gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
27.5-percent silicon concentrator solar cells (1986)

Recent advances in silicon solar cells using the backside point-contact configuration have been extended resulting in 27.5-percent efficiencies at 10 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (100 suns, 24°C), making these the most efficient solar cells reported to date. The one-sun efficiencies under an AM1.5 spectrum normalized to 100 mW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> are 22 percent at 24°C based on the design area of the concentrator cell. The improvements reported here are largely due to the incorporation of optical light trapping to enhance the absorption of weakly absorbed near bandgap light. These results approach the projected efficiencies for a mature technology which are 23-24 percent at one sun and 29 percent in the 100-350-sun (10-35 W/ cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) range.
ROSO: optimizing oligonucleotide probes for microarrays (2004)

http://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/roso
DNA fragmentation and cytotoxicity caused by tumor necrosis factor is enhanced by interferon‐γ (1987)

Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rhuTNF) induced DNA fragmentation in sensitive cell lines. This fragmentation was similar to that caused by lymphotoxin-containing cytotoxic T cell culture supernatants. The percentage of DNA cleaved correlated with the degree of cell growth inhibition shown by individual cell lines. DNA fragmentation was first seen after 12 h treatment, and increased slowly with time. The presence of 100 microM ZnSO4 inhibited the rhuTNF-induced DNA cleavage in MCF-7 cells. Recombinant interferon-gamma (rhuIFN-gamma) did not induce DNA cleavage, although it reduced the growth of all the cell lines used in this study. However, it interacted with rhuTNF to produce a doubling in the percentage of DNA fragmentation, and increased cytotoxicity in rhuTNF-sensitive cell lines. Pretreatment with rhuIFN-gamma for 1 h prior to rhuTNF treatment also enhanced DNA fragmentation and cell killing.
Mechanism of Action and Identification of Asp242 as the Catalytic Nucleophile of Vibrio furnisii N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase Using 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-5-fluoro-α-l-idopyranosyl Fluoride (1999)

The novel mechanism-based reagent 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-5-fluoro-alpha-L-idopyranosykl fluoride has been synthesized, and the kinetic parameters K(M) = 0.23 mM and K(CAT)= 0.55 min(-1) for its hydrolysis by vibrio furnisi beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ExoII) HAVE been determined. Investigation of mixtures of enzyme with this slow substrate by electrospray mass spectrometry revealed a high steady-state population of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-5-fluoro-beta-L-idopyranosyl-enzyme, indicating that the hydrolytic mechanism of ExoII involves the formation and rate-determining hydrolysis of a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate. Analysis of a peptic digest of the glycosyl-enzyme by HPLC/ESMS/MS in the netural-loss mode permitted identification of a peptide bearing the 5-fluoro-sugar moiety. Tandem MS sequencing of the labeled peptide, in conjuction with multiple sequence alignmentsS of family 3 members, allowed the identification of ASP242 as the catalytic nucleophile within the sequence IVFSDDLSM.
Differential effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in cytokine- and endotoxin-treated rats (1995)

Previous studies have demonstrated that the administration of the cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)(20 micrograms/kg) to rats in a fasting state can produce many and perhaps most of the metabolic alterations found in patients with sepsis and injury. The purposes of the present study were 1) to define the metabolic effects of IL-1 and TNF during a fed state provided by continuous intravenous feeding for 20 h and 2) to characterize the unique effects of IL-1 among the overall response to cytokines by using IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA; 5 mg/kg). The effects were also explored during the endotoxemic condition induced by infusion of 200 micrograms/kg of endotoxin into rats. The results showed that during feeding IL-1 is responsible for the increase in glucose flux and plasma insulin, the development of insulin resistance, and plasma zinc depression during condition mimicking sepsis and injury, similar to effects observed in the fasting state. The changes in energy expenditure have a more complex mechanism. The results also suggested that certain host responses to cytokines or endotoxin, particularly related to protein metabolism, differed between the fed and fasting states. These data may have a special clinical relevance for the insulin-resistant state that develops during severe infection, since using IL-1RA in conjunction with nutritional therapy may offer additional advantages in the treatment of these severe metabolic disorders.
Thioredoxin catalyzes the reduction of insulin disulfides by dithiothreitol and dihydrolipoamide. (1979)

Thioredoxin from Escherichia coli was shown to catalyze the reduction of insulin disulfides by dithiothreitol. A quantitative assay was developed which measures the rate of insulin reduction spectrophotometrically at 650 nm as turbidity formation from the precipitation of the free insulin B chain. Thioredoxin, at 5 microM concentration, accelerated the reaction between 0.130 mM insulin and 1.0 mM dithiothreitol at pH 7 around 20-fold. The pH optimum of the reaction was 7.5. Thioredoxins from E. coli and calf liver showed similar specific activities. Stopped flow fluorescence measurements of the rate of reduction of thioredoxin-S2 by dithiothreitol showed a second order rate constant of 1647 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.2. This is between 10(2) to 10(3) times larger than the reaction between insulin or linear model disulfides and dithiothreitol. It is consistent with a ping-pong mechanism of thioredoxin catalysis since reduced thioredoxin is known to react very fast with insulin. Thioredoxin also catalyzed lipoamide-dependent reduction of the insulin disulfides in a coupled system with NADH, lipoamide, and lipoamide dehydrogenase. The fast spontaneous reaction between dihydrolipoamide and thioredoxin-S2 provides a mechanism for NADH or pyruvate-dependent disulfide reduction. The implication of the dithiol-disulfide oxidoreductase activity of thioredoxin for the regulation of enzyme activities by thiol oxidation-reduction control is discussed.
Acquired Resistance of Pancreatic Cancer Cells towards 5-Fluorouracil and Gemcitabine Is Associated with Altered Expression of Apoptosis-Regulating Genes (2002)

These findings reveal that pancreatic cancer cell lines are generally resistant to 5-FU and are more sensitive towards gemcitabine. The bax/bcl-2 ratio is predictive of chemotherapy sensitivity, whereas bcl-x(L) and mcl-1 mRNA levels following repeated exposure to 5-FU or gemcitabine are associated with resistance to these drugs. These findings suggest that the activation of anti-apoptotic genes after repeated drug exposure contributes to chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer cells and that blockage of anti-apoptotic genes might enhance chemosensitivity in pancreatic cancer.
OPTIMALITY OF THE MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATOR IN FIRST‐ORDER AUTOREGRESSIVE PROCESSES (1991)

Abstract. Let ρρ* be the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the parameter ρ in the first‐order autoregressive process with normal errors. The problem of optimality in the sense of weighted squared error is considered rather than moments of asymptotic distributions. Many unbiased estimators can be constructed, but the two‐dimensional sufficient statistic is incomplete. It is shown that dEρ* ‐ ρ→ 0 uniformly in ρ, and that dE (ρ*)/ d ρ→ 1 for all |ρ| &gt; 1. For |ρ| &gt; 1, it is known that the asymptotic distribution of {I(ρ)} 12( ρ* ‐ ρ), where I (ρ) is the Fisher information, is Cauchy. It follows that the Cramèr‐Rao inequality will not yield useful results for investigating the limit of exact efficiency of any asymptotically unbiased estimator, including the MLE. For all |ρ| &lt; 1, ρ* is asymptotically optimal in the sense of minimizing expected weighted squared error. In addition, for |ρ| &lt; 1, ρ* minimizes the variance asymptotically.
VoicePop: A Pop Noise based Anti-spoofing System for Voice Authentication on Smartphones (2019)

Voice biometrics is widely adopted for identity authentication in mobile devices. However, voice authentication is vulnerable to spoofing attacks, where an adversary may deceive the voice authentication system with pre-recorded or synthesized samples from the legitimate user or by impersonating the speaking style of the targeted user. In this paper, we design and implement VoicePop, a robust software-only anti-spoofing system on smartphones. VoicePop leverages the pop noise, which is produced by the user breathing while speaking close to the microphone. The pop noise is delicate and subject to user diversity, making it hard to record by replay attacks beyond a certain distance and to imitate precisely by impersonators. We design a novel pop noise detection scheme to pinpoint pop noises at the phonemic level, based on which we establish individually unique relationship between phonemes and pop noises to identify legitimate users and defend against spoofing attacks. Our experimental results with 18 participants and three types of smartphones show that VoicePop achieves over 93.5% detection accuracy at around 5.4% equal error rate. VoicePop requires no additional hardware but only the built-in microphones in virtually all smartphones, which can be readily integrated in existing voice authentication systems for mobile devices.
Agmatine: At the Crossroads of the Arginine Pathways (2003)

In acute inflammatory responses, such as wound healing and glomerulonephritis, arginine is the precursor for production of the cytostatic molecule nitric oxide (NO) and the pro-proliferative polyamines. NO is an early phase response whereas increased generation of polyamines is requisite for the later, repair phase response. The temporal switch of arginine as a substrate for the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/NO axis to arginase/ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)/polyamine axis is subject to regulation by inflammatory cytokines as well as interregulation by the arginine metabolites themselves. Herein we describe the capacity of another arginine pathway, the metabolism of arginine to agmatine by arginine decarboxylase (ADC), to aid in this interregulation. Agmatine is an antiproliferative molecule due to its suppressive effects on intracellular polyamine levels, whereas the aldehyde metabolite of agmatine is a potent inhibitor of iNOS. We propose that the catabolism of agmatine to its aldehyde metabolite may act as a gating mechanism at the transition from the iNOS/NO axis to the arginase/ODC/polyamine axis. Thus, agmatine has the potential to serve in the coordination of the early and repair phase pathways of arginine in inflammation.
The secret message of heterochromatin: new insights into the mechanisms and function of centromeric and pericentric repeat sequence transcription (2009)

In the fission yeast, S. Pombe, small dsRNA generated by RNAi-dependent mechanisms are involved in the establishment and maintenance of heterochromatic regions. The existence of conserved features within the general organization of centromeric and pericentromeric repeats in yeast, mouse and human argues in favor of a conserved role for centromeric and pericentromeric-derived transcripts across these species. In support of this, evidence is accumulating that centromeric and pericentromeric sequences are transcriptionally competent in diverse biological contexts in mammalian cells. Given the importance of centromeric and pericentromeric regions, not only with respect to centromere function, but also to gene regulation, this review examines the biological contexts in which mouse and human centromeric and pericentromeric-specific transcripts have been observed. The structure of the transcripts generated, the molecular mechanisms underlying their expression and their supposed functions will be discussed.
Mechanisms of action of CD20 antibodies. (2012)

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the CD20 antigen on B cells are successfully used in the clinic for the depletion of B cells to treat various forms of cancer and autoimmune diseases. The first CD20 mAb, approved by the FDA in 1998, was rituximab (RTX) and since then it has been widely used to treat more than one million patients thus far. The success of RTX has led to a general interest in the mechanism of action of CD20 mAbs. CD20 mAbs can induce tumor killing via various mechanisms, such as direct induction of apoptosis, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent lysis (CDC). Although we now understand these mechanisms better, it is still unclear which of these mechanisms is the most important for in vivo RTX action. Not every patient respond to RTX treatment and eventually the overwhelming majority will experience a relapse. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve the efficacy of CD20 mAbs. This review aims to summarize our current understanding on the mechanism of action of CD20 mAbs.
Plasma homocysteine level and development of coronary artery disease (1999)

An elevated level of plasma homocysteine is more important in the development of premature CAD than it is in that of late-onset CAD among men.
Microwave and Thermally Induced Maillard Reactions (1993)

The effect of amino acid type on the generation of Maillard aromas under microwave irradiation in an open system was evaluated by mixing different combinations of amino acids with the same reducing sugars and characterizing the aromas produced as caramel, meaty, nutty, fragrant, vegetable and baked. The amino acids were divided into five categories; aliphatic, aromatic, basic, acidic and sulfur-containing. Certain trends emerged after analysis of the results that relate the presence of specific amino acid category in the reaction mixture to a corresponding aroma note produced after microwave heating. The presence of amino acids with alkyl side chains were found to be essential for the generation of caramel notes, sulfur-containing amino acids for meaty type notes and basic amino acids for nutty and baked notes. Selected formulations were also subjected to conventional heating and their sensory properties and chemical composition (by GC/MS analysis) were compared to those from microwave treated samples. No significant differences were observed between the two samples.
Improving datacenter performance and robustness with multipath TCP (2011)

The latest large-scale data centers offer higher aggregate bandwidth and robustness by creating multiple paths in the core of the net- work. To utilize this bandwidth requires different flows take different paths, which poses a challenge. In short, a single-path transport seems ill-suited to such networks.
Optical properties of hydrogenated amorphous-carbon film for attenuated phase-shift mask applications (1993)

The optical properties of a plasma-deposited amorphous-carbon film have been investigated in the ultraviolet (365 nm) and deep ultraviolet range (248 nm). By varying process conditions, the optical transmission through the films was tuned from 4% to 20% at 365 nm and from 3% to 9% at 248 nm. This tuneability was related to the hydrogen content of the film as affected by the process parameters. The index of refraction n measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry is ∼2 at the wavelengths used. These optical properties make this film attractive for use in single layer attenuated phase-shift masks for potential application in 0.25 μm lithography at 365 and 248 nm.
Folate analogs. 20. Synthesis and antifolate activity of 1',2',3',4',5',6'-hexahydrohomofolic acid (1983)

The synthesis of 1',2',3',4',5',6'-hexahydrohomofolic acid (3), a close analogue of homofolic acid (2), has been carried out by replacement of the benzene ring of 2 with a cyclohexane ring. The synthetic methods employed here were based on the Boon-Leigh strategy to obtain products with unambiguous structures. Based on a number of chemical and spectral observations, a tentative cis stereochemistry was assigned to the 1,4-substituents of the cyclohexane ring of both the homopteroate analogue 13 and the target compound 3. We investigated hexahydrohomopteroic acid (13), hexahydrohomofolic acid (3), and their 7,8-dihydro and d,l-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro derivatives for antifolate activity employing several biological test systems. The dihydro and tetrahydro derivatives of both 13 and 3 were active against Streptococcus faecium, whereas they were inactive against Lactobacillus casei. These compounds were neither substrates nor inhibitors of L. casei dihydrofolate reductase or thymidylate synthase.
Molecular cloning and evolutionary analysis of hog badger bitter taste receptor <I>T2R2</I> gene (2009)

Recognition of natural bitter toxins through taste is one of the most effective mechanisms of self-safety. An approximate 1 169 bp sequence of the bitter taste receptor T2R2 gene was obtained by PCR and cloning technique from hog badger genomic DNA(GenBank accession number: FJ812727). This sequence contains a complete single exon (without intron) 915 bp in size, which encodes 304 amino acid residues. The isoelectric point (pI) of the protein is 9.76 and its molecular weight is 34.74 kDa. Topology prediction showed that the T2R2 protein contained one N-glycosylation site, one N-myristoylation site, and two potential protein kinase C phosphorylation sites. Additionally, the whole peptide chain was comprised of seven transmembrane helix regions, four extracellular regions, and four intracellular regions. The T2R2 is a hydrophobic protein with a few hydrophilic components. Homology analysis of the T2R2 gene sequences by Clustal W indicated that the cDNA sequence homology of T2R2 gene in hog badger with dog, cat, cattle, horse, chimpanzee, and mouse is 91.4%, 90.6%, 84.4%, 85.4%, 83.8%and 72.1%, respectively, and the homology of amino acid sequence is 85.5%, 85.8%, 74.0%, 77.6%, 75.3% and 61.5%, respectively. The results of nucleotide acid substitution computation and selective test showed that strong purifying selection (functional constraint) occurred between hog badger and the six species, respectively, which mainly existed in the transmembrane regions of T2R2. In addition, the Neighbour-Joining tree of T2R2 gene exons from these seven species is consistent with their species tree, indicating that the T2R2 gene is suitable for constructing molecular phylogenetic tree among different species likewise.
Cancer, retrodifferentiation, and the myth of Faust. (1976)

The close relationship at the molecular level between cellular differentiation and neoplasia has been evidenced by the discovery in adult individuals of fetospecific antigens and fetal type isozymes associated with many spontaneous and experimentally induced malignant tumors. One question in relation with this finding is whether cancerous tumors develop from the differentiation of a tissue reserve of stem cells or by a process of retrodifferentiation, i.e., the nucleocytoplasmic stepwise reversion of cells toward stationary states with simplified structure and less information content. The question is not merely academic; elucidation of the nature of the target cells from which neoplastic growth emerges has obviously physiopathological and therapeutic implications. This contribution is an analysis of the nature and the mechanism of cellular retrodifferentiation and a discussion of its possible role in regeneration and metaplasia, as well as in neoplastic development. Throughout living systems, retrodifferentiation appears as a common adaptive process for the maintenance of cell integrity against deleterious agents of varied etiology (physical, chemical,and viral). While preserving the entire information encoded on its genome, cells undergoing retrodifferentiation lose morphological and functional complexity by virtue of a process of self-deletion of cytoplasmic structures and the transition to a more juvenile pattern of gene expression. This results in a progressive uniformization of originally distinct cell phenotypes and to a decrease of responsiveness to regulatory signals operational in adult cells. Retrodifferentiation is normally counterbalanced by a process of reontogeny that tends to restore the terminal phenotypes from where the reversion started. This explains why retrodifferentiation remains invariably associated to cell regeneration and tissue repair. There is an ever growing evidence that neoplastic transformation in vivo and in vitro is frequently preceded and/or accompanied by biochemical, morphological, and behavioral transitions characteristic of a cell undergoing retrodifferentiation. Contrary to what occurs in regenerating tissues, the "unbalanced" character of tumor-associated retrodifferentiation seems to be a property linked to cancer. The question arises why a unique mechanism of cell rejuvenation is in physiological conditions (regeneration), followed by a process of reontogeny, while in neoplasia the process remains incomplete or does not occur and leads to the emergence of a population of persistently dividing cells. It is to be hoped that a careful study of retrodifferentiation in physiological and tumoral models will help to distinguish that which in neoplastic development can be relevant to an adaptive cell behavior from that which might eventually be the result of specific or constitutive alterations.
Estimating the state of charge of a battery (2005)

This brief considers the state of charge (SOC) estimation problem for electrochemical batteries. Using an electric circuit model of the battery given in the literature, it is shown how the open-circuit voltage (which is directly related to the SOC) can be estimated based on the terminal voltage and current measurements provided there is sufficient variation in the battery current.
Dissociation of Angiogenesis and Tumorigenesis in Follistatin- and Activin-Expressing Tumors (2006)

The transforming growth factor-beta superfamily member activin and its antagonist, follistatin, act as a pleiotropic growth factor system that controls cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Activin inhibits fibroblast growth factor 2-induced sprouting angiogenesis in vitro (spheroidal angiogenesis assay) and in vivo (Matrigel assay). To further study the role of the activin/follistatin system during angiogenesis and tumor progression, activin- and follistatin-expressing R30C mammary carcinoma cells were studied in mouse tumor experiments. Surprisingly, activin-expressing tumors grew much faster than follistatin-expressing tumors although they failed to induce increased angiogenesis (as evidenced by low microvessel density counts). Conversely, follistatin-expressing tumors were much smaller but had a dense network of small-diameter capillaries. Qualitative angioarchitectural analyses (mural cell recruitment, perfusion) revealed no major functional differences of the tumor neovasculature. Analysis of activin- and follistatin-expressing R30C cells identified a cell autonomous role of this system in controlling tumor cell growth. Whereas proliferation of R30C cells was not altered, follistatin-expressing R30C cells had an enhanced susceptibility to undergo apoptosis. These findings in experimental tumors are complemented by an intriguing case report of a human renal cell carcinoma that similarly shows a dissociation of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis during tumor progression. Collectively, the data shed further light into the dichotomous stimulating and inhibiting roles that the activin/follistatin system can exert during angiogenesis and tumor progression. Furthermore, the experiments provide a critical proof-of-principle example for the dissociation of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis, supporting the concept that tumor growth may not be dependent on increased angiogenesis as long as a minimal intratumoral microvessel density is maintained.