gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anti-idiotypic route to anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies and experimental myasthenia gravis. (1982)

trans-3,3'-Bis[alpha-(trimethylammonio)methyl]azobenzene bromide (BisQ) is a potent agonist of the acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) of Electrophorus electricus. BisQ is highly constrained, suggesting that its structure is complementary to the combining site of the AcChoR when the latter is in its activated state. Antibodies produced in rabbits to a conjugate of bovine serum albumin and a derivative of BisQ mimicked the binding characteristics of the AcChoR with respect to the order of binding of a variety of agonists and to the preferred recognition of decamethonium ion (an agonist) over hexamethonium ion (an antagonist). Immunization of three rabbits with purified anti-BisQ yielded antisera having binding characteristics of anti-AcChoR in that, by complement fixation and enzyme immunoassay, crossreactions with receptor preparations from rat, Torpedo, and eel could be demonstrated in sera of all three rabbits immunized. Two of the three rabbits showed signs of muscle weakness similar to that seen after immunization with the AcChoR. One of the rabbits was injected intramuscularly with neostigmine and showed temporary improvement. Another showed post-tetanic exhaustion of hind-limb muscles after stimulation of the sciatic nerve at 50 Hz. Antibodies reactive with the AcChoR, therefore, were elicited by immunization with an antibody to a potent ligand of the AcChoR without the necessity of isolating the receptor itself. A similar mechanism may play a part in the etiology of at least some autoimmune diseases in which antibodies to various other receptors are involved.
Copolymerization of Propylene with Poly(ethylene-co-propylene) Macromonomer and Branch Chain-Length Dependence of Rheological Properties (2002)

A series of isotactic polypropylene (PP) samples with poly(ethylene-co-propylene) long chain branching were produced by a semibatch copolymerization of poly(ethylene-co-propylene) macromonomer (EPR), prepared in a high-temperature continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), and propylene using rac-dimethylsilylenebis(2-methylbenz[e]indenyl) zirconium dicholoride/modified methylaluminoxane. The branch frequency and branch length of the copolymers were controlled by varying the stoichiometry and molecular weight of the EPR macromonomer, respectively. Long chain branch frequencies of up to 2.8 branches per chain were achieved, while the branch length was varied from 2500 to 17 000 g/mol. The effects of macromonomer concentration, macromonomer molecular weight, and reaction temperature on the copolymer chain properties were investigated. The rheological responses of the EPR-branched PP were determined. Branches below 7000 g/mol had little influence on the rheological behavior of the polymers. The zero shear viscosity, shear thinning property, and loss and storage moduli were found to be dependent on the branch length and branch frequency when the branch Mn was above 7000 g/mol. Elevated flow activation energies were observed with measured values of up to 51 kJ/mol. The physical and chemical properties of the copolymers were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), FTIR, parallel-plate rheometry, and 13C NMR.
Improvement of clonazepam release from a Carbopol hydrogel. (1992)

The performance of Tween 80, Tween 60, oleic acid, oleyl alcohol and Azone as enhancers of clonazepam permeation from a Carbopol hydrogel through a cellulose nitrate membrane was investigated. The effect of incorporating methyl beta-cyclodextrin (DS 1.8) in combination with clonazepam as a solid phase into some vehicles was also tested. In vitro release studies were carried out with a Sartorius apparatus and the following parameters were evaluated: drug solubility in the vehicle; partition coefficient of the drug between lauryl alcohol (the solvent which impregnates the membrane) and the vehicle; steady state flux; permeability constant; diffusion coefficient; lag time. The release kinetics followed a nearly zero-order pattern, although the diffusion-controlled mechanism might also have been operative. Maximum drug release (2.5 times that of the gel base) was achieved for the formulation containing clonazepam and methyl beta-cyclodextrin in a 1:1 (mol/mol) ratio as a solid phase, in a vehicle composed of water, propylene glycol, Tween 80 and Azone at a mass fraction of 43%, 50%, 2% and 5%, respectively.
Radicals from one-electron reduction of nitro compounds, aromatic N-oxides and quinones: the kinetic basis for hypoxia-selective, bioreductive drugs (1995)

Drugs based on nitroarene, aromatic N-oxide or quinone structures are frequently reduced by cellular reductases to toxic products. Reduction often involves free radicals as intermediates which react rapidly with oxygen to form superoxide radicals, inhibiting drug reduction. The elevation of cellular oxidative stress accompanying oxygen inhibition of reduction is generally less damaging than drug reduction to toxic products, so the drugs offer selective toxicity to hypoxic cells. Since such cells are resistant to radiotherapy, these bioreductive drugs offer potential in tumour therapy. The basis for the selectivity of action entails kinetic competition involving the contesting reaction pathways. The reduction potential of the drug, radical pKa and nature of radical/radical decay kinetics all influence drug activity and selectivity, including the range of oxygen tensions over which the drug offers selective toxicity. These properties may be quantified using generation of radicals by pulse radiolysis, presenting a physicochemical basis for rational drug design.
Defect cluster analysis to detect equipment-specific yield loss based on yield-to-area calculations (1997)

Defect parameter extraction plays an important role in process control and yield prediction. A
methodology of evaluating wafer level defect clustering will be presented to detect equipment specific
particle contamination. For that, imaginary wafermaps of a variety of different chip areas are generated
to calculate a yield-to-area dependency. Based on these calculations a Micro Density Distribution
(MDD) will be determined for each wafer. The range and course of the MDD may indicate specific
failures of equipment tools.
Breaking Barriers in Polymer Additive Manufacturing (2015)

Additive Manufacturing (AM) enables the creation of complex structures directly from a computer-aided design (CAD). There are limitations that prevent the technology from realizing its full potential. AM has been criticized for being slow and expensive with limited build size. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed a large scale AM system that improves upon each of these areas by more than an order of magnitude. The Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) system directly converts low cost pellets into a large, three-dimensional part at a rate exceeding 25 kg/h. By breaking these traditional barriers, it is possible for polymer AM to penetrate new manufacturing markets.
Anti-interleukin 8 autoantibody: interleukin 8 immune complexes visualized by laser confocal microscopy in injured lung: Colocalization with FcγRIIa in lung tissue from acute respiratory distress syndrome patients (2007)

•Context.-Anti-interleukin 8 autoantibody:interleukin 8 (anti-lL-8 autoantibody:lL-8) complexes are present in lung fluids of patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), and levels of these complexes correlate with progression to and the outcome of ARDS. FcyRlla, an immunoglobulin G (IgG) receptor, mediates proinflammatory activity of the complexes. Objective.-To evaluate lung tissues from patients with ARDS for presence of anti-lL-8 autoantibody:lL-8 complexes and to establish whether the complexes associate with FcyRlla. Design.-Lung tissue sections from 3 patients with ARDS and sections of normal lung tissues from 3 patients were stained with antibodies against IL-8 and IgG to detect immune complexes and with antibody against FcγRlla. In some experiments, sections were blocked with anti-Fcγ-Rlla antibody before staining. Samples were analyzed using confocal microscopy. Results.-Interleukin 8 costained with IgG and FcγRlla in lung tissues from patients with ARDS but not in control tissues, suggesting that anti-lL-8 autoantibody:lL-8 complexes are deposited in lungs of patients with ARDS via FcγRlla. Further, colocalization between IL-8 and FcγRlla could be blocked by anti-FcγRlla. Conclusions.-Our data demonstrate that anti-lL-8 autoantibody:lL-8 complexes are present in lung tissues of patients with ARDS, and are attached to FcγRlla.
Crystal structure of an Okazaki fragment at 2-A resolution. (1992)

In DNA replication, Okazaki fragments are formed as double-stranded intermediates during synthesis of the lagging strand. They are composed of the growing DNA strand primed by RNA and the template strand. The DNA oligonucleotide d(GGGTATACGC) and the chimeric RNA-DNA oligonucleotide r(GCG)d(TATACCC) were combined to form a synthetic Okazaki fragment and its three-dimensional structure was determined by x-ray crystallography. The fragment adopts an overall A-type conformation with 11 residues per turn. Although the base-pair geometry, particularly in the central TATA part, is distorted, there is no evidence for a transition from the A- to the B-type conformation at the junction between RNA.DNA hybrid and DNA duplex. The RNA trimer may, therefore, lock the complete fragment in an A-type conformation.
Quantitative and qualitative analyses of serum antibodies elicited in adults by Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcus type 6A capsular polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugates (1986)

Covalent binding to immunogenic proteins increases the immunogenicity of the capsular polysaccharides of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcus type 6A (Pn6A). Conjugates composed of Hib, Pn6A, or the cross-reacting Escherichia coli K100 covalently bound to tetanus toxoid (TT) were injected into young adult volunteers. Local reactions were common and were probably due to Arthus reactivity mediated by the preexisting antibodies reacting with the TT component of the conjugates. Fever occurred in about 10% of the volunteers after the first injection; no volunteers had fever after the second injection. Similar levels of Hib or Pn6A antibodies were elicited by either 50- or 100-micrograms doses or by concurrent injection of two different conjugates (Hib-TT and Pn6A-TT or Hib-TT and K100-TT). The Hib-TT elicited about a 180-fold increase in Hib antibodies, and the Pn6A-TT conjugate elicited about an 8-fold increase in Pn6A antibodies after one injection. Booster reactions were not elicited in adults; similar levels of antibodies in the five experimental groups suggested that the responses elicited by the conjugates were maximal. A one-way cross-reaction was noted as Pn6A conjugates elicited rises of Hib antibodies in 13 of 20 volunteers; only 4 of 59 volunteers immunized with Hib-TT had increases in Pn6A antibodies. The preimmunization Hib antibodies were composed of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG. The postimmunization sera showed an increase in all three isotypes; the elevation of the IgG was the highest of the three isotypes. Conjugate-induced antibodies to both the polysaccharide and TT exerted biological activities that have been correlated with immunity. Adsorption of the Hib-TT onto aluminium hydroxide resulted in higher levels and an earlier Hib antibody response in infant rhesus. These results encourage the evaluation of Hib and Pn6A conjugates in human children and infants.
Preparation, comparison and performance of hydrophobic AFM tips (1999)

Hydrophobic coatings for atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips generated through sputter coating with gold, chemical vapour deposition from a hexafluoropropene plasma or silanization with octadecyltrichlorosilane are compared with respect to their macroscopic hydropobicity, influence on tip radius, abrasion behaviour during imaging and complexity of the coating procedure. The performance of the coated tips is assessed by measuring their adhesion from force curves at different humidities. From these tests, the hexafluoropropene plasma-treated tips turned out to exhibit the best overall quality and so are used to image the hexagonally packed intermediate surface (HPI) layer of the eubacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, a natural two-dimensional protein crystal, to demonstrate the capability of these tips to image fragile, hydrophilic samples at high humidities with reduced tip–sample adhesion. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum dot-fluorescent protein pairs as fluorescence resonance energy transfer pairs (2011)

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors have been designed to fluorometrically detect everything from proteolytic activity to receptor-ligand interactions and structural changes in proteins. While a wide variety of fluorophores have demonstrated effectiveness in FRET probes, several potential sensor components are particularly notable. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are attractive FRET donors because they are rather bright, exhibit high quantum yields, and their nanoparticulate structure enables the attachment of multiple acceptor molecules. Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are also of particular interest for fluorescent biosensors because design elements necessary for signal transduction, probe assembly, and device delivery and localization for intracellular applications can all be genetically incorporated into the FP polypeptide.&#13;\nThe studies described in this thesis elucidate the important parameters for concerted QD-FP FRET probe design. Experimental results clarify issues of FRET pair selection, probe assembly, and donor-acceptor distance for the multivalent systems. Various analysis approaches are compared and guidelines asserted based on the results. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the QD-FP FRET probe platform, a ratiometric pH sensor is presented. The sensor, which uses the intrinsic pH-sensitivity of the FP mOrange to modulate the FP/QD emission ratio, exhibits a 20-fold change in its ratiometric measurement over a physiologically interesting pH range, making it a prime candidate for intracellular imaging applications.
In vitro selection of preferred DNA pairing sequences by the Escherichia coli RecA protein. (1996)

The RecA protein and other DNA strand exchange proteins are characterized by their ability to bind and pair DNA in a sequence-independent manner. In vitro selection experiments demonstrate, unexpectedly, that RecA protein has a preferential affinity for DNA sequences rich in GT composition. Such GT-rich sequences are present in loci that display increased recombinational activity in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, including the Escherichia coli recombination hotspot, chi (5'-GCTGGTGG-3'). Interestingly, these selected sequences, or chi-containing substrates, display both an enhanced rate and extent of homologous pairing in RecA protein-dependent homologous pairing reactions. Thus, the binding and pairing of DNA by RecA protein is composition-dependent, suggesting that a component of the elevated recombinational activity of chi and increased genomic rearrangements at certain DNA sequences in eukaryotes is contributed by enhanced DNA pairing activity.
Nickel vs. cobalt silicide integration for sub-50nm CMOS (2004)

In this work, NiSi SALICIDE has been fully integrated with sub-50 nm gate length transistors and compared to its CoSi/sub 2/ counterpart. Nickel thickness has been reduced to target the CoSi/sub 2/ sheet resistance. It was found that NiSi layers basic lattice planes with vertical orientation are often observed inside the grains. NiSi-based CMOS transistors show the same performance as CoSi2-transistors, but nickel can also silicide very narrow poly lines whereas cobalt can not. Moreover, NiSi reduces the STI diode-leakage perimeter, but increases channel side leakage, where CoSi/sub 2/ shows a "Schottky behavior". Thus we show that nickel allow MOS transistor scaling for future technology.
Hydrogen sulfide as a novel nociceptive messenger (2007)

Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), an endogenous gasotransmitter, modulates various biological events such as inflammation in the mammalian body. The present study investigated possible involvement of H(2)S in peripheral nociceptive processing. Intraplantar (i.pl.) administration of NaHS, a H(2)S donor, produced prompt hyperalgesia in rats, accompanied by expression of Fos in the spinal dorsal horn. The H(2)S-evoked hyperalgesia was blocked by 5,5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), an oxidizing agent, or ethosuximide and mibefradil, T-type Ca(2+) channel inhibitors. L-Cysteine, an endogenous source for H(2)S, given i.pl., also elicited hyperalgesia, an effect being abolished by DL-propargylglycine (PPG) and beta-cyanoalanine (BCA), inhibitors of cystathionine-gamma-lyase, a H(2)S synthesizing enzyme. PPG and/or BCA partially inhibited the hyperalgesia induced by i.pl. lipopolysaccharide, an effect being reversed by i.pl. NaHS. In the patch-clamp study using undifferentiated NG108-15 cells that express T-type, but not other types, of Ca(2+) channels, NaHS enhanced the currents through the T-type channels, an effect being blocked by DTNB. Thus, H(2)S appears to function as a novel nociceptive messenger through sensitization of T-type Ca(2+) channels in the peripheral tissues, particularly during inflammation.
Segmentation of merged characters by neural networks and shortest-path (1993)

One major problem with neural network-based ap preach to printed character recognition is the segmentation of merged characters. This paper proposes a hybrid method which combines a neural network-based de ferred segmentation scheme with conventional immediate segmentation techniques. In the deferred segmentation, a neural network is employed to distinguish single characters from composites.
High-efficiency fiber-to-chip grating couplers realized using an advanced CMOS-compatible Silicon-On-Insulator platform (2010)

A new generation of Silicon-on-Insulator fiber-to-chip grating couplers which use a silicon overlay to enhance the directionality and thereby the coupling efficiency is presented. Devices are realized on a 200 mm wafer in a CMOS pilot line. The fabricated fiber couplers show a coupling efficiency of -1.6 dB and a 3 dB bandwidth of 80 nm.
Structured Probabilistic Modelling for Dialogue Management (2014)

This thesis presents a new modelling framework for dialogue management based on the concept of probabilistic rules. Probabilistic rules are defined as if...then...else constructions associating logical conditions on input variables to probabilistic effects over output variables. These rules function as high-level templates for the generation of a directed graphical model. Their expressive power allows them to represent the probabilistic models employed in dialogue management in a compact and efficient manner. As a consequence, they can drastically reduce the amount of interaction data required for parameter estimation as well as enhance the system’s ability to generalise over unseen situations. Furthermore, probabilistic rules can also be exploited to encode domain-specific constraints and assumptions into statistical models of dialogue, thereby enabling system designers to incorporate their expert knowledge of the problem structure in a concise and human-readable form. Due to their integration of logical and probabilistic reasoning, we argue that probabilistic rules are particularly well suited to devise hybrid models of dialogue management that can account for both the complexity and uncertainty that characterise many dialogue domains.\nThe thesis also demonstrates how the parameters of probabilistic rules can be efficiently estimated using both supervised and reinforcement learning techniques. In the case of supervised learning, the rule parameters are learned by imitation on the basis of small amounts of Wizardof- Oz data. Alternatively, rule parameters can also be optimised via trial and error from repeated interactions with a (real or simulated) user. Both learning strategies rely on Bayesian inference to iteratively estimate the parameter values and provide the best fit for the observed interaction data. Three consecutive experiments conducted in a human–robot interaction domain attest to the practical viability of the proposed framework and its advantages over traditional approaches. In particular, the empirical results of a user evaluation with 37 participants show that a dialogue manager structured with probabilistic rules outperforms both purely hand-crafted and purely statistical methods on an extensive range of subjective and objective metrics of dialogue quality.\nThe modelling framework presented in this thesis is implemented in a new software toolkit called OpenDial, which is made freely available to the research community and can be used to develop various types of dialogue systems based on probabilistic rules.
Industrial production of heterologous proteins by fed-batch cultures of the yeast Saccharomyces cereuisiae (1994)

This review concerns the issues involved in the industrial development of fed-batch culture processes with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains producing heterologous proteins. Most of process development considerations with fed-batch recombinant cultures are linked to the reliability and reproducibility of the process for manufacturing environments where quality assurance and quality control aspects are paramount. In this respect, the quality, safety and efficacy of complex biologically active molecules produced by recombinant techniques are strongly influenced by the genetic background of the host strain, genetic stability of the transformed strain and production process factors. An overview of the recent literature of these culture-related factors is coupled with our experience in yeast fed-batch process development for producing various therapeutic grade proteins. The discussion is based around three principal topics: genetics, microbial physiology and fed-batch process design. It includes the fundamental aspects of yeast strain physiology, the nature of the recombinant product, quality control aspects of the biological product, features of yeast expression vectors, expression and localization of recombinant products in transformed cells and fed-batch process considerations for the industrial production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinant proteins. It is our purpose that this review will provide a comprehensive understanding of the fed-batch recombinant production processes and challenges commonly encountered during process development.
Analysis of homozygous mutant chimeric mice: deletion of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain joining region blocks B-cell development and antibody production. (1993)

Using a recently described method for efficiently deriving homozygous targeted alleles in embryonic stem cells, we produced chimeric mice whose tissues were derived partially from embryonic stem cells bearing homozygous deletion of the mouse immunoglobulin heavy-chain joining (JH) region. Characterization of these chimeric mice indicated that homozygous JH deletion leads to arrest of B-cell development at an early stage, resulting in a total lack of peripheral B cells and serum IgM. These results were confirmed in mice containing the homozygous JH deletion in their germ line. This novel B-cell-deficient mouse strain provides a tool for studying the recombination and expression of exogenous immunoglobulin genes introduced into the mouse germ line.