gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic pulmonary vessel segmentation in 3D computed tomographic pulmonary angiographic (CTPA) images (2006)

Automatic and accurate segmentation of the pulmonary vessels in 3D computed tomographic angiographic images (CTPA) is an essential step for computerized detection of pulmonary embolism (PE) because PEs only occur inside the pulmonary arteries. We are developing an automated method to segment the pulmonary vessels in 3D CTPA images. The lung region is first extracted using thresholding and morphological operations. 3D multiscale filters in combination with a newly developed response function derived from the eigenvalues of Hessian matrices are used to enhance all vascular structures including the vessel bifurcations and suppress non-vessel structures such as the lymphoid tissues surrounding the vessels. At each scale, a volume of interest (VOI) containing the response function value at each voxel is defined. The voxels with a high response indicate that there is an enhanced vessel whose size matches the given filter scale. A hierarchical expectation-maximization (EM) estimation is then applied to the VOI to segment the vessel by extracting the high response voxels at this single scale. The vessel tree is finally reconstructed by combining the segmented vessels at all scales based on a "connected component" analysis. Two experienced thoracic radiologists provided the gold standard of pulmonary arteries by manually tracking the arterial tree and marking the center of the vessels using a computer graphical user interface. Two CTPA cases containing PEs were used to evaluate the performance. One of these two cases also contained other lung diseases. The accuracy of vessel tree segmentation was evaluated by the percentage of the "gold standard" vessel center points overlapping with the segmented vessels. The result shows that 97.3% (1868/1920) and 92.0% (2277/2476) of the manually marked center points overlapped with the segmented vessels for the cases without and with other lung disease, respectively. The results demonstrate that vessel segmentation using our method is not degraded by PE occlusion and the vessels can be accurately extracted.
Decellularized omentum as novel biologic scaffold for reconstructive surgery and regenerative medicine (2013)

Homologous tissues, such as adipose tissue, may be an interesting source of acellular scaffolds, maintaining a complex physiological three-dimensional (3D) structure, to be recellularized with autologous cells. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the possibility of obtaining homologous acellular scaffolds from decellularization of the omentum, which is known to have a complex vascular network. Adult rat and human omenta were treated with an adapted decellularization protocol involving mechanical rupture (freeze-thaw cycles), enzymatic digestion (trypsin, lipase, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease) and lipid extraction (2-propanol). Histological staining confirmed the effectiveness of decellularization, resulting in cell-free scaffolds with no residual cells in the matrix. The complex 3D networks of collagen (azan-Mallory), elastic fibers (Van Gieson), reticular fibers and glycosaminoglycans (PAS) were maintained, whereas Oil Red and Sudan stains showed the loss of lipids in the decellularized tissue. The vascular structures in the tissue were still visible, with preservation of collagen and elastic wall components and loss of endothelial (anti-CD31 and -CD34 immunohistochemistry) and smooth muscle (anti-alpha smooth muscle actin) cells. Fat-rich and well vascularized omental tissue may be decellularized to obtain complex 3D scaffolds preserving tissue architecture potentially suitable for recellularization. Further analyses are necessary to verify the possibility of recolonization of the scaffold by adipose-derived stem cells in vitro and then in vivo after re-implantation, as already known for homologus implants in regenerative processes.
Signal transduction in murine B16 melanoma cells (1992)

The relationship between lung colonization and signal transduction was investigated for six B16 melanoma variants. A range of experimental metastatic potential (as determined by lung colonization), forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation and FCS-stimulated protein kinase C activity was found. The major findings were that: (1) cells with the highest agonist-stimulated cyclic AMP production were those with the highest level of membrane-associated protein kinase C activity; (2) clones which differed in protein kinase C levels and distribution did so in the presence but not in the absence of foetal calf serum; and (3) no simple relationship was seen between either signal transduction system and lung colonization for all six variants. Altered ras expression was also excluded as an explanation for the differences in signal transduction and lung colonization potential which were observed. We conclude that differences in signal transduction in vitro between these cells do not relate simply to lung colonization potential in vivo.
Fusion of HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain to poly-lysine as a new DNA delivery tool (2004)

Effective gene therapy depends on the efficient transfer of therapeutic genes to target cells. None of the current technologies, however, satisfy all of the requirements necessary for gene therapy, because the plasma and nuclear membranes of mammalian cells are tight barriers against gene transfer using synthetic delivery systems. The protein transduction domain (PTD) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein greatly facilitates protein transfer via membrane destabilisation. We synthesised polylysine peptides containing Tat PTD (TAT-pK), or other sequences, and investigated their potential as agents for gene transfer. The synthesised polypeptide TAT-pK retains DNA binding function and mediates delivery of a reporter gene to cultured cells. RGD motif binds with low affinity to alpha integrins which induce cell activation. Two control polypeptides, GGG-pK and RGD-pK, were synthesised and tested, but their gene transfer abilities were weaker than those of TAT-pK. TAT-pK-mediated gene transfer was enhanced in the presence of chloroquine or ammonium chloride, to a greater extent than that of cationic lipid-mediated gene transfer in most cancer cell lines tested. These data suggest that TAT-pK may be a potent candidate delivery vehicle that promotes gene transfer, dependent on the endocytic pathway. We conclude that the TAT-pK/DNA complex is useful as a minimal unit to package therapeutic genes and to transduce them into mammalian cells.
Stimulated blue emission in reconstituted films of ultrasmall silicon nanoparticles (2001)

We dispersed electrochemical etched Si into a colloid of ultrabright blue luminescent nanoparticles (1 nm in diameter) and reconstituted it into films or microcrystallites. When the film is excited by a near-infrared two-photon process at 780 nm, the emission exhibits a sharp threshold near 106 W/cm2, rising by many orders of magnitude, beyond which a low power dependence sets in. Under some conditions, spontaneous recrystallization forms crystals of smooth shape from which we observe collimated beam emission, pointing to very large gain coefficients. The results are discussed in terms of population inversion, produced by quantum tunneling or/and thermal activation, and stimulated emission in the quantum confinement-engineered Si–Si phase found only on ultrasmall Si nanoparticles. The Si–Si phase model provides gain coefficients as large as 103–105 cm−1.
Synergistic Saccharification, and Direct Fermentation to Ethanol, of Amorphous Cellulose by Use of an Engineered Yeast Strain Codisplaying Three Types of Cellulolytic Enzyme (2004)

A whole-cell biocatalyst with the ability to induce synergistic and sequential cellulose-degradation reaction was constructed through codisplay of three types of cellulolytic enzyme on the cell surface of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When a cell surface display system based on alpha-agglutinin was used, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase II and cellobiohydrolase II and Aspergillus aculeatus beta-glucosidase 1 were simultaneously codisplayed as individual fusion proteins with the C-terminal-half region of alpha-agglutinin. Codisplay of the three enzymes on the cell surface was confirmed by observation of immunofluorescence-labeled cells with a fluorescence microscope. A yeast strain codisplaying endoglucanase II and cellobiohydrolase II showed significantly higher hydrolytic activity with amorphous cellulose (phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose) than one displaying only endoglucanase II, and its main product was cellobiose; codisplay of beta-glucosidase 1, endoglucanase II, and cellobiohydrolase II enabled the yeast strain to directly produce ethanol from the amorphous cellulose (which a yeast strain codisplaying beta-glucosidase 1 and endoglucanase II could not), with a yield of approximately 3 g per liter from 10 g per liter within 40 h. The yield (in grams of ethanol produced per gram of carbohydrate consumed) was 0.45 g/g, which corresponds to 88.5% of the theoretical yield. This indicates that simultaneous and synergistic saccharification and fermentation of amorphous cellulose to ethanol can be efficiently accomplished using a yeast strain codisplaying the three cellulolytic enzymes.
Evidence for a group-specific enteroviral antigen(s) recognized by human T cells (1990)

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 15 normal, healthy adult volunteers proliferated in vitro against a panel of enteroviral antigens, including coxsackievirus B3, coxsackievirus B2, coxsackievirus B6, coxsackievirus A16, and poliovirus 1. No proliferation against the cardiovirus encephalomyocarditis virus occurred. Lymphocytes obtained from cord blood drawn from seven neonates were uniformly nonresponsive to enteroviral antigens. Although serum neutralization antibody titers indicated different exposure histories of the volunteers, only one had a titer against coxsackievirus B6, a rare isolate in the United States. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells from each volunteer responded in vitro to each enterovirus tested even though not all individuals had serum neutralizing antibody against each virus. The predominant cell type responding in vitro was the CD4+ T cell. Denaturation of viral antigen by Formalin did not prevent the recognition of the common group antigen by the T cells, indicating that noninfectious virus can also serve as antigen. These data demonstrate that human T cells recognize a common enterovirus group antigen(s).
Prodrugs of Peptides and Proteins for Improved Formulation and Delivery (1993)

Prodrugs of Peptides and Proteins for Improved Formulation and Delivery, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/pharmtox/33/1/annurev.pa.33.040193.002513-1.gif
Real-Time Reference Service for the Remote User (2000)

Summary Academic libraries now provide reference service for the remote user in at least two ways: by the telephone and by electronic mail. The remote user at a computer workstation, however, may not have access to a telephone and may be poorly served by the asynchronous nature of electronic mail. New technologies and collaborative software for serving remote users in real-time such as Internet chat, paging and instant messaging, whiteboard, application sharing, and audio and video conferencing offer new possibilities for remote access to reference services. In this article we review these technologies and report the results of a trial project at Temple University. The results are promising for real-time reference services. Key Words: Referenceremote userselectronic mailinternet chatinstant messagingpagingaudio and video conferencingcollaborative softwareTalkBackNetMeeting
Design study for a flywheel-electric car (1978)

The design and calculated performance of an electric automobile power plant using a flywheel as the energy storage device and an on-board internal combustion engine to increase the travel range is described. The argument is presented that the use of such vehicles can significantly decrease the dependence of automotive transportation on petroleum and with increased availability of charging facilities can make automotive transportation entirely independent of petroleum supply.
Expression of Foreign Genes in Acholeplasma laidlawii (1998)

The expression of foreign genes in mollicutes has been difficult owing to inefficient transformation systems, and, until recently, by the lack of suitable cloning vectors. Few genes, excluding those associated with vector functions, have successfully been cloned and expressed in mollicutes (see Table 1; , , , , , , , ). Table 1 Genes That Have Been Cloned and Expressed in Mollicutes Species Vector Expressed gene Reference Spiroplasma citri SpV1 CAT gene from E. coli (1) Acholeplasma oculi Tn4001 lacZ from E. coli (2) S. citri SpV1 fragment of the M. pneumoniae P1 gene (3) Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoidesLC p2D4, pIKΔ Erythromycin resistance gene from streptococcus (4) A. laidlawii pNZ19 Spiralin gene from S. citri (5) A. laidlawii pGIP312 α-Amylase gene from Bacilius licheniformis (5) S. citri pOT1 Spiralin gene from S. phoeniceum (6) Mycoplasma pneumpniae Tn4001 Truncated HMW1 gene from M. pneumpniae (7) A. laidlawii pNZ18 PS synthase gene from E. coli (8)
Spectroscopic data of the 18-, 29-, and 43-μm transitions in dysprosium-doped gallium lanthanum sulfide glass (1996)

Infrared emission at 1.8, 2.9, and 4.3 microm is measured in dysprosium-doped gallium lanthanum sulfide (Ga:La:S) glass excited at 815 nm. Emission cross sections were calculated by Judd-Ofelt analysis, the Füchtbauer- Ladenburg equation, and the theory of McCumber. The sigmatau value for the 4.3-microm transition is ~4000 times larger in the Ga:La:S glass than in a dysprosium-doped LiYF(4) crystal, which has lased on this transition. The large sigmatau value and the recently reported ability of Ga:La:S glass to be fabricated into fiber form show the potential for an efficient, low-threshold mid-infrared fiber laser. The f luorescence peak at 4.3 microm coincides with the fundamental absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide, making the glass a potential laser source for gas-sensing applications.
Novel Algorithm Combining Temporal Partitioning and Sharing of Functional Units (2001)

Resource virtualization on FPGA devices, achievable due to its dynamic reconfiguration capabilities, provides an attractive solution to save silicon area. Architectural synthesis for dynamically reconfigurable FPGA-based digital systems needs to consider the case of reducing the number of temporal partitions (reconfigurations), by enabling sharing of some functional units in the same temporal partition. This paper proposes a novel algorithm for automated datapath design, from behavioral input descriptions (represented by a dataflow graph), which simultaneously performs temporal partitioning and sharing of functional units. The proposed algorithm attempts to minimize both the number of temporal partitions and the execution latency of the generated solution. Temporal partitioning, resource sharing, scheduling, and a simple form of allocation and binding are all integrated in a single task. The algorithm is based on heuristics and on a new concept of construction by gradually enlarging timing slots. Results show the efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithm when compared to existent approaches.
A transgenic male-only strain of the New World screwworm for an improved control program using the sterile insect technique (2016)

We conclude that the promising characteristics of the selected sexing strains may contribute to reduce production costs for the existing eradication program and provide more efficient population suppression, which should make a genetic control program more economical in regions were C. hominivorax remains endemic.
Discovery of Molecular Interactions of the Human Melanocortin-4 Receptor (hMC4R) Asp189 (D189) Amino Acid with the Endogenous G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Antagonist Agouti-Related Protein (AGRP) Provides Insights to AGRP’s Inverse Agonist Pharmacology at the hMC4R (2021)

The melanocortin receptors (MCRs) are important for numerous biological pathways, including feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. In addition to endogenous peptide agonists, this receptor family has two naturally occurring endogenous antagonists, agouti and agouti-related protein (AGRP). At the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), the AGRP ligand functions as an endogenous inverse agonist in the absence of agonist and as a competitive antagonist in the presence of agonist. At the melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R), AGRP functions solely as a competitive antagonist in the presence of agonist. The molecular interactions that differentiate AGRP's inverse agonist activity at the MC4R have remained elusive until the findings reported herein. Upon the basis of homology molecular modeling approaches, we previously postulated a unique interaction between the D189 position of the hMC4R and Asn114 of AGRP. To further test this hypothesis, six D189 mutant hMC4Rs (D189A, D189E, D189N, D189Q, D189S, and D189K) were generated and pharmacologically characterized resulting in the discovery of differences in inverse agonist activity of AGRP and an 11 macrocyclic compound library. These data support the hypothesized interaction between the hMC4R D189 position and Asn114 residue of AGRP and define critical ligand-receptor molecular interactions responsible for the inverse agonist activity of AGRP at the hMC4R.
Globalization, Immigration, and Lewisian Elastic Labor in Pre–World War II Southeast Asia (2007)

Between 1880 and 1939 Burma, Malaya, and Thailand received inflows of migrants from India and China comparable in size to European immigration in the New World. This article examines the forces that lay behind migration to Southeast Asia and asks if experience there bears out Lewis's unlimited labor supply hypothesis. We find that it does and, furthermore, that immigration created a highly integrated labor market stretching from South India to Southeastern China. Emigration from India and China and elastic labor supply are identified as important components of Asian globalization before the Second World War.
Beta-globin enhancers target expression of a heterologous gene to erythroid tissues of transgenic mice. (1989)

To examine the role of human beta-globin enhancers in tissue-specific and developmental regulation, a hybrid beta-globin-simian virus 40 gene was analyzed in transgenic mice. A beta-globin DNA fragment containing two previously defined enhancers stimulated transcription from the simian virus 40 promoter in a tissue- and stage-specific pattern similar to that of the normal beta-globin gene. These results help to define the functions of beta-globin regulatory elements and suggest an approach for targeted expression of heterologous genes in erythroid cells in vivo.
Effect of ibuprofen and acetaminophen on postexercise muscle protein synthesis (2002)

We examined the effect of two commonly consumed over-the-counter analgesics, ibuprofen and acetaminophen, on muscle protein synthesis and soreness after high-intensity eccentric resistance exercise. Twenty-four males (25 +/- 3 yr, 180 +/- 6 cm, 81 +/- 6 kg, and 17 +/- 8% body fat) were assigned to one of three groups that received either the maximal over-the-counter dose of ibuprofen (IBU; 1,200 mg/day), acetaminophen (ACET; 4,000 mg/day), or a placebo (PLA) after 10-14 sets of 10 eccentric repetitions at 120% of concentric one-repetition maximum with the knee extensors. Postexercise (24 h) skeletal muscle fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was increased 76 +/- 19% (P < 0.05) in PLA (0.058 +/- 0.012%/h) and was unchanged (P > 0.05) in IBU (35 +/- 21%; 0.021 +/- 0.014%/h) and ACET (22 +/- 23%; 0.010 +/- 0.019%/h). Neither drug had any influence on whole body protein breakdown, as measured by rate of phenylalanine appearance, on serum creatine kinase, or on rating of perceived muscle soreness compared with PLA. These results suggest that over-the-counter doses of both ibuprofen and acetaminophen suppress the protein synthesis response in skeletal muscle after eccentric resistance exercise. Thus these two analgesics may work through a common mechanism to influence protein metabolism in skeletal muscle.
InterPlay: A Middleware for Seamless Device Integration and Task Orchestration in a Networked Home (2006)

As consumer electronic devices become more powerful and networked, users are required to understand more and more 'complex' device functionalities just to carry out simplest tasks. Users are experiencing more and more inconvenience and frustration as the number and complexity of home devices rise and the amount of content/data stored in the home increases. To address these problems, we have developed middleware technologies to integrate heterogeneous CE devices and allow users to simply select what activities they want to perform in the home. Our middleware software allows users to use a simple pseudo-English interface to achieve home tasks without having to consider where a particular content is located and how to achieve that task.
Collimation of High Energy Electron Beams (1980)

The collimation of high energy electron beams for radiation therapy is treated with special attention on the contamination of the beam by electrons which ideally should be stopped, but instead are scattered back into the beam through the edge of the collimator. It is demonstrated that the mean energy of these electrons is only 40 per cent of the mean energy in the beam and that the smallest electron contamination is obtained if the material closest to the beam is of high density.
Microwave signal generation using an optical self-heterodyne technique (1982)

A new technique for mixing optical waves to generate microwave-frequency signals using an injection laser diode and a fibre-optic interferometer is reported. A beat signal is produced by interfering light from the laser with light from the same laser emitted earlier at a different frequency. The interferometer consists of an evanescent-field fibre coupler joined to a length of single-mode optical fibre. The laser is tuned by pulsed or bipolar current waveforms superimposed on a DC bias current. Feedback from an external cavity stabilises the laser frequency and reduces its linewidth. Efficient mixing at difference frequencies from 250 MHz to 2 GHz is obtained, with spectral widths of less than 1% of the centre frequency.
Expression of the interferon‐γ‐inducible chemokines IP‐10 and Mig and their receptor, CXCR3, in multiple sclerosis lesions (2000)

The recruitment of leucocytes to sites of inflammation is an important feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. Chemokines are involved in the activation and specific directional migration of monocytes and T-lymphocytes to sites of inflammation. Using immunocytochemistry, the expression of the alpha-chemokines, interferon (IFN)-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig), and their receptor CXCR3 have been examined in post-mortem central nervous system (CNS) tissue from MS cases at different stages of lesion development. In actively demyelinating lesions both IP-10 and Mig protein were predominantly expressed by macrophages within the plaque and by reactive astrocytes in the surrounding parenchyma. CXCR3 was expressed by T cells and by astrocytes within the plaque. Interferon-gamma may stimulate glial cells to express IP-10 and Mig, which continue the local inflammatory response by selectively recruiting activated T-lymphocytes into the CNS.