gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Irradiation of pigmented melanoma cells with high intensity pulsed radiation generates acoustic waves and kills cells (1990)

Photokilling of pigmented mouse melanoma cells (B-16) was investigated using pulsed high intensity visible radiation. Melanin acts as an endogenous chromophore, and 694 nm radiation with 40 nsec pulse duration and 0.5-3 X 10(7)w/cm2 intensity causes cell death. Irradiation of non-pigmented human melanoma cells (U1) or human squamous carcinoma cells (FaDu) under similar conditions did not kill the cells. Also, irradiation of B-16 cells with 300 microsec laser pulses (10(3)W/cm2) or with continuous wave (CW) radiation (10(-3)W/cm2) did not kill the cells. These data indicate that pigmented cell killing is due to absorption of radiation by melanin and that the pulsewidth and intensity of radiation play important roles in cell killing. The generation of acoustic waves due to absorption of the pulsed radiation by pigmented cells and by isolated melanosomes was demonstrated at 532 and 625 nm and 8.5 nsec pulse duration (10(7)-10(8) W/cm2); the amplitudes of the acoustic signals were approximately 2.5-3.0-fold higher at 532 nm compared with 625 nm, and they increased with increasing fluence. In contrast, irradiation of U1 or FaDu cells with comparable fluences and intensities did not generate acoustic waves. A possible correlation between the generation of photoacoustic waves and pigment cell death is proposed. Since the thermal relaxation time of melanosomes is 0.5-1.0 microsec, the mechanism proposed is that thermal confinement of high intensity, short-pulse visible radiation generates acoustic waves by thermal expansion, leading to mechanical damage to the cells.
Treegion scheduling for wide issue processors (2002)

Instruction scheduling is one of the most important phases of compilation for high-performance processors. A compiler typically divides a program into multiple regions of code and then schedules each region. Many past efforts have focused on linear regions such as traces and superblocks. The linearity of these regions can limit speculation, leading to under-utilization of processor resources, especially on wide-issue machines. A type of non-linear region called a treegion is presented in this paper. The formation and scheduling of treegions takes into account multiple execution paths, and the larger scope of treegions allows more speculation, leading to higher utilization and better performance. Multiple scheduling heuristics for treegions are compared against scheduling for several types of linear regions. Empirical results illustrate that instruction scheduling using treegions treegion scheduling-holds promise. Treegion scheduling using the global weight heuristic outperforms the next highest performing region-superblocks by up to 20%.
Chemical Construction of Immunotoxins (2003)

Immunotoxins (ITs) are chimeric proteins consisting of an antibody linked to a toxin. The antibody confers specificity (ability to recognize and react with the target), whereas the toxin confers cytotoxicity (ability to kill the target) (1-3). ITs have been used in both mice and humans to eliminate tumor cells, autoimmune cells, and virus-infected cells (4-6.
Efficacy and safety of tramadol HCl in breakthrough musculoskeletal pain attributed to osteoarthritis. (1998)

Tramadol may have a role as adjunctive treatment for breakthrough pain in patients receiving NSAID therapy for musculoskeletal pain attributed to OA.
A Controlled Trial Comparing Buprenorphine and Methadone Maintenance in Opioid Dependence (1996)

Buprenorphine maintenance at 8 mg/d appears to be less than optimally efficacious under the conditions of the present study. Continued research is needed to reconcile these findings with the more positive results reported by other investigative groups. There are no apparent health risks associated with long-term buprenorphine maintenance at this dosage.
Clinical and molecular responses in high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia treated with topical imiquimod 5%. (2001)

These results obtained in this small and heterogeneous group merit further study in the use of topical 5% imiquimod use in the treatment of intraepithelial neoplasia. An important mechanism of action of imiquimod may involve 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase antiviral activity.
Efficacy and toxicity of intravenous iron in a mouse model of critical care anemia* (2012)

Adverse effects of intravenous iron supplementation by ferric carboxymaltose seem to be minimal in our animal models. Furthermore, iron appears to be effective in correcting anemia, despite inflammation. Studies of efficacy and safety of iron in critically ill patients are warranted.
Examination of the applicability of router and bridging techniques (1988)

Bridges are compared to routers from a number of perspectives. Routers are systems that interconnect networks based on information contained in layer 3, the networking layer, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Bridges use layer 2 (data link layer) information to determine whether packets should be passed from one network to another. This type of interconnection strategy use node address data only and thus is independent of the protocol used for OSI layer 3 and above. Processing requirements of bridges and routers are compared, highlighting the more complex processing needs of the latter. The greater functionality and flexibility of routing, which accompanies this increased complexity, is discussed. In particular, the focus is on the ability of routers to interconnect different local area network techniques, deal with heavy traffic, and control topology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Rapid production of full-length cDNAs from rare transcripts: amplification using a single gene-specific oligonucleotide primer. (1988)

We have devised a simple and efficient cDNA cloning strategy that overcomes many of the difficulties encountered in obtaining full-length cDNA clones of low-abundance mRNAs. In essence, cDNAs are generated by using the DNA polymerase chain reaction technique to amplify copies of the region between a single point in the transcript and the 3' or 5' end. The minimum information required for this amplification is a single short stretch of sequence within the mRNA to be cloned. Since the cDNAs can be produced in one day, examined by Southern blotting the next, and readily cloned, large numbers of full-length cDNA clones of rare transcripts can be rapidly produced. Moreover, separation of amplified cDNAs by gel electrophoresis allows precise selection by size prior to cloning and thus facilitates the isolation of cDNAs representing variant mRNAs, such as those produced by alternative splicing or by the use of alternative promoters. The efficacy of this method was demonstrated by isolating cDNA clones of mRNA from int-2, a mouse gene that expresses four different transcripts at low abundance, the longest of which is approximately 2.9 kilobases. After less than 0.05% of the cDNAs produced had been screened, 29 independent int-2 clones were isolated. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the 3' and 5' ends of all four int-2 mRNAs were accurately represented by these clones.
Nanofiber Enabled Layer-by-Layer Approach Toward Three-Dimensional Tissue Formation (2008)

Taking rapid and efficient formation of functional tissues as our long-term goal, we discuss in this study a new and generic approach toward formation of multilayered three-dimensional (3D) tissues using nanofibers. 3:1 poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) (8% w/v)/collagen (8.0% w/v) solution was electrospun into nanofibers with an average diameter of 454.5 +/- 84.9 nm. The culture of human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) on PCL/collagen nanofibers showed a high initial cell adhesion (88.1 +/- 1.5%), and rapid cell spreading with spindle morphology. Three-dimensional multilayered cell-nanofiber constructs were built with alternating NHDF seeding (1 x 10(5)cells/layer) and PCL/collagen nanofiber collection on site of electrospinning, where almost all the seeded cells retained in the constructs. The formed construct showed layered structure with uniform cell distribution in between layers of PCL/collagen nanofibers. In the 3D constructs, cells continuously proliferated and deposited new extracellular matrix. By culturing either fibroblast/fiber layered constructs or keratinocyte/fibroblast/fiber layered constructs, dermal-like tissues or bilayer skin tissues (containing both epidermal and dermal layers) were consequently produced within 1 week. Taken together, the present study reports a novel approach to 3D multilayered tissue formation using a bottom-up, on-site layer-by-layer cell assembly while electrospinning. This approach has marked potentials to form functional tissues composed of multiple types of cells, heterogeneous scaffold composition, and customized specific microenvironment for cells.
Effects of alkyl chain length on the inhibition of NNK-induced lung neoplasia in A/J mice by arylalkyl isothiocyanates (1989)

Six homologous arylakyl isothiocyanates were evaluated for their abilities to inhibit pulmonary adenomas induced by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in A/J mice. Four consecutive daily doses (5 mumol/mouse) of phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), 3-phenylpropyl isothiocyanate (PPITC), 4-phenylbutyl isothiocyanate (PBITC), 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)-butyl isothiocyanate (OPBITC) and corn oil were administered to mice by gavage. Two hours following the final dosing, mice were administered saline or 10 mumol of NNK in saline i.p. Pulmonary adenomas were counted at 16 weeks after NNK administration. The mice administered only corn oil prior to NNK developed an average multiplicity of 9.2 tumors/mouse. Pretreatment with PITC, BITC and OPBITC had no significant effects on NNK-induced lung neoplasia. However, PEITC pretreatment resulted in a 64% reduction of lung tumor multiplicity, but did not affect the percentage of mice that developed tumors. Both PPITC and PBITC decreased tumor multiplicity by 96% and the percentage of tumor-bearing animals by greater than 60%. These results, in conjunction with our previous work, demonstrate a general trend of increasing inhibition of NNK-induced lung neoplasia by arylalkyl isothiocyanates with increasing alkyl chain length. This study also demonstrates the remarkable inhibitory activities of PPITC and PBITC, two isothiocyanates that had not previously been tested as chemopreventive agents.
Circulating AIM as an Indicator of Liver Damage and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Humans (2014)

AIM potently reveals both liver damage and HCC. Thus, our results may provide the basis for novel diagnostic strategies for this widespread and fatal disease.
Identification of Ras-Related Nuclear Protein, Targeting Protein for Xenopus Kinesin-like Protein 2, and Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 as Promising Cancer Targets from an RNAi-Based Screen (2007)

To identify new candidate cancer drug targets, we used RNAi as a tool to functionally evaluate genes that play a role in maintaining human tumor cell survival. We screened a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library directed against approximately 3,700 individual genes to assess the ability of siRNAs to induce cell death in an in vitro cell cytotoxicity assay. We found that siRNAs specifically targeting ras-related nuclear protein (Ran), targeting protein for Xenopus kinesin-like protein 2 (TPX2), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), significantly reduced the survival of multiple human tumor cell lines. Further target validation studies revealed that treatment with Ran and TPX2 siRNAs differentially reduced the survival of activated K-Ras-transformed cells compared with their normal isogenic counterparts in which the mutant K-Ras gene had been disrupted (DKS-8). Knockdown of Ran and TPX2 in activated mutant K-Ras cells selectively induced S-phase arrest or transient G(2)-M arrest phenotypes, respectively, that preceded apoptotic cell death. Given our observations that Ran and TPX2 depletion preferentially reduces the survival of activated K-Ras-transformed cells, these two proteins may serve as useful anticancer targets in tumors expressing the activated K-Ras oncogene.
Nanowire-based one-dimensional electronics (2006)

During the last half century, a dramatic downscaling of electronics has taken place, a miniaturization that the industry expects to continue for at least a decade. We present efforts to use the self-assembly of one-dimensional semiconductor nanowires1 in order to bring new, high-performance nanowire devices as an add-on to mainstream Si technology. The nanowire approach offers a coaxial gate-dielectric-channel geometry that is ideal for further downscaling and electrostatic control, as well as heterostructure-based devices on Si wafers.
Follicular lymphoma with t(8;14)(q24;q32): a distinct clinical and molecular subset of t(8;14)-bearing lymphomas (1992)

The presence of the translocation t(8;14)(q24;q32) has not been well described in follicular lymphoma (FL). In a consecutive series of 278 karyotypically abnormal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), six patients with FL showing a t(8;14) without a t(14;18)(q32;q21) were identified. They ranged in age from 45 to 73 years. The cell type was mixed in four patients, small-cleaved in one, and large-cleaved in one; four cases also contained diffuse areas. All cases tested displayed monoclonal surface Ig. The clinical courses were consistent with the histologic subtypes, being less aggressive than other t(8;14)-bearing NHL. In five cases, frozen tissue was available for Southern blotting. The BCL2 gene showed a germline configuration when studied with the MBR, MCR, and 5' cDNA probes. The MYC gene also appeared unrearranged using an exon-1 probe with EcoRI or HindIII digestion. Analysis of the Ig heavy chain (IgH) gene with a JH region probe and BamHI or EcoRI digestion showed only one rearranged band in all cases, indicating that the 14q32 breakpoint did not lie in either the J or switch-mu (SM) regions. In four cases, the exon-1/intron-1 border of the MYC gene, a target area for point mutations in cases of t(8;14) that do not display rearrangements of the MYC gene, was enzymatically amplified and sequenced; no point mutations were identified. The indolent behavior of our six cases, and the finding that the molecular structure of the t(8;14) in these cases does not follow the pattern of breakpoint sites and point mutations defined in other histologic subtypes of NHL with this translocation, suggest that the t(8;14) in these cases is cytogenetically and molecularly distinct from the t(8;14) seen in high-grade NHLs, and is relatively ineffectual in terms of MYC deregulation, or that other genetic elements at these chromosomal sites may be involved. Further analysis of these tumors may provide insights into MYC deregulation and BCL2-independent FL.
An Active Derivative of Rabbit Antibody Light Chain Composed of the Constant and the Variable Domains Held Together Only by a Native Disulfide Bond (1972)

The immunoglobulin light chain is thought to be organized into two structural domains, the constant and the variable regions, linked by a switch region of lesser tertiary organization. Light chains of homogeneous rabbit antibodies to pneumococcal polysaccharides labeled with (125)I were subjected to trypsin digestion at different temperatures. At 43 degrees molecular size (as determined by gel filtration) remained unchanged until the chain was subjected to full reduction and alkylation, when half molecules were demonstrated. One light chain resisted tryptic digestion at 43 degrees . At 50 degrees extensive digestion to small peptides occurred. These experiments confirm the susceptibility of the switch region to enzymatic attack as well as the relative resistance of the constant and variable region domains. They also demonstrate that the third disulfide bridge in rabbit light chain extends between the two structural domains and maintains the integrity of the molecule even when a peptide bond in the switch region is cleaved. When the light chain was subjected to dilute acid hydrolysis [10% acetic acid-pyridine (pH 2.5) in 7 M guanidine-HCl for 24-90 hr] selective cleavage at the switch region was demonstrated in yields up to 90%. The site of cleavage was shown to be the acid labile Asp 109-Pro 110 bond by automated Edman degradation. After cleavage the molecule remained intact until full reduction and alkylation, when half molecules were again demonstrated. A light chain cleaved in this way with its interdomain disulfide bond intact, was able to recombine with a homologous heavy chain and restore antigen binding. This indicates that an intact switch region is not needed for antibody activity. The availability of a functional variable region now allows for planning an examination of the antibody combining site by the technique of peptide synthesis.
Substrate specificity of human class I alcohol dehydrogenase homo- and heterodimers containing the .beta.2 (Oriental) subunit (1987)

In order to gain a better understanding of the metabolism of ethanol in Orientals, the kinetic properties of human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isozymes containing the beta 2 (Oriental) subunit, i.e., alpha beta 2, beta 2 gamma 1, beta 2 beta 2, beta 2 gamma 2, as well as gamma 1 gamma 1, were examined by using primary and secondary alcohol substrates of various chain lengths and compared with those of the corresponding beta 1 (Caucasian) subunit containing isozymes already on record [Wagner, F. W., Burger, A. R., & Vallee, B. L. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 1857-1863]. With primary alcohols, these isozymes follow typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a preference for long-chain alcohols, as indicated by Km and kcat/Km values. The kcat values obtained with primary alcohols, except methanol, do not vary greatly, i.e., less than 3-fold, whereas the corresponding Km values span a 3600-fold range, i.e., from 26 microM to 94 mM, indicating that the specificity of these isozymes manifests principally in substrate binding. As a consequence, ethanol--which might be thought to be the principal in vivo substrate for ADH--is oxidized rather poorly, i.e., from 50- to 90-fold less effectively than octanol. Secondary alcohol oxidation by the homodimers beta 2 beta 2 and gamma 1 gamma 1 also follows normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Again, values of Km and kcat/Km reveal that both isozymes prefer long carbon chains. For all secondary alcohols studied, the Km and kcat values for beta 2 beta 2 are much higher than those for gamma 1 gamma 1, i.e., 25- to 360-fold and 6- to 16-fold, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ICOS/B7RP-1 Interference in Mouse Kidney Transplantation (2007)

In summary, the blockade of ICOS with ICOS mAb or B7RP-1 Fc reduced the amount of apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes and resulted in continuous inflammatory processes with progressive tissue damage and graft failure.
Reprogramming Requirements After Sacral Nerve Stimulator Implantation: Correlation With Preoperative Indication (2008)

Patients in urinary retention appear to require more frequent reprogramming during stage 1, while patients with interstitial cystitis require more sessions after stage 2 implantation.
Regulation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) by accessory proteins (2000)

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) plays a key role in the regulation of fluid absorption in the kidney, lung, colon and exocrine glands, and in the regulation of blood pressure. Abnormal functioning of ENaC is associated with several human diseases, including pseudohypoaldosteronism type I, Liddle's syndrome, pulmonary edema, and cystic fibrosis. ENaC is regulated by several hormones, ions and accessory proteins. This review focuses on the regulation of ENaC by recently described accessory proteins, mainly Nedd4, syntaxin 1A, CFTR, sgk, K-Ras2A and Cap-1.
Repbase Update, a database of eukaryotic repetitive elements (2005)

Repbase Update is a comprehensive database of repetitive elements from diverse eukaryotic organisms. Currently, it contains over 3600 annotated sequences representing different families and subfamilies of repeats, many of which are unreported anywhere else. Each sequence is accompanied by a short description and references to the original contributors. Repbase Update includes Repbase Reports, an electronic journal publishing newly discovered transposable elements, and the Transposon Pub, a web-based browser of selected chromosomal maps of transposable elements. Sequences from Repbase Update are used to screen and annotate repetitive elements using programs such as Censor and RepeatMasker. Repbase Update is available on the worldwide web at http://www.girinst.org/Repbase_Update.html.
Clostridium difficileInfection (2015)

This article reviews the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this nosocomial and potentially fatal infectious diarrhea, as well as the associated risk factors. New treatments include fecal microbiota transplantation for disease that is resistant to vancomycin.
Making Better Influenza Virus Vaccines? (2006)

Killed and live influenza virus vaccines are effective in preventing and curbing the spread of disease, but new technologies such as reverse genetics could be used to improve them and to shorten the lengthy process of preparing vaccine seed viruses. By taking advantage of these new technologies, we could develop live vaccines that would be safe, cross-protective against variant strains, and require less virus per dose than conventional vaccines. Furthermore, pandemic vaccines against highly virulent strains such as the H5N1 virus can only be generated by reverse genetics techniques. Other technologic breakthroughs should result in effective adjuvants for use with killed and live vaccines, increasing the number of available doses. Finally, universal influenza virus vaccines seem to be within reach. These new strategies will be successful if they are supported by regulatory agencies and if a robust market for influenza virus vaccines against inter-pandemic and pandemic threats is made and sustained.
An Open-Label Trial of Riluzole in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Major Depression (2004)

Although preliminary, these results indicate that riluzole may have antidepressant properties in some patients.
Unsupervised modeling of user actions in a dialog corpus (2012)

In data-driven spoken dialog system development, developers should prepare a dialog corpus with semantic annotation. However, the labeling process is a laborious and time consuming task. To reduce human efforts, we propose an unsupervised approach based on non-parametric Bayesian Hidden Markov Model to the problem of modeling user actions. With the non-parametric model, system designers do not need to determine the number and type of user actions. In the experiments, we evaluated the clustering results by comparing them to the human annotation. We also tested a dialog system that used models trained from the automatically annotated corpus with a user simulation.