gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal antibodies against the human epidermal growth factor receptor from A431 cells. Isolation, characterization, and use in the purification of active epidermal growth factor receptor. (1984)

A431 cells have been used as an immunogen for generating monoclonal antibodies against the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. Two immunoglobulin M and eight immunoglobulin G3 anti-EGF receptor antibodies were cloned. All ten antibodies immunoprecipitated biosynthetically labeled mature A431 cell EGF receptor and were able to recognize the receptor in Western blotting. However, none of the antibodies immunoprecipitated precursor polypeptides of the A431 cell EGF receptor, neither did they recognize EGF receptors from human foreskin fibroblasts, human placenta, nor a human-mouse hybrid cell expressing EGF receptor. The antibodies were found to bind to glycolipids from A431 cells and it was shown that the determinant involved was the blood group A antigen. It appears that this determinant is present on both the EGF receptor and glycolipids of A431 cells but is not expressed on EGF receptors from other human cells tested. One of the monoclonal antibodies raised was used for immunoaffinity purification of the EGF receptor. The procedure took advantage of the carbohydrate nature of the antigenic determinant by employing sugar-specific elution. The mild conditions permitted the purification of A431 cell EGF receptor (70-80% pure) that possessed an intrinsic EGF-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity with a specific activity of about 20 nmol/min/mg.
Transmural Electrical Potential Difference as an Early Marker in Colon Cancer (1986)

It has been suggested that relative depolarization of the cell membrane occurs during carcinogenesis. A study was undertaken to determine the effect on the colonic transmural potential difference in CF1 mice following the administration of a carcinogen, a cytotoxic agent, and bile acids. Depolarization of the distal colonic mucosa was seen in mice treated with the carcinogen but not with the cytotoxic agent, and bile acids caused further depolarization of the mucosa. These experiments support the hypothesis that epithelial depolarization is a putative mechanism in carcinogenesis, which could have important implications for the early detection of colon cancer.
Proximal intraannular modifications of calix[4]arene via its spirodienone derivative (1993)

Mild oxidation of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene 1 yields the chiral spirodienone 3 which is used as an intermediate for the preparation of proximally disubstituted and didehydroxylated calixarenes; the crystal structure of 3 has been determined.
Immunology, Infection, and Immunity (2004)

Table of Contents Section I. Function and Composition of the Immune System 1. Overview of Immunity, Karen E. Yates and Jeffrey B. Lyczak 2. Innate Immunity, Jeffrey B. Lyczak 3. Cells of the Immune System, Elinor M. Levy 4. Organs and Tissues of the Immune System, Steven A. Bogen 5. Complement, Francis Morre, Jr. Section II. Antibodies 6. Antibodies, Ronald B. Corley 7. Molecular Genetics of Antibody Diversity, Guillermo E. Taccioli 8. Antigens, Antigenicity, and Immunogenicity, Gerald B. Pier 9. Antibody-Antigen Interactions and Measurements of Immunolgoic Reactions, Johannes Huebner 10. B-Lymphocyte Activation and Antibody Production, Lee M. Wetzler and Hilde-Kari Guttormsen Section III. Cellular Immunity 11. The Major Histocompatibility Complex, Jeffrey B. Lyczak 12. Antigen Processing and Presentation, Lee M. Wetzler 13. The T-Cell Receptor, Howard Ceri and Chris Mody 14. T-Cell Maturation and Activation, Gerald B. Pier, Howard Ceri, Chris Mody, and Michael Preston 15. Cellular Communication, Arthur O. Tzianabos and Lee M. Wetzler Section IV. Immunologic Effector Systems and Immunity to Infection 16. Cell-Mediated Immunity, William R. Green 17. Mucosal Immunity, Scott Simpson and Lee M. Wetzler 18. Immunity to Bacterial Infections, Gerald B. Pier 19. Immunity to Viruses, Edward Barker 20. Immunity to Parasitic and Fungal Infections, Judith E. Allen and Leo X. Liu 21. Vaccines and Vaccination, Gerald B. Pier Section V. Immune System Dysfunction: Deficiencies 22. Immunology and AIDS, Saskia Boisot and Gerald B. Pier 23. Clinical and Genetic Perspectives in Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders, Jeff Milunsky and Stephen I. Pelton 24. Cancer and the Immune System, Lisa H. Butterfield, Stephen P. Schoenberger, and Jeffrey B. Lyczak Section VI. Immune System Dysfunction: Overactivity 25. Hypersensitivity, J. Patrick Whelan and Carolyn L. Cannon 26. Autoimmunity and Disease, Harley Y. Tse and Michael K. Shaw 27. Transplantation Immunology, Anil Chandraker and Mohamed H. Sayegh Appendix A. CD Antigens Appendix B. Index of Antigen Names with CD Designation Equivalents Appendix C. Cytokines, Chemokines, and Their Receptors Appendix D. Cell Types and Immune-Related Functions Appendix E. Historical Timeline of Immunology
Trends in Antimicrobial Drug Development: Implications for the Future (2004)

The need for new antimicrobial agents is greater than ever because of the emergence of multidrug resistance in common pathogens, the rapid emergence of new infections, and the potential for use of multidrug-resistant agents in bioweapons. Paradoxically, some pharmaceutical companies have indicated that they are curtailing anti-infective research programs. We evaluated the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) databases of approved drugs and the research and development programs of the world's largest pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to document trends in the development of new antimicrobial agents. FDA approval of new antibacterial agents decreased by 56% over the past 20 years (1998-2002 vs. 1983-1987). Projecting future development, new antibacterial agents constitute 6 of 506 drugs disclosed in the developmental programs of the largest pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Despite the critical need for new antimicrobial agents, the development of these agents is declining. Solutions encouraging and facilitating the development of new antimicrobial agents are needed.
High‐dose intravenous glutathione in man. Pharmacokinetics and effects on cyst(e)ine in plasma and urine (1991)

Parenteral glutathione has therapeutic potential for targeted delivery of cysteine equivalents. Thus, high doses of reduced glutathione (GSH) protect from the nephrotoxic and urotoxic effects of cisplatinum and oxazaphosphorines. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms the kinetics and the effect of glutathione on plasma and urine sulphydryls were studied in 10 healthy volunteers. Following the intravenous infusion of 2 g m-2 of glutathione the concentration of total glutathione in plasma increased from 17.5 +/- 13.4 mumol l-1 (mean +/- SD) to 823 +/- 326 mumol l-1. The volume of distribution of exogenous glutathione was 176 +/- 107 ml kg-1 and the elimination rate constant was 0.063 +/- 0.027 min-1 corresponding to a half-life of 14.1 +/- 9.2 min. Cysteine in plasma increased from 8.9 +/- 3.5 mumol l-1 to 114 +/- 45 mumol l-1 after the infusion. In spite of the increase in cysteine, the plasma concentration of total cyst(e)ine (i.e. cysteine, cystine, and mixed disulphides) decreased, suggesting an increased uptake of cysteine from plasma into cells. Urinary excretion of glutathione and of cyst(e)ine was increased 300-fold and 10-fold, respectively, in the 90 min following the infusion. The present data suggest that the concentration of sulphydryls in the urinary tract and, more importantly, the intracellular availability of cysteine increase markedly following parenteral glutathione. The high intracellular concentration of cysteine may protect against cisplatinum and oxazaphosphorine toxicity either directly or indirectly by supporting the synthesis of glutathione.
Isolation and characterization of the cDNA for pea chloroplast SecA Evolutionary conservation of the bacterial‐type SecA‐dependent protein transport within chloroplasts (1995)

We report here the isolation of the cDNA for pea chloroplast SecA. Pea SecA encodes a polypeptide of 1,011 amino acids and shows high sequence similarity with cyanobacterial SecA. Pea SecA was synthesized as a larger precursor and was imported into isolated chloroplasts in vitro. The purified pea SecA, which was expressed in Escherichia coli cells, stimulated the in vitro import of the 33 kDa protein of the oxygen-evolving complex into thylakoids. These results indicate that higher plant chloroplasts contain a bacterial-type SecA protein-dependent system for the intraorganellar protein transport into thylakoids.
Selection of a subset of mRNAs from combinatorial 3' untranslated region libraries using neuronal RNA-binding protein Hel-N1. (1994)

Hel-N1, a human RNA-binding protein, shares significant homology with Drosophila protein ELAV, which is essential for fly neuronal development. Hel-N1 has been shown to bind in vitro to 3' untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding c-myc, c-fos, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and transcriptional repressor, Id. We report that Hel-N1 and a related form, Hel-N2, are expressed in human medulloblastoma cells, but their ratio differs significantly from that in adult brain and fetal brain. Selection of RNA targets from randomized combinatorial libraries yielded (A+U)-rich consensus sequences for both Hel-N1 and Hel-N2. As a means to identify cellular RNA targets for these proteins, we devised combinatorial shape libraries representing naturally derived 3' untranslated regions and were able to select a structurally related subset of transcripts that bound to Hel-N1. Approximately 10% of the proteins encoded by these subset mRNAs were identifiable in the data bases and most are implicated in cell growth regulation. This approach provides a means to gain access to novel genes expressed in various cell types by partitioning mRNAs containing common sequence elements using RNA-binding proteins.
Hepatotoxicity Induced by Antiandrogens: A Review of the Literature (2004)

Although there are differences in the clinical features of hepatotoxicity induced by steroidal and nonsteroidal antiandrogens, these do not predict which patients will develop hepatotoxicity during treatment or evolution. Serial liver function tests are required for early detection of liver damage.
A survey of ex vivo/in vitro transduction efficiency of mammalian primary cells and cell lines with Nine natural adeno-associated virus (AAV1-9) and one engineered adeno-associated virus serotype (2013)

In this work, we describe the transduction efficiency of ten different AAV serotypes in thirty-four different mammalian cell lines and primary cell types. Although these results may not be universal due to numerous factors such as, culture conditions and/ or cell growth rates and cell heterogeneity, these results provide an important and unique resource for investigators who use AAV as an ex vivo gene delivery vector or who work with cells that are difficult to transfect.
CROSS-LINKING IN COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN (1984)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Highly accurate optical material parameter determination with THz time-domain spectroscopy (2007)

We improve the existing data extraction algorithms for THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz TDS) in two aspects. On the one hand, we merge the up-to-date knowledge of THz TDS signal processing into a single powerful optical material parameter extraction algorithm. On the other hand, we introduce a novel iterative algorithm that further enhances the accuracy of the parameter extraction. In contrast to most of the published experiments, we are able to reliably investigate samples with thicknesses as small as 100microm, samples with low indexes of refraction, i.e. close to 1, as well as samples with sharp peaks in the material parameter curves.
Structural and Transcriptional Analysis of the Self-Incompatibility Locus of Almond: Identification of a Pollen-Expressed F-Box Gene with Haplotype-Specific Polymorphism (2003)

Gametophytic self-incompatibility in Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Scrophulariaceae is controlled by the S locus, which consists of an S-RNase gene and an unidentified "pollen S" gene. An approximately 70-kb segment of the S locus of the rosaceous species almond, the S haplotype-specific region containing the S-RNase gene, was sequenced completely. This region was found to contain two pollen-expressed F-box genes that are likely candidates for pollen S genes. One of them, named SFB (S haplotype-specific F-box protein), was expressed specifically in pollen and showed a high level of S haplotype-specific sequence polymorphism, comparable to that of the S-RNases. The other is unlikely to determine the S specificity of pollen because it showed little allelic sequence polymorphism and was expressed also in pistil. Three other S haplotypes were cloned, and the pollen-expressed genes were physically mapped. In all four cases, SFBs were linked physically to the S-RNase genes and were located at the S haplotype-specific region, where recombination is believed to be suppressed, suggesting that the two genes are inherited as a unit. These features are consistent with the hypothesis that SFB is the pollen S gene. This hypothesis predicts the involvement of the ubiquitin/26S proteasome proteolytic pathway in the RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility system.
Relapse Versus Reinfection: Surveillance of Clostridium difficile Infection (2011)

Molecular typing was used to examine surveillance definitions for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Among 102 patients, 85 had a second episode within 8 weeks, 88% of which were relapses. Of 49 second episodes occurring after > 8 weeks, 65% were relapses. Categorization of a recurrent episode occurring after >8 weeks as a new infection may misrepresent the majority of episodes for surveillance.
Computationally efficient frequency-domain combination of acoustic echo cancellation and robust adaptive beamforming (2001)

For hands-free acoustical human/machine interfaces, e. g. for automatic speech recognition or teleconferencing systems, microphone arrays using robust Generalized Sidelobe Cancellers (GSCs) in conjunction with acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) can be efficiently applied for optimum communication. This contribution devises a new structure for combining AEC and GSC. It reduces the computational complexity by more than a factor of ten relative to a time-domain arrangement, increases convergence speed, and preserves positive synergies.
Olmesartan Prevents Cardiovascular Injury and Hepatic Steatosis in Obesity and Diabetes, Accompanied by Apoptosis Signal Regulating Kinase-1 Inhibition (2008)

Dietary obesity is associated with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, although the underlying mechanism is unknown. This study was undertaken to elucidate the role of angiotensin II and apoptosis signal regulating kinase-1 (ASK1) in obesity/diabetes-associated cardiovascular complications and hepatic steatosis. Mice fed a high-fat diet were treated with olmesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, to elucidate the role of angiotensin II in diabetic mice. Treatment of mice fed a high-fat diet with olmesartan markedly suppressed cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, as well as vascular endothelial dysfunction and remodeling, induced by obesity/diabetes. Moreover, olmesartan suppressed the disruption of the vascular endothelial NO synthase dimer in diabetic mice. Olmesartan also significantly prevented hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in diabetic mice. These beneficial effects of olmesartan on diabetic mice were associated with the attenuation of ASK1 activation in these mice. ASK1-deficient mice and wild-type mice were compared, regarding the effects of a high-fat diet. A comparison between ASK1-deficient and wild-type mice showed that ASK1 deficiency attenuated cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, as well as vascular endothelial dysfunction and remodeling induced by obesity/diabetes. The amelioration of vascular endothelial impairment by ASK1 deficiency was attributed to the prevention of endothelial NO synthase dimer disruption. ASK1 deficiency also significantly lessened hepatic steatosis in diabetic mice. In conclusion, our work provided the evidence that ASK1 is significantly activated in diet-induced diabetic mice and contributes to cardiovascular diseases and hepatic steatosis in diabetic mice. Moreover, the beneficial effects of angiotensin II inhibition on dietary diabetic mice seem to be mediated by the inhibition of ASK1 activation.
Patterned growth of individual and multiple vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (2000)

The results of studies of patterned growth of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition are reported. Nickel (Ni) dots of various diameters and Ni lines with variable widths and shapes were fabricated using electron beam lithography and evaporation, and served for catalytic growth of VACNFs whose structure was determined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. It is found that upon plasma pre-etching and heating up to 600–700 °C, thin films of Ni break into droplets which initiate the growth of VACNFs. Above a critical dot size multiple droplets are formed, and consequently multiple VACNFs grow from a single evaporated dot. For dot sizes smaller than the critical size only one droplet is formed, resulting in a single VACNF. In the case of a patterned line, the growth mechanism is similar to that from a dot. VACNFs grow along the line, and above a critical linewidth multiple VACNFs are produced across the line. The mechanism of the formation of single and multiple catalyst droplets and subsequently of VACNFs is discussed.
Critical role of endothelial CXCR2 in LPS-induced neutrophil migration into the lung (2006)

In models of acute lung injury, CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) mediates migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the lung. Since CXCR2 ligands, including CXCL1 and CXCL2/3, are chemotactic for PMNs, CXCR2 is thought to recruit PMNs by inducing chemotactic migration. In a model of PMN recruitment to the lung, aerosolized bacterial LPS inhalation induced PMN recruitment to the lung in wild-type mice, but not in littermate CXCR2-/- mice. Surprisingly, lethally irradiated wild-type mice reconstituted with CXCR2-/- BM still showed about 50% PMN recruitment into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and into lung interstitium, but CXCR2-/- mice reconstituted with CXCR2-/- BM showed no PMN recruitment. Conversely, CXCR2-/- mice reconstituted with wild-type BM showed a surprisingly large defect in PMN recruitment, inconsistent with a role of CXCR2 on PMNs alone. Cell culture, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and real-time RT-PCR were used to show expression of CXCR2 on pulmonary endothelial and bronchial epithelial cells. The LPS-induced increase in lung microvascular permeability as measured by Evans blue extravasation required CXCR2 on nonhematopoietic cells. Our data revealed what we believe to be a previously unrecognized role of endothelial and epithelial CXCR2 in LPS-induced PMN recruitment and lung injury.
Cutting and controlled modification of graphene with ion beams (2011)

Using atomistic computer simulations, we study how ion irradiation can be used to alter the morphology of a graphene monolayer, by introducing defects of specific type, and to cut graphene sheets. Based on the results of our analytical potential molecular dynamics simulations, a kinetic Monte Carlo code is developed for modeling morphological changes in a graphene monolayer under irradiation at macroscopic time scales. Impacts of He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Ga ions with kinetic energies ranging from tens of eV to 10 MeV and angles of incidence between 0° and 88° are studied. Our results provide microscopic insights into the response of graphene to ion irradiation and can directly be used for the optimization of graphene cutting and patterning with focused ion beams.
Arginase levels and their association with Th17-related cytokines, soluble adhesion molecules (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1) and hemolysis markers among steady-state sickle cell anemia patients (2010)

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is characterized by a marked endothelial dysfunction, owing to many factors. Arginine metabolism can be related to the inflammatory chronic state presented by patients, playing a key role in their clinical outcome and vascular endothelium. We investigated the serum arginase levels in 50 SCA patients (22 men and 28 women, mean age of 17 +/- 10.5 years) and 28 healthy controls. Serum arginase levels were associated with biochemical hemolysis markers and cytokines involved in Th17 response, as well as levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1). Arginase concentrations were higher in SCA patients, compared with controls (p = 0.005), and were significantly and positively associated with total bilirubin (p = 0.004), indirect bilirubin (p = 0.04), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; p = 0.039) in the SCA patient group. Moreover, arginase was significantly and positively associated with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta; p = 0.008) among SCA patients. sICAM-1 was significantly and positively associated to reticulocytes (p = 0.014) and AST (p = 0.04). sVCAM-1 was likewise associated with lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.03). These data suggest a new insight into arginase metabolism, as we show here a shift in arginine catabolism, where TGF-beta may induces the arginase pathway instead of the nitric oxide pathway and a possible involvement of the vascular activation and the serum arginase in chronic hemolysis among SCA patients. Additional studies should be carried out in order to investigate the mechanisms by which TGF-beta participates in the metabolism of arginase in SCA patients.
Transcriptional induction of β‐galactoside α‐2,6‐sialyltransferase in rat fibroblast by dexamethasone (1993)

The beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity of Fisher rat fibroblasts is enhanced by dexamethasone while the activity of the beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase remains unchanged. This glucocorticoid-dependent activation can be inhibited by the antagonist RU 38,486 and results from an elevated transcription rate of the 4.7-kb mRNA previously characterized in rat fibroblasts, distinct from the 4.3-kb liver-restricted mRNA. As shown by the binding of radiolabelled Sambucus nigra agglutinin, this activation leads to an increase of NeuNAc(alpha 2-6)Gal sequences on glycoproteins isolated from the dexamethasone-treated cells.
Lymphocyte population changes in cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (1990)

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is associated with feline acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (FAIDS) and has been suggested as a model for HIV-induced human AIDS. The most obvious immunological defect in HIV infection is a reduction in CD4+ cell numbers and an inversion of the CD4:CD8 ratio. To determine whether the same is true in FIV infection, we analyzed by flow cytometry using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to feline lymphocyte populations the CD4:CD8 ratios in cats naturally infected with the virus. We report that 13 of 19 FIV-infected cats had ratios below the 5th percentile of normal cats (0.57, established from analysis of 39 normal cats) and 18 of 19 had ratios below 1. Repeated analyses over a period of several months revealed the inverted ratios to be consistent. Analysis of lymphocyte numbers in FIV-infected cats shows that the inverted ratios are due to a decrease in CD4+ T cells, while CD8+ T and B cells remain relatively normal in number. Analysis of a group of cats with a variety of other chronic diseases, including feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infections, revealed a near-normal distribution of CD4:CD8 ratios. These findings are similar to those in HIV infections and indicate that, like HIV, FIV causes a selective reduction in CD4+ cells and should be an excellent model for studying retrovirus-induced AIDS.