gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two intermediate-avidity cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones with a disparity between functional avidity and MHC tetramer staining (2001)

The efficacy of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) has been shown to be highly dependent upon their functional avidity (the sensitivity of their cellular response to MHC-peptide complexes). To examine this relationship, we employed target cell lysis as a quantitative measure and established a set of four CTL clones that exhibited a range of functional avidities spanning more than three orders of magnitude. Within this set, clones displayed a linear correlation between functional avidity and the TCR down-regulation that occurred in response to increasing antigen density. Staining intensity of MHC-peptide tetramer, however, correlated only with the very highest and very lowest avidity clones; the two intermediate-avidity clones showed an inverse relationship between tetramer staining and functional avidity. Compensation for differences in surface levels of TCR improved the correlation, but failed to fully account for this discrepancy. Comparison of TCR signals generated by stimulation of CTL with substrate-bound soluble MHC-peptide or antigen-presenting cells suggested that internal TCR signaling efficiency accounts for at least a portion of the observed functional avidity and suggests the need for caution in directly relating tetramer staining to avidity.
Roles of alkaline phosphatase and labile internal mineral in matrix vesicle-mediated calcification. Effect of selective release of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase and treatment with isosmotic pH 6 buffer. (1986)

The roles of alkaline phosphatase and labile internal mineral in matrix vesicle-mediated mineralization have been studied by selectively releasing the enzyme from a wide variety of matrix vesicle preparations using treatment with a bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and by demineralization of the vesicles using isosmotic pH 6 buffer. Following depletion of 50-90% of the alkaline phosphatase activity or treatment with citrate buffer, the vesicles were tested for their ability to accumulate 45Ca2+ and 32Pi from a synthetic cartilage lymph. Removal of alkaline phosphatase by phospholipase C treatment caused two principal effects, depending on the matrix vesicle preparation. In rapidly mineralizing vesicle fractions which did not require organic phosphate esters (Po) to accumulate mineral ions, release of alkaline phosphatase had only a minor effect. In slowly mineralizing vesicles preparations or those dependent on Po substrates for mineral ion uptake, release of alkaline phosphatase caused significant loss of mineralizing activity. The activity of rapidly calcifying vesicles was shown to be dependent on the presence of labile internal mineral, as demonstrated by major loss in activity when the vesicles were decalcified by various treatments. Ion uptake by demineralized vesicles or those fractionated on sucrose step gradients required Po and was significantly decreased by alkaline phosphatase depletion. Uptake of Pi, however, was not coupled with hydrolysis of the Po substrate. These findings argue against a direct role for alkaline phosphatase as a porter in matrix vesicle Pi uptake, contrary to previous postulates. The results emphasize the importance of internal labile mineral in rapid uptake of mineral ions by matrix vesicles.
Single‐scan rest/stress imaging 18F‐labeled flow tracers (2012)

Detailed simulations predict that accurate and precise rest-stress blood flow measurements can be obtained in 20-30 min.
Comparison of experimental and theoretical integral cross sections for D+H2(v=1, j=1)→HD(v′=1, j′)+H (1991)

We have measured the nascent HD(v′=1, j′) product rotational distribution from the reaction D+H2(v, j) in which the H2 reagent was either thermal (v=0, j) or prepared in the level (v=1, j=1) by stimulated Raman pumping. Translationally hot D atoms were obtained by uv laser photolysis of DBr or DI. Photolysis of DBr generated D atoms with center-of-mass collision energies (Erel) of 1.04 and 0.82 eV, which corresponded to the production of ground state Br and spin–orbit-excited Br*, respectively. The Erel values for DI photolysis were 1.38 and 0.92 eV. Quantum-state-specific detection of HD was accomplished via (2+1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Vibrational excitation of the H2 reagent results in substantial rotational excitation of the HD(v′=1) product and increases the reaction rate into v′=1 by about a factor of 4. Although the quantum-mechanical calculation of Blais et al. [Chem. Phys. Lett. 166, 11 (1990)] for the D+H2(v=1, j=1)→HD(v′=1, j′)+H product rotational distribution at Erel=1.02 eV is in qualitative agreement with experiment, it does not quantitatively agree with the measured distribution. Specifically, the calculated distribution is too hot by 2–3 rotational quanta, and the predicted enhancement in the v′=1 rate with reagent vibrational excitation is too large by 67%±9.
Potential for Converting Wood into Plastics (1975)

The conversion of wood into chemicals for the production of most of our synthetic plastics, fibers, and rubbers is technically feasible. With refinements in technology a large integrated plant utilizing all components of the wood for production of ethanol (to be further processed to ethylene and butadiene), phenols and furfural would be approaching economic feasibility as well at current petrochemical prices. If crude oil prices continue to climb at a faster rate than wood costs, the economic feasibility of chemicals for polymers from wood would become certain. Although technical feasibility has not been established, synthetic oils from liquefaction of wood might serve as feedstocks for cracking to chemicals in the same way that crude oil is presently used. The fulfillment of all our polymer needs from wood as a raw material should not place an impossible burden on our wood supply, but might actually improve the availability of wood for lumber, plywood and pulp by providing a use for less valuable wood which would allow reforestation and improved forest management.
ScatterType: a legible but hard-to-segment CAPTCHA (2005)

The ScatterType CAPTCHA (completely automated public Turing tests to tell computers and humans apart), designed to resist character-segmentation attacks and shown to be highly legible to human readers, is analyzed for vulnerabilities and is offered for experiments in automatic attack. As introduced in Baird and Riopka (2005), 'ScatterType' challenges are images of machine-print text whose characters are cut into pieces which then drift apart, in an attempt to frustrate segment-then-recognize computer vision attacks. Analysis of experimental human legibility data has shown that better than 95% correct legibility can be achieved through judicious choice of the pseudorandom generating parameters (Baird et al., 2005). That analysis is summarized and discussed here as motivation for a discussion of potential vulnerabilities. An invitation to attack ScatterType is offered.
Bacterial and Coelenterate Luciferases as Reporter Genes in Plant Cells (1998)

The study of gene regulation has been greatly enhanced by the use of reporter gene systems such as beta galactosidase (P-gal), neomycin phosphotransferase (APH[3]11), chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT), beta glucuronidase (GUS), and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). In the past several years, development of marker gene systems based on bioluminescence have extended the power of marker gene technology from enzymatic or color based in vitro assays to more sensitive single photon counting methods m vitro and in vivo A variety of proteins that catalyze bioluminescent reactions have been isolated and characterized. For several of these proteins, the genes are available and are currently being used as reporters for gene expression studies. Concomttant advances m single photon detection technology have recently made tt possible to measure gene expression nonmvasively m real time. We describe here the apphcatton of bacterial luciferase from Vibrio haweyi and eukaryotic luctferase from Renillu renifomzis as markers for transformation and reporters of gene expression m transgemc plants. The major advantages of the luciferase gene expression system are its simplicity, sensitivity, safety for the investtgator and available nondestructive assay conditions, which permit real-time measurements of gene expression continuously throughout development of transgenic plants.
Programming Techniques: Regular expression search algorithm (1968)

A method for locating specific character strings embedded in character text is described and an implementation of this method in the form of a compiler is discussed. The compiler accepts a regular expression as source language and produces an IBM 7094 program as object language. The object program then accepts the text to be searched as input and produces a signal every time an embedded string in the text matches the given regular expression. Examples, problems, and solutions are also presented.
Adult Stem Cells for Tissue Repair — A New Therapeutic Concept? (2003)

Adult human stem cells that are intrinsic to various tissues have been described and characterized, some only recently. Analysis of recent data suggests that adult stem cells can generate differentiated cells beyond their own tissue boundaries, a process termed “developmental stem-cell plasticity.” This review focuses on in vivo models of adult stem cells derived from bone marrow and peripheral blood and their potentially novel therapeutic applications.
An Improved Bacterial Test System for the Detection and Classification of Mutagens and Carcinogens (1973)

We previously described a set of four strains of Salmonella typhimurium designed for detecting the various types of mutagens, and showed their utility in detecting a wide variety of carcinogens as mutagens. The lipopolysaccharide that normally coats these bacteria is a barrier to penetration of mutagens to the cell membrane. The set of tester strains has been improved by adding a mutation (rfa: deep rough) that results in a deficient lipopolysaccharide. The techniques for using these strains for detecting mutagens are presented and the tests are shown to be extremely sensitive and convenient. The specificity of frameshift mutagenesis is clarified. As adjuncts to the test with the four strains, we describe a test that compares mutagenic killing in deep rough strains with and without DNA excision repair, and a test using forward mutagenesis in a deep rough strain lacking excision repair.
Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Healthy Persons with Hyperinsulinemia and Normal Glucose Tolerance (1989)

We studied the relation of serum insulin levels to plasma lipid levels and blood pressure in two groups drawn from among 247 healthy, normotensive nonobese subjects with normal glucose tolerance. One group of 32 subjects was defined as having hyperinsulinemia (serum insulin, greater than 2 SD above the mean) and then compared with 32 normoinsulinemic subjects (serum insulin within 1 SD of the mean) matched for age (mean, 39 years), sex (22 men and 10 women), and body-mass index (24.7). The two groups had similar patterns of smoking, drinking, and physical exercise. Plasma glucose levels after an oral glucose challenge were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the hyperinsulinemic group. In addition, the mean (+/- SEM) fasting plasma triglyceride levels in subjects with hyperinsulinemia were significantly higher (1.73 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.24 +/- 0.1 mmol per liter) and the plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were lower (1.21 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.43 +/- 0.06 mmol per liter) than in subjects with normoinsulinemia. Both systolic (126 vs. 119 mm Hg; P less than 0.05) and diastolic (85 vs. 78 mm Hg; P less than 0.01) blood pressures were significantly elevated in the group with hyperinsulinemia. We conclude that healthy persons with hyperinsulinemia and normal glucose tolerance have an increase in risk factors for coronary artery disease, as compared with a well-matched group of healthy subjects with normal insulin levels.
Antibody-Targeted Immunotherapy for Treatment of Malignancy (2001)

Despite testing since the mid-1900s, only in the past three years have some monoclonal antibodies provided sufficient efficacy and safety data to support regulatory approval as cancer therapy. Adjuvant-edrecolomab monoclonal antibody was approved in Germany after demonstration of a statistically significant 32% improvement over observation alone in the seven-year mortality rate for patients with colorectal cancer. Similarly, trastuzumab monoclonal antibody combined with chemotherapy prolonged the median time to the progression of breast cancer compared to chemotherapy alone. Unconjugated monoclonal antibodies investigated for the treatment of hematologic malignancies include anti-idiotype, CAMPATH-1, and rituximab. Rituximab was the first such therapy approved in the United States for relapsed or refractory low-grade or follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after demonstration of an overall response rate of 48% and a duration of response of 11.7 months. The radioisotope-conjugated monoclonal antibodies tested as therapy include anti-B1, LYM-1, LL2, anti-CD33, and ibritumomab tiuxetan. Clearly, the full potential of immunotherapy still lies ahead.
Comparison of T3-associated 49- and 43-kilodalton cell surface molecules on individual human T-cell clones: evidence for peptide variability in T-cell receptor structures. (1983)

Two monoclonal antibodies, anti-Ti1A and anti-Ti1B, were shown to define the clonally unique surface receptor on CT8III, a human cytolytic T lymphocyte specific for a class I major histocompatibility gene product. In the present report, this surface structure was characterized and related to the 20-kilodalton (kDa) T3 glycoprotein present on all mature human T lymphocytes. The results demonstrated that the anti-clonotypic antibodies react with an epitope on a disulfide-linked heterodimer of 49- and 43-kDa subunits exclusively expressed by CT8III. This structure is associated with T3 in the cell membrane. Similar T3-associated 49/43-kDa molecules were detected on eight additional clones, although these did not express the determinant defined by anti-Ti1A or anti-Ti1B. By probing clones of differing specificities derived from the same donor with anti-T3, it was possible to compare these T3-associated heterodimers. Biochemical analysis indicated that the 49/43-kDa structures, but not the T3 molecules themselves, had isoelectric point variability and unique peptide maps after digestion with chymotrypsin or staphylococcal protease V8. These findings support the idea that the 49/43-kDa heterodimer contains the variable region of the T cell's antigen receptor structure.
Cooperative Task Management Without Manual Stack Management (2002)

Cooperative task management can provide program architects with ease of reasoning about concurrency issues. This property is often espoused by those who recommend “event-driven ” programming over “multithreaded” programming. Those terms conflate several issues. In this paper, we clarify the issues, and show how one can get the best of both worlds: reason more simply about concurrency in the way “event-driven ” advocates recommend, while preserving the readability and maintainability of code associated with “multithreaded ” programming. We identify the source of confusion about the two programming styles as a conflation of two concepts: task management and stack management. Those two concerns define a two-axis space in which “multithreaded” and “event-driven ” programming are diagonally opposite; there is a third “sweet spot ” in the space that combines the advantages of both programming styles. We point out pitfalls in both alternative forms of stack management, manual and automatic, and we supply techniques that mitigate the danger in the automatic case. Finally, we exhibit adaptors that enable automatic stack management code and manual stack management code to interoperate in the same code base. 1
A muscle-specific variant of microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) is required in myogenesis (1996)

Microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) transcripts vary in different mouse tissues, with striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac) expressing 8- and 9-kb transcripts preferentially to the more widely distributed 5.5- and 6.5-kb transcripts (West, R. W., Tenbarge, K. M. and Olmsted, J. B. (1991). J. Biol. Chem. 266, 21886-21896). Cloning of the sequence unique to the muscle transcripts demonstrated that these mRNAs vary from the more ubiquitous ones by a single 3.2-kb coding region insertion within the projection domain of MAP4. During differentiation of the myogenic cell line, C2C12, muscle-specific MAP4 transcripts appear within 24 hours of growth in differentiation medium, and a larger MAP4 isotype (350 X 10(3) Mr) accumulates to high levels by 48 hours of differentiation. In situ hybridization analyses of transcript distribution in mouse embryos demonstrated that muscle-specific transcripts appear early in myogenesis. To block the expression of the muscle-specific MAP4, stable lines of C2C12 were generated bearing an antisense construct with the muscle-specific MAP4 sequence. Myoblast growth was unaffected whereas myotube formation was severely perturbed. Fusion occurred in the absence of the muscle MAP4 isotype, but the multinucleate syncytia were short and apolar, microtubules were disorganized and normal anisotropic myofibrils were absent. The patterns of expression of the muscle-specific transcripts and the antisense experiments indicated that this unique structural form of MAP4 plays a critical role in the formation and maintenance of muscle.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Breath Powered Nasal Delivery of Sumatriptan Powder (AVP-825) in the Treatment of Acute Migraine (The TARGET Study) Breath Powered and Bi-Directional are trademarks of OptiNose US (2014)

Objective.—To evaluate the efficacy and safety of AVP-825, a drug–device combination of low-dose sumatriptan powder (22 mg loaded dose) delivered intranasally through a targeted Breath Powered device vs an identical device containing lactose powder (placebo device) in the treatment of migraine headache. Background.—Early treatment of migraine headaches is associated with improved outcome, but medication absorption after oral delivery may be delayed in migraineurs because of reduced gastric motility. Sumatriptan powder administered with an innovative, closed-palate, Bi-Directional, Breath Powered intranasal delivery mechanism is efficiently absorbed across the nasal mucosa and produces fast absorption into the circulation. Results from a previously conducted placebo-controlled study of AVP-825 showed a high degree of headache relief with an early onset of action (eg, 74% AVP-825 vs 38% placebo device at 1 hour, P < .01). Methods.—In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in adults with a history of migraine with or without aura, participants were randomized via computer-generated lists to AVP-825 or placebo device to treat a single migraine headache of moderate or severe intensity. The primary endpoint was headache relief (defined as reduction of headache pain intensity from severe or moderate migraine headache to mild or none) at 2 hours post-dose. Results.—Two hundred and thirty patients (116 AVP-825 and 114 placebo device) were randomized, of whom 223 (112 and 111, respectively) experienced a qualifying migraine headache (their next migraine headache that reached moderate or severe intensity). A significantly greater proportion of AVP-825 patients reported headache relief at 2 hours post-dose compared with those using the placebo device (68% vs 45%, P = .002, odds ratio 2.53, 95% confidence interval [1.45, 4.42]). Between-group differences in headache relief were evident as early as 15 minutes, reached statistical significance at 30 minutes post-dose (42% vs 27%, P = .03), and were sustained at 24 hours (44% vs 24%, P = .002) and 48 hours (34% vs 20%, P = .01). Thirty-four
Encapsulation of Biologically Active Proteins in a Multiple Emulsion (1995)

To improve the stability of IgY antibody in oral administration, encapsulation of IgY in a W/O/W emulsion was attempted. A stable W/O/W emulsion containing 1% IgY was prepared by using polyglyceryl condensed ricinolate (PGCR) and dextran-casein conjugate as the primary and secondary emulsifier, respectively. However, the activity of IgY antibody was reduced to less than 20% by encapsulation, suggesting that denaturation/inactivation of IgY had occurred at the oil/water interface. Adsorption of IgY to the inner water droplet surface was observed by electron microscopy. Rabbit IgG, alpha-amylase, and lysozyme also lost their activity after being encapsulated, although the rate of inactivation was lower than that of IgY. Molecular characterization of these proteins suggested that the rate of inactivation after encapsulation is likely to be dependent on the surface hydrophobicity and molecular stability of each protein.
Yeast thioredoxin genes (1991)

Based on the conserved protein sequence of thioredoxins from yeast and other organisms, two primers were synthesized for polymerase chain reaction of yeast genomic DNA. A 34-base pair (bp) sequence around the active site of yeast thioredoxin was obtained from the polymerase chain reaction product. This specific sequence was used as a probe in Southern blot analysis of total yeast genomic DNA digested with various restriction enzymes. Under conditions of high stringency, more than one DNA species hybridized with the probe, suggesting that more than one gene encodes yeast genomic library. Two Sau3A1 fragments, 825 and 2045 bp, respectively, from two different clones were cloned into pUC13. Sequence analysis of these fragments gave two different open reading frames without introns. The 825-bp Sau3A1 fragment encodes a 103-amino acid residue protein named thioredoxin I. The 2045-bp Sau3A1 fragment contains a sequence encoding thioredoxin II which has 102 amino acid residues. This is the first report of the cloning and sequencing of eukaryotic thioredoxin genes from any source. Both yeast thioredoxins contain a dithiol active site sequence, Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys. Thioredoxins I and II show 78% amino acid sequence identity. They display more amino acid sequence similarity with mammalian thioredoxin than with Escherichia coli and plant chloroplast thioredoxins.
Health consequences of exposure to e-waste: a systematic review (2013)

Children's Health and Environment Program, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia.
What have we learned about generic competitive strategy? A meta-analysis (2000)

The dominant paradigm of competitive strategy is now nearly two decades old, but it has proved difficult to assess its adequacy as a descriptive system, or progress its propositions about the performance consequences of different strategic designs. It is argued that this is due to an inability to compare and cumulate empirical work in the field. A meta-analytic procedure is proposed by which the empirical record can be aggregated. Results suggest that, although cost and differentiation do act as high-level discriminators of competitive strategy designs, the paradigm’s descriptions of competitive strategy should be enhanced, and that its theoretical proposition on the performance of designs has yet to be supported. A considerable agenda for further work suggests that competitive strategy research should recover something of its former salience. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.