gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of voltage-dependent currents in taste receptor cells (1996)

Taste buds, the specialized end organs of gustation, comprise a renewing sensory epithelium. Undifferentiated basal cells become taste receptor cells by elongating and extending processes apically toward the taste pore. Mature taste cells are electrically excitable and express voltage-dependent Na+ Ca2+, and K+ currents, whereas basal stem cells exhibit only slowly activating K+ currents. The question we have addressed in the present study is whether contact with the taste pore is required for expression of voltage-dependent inward currents in Necturus taste cells. Mature taste cells were distinguished from developing cells by labeling the apical surface of the cells with fluorescein-isothiocyanate-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (FITC-WGA), while the tissue was still intact. Elongate cells lacking FITC-WGA staining were interpreted as developing taste cells that had not yet reached the taste pore. Giga-seal whole-cell recording revealed that most developing taste cells lacked inward currents. Although some developing cells expressed inward currents, they were much smaller than those of mature cells, and the activation kinetics of the K+ currents were slower than in mature cells. Electron microscopy confirmed the identity of labeled and unlabeled cells. All FITC-WGA-labeled cells exhibited the ultrastructural characteristics of mature taste receptor cells, whereas most unlabeled taste cells had a characteristic morphology that was markedly different from mature taste receptor cells or basal stem cells. These data suggest that contact with the taste pore is required for the development of inward currents in taste cells.
Intestinal mucosal MMP-1 – a prognostic factor in colon cancer (2013)

The results indicate that MMP-1 is independently associated with CSS in patients with colon cancer. Furthermore, a possible clinical implication is that MMP-1 protein expression in tumor-free mucosa could identify colon cancer patients with poor CSS in need of more intensified adjuvant treatment.
Capacity of Gaussian Many-Access Channels (2017)

Classical multiuser information theory studies the fundamental limits of models with a fixed (often small) number of users as the coding blocklength goes to infinity. This paper proposes a new paradigm, referred to as many-user information theory, where the number of users is allowed to grow with the blocklength. This paradigm is motivated by emerging systems with a massive number of users in an area, such as the Internet of Things. The focus of this paper is the many-access channel model, which consists of a single receiver and many transmitters, whose number increases unboundedly with the blocklength. Moreover, an unknown subset of transmitters may transmit in a given block and need to be identified as well as decoded by the receiver. A new notion of capacity is introduced and characterized for the Gaussian many-access channel with random user activities. The capacity can be achieved by first detecting the set of active users and then decoding their messages. The minimum cost of identifying the active users is also quantified.
TDP-1, a toxic component causing tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens, and trichothecenes from Fusarium roseum 'Graminearum' (1985)

Fusarium roseum 'Graminearum' was isolated from overwintered oats in Alaska and was tested for its ability to cause tibial dyschondroplasia (TDP) in broiler chickens. The water-soluble fraction was tested and found to cause TDP. In addition, diacetoxyscirpenol and 7-hydroxydiacetoxyscirpenol were identified in the acetonitrile fraction of the extracts and caused mild mouth lesions in chickens. Six major water-soluble components were purified by thin-layer chromatography and tested for toxicity to chick embryos. One of the six components, called TDP-1, was found to be lethal to chick embryos. There was a 100% incidence of TDP in chickens fed a diet containing 75 ppm (wt/wt) of pure TDP-1, thus establishing the cause and effect relationship between TDP and TDP-1. Analyses by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed that TDP-1 is polar and ninhydrin positive, exhibits fluorescence with UV irradiation, and is a nitrogen-containing component with an empirical formula of C15H20N2O4.
Performance problems in BSD4. 4TCP (1995)

This paper describes problems in the BSD 4.4-Lite version of TCP (some of which are also present in earlier versions, such as the Net2 implementation of TCP) and proposes fixes that result in a 21% increase in throughput under realistic conditions.
Aminimides. VII. Homo- and Copolymerization Studies on 1,1-Dimethyl-1-(2-hydroxypropyl)amine-Methacrylimide and 1,1-Dimethyl-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amine-Methacrylimide (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAminimides. VII. Homo- and Copolymerization Studies on 1,1-Dimethyl-1-(2-hydroxypropyl)amine-Methacrylimide and 1,1-Dimethyl-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amine-MethacrylimideB. M. Culbertson, E. A. Sedor, and R. C. SlagelCite this: Macromolecules 1968, 1, 3, 254–260Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60003a011https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60003a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views79Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Preclinical Activity of the Type II CD20 Antibody GA101 (Obinutuzumab) Compared with Rituximab and Ofatumumab In Vitro and in Xenograft Models (2013)

We report the first preclinical in vitro and in vivo comparison of GA101 (obinutuzumab), a novel glycoengineered type II CD20 monoclonal antibody, with rituximab and ofatumumab, the two currently approved type I CD20 antibodies. The three antibodies were compared in assays measuring direct cell death (AnnexinV/PI staining and time-lapse microscopy), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP), and internalization. The models used for the comparison of their activity in vivo were SU-DHL4 and RL xenografts. GA101 was found to be superior to rituximab and ofatumumab in the induction of direct cell death (independent of mechanical manipulation required for cell aggregate disruption formed by antibody treatment), whereas it was 10 to 1,000 times less potent in mediating CDC. GA101 showed superior activity to rituximab and ofatumumab in ADCC and whole-blood B-cell depletion assays, and was comparable with these two in ADCP. GA101 also showed slower internalization rate upon binding to CD20 than rituximab and ofatumumab. In vivo, GA101 induced a strong antitumor effect, including complete tumor remission in the SU-DHL4 model and overall superior efficacy compared with both rituximab and ofatumumab. When rituximab-pretreated animals were used, second-line treatment with GA101 was still able to control tumor progression, whereas tumors escaped rituximab treatment. Taken together, the preclinical data show that the glyoengineered type II CD20 antibody GA101 is differentiated from the two approved type I CD20 antibodies rituximab and ofatumumab by its overall preclinical activity, further supporting its clinical investigation.
Dynomite: a dynamically organized ink and audio notebook (1998)

Dynomite is a portable electronic notebook for the capture and retrieval of handwritten and audio notes. Dynomite provides a casual, paper like interface, allowing the user to write or draw on a screen resembling an ordinary paper notebook. Indexing is provided by allowing users to attach properties, or data types, to specific ink, and by allowing the user to associate text keywords with pages of notes. Dynomite notes can be organized into sub notebooks based on these indexes. In addition, Dynomite records audio synchronously with notes and allows users to mark or highlight significant sections, so that they may be easily located and replayed. In order to understand how well the features of Dynomite support natural note taking practices, we conducted usage studies, which showed that Dynomite's indexing capabilities clearly improve the ability to find information in notes.
pH-Sensitive Liposomes (1994)

pH sensitive liposomes are lipid compositions that can be destabilized when the external pH is changed; usually from a neutral or slightly alkaline pH to an acidic pH. They are designed to circumvent delivery of liposome contents to the lysosomes of cells following internalization of the vesicle via the endocytic pathway. In the majority of compositions, a lipid containing a pH titratable group is mixed with phosphatidylethanolamine containing unsaturated acyl chains in a molar ratio (pH sensitive component/PE) of 1/4 or greater. There are five major groups of phosphatidylethanolamine containing pH-senstive lipid compositions. These can be classified by their acid-titratable component: phospholipids, acylated amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterol derivatives and miscellaneous double chain amphiphiles. The biophysical mechanism of action involves a transition of the lipids from the lamellar phase to the hexagonal phase. In cell culture, pH sensitive vesicles can increase the delivery of fluorescent markers, proteins, cytotoxic compounds, RNA and DNA into the cytoplasm. The mechanism of delivery is suggested to involve the destabilization of the liposome in the endosome as the pH is reduced from 7.4 to 5.0 and subsequent destabilization of, or fusion with, the endosomal membrane; some of the liposome contents are introduced into the cytoplasm. In most cases, the extent of liposome contents delivery into the cytoplasm is less than 1% of the amount that becomes cell associated. However further studies, with more reliable assays to differentiate cytoplasmic from lysosomal delivery, are required to place an exact value on this efficiency. The efficiency of pH sensitive liposomes in vivo is limited by stability of certain of the liposome compositions in serum and targeting to the appropriate cell. Cholesterol hemisuccinate is a particularly attractive component for in vivo use since it stabilizes the liposome when in serum at pH 7.4. The use of pH sensitive liposomes in drug delivery should continue to expand due to the increasing number of macromolecular therapeutic agents with intracellular targets.
Myocardial fluid balance (2001)

Fluid accumulation in the cardiac interstitium or myocardial edema is a common manifestation of many clinical states. Specifically, cardiac surgery includes various interventions and pathophysiological conditions that cause or worsen myocardial edema including cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest. Myocardial edema should be a concern for clinicians as it has been demonstrated to produce cardiac dysfunction. This article will briefly discuss the factors governing myocardial fluid balance and review the evidence of myocardial edema in various pathological conditions. In particular, myocardial microvascular, interstitial, and lymphatic interactions relevant to the field of cardiac surgery will be emphasized.
Advanced bioceramic composite for bone tissue engineering: Design principles and structure–bioactivity relationship (2004)

The synthesis of a new resorbable porous bioactive silica-calcium phosphate composite (SCPC) that can be used as a tissue-engineering scaffold for bone regeneration is described. The effects of chemical composition and thermal treatment on crystallization and the mechanism of phase transformation in SCPC were evaluated. In the silica-rich samples, beta-rhenanite (beta-NaCaPO(4)) and alpha-cristobalite (SiO(2)) were the dominant phases after treatment at 800 degrees C. On the other hand, in the calcium phosphate-rich samples, calcium pyrophosphate (Ca(2)P(2)O(7)) was formed in addition to beta-rhenanite and alpha-cristobalaite. X-ray diffraction analyses showed a shift in the 2 theta value of the main peak(s) of all phases indicating the formation of solid solutions. Phase transformation reactions were accompanied by a loss of water molecules that contributed to the formation of pores in the size range 10-300 microm. All SCPC samples adsorbed a significantly higher quantity of serum protein than bioactive glass (p < 0.0001). In addition, the silica-rich SCPC adsorbed a significantly higher amount of serum protein than the calcium phosphate-rich samples (p < 0.003). While the crystallization of amorphous silica into L-quartz significantly inhibited serum protein adsorption, the transformation of L-quartz into alpha-cristobalite solid solution (ss) significantly enhanced protein adsorption. On the other hand, in conjunction with the transformation of brushite (CaHPO(4)) into pyro- and tri-calcium phosphates, there was a significant decrease in protein adsorption. However, as pyro- and tri-calcium phosphates transformed into beta-rhenanite, by thermal treatment, protein adsorption increased markedly. Critical-size bone defects grafted with silica-rich SCPC were filled with new bone and contained minimal residues of the graft material. Bone defects grafted with bioactive glass enhanced new bone formation, however, with very limited resorption. The enhanced resorption of SCPC in vivo correlates well with the higher rate of silica dissolution from SCPC than bioactive glass. The facilitated Si dissolution was associated with rapid bone regeneration in defects grafted with SCPC. The enhanced bioactivity properties of the SCPC are due to its chemical composition, modified crystalline structure, and high porosity. The new SCPC may be used for a wide variety of applications in the field of bone reconstruction including tissue-engineering scaffolds for cell and drug delivery.
The Akt kinase: Molecular determinants of oncogenicity (1998)

The serine-threonine kinase Akt is a downstream target of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase); it is activated by the phosphoinositide 3-phosphate-dependent kinases PDK1 and PDK2. Certain mutated forms of Akt induce oncogenic transformation in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures and hemangiosarcomas in young chickens. This ability to transform cells depends on localization of Akt at the plasma membrane and on the kinase activity of Akt. A transdominant negative form of Akt interferes with oncogenic transformation induced by the p3k oncogene, which codes for an activated form of PI 3-kinase. Akt is therefore an essential mediator of p3k-induced oncogenicity.
Ectopic Expression of MAFB Gene in Human Myeloma Cells Carrying (14;20)(q32;q11) Chromosomal Translocations (2001)

Chromosome 14q +, which represents a chromosomal rearrangement involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IgH) locus, is a genetic hallmark of human multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we report the identification of (14;20)(q32;q11) chromosomal translocations found in MM cells. Double color fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses pinpointed the breakpoints at the 20q11 locus in two MM cell lines within a length of at most 680 kb between the KIAA0823 and MAFB gene loci. Among the transcribed sequences in the vicinity of the breakpoints, an ectopic expression of the MAFB gene, which is located at 450 - 680 kb telomeric to one of the breakpoints and encodes a member of the MAF family basic region / leucine zipper transcription factor, was demonstrated to be associated with t(14;20). This finding, together with that of a previous study describing its transforming activity, suggests that the MAFB gene may be one of the targets deregulated by regulatory elements of the IgH gene as a result of t(14;20).
Thresholds for virus spread on networks (2008)

We study how the spread of computer viruses, worms and other self-replicating malware is affected by the logical topology of the network over which they propagate. We consider a model in which each host can be in one of 3 possible states—susceptible, infected or removed (cured and no longer susceptible to infection). We characterize how the size of the population that eventually becomes infected depends on the network topology. Specifically, we show that if the ratio of cure to infection rates is larger than the spectral radius of the graph, and the initial infected population is small, then the final infected population is also small in a sense that can be made precise. Conversely, if this ratio is smaller than the spectral radius, then we show in some graph models of practical interest (including power law random graphs) that the average size of the final infected population is large. These results yield insights into what the critical parameters are in determining virus spread in networks.
Multidimensional Drug Profiling By Automated Microscopy (2004)

We present a method for high-throughput cytological profiling by microscopy. Our system provides quantitative multidimensional measures of individual cell states over wide ranges of perturbations. We profile dose-dependent phenotypic effects of drugs in human cell culture with a titration-invariant similarity score (TISS). This method successfully categorized blinded drugs and suggested targets for drugs of uncertain mechanism. Multivariate single-cell analysis is a starting point for identifying relationships among drug effects at a systems level and a step toward phenotypic profiling at the single-cell level. Our methods will be useful for discovering the mechanism and predicting the toxicity of new drugs.
An Improved Synthesis of 2-Diazo-1,3-diketones (1991)

The sodium hydride/dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether system was found to be an effective base for the synthesis of 1,3-diketones by the Claisen condensation. The use of potassium fluoride (with or without crown ether) as the base in diazo-transfer reactions extends this reaction to the synthesis of hindered diazo diketones. In the case of isomeric 1,3-diketones, the stereoselectivity of the process considerably rises.
Suppression of the Neoplastic Phenotype by Replacement of the RB Gene in Human Cancer Cells (1988)

Mutational inactivation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility (RB) gene has been proposed as a crucial step in the formation of retinoblastoma and other types of human cancer. This hypothesis was tested by introducing, via retroviral-mediated gene transfer, a cloned RB gene into retinoblastoma or osteosarcoma cells that had inactivated endogenous RB genes. Expression of the exogenous RB gene affected cell morphology, growth rate, soft agar colony formation, and tumorigenicity in nude mice. This demonstration of suppression of the neoplastic phenotype by a single gene provides direct evidence for an essential role of the RB gene in tumorigenesis.
Wettability of Silicon with Refractory Materials: A Review (2008)

The wettability of ceramics by liquid metals is a key fac¬tor in many fields of high temperature materials science and engineering. The wetting behavior of liquid-silicon/refractory-materials system is especially important in refining and crystallization of silicon with respect to production of low cost solar cells but also in the production of silicon carbide based materials for advanced applications. This paper is a review on the wetting properties of molten silicon with various carbon, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and silica materials at high temperatures. Emphasis is given to reported data of the contact angles between molten silicon and ceramic substrates. The sessile drop method is the mainly used technique to determine the contact angles. A simple description of this method is also presented in this paper. In relation to chemical reaction between silicon and carbon with the formation of solid silicon carbide a model for the reaction kinetics and mechanisms is reported. Finally, the direction of future investigation of wettability of liquid-silicon with various refractory materials is proposed.
Ozone in Indoor Environments: Concentration and Chemistry (2000)

The concentration of indoor ozone depends on a number of factors, including the outdoor ozone concentration, air exchange rates, indoor emission rates, surface removal rates, and reactions between ozone and other chemicals in the air. Outdoor ozone concentrations often display strong diurnal variations, and this adds a dynamic excitation to the transport and chemical mechanisms at play. Hence, indoor ozone concentrations can vary significantly from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season, as well as from room-to-room and structure-to-structure. Under normal conditions, the half-life of ozone indoors is between 7 and 10 min and is determined primarily by surface removal and air exchange. Although reactions between ozone and most other indoor pollutants are thermodynamically favorable, in the majority of cases they are quite slow. Rate constants for reactions of ozone with the more commonly identified indoor pollutants are summarized in this article. They show that only a small fraction of the reactions occur at a rate fast enough to compete with air exchange, assuming typical indoor ozone concentrations. In the case of organic compounds, the "fast" reactions involve compounds with unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds. Although such compounds typically comprise less than 10% of indoor pollutants, their reactions with ozone have the potential to be quite significant as sources of indoor free radicals and multifunctional (-C=O, -COOH, -OH) stable compounds that are often quite odorous. The stable compounds are present as both gas phase and condensed phase species, with the latter contributing to the overall concentration of indoor submicron particles. Indeed, ozone/alkene reactions provide a link between outdoor ozone, outdoor particles and indoor particles. Indoor ozone and the products derived from reactions initiated by indoor ozone are potentially damaging to both human health and materials; more detailed explication of these impacts is an area of active investigation.
MMP-9, a Potential Target for Cerebral Ischemic Treatment (2009)

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) which is a member of matrix metalloproteinases family that normally remodel the extracellular matrix, has been shown to play an important role in both animal models of cerebral ischemia and human stroke. The expression of MMP-9 is elevated after cerebral ischemia which is involved in accelerating matrix degradation, disrupting the blood-brain barrier, increasing the infarct size and relating to hemorrhagic transformation. Recently, many drugs, such as tetracycline derivatives, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, ACEI inhibitors and AT1 receptor blockers, etc., have been found to attenuate the elevated expression levels of MMP-9 after ischemia and to reduce the damage of cerebral ischemic. This article reviews the physiological features of MMP-9 and its important role in the genesis, propagation, and therapeutics of cerebral ischemic diseases.