gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Confocal light microscopic techniques for examining dental operative procedures and dental materials. A status report for the American Journal of Dentistry. (1991)

A new form of light microscopy is compared with the current microscopic techniques for examining restorative dental procedures and dental materials. Confocal microscopy enables thin optical sections to be made below the surface of semi-transparent specimens with improved resolution. This paper reviews the different types of confocal microscopes, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the various instruments. It also reviews some of the techniques for specimen preparation and the control of factors influencing image quality.
CALCITONIN TREATMENT IN REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY: A PRELIMINARY STUDY (1996)

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is one of the important complications effecting the rehabilitation programmes of hemiplegic patients in a negative manner by causing pain and function loss. In this study, the aim was to investigate the effects of salmon calcitonin treatment in reflex sympathetic dystrophy that develops in hemiplegia. Forty-one patients with hemiplegia resulting from cerebrovascular events and stage 1-2 reflex sympathetic dystrophy were included in the study. Salmon calcitonin, 1 x 100 IU/day intramuscularly for 4 weeks, was administered to 25 of these patients (calcitonin group) to the other 16 patients physiological saline, 1 ml/day intramuscularly for 4 weeks, was administered (control group). At the end of the fourth week of treatment the pain score of the calcitonin group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Shoulder abduction and external rotation, wrist flexion and metacarpophalangeal extension of the calcitonin group were found to be significantly better than those of the control group. In the calcitonin group the significant decrease in pain and tenderness resulted in improvement of range of motion and motor functions.
Bacillus subtilis gtaB encodes UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and is controlled by stationary-phase transcription factor sigma B (1993)

Transcription factor sigma B of Bacillus subtilis controls a large stationary-phase regulon, but in no case has the physiological function of any gene in this regulon been identified. Here we show that transcription of gtaB is partly dependent on sigma B in vivo and that gtaB encodes UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. The gtaB reading frame was initially identified by a sigma B-dependent Tn917lacZ fusion, csb42. We cloned the region surrounding the csb42 insertion, identified the reading frame containing the transposon, and found that this frame encoded a predicted 292-residue product that shared 45% identical residues with the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase of Acetobacter xylinum. The identified reading frame appeared to lie in a monocistronic transcriptional unit. Primer extension and promoter activity experiments identified tandem promoters, one sigma B dependent and the other sigma B independent, immediately upstream from the proposed coding region. A sequence resembling a factor-independent terminator closely followed the coding region. By polymerase chain reaction amplification of a B. subtilis genomic library carried in yeast artificial chromosomes, we located the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase coding region near gtaB, mutations in which confer phage resistance due to decreased glycosylation of cell wall teichoic acids. Restriction mapping showed that the coding region overlapped the known location of gtaB. Sequence analysis of a strain carrying the gtaB290 allele found an alteration that would change the proposed initiation codon from AUG to AUA, and an insertion-deletion mutation in this frame conferred phage resistance indistinguishable from that elicited by the gtaB290 mutation. We conclude that gtaB encodes UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and is partly controlled by sigma B. Because this enzyme is important for thermotolerance and osmotolerance in stationary-phase Escherichia coli cells, our results suggest that some genes controlled by sigma B may play a role in stationary-phase survival of B. subtilis.
A spatial path scheduling algorithm for EDGE architectures (2006)

Growing on-chip wire delays are motivating architectural features that expose on-chip communication to the compiler. EDGE architectures are one example of communication-exposed microarchitectures in which the compiler forms dataflow graphs that specify how the microarchitecture maps instructions onto a distributed execution substrate. This paper describes a compiler scheduling algorithm called spatial path scheduling that factors in previously fixed locations - called anchor points - for each placement. This algorithm extends easily to different spatial topologies. We augment this basic algorithm with three heuristics: (1) local and global ALU and network link contention modeling, (2) global critical path estimates, and (3) dependence chain path reservation. We use simulated annealing to explore possible performance improvements and to motivate the augmented heuristics and their weighting functions. We show that the spatial path scheduling algorithm augmented with these three heuristics achieves a 21% average performance improvement over the best prior algorithm and comes within an average of 5% of the annealed performance for our benchmarks.
Sore throat management in general practice (1996)

This paper discusses primary care management of sore throat in the context of recent national 'consensus' guidelines from the Drugs and Therapeutics Bulletin. The guidelines advise taking a throat swab, using typical clinical features where swabs are not available, and suggest that antibiotics shorten the duration of symptoms and prevent complications. Systematic reviews and individual studies indicate that the evidence for prescribing antibiotics for most presentations of sore throat in general practice is marginal, and the benefits are probably outweighed by the likely costs of antibiotics. Using clinical scorecards or symptom clusters to identify individuals who would benefit from treatment is insensitive with low predictive value, although inexpensive. Using throat swabs as a gold standard for diagnosis is inappropriate since they are neither very specific nor sensitive, and will greatly increase costs of management. The relative lack of evidence for the efficacy of antibiotics and for the use of throat swabs from primary care research, and also an unbalanced perspective of dangers and complications related predominantly to a secondary care setting, underlines the problem of achieving valid consensus guidelines. Guidelines not firmly based on evidence appropriate to the intended setting are more likely to be received sceptically and hinder getting research into practice.
The Smart Petri Dish:  A Nanostructured Photonic Crystal for Real-Time Monitoring of Living Cells (2006)

The intensity of light scattered from a porous Si photonic crystal is used to monitor physiological changes in primary rat hepatocytes. The cells are seeded on the surface of a porous Si photonic crystal that has been filled with polystyrene and treated with an O2 plasma. Light resonant with the photonic crystal is scattered by the cell layer and detected as an optical peak with a charge-coupled-device spectrometer. It is demonstrated that exposure of hepatocytes to the toxins cadmium chloride or acetaminophen leads to morphology changes that cause a measurable increase in scattered intensity. The increase in signal occurs before traditional assays are able to detect a decrease in viability, demonstrating the potential of the technique as a complementary tool for cell viability studies. The scattering method presented here is noninvasive and can be performed in real time, representing a significant advantage compared to other techniques for in vitro monitoring of cell morphology.
Enhanced Relative Expression of Glutamate Receptor 1 Flip AMPA Receptor Subunits in Hippocampal Astrocytes of Epilepsy Patients with Ammon's Horn Sclerosis (2004)

Astrocytes express ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs), and recent evidence suggests that these receptors contribute to direct signaling between neurons and glial cells in vivo. Here, we have used functional and molecular analyses to investigate receptor properties in astrocytes of human hippocampus resected from patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Histopathological analysis allowed us to distinguish two forms of epilepsy: Ammon's horn sclerosis (AHS) and lesion-associated TLE. Human hippocampal astrocytes selectively expressed the AMPA subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Single-cell RT-PCR found preferential expression of the subunits GluR1 and GluR2 in human astrocytes, and the expression patterns were similar in patients with AHS and lesion-associated epilepsy. The AMPA receptor-specific modulators, cyclothiazide (CTZ) and 4-[2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio]-2,6-difluoro-phenoxyacetamide (PEPA), were used to investigate splice variant expression. Astrocytes of sclerotic specimens displayed a slower dissociation of CTZ from the receptor and a lower ratio of current potentiation by PEPA to potentiation by CTZ, suggesting enhanced expression of flip receptor variants in AHS versus lesion-associated epilepsy. Real-time PCR and restriction analysis substantiated this presumption by identifying elevated flip-to-flop mRNA ratios of GluR1 in single astrocytes of AHS specimens. These findings imply that in AHS, glutamate may lead to prolonged depolarization of astrocytes, thereby facilitating the generation or spread of seizure activity.
Inhibition of Heme Peroxidases by Melamine (2012)

In 2008 melamine-contaminated infant formula and dairy products in China led to over 50,000 hospitalizations of children due to renal injuries. In North America during 2007 and in Asia during 2004, melamine-contaminated pet food products resulted in numerous pet deaths due to renal failure. Animal studies have confirmed the potent renal toxicity of melamine combined with cyanuric acid. We showed previously that the solubility of melamine cyanurate is low at physiologic pH and ionic strength, provoking us to speculate how toxic levels of these compounds could be transported through the circulation without crystallizing until passing into the renal filtrate. We hypothesized that melamine might be sequestered by heme proteins, which could interfere with heme enzyme activity. Four heme peroxidase enzymes were selected for study: horseradish peroxidase (HRP), lactoperoxidase (LPO), and cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and -2). Melamine exhibited noncompetitive inhibition of HRP (K(i) 9.5 ± 0.7 mM), and LPO showed a mixed model of inhibition (K(i) 14.5 ± 4.7 mM). The inhibition of HRP and LPO was confirmed using a chemiluminescent peroxidase assay. Melamine also exhibited COX-1 inhibition, but inhibition of COX-2 was not detected. Thus, our results demonstrate that melamine inhibits the activity of three heme peroxidases.
A hand-held photometric stereo camera for 3-D modeling (2009)

This paper presents a simple yet practical 3-D modeling method for recovering surface shape and reflectance from a set of images. We attach a point light source to a hand-held camera to add a photometric constraint to the multi-view stereo problem. Using the photometric constraint, we simultaneously solve for shape, surface normal, and reflectance. Unlike prior approaches, we formulate the problem using realistic assumptions of a near light source, non-Lambertian surfaces, perspective camera model, and the presence of ambient lighting. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified using simulated and real-world scenes.
Antibodies to dickkopf-1 protein (2006)

Patent WO2006015373 claims the development of anti-dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) antibodies and immunologically functional fragments that neutralise DKK-1 function. These molecules can be used to detect DKK-1 in biological samples allowing the identification of pathological conditions in which DKK-1 alteration contributes to their pathophysiology. The use of anti-DKK-1 antibodies is of high importance in the treatment of bone disorders characterised by the inhibition of osteoblast function and subsequent bone loss. Postmenopausal and steroid-induced osteoporosis, myeloma bone disease and cancer bone metastases with lytic lesions are candidates for anti-DKK-1 therapy, as DKK-1 is implicated in their pathogenesis. Furthermore, anti-DKK-1 antibodies may be evaluated in conditions where promoting stem cell renewal is required, such as diabetes, inflammatory bowel disorders, chronic heart failure, muscle or neurological diseases.
Mechanical stimulation of organogenic cardiomyocyte growth in vitro (1996)

Adherent cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were subjected to progressive, unidirectional lengthening for 2-4 days in serum-containing medium. This mechanical stretch (25% increase in initial length each day) simulates the eccentric mechanical load placed on in vivo heart cells by increases in postnatal blood pressure and volume. The in vitro mechanical stimuli initiated a number of morphological alterations in the confluent cardiomyocyte population which were similar to those occurring during in vivo heart growth. These include cardiomyocyte organization into parallel arrays of rod-shaped cells, increased cardiomyocyte binucleation, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by longitudinal cell growth. Stretch stimulated DNA synthesis in the noncardiomyocyte population but not in the cardiomyocytes. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) content increased 62% over 4 days of stretch and included increased accumulation of both fetal beta-MHC and adult alpha-MHC isoforms. This new model of stretch-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy may assist in examining some of the complex mechanogenic growth processes that occur in the rapidly enlarging neonatal heart.
Downregulation of ATP Synthase Subunit-6, CytochromecOxidase-III, and NADH Dehydrogenase-3 by Bright Cyclic Light in the Rat Retina (2004)

Rearing in cyclic light at 400-lux downregulates the expression of ATPase-6, CO-III, and ND-3 compared with rearing in 5-lux cyclic light. The authors hypothesize that these changes are adaptive responses to light stress that provide neuroprotection to retinal cells by elevating the level of stress-related factors and reducing the level of oxidized cytochrome c, the form that activates the apoptotic cascade of cell death.
Antibiotic Treatment of Acne May Be Associated With Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (2005)

Patients with acne who were receiving antibiotic treatment for acne were more likely to develop a URTI than those with acne who were not receiving such treatment. The true clinical importance of our findings will require further investigation.
Allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation using mouse spleen cells fractionated by lectins: in vitro study of cell fractions. (1980)

Mouse spleen cells sequentially agglutinated by soybean agglutinin (SBA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA) previously had been shown to be sufficiently depleted of graft-versus-host activity to allow reconstitution of lethally irradiated allogeneic recipient mice. We have now tested the extent of T-cell depletion in this cell fraction by various in vitro assays, including cytotoxicity testing with anti-Thy-1 antiserum, mitogenic response to the T-cell mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin and allogeneic responsiveness in the mixed lymphocytes culture assay. By these criteria the SBA+, PNA+ spleen fraction, used previously in the in vivo experiments, was found to possess about 1% T-cell contamination. The slight contamination with T cells previously found in the singly agglutinated SBA fraction can be removed by a second fractionation with SBA, thus eliminating the possibility that a minor T-cell subpopulation bears receptors for SBA. Finally, we demonstrated that the twice-agglutinated fraction, by SBA and PNA or by SBA alone, contains a significant number of prothymocytes, thereby indicating that mouse prothymocytes bear receptors for both SBA and PNA. The implication of these findings to bone marrow transplantation in humans is discussed.
Photopolymerization via the Paterno‐Büchi reaction. II. Reaction of aromatic diketones with furans (1976)

Abstract Attempts to photopolymerize 1:1 mixtures of furan and aromatic diketones of the benzophenone type by irradiation of benzene solutions at 350 nm were unsuccessful. An alternative route via furan‐diketone 2:1 adducts was more successful but was complicated by the intervention of hydrogen abstraction reactions in competition with oxetane formation, leading to crosslinking and insolubilization in some cases.
The Development and Application of Optogenetics (2011)

Genetically encoded, single-component optogenetic tools have made a significant impact on neuroscience, enabling specific modulation of selected cells within complex neural tissues. As the optogenetic toolbox contents grow and diversify, the opportunities for neuroscience continue to grow. In this review, we outline the development of currently available single-component optogenetic tools and summarize the application of various optogenetic tools in diverse model organisms.
NF-κB AND REL PROTEINS: Evolutionarily Conserved Mediators of Immune Responses (1998)

The transcription factor NF-kappa B, more than a decade after its discovery, remains an exciting and active area of study. The involvement of NF-kappa B in the expression of numerous cytokines and adhesion molecules has supported its role as an evolutionarily conserved coordinating element in the organism's response to situations of infection, stress, and injury. Recently, significant advances have been made in elucidating the details of the pathways through which signals are transmitted to the NF-kappa B:I kappa B complex in the cytosol. The field now awaits the discovery and characterization of the kinase responsible for the inducible phosphorylation of I kappa B proteins. Another exciting development has been the demonstration that in certain situations NF-kappa B acts as an anti-apoptotic protein; therefore, elucidation of the mechanism by which NF-kappa B protects against cell death is an important goal. Finally, the generation of knockouts of members of the NF-kappa B/I kappa B family has allowed the study of the roles of these proteins in normal development and physiology. In this review, we discuss some of these recent findings and their implications for the study of NF-kappa B.
Cumulative Sleepiness, Mood Disturbance, and Psychomotor Vigilance Performance Decrements During a Week of Sleep Restricted to 4–5 Hours per Night (1997)

To determine whether a cumulative sleep debt (in a range commonly experienced) would result in cumulative changes in measures of waking neurobehavioral alertness, 16 healthy young adults had their sleep restricted 33% below habitual sleep duration, to an average 4.98 hours per night [standard deviation (SD) = 0.57] for seven consecutive nights. Subjects slept in the laboratory, and sleep and waking were monitored by staff and actigraphy. Three times each day (1000, 1600, and 2200 hours) subjects were assessed for subjective sleepiness (SSS) and mood (POMS) and were evaluated on a brief performance battery that included psychomotor vigilance (PVT), probed memory (PRM), and serial-addition testing, Once each day they completed a series of visual analog scales (VAS) and reported sleepiness and somatic and cognitive/emotional problems. Sleep restriction resulted in statistically robust cumulative effects on waking functions. SSS ratings, subscale scores for fatigue, confusion, tension, and total mood disturbance from the POMS and VAS ratings of mental exhaustion and stress were evaluated across days of restricted sleep (p = 0.009 to p = 0.0001). PVT performance parameters, including the frequency and duration of lapses, were also significantly increased by restriction (p = 0.018 to p = 0.0001). Significant time-of-day effects were evident in SSS and PVT data, but time-of-day did not interact with the effects of sleep restriction across days. The temporal profiles of cumulative changes in neurobehavioral measures of alertness as a function of sleep restriction were generally consistent. Subjective changes tended to precede performance changes by 1 day, but overall changes in both classes of measure were greatest during the first 2 days (P1, P2) and last 2 days (P6, P7) of sleep restriction. Data from subsets of subjects also showed: 1) that significant decreases in the MSLT occurred during sleep restriction, 2) that the elevated sleepiness and performance deficits continued beyond day 7 of restriction, and 3) that recovery from these deficits appeared to require two full nights of sleep. The cumulative increase in performance lapses across days of sleep restriction correlated closely with MSLT results (r = -0.95) from an earlier comparable experiment by Carskadon and Dement (1). These findings suggest that cumulative nocturnal sleep debt had a dynamic and escalating analog in cumulative daytime sleepiness and that asymptotic or steady-state sleepiness was not achieved in response to sleep restriction.
Cervical cancer screening (2004)

Although primary prevention of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections that are causally associated with invasive cervical cancer may be within our grasp, it is unlikely that these approaches will replace existing cervical cancer screening strategies for many years. Experts agree and data support periodic cytology screening for young-adult women using one of several technologies. Recent analyses of cost-effectiveness suggest that the addition of molecular HPV DNA testing for women aged over 30 years may allow the screening interval to be lengthened to 3 years for most women. Women at high risk for HPV infection and its associated cellular atypias warrant closer monitoring and follow-up. These patients would include organ transplant recipients, women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES), and HIV-infected women.
Multifunctional Nanoplatforms for Targeted Multidrug-Resistant-Bacteria Theranostic Applications (2013)

The emergence of multidrug-resistant-bacteria (MDRB) infection poses a major burden to modern healthcare. Early detection in the bloodstream and a new strategy development for MDRB infection treatment without antibiotics are clinically significant to save millions of lives every year. To tackle the MDRB challenge, the current manuscript reports the design of "multifunctional nanoplatforms" consisting of a magnetic core-plasmonic shell nanoparticle, a methylene blue-bound aptamer, and an MDRB Salmonella DT104 specific antibody. The reported "multifunctional nanoplatform" is capable of targeted separation from a blood sample and sensing and multimodal therapeutic killing of MDRB. Experimental data using an MDRB-infected whole-blood sample show that nanoplatforms can be used for selective magnetic separation and fluorescence imaging. In vitro light-triggered photodestruction of MDRB, using combined photodynamic and photothermal treatment, shows that the multimodal treatment regime can enhance MDRB killing significantly. We discussed the possible mechanisms on combined synergistic therapy for killing MDRB. The "multifunctional nanoplatform" reported in this manuscript has great potential for the imaging and combined therapy of MDRB in clinical settings.
Influence of Partial Nerve Injury in the Rat on Efferent Function of Sympathetic and Antidromically Acting Sensory Nerve Fibers (1996)

Partial injury of the rat sciatic nerve causes an ipsilateral increase in SBF at an early stage, which is followed by a decrease at a later stage. At both stages, antidromically acting sensory and orthodromically acting nonsensory (sympathetic) nerve fibers are involved in the vasodilator response. At a later stage, however, neurogenic vasodilator mechanisms are overruled by a nonneurogenic vasoconstrictor mechanism. The latter may consist of supersensitivity of skin microvessels to catecholamines consequent to reduced neurogenic disposition of catecholamines.