gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Fault Detection and Diagnostics Protocols Applied to Air-Cooled Vapor Compression Air-Conditioners (2012)

Fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) tools are being increasingly applied in air-conditioning systems. There are many different protocols used in these FDD tools, so an important question to ask is: how well do the protocols work? This paper describes the ongoing development of the first standardized method of evaluation for FDD protocols applied to air-cooled vapor compression air-conditioning systems. The general approach is to feed a library of data – including temperatures, pressures, and humidity – to a candidate FDD protocol, and observe the responses of the protocol. The library includes data from units operating with no fault or with single faults. The faults include undercharge or overcharge of refrigerant; impaired heat transfer in the condenser or evaporator; liquid line flow restriction; presence of non-condensable gas in the refrigerant; and compressor valve leakage. The outputs from the test are categorized, and statistics and figures are generated. A preliminary evaluation of RCA, a public domain FDD protocol, has been conducted using laboratory measurement data from 13 air conditioning systems. The rates of (a) no response, (b) correct, (c) false alarm, (d) missed detection, and (e) misdiagnosis show that the protocol performed poorly. This underscores the need for standardized FDD evaluation methods.
On the Acid-Catalyzed D-Homoannulation of Pregnanetriol 20-Sulfate and Its C-20 Isomeric Sulfate. (1994)

To demonstrate the rearrangement reactions of pregnanetriol 20-sulfates in hot acid hydrolysis, 5β-pregnane-3α, 17α, 20α-triol 20-sulfate (8a) and its C-20 isomer 5β-pregnane-3α, 17α, 20β-triol 20-sulfate (12a) were heated in 3M hydrochloric acid. As the sole D-homosteroidal product of each sulfate, 3α-hydroxy-17αβ-methyl-D-homo-5β-androstan-17-one (13a) and 3α-hydroxy-17α-methyl-D-homo-5β-androstan-17a-one (17a) were obtained from 8a and 12a, respectively, accompanied with several kinds of degradation products considered to be monohydroxysteroidal dienes. It became clear that the reaction of 8a proceeds via two steps : ring enlargement of 8a occurred at once to give 3α-hydroxy-17aα-methyl-D-homo-5β-androstan-17-one (14) as the intermediate, followed by isomerization to 13a as the final product.The mechanism of D-homoannulation was elucidated by hydrolysis of [20-13C]pregnanetriol 20-sulfate (8b, 12b). The D-homosteroid obtained from 8b contained a quantitative amount of the isotope only at C-17a, indicating that the ring-enlargement reaction of the 20α-sulfate proceeds with stereospecific migration of the C13-C17 bond. Compound 12b gave the 13C-labelled D-homosteroid enriched solely at C-17, which means that the D-homoannulation of 20β-sulfate occurs by stereospecific migration of the C16-C17 bond.The diene products from 8a and 12a were formed from the reaction intermediates 17α, 20β-oxido-5β-pregnan-3α-ol (19) and 17α, 20α-oxido-5β-pregnan-3α-ol (20), respectively.The mechanism of these rearrangement reactions is discussed.
Prospective real‐world analysis of OnabotulinumtoxinA in chronic migraine post‐National Institute for Health and Care Excellence UK technology appraisal (2018)

When administered according to the NICE guidance, BoNTA produced a clinically meaningful effect in the long-term management of CM with and without medication overuse headache. Treatment discontinuation when CM becomes episodic may be useful in clinical practice to identify those who may benefit from extended treatment intervals. Our clinical experience indicates a lack of additional benefit from using the 'follow-the-pain' paradigm.
A practical methodology for early buffer and wire resource allocation (2001)

The dominating contribution of interconnect to system per-formance has made it critical to plan for buffer and wiring resources in the layout. Both buffers and wires must be con-sidered, since wire routes determine buffer requirements and buffer locations constrain wire routes. In contrast to recent buffer block planning approaches, our design methodology distributes buffer sites throughout the layout. A tile graph is used to abstract the buffer planning problem while also addressing wire planning. We present a four-stage heuristic called RABID for resource allocation and experimentally verify its effectiveness.
On the treatment of relative-pose measurements for mobile robot localization (2006)

In this paper, we study the problem of localization using relative-state estimates. It is shown, that when the same exteroceptive sensor measurement is processed for the computation of two consecutive displacement estimates (both forward and backward in time) these estimates are correlated, and an analysis of the exact structure of the correlations is performed. This analysis is utilized in the design of data fusion algorithms, that correctly account for the existing correlations. We examine two cases: i) pose propagation based exclusively on inferred displacement measurements, and ii) the fusion of proprioceptive sensor information with relative-state measurements. For the latter case, an efficient EKF-based estimation algorithm is proposed, that extends the approach of S.I. Roumeliotis and J. Burdick, 2002. Extensive simulation and experimental results are presented, that verify the validity of the presented method
Dissociated Linkage of Cytokine-Inducing Activity and Cytotoxicity to Different Domains of Listeriolysin O from Listeria monocytogenes (2002)

Listeriolysin O (LLO), a cholesterol-binding cytolysin of Listeria monocytogenes, exhibits cytokine-inducing and cytolytic activities. Because the cytolytic activity was abolished by cholesterol treatment but the cytokine-inducing activity was not, these activities appeared to be linked to different domains of the LLO molecule. In this study, we constructed recombinant full-length LLO (rLLO529) and various truncated derivatives and examined their cytolytic, cholesterol-binding, and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-inducing activities. rLLO529 exhibited both IFN-gamma-inducing and cytolytic activities. Four truncated rLLOs possessing different C termini, which did not exert either cytolytic or cholesterol-binding activity, stimulated IFN-gamma production in normal spleen cells. However, a truncated rLLO corresponding to domain 4 (rLLO416-529) did not exhibit IFN-gamma-inducing activity, whereas it did bind to immobilized cholesterol. In addition, though the hemolysis induced by rLLO529 was inhibited by rLLO416-529, such inhibition was not detected upon rLLO529-induced IFN-gamma production. These data indicated that domain 4 was responsible for binding of LLO to membrane cholesterol followed by oligomerization and pore formation by the entire LLO molecule. In contrast, the other part of LLO, corresponding to domain 1-3, was essential for IFN-gamma-inducing activity. These findings implied a novel aspect of the function of LLO as a bacterial modulin.
Cumulative Risk for Developing End-Stage Renal Disease in the US Population (2002)

ABSTRACT. The individual risk of developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and its overall impact on life expectancy is not known. This study’s objectives were to determine the effect of ESRD on life expectancy for a cohort of 20-yr-olds and to compare this impact to that of several cancers for which population-based screening programs exist. A computer simulation, stratified by race (white, black) and by gender was used to calculate cumulative lifetime risk of ESRD, life-years lost to ESRD, and cumulative Medicare payments for ESRD. Similar calculations were made for breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer. The cumulative lifetime risk of ESRD for a 20-yr-old black woman is 7.8%. Equivalent risks for black men are 7.3%, white men 2.5%, and white women 1.8%. Lost years of life attributable to ESRD are 1.09, 1.10, 0.40, and 0.32 yr for black women, black men, white men, and white women, respectively. In blacks, ESRD is responsible for nearly as much loss of life-years as breast cancer in women and more loss of life-years than colorectal or prostate cancer in men. In addition, treatment costs for ESRD in this population are many-fold more expensive than cumulative treatment costs of these cancers. Exploring new screening and treatment strategies may be warranted to prevent ESRD, particularly in the US black population.
The Principle of Discrimination in 21st Century Warfare (2023)

This chapter undertakes that task vis-a-vis what can fairly be characterized as the pith of humanitarian law, those prescriptive norms of the jus in bello mandating discrimination between civilians (and their property) and legitimate targets. It begins with an analysis of the current state of the principle of discrimination. The chapter provides a description of projected aspects of warfare in the first half of the next century, which some characterize as an revolution in military affairs, most likely to stress, strengthen, or impel change in the concept of discrimination. It offers suggestions on how possible changes may affect the existing normative milieu. Because most such aspects will be driven by changes in US military strategies, tactics, and capabilities, this discussion will necessarily take on a US-centric tenor. Finally, to the extent possible in a speculative undertaking, several tentative suggestions will be offered on how to soften the impact of any potentially negative trends.
Emerging nanotechnologies for cancer immunotherapy (2016)

Founded on the growing insight into the complex cancer-immune system interactions, adjuvant immunotherapies are rapidly emerging and being adapted for the treatment of various human malignancies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, for example, have already shown clinical success. Nevertheless, many approaches are not optimized, require frequent administration, are associated with systemic toxicities and only show modest efficacy as monotherapies. Nanotechnology can potentially enhance the efficacy of such immunotherapies by improving the delivery, retention and release of immunostimulatory agents and biologicals in targeted cell populations and tissues. This review presents the current status and emerging trends in such nanotechnology-based cancer immunotherapies including the role of nanoparticles as carriers of immunomodulators, nanoparticles-based cancer vaccines, and depots for sustained immunostimulation. Also highlighted are key translational challenges and opportunities in this rapidly growing field.
External control of Her2 expression and cancer cell growth by targeting a Ras-linked coactivator (2002)

Overproduction of the Her2 oncoprotein has been found in approximately 30% of breast tumors, and patients who have Her2 excesses typically have more aggressive disease. Here we show that the expression of the Her2 gene can be decreased by inhibiting the interaction of the two cancer-linked proteins, DRIP130/CRSP130/Sur-2 (a Ras-linked subunit of human mediator complexes) and ESX (an epithelial-restricted transcription factor). Disruption of the interaction by a short cell-permeable peptide reduced the expression of the Her2 gene and specifically impaired the growth and viability of Her2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. The association of ESX with DRIP130 is mediated by a small hydrophobic face of an 8-aa helix in ESX, suggesting a therapeutic approach to incapacitating the Her2 gene by small organic molecules.
Antimalarial Peptides from Marine Cyanobacteria: Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Gallinamide A (2008)

As part of a continuing program to identify novel treatments for neglected parasitic diseases, the Panama International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG) program has been investigating the antimalarial potential of secondary metabolites from Panamanian marine cyanobacteria. From over 60 strains of cyanobacteria evaluated in our biological screens, the organic extract of a Schizothrix species from a tropical reef near Piedras Gallinas (Caribbean coast of Panama) showed potent initial antimalarial activity against the W2 chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Bioassay-guided fractionation followed by 2D NMR analysis afforded the planar structure of a new and highly functionalized linear peptide, gallinamide A. Subsequent degradation and derivatization methods were used to determine the absolute configuration at most stereogenic centers in this unusual new metabolite.
نظرة عامة على نظرية الألعاب وتطبيقاتها على شبكات الإتصالات (2012)

نظرا لقدرتها على حل الصراعات والحالات التنافسية، فلقد تم استخدام نظرية الألعاب كأداة رياضية في علم الإقتصاد والسياسة والأحياء وعلم النفس البشرية. هناك نقطة توازن (Nash Equilibrium) تعتبر الحل للألعاب غير التعاونية، حيث تعطي تلك النقطة حالة ثبات بمعنى أنه لا يمتلك أي لاعب أي حافز إيجابي للتهرب من الاستراتيجية المعتمدة حاليا، وذلك عندما يقوم اللاعبون الآخرون بالثبات على وضعياتهم الحالية. يعتبر الوضع الكفؤ (Pareto Efficiency) الحل للعبة والتي تؤدي النقاط التي اكتسبها لاعب ما عن طريق الخروج من الاستراتيجية الحالية إلى دخول أحد اللاعبين الآخرين في موقف أكثر سوءا. وبالنسبة لشبكات الإتصالات، فإن مبدأ التعاون على بروتوكول محدد لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه ، آخذين في الحسبان الطبيعة التنافسية لكائنات الشبكة اليوم. وللحد من التصرفات التنافسية والأنانية بين كائنات الشبكات، فإن نظرية الألعاب توفر حلا مجديا في الاستفادة من الموارد وتوفير الخدمات. تعرض الورقة العلمية الحالية استعراضا تفصيليا لمفاهيم نظرية الألعاب وتطبيقاتها المحتملة على شبكات الإتصالات ، من منظور تعاوني وغير تعاوني.
Combination of rituximab with blinatumomab (MT103/MEDI-538), a T cell-engaging CD19-/CD3-bispecific antibody, for highly efficient lysis of human B lymphoma cells (2008)

We have compared the cytotoxic activity of rituximab with that of blinatumomab (MT103/MEDI-538), a single-chain CD19-/CD3-bispecific antibody engaging human T cells. Blinatumomab consistently led to a higher degree of lysis of human lymphoma lines than rituximab, and was active at much lower concentration. The cytotoxicity mediated by blinatumomab and rituximab both caused a potent activation of pro-caspases 3 and 7 in target cells, a key event in induction of granzyme-mediated apoptotic cell death. Combination of rituximab with blinatumomab was found to greatly enhance the activity of rituximab, in particular at low effector-to-target cell ratios and at low antibody concentration.
Mechanical Ventilation Injury and Repair in Extremely and Very Preterm Lungs (2013)

Extremely immature lungs, particularly bronchioles, are severely injured by 2 h of MV. In the absence of continued ventilation these injured lungs are capable of repair. At 24 h after MV, genes associated with injurious MV are unaltered, while potential repair genes are activated in both extremely and very preterm lungs.
Solid Dispersions: Revival with Greater Possibilities and Applications in Oral Drug Delivery (2003)

Improvement of oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs remains one of the most challenging aspects of drug development. Solid dispersions seem to be a viable technique for overcoming this problem. However, the practical applicability of these systems has remained limited because of difficulties in conventional methods of preparation, poor reproducibility of physicochemical properties, difficulties in dosage form development, and lack of feasibility for scale-up of manufacturing processes. This review addresses various aspects of solid dispersions and compiles some of the recent technology transfers from various fields such as the chemical, food, and polymer industries for the preparation of solid dispersions that can lead to highly efficient and controlled large-scale manufacturing. Some of the practical aspects to be considered for the preparation of solid dispersions, such as selection of carrier and methods of physicochemical characterization, along with an insight into the release mechanism of drugs are also discussed. Finally, an in-depth rationale for limited commercialization of solid dispersions and recent revival has been considered.
Simulation-based optimization of Markov reward processes (2001)

This paper proposes a simulation-based algorithm for optimizing the average reward in a finite-state Markov reward process that depends on a set of parameters. As a special case, the method applies to Markov decision processes where optimization takes place within a parametrized set of policies. The algorithm relies on the regenerative structure of finite-state Markov processes, involves the simulation of a single sample path, and can be implemented online. A convergence result (with probability 1) is provided.
RF-to-RF characterization of a phased array receive antenna steering system using a novel ring resonator-based integrated photonic beamformer (2009)

A novel ring resonator-based photonic beamformer has been developed for continuous and squint-free control of the reception angle of broadband phased array antenna systems. The core of the system is a ring resonator based optical beamforming network (OBFN) used for delay synchronization and coherent signal combining. The OBFN is integrated in a single chip realized in CMOS-compatible optical waveguide technology together with an optical sideband filter for singlesideband suppressed-carrier modulation, and an optical carrier reinsertion circuit for balanced coherent detection. This paper demonstrates the system functionality by RF-to-RF measurements of the phase and power responses of the integrated OBFN.
Characterization of Starburst Dendrimers by the EPR Technique. Copper(II) Ions Binding Full-Generation Dendrimers (1997)

Cu(II) was used as a probe to investigate the structure and ion binding ability of full-generation poly(amidoamine) starburst dendrimers (nSBDs). Computer-aided analysis of the EPR spectra provided information on the formation of copper complexes in various internal or external locations of the dendrimers, as well as the nSBD structure as a function of the size (generation) of the dendrimers, pH, temperature, Cu(II) concentration, and aging of the samples. At low pH, Cu2+ competes with protons for binding with external amino groups, which become available for complexation at pH > 3.5. The Cu(H2O)62+ complexes are localized in proximity to the SBD surface, where structural modifications of the water solution prevented the occurrence of a freezing transition. A portion (about 20%) of Cu(H2O)62+ resides in the water pools in the open structure of the earlier generation dendrimers (G < 4) and are capable of undergoing a freezing transition. Progressive penetration of Cu2+ ions into the SBD structure occurs with an increase in pH and gives rise to the formation of complexes with various amino groups of the SBD structure. Between pH 4 and 5, the EPR spectra clearly show the superposition of three components corresponding to (a) a Cu(H2O)62+ complex, (b) a complex with two surface NH2 groups, and (c) a complex with two surface NH2 groups and two internal NR3 groups (Cu−N4). A fraction of the third component increases with an increase in generation. At pH ≥ 6 the Cu−N4 complex is the only species present in the Cu(II)−nSBD solution. The low mobility of this complex supports the hypothesis that this complex is located in the external layers of the SBDs, which become densely packed in the later generations. At higher pH, Cu2+ migrates to the internal SBD structure and the complexes show higher mobilities. The dendrimers decomposed upon aging and decomposition was almost complete for the earlier generation dendrimers at pH > 5.5 and at 60 days after preparation.
PMCA2 regulates HER2 protein kinase localization and signaling and promotes HER2-mediated breast cancer (2016)

In the lactating mammary gland, the plasma membrane calcium ATPase2 (PMCA2) transports milk calcium. Its expression is activated in breast cancers, where high tumor levels predict increased mortality. We find that PMCA2 expression correlates with HER2 levels in breast cancers and that PMCA2 interacts with HER2 in specific actin-rich membrane domains. Knocking down PMCA2 increases intracellular calcium, disrupts interactions between HER2 and HSP-90, inhibits HER2 signaling, and results in internalization and degradation of HER2. Manipulating PMCA2 levels regulates the growth of breast cancer cells, and knocking out PMCA2 inhibits the formation of tumors in mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Neu mice. These data reveal previously unappreciated molecular interactions regulating HER2 localization, membrane retention, and signaling, as well as the ability of HER2 to generate breast tumors, suggesting that interactions between PMCA2 and HER2 may represent therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
Adrenoleukodystrophy (1986)

Monounsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid (C18:1), decreased the content of saturated very-long-chain fatty acids (VLFA) in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and controls. When confluent ALD fibroblasts were incubated with oleic acid for 5 days in lipid-free medium, which eliminates uptake of exogenous VLFA, the mean cell content of C26:0 was decreased by 33.7 +/- 10.1%. Oleic acid inhibited C26:0 synthesis in ALD fibroblasts by 58% and total fatty acid synthesis by 68 to 78%. Therefore, the elevated C26:0 levels in ALD cells may be lowered by inhibiting fatty acid biosynthesis, and inhibition of saturated VLFA synthesis by oleate may be useful in treating ALD.
Hemagglutinin Stalk-Reactive Antibodies Are Boosted following Sequential Infection with Seasonal and Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus in Mice (2012)

Previously, it has been shown that infection in humans with the pandemic swine influenza virus induces antibodies with specificity to the stalk domain of the viral hemagglutinin. Following the generation of these data, we sought to recapitulate these findings in the mouse model by sequential influenza virus infection. Mice that were inoculated with a seasonal influenza H1N1 virus followed by infection with a pandemic H1N1 strain produced higher antihemagglutinin stalk antibody titers than mice sequentially infected with drifted seasonal strains. In order to achieve antibody titers of comparable magnitude using sequential infection, mice had to be infected with 100- to 1,000-fold more of the drifted seasonal virus. The antistalk antibodies produced by these infections were influenza virus neutralizing, which illustrates the utility of the mouse model in which to study this interaction between virus and host.
Effects of interface stoichiometry on the structural and electronic properties of Ga1−xInxSb/InAs superlattices (1992)

We report an investigation of the effects of interface layer composition on the structural and electronic properties of Ga1−xInxSb/InAs superlattices, which are of interest for infrared detector applications. Shutter sequencing during growth of a series of Ga0.75In0.25Sb (8 ML)/InAs (13 ML) superlattices by molecular-beam epitaxy has been employed to select structures with GaInAs-like interfaces, InSb-like interfaces, and intermediate choices of interfacial composition. Comparison of x-ray diffraction scans from the superlattices confirms that a superlattice with GaInAs-like interfaces has a 1.6% smaller average interatomic spacing in the growth direction than a sample with InSb-like interfaces, in near agreement with expected interfacial bond length differences. Hall measurements of intrinsic carrier concentrations at high temperatures indicate an increase in superlattice energy gap when interfaces are switched from InSb-like to GaInAs-like, consistent with intuitive expectations. Low temperature Hall measurements suggest that both the type and the level of background doping in Ga1−xInxSb/InAs superlattices may depend upon interfacial composition.