gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity Study of a NOx Estimation Model for On-Board Applications (2008)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The increasingly stringent antipollution legislation and the necessity of a continuous control of the pollutant emissions lead to the development, among others, of NOx estimation models to be included in the engine control system and the on-board diagnostic system.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Two elements are important for a good estimation of these pollutant emissions: the knowledge of the combustion process, which is available via the instantaneous pressure signal, and the flame temperature, which is estimated from the in-cylinder conditions (mainly from the air temperature and oxygen concentration). All these parameters could be nowadays available and even analyzed on the vehicle during normal engine operation.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this paper we intend to assess the NOx estimation sensitivity to inaccuracies in the input parameters to identify the critical parameters in this estimation.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The NOx emissions model which has been developed and used for this purpose in the frame of this research is based on the Zeldovich mechanism. As the NOx emissions prediction is highly dependent on temperature, a thermodynamic sub-model of the combustion chamber is required so as to estimate the adiabatic flame temperature. The input parameters for this model are the intake air mass flow rate, the injected fuel mass, the instantaneous in-cylinder pressure and the total in-cylinder mass (including both air and EGR), which traditionally is deduced from the volumetric efficiency and the intake temperature and pressure.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The sensitivity analysis shows that the accuracy of the in-cylinder air mass and the in-cylinder total mass is much more critical than that of the instantaneous incylinder pressure and the injected fuel mass for NOx prediction. For this reason special attention has to be paid to the intake air + EGR mixture temperature and fresh air mass measurements.&lt;/div&gt;
Formate Dehydrogenase of Clostridium thermoaceticum : Incorporation of Selenium-75, and the Effects of Selenite, Molybdate, and Tungstate on the Enzyme (1973)

The formation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent formate dehydrogenase in Clostridium thermoaceticum is stimulated by the presence of molybdate and selenite in the growth medium. The highest formate dehydrogenase activity was obtained with 2.5 x 10(-4) M Na(2)MoO(4) and 5 x 10(-5) Na(2)SeO(3). Tungstate but not vanadate could replace molybdate and stimulate the formation of formate dehydrogenase. Tungstate stimulated activity more than molybdate, and in combination with molybdate the stimulation of formation of formate dehydrogenase was additive. Formate dehydrogenase was isolated from cells grown in the presence of Na(2) (75)SeO(2), and a correlation was observed between bound (75)Se and enzyme activity.
Serum 2-Hydroxyglutarate Production in IDH1- and IDH2-Mutated De Novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Study by the Acute Leukemia French Association Group (2013)

Serum 2-HG is a predictor of the presence of IDH1/2 mutations and outcome in these patients. Discrimination between D/L stereoisomers improved specificity.
Protection for the Amino Group (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Carbamates Amides SpecialNH Protective Groups Protection for the Amide NH Protection for the Sulfonamide NH
14-Hydroxylation of Opiates:  Catalytic Direct Autoxidation of Codeinone to 14-Hydroxycodeinone (2005)

Codeinone (3) was efficiently and directly converted to 14-hydroxycodeinone (1) by catalytic air oxidation in aqueous solution. A number of simple manganese and copper salts were identified to be effective catalysts, including MnSO4, KMnO4, and CuSO4. An appropriate reducing agent, such as sodium thiosulfate, is required in the reaction mixture presumably for the reduction of a detrimental peroxide intermediate. This discovery allows the more abundant codeine to be employed as the starting material for the synthesis of 14-hydroxylated opiate drugs without recourse to a thebaine-like intermediate. These discoveries were inspired from our study of microbial transformation of codeine to 14-hydroxycodeine by Mycobacterium neoaurum, where we found the actual 14-hydroxylation step is a chemical reaction rather than an enzymatic reaction, as previously believed.
The intensity of T cell receptor engagement determines the cytokine pattern of human allergen‐specific T helper cells (1997)

Enhanced production of T helper (Th)2 cytokines by allergen-specific Th cells plays a major role in the induction and maintenance of IgE-mediated allergic disorders. The mechanism that triggers this type of response in atopic individuals is not fully understood. Allergen-specific human Th cell clones produce interleukin (IL)-4 and low or undetectable levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma after stimulation with low concentrations of antigen. However, these Th cell clones are capable of generating significant amounts of IFN-gamma after optimal activation through their T cell receptor (TcR). Allergen-specific Th cell clones isolated from allergic individuals required higher doses of antigen to reach the plateau of proliferation and to generate Th0 cytokine responses than their counterparts isolated from nonallergic subjects. On the other hand, if allergen was replaced by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb), both allergic and nonallergic Th cell clones attained the highest level of proliferation and significant IFN-gamma production in response to equivalent concentrations of anti-CD3 mAb. These results indicate that the strength of T cell ligation, which can be modulated by the availability of the TcR ligand, controls the balance of Thl/Th2 cytokines produced by memory Th cells in vitro. In the particular case of bee venom phospholipase A2, it is shown that the expression of allergen-specific surface Ig on antigen-presenting B cells has little influence on antigen uptake and therefore in determining the levels of T cell activation and cytokine production. Alternatively, the affinity of particular major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells for allergen-derived peptides might determine the amount of specific ligand presented to the Th cells and play a decisive role skewing the Th cell cytokine production towards Th1 or Th2 phenotypes. These findings, which are consistent with the changes in cytokine patterns observed following clinical hyposensitization, suggest that polarized human Th2 cell subsets still retain the capacity to modulate their cytokine pattern.
The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis — An Update (1986)

CARDIOVASCULAR disease remains the chief cause of death in the United States and Western Europe, and atherosclerosis, the principal cause of myocardial and cerebral infarction, accounts for the majority of these deaths.1 This review, like its predecessor,2 will not attempt to cover all literature on atherosclerosis. In a previous review of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis,2 Glomset and I discussed various hypotheses of atherogenesis2 3 4 5 6 7 and emphasized the importance of intimal smooth-muscle proliferation as the key event in the development of the advanced lesions of atherosclerosis. The response-to-injury hypothesis of atherogenesis2 3 4 5 6 proposes that "injury" to the endothelium is the initiating event in . . .
A Reverse-Current Decay Mechanism for Fuel Cells (2005)

A mechanism that may cause accelerated performance decay of fuel cells is presented. The mechanism is explained using a one-dimensional model of the potential profile. The analysis indicates that the electrolyte potential drops from 0 to (vs. RHE) when the anode is partially exposed to hydrogen and partially exposed to oxygen. This causes flow of current opposite to normal fuel cell mode at the oxygen-exposed region and raises the cathode interfacial potential difference to 1.44 V, causing carbon corrosion, which decreases performance. The decay mechanism was validated using two different experimental setups which reproduced the carbon-corrosion phenomenon.
[Inhibitory effect of chemically and enzymatically treated erythrocytic membrane on the invasion of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites]. (1989)

By treating chemically and enzymatically erythrocytic membrane to change its structure and properties, the recognition of merozoite to erythrocyte and the effect of erythrocyte skeleton protein on the invasion of P. falciparum (Fc c-1/HN) were studied. It was found that the invasion of merozoite into erythrocyte digested with trypsin was greatly decreased; merozoite invasion into the erythrocyte treated with neuraminidase or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was partially inhibited; erythrocytes treated with cross-linker diamide and depolymerizer colchicine, N-ethyl maleinimide (NEM) of skeleton protein had evident resistance to invasion; the invasion of merozoite into erythrocyte treated with 2.0 mM of NEM was completely blocked.
Forane Uptake, Excretion, and Blood Solubility in Man (1971)

With the technical assistance of Richard Shargel, Anne White, and Eunice LimReceived from the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94122. Accepted for publication June 25, 1971.§ Trademark, Ohio Medical Products, Division of Air Reduction Co., Inc.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Inhibits Steroid Biosynthesis by Cultured Human Granulosa-Lutein Cells in a CRH and Interleukin-1 Receptor-Mediated Fashion* (1997)

The presence of immunoreactive CRH was recently demonstrated in human ovaries. CRH immunoreactivity was localized by immunohistochemistry in the cytoplasm of thecal cells surrounding the ovarian follicles, in luteinized cells of the stroma, and in large granulosa-derived luteinized cells of developing corpora lutea. Also, CRH and its receptors were identified in Leydig cells of the testis where CRH was shown to inhibit testosterone biosynthesis. To examine the role of CRH in the ovary, we studied its effect on estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) release by human granulosa cells obtained from women undergoing in vitro fertilization for male factor infertility or uni- or bilateral tubal impatency. In all subjects, superovulation was induced by treatment with gonadotropins. The effects of graded doses of ovine CRH (10[-11]-10[-6] mol/liter) were evaluated in the conditioned medium obtained after 24 h incubation of the cells. All CRH concentrations employed except for the lowest one (10[-11] mol/liter) caused a significant decrease of media E2 and P4 levels. Maximal inhibition for both E2 and P4 production was obtained by 10[-6] mol/liter CRH concentration, which decreased hormone production by 39% and 34%, respectively. The alpha-helical CRH9-41 antagonist at 10(-6) and 10(-7) mol/liter blocked the suppressive effect of 10(-9) mol/liter CRH on both E2 and P4 secretion, while it had no effect when added to the culture media without CRH. Since interleukin (IL-1)-1 mediates certain actions of CRH on leukocytes, we examined whether the CRH effect on ovarian steroidogenesis was IL-1-mediated. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist at 10(-7) and 10(-6) mol/liter blocked the inhibitory effects of CRH on E2 and P4 secretion, while it had no effect in the absence of CRH. In conclusion, CRH exerts a CRH- and IL-1 receptor-mediated inhibitory effect on ovarian steroidogenesis and might be actively involved in the still enigmatic processes of follicular atresia and luteolysis.
Fundamental Limits of Cooperation (2012)

Cooperation is viewed as a key ingredient for interference management in wireless systems. This paper shows that cooperation has fundamental limitations. The main result is that even full cooperation between transmitters cannot in general change an interference-limited network to a noise-limited network. The key idea is that there exists a spectral efficiency upper bound that is independent of the transmit power. First, a spectral efficiency upper bound is established for systems that rely on pilot-assisted channel estimation; in this framework, cooperation is shown to be possible only within clusters of limited size, which are subject to out-of-cluster interference whose power scales with that of the in-cluster signals. Second, an upper bound is also shown to exist when cooperation is through noncoherent communication; thus, the spectral efficiency limitation is not a by-product of the reliance on pilot-assisted channel estimation. Consequently, existing literature that routinely assumes the high-power spectral efficiency scales with the log of the transmit power provides only a partial characterization. The complete characterization proposed in this paper subdivides the high-power regime into a degrees-of-freedom regime, where the scaling with the log of the transmit power holds approximately, and a saturation regime, where the spectral efficiency hits a ceiling that is independent of the power. Using a cellular system as an example, it is demonstrated that the spectral efficiency saturates at power levels of operational relevance.
D-24851, a novel synthetic microtubule inhibitor, exerts curative antitumoral activity in vivo, shows efficacy toward multidrug-resistant tumor cells, and lacks neurotoxicity. (2001)

N-(pyridin-4-yl)-[1-(4-chlorbenzyl)-indol-3-yl]-glyoxyl-amid (D-24851) is a novel synthetic compound that was identified in a cell-based screening assay to discover cytotoxic drugs. D-24851 destabilizes microtubules and blocks cell cycle transition specifically at G2-M phase. The binding site of D-24851 does not overlap with the tubulin binding sites of known microtubule-destabilizing agents like vincristine or colchicine. In vitro, D-24851 has potent cytotoxic activity toward a panel of established human tumor cell lines including SKOV3 ovarian cancer, U87 glioblastoma, and ASPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. In vivo, oral D-24851 treatment induced complete tumor regressions (cures) in rats bearing Yoshida AH13 sarcomas. Of importance is that the administration of curative doses of D-24851 to the animals revealed no systemic toxicity in terms of body weight loss and neurotoxicity in contrast to the administration of paclitaxel or vincristine. Interestingly, multidrug-resistant cell lines generated by vincristine-driven selection or transfection with the Mr 170,000 P-glycoprotein encoding cDNA were rendered resistant toward paclitaxel, vincristine, or doxorubicin but not towards D-24851 when compared with the parental cells. Because of its synthetic nature, its oral applicability, its potent in vitro and in vivo antitumoral activity, its efficacy against multidrug-resistant tumors, and the lack of neurotoxicity, D-24851 may have significant potential for the treatment of various malignancies.
Extraction of 3D Building Information using Shadow Analysis from Single High Resolution Satellite Images (2006)

Extraction of man-made objects from high resolution satellite images has been studied by many researchers. In order to reconstruct accurate 3D building structures most of previous approaches assumed 3D information obtained by stereo analysis. For this, they need the process of sensor modeling, etc. We argue that a single image itself contains many clues of 3D information. The algorithm we propose projects virtual shadow on the image. When the shadow matches against the actual shadow, the height of a building can be determined. If the height of a building is determined, the algorithm draws vertical lines of sides of the building onto the building in the image. Then the roof boundary moves along vertical lines and the footprint of the building is extracted. The algorithm proposed can use the shadow cast onto the ground surface and onto facades of another building. This study compared the building heights determined by the algorithm proposed and those calculated by stereo analysis. As the results of verification, root mean square errors of building heights were about 1.5m.
Chronic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury (1986)

(1986). Chronic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury. The Journal of The American Paraplegia Society: Vol. 9, No. 3-4, pp. 39-41.
Experimental Studies of the Losses and Radiations Due to Bends in the Goubau Line (1977)

The losses due to the bending of the Goubau line (G line) are determined by experiments. The losses are measured for wide ranges of radius of curvature, bending angle, and the transmission frequency. These three variables determine the losses. It is believed that radiation from a surface-wave transmission line system occurs mainly from the bends and horn in the transmission line system. Directional patterns of such radiation were obtained from measurements.
PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol Extensions for Name Server Addresses (1995)

This document extends the NCP for establishing and configuring the
Internet Protocol over PPP [2], defining the negotiation of primary
and secondary Domain Name System (DNS) [3] and NetBIOS Name Server
(NBNS) [4] addresses. This memo provides information for the Internet
community. This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any
kind.
The distribution of induced currents in magnetic stimulation of the nervous system (1990)

Magnetic stimulation of the nervous system is being used as an alternative to electrical stimulation, principally because it is painless. The spatial distribution of induced currents from the stimulating coil is calculated from a computer model with graphical output. Two configurations of a plane circular coil are considered: parallel to the tissue surface and perpendicular to the surface. The surface is assumed planar and infinite in extent. The tissue is modelled as a uniform, isotropic volume conductor. A quasi-static approximation is made in calculating the electric field. Maps of current density, J, as a function of position, including depth, are shown. In both configurations, J is always parallel to the surface, and is maximum at the surface. There is no perpendicular (vertical) current. For a one-turn 10 cm diameter coil, spaced 1 cm from conducting tissue and parallel to it, with rate of change of current 10(8) A s(-1), Jmax = 6.8 A m(-2) (assuming conductivity 0.2 omega -1 m(-1)). In the perpendicular configuration Jmax = 4.1 A m(-2). These results suggest that nerve fibres running parallel to the skin surface are more likely to be stimulated than those running obliquely; and that it is extremely difficult to stimulate nerve fibres running perpendicularly. This model can be used to characterise the performance of other shapes of stimulating coils and the dependence on fibre orientation.
Process monitoring and diagnosis: a model-based approach (1991)

A framework for process monitoring and diagnosis, called Mimic, is described. Mimic is based on the observation that the key cognitive skill for process operators is the formation of a mental model that not only accounts for current observations but also lets them predict near-term behavior as well as the effect of possible control actions. Mimic exploits three relatively new technologies: semiquantitative simulation, measurement interpretation (tracking), and model-based diagnosis. These technologies work together in a hypothesize-build-simulate-match cycle. Each of these technologies is discussed. To illustrate Mimic at work, an electric water heater modeled and tested with Mimic is considered. The advantages and limitations of Mimic, as seen by this example, are examined. Related work is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Intravenous bone marrow stromal cell therapy reduces apoptosis and promotes endogenous cell proliferation after stroke in female rat (2003)

The present study investigates the induction of neurogenesis, reduction of apoptosis, and promotion of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) expression as possible mechanisms by which treatment of stroke with bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) improves neurological functional recovery. Additionally, for the first time, we treated cerebral ischemia in female rats with intraveneous administration of MSCs. Female rats were subjected to 2 hr of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), followed by an injection of 3 x 10(6) male (for Y chromosome labeling) rat MSCs or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) into the tail vein 24 hr after MCAo. All animals received daily injection of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU; 50 mg/kg, i.p.) for 13 days after treatment for identification of newly synthesized DNA. Animals were sacrificed at 14 days after MCAo. Behavioral tests (rotarod and adhesive-removal tests) were performed. In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) were performed to identify transplanted MSCs (Y chromosome), BrdU, bFGF, and apoptotic cells in the brain. Significant recovery of behavior was found in MSC-treated rats at 7 days in the somatosensory test and at 14 days in the motor test after MCAo compared with control, PBS-treated animals (P<.05). MSCs were found to survive and preferentially localize to the ipsilateral ischemic hemisphere. Significantly more BrdU-positive cells were located in the subventricular zone (P<.05), and significantly fewer apoptotic cells and more bFGF immunoreactive cell were found in the ischemic boundary area (P<.05) of MSC-treated rats than in PBS-treated animals. Here we demonstrate that intravenously administered male MSCs increase bFGF expression, reduce apoptosis, promote endogenous cellular proliferation, and improve functional recovery after stroke in female rats.
Treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer with opioid growth factor: phase I (2004)

Opioid growth factor (OGF) is an endogenous pentapeptide that inhibits growth of human pancreatic cancer cells in culture, as well as xenografts in nude mice. To establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and determine safety and toxicity of OGF, a phase I trial was performed in patients with advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer. Patients with unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma were treated with escalating doses of OGF for 30 min i.v. to determine the MTD. The s.c. route of administration also was evaluated. Once the MTD was established, a group of patients was treated chronically, and monitored for safety and toxicity. Hypotension was the dose-limiting toxicity, resulting in a MTD of 250 microg/kg i.v. Due to limited solubility of OGF in small volumes, a maximum dose of 50 microg/kg twice daily was determined by the s.c. route of administration. No adverse events were reported for oxygen saturation, cardiac rhythm, laboratory values or neurological status in either the acute or chronic parts of the study with the i.v. or s.c. routes. During the chronic i.v. phase, two subjects had resolution of liver metastases and one showed regression of the pancreatic tumor. Mean survival from the time of diagnosis was 8.7 months (range 2-23 months) in the i.v. group and 9.5 months (range 1-18 months) in the s.c. group. We conclude that OGF can be safely administered to patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of OGF alone or in combination with present modes of therapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.