gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering at the Advanced Photon Source (2009)

The design and operation of a versatile ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) instrument at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory are presented. The instrument is optimized for the high brilliance and low emittance of an APS undulator source. It has angular and energy resolutions of the order of 10 −4 , accurate and repeatable X-ray energy tunability over its operational energy range from 8 to 18 keV, and a dynamic intensity range of 10 8 to 10 9 , depending on the configuration. It further offers quantitative primary calibration of X-ray scattering cross sections, a scattering vector range from 0.0001 to 1 Å −1 , and stability and reliability over extended running periods. Its operational configurations include one-dimensional collimated (slit-smeared) USAXS, two-dimensional collimated USAXS and USAXS imaging. A robust data reduction and data analysis package, which was developed in parallel with the instrument, is available and supported at the APS.
Malignant Glioma (2001)

Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors represent a diverse set of difficult-to-treat neoplasms. Affecting both children and adults, these tumors may either be indolent, slow-growing diseases cured with surgery alone, or rapidly proliferative lesions that can cause death within less than a year despite intensive treatment strategies. This chapter reviews the basic biology and current treatment strategies for primary CNS tumors. Although applicable for some types of childhood tumors, this discussion deals only with malignant glial lesions commonly found in adults.KeywordsMalignant GliomaAnaplastic AstrocytomaRadiation Therapy Oncology GroupRecursive Partitioning AnalysisAnaplastic GliomaThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Molecular and Functional Characterization of the Odorant Receptor2 (OR2) in the Tiger Mosquito Aedes albopictus (2012)

In mosquitoes, the olfactory system plays a crucial role in many types of behavior, including nectar feeding, host preference selection and oviposition. Aedes albopictus, known also as the tiger mosquito, is an anthropophilic species, which in the last few years, due to its strong ecological plasticity, has spread throughout the world. Although long considered only a secondary vector of viruses, the potential of its vector capacity may constitute a threat to public health. Based on the idea that an improved understanding of the olfactory system of mosquitoes may assist in the development of control methods that interfere with their behavior, we have undertaken a study aimed at characterizing the A. albopictus Odorant Receptors. Here we report the identification, cloning and functional characterization of the AalOR2 ortholog, that represents the first candidate member of the odorant receptor (OR) family of proteins from A. albopictus. AalOR2 is expressed in the larval heads and antennae of adults. Our data indicate that A. albopictus OR2 (AalOR2) shares a high degree of identity with other mosquito OR2 orthologs characterized to date, confirming that OR2 is one of the most conserved mosquito ORs. Our data indicate that AalOR2 is narrowly tuned to indole, and inhibited by (-)-menthone. In agreement with this results, these two compounds elicit two opposite effects on the olfactory-based behavior of A. albopictus larvae, as determined through a larval behavioral assay. In summary, this work has led to the cloning and de-orphaning of the first Odorant Receptor in the tiger mosquito A. albopictus. In future control strategies this receptor may be used as a potential molecular target.
A biometric study of higher alcohol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)

A hundred strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined for the ability to produce higher alcohols. In the strains tested the production of higher alcohols was found to be an individual strain characteristic and, as such, was statistically significant. The characteristics of the strains used (flocculation ability, foaming ability, killer character, and non-H2S production) were found to be uncorrelated to isobutanol and isoamyl alcohol production, whereas the production of high levels of n-propanol was found to be related to inability to produce H2S. This, in turn, suggests a link to methionine biosynthesis.
Privacy-preserving cooperative scientific computations (2005)

Abstract: The growth of the Internet has triggered tremendous opportunities for cooperative computation, in which multiple parties need to jointly conduct computation tasks based on the private inputs they each supply. These computations could occur between mutually untrusted parties, or even between competitors. For example, two competing financial organizations might jointly invest in a project that must satisfy both organizations' private and valuable constraints. Today, to conduct such a computation, one must usually know the inputs from all the participants; however if nobody can be trusted enough to know all the inputs, privacy will become a primary concern. Linear systems of equations problem and linear least-square problem problems are two important scientific computations that involve linear equations. Solutions to these problems are widely used in many areas such as banking, manufacturing, and telecommunications. However, the existing solutions do not extend to the privacy-preserving cooperative computation situation, in which the linear equations are shared by multiple parties, who do not want to disclose their data to the other parties. In this paper, we formally define these specific privacy-preserving cooperative computation problems, and present protocols to solve them.
Origin-defective Mutants of SV40 (1980)

We have described a new technique for the isolation and propagation of nonconditionally lethal mutants. We have used this method to generate mutants of SV40 that contain a defective origin of DNA replication. Using these mutants, we have established the following: (1) SV40 DNA replication and early transcription are functionally separate. (2) A functional viral origin of DNA replication is not necessary for the maintenance of transformation. (3) The lack of the origin of SV40 DNA replication does not affect the efficiency of transformation when nonpermissive cells are transfected by DNA using the calcium technique.
[The concept of constructing a uniform state information system on transplantation in Ukraine]. (1998)

A conception is submitted of setting-up a state information system of transplantation in Ukraine (Ukrtransplant) integrated into systems of transplantation of other countries (the European Bank of Transplants-Eurotransplant-included). The information system Ukrtransplant is designed for automatization of processes of taking, genetic and tissue typing, reliable and safe preservation of organs and tissues, delivery of data from the State Register (the bank of data on graft donors and recipients), processing of information about availability of and demand for organs and transplantations performed, and for speedy providing all forms and activities of the state system Ukrtransplant with valid information incident to managerial/administrative matters.
Axial-mode instability in tunable external-cavity semiconductor lasers (1994)

The axial-mode instability of a tunable external-cavity semiconductor laser was studied experimentally and theoretically. Optical and radio-frequency (rf) spectra and time-domain traces show the laser output in progressive stages of instability. The optical sidemode ratio was used to experimentally characterize the wavelength and current dependencies of the instability. Measurements show a strong tendency for the sidemode ratio to degrade when the laser was tuned within wavelength bands occurring at the periodicity of the laser diode mode spacing. The probability of instability also increased with injection current. Analysis of the single-mode strong feedback rate equations shows that stability of an external-cavity mode is determined by the sign of the chirp reduction factor. A model for the physical origin of instability is provided. Calculations show that for facet reflectivities above a threshold value dependent on the external feedback level and the linewidth broadening factor, unstable and stable axial modes coexist in wavelength regions whose locations agree with regions where sidemode ratio degradation is observed. The stability boundary at which unstable axial modes appear is shown as a surface in the parameter space of facet reflectivity, feedback level, and linewidth broadening factor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Amphiphilic Stars and Dendrimer-Like Architectures Based on Poly(Ethylene Oxide) and Polystyrene (2000)

Newly designed star-shaped and dendrimer-like copolymers made of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and polystyrene (PS) were synthesized by sequential anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene, the switch from the first to the second mechanism being obtained by selective transformation of “living” oxanionic sites. First, tri- and tetrafunctional initiators were used to anionically polymerize ethylene oxide and produce tri- and tetraarmed PEO stars. Next, the OH end groups of PEO star branches were derivatized into 2-bromopropionate groups giving rise to the corresponding tri- and tetrabromoester ended-PEO stars; the latter served as macroinitiators for the ATRP of styrene at 100 °C in the presence of CuBr/2,2‘-bipyridine catalyst system affording amphiphilic star block copolymers PEOn-b-PSn (n = 3 or 4). PEOn-b-PS2n (n = 3 or 4) dendrimer-like copolymers constituted of an inner PEO part and an outer PS layer were prepared by introducing a branching agent at the OH termini of the PEO arms before growing the PS generation by ATRP. The same branching agent was used in the preparation of miktoarmed PEO-b-PS2 copolymers and PS2-b-PEO-b-PS2 H-type copolymers, starting from ω-OH and α,ω-di-OH PEO, respectively. The samples obtained were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography equipped with a multiangle laser light scattering detector. These copolymers exhibited the expected structure, as confirmed after cleavage of the ester functions linking the PEO arm ends to PS moieties. Indeed, the hydrolyzed PS arms isolated were of low polydispersity index and their molar masses were in good agreement with the values calculated by NMR on the corresponding star-shaped and dendrimer-like copolymers.
Optical characterization of OLED emitter properties by radiation pattern analyses (2011)

Researches in both, academia and industry are investigating optical loss channels in OLED layered systems by means of optical simulation tools in order to derive promising concepts for a further enhancement of the overall device performance. Besides other factors, the prospects of success of such optimization strategies rely severely on the credibility of the optical input data.&#13;\nThe present thesis provides a guideline to measure the active optical properties of OLED emitter materials in situ by radiation pattern analyses. Reliable and widely applicable methods are introduced to determine the internal electroluminescence spectrum, the profile of the emission zone, the dipole emitter orientation, and the internal luminescence quantum efficiency of emissive materials from the optical far field emission of OLEDs in electrical operation. &#13;\nThe proposed characterization procedures are applied to sets of OLEDs containing both, fluorescent polymeric materials as well as phosphorescent small-molecular emitters, respectively. On the one hand, quite expected results are obtained. On the other hand, several novel and truly surprising results are found. Most importantly, this thesis contains the first report of a non-isotropic, mainly parallel emitter orientation in a phosphorescent small-molecular guest-host system (Ir(MDQ)2(acac) in a-NPD). &#13;\nDue to the latter result, emitter orientation based optimization of phosphorescent OLEDs seems to be within reach. Since parallel dipoles emit preferably into air, the utilization of smart emissive materials with advantageous molecular orientation is capable to boost the efficiency of phosphorescent OLEDs by 50%. Materials design, the influence of the matrix material and the substrate, as well as film deposition conditions are just a few parameters that need to be studied further in order to exploit the huge potential of the dipole emitter orientation in phosphorescent OLEDs.
Service combinators for Web computing (1999)

The World Wide Web is rich in content and services, but access to these resources must be obtained mostly through manual browsers. We would like to be able to write programs that reproduce human browsing behavior, including reactions to slow transmission-rates and failures on many simultaneous links. We thus introduce a concurrent model that directly incorporates the notions of failure and rate of communication, and then describe programming constructs based on this model.
A monolithic 156 Mb/s clock and data recovery PLL circuit using the sample-and-hold technique (1994)

The PLL circuit described here performs the function of data and clock recovery for random data patterns by using a sample-and-hold technique, and four component circuits (a phase comparator, a delay circuit, a voltage-controlled oscillator, and a S/H switch with a low-pass-filter) were specially designed to further stabilize the PLL operation. A test chip fabricated using Si bipolar process technology demonstrated error-free operation with an input of 2/sup 23/-1 PRBS data at 156 Mb/s. The rms data pattern jitter was reduced to only 1.2 degrees with only an external power supply bypass capacitor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Defect reduction in strained InxGa1−xAs via growth on GaAs (100) substrates patterned to submicron dimensions (1990)

The misfit dislocation (MD) behavior of InxGa1−xAs (x≤0.15) grown via molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs(100) substrates containing parallel mesas of ultrasmall widths (0.6–1.3 μm) is examined via cross-sectional transmission electron microscope studies. A virtual absence of MDs running perpendicular to the mesa widths is found even though the film thicknesses are significantly larger than the so-called critical thickness for growth on nonpatterned substrates. In the nonpatterned regions of the substrate the mean separation of such MDs is ∼1500 Å and ∼940 Å for x=0.11 and x=0.15, respectively. The defect reduction observed is discussed in light of intrinsic effects relating to growth kinetics and strain relief at mesa edges and/or reduced dislocation multiplication occurring on the mesas.
The immunological and physicochemical properties of mitogenic proteins derived from Phaseolus vulgaris. (1972)

A commercially available phytohaemagglutinin derived from Phaseolus vulgaris (PHAP) was subjected to CM Sephadex and Sephadex G-150 chromatography. Two major mitogenic fractions were isolated; one (L-PHAP), appeared homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and was virtually lacking in haemagglutinating activity, while the other (H-PHAP) was a potent haemagglutinin. H-PHAP was a complex material as shown by its behaviour on CM Sephadex chromatography. Electrophoretic analysis revealed three distinct bands of protein, all migrating cathodally to L-PHAP. With increasing cathodal mobility H-PHAP subfractions showed diminishing mitogenicity, increasing haemagglutinating potency, and the appearance of the ability to precipitate serum proteins non-specifically. The latter property, present in crude PHAP, was not displayed by L-PHAP. The mitogenic activity of all H-PHAP subfractions was potentiated by the presence of autologous red blood cells. While L- and H-PHAP were closely related by immunological criteria, distinct differences were noted by three methods of analysis. The most cathodal of the H-PHAP subfractions was found to be immunodeficient by comparison with crude PHAP, L-PHAP, and the remaining H-PHAP subfractions. The implications of these findings with respect to the biological activity of PHAP and to its subunit structure are discussed.
A consistent gate and substrate current model for submicron MOSFET's by considering energy transport (2002)

Accurate modeling of the hot electron induced gate and substrate currents is of considerable importance for submicron MOS devices. In this paper, a new approach based on the simplified two-dimensional energy balance equations by incorporating the effect of transversal electric field and energy-dependent saturation velocity and relaxation time is presented. Substrate current characteristics can be predicted from the calculated energy dependent impact ionization rate. A consistent gate current is also obtained by using the same set of parameter values. Results of the gate and substrate currents present very good agreement with the experiment for a wide range of biases and channel lengths. Moreover, the conventional drift-diffusion approach tends to overestimate the calculated substrate current, while the new approach has solved the problem without difficulty.
Exploration of the Design Principles of a Cell-Penetrating Bicylic Peptide Scaffold (2014)

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) possess the capacity to induce cell entry of themselves and attached molecular cargo, either by endocytosis or by direct translocation. Conformational constraints have been described as one means to increase the activity of CPPs, especially for direct crossing of the plasma membrane. Here, we explored the structure-activity relationship of bicyclic peptides for cell entry. These peptides may be considered minimal analogues of naturally occurring oligocyclic peptide toxins and are a promising scaffold for the design of bioactive molecules. Increasing numbers of arginine residues that are primarily contributing to cell-penetrating activity were introduced either into the cycles, or as stretches outside the cycles, at both ends or at one end only. In addition, we probed for the impact of negatively charged residues on activity for both patterns of arginine substitution. Uptake was investigated in HeLa cells by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Overall, uptake efficiency showed a positive correlation with the number of arginine residues. The subcellular distribution was indicative of endocytic uptake. One linear stretch of arginines coupled outside the bicycle was as effective in promoting uptake as substituting the same number of arginines inside the bicycles. However, the internally substituted analogues were more sensitive to the presence of negatively charged residues. For a given bicyclic peptide, uptake was more effective than for the linear counterpart. Introduction of histidine and tryptophans further increased uptake efficiency to comparable levels as that of nonaarginine despite the larger size of the bicyclic backbone. The results demonstrate that both arginine clustering and spatial constraints are uptake-promoting structural principles, an observation that gives freedom in the introduction of cell-penetrating capacity to structurally constrained scaffolds.
Simmondsin, an unusual 2-cyanomethylenecyclohexyl glucoside from Simmondsia californica (1973)

Simmondsin, a monoglucoside extracted from seeds of the jojoba plant (Simmondsia californica), has been shown to be 2-(cyanomethylene)-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxycyclohexyl β-D-glucoside (1). Analysis of the n.m.r. spectra of this compound and its penta-acetate permits assignment of the stereochemistry as well as establishing the point of attachment of the glucose.
Primordial Germ Cell Formation in Birds (2007)

At the early somite stage, chicken embryo primordial germ cells comprise a population of about 200 dispersed, morphologically distinct cells, located in the extraembryonic germinal crescent. Tracing the origin of primordial germ cells at earlier stages is at present not possible by either cytological or immunohistochemical techniques. To resolve this difficulty we have microdissected embryos at early embryonic stages, isolated fragments from various positions and incubated them to the somite stage, when the primordial germ cells can be visualized accurately. From these studies a distinct developmental pattern has emerged. (1) At the uterine stage, when the area pellucida starts to thin out, there is already a defined area, confined to the most central part of the blastodisc, which constitutes the sole source of the future primordial germ cells. (2) As development proceeds, the area that gives rise to the primordial germ cells expands peripherally. (3) Primordial germ cells thereafter migrate as isolated cells, descending to the lower layer, the hypoblast. (4) This gradual process starts at the onset of blastulation and terminates towards the end of gastrulation. (5) The hypoblast, destined to become the yolk sac endoderm, is pushed anteriorly during gastrulation by morphogenetic movements to be replaced by the endoderm proper; the primordial germ cells are carried forwards with it and occupy an extraembryonic location.
Activity of a long-acting echinocandin, CD101, determined using CLSI and EUCAST reference methods, againstCandidaandAspergillusspp., including echinocandin- and azole-resistant isolates (2016)

The activity of CD101 is comparable to that of other members of the echinocandin class for the prevention and treatment of serious fungal infections. Similar results for CD101 activity versus Candida and Aspergillus spp. may be obtained with either CLSI or EUCAST BMD methods.
Managing and coping with names of pleomorphic fungi in a period of transition (2012)

An explanation is provided of the recent changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants relating to the ending of the separate naming of different states of fungi with a pleomorphic life-cycle. Issues relating to their implementation are discussed, including problems of defining "widely used", author citations, proofs of holomorphy, typification, the preparation of "Lists of accepted and rejected names" (with a possible timetable), relationship to the existing processes of sanctioning and conservation or rejection, and steps to be considered for the future. This material is presented here to stimulate debate on the actions that should be taken by individuals, and responsible committees, in the current period of transition to a system of fungal nomenclature fit for the 21(st) century.
Control of ammonium concentration in Escherichia coli fermentations (1985)

A control system has been devised for the maintenance of stable ammonium concentrations throughout a fedbatch fermentation. The control system is based on an ammonia gas-sensing electrode that monitors a pH-adjusted effluent stream from the fermentor. To overcome the time lag between the fermentor and the electrode, feedback control included metered flows of ammonium to both the fermentor and the electrode vessel. The system was used to study the growth of Escherichia coli B (ATCC 11303) at controlled ammonium concentrations of 5 to 200mM. Apparent specific growth rates, biomass and protein production, and glucose yields were essentially constant from 5 to 170mM. Above 170mM ammonium growth was inhibited. As ammonium concentration decreased from 170 to 5mM, ammonium yields increased from 1 to 24 g cell dry wt/g ammonium utilized. The results demonstrate that control of ammonium concentrations at levels so low that ammonium would be exhausted in batch fermentations can significantly increase overall ammonium yields.