gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and characterization of diamond-like carbon/Ni bimorph normally closed microcages (2005)

Normally closed microcages based on highly compressively stressed diamond-like carbon (DLC) and electroplated Ni bimorph structures have been simulated, fabricated and characterized. Finite-element and analytical models were used to simulate the device performance. It was found that the radius of curvature of the bimorph layer can be adjusted by varying the DLC film stress, the total layer thickness and the thickness ratio of the DLC to Ni layers. The angular deflection of the bimorph structures can also be adjusted by varying the finger length. The radius of curvature of the microcage was in the range of 18–50 µm, suitable for capturing and confining micro-objects with sizes of 20–100 µm. The operation of this type of device is very efficient due to the large difference in thermal expansion coefficients of the DLC and the Ni layers. Electrical tests have shown that these microcages can be opened by ~90° utilizing a power smaller than 20 mW. The operating temperatures of the devices under various pulsed currents were extracted through the change in electrical resistance of the devices. The results showed that an average temperature in the range of 400–450 °C is needed to open this type of microcage by ~90°, consistent with the results from analytical simulation and finite-element modelling.
Microstrip antennas with frequency agility and polarization diversity (1981)

A technique is investigated for controlling the operating frequency and polarization of microstrip antennas. The control is achieved by placing shorting posts at appropriate locations within the antenna's boundaries. By changing the number and locations of the posts, the operating frequency can be tuned over a 1.5-to-1 range, and the polarization can be changed from horizontal to vertical, right-hand circular, or left-hand circular. All of these changes are obtained without significantly altering the input impedance or radiation patterns of the antenna and without increasing the complexity of the external microwave feed network. The frequency and polarization can be electronically controlled by using microwave switching diodes for the shorting posts. Antennas that have two feeds and operate simultaneously in two orthogonal polarizations have been constructed with the capability to switch between linear and circular polarization. Also, a thin frequency-scanned array has been built with the frequency-agile microstrip elements.
Chimeric CLL-1 Antibody Fusion Proteins Containing Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor or Interleukin-2 With Specificity for B-Cell Malignancies Exhibit Enhanced Effector Functions While Retaining Tumor Targeting Properties (1997)

Although monoclonal antibody (MoAb) therapy of the human malignant lymphomas has shown success in clinical trials, its full potential for the treatment of hematologic malignancies has yet to be realized. To expand the clinical potential of a promising human-mouse chimeric antihuman B-cell MoAb (chCLL-1) constructed using the variable domains cloned from the murine Lym-2 (muLym-2) hybridoma, fusion proteins containing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (chCLL-1/GM-CSF) or interleukin (IL)-2 (chCLL-1/IL-2) were generated and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo tumor targeting. The glutamine synthetase gene amplification system was employed for high level expression of the recombinant fusion proteins. Antigenic specificity was confirmed by a competition radioimmunoassay against ARH-77 human myeloma cells. The activity of chCLL-1/GM-CSF was established by a colony formation assay, and the bioactivity of chCLL-1/IL-2 was confirmed by supporting the growth of an IL-2-dependent T-cell line. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against ARH-77 target cells demonstrated that both fusion proteins mediate enhanced tumor cell lysis by human mononuclear cells. Finally, biodistribution and imaging studies in nude mice bearing ARH-77 xenografts indicated that the fusion proteins specifically target the tumors. These in vitro and in vivo data suggest that chCLL-1/GM-CSF and chCLL-1/IL-2 have potential as immunotherapeutic reagents for the treatment of B-cell malignancies.
Expression of the hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met in colon cancer: correlation with clinicopathological features and overall survival. (2012)

The HGF/c-Met signaling pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of colon cancer. C-Met overexpression can be used as a useful parameter to evaluate the prognosis of colon cancer.
Incentive‐sensitization and addiction (2001)

The question of addiction concerns the process by which drug-taking behavior, in certain individuals, evolves into compulsive patterns of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior that take place at the expense of most other activities, and the inability to cease drug-taking, that is, the problem of relapse. In this paper we summarize one view of this process, the "incentive-sensitization" view, which we first proposed in 1993. Four major tenets of the incentive-sensitization view are discussed. These are: (1) potentially addictive drugs share the ability to alter brain organization; (2) the brain systems that are altered include those normally involved in the process of incentive motivation and reward; (3) the critical neuroadaptations for addiction render these brain reward systems hypersensitive ("sensitized") to drugs and drug-associated stimuli; and (4) the brain systems that are sensitized do not mediate the pleasurable or euphoric effects of drugs (drug "liking"), but instead they mediate a subcomponent of reward we have termed incentive salience (drug "wanting").
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA: Clinical spectrum and genotype‐phenotype correlations (2010)

We report the natural history and mutational analysis in a large unbiased cohort of MPS IIIA patients. We demonstrate that the clinical spectrum of MPS IIIA is much broader than previously reported. A significant genotype-phenotype correlation was established in this cohort.
Furfural—A Promising Platform for Lignocellulosic Biofuels (2011)

Furfural offers a promising, rich platform for lignocellulosic biofuels. These include methylfuran and methyltetrahydrofuran, valerate esters, ethylfurfuryl and ethyltetrahydrofurfuryl ethers as well as various C(10)-C(15) coupling products. The various production routes are critically reviewed, and the needs for improvements are identified. Their relative industrial potential is analysed by defining an investment index and CO(2) emissions as well as determining the fuel properties for the resulting products. Finally, the most promising candidate, 2-methylfuran, was subjected to a road trial of 90,000 km in a gasoline blend. Importantly, the potential of the furfural platform relies heavily on the cost-competitive production of furfural from lignocellulosic feedstock. Conventional standalone and emerging coproduct processes-for example, as a coproduct of cellulosic ethanol, levulinic acid or hydroxymethyl furfural-are expensive and energetically demanding. Challenges and areas that need improvement are highlighted. In addition to providing a critical review of the literature, this paper also presents new results and analysis in this area.
Frondoside A. A novel triterpene glycoside from the holothurian Cucumariafrondosa (1990)

The isolation and characterization of a novel triterpene glycoside from the sea cucumber Cucumariafrondosa, collected from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, are described. Physico-chemical data obtained on the underivatized saponin are presented in support of structure 1 for frondoside A. The structure is characterized by the presence of a branched oligosaccharidic chain composed of five units. The holostane-type aglycone features an endocyclic double bond at position C-7,8 and a β-acetoxy group at C-16. Keywords: triterpene glycoside; Cucumariafrondosa saponins; saponins, triterpene from holothurians; holothurian saponins; echinoderm triterpene saponins.
Circulating receptors implicated in the cyto-adherence occurring in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand (1999)

The kinetic profiles of soluble chondroitin-sulphate A (CSA), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin were investigated in 17 patients hospitalized with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The aim was to see if these circulating adhesion molecules could be considered as markers for the severity of P. falciparum malaria. The levels of all the adhesion molecules were found to be higher in the sera from all the malaria cases, both severe and uncomplicated, than in those from uninfected controls. The elevation in plasma CSA, reported for the first time, was statistically very significant (P = 0.00001). However, when severe cases were compared with the uncomplicated, there were no significant differences in the level of any of the receptors except ICAM-1, which was highest in those with the severe disease (P = 0.01). The absence of any significant correlation between the plasma concentration of CSA and malaria severity indicates that this adhesion molecule could not be used to predict the severity of malaria, although its role in sequestration of the parasites in pregnant women is well established.
Reevaluating the imaging definition of tumor progression: perfusion MRI quantifies recurrent glioblastoma tumor fraction, pseudoprogression, and radiation necrosis to predict survival (2012)

The pMRI-FTB metric reliably estimates histologic tumor fraction (i.e., tumor burden) and correlates with OS in the context of recurrent GBM. This technique may offer a promising biomarker of tumor progression and clinical outcome for future clinical trials.
In vitro parasite antigen-induced antibody responses in human helminth infections. (1985)

Helminth parasites characteristically induce vigorous antibody responses in human infections, but the immunoregulatory mechanisms determining the level of these responses are not at all understood. To investigate these mechanisms, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from 10 patients with parasitic helminth infections (three with schistosomiasis, three with onchocerciasis, and four with loiasis), along with six normal controls. These cells were then cultured in vitro and the capacity of the cells to respond to a specific parasite antigenic stimulus was examined by measuring the amount of parasite-specific antibody produced. Parasite antigen alone, without exogenous mitogen, induced an IgG anti-parasite antibody response in vitro. Optimal responses were obtained at extremely low antigen concentrations--concentrations at which little if any polyclonal immunoglobulin production occurred. Additionally, the in vitro induction of parasite-specific antibody was antigen dose-dependent, requiring much lower antigen concentrations than those necessary to induce lymphocyte blastogenesis. Antibody production was shown to require the cooperative interaction of B and T cells. These studies demonstrate that in vitro responses to antigens from naturally acquired parasitic infections, like those in individuals postimmunization, can be utilized to dissect the cellular and humoral factors that regulate antibody production to naturally acquired human pathogens.
Sequence variations in EBNA-1 may dictate restriction of tissue distribution of Epstein-Barr virus in normal and tumour cells. (1997)

In seropositive individuals Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a virus reservoir in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Transmission from one individual to another occurs via saliva due to a lytic (virion productive) phase of infection in the oropharynx. EBNA-1 is responsible for maintaining viral episomes in the host cell and could, therefore, also affect the persistence of the virus in different cell lineages. Based on sequence analysis of EBNA-1 we now demonstrate that (i) in addition to the prototype EBNA-1 (identical to the B95.8 virus EBNA-1), EBV in normal individuals encompasses multiple EBNA-1 subtypes, both in PBLs and in oral secretions; (ii) although EBV with prototype EBNA-1 is the predominant virus in normal individuals, it is very rarely associated with either nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) or Burkitt's lymphoma (BL); (iii) EBV with an EBNA-1 subtype (V-val) frequently associated with NPC is also selectively detected in oral secretions and not in PBLs; (iv) EBV with the EBNA-1 subtype V-pro is restricted to PBLs, while a mutated version of this subtype is present in BL, but not in NPC. These findings suggest that the variations in EBNA-1 may be relevant to the ability of EBV to persist in different cell types, and hence relevant to its oncogenic potential.
Ultrasonic Treatment of Light Alloy Melts (1998)

This is the first monograph to comprehensively cover the effect of using power ultrasound to refine and solidify aluminium and magnesium alloys. The author is widely regarded as a pioneer in the field, and the text is based on results obtained over the 40 years he has spent developing these techniques. Ultrasonic treatment efficiently removes h
The Molecular Basis of Muscular Dystrophy in the mdx Mouse: a Point Mutation (1989)

The mdx mouse is an X-linked myopathic mutant, an animal model for human Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In both mouse and man the mutations lie within the dystrophin gene, but the phenotypic differences of the disease in the two species confer much interest on the molecular basis of the mdx mutation. The complementary DNA for mouse dystrophin has been cloned, and the sequence has been used in the polymerase chain reaction to amplify normal and mdx dystrophin transcripts in the area of the mdx mutation. Sequence analysis of the amplification products showed that the mdx mouse has a single base substitution within an exon, which causes premature termination of the polypeptide chain.
Television Transmission Over Wire Lines (1941)

Intercity networks appear vital to the success of television broadcasting. Experiments with wire lines for this purpose and for local transmission of present-day television signals are reported herein. The design and construction of the equipment used are described and its performance characteristics given. The intercity lines discussed involve carrier transmission over coaxial cable with repeaters which pass a net band of about 2¾ megacycles. For local intracity connections video transmission of about a 4 mc band is obtained over existing telephone plant or by means of special low attenuation cable. Varopis corcuit arrangements including the facilities used in bringing scenes from the Republican Convention in Philadelphia to the N. B. C. in New York are shown together with their overall television transmission characteristics.
The LIM domain homeobox gene isl-1: conservation of human, hamster, and rat complementary deoxyribonucleic acid sequences and expression in cell types of nonneuroendocrine lineage. (1994)

The LIM domain homeobox gene isl-1 was originally isolated by virtue of its ability to bind DNA sequences from the 5'-flanking region of the rat insulin gene. Initial experiments localized isl-1 to the islet cells of the pancreas, suggesting a possible role for this protein in the regulation of insulin gene expression and/or islet cell development. More recent studies have determined that isl-1 is also expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system. We now report that isl-1 gene expression is not restricted to cells of neuroendocrine lineage. Northern blot analysis of rat and hamster fibroblasts, rat keratinocytes, and human epidermoid carcinoma cells detected messenger RNA transcripts that hybridized, at high stringency, to different isl-1 complementary DNA probes. DNA sequence analysis of human and hamster isl-1 complementary DNAs generated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from nonneuroendocrine cell lines demonstrated 100% conservation of isl-1 amino acid sequences from rat hamster and human species. Western blot analysis with isl-1 antiserum demonstrated that immunoreactive isl-1 was detectable in nuclear extracts from islet cell lines. In contrast, immunoreactive isl-1 was only detected in cytoplasmic extracts from nonneuroendocrine cell lines. The results of these studies demonstrate striking conservation of mammalian isl-1 coding sequences and widespread expression of the isl-1 gene in heterologous cells. These experiments suggest that the biological importance of isl-1 may not be restricted to neuroendocrine cell lineages and raise the possibility that isl-1 function may be regulated by sequestration in distinct cellular compartments.
The Starch-Debranching Enzymes Isoamylase and Pullulanase Are Both Involved in Amylopectin Biosynthesis in Rice Endosperm (1999)

The activities of the two types of starch debranching enzymes, isoamylase and pullulanase, were greatly reduced in endosperms of allelic sugary-1 mutants of rice (Oryza sativa), with the decrease more pronounced for isoamylase than for pullulanase. However, the decrease in isoamylase activity was not related to the magnitude of the sugary phenotype (the proportion of the phytoglycogen region of the endosperm), as observed with pullulanase. In the moderately mutated line EM-5, the pullulanase activity was markedly lower in the phytoglycogen region than in the starch region, and isoamylase activity was extremely low or completely lost in the whole endosperm tissue. These results suggest that both debranching enzymes are involved in amylopectin biosynthesis in rice endosperm. We presume that isoamylase plays a predominant role in amylopectin synthesis, but pullulanase is also essential or can compensate for the role of isoamylase in the construction of the amylopectin multiple-cluster structure. It is highly possible that isoamylase was modified in some sugary-1 mutants such as EM-273 and EM-5, since it was present in significant and trace amounts, respectively, in these mutants but was apparently inactive. The results show that the Sugary-1 gene encodes the isoamylase gene of the rice genome.
Integrating audio and visual information to provide highly robust speech recognition (2002)

There is a requirement in many human machine interactions to provide accurate automatic speech recognition in the presence of high levels of interfering noise. The the paper shows that performance improvements in recognition accuracy can be obtained by including data derived from a speaker's lip images. We describe the combination of the audio and visual data in the construction of composite feature vectors and a hidden Markov model structure which allows for asynchrony between the audio and visual components. These ideas are applied to a speaker dependent recognition task involving a small vocabulary and subject to interfering noise. The recognition results obtained using composite vectors and cross-product models are compared with those based on an audio-only feature vector. The benefit of this approach is shown to be an increased performance over a very wide range of noise levels.
Effects of age and gender on febuxostat pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety in healthy subjects (2005)

Background Febuxostat is a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (NP-SIXO) being developed for the management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout. Aim The effects of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and safety of febuxostat were evaluated. Methods In a phase-1, parallel group, open-label, multiple dose study, male (M) and female (F) subjects between 19–40 years old[young (Y), 12M/12F] and 65–76 years old[elderly (E), 12M/12F] received once daily 80 mg oral doses of febuxostat for 7 days. Blood samples were collected to assess the PK of febuxostat and its active metabolites (67M-1, 67M-2, 67M-4) as well as its effect on uric acid (PD marker). Protein binding and safety of febuxostat were also assessed. Results The results are shown in the table below. The overall incidence of study drug related adverse events (AEs) was lower in M than in F (13% vs 54%) and in Y than in E (25% vs 42%). The most common AEs were headache and constipation. The majority of AEs were mild in severity. Conclusion Neither age nor gender had any clinically significant effect on the PK, PD, and safety of febuxostat. Therefore, febuxostat does not require any dose adjustment based on age or gender. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P50–P50; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.084 Table 1. Mean± SD Plasma Pharmacokinetic and Serum Uric Acid (sUA) Parameters on Day 7 Age Gender Analyte Parameter Y E M F Febuxostat Cmax,u (ng/mL) 28±12 27±9 24±10 31±101,2 AUC24,u (ng·h/mL) 56±19 61±20 54±23 63±151,2 fu (%) 0.7±0.1 0.7±0.2 0.7±0.1 0.7±0.1 67M-1 AUC24 (ng·h/mL) 225±63 265±84 224±68 265±80 67M-2 AUC24 (ng·h/mL) 229±76 243±69 240±81 232±63 67M-4 AUC24 (ng·h/mL) 235±77 270±125 223±70 281±125 sUA Cmean,24 (%change) −55±8 −56±9 −52±7 −59±81 Cmax,u or AUC24,u: Unbound Cmax or AUC24; fu: Unbound fraction; Cmean,24: sUA 24-hour mean concentration; 1 Statistically significantly different from M (p≤ 0.05) 2 Not statistically significantly different from M (p>0.05) with weight as a covariate
The entry to self‐employment of redundant steelworkers (1985)

The British Steel Corporation's ‘slimline’ plan of 1980 halved the workforce at the Port Talbot plant in South Wales. This article reports the findings of a three stage sample survey from 1981 to 1982 of the work experiences of those who became self‐employed following redundancy.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors promote STI571-mediated apoptosis in STI571-sensitive and -resistant Bcr/Abl+ human myeloid leukemia cells. (2003)

Interactions between the Bcr/Abl kinase inhibitor STI571 (Gleevec, imatinib mesylate) and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) have been examined in STI571-sensitive and -resistant Bcr/Abl(+) human leukemia cells (K562 and LAMA 84). Cotreatment of K562 cells with 250 nM imatinib mesylate and 2.0 micro M suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) for 24 h, exposures that were minimally toxic alone, resulted in a marked increase in mitochondrial damage (e.g., cytochrome c, Smac/DIABLO, and apoptosis-inducing factor release), caspase activation, and apoptosis. Similar events were observed in other Bcr/Abl(+) cells (i.e., LAMA 84), and in cells exposed to STI571 in combination with the HDI sodium butyrate. Coexposure of cells to HDIs in conjunction with STI571 resulted in multiple perturbations in signaling and cell cycle-regulatory proteins, including down-regulation of Raf, phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phospho-Akt, phospho-signal transducers and activators of transcription 5, cyclin D1, and Mcl-1, accompanied by dephosphorylation and cleavage of retinoblastoma protein and a striking increase in phosphorylation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase. Coexposure of Bcr/Abl(+) cells to STI571 also blocked SAHA-mediated induction of p21(CIP1) and resulted in down-regulation of Bcr/Abl protein expression. STI571 and SAHA also interacted synergistically to induce apoptosis in STI571-resistant K562 and LAMA 84 cells that display increased Bcr/Abl protein expression. Lastly, inducible expression of a constitutively active MEK1/2 construct significantly attenuated SAHA/STI571-mediated apoptosis in K562 cells, implicating disruption of the Raf/MEK/ERK axis in synergistic antileukemic effects of this drug combination. Together, these findings indicate that combined exposure of Bcr/Abl(+) cells to the kinase inhibitor STI571 and HDIs leads to diverse perturbations in signaling and cell cycle-regulatory proteins, associated with a marked increase in mitochondrial damage and cell death. They also raise the possibility that this strategy may be effective in some Bcr/Abl(+) cells that are resistant to STI571 through increased Bcr/Abl expression.