gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The pathology of asthma (1997)

Asthmatics respond with reversible airway narrowing when stimulated in ways that have no effect on non-asthmatic persons. Studies conducted at the turn of this century established that the pathology present in the airways of asthmatics is based on the inflammatory process. Recent work suggests that this inflammatory response may be driven by a particular group of T cells (Th2 response) that cause an overproduction of IL-4, IL-5 and other cytokines that produce an excessive infiltration of eosinophils and overproduction of IgE. The structural changes produced by the inflammatory process result in an overall thickening of the airway wall with changes in the epithelium, an increase in the interstitial matrix particularly the collagen types that contribute to the light microscopic appearance of the basement membrane, the vasculature, smooth muscle and mucous glands. Contraction of airway smooth muscle results in narrowing of the lumen particularly in the bronchioles where smooth muscle surrounds the entire lumen. An increase in wall tissue thickness as a result of asthma amplifies this normal effect producing a greater reduction in the airway lumen. Computer modelling of airway function and direct measurement of airway resistance in patients suggest that the smaller airways are the site of the greatest increase in airway resistance in asthma. These new data have shifted the emphasis away from the concept that abnormal airway smooth muscle function causes asthma toward the hypothesis that inflammatory-based changes in the airway wall act in series with normal smooth shortening to produce disease. The increased understanding of the role of the inflammatory process provides a basis for treatment of asthma with anti-inflammatory agents.
Protein NMR Techniques (2004)

Carrying on in the tradition of its much praised earlier edition, A. Kristina Downing has selected new protocols describing the many recent advances in NMR methodology that are revolutionizing the field. Described in step-by-step detail by established hands-on experts, these readily reproducible techniques include methods for high-level recombinant protein expression using sophisticated isotopic labeling strategies, TROSY methods for the study of structure and dynamics, and methods for the acquisition and interpretation of residual dipolar coupling data. There are also applications of dynamics measurements on multiple timescales, new developments in NMR data analysis, structure calculation protocols, and a comprehensive chapter on solid-state methods for the study of membrane proteins. The protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, each offering detailed laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principle behind the technique, lists of equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. State-of-the-art and highly practical, Protein NMR Techniques, 2nd Ed., makes accessible to all NMR laboratories proven techniques that are powerfully transforming the speed, accuracy, and size limit of our ability to characterize biological macromolecules
Presencia de anemia por deficiencia de hierro en niños de 6 a 24 meses de edad (2006)

Se realiza un estudio transversal en el segundo semestre del ano 2004 para estimar la prevalencia de anemia por deficiencia de hierro en ninos de 6 a 24 meses de edad, residentes en la ciudad Guantanamo. La muestra esta compuesta por 120 ninos. La concentracion de hemoglobina se determina por el metodo de  cianometahemoglobina, y la ferritina serica por enzimoinmunoensayo. Ningun nino presenta valores de hemoglobina indicativo de anemia severa. La prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro, segun las concentraciones de ferritina serica, es del 57.6 %. El 74.2 % de los ninos recibe lactancia materna exclusiva hasta el cuarto  mes. El 62.5 % de las madres de estos ninos iniciaron la gestacion con anemia y el 59.2 % tuvieron anemia en algun trimestre del embarazo. Se observa situacion desfavorable de nuestra provincia con respecto al resto de las provincias orientales, con tendencia a ser mejorada. Se recomienda incrementar la fortificacion de alimentos dirigidos a este grupo de edad, actividades de educacion nutricional, asi, como mejorar los patrones de ingestion de alimentos ricos en hierro y micronutrientes, y atencion esmerada a los ninos malnutridos.
On finite precision implementation of low density parity check codes decoder (2002)

In this paper, we analyze the finite precision effects on the decoding performance of Gallager's low density parity check (LDPC) codes and develop optimal finite word lengths of variables as far as the tradeoffs between the performance and hardware complexity are concerned. We have found that 4 bits and 6 bits are adequate for representing the received data and extrinsic information, respectively. Simulation results indicate that the quantization scheme we have developed for the LDPC decoder is effective in approximating the infinite precision implementation.
Bovine brain acetylcholinesterase primary sequence involved in intersubunit disulfide linkages. (1991)

Three distinct classes of membrane-bound acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) have been identified. A12 AChE is composed of 12 catalytic subunits that are linked to noncatalytic collagen-like subunits through intersubunit disulfide bonds. G2 AChE is localized in membranes by a glycoinositol phospholipid covalently linked to the C-terminal amino acid. Brain G4 AChE involves two catalytic subunits linked by a direct intersubunit disulfide bond while the other two are disulfide-linked to a membrane-binding 20-kDa noncatalytic subunit. Molecular cloning studies have so far failed to find evidence of more than one AChE gene in any organism although alternative splicing of torpedo AChE mRNA results in different C-terminal sequences for the A12 and G2 AChE forms. Support for a single bovine AChE gene is provided in this report by amino acid sequencing of the N-terminal domains from the G2 erythrocyte, G4 fetal serum, and G4 brain AChE. Comparison of the 38-amino acid sequences reveals virtually complete identity among the three AChE forms. Additional extensive identity between the fetal serum and brain AChEs was demonstrated by sequencing several brain AChE peptides isolated by high performance liquid chromatography after trypsin digestion of nitrocellulose blots of brain AChE catalytic subunits. Cysteines involved in intersubunit disulfide linkages in brain AChE were reduced selectively with dithiothreitol in the absence of denaturants and radioalkylated with iodoacetamide. The observed sequence of the major radiolabeled tryptic peptide was C*SDL, where C* was the radioalkylated cysteine residue. This sequence is precisely the same as that observed at the C terminus of fetal bovine serum AChE and shows close homology to the C-terminal sequence of torpedo A12 AChE. We conclude that the mammalian brain G4 AChEs utilize the same exon splicing pattern as the A12 AChEs and that factors other than the primary sequence of the AChE catalytic subunits dictate assembly with either the collagen-like or the 20-kDa noncatalytic subunits.
Hybrid coding of speech at 4 kbps (2002)

We present a novel scheme for hybrid coding of speech signals. This hybrid codec utilizes the excitation/filter model used extensively for speech coding. Similar to other modern vocoders, voiced speech is represented by a frequency domain harmonic model and unvoiced speech by a "noise-like" excitation. However, an analysis-by-synthesis time domain scheme is employed for the transitory portions of the speech signal which cannot be adequately represented by either model. Switching between the time domain and the frequency domain models requires careful handling of the reconstructed linear phase. The structure of a 4 kbps speech codec, based on the hybrid model, is outlined. The new codec shows promise of achieving toll quality at 4 kbps.
Anti-lambda-light chain-peptide antibodies are suitable for the immunohistochemical classification of AL amyloid. (2007)

We aimed to test whether antibodies raised against recombinant peptides corresponding to the variable region of immunoglobulin light chains are suitable for the immunohistochemical classification of amyloid. The Entrez database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) was searched for all protein sequence entries which met the search criteria "amyloid" and "lambda light chain". Sixty-four different lambda-light chain-derived amyloid protein sequences were retrieved, aligned and categorized into the V region subgroups of lambda-light chain detailed by the NCBI, i.e. subgroup I (21 protein sequences), II (14), III (6), IV (1), V (1) and VI (21). V region subgroup I was chosen for epitope sequence selection and two rabbits were immunized with the following peptides: NH2-ISCSGSSSNIGSNTV-CONH2 and NH2-QRPSG VPDRFSGSKSGTS-CONH2. Sensitivity and specificity of the IgG-purified antibodies was tested by Western blotting using amyloid A- (AA), ALlambda- and ALkappa-amyloid proteins, and by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays with 110 different amyloid containing tissue samples obtained at autopsy from 22 patients, and on 27 biopsy specimens from a series of 24 patients. Our peptide antibodies specifically stained AL amyloid lambda-light chain-origin, in both Western blots and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections, confirming that peptide-antibodies directed against immunoglobulin-derived lambda-light chain proteins can be applied for the immunohistochemical classification of amyloid. This offers the opportunity to generate a large set of anti-lambda-light chain protein-antibodies for the immunohistochemical classification of amyloid independently from native human tissue sources.
Ultrahigh enhancement in absolute and relative rotation sensing using fast and slow light (2007)

We describe a resonator-based optical gyroscope whose sensitivity for measuring absolute rotation is enhanced via use of the anomalous dispersion characteristic of superluminal light propagation. The enhancement is given by the inverse of the group index, saturating to a bound determined by the group velocity dispersion. We also show how the offsetting effect of the concomitant broadening of the resonator linewidth may be circumvented by using an active cavity. For realistic conditions, the enhancement factor is as high as ${10}^{6}$. We also show how normal dispersion used for slow light can enhance relative rotation sensing in a specially designed Sagnac interferometer, with the enhancement given by the slowing factor.
Proposed method for molecular optical imaging (1995)

We can resolve multiple discrete features within a focal region of m spatial dimensions by first isolating each on the basis of n >/= 1 unique optical characteristics and then measuring their relative spatial coordinates. The minimum acceptable separation between features depends on the point-spread function in the (m + n)d-dimensional space formed by the spatial coordinates and the optical parameters, whereas the absolute spatial resolution is determined by the accuracy to which the coordinates can be measured. Estimates of each suggest that near-field fluorescence excitation microscopy/spectroscopy with molecular sensitivity and spatial resolution is possible.
The impact of knowledge sharing on organizational learning and effectiveness (2007)

Purpose The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the extent to which knowledge sharing and organizational learning affect organizational effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach The research samples have been drawn from all levels of employees in the organizational hierarchy of international tourist hotels in Taiwan. The questionnaires were distributed to 1,200 participants across nine international tourist hotels in Taiwan. These hotels are globally managed or franchised by international groups of hotels and resorts. Findings Of 499 usable questionnaires, the results suggest that knowledge sharing would facilitate the transformation of collective individual knowledge to organizational knowledge without the existence of orphaned knowledge and knowledge depreciation. Furthermore, this would result in the advancement of organizational learning and eventually, the enrichment of organizational effectiveness. Practical implications The more individual intellectual capital is transferred to organizational assets, the greater the degree of strength of organizational capabilities will become. If organizations do not implant mechanisms for storing that all employees collectively learn, effects are not enduring. There would furthermore be a limited contribution to organizational learning. Originality/value This study contributes to KM literature that suffers from a paucity of research on the empirical examination of this subject.
Question-answering by predictive annotation (2000)

We present a new technique for question answering called Predictive Annotation. Predictive Annotation identifies potential answers to questions in text, annotates them accordingly and indexes them. This technique, along with a complementary analysis of questions, passage-level ranking and answer selection, produces a system effective at answering natural-language fact-seeking questions posed against large document collections. Experimental results show the effects of different parameter settings and lead to a number of general observations about the question-answering problem.
Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF): regulation of expression. (1990)

GM-CSF is a potent hematopoietic growth factor which exerts its effects on hematopoietic cell growth both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, GM-CSF has profound effects enhancing the functional activity of circulating effector cells. GM-CSF can be produced by a variety of cell types in response to immune stimuli; both T-cells and macrophages produce GM-CSF upon activation. Furthermore, activated macrophages secrete IL-1 and TNF, which can stimulate GM-CSF production by certain types of endothelial and fibroblast cells. This local production of GM-CSF could then act on circulating neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils to enhance their functions in host defense. Thus, one can envision a paracrine system in which the production of GM-CSF is sensitive to immune stimulation, and as a result of GM-CSF production, effector cells are recruited and their activities enhanced (Figure 4). The role of GM-CSF and other CSFs and interleukins in the homeostatic control of hematopoiesis is the subject of intense investigation. Careful integration of molecular and biological studies should yield exciting new information about both the physiologic and therapeutic roles of GM-CSF.
The in vivo synthesis of plant sesquiterpenes by Escherichia coli (2001)

Three plant genes encoding (+)-delta-cadinene, 5-epi-aristolochene, and vetispiradiene cyclases were expressed in Escherichia coli to evaluate the potential of this bacterium to synthesize sesquiterpenes in vivo. Various growth temperatures, carbon sources, and host strains were examined to optimize terpene production. The highest levels of sesquiterpene production occurred when the enzymes were expressed in strain DH5alpha from the trc promoter (Ptrc) of the high-copy plasmidpTrc99A in M9 medium supplemented with 0.2% (v/v) glycerol at 30 degrees C for 5-epi-aristolochene and vetispiradiene and 37 degrees C for (+)-delta-cadinene. The highest concentrations of sesquiterpenes observed were 10.3 microg of (+)-delta-cadinene, 0.24 microg of 5-epi-aristolochene (measured as (+)-delta-cadinene equivalents), and 6.4 microg of vetispiradiene (measured as (+)-delta-cadinene equivalents) per liter of culture. These sesquiterpene production levels are >500-fold lower than carotenoid production, both of which are synthesized from endogenous trans-farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) in E. coli. Based on these results, we conclude that the limiting factor for sesquiterpene synthesis in E. coli is the poor expression of the cyclase enzyme and not supply of the FDP precursor.
Differences in compensatory vessel enlargement, not intimal formation, account for restenosis after angioplasty in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit model. (1994)

These data indicate that the iliac artery in an atherosclerotic rabbit model compensates for intimal formation after angioplasty by vessel enlargement. Furthermore, the degree of vessel enlargement is more important than intimal area in determining the chronic lumen size.
Molecular Imprinting: Synthetic Materials As Substitutes for Biological Antibodies and Receptors (2008)

Molecular imprinting is a versatile technique providing functional materials able to recognize and in some cases respond to biological and chemical agents of interest. In contrast to biological antibodies, the best known receptors derived from biological combinatorial processes, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are obtained by template-directed synthesis. Thus, molecular imprinting can more properly be characterized as a “rational design” approach, allowing research and application problems to be solved. Using simple molecular building blocks, material chemists can now produce tailored synthetic materials of much improved stabilities able to replace or complement natural receptors.
The Immune Response in Measles: Virus Control, Clearance and Protective Immunity (2016)

Measles is an acute systemic viral infection with immune system interactions that play essential roles in multiple stages of infection and disease. Measles virus (MeV) infection does not induce type 1 interferons, but leads to production of cytokines and chemokines associated with nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) signaling and activation of the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein (NLRP3) inflammasome. This restricted response allows extensive virus replication and spread during a clinically silent latent period of 10-14 days. The first appearance of the disease is a 2-3 day prodrome of fever, runny nose, cough, and conjunctivitis that is followed by a characteristic maculopapular rash that spreads from the face and trunk to the extremities. The rash is a manifestation of the MeV-specific type 1 CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell adaptive immune response with lymphocyte infiltration into tissue sites of MeV replication and coincides with clearance of infectious virus. However, clearance of viral RNA from blood and tissues occurs over weeks to months after resolution of the rash and is associated with a period of immunosuppression. However, during viral RNA clearance, MeV-specific antibody also matures in type and avidity and T cell functions evolve from type 1 to type 2 and 17 responses that promote B cell development. Recovery is associated with sustained levels of neutralizing antibody and life-long protective immunity.
Compression of Digital Images by Block Truncation Coding: A Survey (1994)

Block truncation coding (BTC) is a lossy moment preserving quantization method for compressing digital gray-level images. Its advantages are simplicity, fault tolerance, the relatively high compression efficiency and good image quality of the decoded image. Several improvements of the basic method have been recently proposed in the literature. In this survey we will study the basic algorithm and its improvements by dividing it into three separate tasks; performing quantization, coding the quantization data and coding the bit plane. Each phase of the algorithm will be analyzed separately. On the basis of the analysis, a combined BTC algorithm will be proposed and the comparisons to the standard JPEG algorithm will be made.
Identification and Rescue of α-Synuclein Toxicity in Parkinson Patient–Derived Neurons (2013)

The induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell field holds promise for in vitro disease modeling. However, identifying innate cellular pathologies, particularly for age-related neurodegenerative diseases, has been challenging. Here, we exploited mutation correction of iPS cells and conserved proteotoxic mechanisms from yeast to humans to discover and reverse phenotypic responses to α-synuclein (αsyn), a key protein involved in Parkinson's disease (PD). We generated cortical neurons from iPS cells of patients harboring αsyn mutations, who are at high risk of developing PD dementia. Genetic modifiers from unbiased screens in a yeast model of αsyn toxicity led to identification of early pathogenic phenotypes in patient neurons. These included nitrosative stress, accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation substrates, and ER stress. A small molecule identified in a yeast screen (NAB2), and the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 it affects, reversed pathologic phenotypes in these neurons.
DnaA Boxes Are Important Elements in Setting the Initiation Mass of Escherichia coli (1999)

ABSTRACT The binding of DnaA protein to its DNA binding sites—DnaA boxes—in the chromosomal oriC region is essential for initiation of chromosome replication. In this report, we show that additional DnaA boxes affect chromosome initiation control, i.e., increase the initiation mass. The cellular DnaA box concentration was increased by introducing pBR322-derived plasmids carrying DnaA boxes from the oriC region into Escherichia coli and by growing the strains at different generation times to obtain different plasmid copy numbers. In fast-growing cells, where the DnaA box plasmid copy number per oriC locus was low, the presence of extra DnaA boxes caused only a moderate increase in the initiation mass. In slowly growing cells, where the DnaA box plasmid copy number per oriC locus was higher, we observed more pronounced increases in the initiation mass. Our data clearly show that the presence of extra DnaA boxes increases the initiation mass, supporting the idea that the initiation mass is determined by the normal complement of DnaA protein binding sites in E. coli cells.
Free Energy Calculations in Molecular Design: Predictions by Theory and Reality by Experiment with Enantioselective Podand Ionophores (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFree Energy Calculations in Molecular Design: Predictions by Theory and Reality by Experiment with Enantioselective Podand IonophoresMatthew T. Burger, Alan Armstrong, Frank Guarnieri, D. Quentin McDonald, and W. Clark StillCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 8, 3593–3594Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00087a053https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00087a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views135Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts