gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Power factor correction with flyback converter employing charge control (2002)

The charge control concept is applied to a flyback power converter for the purpose of power factor correction (PFC). Using charge control, a flyback converter can operate in continuous conduction-mode (CCM) with unity power factor. The simplicity of the flyback circuit is maintained and the power handling capacity is increased. The properties of charge control related to flyback PFC application are studied. The design guidelines are presented. A 200 W prototype circuit is built. Experimental results show good application prospects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
P3–129: Relation of diabetes to mild cognitive impairment (2006)

Diabetes is an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesized that diabetes would also be related to a higher risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a transitional stage between normal cognition and AD. To examine the association between diabetes and MCI. We related diabetes defined by self–report to incident all–cause MCI, amnestic MCI, and non–amnestic MCI in 918 persons without prevalent MCI at baseline followed for a mean of 4.7 years. We conducted multivariate analyses with proportional hazards regression adjusting for age, gender, education, ethnic group, APO–ϵ4, hypertension, low density lipoprotein, current smoking, heart disease, and stroke. There were 334 persons with incident MCI, 160 (47.9%) with amnestic MCI, and 174 (52.1%) with non–amnestic MCI. Diabetes was related to a significantly higher risk of all–cause MCI and amnestic MCI after adjustment for all covariates. Diabetes was also related to a higher risk of non–amnestic MCI, but this association was appreciably attenuated after adjustment for socio–economic variables and vascular risk factors. Diabetes is related to a higher risk of amnestic MCI, consistent with its relation to a higher risk of AD. However, diabetes also increases the risk of non–amnestic forms of MCI, underlining its importance as a risk factor for different forms of cognitive impairment.
An Extension of Shapiro and Wilk's W Test for Normality to Large Samples (1982)

SUMMARY Shapiro and Wilk's (1965) W statistic arguably provides the best omnibus test of normality, but is currently limited to sample sizes between 3 and 50. Wis extended up to n = 2000 and an approximate normalizing transformation suitable for computer implementation is given. A novel application of Win transforming data to normality is suggested, using the three-parameter lognormal as an example. RESEARCH into tests of non-normality was given new impetus with the introduction of the so- called analysis of variance test by Shapiro and Wilk (1965). The test statistic Wwas constructed by considering the regression of ordered sample values on corresponding expected normal order statistics, which for a sample from a normally distributed population is linear; Wwas obtained as an F-ratio from generalized least-squares analysis to judge the adequacy of the linear fit. Percentage points of the null distribution of Wwere tabulated for p = 0 01, 002, 005, 0 1, 0 5, 0-9, 0 95, 0 98 and 0 99, for sample sizes n = 3 (1) 50. A normalizing transformation for Wusing a Johnson SB approximation in the region n = 7(1)50 was later proposed (Shapiro and Wilk, 1968), though tables were still required for n = 4(1) 6. Extensive empirical comparisons of Wwith other tests of non-normality using computer- generated pseudo-random numbers indicated that W had good power properties against a wide range of alternative distributions, and was therefore truly an omnibus test (Shapiro et al., 1968). Subsequently, other statistics of the Wtype, namely Y(D'Agostino, 1971), W' (Shapiro and Francia, 1972) and r (Filliben, 1975), were developed and shown to have power properties broadly comparable with those of W Another approach was to combine ,lb and b2, the
Wild-Type Nonneuronal Cells Extend Survival of SOD1 Mutant Motor Neurons in ALS Mice (2003)

The most common inherited [correct] form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease affecting adult motor neurons, is caused by dominant mutations in the ubiquitously expressed Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). In chimeric mice that are mixtures of normal and SOD1 mutant-expressing cells, toxicity to motor neurons is shown to require damage from mutant SOD1 acting within nonneuronal cells. Normal motor neurons in SOD1 mutant chimeras develop aspects of ALS pathology. Most important, nonneuronal cells that do not express mutant SOD1 delay degeneration and significantly extend survival of mutant-expressing motor neurons.
Targeted proteomics in Alzheimer’s disease: focus on amyloid-β (2008)

Diagnosis and monitoring of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) have long depended on clinical examination of individuals with end-stage disease. However, upcoming anti-AD therapies are optimally initiated when individuals show very mild signs of neurodegeneration. There is a developing consensus for cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-beta (Abeta) as a core biomarker for the mild cognitive impairment stage of AD. Abeta is directly involved in the pathogenesis of AD or tightly correlated with other primary pathogenic factors. It is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytic processing that depends on the beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 and the gamma-secretase complex, and is degraded by a broad range of proteases. This review summarizes targeted proteomic studies of Abeta in biological fluids and identifies clinically useful markers of disrupted Abeta homeostasis in AD. The next 5 years will see a range of novel assays developed on the basis of these results. From a longer perspective, establishment of the most effective combinations of different biomarkers and other diagnostic modalities may be foreseen.
A single-radial-immunodiffusion technique for the assay of influenza haemagglutinin antigen. Proposals for an assay method for the haemagglutinin content of influenza vaccines. (1975)

Single-radial-diffusion techniques are proposed as possible alternatives to tests based on agglutination of erythrocytes for the assay of the haemagglutinin content of influenza vaccines. Two test procedures (microtest and macrotest) and the use of reference reagents to assay vaccines using these tests are described. The two tests are of similar reproducibility and accuracy but the macrotest is technically simpler to perform and results of assays may be obtained more rapidly.
Characterization of the peptide binding motif of a rhesus MHC class I molecule (Mamu-A*01) that binds an immunodominant CTL epitope from simian immunodeficiency virus. (1998)

The majority of immunogenic CTL epitopes bind to MHC class I molecules with high affinity. However, peptides longer or shorter than the optimal epitope rarely bind with high affinity. Therefore, identification of optimal CTL epitopes from pathogens may ultimately be critical for inducing strong CTL responses and developing epitope-based vaccines. The SIV-infected rhesus macaque is an excellent animal model for HIV infection of humans. Although a number of CTL epitopes have been mapped in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, the optimal epitopes have not been well defined, and their anchor residues are unknown. We have now defined the optimal SIV gag CTL epitope restricted by the rhesus MHC class I molecule Mamu-A*01 and defined a general peptide binding motif for this molecule that is characterized by a dominant position 3 anchor (proline). We used peptide elution and sequencing, peptide binding assays, and bulk and clonal CTL assays to demonstrate that the optimal Mamu-A*01-restricted SIV gag CTL epitope was CTPYDINQM(181-189). Mamu-A*01 is unique in that it is found at a high frequency in rhesus macaques, and all SIV-infected Mamu-A*01-positive rhesus macaques studied to date develop an immunodominant gag-specific CTL response restricted by this molecule. Identification of the optimal SIV gag CTL epitope will be critical for a variety of studies designed to induce CD8+ CTL responses specific for SIV in the rhesus macaque.
Clinical significance of pleural effusion mesothelin in malignant pleural mesothelioma (2011)

The data suggest that the pleural effusion mesothelin concentration could be useful as an aid for the diagnosis of MPM.
Ectopic Wnt signal determines the eyeless phenotype of zebrafishmasterblindmutant (2001)

masterblind (mbl) is a zebrafish mutation characterised by the absence or reduction in size of the telencephalon, optic vesicles and olfactory placodes. We show that inhibition of Gsk3beta in zebrafish embryos either by overexpression of dominant negative dn gsk3beta mRNA or by lithium treatment after the midblastula transition phenocopies mbl. The loss of anterior neural tissue in mbl and lithium-treated embryos is preceded by posteriorization of presumptive anterior neuroectoderm during gastrulation, which is evident from the anterior shift of marker genes Otx2 and Wnt1. Heterozygous mbl embryos showed increased sensitivity to inhibition of GSK3beta by lithium or dn Xgsk3beta that led to the loss of eyes. Overexpression of gsk3beta mRNA rescued eyes and the wild-type fgf8 expression of homozygous mbl embryos. emx1 that delineates the telencephalon is expanded and shifted ventroanteriorly in mbl embryos. In contrast to fgf8, the emx1 expression domain was not restored upon overexpression of gsk3beta mRNA. These experiments place mbl as an antagonist of the Wnt pathway in parallel or upstream of the complex consisting of Axin, APC and Gsk3beta that binds and phosphorylates beta-catenin, thereby destabilising it. mbl maps on LG 3 close to a candidate gene axin1. In mbl we detected a point mutation in the conserved minimal Gsk3beta-binding domain of axin1 leading to a leucine to glutamine substitution at position 399. Overexpression of wild-type axin1 mRNA rescued mbl completely, demonstrating that mutant axin1 is responsible for the mutant phenotype. Overexpression of mutant L399Q axin1 in wild-type embryos resulted in a dose-dependent dominant negative activity as demonstrated by the loss of telencephalon and eyes. We suggest that the function of Axin1/Mbl protein is to antagonise the Wnt signal and in doing so to establish and maintain the most anterior CNS. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which the Wnt pathway generates anteroposterior polarity of the neural plate.
Monoclonal antibodies to the human insulin receptor that activate glucose transport but not insulin receptor kinase activity. (1987)

Three mouse monoclonal antibodies were produced that reacted with the alpha subunit of the human insulin receptor. All three both immunoprecipitated 125I-labeled insulin receptors from IM-9 lymphocytes and competitively inhibited 125I-labeled insulin binding to its receptor. Unlike insulin, the antibodies failed to stimulate receptor autophosphorylation in both intact IM-9 lymphocytes and purified human placental insulin receptors. Moreover, unlike insulin, the antibodies failed to stimulate receptor-mediated phosphorylation of exogenous substrates. However, like insulin, two of the three antibodies stimulated glucose transport in isolated human adipocytes. One antibody, on a molar basis, was as potent as insulin. These studies indicate, therefore, that monoclonal antibodies to the insulin receptor can mimic a major function of insulin without activating receptor kinase activity. They also raise the possibility that certain actions of insulin such as stimulation of glucose transport may not require the activation of receptor kinase activity.
Brain Insulin Impairs Amyloid-β(1-40) Clearance from the Brain (2004)

Cerebral amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) clearance plays a key role in determining the brain level of Abeta; however, its mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated cerebral Abeta clearance across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by using the Brain Efflux Index method. [125I]Abeta(1-40) was eliminated from rat brain to circulating blood with a half-life of 48.8 min and a half-saturation concentration of 8.15 nm. The Abeta(1-40) elimination rate was reduced by 30.5% in 23-month-old rats compared with 7-week-old rats. The intact form of Abeta(1-40) was detected in plasma after intracerebral administration, indicating the occurrence of efflux transport of intact Abeta(1-40). The Abeta(1-40) elimination rate was significantly inhibited by coadministration of 100 microg/ml insulin and 1 mm thiorphan by 44.6 and 34.0%, respectively. The level of intact [125I]Abeta(1-40) in the brain was increased by coadministration of insulin. Among insulin-degrading enzyme inhibitors, bacitracin inhibited the elimination rate, whereas N-ethylmaleimide and metal chelators had no effect. Receptor-associated protein, fucoidan, 3-bromo-5-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzylidenemalonitrile, anti-IGF-I receptor antibody, and l-tyrosine did not affect the Abeta(1-40) elimination rate, suggesting that the relevant receptors or transporters are not likely to be involved in the clearance. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated the involvement of a proteolytic degradation process and an insulin-sensitive process in cerebral Abeta(1-40) clearance in the rat.
Regulation of B-Cell Growth and Differentiation by Soluble Factors (1983)

The B-lymphocyte family of cells presents one of the most remarkable opportunities for the detailed study of regulation of growth and differentiation. Some members of this cell population have the property that they may be stimulated by ligand-receptor interactions, together with the sequential action of a series of lymphokines, to progress from the resting state, through several rounds of proliferation, and then to differentiate to immunoglobulin secretion. Other cells in this group participate in cognate cellular interactions with helper T cells in which the recognition of both antigen and a class II MHC molecule on the B-cell surface is key to activation. The differentiation of these cells is also controlled by soluble products. We have reviewed our developing knowledge of the biochemistry and mode of action of the lymphokines that act upon B cells. These include distinct growth and differentiation factors. Among these are the BCGFs of mice and humans and the various TRFs, which include molecules often described as differentiation factors. The next several years should witness major progress in understanding the physicochemical properties of the B cell-specific factors, their time and nature of action, and the nature of their receptors. In addition, we can anticipate a major effort to understand the intracellular events that flow from the action of specific growth and differentiation factors that act upon B cells. Such information should lead to a new physiologically-based pharmacology for manipulation of antibody responses in human disease and in responses to vaccines. In addition, the fuller understanding of the nature and mode of action of the various growth and differentiation factors should make long-term growth of cloned B cells a procedure that can be routinely used in immunological laboratories for the precise study of the biology of responses by homogeneous populations of B lymphocytes.
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with an in vivo increase in B lymphocyte activation and immaturity. (1987)

The expression of phenotypic markers on B lymphocytes in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive individuals, and in healthy seronegative donors was examined by two-color flow cytometry. Patients with AIDS and HIV-seropositive individuals showed an elevated percentage of B cells bearing an activation marker, the transferrin receptor, when compared with donors not infected with HIV. A decrease in the percentage of resting (Leu-8 positive) B cells was also seen in AIDS patients and HIV-seropositive individuals. An increased percentage of circulating, immature (CALLA-positive, CD10) B cells was seen in AIDS patients. These phenotypic changes were accompanied by an increased level of spontaneous IgG and IgM secretion, and increased cell size within the total B cell population and in some B cell subpopulations, in patients with AIDS and in HIV-seropositive people. These results demonstrate that phenotypic changes indicative of in vivo B cell activation and immaturity accompany the polyclonal production of Ig seen in HIV-infected individuals.
Chemotherapy, chemoresistance and the changing treatment landscape for NSCLC (2010)

Management of patients with lung cancer continues to pose a considerable challenge to today’s oncologist. While treatment may be curative in the early stages of the disease, the majority of patients are not diagnosed until the tumor has progressed beyond the primary site. Most patients face an intensive and invasive treatment regimen comprising surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, or combinations thereof depending on disease stage/performance status. Most will require chemotherapy even if their initial surgery is potentially curative; for those with advanced disease, chemotherapy may be their only treatment option.Moreover, themajority of patientswill requiremultiple lines of therapy as their cancer cells acquire resistance to the chemotherapeutic agents to which they are exposed. Resistance to current chemotherapeutics available for themanagement of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents one of
Preliminary analysis of magnetic particle techniques for activating mechanotransduction in bone cells (2003)

Magnetic beads were coated with RGD and adhered to primary human osteoblasts. During a 21-day culture, the osteoblasts plus adhered magnetic beads underwent a daily exposure to a cylical magnetic field via a permanent magnet thus applying a direct mechanical strain to the cells. After 21 days, preliminary results show that the cells plus magnetic beads were viable and had proliferated. A von-kossa stain showed a small amount of mineralized bone matrix produced at 21 days whereas the control groups showed no mineralized matrix production. RT-PCR at 21 days showed production of collagen 1 and GAPDH from each of the cell samples analysed. These preliminary results indicate that adherence of RGD-coated 4.5 micron ferromagnetic beads to primary human osteoblasts does not initiate cell necrosis up to 21 days in vitro. Also, mechanical stimulation of human osteoblasts by magnetic bead technology appears to have an influence on osteoblastic activity.
Intranasal Administration of a Meningococcal Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine Induces Persistent Local Mucosal Antibodies and Serum Antibodies with Strong Bactericidal Activity in Humans (1998)

A nasal vaccine, consisting of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from group B Neisseria meningitidis, was given to 12 volunteers in the form of nose drops or nasal spray four times at weekly intervals, with a fifth dose 5 months later. Each nasal dose consisted of 250 microg of protein, equivalent to 10 times the intramuscular dose that was administered twice with a 6-week interval to 11 other volunteers. All individuals given the nasal vaccine developed immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody responses to OMVs in nasal secretions, and eight developed salivary IgA antibodies which persisted for at least 5 months. Intramuscular immunizations did not lead to antibody responses in the secretions. Modest increases in serum IgG antibodies were obtained in 5 volunteers who had been immunized intranasally, while 10 individuals responded strongly to the intramuscular vaccine. Both the serum and secretory antibody responses reached a maximum after two to three doses of the nasal vaccine, with no significant booster effect of the fifth dose. The pattern of serum antibody specificities against the different OMV components after intranasal immunizations was largely similar to that obtained with the intramuscular vaccine. Five and eight vaccinees in the nasal group developed persistent increases in serum bactericidal titers to the homologous meningococcal vaccine strain expressing low and high levels, respectively, of the outer membrane protein Opc. Our results indicate that meningococcal OMVs possess the structures necessary to initiate systemic as well as local mucosal immune responses when presented as a nasal vaccine. Although the serum antibody levels were less conspicuous than those after intramuscular vaccinations, the demonstration of substantial bactericidal activity indicates that a nonproliferating nasal vaccine might induce antibodies of high functional quality.
Trace metals in burrow walls and sediments, Georgia Bight, USA (1990)

Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn in the burrow walls of Callianassa major (Decapoda), collected from littoral sands from the Georgia coast, are concentrated by factors of 2 to 4 relative to the surrounding sediments. Clay minerals (mixed‐layer, montmorillonite, kaolinite) are concentrated in the burrow walls. However, trace metals in burrow walls are enriched independently of the abundance of fine‐grained materials. Cu, Mn, and Ni associate strongly with organic material. Iron forms oxyhydroxides or associates with organic material; Mn and Zn are positively correlated with Fe. Trace‐metal concentrations in polychaete dwelling tubes and burrows from the nearshore shelf are somewhat species‐dependent and metal‐specific. Tube walls, constructed primarily of organic material, are relatively poor in trace metals. Tube‐wall and sediment‐metal concentrations decrease away from shore as a result of reduced availability of metals in offshore waters. Weakly bound metals become mobile soon after burrow abandonment. Analogous Pleistocene burrow structures (Ophiomorpha nodosa) from environmentally equivalent sediments are enriched in trace metals, as are recent burrows, but at concentrations 20 to 500% less than Callianassa major burrows.
Importance of biofilm formation for corrosion inhibition of SAE 1018 steel by axenic aerobic biofilms (1997)

To investigate if corrosion inhibition by aerobic biofilms is a general phenomenon, carbon steel (SAE 1018) coupons were exposed to a complex liquid medium (Luria-Bertani) and seawater-mimicking medium (VNSS) containing fifteen different pure-culture bacterial suspensions representing seven genera. Compared to sterile controls, the mass loss in the presence of these bacteria (which are capable of developing a biofilm to various degrees) decreased by 2- to 15-fold. The extent of corrosion inhibition in LB medium depended on the nature of the biofilm: an increased proportion of live cells, observed with confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and image analysis, decreased corrosion. Corrosion inhibition in LB medium was greatest with Pseudomonas putida (good biofilm formation), while metal coupons exposed to Streptomyces lividans in LB medium (poor biofilm formation) corroded in a manner similar to the sterile controls. Pseudomonas mendocina KR1 reduced corrosion the most in VNSS. It appears that only a small layer of active, respiring cells is required to inhibit corrosion, and the corrosion inhibition observed is due to the attached biofilm.
Formation of microparticulate protein powder using a supercritical fluid antisolvent (1993)

Gas antisolvent (GAS) expansion of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMFA) solutions with supercritical carbon dioxide was used to produce biologically active powders of insulin. Powders with 90% of the particles smaller than 4 mum and 10% smaller than 1 mum were obtained under all conditions tested when the process was operated continuously, with small liquid droplets sprayed into a flowing supercritical continuum. Slow pressurization of the stagnant protein solution resulted in larger particles. In vivo tests on rats revealed no differences between the biological activity of processed and unprocessed insulin, GAS processing of organic solution appears to be a reliable and effective method for the production of dry, biologically active microparticulate powders of peptides and proteins.