gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electronic Structure and Optical Limiting Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes (1999)

Carbon nanotubes prepared by catalytic (CO) disproportionation were studied using TEM, XRD, UPS, XPS, and optical spectroscopies. In comparison with graphite, the carbon nanotubes show greater interplanar distance, smaller work function, steeper Fermi edge, negative core-level shift, and stronger plasma excitation. Their valence band is basically the same as that of graphite, with lower intensity in the binding energy region of 2--7 eV. The carbon nanotubes exhibit a strong optical limiting effect, superior to both carbon black and ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$.
Skin Effector Memory T Cells Do Not Recirculate and Provide Immune Protection in Alemtuzumab-Treated CTCL Patients (2012)

Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a cancer of skin-homing T cells with variants that include leukemic CTCL (L-CTCL), a malignancy of central memory T cells (T(CM)), and mycosis fungoides (MF), a malignancy of skin resident effector memory T cells (T(EM)). We report that low-dose alemtuzumab (αCD52) effectively treated patients with refractory L-CTCL but not MF. Alemtuzumab depleted all T cells in blood and depleted both benign and malignant T(CM) from skin, but a diverse population of skin resident T(EM) remained in skin after therapy. T cell depletion with alemtuzumab required the presence of neutrophils, a cell type frequent in blood but rare in normal skin. These data suggest that T(CM) were depleted because they recirculate between the blood and the skin, whereas skin resident T(EM) were spared because they are sessile and non-recirculating. After alemtuzumab treatment, skin T cells produced lower amounts of interleukin-4 and higher amounts of interferon-γ. Moreover, there was a marked lack of infections in alemtuzumab-treated L-CTCL patients despite the complete absence of T cells in the blood, suggesting that skin resident T(EM) can protect the skin from pathogens even in the absence of T cell recruitment from the circulation. Together, these data suggest that alemtuzumab may treat refractory L-CTCL without severely compromising the immune response to infection by depleting circulating T(CM) but sparing the skin resident T(EM) that provide local immune protection of the skin.
Experimental studies on nephrotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of LY 146032 (daptomycin) in rats (1990)

The nephrotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of LY 146032 (daptomycin) were studied in an experimental rat model. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by measuring urinary loss of tubular cells and malate dehydrogenase. LY 146032 (10-250 mg/kg daily iv) led to a dose-dependent and reversible increase of cell elimination. The tubulo-toxic threshold dose is stated to be 10 mg/kg daily. Nephrotoxicity induced by LY 146032 can be reduced by coadministration of fosfomycin or D-glucaro-1.5-lactam, and enhanced by combination with tobramycin. LY 146032 accumulated in renal tissue during repeated administration. Electron microscopy revealed histopathological changes in the kidneys. Therefore the nephrotoxic potential of LY 146032 should be taken into consideration in clinical trials.
Application of massively parallel sequencing to microRNA profiling and discovery in human embryonic stem cells (2008)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as important, albeit poorly characterized, regulators of biological processes. Key to further elucidation of their roles is the generation of more complete lists of their numbers and expression changes in different cell states. Here, we report a new method for surveying the expression of small RNAs, including microRNAs, using Illumina sequencing technology. We also present a set of methods for annotating sequences deriving from known miRNAs, identifying variability in mature miRNA sequences, and identifying sequences belonging to previously unidentified miRNA genes. Application of this approach to RNA from human embryonic stem cells obtained before and after their differentiation into embryoid bodies revealed the sequences and expression levels of 334 known plus 104 novel miRNA genes. One hundred seventy-one known and 23 novel microRNA sequences exhibited significant expression differences between these two developmental states. Owing to the increased number of sequence reads, these libraries represent the deepest miRNA sampling to date, spanning nearly six orders of magnitude of expression. The predicted targets of those miRNAs enriched in either sample shared common features. Included among the high-ranked predicted gene targets are those implicated in differentiation, cell cycle control, programmed cell death, and transcriptional regulation.
Mitochondrial damage in muscle occurs after marked depletion of glutathione and is prevented by giving glutathione monoester. (1989)

Skeletal muscle degeneration associated with mitochondrial damage was found after marked depletion of glutathione produced by administration to mice of buthionine sulfoximine, an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. No mitochondrial damage was found in heart. These studies show that in the absence of applied stress (such as ischemia, drug toxicity), very marked depletion (to approximately 3% of the controls) of glutathione must occur before skeletal muscle mitochondria are affected and thus suggest that muscle has a large excess of glutathione. Depletion of glutathione followed a biphasic pattern in skeletal muscle and heart, probably reflecting, in the slow phase, loss of glutathione from mitochondria. Skeletal muscle degeneration did not occur when glutathione monoisopropyl ester was given together with buthionine sulfoximine; it did occur, however, when glutathione was given together with buthionine sulfoximine. Administration of the glutathione monoester (but not of glutathione) prevented the marked decline of mitochondrial glutathione produced by buthionine sulfoximine in skeletal muscle and increased the level of glutathione in heart mitochondria to values higher than the controls. The findings suggest that glutathione monoesters may be useful agents for protection of heart and skeletal muscle against toxicity.
Antisense c-myc and Immunostimulatory Oligonucleotide Inhibition of Tumorigenesis in a Murine B-Cell Lymphoma Transplant Model (1998)

A combined oligonucleotide regimen, based on antisense c-MYC and immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, should be investigated to increase the number and duration of complete remissions obtained after standard chemotherapy for B-cell lymphoma.
Specific receptors for platelet-derived growth factor on cells derived from connective tissue and glia. (1981)

A cellular receptor for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was demonstrated by incubation of 125I-labeled PDGF with human foreskin fibroblast cultures followed by liberation of cell-bound radioactivity with Triton X-100. The cellular binding of labeled PDGF in the presence of increasing amounts of unlabeled PDGF showed saturation; Scatchard analysis of binding data indicated a single class of receptors having kd = 1 X 10(-9) M. The number of PDGF binding sites was approximately 3 X 10(5)/cell. Labeled PDGF binding reached an apparent equilibrium after 3 hr at 4 degrees C. At 37 degrees C, it passed a maximum after 30 min and then decreased with time due to degradation of the tracer. A large excess of unlabeled PDGF reduced labeled PDGF binding by more than 90% whereas similar doses of epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, or insulin had no effect. It was concluded that PDGF did not share receptors with these factors. PDGF receptors were found on skin fibroblasts, normal and malignant glial cells, smooth muscle cells, and 3T3 cells but not on epithelial-derived cells, neuroblastoma cells, endothelial cells, or peripheral lymphocytes.l As only the receptor-positive cells--i.e., the connective tissue- and glia-derived cells--are responsive to stimulation with PDGF, these findings imply a functional significance of the PDGF receptor.
Adaptive Training Using Simple Target Models (2006)

Adaptive training aims at reducing the influence of speaker, channel and environment variability on the acoustic models. We describe an acoustic normalization approach to adaptive training. Phonetically irrelevant acoustic variability is reduced at the beginning of the training procedure w.r.t. a set of target models. The set of target models can be a set of HMMs or a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). CMLLR is applied to normalize the acoustic features. The normalized data contains less unwanted variability and is used to generate and train the recognition models. Employing a GMM as a target model leads to a text-independent procedure that can be embedded into the acoustic front-end. On a broadcast news transcription task we obtain relative reductions in WER of 7.8% in the first recognition pass over a conventionally trained system and of 3.4% in the second recognition pass over a SAT-trained system.
Music Source Separation Using Stacked Hourglass Networks (2018)

In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective method for multiple music source separation using convolutional neural networks. Stacked hourglass network, which was originally designed for human pose estimation in natural images, is applied to a music source separation task. The network learns features from a spectrogram image across multiple scales and generates masks for each music source. The estimated mask is refined as it passes over stacked hourglass modules. The proposed framework is able to separate multiple music sources using a single network. Experimental results on MIR-1K and DSD100 datasets validate that the proposed method achieves competitive results comparable to the state-of-the-art methods in multiple music source separation and singing voice separation tasks.
Multiple-Drop Study of Topically Applied 1% 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Human Eyes (1983)

Twenty-eight male volunteers were given either 1% delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) or vehicle alone (light mineral oil). They used the medication four times per day for one week. Five volunteers, four of which used vehicle alone, discontinued the study because of burning sensation and lid swelling. In the 23 volunteers who completed the study, there was no difference in intraocular pressure between eyes treated with 1% delta 9-THC and controls.
Elevated nucleocytoplasmic glycosylation by O-GlcNAc results in insulin resistance associated with defects in Akt activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (2002)

Increased flux of glucose through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HSP) is believed to mediate hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance in diabetes. The end product of the HSP, UDP beta-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), is a donor sugar nucleotide for complex glycosylation in the secretory pathway and for O-linked GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) addition to nucleocytoplasmic proteins. Cycling of the O-GlcNAc posttranslational modification was blocked by pharmacological inhibition of O-GlcNAcase, the enzyme that catalyzes O-GlcNAc removal from proteins, with O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosylidene)amino-N-phenylcarbamate (PUGNAc). PUGNAc treatment increased levels of O-GlcNAc and caused insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Insulin resistance induced through the HSP by glucosamine and chronic insulin treatment correlated with increased O-GlcNAc levels on nucleocytoplasmic proteins. Whereas insulin receptor autophosphorylation and insulin receptor substrate 2 tyrosine phosphorylation were not affected by PUGNAc inhibition of O-GlcNAcase, downstream phosphorylation of Akt at Thr-308 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta at Ser-9 was inhibited. PUGNAc-induced insulin resistance was associated with increased O-GlcNAc modification of several proteins including insulin receptor substrate 1 and beta-catenin, two important effectors of insulin signaling. These results suggest that elevation of O-GlcNAc levels attenuate insulin signaling and contribute to the mechanism by which increased flux through the HSP leads to insulin resistance in adipocytes.
Stride prefetching by dynamically inspecting objects (2003)

Software prefetching is a promising technique to hide cache miss latencies, but it remains challenging to effectively prefetch pointer-based data structures because obtaining the memory address to be prefetched requires pointer dereferences. The recently proposed stride prefetching overcomes this problem, but it only exploits inter-iteration stride patterns and relies on an off-line profiling method.We propose a new algorithm for stride prefetching which is intended for use in a dynamic compiler. We exploit both inter- and intra-iteration stride patterns, which we discover using an ultra-lightweight profiling technique, called object inspection . This is a kind of partial interpretation that only a dynamic compiler can perform. During the compilation of a method, the dynamic compiler gathers the profile information by partially interpreting the method using the actual values of parameters and causing no side effects.We evaluated an implementation of our prefetching algorithm in a production-level Java just-in time compiler. The results show that the algorithm achieved up to an 18.9% and 25.1% speedup in industry-standard benchmarks on the Pentium 4 and the Athlon MP, respectively, while it increased the compilation time by less than 3.0% .
Amplification of human papillomavirus DNA sequences by using conserved primers (1989)

The polymerase chain reaction has potential for use in the detection of small amounts of human papillomavirus (HPV) viral nucleic acids present in clinical specimens. However, new HPV types for which no probes exist would remain undetected by using type-specific primers for the polymerase chain reaction before hybridization. Primers corresponding to highly conserved HPV sequences may be useful for detecting low amounts of known HPV DNA as well as new HPV types. Here we analyze a pair of primers derived from conserved sequences within the E1 open reading frame for HPV sequence amplification by using the polymerase chain reaction. The longest perfect homology among HPV sequences is a 12-mer within the first exon of E1M. A region of conserved amino acids coded by the E1 open reading frame allowed the detection of another highly conserved region about 850 base pairs downstream. Two 21-mers derived from these conserved regions were used to amplify sequences from all HPV DNAs used as templates. The amplified DNA was shown to be specific for HPV sequences within the E1 open reading frame. DNA from HPVs whose sequences were not available were amplified by using these two primers. HPV DNA sequences in clinical specimens could also be amplified with the primers.
Anti-Fas monoclonal antibody is cytocidal to human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells without augmenting viral replication. (1990)

A cytotoxic monoclonal antibody (anti-Fas mAb) against the 200-kDa cell surface Fas antigen, which is associated with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor, was examined for its in vitro activity on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected cells. It was found that both TNF and anti-Fas mAb selectively killed the chronically HIV-infected cells. Uninfected cells were less sensitive to the antibody than those infected with HIV. When the cells were cultured in the presence of anti-Fas mAb immediately after the HIV infection, the spread of HIV-infected cells was suppressed by the antibody. TNF augmented both the synthesis of HIV-specific mRNA in HIV-infected cells and formation of multinucleated giant cells. In contrast, the anti-Fas mAb did not augment HIV replication or enhance the HIV-induced formation of syncytia. The results indicated that anti-Fas mAb mimicks the cytocidal action of TNF but does not augment HIV replication.
Observer reliability in assessing placental maturity by histology. (1995)

Experienced pathologists can have difficulty in assessing the villous maturity of placentas by histology. They can also be influenced by clinical information provided, such as gestational age. Other observer reliability studies must address the issue of the influence of labelled information on observer variation. A difference in maturation would have to be of a six week magnitude to have a chance of being detected by current methods. This may limit the value of the histological diagnosis of placental dysmaturity as a surrogate marker for uteroplacental ischaemia.
Highly Efficient Route to Fused Polycyclic Aromatics via Palladium-Catalyzed Aryne Annulation by Aryl Halides (2006)

Polycyclic aromatic and heteroaromatic hydrocarbons have been synthesized in high yield by two different processes involving the Pd-catalyzed annulation of arynes. The first process involves a Pd-catalyzed annulation of arynes by 2-halobiaryls and related vinylic halides. The second process utilizes a Pd-catalyzed double annulation of arynes by simple aryl halides. Both processes appear to involve the catalytic, stepwise coupling of two very reactive substrates, an aryne and an organopalladium species, to generate excellent yields of cross-coupled products.
Making Sense of Senescence (Molecular Genetic Regulation and Manipulation of Leaf Senescence) (1997)

Leaf senescence is the final stage of leaf development. In forests of deciduous trees, the autumn colors that develop during leaf senescence are of great aesthetic value. This process is also of great practical value because during leaf senescence, nutrients are recycled to other parts of the plant. For example, nitrogen from leaves of deciduous trees is used for the synthesis of storage proteins in stems that will support growth during the following spring (Clausen and Apel, 1991). However, in an agricultural setting, leaf senescence may limit yield in certain crops. Senescence also contributes to the postharvest loss of vegetable crops. Therefore, studying leaf senescence will not only contribute to our knowledge about this fundamental developmental process, but may also lead to ways of manipulating senescence for agricultural applications. There have been many physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies of leaf senescence. These studies show that during senescence leaf cells undergo highly coordinated changes in cell structure, metabolism, and gene expression. The earliest and most significant change in cell structure is the breakdown of the chloroplast, the organelle that contains up to 70% of the leaf protein. Metabolically, carbon assimilation (photosynthesis) is replaced by catabolism of chlorophyll and macromolecules such as proteins, membrane lipids, and RNA so that some of the released nutrients can be recycled. At the molecular level, these changes are accompanied by, or perhaps driven by, changes in gene expression. In this Update, we summarize physiological and biochemical studies that have contributed to the present understanding of leaf senescence, then we discuss current molecular investigations into the regulatory mechanism(s) underlying leaf senescence, and, finally, we review some molecular approaches toward the manipulation of leaf senescence.
Modification of commercial force feedback hardware for needle insertion simulation. (2011)

A SensAble Omni force feedback device has been modified to increase the face validity of a needle insertion simulation. The new end effector uses a real needle hub and shortened needle shaft in place of the Omni's pre-fitted pen shaped end effector. This modification facilitates correct procedural training through the simulation of co-located visual and haptic cues in an augmented reality approach to simulation. The development of the new end effector is described and a pictorial guide to its manufacture and the fitting process is provided. Initial results from face validation studies bode well for the fidelity of this low cost device.
Antibodies to watch in 2014 (2014)

The commercial pipeline of monoclonal antibodies is highly dynamic, with a multitude of transitions occurring during the year as product candidates advance through the clinical phases and onto the market. The data presented here add to that provided in the extensive "Antibodies to watch in 2014" report published in the January/February 2014 issue of mAbs. Recent phase transition data suggest that 2014 may be a banner year for first approvals of antibody therapeutics. As of May 2014, three products, ramucirumab (Cyramza®), siltuximab (Sylvant®) and vedolizumab (Entyvio™), had been granted first approvals in the United States, and four additional antibody therapeutics (secukinumab, dinutuximab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab) are undergoing regulatory review in either the US or the European Union. Other notable events include the start of first Phase 3 studies for seven antibody therapeutics (dupilumab, SA237, etrolizumab, MPDL3280A, bavituximab, clivatuzumab tetraxetan, blinatumomab). Relevant data for these product candidates are summarized, and metrics for antibody therapeutics development are discussed.
Mixed Polymer Brush-Grafted Particles: A New Class of Environmentally Responsive Nanostructured Materials (2009)

Mixed polymer brush-grafted particles, in which two distinct polymers are randomly or alternately immobilized by one end via a covalent bond on the surface of core particles with sufficiently high grafting densities, represent a new, intriguing class of environmentally responsive nanostructured hybrid materials. The two end-tethered polymers can undergo spontaneous chain reorganization in response to environmental variations, rendering particles adaptive surface properties and different colloidal behavior. This Perspective is intended to review recent exciting progress on the synthesis, responsive properties, self-assembled structures, and applications of mixed brush-grafted particles with a spherical core radius Rcore significantly larger than, comparable to, and smaller than the root-mean-square end-to-end distances (⟨Rrms⟩) of grafted polymers. The critical yet unsolved issues in the phase morphology of mixed homopolymer brushes and the hierarchical self-assembly of mixed brush-grafted particles are discussed.
Design of trellis codes for source coding with side information at the decoder (2002)

The problem of source coding with side information at the decoder arises in many practical scenarios. Although this problem has been well characterized in information theory, particularly by the work of Wyner and Ziv (1976), there is still lack of successful algorithms for it. In this paper, we use trellis codes to approach the theoretical limit. An embedded trellis code structure is proposed, and its properties are examined. Using this structure, we can achieve the granular gain at the encoder as well as the coding gain at the decoder. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the algorithms reported in the literature. It is also indicated that the performance of the proposed algorithm can approach the information-theoretic limit at high rate as the trellis complexity increases.
Simulation Studies of Influenza Epidemics: Assessment of Parameter Estimation and Sensitivity (1984)

The influenza simulation model of Elveback et al is used to evaluate the accuracy of the maximum likelihood procedure of Longini et al for estimating the secondary attack rate in households. The sample population from the Tecumseh Respiratory Illness Study is mapped into the simulation model and simulations are carried out over a range of parameter values and conditions, some of which were derived from influenza seasons in Tecumseh and from the Seattle Flu Study for the years 1975-1980. The estimation procedure is found to be quite robust for parameter values preset within appropriate limits for influenza. However, a significant difference is found between the preset and estimated household contact parameter for epidemics of medium and high intensity when the preset value is zero. Incremental increases in the household contact parameter are shown to produce marked increases in the overall infection attack rate demonstrating that household spread is an important link in maintaining infection in other mixing groups such as schools, preschool groups and neighbourhood clusters of households.