gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-quality single-crystal Ge on insulator by liquid-phase epitaxy on Si substrates (2004)

Ge on insulator (GOI) is desired to obtain metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors with high performance and low leakage current. We have developed a method to make GOI based on liquid-phase epitaxial (LPE) growth on Si substrates and a defect necking technique in which defects are confined to a very short distance. Self-aligned microcrucibles were used to hold the Ge liquid. High-quality single-crystal (100) as well as (111) oriented GOI structures were obtained with a process compatible with Si-based fabrication. No dislocations or stacking faults were found in the LPE Ge films on insulator. The orientation of the Ge crystals was controlled by the seeding Si substrate. This method opens up the possibility of integrating Ge device structures in a baseline Si integrated circuit process.
Molecular Action of Insecticides on Ion Channels (1995)

Insecticides have played an enormous role in the development of pesticide and environmental sciences. In our attempts to understand the toxic action of insecticides on target organisms, we have elucidated many fundamental physiological processes and recently have began the study of these interactions at the molecular level. Given the effectiveness and wide-spread use of insecticides, it was probably naive not to have envisioned the environmental concerns that the use of these chemicals has caused. Nevertheless, the negative aspects of insecticides and their use have resulted in a much more complete and rigorous understanding of the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of environmental contaminants, their environmental fate and degradation, and problems associated with extensive overuse, such as resistance.
Calibration of diffuse correlation spectroscopy with a time-resolved near-infrared technique to yield absolute cerebral blood flow measurements (2011)

A primary focus of neurointensive care is the prevention of secondary brain injury, mainly caused by ischemia. A noninvasive bedside technique for continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) could improve patient management by detecting ischemia before brain injury occurs. A promising technique for this purpose is diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) since it can continuously monitor relative perfusion changes in deep tissue. In this study, DCS was combined with a time-resolved near-infrared technique (TR-NIR) that can directly measure CBF using indocyanine green as a flow tracer. With this combination, the TR-NIR technique can be used to convert DCS data into absolute CBF measurements. The agreement between the two techniques was assessed by concurrent measurements of CBF changes in piglets. A strong correlation between CBF changes measured by TR-NIR and changes in the scaled diffusion coefficient measured by DCS was observed (R(2) = 0.93) with a slope of 1.05 ± 0.06 and an intercept of 6.4 ± 4.3% (mean ± standard error).
Evolving Therapies and FAK Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer (2010)

Despite advances in medical and surgical therapy, cancer kills more than half a million people in the United States annually, and the majority of these patients succumb to metastatic disease. The traditional approach to treating systemic disease has been the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, chemotherapy is rarely curative and toxicity is often dose limiting. In addition, the effects of chemotherapy are nonspecific, targeting both malignant and normal tissues. As a result, recent efforts increasingly have focused on developing agents that target specific molecules in tumor cells in order to both improve efficacy and limit toxicity. This review summarizes the history and current use of targeted molecular therapy for cancer, with a special emphasis on recently developed inhibitors of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK).
Novel pathways of antigen presentation for the maintenance of memory (1991)

Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) store native antigen for long periods in lymphoid follicles and so provide a source of continued stimulation for specific B cells. The expression of MHC class II by FDC suggested they might act as antigen-presenting cells for MHC class II-restricted T cells. We show here, however, that the MHC class II molecules found on their surface are not synthesized by the FDC but are picked up from surrounding B cells in germinal centres. Although FDC by themselves cannot present native antigen to T cells, acquired MHC class II-peptide complexes can be recognized by T cells. The true physiological role of FDC seems to be as long-term antigen depots. We demonstrate that antigen localized onto FDC in vivo can be retrieved by antigen-specific B cells, which in turn process and present it to T cells. These presentation pathways are likely to be crucial in both the maintenance of long-term immune responses and the continued survival of memory cells.
Widespread activation of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) in the brain in Alzheimer disease: a potential molecular basis for neuronal degeneration. (1993)

Calcium-activated neutral proteinases (CANPs or calpains) are believed to be key enzymes in intracellular signaling cascades and potential mediators of calcium-induced neuronal degeneration. To investigate their involvement in Alzheimer disease, we identified three isoforms of muCANP (calpain I) in human postmortem brain corresponding to an 80-kDa precursor and two autolytically activated isoforms (78 and 76 kDa). As an index of changes in the in vivo activity of muCANP in Alzheimer disease, the ratio of the 76-kDa activated isoform of muCANP to its 80-kDa precursor was measured by immunoassay in selected brain regions from 22 individuals with Alzheimer disease and 18 normal controls. This muCANP activation ratio was elevated 3-fold in the prefrontal cortex from patients with Alzheimer disease but not from patients with Huntington disease. The activation ratio was also significantly elevated, but to a lesser degree, in brain regions where Alzheimer pathology is milder and has not led to overt neuronal degeneration. These findings indicate that muCANP activation is not simply a consequence of cellular degeneration but may be associated with dysfunction in many neurons before gross structural changes occur. The known influences of CANPs on cytoskeleton and membrane dynamics imply that persistent CANP activation may contribute to neurofibrillary pathology and abnormal amyloid precursor protein processing prior to causing synapse loss or cell death in the most vulnerable neuronal populations. Pharmacological modulation of the CANP system may merit consideration as a potential therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer disease.
Understanding Immune Cells in Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Development: It Is All Starting to Come Together (2016)

Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are frequently observed in tissues affected by non-resolving inflammation as a result of infection, autoimmunity, cancer, and allograft rejection. These highly ordered structures resemble the cellular composition of lymphoid follicles typically associated with the spleen and lymph node compartments. Although TLOs within tissues show varying degrees of organization, they frequently display evidence of segregated T and B cell zones, follicular dendritic cell networks, a supporting stromal reticulum, and high endothelial venules. In this respect, they mimic the activities of germinal centers and contribute to the local control of adaptive immune responses. Studies in various disease settings have described how these structures contribute to either beneficial or deleterious outcomes. While the development and architectural organization of TLOs within inflamed tissues requires homeostatic chemokines, lymphoid and inflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules, our understanding of the cells responsible for triggering these events is still evolving. Over the past 10-15 years, novel immune cell subsets have been discovered that have more recently been implicated in the control of TLO development and function. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of these cell types and consider the potential to develop new therapeutic strategies that target TLOs.
Role of notch-1 intracellular domain in activation of rheumatoid synoviocytes (2001)

Our results demonstrate the expression of Notch-1 in synoviocytes and the presence of Notch-1 fragment in the nuclei of RA synoviocytes and suggest the involvement of Notch-1 signaling in the TNFalpha-induced proliferation of RA synoviocytes.
Characterization of guinea pig T cell responses elicited after EP-assisted delivery of DNA vaccines to the skin (2016)

The skin is an ideal target tissue for vaccine delivery for a number of reasons. It is highly accessible, and most importantly, enriched in professional antigen presenting cells. Possessing strong similarities to human skin physiology and displaying a defined epidermis, the guinea pig is an appropriate model to study epidermal delivery of vaccine. However, whilst we have characterized the humoral responses in the guinea pig associated with skin vaccine protocols we have yet to investigate the T cell responses. In response to this inadequacy, we developed an IFN-γ ELISpot assay to characterize the cellular immune response in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs. Using a nucleoprotein (NP) influenza pDNA vaccination regimen, we characterized host T cell responses. After delivery of the DNA vaccine to the guinea pig epidermis we detected robust and rapid T cell responses. The levels of IFN-γ spot-forming units averaged approximately 5000 per million cells after two immunizations. These responses were broad in that multiple regions across the NP antigen elicited a T cell response. Interestingly, we identified a number of NP immunodominant T cell epitopes to be conserved across an outbred guinea pig population, a phenomenon which was also observed after immunization with a RSV DNA vaccine. We believe this data enhances our understanding of the cellular immune response elicited to a vaccine in guinea pigs, and globally, will advance the use of this model for vaccine development, especially those targeting skin as a delivery site.
Realizing Green Phosphorescent Light-Emitting Materials from Rhenium(I) Pyrazolato Diimine Complexes (2003)

Two neutral pyrazolato diimine rhenium(I) carbonyl complexes with formula [Re(CO)(3)(N-N)(btpz)] where N-N = 2,2'-bipyridine (1) and 1,10-phenanathroline (2), and btpz = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) pyrazolate, were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, routine spectroscopic methods, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Ground and excited state properties of these complexes were investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies. Complexes 1 and 2 show photoluminescent emission in both solution and solid-state at room temperature, arising from metal to ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transition with strong overlapping of intraligand pi --> pi transitions. The long-lived excited state lifetimes of complexes 1 and 2, which are on the order of microseconds, indicate the presence of phosphorescent emission. As these complexes hold the potential to serve as phosphors for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), their electroluminescent performances were evaluated by employing them as dopants of various electron transport layer (ETL) or hole transport layer (HTL) hosts. For complex 1, a green electrophosphorescence emission centered at lambda(max) = 530 nm was observed at low turn-on voltage ( approximately 6 V) with luminous power efficiency of 0.72 lm/W, external quantum efficiency of 0.82%, and luminance of 2300 cd/m(2) at a current density of 100 mA/cm(2).
Spectral dependence of temporal point spread functions in human tissues (1993)

We have determined the spectral dependence of the temporal point spread functions of human tissues experimentally between 740 and 840 nm in transmittance measurements on the adult head, forearm, and calf (in vivo) and the infant head (post mortem) by using picosecond laser pulses and a streak camera detector. Two parameters are extracted from the temporal point spread function; the differential path-length factor (DPF), calculated from the mean time, and the slope of the logarithmic intensity decay. In all tissues the DPF and the logarithmic slope show a reciprocal relationship and exhibit characteristics of the absorption spectra of hemoglobin. The DPF falls with increasing wavelength, the variation being typically 12%, while the logarithmic slope increases with wavelength. A quantitative analysis of the logarithmic slope spectrum significantly underestimated expected tissue chromophore concentrations. The absolute magnitudes of the DPF showed considerable intersubject variation, but the variation with wavelength was consistent and thus may be used in the correction of tissue attenuation spectra.
Frequency Measures Obtained from the Surface Electrocardiogram in Atrial Fibrillation Research and Clinical Decision‐Making (2003)

Atrial fibrillatory rate and its variability can be reliable obtained from the surface ECG in AF patients. These parameters exhibit a significant interindividual variability allowing individual quantification of the atrial electrical remodeling process and might prove useful for predicting therapy efficacy.
Neurocontrol and neurobiology: new developments and connections (2003)

At McDonnell-Douglas, controllers which combine adaptive critic networks with the use of backpropagation in real time have solved difficult control problems crucial to the feasibility of building the National Aerospace Plane (NASP) able to reach earth orbit. As details emerged, parallels to neurobiology have grown stronger and have begun to lead to empirical possibilities of importance to neuroscience. This has led to thoughts of institutional collaboration facilitating what could become a Newtonian revolution in neuroscience, with cognitive implications as well. The authors elaborate on each of these points. The topics discussed are recent progress in neurocontrol; progress in optimization and reinforcement learning; implications for neurobiology and science policy; and a new view of the brain.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Preparation and characterization of modified hydroxyapatite particles by heparin (2008)

Heparin-modified hydroxyapatite (HAP-HP) particles were prepared by an in situ coprecipitation method and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The heparin content in the particles was determined by a colorimetric assay and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Final results indicated that the crystallinity and crystal size decreased as both the Ca/P molar ratio and sulfur content increased by adding heparin. Blood compatibility of the HAP-HP particles was evaluated by activated partial thrombin time and prothrombin time. The clotting time of HAP-HP was prolonged remarkably compared with that of HAP. Above all, this novel HAP-HP material can be potentially applied as compatible blood materials for drug carriers of intravenous injection and artificial blood vessels.
Effect of melatonin on cytotoxicity of doxorubicin toward selected cell lines (human keratinocytes, lung cancer cell line A-549, laryngeal cancer cell line Hep-2). (2007)

The pineal hormone melatonin (MLT) has been recognised as a substance capable of alleviating in vivo nephro-, cardio- and myelotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX) and of other anthracyclines in animal models. However, few data are available on the effects of MLT on cytotoxicity of antineoplastic drugs toward tumor cells in vitro. The present study aimed at the evaluation of effects of MLT and of DOX on selected cell lines. The experiments were conducted on human keratinocytes (primary culture), non-small cell lung cancer (A-549) and laryngeal cancer cell lines (HEp-2). In keratinocytes and in A-549 cells, MLT used at pharmacological concentrations (0.1 and 1.0 mM) was observed to intensify apoptotic lesions. MLT exerted no clear-cut effects on the HEp-2 cell line. In contrast, DOX at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 microg/ml intensified apoptosis and augmented the frequency of necrotic lesions in cell nuclei in all the examined cell lines. MLT intensified cytotoxicity of DOX in all cell lines, significantly decreasing cell numbers and promoting apoptosis. The effect was MLT concentration-dependent. MLT decreased the proportion of cells with necrotic lesions.
Antibodies Directed Against the MHC-I Molecule H-2Dd Complexed with an Antigenic Peptide: Similarities to a T Cell Receptor with the Same Specificity (2000)

alphabeta TCRs, which use an Ab-like structure to form a combining site, recognize molecular complexes consisting of peptides bound to MHC class I (MHC-I) or class II (MHC-II) molecules. To explore the similarities and differences between Ab and T cell recognition of similar structures, we have isolated two mAbs, KP14 and KP15, that specifically bind H-2D(d) complexed with an HIV envelope gp160-derived peptide, P18-I10. These Abs are MHC and peptide specific. Fine specificity of mAb binding was analyzed using a panel of synthetic peptides, revealing similarities between the mAb and a cloned TCR with the same specificity. These two mAbs used the same V(H) and J(H) gene segments, but different D, Vkappa, and Jkappa genes. Administered in vivo, mAb KP15 blocked the induction of CTL specific for recombinant vaccinia virus-encoded gp160, indicating its ability to bind endogenously generated MHC/peptide complexes. Analysis of the fine specificity of these mAbs in the context of their encoded amino acid sequences and the known three-dimensional structure of the H-2D(d)/P18-I10 complex suggests that they bind in an orientation similar to that of the TCR. Thus, the plasticity of the B cell receptor repertoire and the structural similarities among BCR and TCR allow Abs to effectively mimic alphabeta TCRs. Such mAbs may be useful in the therapeutic modulation of immune responses against infectious agents or harmful self Ags as well as in tracing steps in Ag processing.
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (2002)

We propose a generative model for text and other collections of discrete data, that generalizes or improves on several previous models, including naive Bayes/unigram, mixtures of naive Bayes [6], and Hofmann&amp;apos;s pLSI/aspect model [3]. In the context of text modeling, our model posits that each document is generated as a mixture of topics, where the continuous-valued mixture proportions are distributed as a latent Dirichlet random variable. Inference and learning are carried out eciently via variational algorithms. We present empirical results on applications of this model to problems in text modeling, collaborative ltering, and text classi cation.
<title>Measurement of a CD and sidewall angle artifact with two-dimensional CD AFM metrology</title> (1996)

Despite the widespread acceptance of SEM metrology in semiconductor manufacturing, there is no SEM CD standard currently available. Producing such a standard is challenging because SEM CD measurements are not only a function of the linewidth, but also dependent on the line material, sidewall roughness, sidewall angle, line height, substrate material, and the proximity of other objects. As the presence of AFM metrology in semiconductor manufacturing increases, the history of SEM CD metrology raises a number of questions about the prospect of AFM CD artifacts. Is an AFM CD artifact possible? What role would it play in the manufacturing environment? Although AFM has some important advantages over SEM, such as relative insensitivity to material differences, the throughput and reliability of most AFM instruments is not yet at the level necessary to support in-line CD metrology requirements. What, then, is the most useful relationship between AFM and SEM metrology? As a means of addressing some of these questions, we have measured the CD and sidewall angle of 1.2 micrometer oxy-nitride line on Si using three different techniques: optical microscopy (with modeling), AFM, and cross sectional TEM. Systematic errors in the AFM angle measurements were reduced by using a rotational averaging technique that we describe. We found good agreement with uncertainties below 30 nm (2 sigma) for the CD measurement and 1.0 degrees (2 sigma) for the sidewall angles. Based upon these results we suggest a measurement procedure which will yield useful AFM CD artifacts. We consider the possibility that AFMs, especially when used with suitable CD artifacts, can effectively support SEM CD metrology. This synergistic relationship between the AFM and SEM represents an emerging paradigm that has also been suggested by a number of others.
Inhibition of prostatic growth in rats by 6-methylene-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (1982)

6-Methylene-4-pregnene-3,20-dione, a potent irreversible inhibitor of rat prostate 5α-reductase in vitro , markedly inhibited the growth of the ventral prostate and seminal vesicles in immature rats when administered s.c. in a daily dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 35 days. Kidney and testes weights were reduced, together with some reduction in body weight. In the mature rat treated with this steroid in a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight per day for 11 days, marked regression in ventral prostate and seminal vesicles was observed.
A Racemization Test in Peptide Synthesis Using 4-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium Chloride (DMT-MM). (2002)

Racemization of the C-terminal amino acid (Ala) has been studied in various solvents during coupling between 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl (Z(OMe))-Gly-L-Ala-OH and phenylalanine benzyl ester (H-Phe-OBzl) with 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-thiazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM). The reaction occurred without substantial racemization in AcOEt, tetrahydrofuran (THF), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), CH3CN, and 2-PrOH, while a slight racemization was observed in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), EtOH, and MeOH. The extent of racemization may correlate with the polarity of the solvents.
Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries, Part I (2005)

Anterior cruciate ligament tears, common among athletes, are functionally disabling; they predispose the knee to subsequent injuries and the early onset of osteoarthritis. A total of 3810 studies published between January 1994 and the present were identified and reviewed to determine the current state of knowledge regarding the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Part 1 of this article focused on studies pertaining to the biomechanical behavior of the anterior cruciate ligament, the prevalence of and risk factors for injuries related to it, the natural history of the ligament-deficient knee, injuries associated with anterior cruciate ligament disruption, indications for the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries, as well as nonoperative and operative treatments. Part 2 includes technical aspects of anterior cruciate ligament surgery, bone tunnel widening, graft healing, rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and the effects of sex, age, and activity level on the outcome of such reconstructive surgery.