gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Function of von Willebrand factor after crossed bone marrow transplantation between normal and von Willebrand disease pigs: effect on arterial thrombosis in chimeras. (1995)

von Willebrand factor (vWF) is essential for the induction of occlusive thrombosis in stenosed and injured pig arteries and for normal hemostasis. To separate the relative contribution of plasma and platelet vWF to arterial thrombosis, we produced chimeric normal and von Willebrand disease pigs by crossed bone marrow transplantation; von Willebrand disease (vWD) pigs were engrafted with normal pig bone marrow and normal pigs were engrafted with vWD bone marrow. Thrombosis developed in the chimeric normal pigs that showed normal levels of plasma vWF and an absence of platelet vWF; but no thrombosis occurred in the chimeric vWD pigs that demonstrated normal platelet vWF and an absence of plasma vWF. The ear bleeding times of the chimeric pigs were partially corrected by endogenous plasma vWF but not by platelet vWF. Our animal model demonstrated that vWF in the plasma compartment is essential for the development of arterial thrombosis and that it also contributes to the maintenance of bleeding time and hemostasis.
Controlled Transfer of Single Rolled-Up InGaAs–GaAs Quantum-Dot Microtube Ring Resonators Using Optical Fiber Abrupt Tapers (2010)

We report on the controlled transfer of single rolled-up semiconductor microtube-based optical cavities from their host substrate to a foreign one. Such microtube devices, with diameters of ~5 ¿m, wall thicknesses of ~50 nm, and lengths of >100 ¿m, are fabricated by selectively releasing a coherently strained InGaAs-GaAs quantum-dot layer from the handling GaAs substrate. With the use of fiber abrupt tapers inserted into two ends of the tubes, rolled-up microtubes are lifted off from the substrate and subsequently transferred, with a precisely controlled position, onto the cleaved facet of a single-mode fiber. The resulting devices exhibit strong coherent emission at room temperature and may lead to integrated micro- and nanoscale lasers with greatly simplified packaging.
Preparation and Use of Liposomes in Immunological Studies (1993)

Methods are described for preparation of liposomes for use in immunological assays or for immunization; for complement-dependent immune lysis of liposomes assay; for purification of antibodies by affinity binding to liposomes; for preparation of lipid A and insertion of lipid A into liposomes; and for use of liposomes for immunization. Liposomes, Lipid A, Vaccines
Influenza virus‐specific cytotoxic T cells in man; induction and properties of the cytotoxic cell (1978)

Abstract Human peripheral blood lymphocytes have been sensitized in vitro to influenza virus antigen. After an induction period of 4–14 days, cytotoxic cells which lyse autologous influenza virus‐infected lymphoid cells could be demonstrated. The cytotoxic cell is a T lymphocyte which shows specificity for sensitizing influenza virus type A or B. It cannot distinguish between major subtypes of influenza A virus. The use of virus‐infected normal lymphoid cells as target cells overcame the difficulties of nonspecific killing encountered with some transformed cells.
Über Orceinfarbstoffe, V. IR‐ und UV‐Spektren Hydroxy‐ und Amino‐Substituierter Phenoxazone (1957)

Abstract Es wird an mehreren Hydroxy‐ und Amino‐phenoxazonen und ihren Acetaten gezeigt, daß Phenoxazone im IR‐Spektrum zwischen 6.0 und 6.5 μ drei charak‐teristische Schlüsselfrequenzen besitzen. Die Verschiebung der längstwelligen Bande im sichtbaren Spektrum dieser Verbindungen mit Säure und Alkali hängt von der Stellung der Hydroxy und Aminogruppe am Phenoxazon‐Grundgerüst ab. Sie ist für eine Substitution in 7‐Stellung besonders charakteristisch und kann mit dem Auftreten mesomerer Ionenstrukturen in bestimmten p h‐Bereichen gedeutet werden. Das chromophore Grundgerüst von allen Orcein‐komponenten wird spektroskopisch aufgeklärt.
Comparison of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gas chromatography for the determination of nicotine in cigarette smoke condensates (1993)

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on monoclonal antibodies was developed to measure nicotine in smoke condensates of cigarettes. The ELISA standard curve displays a detection limit of 70 ng/mL and an effective working range of 0.3-4.0 micrograms of nicotine/mL. Using standard samples, ELISA results compare well with theoretical values (r = 0.997). The suitability of the method for industrial routine application was evaluated by measuring the nicotine concentration in 245 cigarette smoke condensates. When ELISA results were compared with those obtained by gas chromatography, a correlation coefficient r = 0.886 was obtained. The assay allows the specific, precise, and accurate determination of nicotine, without any significant interference from other alkaloids also present in tobacco smoke. Preliminary data suggest that the immunoassay could also be applied to other matrices, e.g., tobacco extracts. ELISA equipment requirements are minimum, simple, and low-cost, and an unskilled person could perform 150 analysis in a working day. On the basis of these features, ELISA is proposed as a promising alternative to instrumental methods for some industrial applications.
${\rm Cs}_{2}{\rm LiYCl}_{6}:{\rm Ce}$ Scintillator for Nuclear Monitoring Applications (2009)

This paper summarizes the initial investigation of large diameter (2-inch) Cs <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> LiYCl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> :Ce (CLYC) crystals grown at RMD. Although the crystals had some cracks, the tested sample provided adequate results: It produced a clear thermal neutron peak, a difference in time profiles under gamma and neutron excitation was observed, and pulse shape discrimination (PSD) based on two integration windows and their ratios was achieved. The PSD provided an excellent separation between gamma and neutron events. The discrimination ratio was better than 1:1000 (based on 15,000 events). We have also tested a relatively smaller sample with excellent crystal quality for the energy resolution. The results surpassed those previously obtained. The recorded energy resolution at 662 keV was 4.7% (FWHM) using a standard bialkali PMT. This is better than the previously measured 5.1% value. A 4.3% energy resolution was obtained with a super bialkali PMT.
How much blue light should an IOL transmit? (2003)

Older, and even some modern, intraocular lenses (IOLs) transmit potentially hazardous ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to the retina. In addition, IOLs transmit more blue and green light to the retina for scotopic vision than the crystalline lenses they replace, light that is also potentially hazardous. The severity of UVR-blue type phototoxicity increases with decreasing wavelength, unlike the action spectrum of blue-green type retinal phototoxicity and the luminous efficiency of scotopic vision which both peak in the blue-green part of the optical spectrum around 500 nm. Theoretically, UVR+blue absorbing IOLs provide better retinal protection but worse scotopic sensitivity than UVR-only absorbing IOLs, but further study is needed to test this analysis. UVR is potentially hazardous and not useful for vision, so it is prudent to protect the retina from it with chromophores in IOLs. Determining authoritatively how much blue light an optimal IOL should block requires definitive studies to determine (1) the action spectrum of the retinal phototoxicity potentially involved in human retinal ageing, and (2) the amount of shorter wavelength blue light required for older adults to perform essential activities in dimly lit environments.
Switchable reflectivity on silicon from a composite VO2-SiO2 protecting layer (2004)

Surfaces whose reflectivity can be thermally controlled were formed on single crystals of silicon by using ion beams to create a nanocomposite layer consisting of VO2 precipitates embedded in a thin-film matrix of amorphous SiO2. The surface nanocomposite layer was produced by first thermally oxidizing a Si crystal to produce an overlying SiO2 film with a desired thickness. Stoichiometric coimplantation of vanadium and oxygen ions and subsequent thermal processing were then employed to form embedded VO2 nanoparticles in the SiO2 film. The reflectivity of the vanadium dioxide particles undergoes large changes at the VO2 semiconductor-to-metal phase transition, thereby providing the mechanism for thermally controlling the reflectivity of the VO2∕SiO2∕Si layer and, effectively, the Si crystal surface. The VO2∕SiO2 nanocomposite layer was applied in a device configuration in which heating via current through the Si substrate is used to control the surface reflectivity.
Thiazolides as Novel Antiviral Agents. 2. Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus Replication (2011)

We report the activities of a number of thiazolides [2-hydroxyaroyl-N-(thiazol-2-yl)amides] against hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes IA and IB, using replicon assays. The structure–activity relationships (SARs) of thiazolides against HCV are less predictable than against hepatitis B virus (HBV), though an electron-withdrawing group at C(5′) generally correlates with potency. Among the related salicyloylanilides, the m-fluorophenyl analogue was most promising; niclosamide and close analogues suffered from very low solubility and bioavailability. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) 1 has performed well in clinical trials against HCV. We show here that the 5′-Cl analogue 4 has closely comparable in vitro activity and a good cell safety index. By use of support vector analysis, a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model was obtained, showing good predictive models for cell safety. We conclude by updating the mode of action of the thiazolides and explain the candidate selection that has led to compound 4 entering preclinical development.
Hypermethylation of the p14(ARF) gene in ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis. (2002)

The p14(ARF) protein directly inhibits the MDM-2 oncoprotein, which mediates degradation of the p53 protein. It has been shown that p14(ARF) expression is frequently down-regulated by p14(ARF) gene hypermethylation in colorectal cancer. To determine whether p14(ARF) inactivation was involved in ulcerative colitis (UC)-associated carcinogenesis, the frequency and timing of p14(ARF) methylation was investigated in four different histological stages of UC-associated carcinogenesis. Methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing were used to determine the prevalence of p14(ARF) gene methylation. p14(ARF) methylation was observed in 19 of 38 (50%) adenocarcinomas, 4 of 12 (33%) dysplasias, and 3 of the 5 (60%) nonneoplastic UC mucosae. In contrast, 3 of 40 (3.7%) normal tissues showed p14(ARF) methylation (chi(2) test: P = 0.0003). Bisulfite sequencing was used to analyze 28 CpGs of p14(ARF) gene in 20 samples. The number of methylated CpGs ranged from 0 to 4, 0 to 20, and 0 to 28 in the normal, dysplastic, and carcinomatous samples, respectively (Kruskall-Wallis test: P = 0.0005). Densely methylated alleles were detected only in carcinomas by bisulfite sequencing. In conclusion, our data suggest that methylation of p14(ARF) is a relatively common early event in UC-associated carcinogenesis. p14(ARF) offers potential as a biomarker for the early detection of cancer or dysplasia in UC. Finally, analyses of p14(ARF) methylation in other organs should explore not only frank cancers but other premalignant lesions.
Temperature-dependent Changes in the Polysomal Population of Senescent (Ripening) Pear Fruit (1977)

A loss and recovery of polysomes coincident with the temperature-dependent interruption and resumption of pear fruit (Pyrus communis, L.) senescence establishes a close correlation between the presence of protein-synthesizing machinery and the progression of senescence and ripening.
THE NERVE GROWTH FACTOR: PURIFICATION AS A 30,000-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT PROTEIN (1969)

The nerve growth factor protein was purified over 100-fold from adult mouse salivary glands. The first step was a gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 at pH 7.5 of the aqueous gland extract. After gel filtration, most of the NGF activity was eluted in the 80,000-90,000-molecular-weight region (G-100 pool). The G-100 pool was dialyzed at pH 5.0 and fractionated by CM52 cellulose chromatography at pH 5.0. Recovery from CM52 cellulose columns was quantitative for protein and ranged 80-100 per cent for the nerve growth factor activity; the latter was almost completely carried by a protein which did not show any heterogeneity when examined by several analytical tests. The purified nerve growth factor showed an S(20,w) = 2.43, a D(20,w) = 7.30 and a 30,000 molecular weight. The over-all recovery was about 45 per cent.
Production and N‐glycan analysis of secreted human erythropoietin glycoprotein in stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells (2005)

Schneider 2 (S2) cells from Drosophila melanogaster have been used as a plasmid-based, non-lytic expression system for foreign proteins. Here, a plasmid encoding the human erythropoietin (hEPO) gene fused with a hexahistidine (His(6)) tag under the control of the Drosophila metallothionein (MT) promoter was stably transfected into Drosophila S2 cells. After copper sulfate induction, transfected S2 cells were found to secrete hEPO with a maximum expression level of 18 mg/L and a secretion efficiency near 98%. The secreted hEPO from Drosophila S2 had an apparent molecular weight of about 23-27 kDa which was significantly lower than a recombinant hEPO expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (about 36 kDa). N-glycosidase F digestion almost completely eliminated the difference and resulted in the same molecular weight ( approximately 20 kDa) of de-N-glycosylated hEPO proteins. These data suggest that recombinant hEPO from S2 cells was modified with smaller N-glycans. Subsequently, the major N-glycans were identified following glycoamidase A digestion, labeling with 2-aminopyridine (PA), and two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis in concert with exoglycosidase digestion. This analysis of N-glycans revealed that hEPO was modified to include paucimannosidic glycans containing two or three mannose residues with or without core fucose. A similar glycosylation pattern was observed on a recombinant human transferrin expressed in S2 cells. These results provide a detailed analysis of multiple N-glycan structures produced in a Drosophila cell line that will be useful in the subsequent application of these cells for the generation of heterologous glycoproteins.
Clustering of low-energy conformations near the native structures of small proteins (1998)

Recent experimental studies of the denatured state and theoretical analyses of the folding landscape suggest that there are a large multiplicity of low-energy, partially folded conformations near the native state. In this report, we describe a strategy for predicting protein structure based on the working hypothesis that there are a greater number of low-energy conformations surrounding the correct fold than there are surrounding low-energy incorrect folds. To test this idea, 12 ensembles of 500 to 1,000 low-energy structures for 10 small proteins were analyzed by calculating the rms deviation of the Calpha coordinates between each conformation and every other conformation in the ensemble. In all 12 cases, the conformation with the greatest number of conformations within 4-A rms deviation was closer to the native structure than were the majority of conformations in the ensemble, and in most cases it was among the closest 1 to 5%. These results suggest that, to fold efficiently and retain robustness to changes in amino acid sequence, proteins may have evolved a native structure situated within a broad basin of low-energy conformations, a feature which could facilitate the prediction of protein structure at low resolution.
Carbon Nanotubes as Optical Antennae (2007)

Compelling evidence of the antenna action of multiwall carbon nanotubes arranged in a random array is provided by demonstrating that the directional radiation characteristics are in good agreement with conventional radio antenna theory and simulations. Basic antenna effects are investigated: the polarization and the antenna length effect. The figure shows the measured radiation pattern from an array of multiwalled carbon nanotubes.
Heterologous Expression of Limulus Rhodopsin (2003)

Invertebrates such as Drosophila or Limulus assemble their visual pigment into the specialized rhabdomeric membranes of photoreceptors where phototransduction occurs. We have investigated the biosynthesis of rhodopsin from the Limulus lateral eye with three cell culture expression systems: mammalian COS1 cells, insect Sf9 cells, and amphibian Xenopus oocytes. We extracted and affinity-purified epitope-tagged Limulus rhodopsin expressed from a cDNA or cRNA from these systems. We found that all three culture systems could efficiently synthesize the opsin polypeptide in quantities comparable with that found for bovine opsin. However, none of the systems expressed a protein that stably bound 11-cis-retinal. The protein expressed in COS1 and Sf9 cells appeared to be misfolded, improperly localized, and proteolytically degraded. Similarly, Xenopus oocytes injected with Limulus opsin cRNA did not evoke light-sensitive currents after incubation with 11-cis-retinal. However, injecting Xenopus oocytes with mRNA from Limulus lateral eyes yielded light-dependent conductance changes after incubation with 11-cis-retinal. Also, expressing Limulus opsin cDNA in the R1-R6 photoreceptors of transgenic Drosophila yielded a visual pigment that bound retinal, had normal spectral properties, and coupled to the endogenous phototransduction cascade. These results indicate that Limulus opsin may require one or more photoreceptor-specific proteins for correct folding and/or chromophore binding. This may be a general property of invertebrate opsins and may underlie some of the functional differences between invertebrate and vertebrate visual pigments.
Vaccine Strategies: Targeting Helper T Cell Responses (1995)

Vaccine strategies need to take into account the balance of T helper subsets they induce. TH1 cells, which secrete IFN gamma and IL-2, are associated with CMI, rather than humoral responses, and afford protection against intracellular infections including parasites. In contrast, TH2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10; elicit high-titer antibody responses and poor CMI; and are associated with susceptibility to infection with intracellular pathogens. Depending on the type of TH cell bias required, it is possible to manipulate the immune response to a protein or peptide by employing (1) different adjuvants, (2) conjugating the protein to various carriers, (3) immunizing in the presence of cytokines, (4) using alternative routes of administration, or (5) using different forms or doses of antigen. To apply these approaches to a particular vaccine, it is necessary to identify which component of the infectious agent (e.g., envelope protein or peptide) or allergen to target. Once the type of TH cell response that is protective is identified, it may be possible to combine a protein with an adjuvant or link it to a carrier that will promote responses towards the most advantageous TH subset.
Pervasive satellite cell contribution to uninjured adult muscle fibers (2015)

The frequency of satellite cell fusion into the skeletal muscle fibers is greater than previously estimated, suggesting an important functional role for satellite cell fusion into adult myofibers and a requirement for active maintenance of satellite cell numbers in uninjured skeletal muscle.
Recent developments in thePHENIXsoftware for automated crystallographic structure determination (2003)

A new software system called PHENIX (Python-based Hierarchical ENvironment for Integrated Xtallography) is being developed for the automation of crystallographic structure solution. This will provide the necessary algorithms to proceed from reduced intensity data to a refined molecular model, and facilitate structure solution for both the novice and expert crystallographer. Here, the features of PHENIXare reviewed and the recent advances in infrastructure and algorithms are briefly described.
Natural History in Proximal Spinal Muscular Atrophy (1995)

The definition of long-term characteristics of SMA is helpful in providing medical care to families with members who have SMA and also in providing important information for future genotype-phenotype studies and therapeutic trials of patients with SMA. Our data indicate that the widely used classification schemes did not consider the broad spectrum of SMA so a practical modification was suggested.
Development of Inflammatory Angiogenesis by Local Stimulation of Fas In Vivo (1997)

Fas-Fas ligand interaction is thought to be a crucial mechanism in controlling lymphocyte expansion by inducing lymphocyte apoptosis. However, Fas is also broadly expressed on nonlymphoid cells, where its function in vivo remains to be determined. In this study, we describe the development of inflammatory angiogenesis induced by agonistic anti-Fas mAb Jo2 in a murine model where Matrigel is used as a vehicle for the delivery of mediators. The subcutaneous implants in mice of Matrigel containing mAb Jo2 became rapidly infiltrated by endothelial cells and by scattered monocytes and macrophages. After formation and canalization of new vessels, marked intravascular accumulation and extravasation of neutrophils were observed. Several mast cells were also detected in the inflammatory infiltrate. The phenomenon was dose and time dependent and required the presence of heparin. The dependency on activation of Fas is suggested by the observation that the inflammatory angiogenesis was restricted to the agonistic anti-Fas mAb and it was absent in lpr Fas-mutant mice. Apoptotic cells were not detectable at any time inside the implant or in the surrounding tissue, suggesting that angiogenesis and cell infiltration did not result from recruitment of phagocytes by apoptotic cells but rather by a stimulatory signal through Fas-engagement. These findings suggest a role for Fas-Fas ligand interaction in promoting local angiogenesis and inflammation.
An endocardial pathway involving Tbx5, Gata4, and Nos3 required for atrial septum formation (2010)

In humans, septal defects are among the most prevalent congenital heart diseases, but their cellular and molecular origins are not fully understood. We report that transcription factor Tbx5 is present in a subpopulation of endocardial cells and that its deletion therein results in fully penetrant, dose-dependent atrial septal defects in mice. Increased apoptosis of endocardial cells lacking Tbx5, as well as neighboring TBX5-positive myocardial cells of the atrial septum through activation of endocardial NOS (Nos3), is the underlying mechanism of disease. Compound Tbx5 and Nos3 haploinsufficiency in mice worsens the cardiac phenotype. The data identify a pathway for endocardial cell survival and unravel a cell-autonomous role for Tbx5 therein. The finding that Nos3, a gene regulated by many congenital heart disease risk factors including stress and diabetes, interacts genetically with Tbx5 provides a molecular framework to understand gene-environment interaction in the setting of human birth defects.