gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Normal human synovial fluid: osmolality and exercise-induced changes. (1985)

We measured the osmolality of human synovial fluid in the knees of healthy young adults following minimum activity and exercise. These results were compared with each subject's blood-serum osmolality. The synovial fluid was hyperosmolal with minimum activity, decreasing to blood-serum levels after exercise.
Blinking and Surface Chemistry of Single CdSe Nanocrystals (2005)

On the blink: We examine the effect of surface passivants on the blinking statistics of single CdSe nanocrystals. We find that the adsorption of a Lewis base (primary aliphatic amine) or the growth of a CdS shell lead to changes in the exponents of the power-law statistics of both on and off times (see absorption spectra; OA=octylamine). We propose that these changes are the result of a modification to the density of surface states, which are responsible for nonradiative decay in the nanocrystals.
Boronophenylalanine, a boron delivery agent for boron neutron capture therapy, is transported by ATB0,+, LAT1 and LAT2 (2015)

The efficacy of boron neutron capture therapy relies on the selective delivery of boron carriers to malignant cells. p-Boronophenylalanine (BPA), a boron delivery agent, has been proposed to be localized to cells through transporter-mediated mechanisms. In this study, we screened aromatic amino acid transporters to identify BPA transporters. Human aromatic amino acid transporters were functionally expressed in Xenopus oocytes and examined for BPA uptake and kinetic parameters. The roles of the transporters in BPA uptake were characterized in cancer cell lines. For the quantitative assessment of BPA uptake, HPLC was used throughout the study. Among aromatic amino acid transporters, ATB(0,+), LAT1 and LAT2 were found to transport BPA with Km values of 137.4 ± 11.7, 20.3 ± 0.8 and 88.3 ± 5.6 μM, respectively. Uptake experiments in cancer cell lines revealed that the LAT1 protein amount was the major determinant of BPA uptake at 100 μM, whereas the contribution of ATB(0,+) became significant at 1000 μM, accounting for 20-25% of the total BPA uptake in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. ATB(0,+), LAT1 and LAT2 transport BPA at affinities comparable with their endogenous substrates, suggesting that they could mediate effective BPA uptake in vivo. The high and low affinities of LAT1 and ATB(0,+), respectively, differentiate their roles in BPA uptake. ATB(0,+), as well as LAT1, could contribute significantly to the tumor accumulation of BPA at clinical dose.
Molecular Diagnostics for Dairy-Borne Pathogens (1997)

Advances in diagnostic assays based on nucleic acids will revolutionize the ability of the industry to maintain the safety of dairy foods. Two complementary assay formats are explored, one of which permits the rapid detection of bacterial pathogens and the other the identification of reservoirs of these pathogens. The first format is an assay based on the polymerase chain reaction that employs homogeneous detection (TaqMan polymerase chain reaction detection; Perkin Elmer, Applied Biosystems Division, Foster City, CA) of the target sequence. This assay has been applied to the detection of Listeria monocytogenes. A primary problem with current assays that are based on polymerase chain reaction is the complexity of sample handling and the quantification of the initial target number. This fluorogenic assay takes advantage of the endogenous 5',3'-endonuclease activity in Taq DNA polymerase. Approximately 100 samples can be analyzed in 2 to 3 h with a sensitivity of < 50 cells and a dynamic range of > 1000-fold. The TaqMan polymerase chain reaction detection assay is a robust format that is readily applicable to a wide array of other pathogens found in foods and in the environment. The second format is an instrument for automated ribosomal RNA analysis (Riboprinter; DuPont, Wilmington, DE) that can be used to locate the reservoirs harboring the bacterial pathogen. Use of this typing method it has been shown that, although a number of different ribotypes can be isolated from a single environmental sample, only a selected number of these strains apparently have the ability to cause disease. The future of food microbiology lies in the development and integration of molecular methods that can be automated into a testing regimen that extends from the farm to finished products.
Maturation of neuroblastoma cells in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide. (1976)

Addition of dimethylsulfoxide at concentrations of 1% and 2% (vol/vol) to cells of mouse neuroblastoma clone NIE-115 in the confluent phase of growth resulted in the production of morphologically differentiated cultures with extensive process formation. Cell maintained in 2% dimethylsulfoxide remained in a stable nondividing condition for periods of up to 4 weeks. A high degree of electrical excitability was found in these cells, but there was no clear correlation of this property with the level of induction of either acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.7) or tyrosine hydroxylase [L-tyrosine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating); EC 1.14.16.2]. In addition, intracellular levels of cyclic 3':5'-AMP were not elevated in fully morphologically and electrically differentiated cells. While cell division was markedly inhibited by 2% or higher concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide, at 1% growth continued at a somewhat slowed rate and such cultures exhibited enhanced process formation and electrical activity for a relatively short period. High concentrations (3% or 4%) of dimethylsulfoxide totally suppressed process formation and did not result in increased excitability, but cells maintained high resting potentials. The results suggest that the development of the excitable membrane in neuroblastoma cells may be expressed independently of neurospecific enzyme induction, and does not require a sustained elevation of cyclic 3':5'-AMP levels.
Enzymatic oil-degumming by a novel microbial phospholipase (2001)

Phospholipase A-mediated oil-degumming is a well-established process step (Enzy-Max®) in physical refining of vegetable oils (rape seed, soy bean, sunflower seed). A screening programme for microbial phospholipases of type A has been carried out. The target has been to develop a stable and robust phospholipase with optimal oil-degumming performance in the pH-range 4—5 and in the temperature range 30— 70 °C. One phospholipase of type A1 from Fusarium oxysporum, given the trade name Lecitase® Novo, has been studied in detail. Some of the characteristics of this novel microbial phospholipase in the oil-degumming application are: pH optimum ∼5, temperature optimum 40—45 °C. In laboratory tests the new phospholipase Lecitase® Novo has proven to be superior to porcine pancreatic Lecitase® 10L and other phospholipases with respect to oil-degumming performance, and it has proven to be suited for degumming of different oil qualities ranging from water-degummed to crude oil. A further advantage is that the new phospholipase acts at very low water content, which will make the problematic sludge recycling in the EnzyMax® process superfluous. As demonstrated by an HPLC study, phospholipase-mediated degumming is a unique process quite distinct from the well-known acid degumming variations, since the phospholipids (both hydratable and non-hydratable) present in the oil are hydrolysed to the corresponding lyso-phospholipids, which migrate to the aqueous phase under the conditions employed. Lecitase® Novo was introduced successfully for degumming of rapeseed oil at Cereol (Mannheim, Germany) mid 2000.
Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Harvesting Light Energy with CdSe Nanocrystals Molecularly Linked to Mesoscopic TiO2 Films (2006)

By using bifunctional surface modifiers (SH-R-COOH), CdSe quantum dots (QDs) have been assembled onto mesoscopic TiO(2) films. Upon visible light excitation, CdSe QDs inject electrons into TiO(2) nanocrystallites. Femtosecond transient absorption as well as emission quenching experiments confirm the injection from the excited state of CdSe QDs into TiO(2) nanoparticles. Electron transfer from the thermally relaxed s-state occurs over a wide range of rate constant values between 7.3 x 10(9) and 1.95 x 10(11) s(-1). The injected charge carriers in a CdSe-modified TiO(2) film can be collected at a conducting electrode to generate a photocurrent. The TiO(2)-CdSe composite, when employed as a photoanode in a photoelectrochemical cell, exhibits a photon-to-charge carrier generation efficiency of 12%. Significant loss of electrons occurs due to scattering as well as charge recombination at TiO(2)/CdSe interfaces and internal TiO(2) grain boundaries.
Impact of dengue virus infection and its control (1997)

Dengue virus infection has been counted among emerging and re-emerging diseases because of (1) the increasing number of patients, (2) the expansion of epidemic areas, and (3) the appearance of severe clinical manifestation of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/dengue shock syndrome (DSS), which is often fatal if not properly treated. In the meantime, there are no effective dengue control measures: a dengue vaccine is still under development and vector control does not provide a long-lasting effect. In order to obtain direct evidence for the virulent virus theory concerning the pathogenesis of DHF/DSS, type 2 dengue virus strains isolated from patients with different clinical severities in the same epidemic area in northeast Thailand, during the same season, were comparatively sequenced. The result revealed a DF strain specific amino acid substitution from I to R in the PrM, and a DSS strain specific amino acid substitution from D to G in the NS1 gene regions, which could significantly alter the nature of these proteins. Moreover, DF strain specific nucleotide substitutions in the 3' noncoding region were predicted to alter its secondary structure. These amino acid and nucleotide substitutions in other strains isolated in different epidemic areas during other seasons, together with their biological significance, remain to be confirmed. In order to innovate dengue vector control, field tests were carried out in dengue epidemic areas in Vietnam to examine the efficacy of Olyset Net screen, which is a wide-mesh net made of polyethylene thread impregnated with permethrin. The results show that Olyset Net (1) reduced the number of principal dengue vector species, Aedes aegypti, (2) interrupted the silent transmission of dengue viruses and (3) was highly appreciated by the local people as a convenient and comfortable vector control method. This encouraging evaluation of the Olyset Net screen should be confirmed further by other tests under different settings.
Cyclically permutable error-correcting codes (1963)

In an asynchronous multiplex system a single band of radio frequencies carries many simultaneous conversations, each of which uses a distinguishable train of pulses as a "carrier." To design a good list of allowed pulse trains one is led to a peculiar kind of error-correcting code problem. The encoding sought uses binary <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> -tuples (code words) in which most of the digits are zero. In addition the Hamming distances from any given code word to all cyclic permutations of all other code words must exceed a prescribed minimum value. The code words found herein may be generated simply using a shift register.
Validation of World Health Organization Guidelines for cancer pain relief: a 10-year prospective study (1995)

This paper reports on the experience gained using World Health Organization Guidelines for cancer pain relief over a 10-year period in an anaesthesiology-based pain service associated with a palliative care programme. The course of treatment of 2118 patients was assessed prospectively over a period of 140,478 treatment days. Non-opioid analgesics (WHO step I) were used on 11%, weak opioids (WHO step II) on 31% and strong opioids (WHO step III) on 49% of treatment days. Administration was via the enteral route on 82% and parenterally on 9% of treatment days. On the remaining days, either spinally applied opioids (2%) or other treatments (6%) were utilised. Fifty-six percent of the patients were treated with morphine. Morphine dose escalation was observed in about one-half of the patients being cared for until death, whereas the other half had stable or decreasing doses over the course of treatment. Co-analgesics were administered on 37% of days, most often antidepressants (15%), anticonvulsants (13%) and corticosteroids (13%). Adjuvants to treat symptoms other than pain were prescribed on 79% of days, most commonly laxatives (42%), histamine-2-receptor antagonists (39%) and antiemetics (35%). In addition, palliative antineoplastic treatment was performed in 42%, nerve blocks in 8%, physiotherapy in 5%, psychotherapy in 3% and TENS in 3% of patients. A highly significant pain reduction was achieved within the 1st week of treatment (P < 0.001). Over the whole treatment period, good pain relief was reported in 76%, satisfactory efficacy in 12% and inadequate efficacy in 12% of patients. In the final days of life, 84% rated their pain as moderate or less, while 10% were unable to give a rating. Analgesics remained constantly effective in all 3 steps of the WHO ladder. Other clinical symptoms were likewise significantly reduced at 1 week after initial assessment, with the exception of neuropsychiatric symptoms. During the course of treatment, the latter were the major symptoms on 23% of days, followed by nausea (23%), constipation (23%) and anorexia (20%). Our results emphasise once again the marked efficacy and low rate of complications associated with oral and parenteral analgesic therapy as the mainstay of pain treatment in the palliative care of patients with advanced cancer. Wide dissemination of WHO guidelines among doctors and healthcare workers is thus necessary to effect a clear improvement in the treatment of the many patients suffering from cancer pain in the clinical and home setting.
Secondary-site binding of Glu-plasmin, Lys-plasmin and miniplasmin to fibrin (1981)

Active-site-inhibited plasmin was prepared by inhibition with d-valyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-lysylchloromethane or by bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz inhibitor). Active-site-inhibited Glu-plasmin binds far more strongly to fibrin than Glu-plasminogen [native human plasminogen with N-terminal glutamic acid (residues 1-790)]. This binding is decreased by alpha(2)-plasmin inhibitor and tranexamic acid, and is, in the latter case, related to saturation of a strong lysine-binding site. In contrast, alpha(2)-plasmin inhibitor and tranexamic acid have only weak effects on the binding of Glu-plasminogen to fibrin. This demonstrates that its strong lysine-binding site is of minor importance to its binding to fibrin. Active-site-inhibited Lys-plasmin and Lys-plasminogen (Glu-plasminogen lacking the N-terminal residues Glu(1)-Lys(76), Glu(1)-Arg(67) or Glu(1)-Lys(77))display binding to fibrin similar to that of active-site inhibited Glu-plasmin. In addition, alpha(2)-plasmin inhibitor or tranexamic acid similarly decrease their binding to fibrin. Glu-plasminogen and active-site-inhibited Glu-plasmin have the same gross conformation, and conversion into their respective Lys- forms produces a similar marked change in conformation [Violand, Sodetz & Castellino (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys.170, 300-305]. Our results indicate that this change is not essential to the degree of binding to fibrin or to the effect of alpha(2)-plasmin inhibitor and tranexamic acid on this binding. The conversion of miniplasminogen (Glu-plasminogen lacking the N-terminal residues Glu(1)-Val(441)) into active-site-inhibited miniplasmin makes no difference to the degree of binding to fibrin, which is similarly decreased by the addition of tranexamic acid and unaffected by alpha(2)-plasmin inhibitor. Active-site-inhibited Glu-plasmin, Lys-plasmin and miniplasmin have lower fibrin-binding values in a plasma system than in a purified system. Results with miniplasmin(ogen) indicate that plasma proteins other than alpha(2)-plasmin inhibitor and histidine-rich glycoprotein decrease the binding of plasmin(ogen) to fibrin.
Comparison of the Efficacy of Paracetamol versus Paracetamol, Codeine and Promethazine (Painstop®) for Premedication and Analgesia for Myringotomy in Children (1997)

This prospective double-blinded study compared the analgesic effectiveness and incidence of complications of a compound preparation Painstop (Paedpharm Pty Ltd) containing paracetamol 12 mg, codeine 0.5 mg and promethazine 0.65 mg per 1.0 ml, dosage 1.0 ml/kg, with paracetamol 20 mg/kg. Ninety-five children aged 1 to 12 years, ASA 1-2, scheduled for myringotomy and drain tuber insertion as a day procedure were randomized to receive Painstop or paracetamol 30 to 60 minutes prior to surgery. Preoperative drowsiness and complications on induction and postoperative sedation, pain and times to achieve goals were recorded. The groups were comparable for age, gender, weight, anaesthetic technique and duration of surgery. Times to eye opening (P = 0.05) and first oral intake (P = 0.006) were significantly longer in the Painstop group. There was, however, no difference in times to discharge. Late sedation was more common in the Painstop group (P = 0.03). Pain scores were low and similar in both groups and the need for additional analgesia was uncommon.
THE MEASUREMENT OF TASTE SENSITIVITY TO PHENYLTHIOUREA (P.T.C.) (1949)

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
Protoporphyrin IX occurs naturally in colorectal cancers and their metastases. (2001)

Colorectal cancers exhibit a red fluorescence. The nature of the responsible fluorophore and its eventual diagnostic potential were investigated. Thirty-three consecutive colorectal resection specimen, 32 of which with histologically confirmed cancer, and a total of 1053 palpable mesenteric nodes were fluorimetrically characterized ex vivo. Furthermore, frozen material from 28 patients was analyzed, selected for the availability of primary tumor material and metastatic tissue, e.g., lymphatic and liver metastases from the same patient. Biochemical characterization was carried out through chemical extraction and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The fluorescence spectra of tissues, tissue extracts, and standard solutions of porphyrins were determined using a pulsed solid-state laser system for excitation and an imaging polychromator, together with an intensified CCD camera for time-delayed observation. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was identified as the predominant fluorophore in primary tumors and their metastases. The fluorophore occurred in the absence of necrosis and in sterile locations. In untreated cases (n = 24), PpIX fluorescence discriminates metastatically involved lymph nodes from all other palpable nodes with a sensitivity of 62% at a specificity of 78% (P < 0.0001). After neoadjuvant treatment of rectal cancer, the PpIX fluorescence level of the primary tumors was reduced and a discrimination of lymph nodes based on PpIX-fluorescence was impossible. We conclude that colorectal cancer metastases accumulate diagnostic levels of endogenous PpIX as a result of a tumor-specific metabolic alteration.
Tumor-targeted and activated bioconjugates for improved camptothecin delivery (2005)

Earlier reports from our laboratory described bioconjugates of camptothecin (CPT) for tumor targeting. In the current work, the rate and site of CPT release from the bioconjugates were modulated using increasingly sterically hindered amino acids and cysteine proteinase-sensitive peptide linkers, respectively. Polyethylene glycol served as a spacer/scaffold between CPT and folic acid. The folic acid receptor, overexpressed on many cancer cells, was targeted using folate. The delivery system was tested in vitro for hydrolytic stability, enzyme-mediated cleavage, cytotoxicity and targeting potential. The linkers successfully modulated the hydrolysis rate (around 1--100 h) and potential site (tumor microenvironment) of CPT release. Preliminary molecular modeling approaches were utilized to assess the influence of molecular volume on hydrolysis half-life (i.e. CPT release). There was a clear, but non-linear, relationship between in vitro CPT release and increasing steric hindrance offered by the peptide linker. The efficacy of four conjugates was studied in a syngeneic rat breast cancer model. Histopathological analysis on treated tumors was performed to evaluate disease prognosis. The results demonstrate that programmed bioconjugates may provide superior efficacy and greater control over the rate and site of CPT release, resulting in higher anti-tumor efficacy and lower toxicity.
A complex interplay between Akt, TSC2 and the two mTOR complexes (2009)

Akt/PKB (protein kinase B) both regulates and is regulated by the TSC (tuberous sclerosis complex) 1-TSC2 complex. Downstream of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), Akt phosphorylates TSC2 directly on multiple sites. Although the molecular mechanism is not well understood, these phosphorylation events relieve the inhibitory effects of the TSC1-TSC2 complex on Rheb and mTORC1 [mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) complex] 1, thereby activating mTORC1 in response to growth factors. Through negative-feedback mechanisms, mTORC1 activity inhibits growth factor stimulation of PI3K. This is particularly evident in cells and tumours lacking the TSC1-TSC2 complex, where Akt signalling is severely attenuated due, at least in part, to constitutive activation of mTORC1. An additional level of complexity in the relationship between Akt and the TSC1-TSC2 complex has recently been uncovered. The growth-factor-stimulated kinase activity of mTORC2 [also known as the mTOR-rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR) complex], which normally enhances Akt signalling by phosphorylating its hydrophobic motif (Ser(473)), was found to be defective in cells lacking the TSC1-TSC2 complex. This effect on mTORC2 can be separated from the inhibitory effects of the TSC1-TSC2 complex on Rheb and mTORC1. The present review discusses our current understanding of the increasingly complex functional interactions between Akt, the TSC1-TSC2 complex and mTOR, which are fundamentally important players in a large variety of human diseases.
Remote Identification and Quantification of Industrial Smokestack Effluents via Imaging Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy (2010)

Industrial smokestack plume emissions were remotely measured with a midwave infrared (1800-3000 cm(-1)) imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer operating at moderate spatial (128 × 64 with 19.4 × 19.4 cm(2) per pixel) and high spectral (0.25 cm(-1)) resolution over a 20 min period. Strong emissions from CO(2), H(2)O, SO(2), NO, HCl, and CO were observed. A single-layer plume radiative transfer model was used to estimate temperature T and effluent column densities q(i) for each pixel's spectrum immediately above the smokestack exit. Across the stack, temperature was uniform with T = 396.3 ± 1.3 K (mean ± stdev), and each q(i) varied in accordance with the plume path length defined by its cylindrical geometry. Estimated CO(2) and SO(2) volume fractions of 8.6 ± 0.4% and 380 ± 23 ppm(v), respectively, compared favorably with in situ measurements of 9.40 ± 0.03% and 383 ± 2 ppm(v). Total in situ NO(x) concentration (NO + NO(2)) was reported at 120 ± 1 ppm(v). While NO(2) was not spectrally detected, NO was remotely observed with a concentration of 104 ± 7 ppm(v). Concentration estimates for the unmonitored species CO, HCl, and H(2)O were 14.4 ± 0.3 ppm(v), 88 ± 1 ppm(v), and 4.7 ± 0.1%, respectively.