor and mature forms were doublets on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, primarily because of heterogeneous N-glycosylation. The approximate molecular sizes were: type I precursor, 65/63 kDa; type I mature, 82/76 kDa; type II precursor, 57/53 kDa; and type II mature, 72/65 kDa. During post-translational processing, the cysteine-rich C terminus (SRCR domain) of some of the type I receptors was proteolytically removed to form a relatively stable, approximately 69-kDa degradation product. Type II receptors differ from type I receptors in that they do not have SRCR domains and an analogous proteolytic cleavage was not observed. Several experiments provided strong evidence that the Gly-X-Y-repeat domains in the scavenger receptors oligomerize into collagenous triple helices. For example, alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl, an inhibitor of the collagen-modifying enzymes prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases, interfered with both the kinetics and nature of post-translational receptor processing, and both precursor and mature forms of the receptors in intact cells could be cross-linked with difluorodinitrobenzene into reduction-resistant trimers. In intact cells, precursor receptor trimers (type I, 198 kDa; type II, 176 kDa) were assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum by the noncovalent association of monomers and Cys83-disulfide-linked dimers (type I, 129 kDa; type II, 119 kDa). When cells were lysed in the absence of the sulfhydryl trapping agent iodoacetamide, oxidation of the side chain of Cys17 in the cytoplasmic domain leads to the artifactual formation of reduction-sensitive covalently linked trimers. The approximate masses of the mature dimer and trimer forms were 162 and 237 kDa for type I receptors and 147 and 219 kDa for type II receptors. Cys83-disulfide-linked dimer formation was not required for function because mutant receptors (Cys83----Gly83) assembled into trimers of noncovalently associated monomers and exhibited normal receptor activity. Treatment of cells with difluorodinitrobenzene cross-linked some of the receptors into complexes larger than trimers, raising the possibility that the trimers may assemble into higher order oligomers.
Characterization of RatN-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase I Expressed inEsherichia coli (1995)

The catalytic domain (sGnT-I) of rat liver N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase I (GnT-I) was expressed in Escherichia coli. Lysates from pETsGnT-I transformants contained a prominent protein species of 46 kDa with which a significant GnT-I activity was associated. To purify the relevant enzyme, we constructed cDNAs encoding sGnT-ICH and sGnT-INH, which had six additional histidine residues as an affinity tag at the C-terminal and the N-terminal of sGnT-I, respectively, and introduced them into E. coli cells for expression. sGnT-INH was purified and its enzymatic properties were examined.
Chemical Selection for Catalysis in Combinatorial Antibody Libraries (1997)

For the past decade the immune system has been exploited as a rich source of de novo catalysts. Catalytic antibodies have been shown to have chemoselectivity, enantioselectivity, large rate accelerations, and even an ability to reroute chemical reactions. In many instances catalysts have been made for reactions for which there are no known natural or man-made enzymes. Yet, the full power of this combinatorial system can only be exploited if there was a system that allows for the direct selection of a particular function. A method that allows for the direct chemical selection for catalysis from antibody libraries was so devised, whereby the positive aspects of hybridoma technology were preserved and re-formatted in the filamentous phage system to allow direct selection of catalysis. This methodology is based on a purely chemical selection process, making it more general than biologically based selection systems because it is not limited to reaction products that perturb cellular machinery.
Extensive protein and DNA backbone sampling improves structure-based specificity prediction for C2H2 zinc fingers (2011)

Sequence-specific DNA recognition by gene regulatory proteins is critical for proper cellular functioning. The ability to predict the DNA binding preferences of these regulatory proteins from their amino acid sequence would greatly aid in reconstruction of their regulatory interactions. Structural modeling provides one route to such predictions: by building accurate molecular models of regulatory proteins in complex with candidate binding sites, and estimating their relative binding affinities for these sites using a suitable potential function, it should be possible to construct DNA binding profiles. Here, we present a novel molecular modeling protocol for protein-DNA interfaces that borrows conformational sampling techniques from de novo protein structure prediction to generate a diverse ensemble of structural models from small fragments of related and unrelated protein-DNA complexes. The extensive conformational sampling is coupled with sequence space exploration so that binding preferences for the target protein can be inferred from the resulting optimized DNA sequences. We apply the algorithm to predict binding profiles for a benchmark set of eleven C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors, five of known and six of unknown structure. The predicted profiles are in good agreement with experimental binding data; furthermore, examination of the modeled structures gives insight into observed binding preferences.