gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Scalp Block on Postoperative Pain Relief in Craniotomy Patients (2006)

The efficacy of scalp nerve block using 0.5% bupivacaine with adrenaline for postoperative pain relief in craniotomy patients was evaluated in 40 ASA I or II adult patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy. A standard general anaesthesia technique was followed. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group B received 0.5% bupivacaine with 1:400,000 adrenaline and group S received normal saline with 1:400,000 adrenaline, both after skin closure. Postoperative pain was assessed at 30 seconds and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours using a numerical rating scale. Diclofenac IM was administered as rescue analgesia if patients reported a numerical rating scale of 40 or more. Tramadol IV was administered as second rescue analgesia. Sixty per cent of patients in group S experienced moderate to severe pain (numerical rating scale of 40 or more) at some time during the first 12 postoperative hours in comparison to 25% patients in group B. Median pain scores were significantly lower in group B for up to 6 hours. Significantly more patients were pain free up to four hours in group B. Median duration for the requirement of first dose of diclofenac was longer in group B compared to group S (360 min vs 30 min, P < 0.01). The number of doses of diclofenac (5 vs 19) was significantly lower in group B compared to group S (P < 0.01). Tramadol was required by six patients in group S only. Scalp nerve block using 0.5% bupivacaine with 1:400,000 adrenaline decreases the incidence and severity of postoperative pain in patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy.
Learning Dynamic Noise Models from Noisy Speech for Robust Speech Recognition (2001)

A challenging, unsolved problem in the speech recognition community is recognizing speech signals that are corrupted by loud, highly nonstationary noise. One approach to noisy speech recognition is to automatically remove the noise from the cepstrum sequence before feeding it in to a clean speech recognizer. In previous work published in Eurospeech, we showed how a probability model trained on clean speech and a separate probability model trained on noise could be combined for the purpose of estimating the noisefree speech from the noisy speech. We showed how an iterative 2nd order vector Taylor series approximation could be used for probabilistic inference in this model. In many circumstances, it is not possible to obtain examples of noise without speech. Noise statistics may change signicantly during an utterance, so that speechfree frames are not sucient for estimating the noise model. In this paper, we show how the noise model can be learned even when the data contains speech. In particular, the noise model can be learned from the test utterance and then used to denoise the test utterance. The approximate inference technique is used as an approximate E step in a generalized EM algorithm that learns the parameters of the noise model from a test utterance. For both Wall Street Journal data with added noise samples and the Aurora benchmark, we show that the new noise adaptive technique performs as well as or signicantly better than the non-adaptive algorithm, without the need for a separate training set of noise examples. 1
Über Harmin und Harmalin (1914)

r e , die bei der Sublimation im Vakuum in eine neue B a s e C11 Hlo NsO ubergeht; Harmalin nimmt noch 2 H-Atome auf und geht in D i h y d r o -h a r m a l i n uber.Zu dieser selben Substauz kommt man auch durch energische Reduktion des Harmins. . Bei der Oxydation des Harmins und
Mechanism of wiggling enhancement due to HBr gas addition during amorphous carbon etching (2015)

The effect of gas chemistry during etching of an amorphous carbon layer (ACL) on wiggling has been investigated, focusing especially on the changes in residual stress. Although the HBr gas addition reduces critical dimension loss, it enhances the surface stress and therefore increases wiggling. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the increase in surface stress was caused by hydrogenation of the ACL surface with hydrogen radicals. Three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear finite element method analysis confirmed that the increase in surface stress is large enough to cause the wiggling. These results also suggest that etching with hydrogen compound gases using an ACL mask has high potential to cause the wiggling.
Room-Temperature Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Bromides and Chlorides and Extended Scope of Aromatic C−N Bond Formation with a Commercial Ligand (1999)

The reactions of aryl bromides with amines occurs at room temperature when using Pd(0) and P(t-Bu)(3) in a 1:1 ratio, and the reactions of aryl chlorides occur at room temperature or 70 degrees C. The arylation of indoles and the new arylation of carbamates also occur when using P(t-Bu)(3) as ligand.
Optimal Timing of a Single Dose of Zoledronic Acid to Increase Strength in Rat Fracture Repair (2007)

Abstract We hypothesized that ZA treatment would bolster fracture repair. In a rat model for closed fracture healing, a single dose of ZA at 0, 1, or 2 wk after fracture significantly increased BMC and strength of the healed fracture. Delaying the dose (1 or 2 wk after fracture) displayed superior results compared with dosing at the time of fracture. Introduction: Bisphosphonates are known to increase bone strength and thus the resistance to fracture by decreasing osteoclastic bone resorption. These properties may enable bisphosphonates to also increase the strength of fracture repair. Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a potent bisphosphonate with a high affinity for bone mineral, allowing bolus intraveous dosing in a range of indications. In this study, we examined the application of bolus dose ZA in endochondral fracture repair. Materials and Methods: Carbon-14 labeled ZA was used in a closed rat fracture model. Rats were divided into five treatment groups (n = 25 per group): saline control, local ZA (0.01 mg/kg), and three systemic bolus ZA groups (0.1 mg/kg) with different administration times: at fracture, 1 wk after fracture, and 2 wk after fracture. Rats were killed 6 wk postoperatively. Postmortem analyses included radiography, QCT, μCT, biomechanical testing, scintillation counting, autoradiography, and histology. Results: Single-dose systemic ZA administration significantly increased callus volume, callus BMC, and mechanical strength. Perioperative treatment increased mechanical strength by 30% compared with controls (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Administering the systemic dose at 1 or 2 wk after fracture further increased mechanical strength compared with controls by 44% and 50%, respectively (p &amp;lt; 0.05). No significant differences in mechanical parameters were seen with local injection at the dose studied. Autoradiographic analysis indicated that ZA binds significantly to bone that is present at the time of administration. ZA quantification indicated that delayed administration significantly increased the uptake efficiency in the callus. Histological and μCT analysis showed that ZA treated calluses had a distinctive internal structure consisting of an intricate network of retained trabecular bone. Conclusions: The timing of a single systemic dose of ZA plays an important role in the modulation of callus properties in this rat fracture model; delaying the single dose produces a larger and stronger callus.
Dense 3-D surface acquisition by structured light using off-the-shelf components (2001)

This paper describes the implementation of a LCD stripe projection system, based on a new processing scheme called line shift processing. One advantage of the method is, that the projection device can, but is not required to be stable over time nor does it have to be calibrated. The new method therefore allows us to use an off-the-shelf multimedia projector to acquire dense 3-D data (several 100K Triangles) of large objects in a matter of seconds. Since we are able to control our source of illumination, we can also acquire registered color information using standard monochrome cameras.
Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the human non-histone chromosomal protein HMG14 gene (1991)

The polymorphic (TCAT)n repeat begins at base pair 1170 in intron 1 of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene on chromosome I lpl5.5-pl5 (1). The polymorphism can be typed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as described previously (2). The predicted length of the amplified sequence was 254 bp. Primer Sequences: CAGCTGCCCTAGTCAGCAC (TCAT strand); GCTTCCGAGTGCAGGTCACA (AGTA strand). Frequency: Estimated from 70 chromosomes of unrelated individuals. Heterozygosity index = 78%. PIC = 0.75. Allele (bp) Frequency KI 260 0.21 K2 256 0.26 K3 252 0.13 K4 248 0.14 KS 244 0.26 Mendelian Inheritance: Co-dominant segregation was observed in two informative families.
Three classes and four (sub)classes of rat immunoglobulins: IgM, IgA, Ige and IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG2c (1974)

Abstract Class or subsclass‐specific differences have been investigated in the monoclonal immunoglobulins produced by 184 secreting immunocytomas raised in the LOU/Wsl inbred strain of rats. Seven classes or subclasses of rat immunoglobulins were detected and the names IgM, IgA, IgE, IgG 1 , IgG 2a , IgG 2b and IgG 2c proposed for them. The sedimentation coefficients of rat IgG 1 , IgG 2a and IgG 2c were found to be respectively, 6.7, 6.4 and 6.7 S. Rat IgG 1 , IgG 2a and IgG 2c were found to cross‐react with antisera to human γ‐chains.
Adenovirus and cell cycle control (2002)

Adenovirus infection of quiescent cells induces transition from G0 or G1 into the S phase of the cell cycle and allows cellular proliferation. This is beneficial for the virus since cells in S phase provide optimal conditions for viral replication. Adenovirus E1A, E1B and E4 gene products contribute to cell cycle deregulation. E1A proteins inactivate the pRb checkpoint, allowing the E2F transcription factor to activate genes involved in nucleotide metabolism and DNA replication, which are required in S phase. E1A also interacts with transcriptional modulators, including histone acetyltransferases, histone deacetylases, and other chromatin remodeling factors. These interactions affect transcription of several cellular and viral genes, some of which are involved in cell cycle regulation. Cell cycle deregulation by E1A results in stabilization and accumulation of p53. To prevent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis that would be triggered by p53, the adenovirus E1B and E4orf6 gene products employ various mechanisms to inactivate the tumor suppressor. Additional E4 gene products also interact with and modulate cell cycle regulators. Cell cycle checkpoints targeted by adenovirus proteins are often compromised in human tumors as well. Thus, understanding the interactions between adenovirus and the cell cycle has facilitated the generation of adenovirus mutants, which can replicate only in cells with inactivated checkpoints. Such "oncolytic" viruses are being tested for their ability to specifically replicate in and lyse cancer cells.
Myelin proteolipid protein-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Variations of disease expression in different strains of mice. (1988)

Strains of mice with diverse genetic backgrounds were tested for susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin proteolipid protein. EAE was elicited in all strains of mice tested, but the clinical and histologic features varied. SJL (H-2s) mice had a high incidence of both clinical and histologic disease characterized by early onset of clinical signs. Inguinal lymph node T cells from diseased animals responded specifically [( 3H]thymidine incorporation) to proteolipid protein and not to myelin basic protein. In contrast, BALB/c (H-2d), DBA/1 (H-2q), C57BL/6 (H-2b), AKR (H-2k), CBA (H-2k), C3H (H-2k), B10.BR (H-2k), and C57BR (H-2k) mice showed a later onset of clinical signs and typically a lower disease incidence. However, the most marked variations in disease incidence occurred among BALB/c (H-2d) substrains in which the incidence of EAE ranged from eight of nine (BALB/cPt) to complete resistance (BALB/cWt and BALB/cORNL). Because these BALB/c substrains were initially derived from the same inbred genetic source and are serologically identical at H-2, these results suggest that expression of proteolipid protein-induced EAE in the mouse involves additional loci outside the MHC.
Major integral membrane protein immunogens of Treponema pallidum are proteolipids (1989)

A number of the major pathogen-specific immunogens of Treponema pallidum were characterized recently as amphiphilic, integral membrane proteins by phase partitioning with Triton X-114 (J. D. Radolf, N. R. Chamberlain, A. Clausell, and M. V. Norgard. Infect. Immun. 56:490-498, 1988). In the present study, we demonstrated that the same membrane immunogens (designated as detergent phase proteins [DPPs]) become radiolabeled upon in vitro incubation of T. pallidum with various 3H-labeled fatty acids. Radioimmunoprecipitation with a monoclonal antibody confirmed that the 3H-labeled 47-kilodalton protein corresponded to the well-characterized treponemal antigen with the identical apparent molecular mass. Failure to detect 3H-labeled DPPs following incubation with erythromycin confirmed that protein acylation required de novo protein synthesis by the bacteria. When treponemes were incubated with [3H]myristate, [3H]palmitate, or [3H]oleate, radiolabeled proteins corresponding to the DPPs were detected upon autoradiography. Demonstration that a number of the abundant membrane immunogens of T. pallidum are proteolipids provides information to help clarify their membrane association(s) and may serve to explain their extraordinary immunogenicity.
Synthesis of 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Tetrahydropyrans as Peptidomimetic Scaffolds for Melanocortin Receptor Ligands (2003)

[reaction: see text] We have synthesized a series of 2,4,5-trisubstituted tetrahydropyran derivatives to determine the utility of this scaffold as a peptidomimetic platform. The key synthetic steps involved a palladium-mediated cross-coupling reaction of a dihydropyran-4-one moiety to introduce R(2) followed by a sequential regio- and diastereoselective reduction of sp(2) carbon centers. Selected compounds have shown biological activity at melanocortin receptors, indicating that this scaffold may be useful in the design of peptidomimetics relating to a tripeptide structure.
Sensitizing risk of butylated hydroxytoluene based on exposure and effect data (1990)

A national database on chemical products (the Danish Product Register (PROBAS) was searched for products containing butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). As of March 1990, 440 products containing BHT were registered. The content of BHT was below 50 ppm in 66% of these products. Paints/lacquers (1- and 2-component) and hardeners for 2-component paints, glues, fillers, etc. make up the main categories. No positive reactions were seen in 1336 consecutive eczema patients patch tested with BHT. From the widespread use of BHT, it was considered that BHT could be regarded as a safe antioxidant in the normally used concentrations. The possibilities, limitations, and demands of product registration as exposure estimates are discussed.
Unlimited corridor (2016)

The main contribution is to realize an efficient redirected working (RDW) technique by utilizing haptic cues for strongly modifying our spatial perception. Some research has shown that users can be redirected on a circular arc with a radius of at least 22 m without being able to detect the inconsistency by showing a straight path in the virtual world. However, this is still too large to enable the presentation of a demonstration in a restricted space. Although most of RDW techniques only used visual stimuli, we recognize space with multi-modalities. Therefore, we propose an RDW method using the visuo-haptic interaction, and develop the system, which displays a visual representation of a flat wall and users virtually walk straight along it, although, in reality, users walk along a convex surface wall with touching it. For the demonstration, we develop the algorithm, with which we can modify the amount of distortion dynamically to make a user walk straight infinity and turn a branch freely. With this system, multiple users can walk an endless corridor in a virtual environment at the same time.
Locating a Protein−Protein Interaction in Living Cells via Split Renilla Luciferase Complementation (2003)

For spatial and quantitative kinetic analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in living mammalian cells, a method was developed in which PPI-induced complementation of split Renilla luciferase triggers spontaneous emission of luminescence using a cell membrane permeable substrate, coelenterazine. This split Renilla luciferase complementation readout was shown to work for locating a PPI between the tyrosine-phosphorylated peptide (Y941) of IRS-1 and the SH2 domain of PI3K among insulin signaling pathways in living Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing human insulin receptors (CHO-HIR). It was thereby found that the insulin-stimulated interaction occurred near the plasma membrane in the cytosol.
Spice it up? Mining Refinements to Online Instructions from User Generated Content (2012)

There are a growing number of popular web sites where users submit and review instructions for completing tasks as varied as building a table and baking a pie. In addition to providing their subjective evaluation, reviewers often provide actionable refinements. These refinements clarify, correct, improve, or provide alternatives to the original instructions. However, identifying and reading all relevant reviews is a daunting task for a user. In this paper, we propose a generative model that jointly identifies user-proposed refinements in instruction reviews at multiple granularities, and aligns them to the appropriate steps in the original instructions. Labeled data is not readily available for these tasks, so we focus on the unsupervised setting. In experiments in the recipe domain, our model provides 90.1 % F1 for predicting refinements at the review level, and 77.0 % F1 for predicting refinement segments within reviews. 1
Stanniocalcin 2 is an estrogen-responsive gene coexpressed with the estrogen receptor in human breast cancer. (2002)

Differences in gene expression are likely to explain the phenotypic variation between hormone-responsive and hormone-unresponsive breast cancers. In this study, DNA microarray analysis of approximately 10,000 known genes and 25,000 expressed sequence tag clusters was performed to identify genes induced by estrogen and repressed by the pure antiestrogen ICI 182 780 in vitro that correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) expression in primary breast carcinomas in vivo. Stanniocalcin (STC) 2 was identified as one of the genes that fulfilled these criteria. DNA microarray hybridization showed a 3-fold induction of STC2 mRNA expression in MCF-7 cells in < or = 3 h of estrogen exposure and a 3-fold repression in the presence of antiestrogen (one-way ANOVA, P < 0.0005). In 13 ER-positive and 12 ER-negative breast carcinomas, the microarray-derived mRNA levels observed for STC2 correlated with tumor ER mRNA (Pearson's correlation, r = 0.85; P < 0.0001) and ER protein status (Spearman's rank correlation, r = 0.73; P < 0.0001). The expression profile of STC2 was further confirmed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry on a larger cohort of 236 unselected breast carcinomas using tissue microarrays. STC2 mRNA and protein expression were found to be associated with tumor ER status (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.005). The related gene, STC1, was also examined and shown to be associated with ER status in breast carcinomas (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.05). This study demonstrates the feasibility of using global gene expression data derived from an in vitro model to pinpoint novel estrogen-responsive genes of potential clinical relevance.
Uveitis in Mouse and Man (2013)

Uveitis is underappreciated as a sight-threatening cause of blindness. There are two broad causative classes of uveitis: infectious and non-infectious. Non-infectious uveitis is considered a prototypical autoimmune disorder based mainly on data from experimental models in the mouse. Several different experimental models exist that reflect the different types of uveitis in man (anterior, intermediate, and posterior uveitis). These models have demonstrated that uveitis is predominantly a Th1/Th17 mediated disease, although innate immune cells play a significant role both in induction of disease and in tissue damage. Most experimental models of uveitis rely on activation of the innate immune system by use of adjuvants that activate a range of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). This begs the question of the underlying role of initial and/or persistent infection, including latent infection, in immune-mediated uveitis in which active infection cannot be demonstrated. This further raises the possibility of pathogenic mechanisms such as antigenic cross-reactivity and molecular mimicry. Alternatively, residual/latent antigen from infectious agents may act as "endogenous" adjuvants for induction of immune reactions to damaged/altered self antigen, suggesting a commonality in pathogenesis for both infectious and non-infectious uveitis in man.
Laminar drag reduction in microchannels using ultrahydrophobic surfaces (2004)

A series of experiments is presented which demonstrate significant drag reduction for the laminar flow of water through microchannels using hydrophobic surfaces with well-defined micron-sized surface roughness. These ultrahydrophobic surfaces are fabricated from silicon wafers using photolithography and are designed to incorporate precise patterns of microposts and microridges which are made hydrophobic through a chemical reaction with an organosilane. An experimental flow cell is used to measure the pressure drop as a function of the flow rate for a series of microchannel geometries and ultrahydrophobic surface designs. Pressure drop reductions up to 40% and apparent slip lengths larger than 20 μm are obtained using ultrahydrophobic surfaces. No drag reduction is observed for smooth hydrophobic surfaces. A confocal surface metrology system was used to measure the deflection of an air–water interface that is formed between microposts and supported by surface tension. This shear-free interface reduces the flow resistance by allowing the fluid to contact only a very small effective area of the silicon surface. The impact of the surface topology on the drag reduction is explored in detail and the results are found to be in good qualitative agreement with the predictions of analytical theory.
Animal models in experimental atherosclerosis: a critical review. (1993)

The most important features of lipoprotein metabolism are demonstrated and receptor-mediated endocytosis is emphasized. The different lipoprotein makeup of different animal species and humans is shown. The role of fibre, protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids in diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia is evaluated. The criteria of choosing the appropriate animal model for atherosclerosis research are discussed.
Role of EDEM in the Release of Misfolded Glycoproteins from the Calnexin Cycle (2003)

The mechanisms that determine how folding attempts are interrupted to target folding-incompetent proteins for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) are poorly defined. Here the alpha-mannosidase I-like protein EDEM was shown to extract misfolded glycoproteins, but not glycoproteins undergoing productive folding, from the calnexin cycle. EDEM overexpression resulted in faster release of folding-incompetent proteins from the calnexin cycle and earlier onset of degradation, whereas EDEM down-regulation prolonged folding attempts and delayed ERAD. Up-regulation of EDEM during ER stress may promote cell recovery by clearing the calnexin cycle and by accelerating ERAD of terminally misfolded polypeptides.