gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of Antibodies to Intermediate Filaments in the Characterization of Human Tumors (1982)

One of the most important discriminating factors in the choice of a cancer therapy is the identity of the tumor. Only after the origin of a neoplastic outgrowth has been established, can the treatment schedule be optimized. A variety of cytologic, histologic, histochemical, and electron microscopy techniques are routinely in use for the morphological characterization and identification of a tumor. However, some of these techniques are time consuming and may therefore cause a considerable diagnostic delay. Therefore, especially in cases where conventional light microscopy techniques provide insufficient information as to the nature and/or origin of the tumor (usually anaplastic variants), techniques are required that offer extra information, preferably in a relatively short period of time. Here, we present data on the development of a technique in which malignant tumors and tumor metastases can be identified by means of antisera to cytoplasmic intermediate-filament (IF) proteins. These filaments form an essential part...
Local Expression of Secondary Lymphoid Tissue Chemokine Delivered by Adeno-Associated Virus within the Tumor Bed Stimulates Strong Anti-Liver Tumor Immunity (2007)

Development of an effective antitumor immune response depends on the appropriate interaction of effector and target cells. Thus, the expression of chemokines within the tumor may induce a more potent antitumor immune response. Secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC) is known to play a critical role in establishing a functional microenvironment in secondary lymphoid tissues. Its capacity to attract dendritic cells (DCs) and colocalize them with T cells makes it a good therapeutic candidate against cancer. In this study, we used SLC as a treatment for tumors established from a murine hepatocellular carcinoma model. SLC was encoded by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV), a system chosen for the low host immunity and high efficiency of transduction, enabling long-term expression of the gene of interest. As a result, rAAV-SLC induced a significant delay of tumor progression, which was paralleled by a profound infiltration of DCs and activated CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells (CD3(+) CD69(+) cells) into the tumor site. In addition, rAAV-SLC treatment was also found to reduce tumor growth in nude mice, most likely due to inhibition of neoangiogenesis. In conclusion, local expression of SLC by rAAV represents a promising approach to induce immune-mediated regression of malignant tumors.
Regulation of p53-Mediated Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest by Steel Factor (1995)

Activation of the p53 protein can lead to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In contrast, activation of the signalling pathway controlled by the Kit receptor tyrosine kinase prevents apoptosis and promotes cell division of a number of different cell types in vivo. We have investigated the consequences of activating the Kit signalling pathway by its ligand Steel factor on these opposing functions of the p53 protein in Friend erythroleukemia cells. A temperature-sensitive p53 allele (Val-135) was introduced into the Friend erythroleukemia cell line (DP-16) which lacks endogenous p53 expression. At 38.5 degrees C, the Val-135 protein maintains a mutant conformation and has no effect on cell growth. At 32 degrees C, the mutant protein assumes wild-type properties and induces these cells to arrest in G1, terminally differentiate, and die by apoptosis. We demonstrate that Steel factor inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis and differentiation but has no effect on p53-mediated G1/S cell cycle arrest. These results demonstrate that Steel factor functions as a cell survival factor in part through the suppression of differentiation and apoptosis induced by p53 and suggest that cell cycle arrest and apoptosis may be separable functions of p53.
A 40-ns 64-Mb DRAM with 64-b parallel data bus architecture (1991)

The authors describe circuit techniques for wide input/output (I/O) data path and high-speed 64-Mb dynamic RAMs (DRAMs). A hierarchical data bus structure using double-level metallization has been developed to form 64-b parallel data bus lines without increasing the chip size. A current-sensing data bus amplifier, developed to sense the 64-b data bus signal in parallel, has made the wide I/O data path structure possible. A direct-sensing type column gate circuit with the READ/WRITE separated select line scheme achieves 40-ns RAS access. A shielded bit-line three-dimensional stacked-capacitor cell with a double-fin storage capacitor stores sufficient charge while the bit-line capacitance shows a reasonable value for sensing the data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
<title>Real-time analysis of hyperspectral data sets using NRL's ORASIS algorithm</title> (1997)

The covered lantern project was initiated by the central MASINT Technology Coordination Office to demonstrate the tactical use of hyperspectral imagery with real time processing capability. We report on the design and use of the HYCORDER system developed for Covered Lantern that was tested in June 1995. The HYCORDER system consisted of an imaging spectrometer flying in a Pioneer Uncrewed Aeronautical Vehicle and a ground based real time analysis and visualization system. The camera was intensified allowing dawn to dusk operation. The spectral information was downlinked to the analysis system as standard analog video. The analysis system was constructed from 17 Texas Instrument C44 DSPs controlled by a 200 MHz Pentium Pro PC. A real time, parallel version of NRL's optical real-time adaptive spectral identification system algorithm was developed for this system. The system was capable of running continuously, allowing for broad area coverage. The algorithm was adaptive, accommodating changing lighting conditions and terrain. The general architecture of the algorithm will be discussed as well as results from the test.
Live-Cell Imaging of Invasion and Intravasation in an Artificial Microvessel Platform (2014)

Methods to visualize metastasis exist, but additional tools to better define the biologic and physical processes underlying invasion and intravasation are still needed. One difficulty in studying metastasis stems from the complexity of the interface between the tumor microenvironment and the vascular system. Here, we report the development of an investigational platform that positions tumor cells next to an artificial vessel embedded in an extracellular matrix. On this platform, we used live-cell fluorescence microscopy to analyze the complex interplay between metastatic cancer cells and a functional artificial microvessel that was lined with endothelial cells. The platform recapitulated known interactions, and its use demonstrated the capabilities for a systematic study of novel physical and biologic parameters involved in invasion and intravasation. In summary, our work offers an important new tool to advance knowledge about metastasis and candidate antimetastatic therapies.
An analysis of power consumption in a smartphone (2010)

Mobile consumer-electronics devices, especially phones, are powered from batteries which are limited in size and therefore capacity. This implies that managing energy well is paramount in such devices. Good energy management requires a good understanding of where and how the energy is used. To this end we present a detailed analysis of the power consumption of a recent mobile phone, the Openmoko Neo Freerunner. We measure not only overall system power, but the exact breakdown of power consumption by the device’s main hardware components. We present this power breakdown for micro-benchmarks as well as for a number of realistic usage scenarios. These results are validated by overall power measurements of two other devices: the HTC Dream and Google Nexus One. We develop a power model of the Freerunner device and analyse the energy usage and battery lifetime under a number of usage patterns. We discuss the significance of the power drawn by various components, and identify the most promising areas to focus on for further improvements of power management. We also analyse the energy impact of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling of the device’s application processor. 1
Toward Zero Damage: New Fluid Points the Way (2001)

Abstract It is well known that increasing the ionic strength of aqueous solutions containing certain categories of anionic surfactant can produce interesting behaviors. The molecules of some surfactants cluster together forming spherical micelles. However, a select few surfactants, with particular molecular structure, undergo a remarkable transition from spherical micelles to larger, anisometric aggregates. The size, flexibility and extent of interaction of these aggregates all have an influence on the rheological properties of such solutions, producing very substantial viscosities at low shear rates. Conversely, when these surfactant solutions encounter other chemical species, particularly relatively non-polar materials, like alcohols, glycols and hydrocarbons, this affects the shape and structure of the micelles. As a result, the phase behavior is altered and the solution undergoes a dramatic reduction in viscosity. Proper selection of a surfactant allows its application in several oil field treatments such as reservoir gravel packing, frac-packing, fracturing, brine thickening, non-damaging temporary plugs and also for reservoir flooding and water shut-off. The main advantage of these solutions, compared to conventional polymer systems, is the potential for reduced formation and proppant pack damage. However, there are many other advantages. These fluids exhibit unexpectedly low high-shear viscosities resulting in low friction pressures, even in small tubular. In addition, due to the very low viscosity of the broken fluid, faster load recovery of injected fluids is possible. A final benefit offered by these systems is operational simplicity at the well site, since there is no need to "pre-gel" tanks ahead of the treatment. This paper describes the chemistry involved to develop these viscous solutions and their applications in different treatments in the field.
Kinetics of plasma membrane and mitochondrial alterations in cells undergoing apoptosis (1995)

Programmed cell death or apoptosis is characterized by typical morphological alterations. By transmission electron microscopy, apoptotic cells are identified by condensation of the chromatin in tight apposition to the nuclear envelope, alteration of the nuclear envelope and fragmentation of the nucleus, whereas integrity of the plasma membrane and organelles is preserved. Conversely cells undergoing necrosis display an early desintegration of cytoplasmic membrane and swelling of mitochondria. In this study we assessed by flow cytometry the sequential alterations of forward angle light scatter, 90 degrees light scatter, and fluorescence associated with fluorescein diacetate, rhodamine 123, and propidium iodide in two human B cell lines undergoing apoptosis induced by the topoisomerase II inhibitor VP-16. The kinetics of these modifications were compared to those of cells undergoing necrosis induced by sodium azide. At the same time intervals, cells were examined by transmission electron microscopy and by UV microscopy after staining with Hoechst 33342. We report that sequential changes in light scatters and fluorescein diacetate are similar in cells undergoing apoptosis or necrosis, whereas apoptosis is characterized by a slightly delayed decrease of mitochondrial activity as assessed by rhodamine 123 staining. Surprisingly a part of cells undergoing apoptosis displayed an early uptake of propidium iodide followed by a condensation and then a fragmentation of their nuclei. It is concluded that uptake of propidium iodide is a very early marker of cell death which does not discriminate between necrosis and apoptosis. Along with biochemical criteria, nuclear morphology revealed by staining with Hoechst 33342 would seem to be of the most simple and most discriminative assay of apoptosis.
Whiskerlike structure growth on silicon exposed to ArF excimer laser irradiation (1996)

The effects of ArF excimer laser irradiation on silicon single crystals in air have been studied. The etch rate versus fluence curve shows three well defined zones, with very different etch rates and dependences. In the intermediate zone (from 1.5 to 2.5 J/cm2), narrow (1–2 μm diameter) and tall columns (3–30 μm) start to grow after irradiation with some hundreds of laser pulses. These whiskerlike columns, with height between one and two orders of magnitude higher than the depth of the crater, have not been formed by preferential etching of the surrounding material, but through hydrodynamical processes.
Adaptation of TCR expression vectors for the construction of mouse‐human chimeric MBP‐specific TCR transgenes (1996)

T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice have been used extensively to study T cell development in vivo. Such studies have demonstrated high levels of expression of the TCR transgenes. Although a number of human T cell receptors appear to play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases, in vitro studies have proven inadequate for investigation of their putative pathogenicity. Several groups have reported the isolation of myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive T cell clones from patients with multiple sclerosis and many of the T cell receptors from such clones have been well characterized. Since a number of inbred mouse strains have demonstrated susceptibility to a similar T cell-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease known as EAE, a useful animal model is likely to be generated by expressing human MBP-specific TCR in susceptible mice. As a first step toward this goal we have cloned a number of TCR genes into an expression vector previously used for murine TCR genes. Here we report the development of a rapid cloning system for the generation of mouse-human chimeric TCR transgene constructs and the use of this system for the production of MBP-specific TCR transgenes. Human MBP-specific TCR transgenic mice will provide a unique system for the investigation of T cell-mediated demyelinating disease in the central nervous system (CNS). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tyrphostins inhibit PDGF-induced DNA synthesis and associated early events in smooth muscle cells (1991)

Tyrphostins are low-molecular-weight synthetic inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase, which block cell proliferation. Since platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is thought to figure prominently in disorders of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and restenosis, we examined whether tyrphostins would inhibit PDGF-induced mitogenesis in VSMC. In this communication, we demonstrate that tyrphostins with the benzenemalononitrile nucleus inhibited PDGF-dependent growth of VSMC as well as PDGF-dependent DNA synthesis in these cells, with the concentrations for 50% inhibition ranging from 0.04 to 9 microM. Up to 30-fold higher tyrphostin concentrations were required to inhibit serum-stimulated DNA synthesis of VSMC. The effect of the tyrphostins is reversible, since on their removal a normal proliferative response to PDGF was resumed. Tyrphostins also inhibited PDGF-receptor autophosphorylation and PDGF-induced phosphorylation of intracellular substrates, including the phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma, with a potency ratio similar to their antimitogenic activity. The expression of c-fos mRNA, a mitogenic nuclear signal, was also reduced in PDGF-stimulated VSMC treated with tyrphostins at concentrations which inhibit PDGF-induced mitogenesis. It is concluded that tyrphostins are potent reversible inhibitors of PDGF-induced mitogenesis which act by inhibiting the tyrosine kinase activity of the PDGF receptor and the subsequent signaling cascade. Tyrphostins may be useful in the study and treatment of VSMC proliferation disorders.
The complexity of quantum spin systems on a two-dimensional square lattice (2008)

The problem 2-LOCAL HAMILTONIAN has been shown to be complete for the quantumcomputational class QMA [1]. In this paper we show that this important problemremains QMA-complete when the interactions of the 2-local Hamiltonian are betweenqubits on a two-dimensional (2-D) square lattice. Our results are partially derived withnovel perturbation gadgets that employ mediator qubits which allow us to manipulatek-local interactions. As a side result, we obtain that quantum adiabatic computationusing 2-local interactions restricted to a 2-D square lattice is equivalent to the circuitmodel of quantum computation. Our perturbation method also shows how any stabilizerspace associated with a k-local stabilizer (for constant k) can be generated as anapproximate ground-space of a 2-local Hamiltonian.
Cell movement analysis in a necrotactic assay. (1984)

The methods of statistical physics have been applied to analysis of cell movement. Human leukocytes (granulocytes) were observed using time-lapse photography. The paths of the migrating cells were determined. The chemokinetic response at 35 degrees C is described by the diffusion constant (D = 233 micron2/min) and the track velocity (25 micron/min). A time-dependent chemotactic gradient is created by killing an erythrocyte by an intense laser flash. The chemotactic response at 35 degrees C is described by the degree of polar orientation (P1 = 0.85), the track velocity 24 micron/min, and the drift velocity towards the necrotactic source (v parallel = 20 micron/min). The track velocity as well the drift velocity show a broad distribution. The half-width of the velocity distribution. The half-width of the velocity distribution is approximately 5 micron/min. Cell movement can be described by elementary moving states. The characteristic time of the internal clock of the migrating cell is approximately 0.5 min. We found that the information transfer from the necrotactic gradient to the migrating cell is 1 bit per change in directed movement. A migrating cell cannot be stimulated within a period of approximately 10 s after the last decision to adapt a new moving direction.
Hypoxic Enhancement of Quantal Catecholamine Secretion (1999)

Prolonged exposure to hypoxia (10% O(2)) enhanced quantal catecholamine release evoked from O(2)-sensing pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, as monitored using single-cell amperometric recordings. The enhancement of exocytosis was apparent after 12 h of hypoxia and was maximal at 24 h. Elevated levels of secretion were due to the emergence of a Ca(2+) influx pathway that persisted during complete blockade of known voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Secretion triggered by this Ca(2+) influx was severely reduced by known inhibitors of Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptides (AbetaPs), including an N terminus-directed monoclonal antibody. The enhancing effect on secretion of chronic hypoxia was mimicked closely by direct application of AbetaP to cells under normoxic conditions, although the effects of AbetaP were more rapid at onset, being maximal after only 6 h. The present results suggest that prolonged hypoxia can induce formation of Ca(2+)-permeable AbetaP channels and that such induction can lead directly to excessive neurosecretion. This is a potential contributory factor to AbetaP pathophysiology following cerebral ischemia.
Escherichia coli plasmid production in fermenter (1989)

Escherichia coli harboring a recombinant plasmid was grown in a fermenter to study the effects of selected process parameters on the growth of the microbe and on plasmid amplification with chloramphenicol treatment. Eighteen fermentations were carried out according to a statistical experimental design in which the fermentation temperature, pH, and turbidity of culture at the onset of plasmid amplification were the selected independent process variables. Static regression models describing the process were derived from the experimental results. It turned out that recombinant plasmid copy numbers could be influenced by controlling fermentation temperature and pH. The maximal copy number during bacterial growth phase and the optimal plasmid production were found to require fermentation conditions different from those needed for optimal bacterial growth and cell division. The conditions also differed significantly from those routinely used in research laboratories for plasmid preparation. The chloramphenicol treatment increased the plasmid copy number compared with chromosome numbers up to fivefold. Some of the data suggest that under certain conditions the number of chromosome molecules in E. coli cells may rise during the plasmid amplification stage. Statistical experimental design, a nucleic acid sandwich hybridization technique for plasmid quantification, and regression models proved to be useful in this study.
Investigating Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Liver-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Device (2016)

Overall, the liver-on-a-chip system provides a suitable culture microenvironment, representing a more reliable model compared to 2D cultures for investigating NAFLD pathogenesis. Hence, our system is amongst the first in vitro models of human NAFLD developed within a microfluidic device in a sinusoid-like fashion, endowing a more permissive tissue-like microenvironment for long-term culture of hepatic cells than conventional 2D static cultures.
The nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of grapevine virus B (1996)

Grapevine virus B (GVB) is a tentative member of the genus Trichovirus. The 5'-terminal region of the RNA genome of GVB comprises 5437 nucleotides and has been sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method. Evidence was obtained that the RNA is capped. Two putative open reading frames (ORFs) were identified. ORF 1 coded for a 194.7 kDa polypeptide with conserved motifs of replication-related proteins of positive-strand RNA viruses (i.e. methyltransferase, helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, in that order from the N to the C terminus). ORF 2 encoded a 20 kDa polypeptide that did not show any significant sequence homology with protein sequences from the databases. The biological function of this polypeptide was not determined. Although the 20 kDa product was expressed as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase in Escherichia coli and an antiserum produced, it could not be identified in GVB-infected plant tissue extracts. The GVB genome had the same size as that of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), the type species of the genus Trichovirus, but differed substantially in the number (five compared to three), size and order of genes. Differences existed also in the extent of sequence homology between polymerases, which did not cluster together in tentative phylogenetic trees. The results of this study show that definitive and tentative trichovirus species differ molecularly to an extent that may warrant a taxonomic revision of the genus.
Blue Laser Diodes Fabricated onm-Plane GaN Substrates (2008)

Blue laser diodes (LDs) were fabricated on m-plane oriented GaN substrates by atmospheric-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Typical threshold current for stimulated emission at a wavelength λ of 463 nm was 69 mA. Blueshift of the spontaneous emission peak with increasing injection current was examined in LDs fabricated on m- and c-plane GaN substrates. Blueshifts for the m-plane LD (λ=463 nm) and the c-plane LD (λ=454 nm) with an injection current density just below threshold were about 10 and 26 nm, respectively. These results confirm that the blueshift in quantum-wells fabricated on m-plane oriented substrates is smaller than on c-plane oriented substrates due to the absence of polarization-induced electric fields.