gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulus quantization for matching-pursuit video coding (2000)

Overcomplete signal decomposition using matching pursuits has been shown to be an efficient technique for coding motion-residual images in a hybrid video coder. Unlike orthogonal decomposition, matching pursuit uses an in-the-loop modulus quantizer which must be specified before coding begins. This complicates the quantizer design, since the optimal quantizer depends on the statistics of the matching-pursuit coefficients which in turn depend on the in loop quantizer actually used. In this paper, we address the modulus quantizer design issue, specifically developing frame-adaptive quantization schemes for the matching-pursuit video coder. Adaptive dead-zone subtraction is shown to reduce the information content of the modulus source, and a uniform threshhold quantizer is shown to be optimal for the resulting source. Practical two-pass and one-pass algorithms are developed to jointly determine the quantizer parameters and the number of coded basis functions in order to minimize coding distortion for a given rate. The compromise one-pass scheme performs nearly as well as the full two-pass algorithm, but with the same complexity as a fixed-quantizer design. The adaptive schemes are shown to outperform the fixed quantizer used in earlier works, especially at high bit rates, where the gain is as high as 1.7 dB.
Differential effects of carboxy-terminal sequence deletions on platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling activities and interactions with cellular substrates. (1992)

Chimeric receptors composed of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) extracellular domain fused to wild-type and truncated platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R) intracellular sequences were stably expressed in NIH 3T3 cells devoid of endogenous EGF-Rs. This experimental system allowed us to investigate the biological activity of PDGF-R cytoplasmic-domain mutants in PDGF-R-responsive NIH 3T3 cells by activating PDGF-specific signaling pathways with EGF. Deletion of 74 carboxy-terminal amino acids severely impaired the ability of the PDGF-R cytoplasmic domain to associate with cellular substrates in vitro. This deletion also inhibited receptor and substrate phosphorylation, reduced the receptor's mitogenic activity, and completely abolished its oncogenic signaling potential. Surprisingly, removal of only six additional amino acids, including Tyr-989, restored substantial receptor and substrate phosphorylation capacity as well as transforming potential and yielded a receptor with wild-type levels of ligand-induced mitogenic activity. However, the ability of this chimera to bind phospholipase C gamma was severely impaired in comparison with the ability of the wild-type receptor, while the association with other cellular proteins was not affected. Further deletion of 35 residues, including Tyr-977, nearly abolished all PDGF-R cytoplasmic-domain biological signaling activities. None of the three C-terminal truncations completely abolished the mitogenic potential of the receptors or had any influence on ligand binding or receptor down regulation. Together, these data implicate the 80 C-terminal-most residues of the PDGF-R, and possibly Tyr-989, in phospholipase C gamma binding, while receptor sequences upstream from Asp-988 appear to be essential for specific interactions with other cellular polypeptides such as ras GTPase-activating protein and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Thus, the mutants described here allow the separation of distinct PDGF-activated signaling pathways and demonstrate that phospholipase C gamma phosphorylation is not required for mitogenesis and transformation.
Ionic liquids are not always green: hydrolysis of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (2003)

1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium fluoride hydrate has been identified crystallographically as a decomposition product created during purification of the hydrophobic ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. This highlights the need to treat ionic liquids much as one would any other research chemical with potentially hazardous properties, unknown toxicity and/or stability, particularly when searching for ‘green solvents’.
Surface Dipole Control of Liquid Crystal Alignment (2016)

Detailed understanding and control of the intermolecular forces that govern molecular assembly are necessary to engineer structure and function at the nanoscale. Liquid crystal (LC) assembly is exceptionally sensitive to surface properties, capable of transducing nanoscale intermolecular interactions into a macroscopic optical readout. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) modify surface interactions and are known to influence LC alignment. Here, we exploit the different dipole magnitudes and orientations of carboranethiol and -dithiol positional isomers to deconvolve the influence of SAM-LC dipolar coupling from variations in molecular geometry, tilt, and order. Director orientations and anchoring energies are measured for LC cells employing various carboranethiol and -dithiol isomer alignment layers. The normal component of the molecular dipole in the SAM, toward or away from the underlying substrate, was found to determine the in-plane LC director orientation relative to the anisotropy axis of the surface. By using LC alignment as a probe of interaction strength, we elucidate the role of dipolar coupling of molecular monolayers to their environment in determining molecular orientations. We apply this understanding to advance the engineering of molecular interactions at the nanoscale.
Murine thrombopoietin mRNA levels are modulated by platelet count (1995)

The activity of the c-Mpl ligand hematopoietic progenitors meets criteria expected for thrombopoietin (TPO). Bio-assays have shown that blood TPO levels are inversely related to platelet mass. We sought to identify the molecular basis for this regulation. To determine if TPO mRNA levels respond to platelet demand, RNA from selected organs of mice with high, normal or low platelet counts was subjected to semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Although no differences in TPO mRNA levels between control and treated mice could be detected in liver or kidney, TPO-specific bands were more intense after 25 to 30 polymerase chain reaction cycles in marrow-derived mRNA from thrombocytopenic mice. The TPO-specific bands were less intense in thrombocytotic mouse marrow and spleen than control mouse marrow and spleen after 30 cycles. These data support the hypothesis that TPO levels are regulated, at least in part, by modulating mRNA levels in response to platelet demand.
Cyclic conjugated enediynes related to calicheamicins and esperamicins: calculations, synthesis, and properties (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclic conjugated enediynes related to calicheamicins and esperamicins: calculations, synthesis, and propertiesK. C. Nicolaou, Y. Ogawa, G. Zuccarello, E. J. Schweiger, and T. KumazawaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 14, 4866–4868Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00222a077https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00222a077research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1025Altmetric-Citations261LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
An algorithm for pattern recognition of multichannel ECG signals (2005)

This paper describes an algorithm that can efficiently analyze the multichannel ECG signal using the frame. The input is a set of significant f eatures( points) which have been extracted from an original sampled signal by using the split-and-merge algorithm. A signal from each channel c an be hierarchically decomposed to produce a hierarchical AND/OR graph on the b asis of the priori knowledge for ECG signal. The search mechanism with some heuristics and the mixed paradigms of data-driven and model-driven hypothesis f ormation are used as the major control mechanisms. The mutual relations among features are a lso considered by evaluating a score based on the r elational spectrum. For recognition of morphologies c orresponding to OR nodes, an hypothesis m odification strategy is used. Other techniques such as instance inheritance, priority update of prototypes, and template m atching facility are also used. exactly recognized the primary points and supporting points from the multichannel ECG signa 1 s. This a lgorithm
Na+/K+‐ATPase as a signal transducer (2002)

Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase as an energy transducing ion pump has been studied extensively since its discovery in 1957. Although early findings suggested a role for Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in regulation of cell growth and expression of various genes, only in recent years the mechanisms through which this plasma membrane enzyme communicates with the nucleus have been studied. This research, carried out mostly on cardiac myocytes, shows that in addition to pumping ions, Na(+)/K+-ATPase interacts with neighboring membrane proteins and organized cytosolic cascades of signaling proteins to send messages to the intracellular organelles. The signaling pathways that are rapidly elicited by the interaction of ouabain with Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, and are independent of changes in intracellular Na(+) and K(+) concentrations, include activation of Src kinase, transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by Src, activation of Ras and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases, and increased generation of reactive oxygen species by mitochondria. In cardiac myocytes, the resulting downstream events include the induction of some early response proto-oncogenes, activation of the transcription factors, activator protein-1 and nuclear factor kappa-B, regulation of a number of cardiac growth-related genes, and stimulation of protein synthesis and myocyte hypertrophy. For these downstream events, the induced reactive oxygen species and rise in intracellular Ca(2+) are essential second messengers. In cells other than cardiac myocytes, the proximal pathways linked to Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase through protein-protein interactions are similar to those reported in myocytes, but the downstream events and consequences may be significantly different. The likely extracellular physiological stimuli for the signal transducing function of Na+/K+-ATPase are the endogenous ouabain-like hormones, and changes in extracellular K+ concentration.
Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization of Allenenes (2003)

Tri- and tetracyclic heterocycles were formed through the tandem cyclization of allenenes 1 upon treatment with an aryl iodide, potassium carbonate, and catalytic [Pd(PPh3)4] (see scheme). The reactivity of the palladium(II) intermediates could be controlled by substitution (R′) at the olefin terminus (Mts=2,4,6-trimethylphenylsulfonyl). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2003/z51011_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level (1993)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To report the distribution of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores by age and educational level. <h3>Design.</h3> —National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program surveys conducted between 1980 and 1984. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Community populations in New Haven, Conn; Baltimore, Md; St Louis, Mo; Durham, NC; and Los Angeles, Calif. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A total of 18 056 adult participants selected by probability sampling within census tracts and households. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Summary scores for the MMSE are given in the form of mean, median, and percentile distributions specific for age and educational level. <h3>Results.</h3> —The MMSE scores were related to both age and educational level. There was an inverse relationship between MMSE scores and age, ranging from a median of 29 for those 18 to 24 years of age, to 25 for individuals 80 years of age and older. The median MMSE score was 29 for individuals with at least 9 years of schooling, 26 for those with 5 to 8 years of schooling, and 22 for those with 0 to 4 years of schooling. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Cognitive performance as measured by the MMSE varies within the population by age and education. The cause of this variation has yet to be determined. Mini-Mental State Examination scores should be used to identify current cognitive difficulties and not to make formal diagnoses. The results presented should prove to be useful to clinicians who wish to compare an individual patient's MMSE scores with a population reference group and to researchers making plans for new studies in which cognitive status is a variable of interest. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;269:2386-2391)
Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulates estrogen receptor alpha (ER) expression through interaction with the ER promoter. (2004)

2399 Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the serine-threonine phosphatase family that is involved in regulation of many cellular processes including transcription, translation, cellular metabolism and apoptosis. We confirmed by Real Time PCR the recent finding of Gopalakrishna et al (Cancer Letters 136:145, 1999) demonstrating a correlation between PP2A expression and ER expression in several human breast cancer cell lines. Therefore, we investigated if a potential molecular pathway involving PP2A could contribute to regulation of ER expression in the human breast cancer cell line, MCF7. Through the use of Okadaic Acid (OA), a specific PP2A inhibitor, at 250 nM for 24 hours, we were able to significantly inhibit PP2A protein expression by Western analysis and detected a 40% reduction in PP2A activity in MCF7 cells. This inhibition of PP2A also resulted in 75% reduction in ER mRNA expression by Real Time PCR and a significant decrease in protein expression. Inhibition of ER mRNA and protein expression following PP2A inhibition was further confirmed using siRNA probes specifically targeting expression of PP2A. siRNA inhibition of PP2A resulted in 77% decrease in ER mRNA expression by Real Time PCR and a similar decrease in protein expression. Taken together, these data suggest a role for PP2A in the transcriptional regulation of ER. Because the transcription factor Sp1 is activated by PP2A and binds to the ER P1 promoter, we evaluated a region within the P1 promoter that contains two putative Sp1 binding sites by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). We have identified a region of the P1 promoter with decreased transcription factor complex formation following inhibition of PP2A in MCF7 cells. These data suggest a novel pathway controlling ER expression resulting from the activation of PP2A and could potentially provide a novel therapeutic target. Supported by NIH CA88843, T32 CA09110, and K14 GM063673.
Optically active amines. 30. Application of the salicylidenimino chirality rule to aliphatic and alicyclic amines (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOptically active amines. 30. Application of the salicylidenimino chirality rule to aliphatic and alicyclic aminesHoward E. Smith, Clinton A. Taylor Jr., Antony F. McDonagh, and Fu Ming ChenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 13, 2525–2531Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00134a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00134a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views94Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Osteoblastic Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase: Its Potential Role in the Molecular Mechanism of Osteogenic Action of Fluoride (2003)

Although type 5 TRACP is recognized as a histochemical and biochemical marker of osteoclasts, there is evidence that bone forming cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes also express a type 5 TRACP. Accordingly, an osteoblastic type 5 TRACP has been purified from human osteoblasts and from bovine cortical bone matrices. Comparison of biochemical properties of osteoblastic type 5 TRACP with those of osteoclastic type 5 TRACP suggests that osteoblastic type 5 TRACP is a different isoenzyme from osteoclastic type 5 TRACP. Two properties of osteoblastic type 5 TRACP may be relevant to its physiological functions: (1) it acts as a protein-tyrosine phosphatase (protein tyrosine phosphorylation) under physiologically relevant conditions, and (2) it is sensitive to inhibition by clinically relevant concentrations of fluoride. Because fluoride is a stimulator of osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation and a potent osteogenic agent and because protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays an important regulatory role in cell proliferation and differentiation, these unique properties and other evidence summarized in this review led to the proposal that the osteogenic action of fluoride is mediated, at least in part, by the fluoride-mediated inhibition of osteoblastic type 5 TRACP/protein tyrosine phosphorylation, which leads to a stimulation of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, and subsequently, an increase in bone formation.
Vitamin D affects proliferation of a murine T helper cell clone. (1987)

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), the biologically active form of vitamin D3, has been shown to inhibit the activation of T cell hybridomas and heterogeneous populations of mononuclear leukocytes. Because the response of various clones to 1,25(OH)2D3 may differ, we have examined the proliferative effects of the steroid on an antigen-specific cloned, nontransformed T helper cell line (D10.G4.1 [D10 cells]), and find that in contrast to these previous studies, the steroid is a potent stimulator of lectin-induced proliferation. In these experiments, D10 cells were incubated with concanavalin A and 1,25(OH)2D3, and although the lectin or steroid alone has minimal proliferative effects, their co-addition prompts up to a 50-fold increase in 3H-TdR incorporation at a concentration of 2.5 to 5 X 10(-9) M 1,25(OH)2D3, with significant mitogenesis occurring at 0.1 to 0.3 X 10(-9) M 1,25(OH)2D3. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 have similar activity, but at concentrations two to three times greater than that of 1,25(OH)2D3, reflecting their relative affinities for the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor. In addition, lectin treatment enhances 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor capacity fourfold to fivefold, an event coupled with the appearance of positive cooperativity. Although the steroid does not affect the quantity of bioassayable T cell growth factors as assessed by HT-2 cell proliferation, the expression of immunoreactive IL 2 receptors by lectin-activated D10 cells exposed to 1,25(OH)2D3 is enhanced. In contrast to its proliferative effect in the absence of IL 1, 1,25(OH)2D3 exerts biphasic effects on D10 replication when this monokine is present. Specifically, this steroid augments D10 proliferation at low concentrations of recombinant IL 1, but as the abundance of the monokine increases in the presence of 10(-10) to 10(-8) M 1,25(OH)2D3, the peak response of D10 cells to optimal IL 1 concentrations is diminished. Therefore, in this clone, 1,25(OH)2D3 presents itself as a regulator of T helper cell proliferation.
The Gut Microbiome, Kidney Disease, and Targeted Interventions (2013)

The human gut harbors >100 trillion microbial cells, which influence the nutrition, metabolism, physiology, and immune function of the host. Here, we review the quantitative and qualitative changes in gut microbiota of patients with CKD that lead to disturbance of this symbiotic relationship, how this may contribute to the progression of CKD, and targeted interventions to re-establish symbiosis. Endotoxin derived from gut bacteria incites a powerful inflammatory response in the host organism. Furthermore, protein fermentation by gut microbiota generates myriad toxic metabolites, including p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate. Disruption of gut barrier function in CKD allows translocation of endotoxin and bacterial metabolites to the systemic circulation, which contributes to uremic toxicity, inflammation, progression of CKD, and associated cardiovascular disease. Several targeted interventions that aim to re-establish intestinal symbiosis, neutralize bacterial endotoxins, or adsorb gut-derived uremic toxins have been developed. Indeed, animal and human studies suggest that prebiotics and probiotics may have therapeutic roles in maintaining a metabolically-balanced gut microbiota and reducing progression of CKD and uremia-associated complications. We propose that further research should focus on using this highly efficient metabolic machinery to alleviate uremic symptoms.
COPPER ENZYMES IN ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS. POLYPHENOLOXIDASE IN BETA VULGARIS (1949)

The chloroplast, as the seat of chlorophyll pigments in plants, occupies a unique position in the economy of the green cell. In recent years there has been a renewed interest in the reactions and properties of chloroplasts as a result of the work of HIL (11, 12) and HIL and SCARISBRICK (13,