gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Expression of Recombinant Activated Human Protein C, a Serine Protease (1989)

Human protein C, like other serine proteases, is normally secreted as an inactive zymogen. It is converted to its active form extracellularly by limited proteolysis with the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. This activation results from the removal of a 12-residue activation peptide from the NH2 terminus of the heavy (COOH-terminal) chain. We report here a successful strategy for the activation of human protein C during post-translational cellular processing, resulting in the secretion of activated protein C from transfected mammalian cells. Deletion of the nucleotides encoding the activation peptide resulted in the expression of a protease with less than 5% of the expected activity. However, the replacement of the activation peptide with an 8-residue sequence (Pro-Arg-Pro-Ser-Arg-Lys-Arg-Arg) involved in the proteolytic processing of the human insulin receptor precursor resulted in the direct expression of fully activated protein C. The mutant protein was shown to be correctly processed by NH2-terminal sequence analysis. This strategy for successful expression of an activated form of protein C may apply to the expression of active forms of other proteases which are naturally expressed as zymogens.
Nucleotide sequence of the cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) gene from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain No. 38-2. (1987)

The cyclodextrins (CD) are a homologous series ofnonreducing, cyclic, D-glucose polymers with six or more glycosyls in a ring structure.1} These dextrins are synthe-
Uridine 5'-diphosphate glucose analogs. Inhibitors of protein glycosylation that show antiviral activity (1985)

A series of analogues of uridine 5'-diphosphate glucose and uridine 5'-diphosphate glucosamine have been synthesized by reaction of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-, and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-palmitoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose and 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate and 2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine. Isopropylidene and acetyl groups of the resulting 5'-O-[[[[(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl] -2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine derivatives were removed by reaction with a TFA/water (5:1) mixture and methanolic ammonia, respectively. The 5'-O-[[[[(2",3",4",6"-tetra-O-benzyl-and 2",3",4",6"-tetra-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]carbonyl] amino]sulfonyl]-2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine (13 and 19) and the corresponding deisopropylidenated derivatives showed antiviral activity as determined by the inhibition of the cytopathic effect induced by HSV-1 replication and by the plaque assay method. Compound 13 inhibited glycosylation of proteins in HSV-1 infected HeLa cells.
Generation of Three-Qubit Entangled States using Superconducting Phase Qubits (2010)

Entanglement is one of the key resources required for quantum computation, so experimentally creating and measuring entangled states is of crucial importance in the various physical implementations of a quantum computer. In superconducting qubits, two-qubit entangled states have been demonstrated and used to show violations of Bell's Inequality and to implement simple quantum algorithms. Unlike the two-qubit case, however, where all maximally-entangled two-qubit states are equivalent up to local changes of basis, three qubits can be entangled in two fundamentally different ways, typified by the states $|\mathrm{GHZ}&gt; = (|000&gt; + |111&gt;)/\sqrt{2}$ and $|\mathrm{W}&gt; = (|001&gt; + |010&gt; + |100&gt;)/\sqrt{3}$. Here we demonstrate the operation of three coupled superconducting phase qubits and use them to create and measure $|\mathrm{GHZ}&gt;$ and $|\mathrm{W}&gt;$ states. The states are fully characterized using quantum state tomography and are shown to satisfy entanglement witnesses, confirming that they are indeed examples of three-qubit entanglement and are not separable into mixtures of two-qubit entanglement.
Choices in Managing Full-Term Pregnancy (2018)

The distribution of the length of gestation at delivery in the United States has changed dramatically over the past 25 years. The percentage of all deliveries during the 39th or 40th week of gestation has increased, while the dispersion around that peak has narrowed considerably; this change is even more dramatic for singleton pregnancies. In 2015, a total of 60.2% of all singletons were delivered during the 39th or 40th week, 7.1% were delivered at 41 weeks or later, and 0.4% were delivered at 42 weeks or later (a decline from 0.6% in 2007).1 Yet perinatal mortality at 41 weeks . . .
Olcegepant, a non-peptide CGRP1 antagonist for migraine treatment. (2007)

Olcegepant is the first potent and selective non-peptide antagonist of the calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 (CGRP1) receptor, a key modulator in neurogenic inflammatory pain. Under development by Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, olcegepant is an intravenously formulated treatment for acute attacks of migraine. In preclinical studies, olcegepant attenuated arterial dilation induced by CGRP or electrical stimulation. In a phase II clinical trial, olcegepant reduced the severity of headache in 60% of migraine sufferers and met secondary endpoints including headache-free rate and rate of sustained response. Only mild-to-moderate transient adverse events were observed, with no adverse cardiovascular symptoms reported. The compound appears to be an effective anti-migraine medication that is well tolerated and does not display the vasoconstrictive effect that precludes the use of triptans and dihydroergotamine in certain patients. For a successful marketing of olcegepant, larger clinical trials and the development of an effective oral formulation will be necessary.
The Superantigen Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin C (SPE-C) Exhibits a Novel Mode of Action (1997)

Recombinant streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C (SPE-C) is a potent superantigen that stimulates Vbeta2-bearing human T cells, but is inactive in mice. SPE-C binds with high affinity to both human HLA-DR and murine I-E molecules, but not to murine I-A molecules in a zinc-dependent fashion. Competition binding studies with other recombinant toxins revealed that SPE-C lacks the generic low affinity major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II alpha-chain binding site common to all other bacterial superantigens. Despite this, SPE-C cross-links MHC class II to induce homotypic aggregation of class II-bearing B cells. Nondenaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography revealed that both wild-type and recombinant SPE-C exist in a stable dimer at neutral or alkaline pH. These data support a recent crystal structure of SPE-C and reveal yet another mechanism by which bacterial superantigens ligate and cross-link MHC class II.
High expression of bcl-2 protein in acute myeloid leukemia cells is associated with poor response to chemotherapy (1993)

The BCL-2 proto-oncogene encodes a mitochondrial protein that blocks programmed cell death. High amounts of bcl-2 protein are found not only in lymphoid malignancies, but also in normal tissues characterized by apoptotic cell death, including bone marrow. Using a monoclonal antibody to bcl-2 protein, we analyzed 82 samples of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. The number of bcl-2+ cells in each sample was heterogeneous (range, 0% to 95%), with a mean of 23%. The percentage of bcl-2+ cells was higher in M4 and M5 types, according to French-American-British classification, and in cases with high white blood cell counts. bcl-2 expression was also correlated with that of the stem cell marker CD34. In vitro survival of leukemic cells maintained in liquid culture in the absence of growth factors was significantly longer in cases with a high percentage of bcl-2+ cells. High expression of bcl-2 was associated with a low complete remission rate after intensive chemotherapy (29% in cases with 20% or more positive cells v 85% in cases with less than 20% positive cells, P < 10(-5)) and with a significantly shorter survival. In multivariate analysis, the percentage of bcl-2+ cells (or the blast survival in culture), age, and the percentage of CD34+ cells were independently associated with poor survival.
Supercharging Silicon Solar Cell Performance by Means of Multijunction Concept (2015)

This study aims to comprehensively calculate the conversion efficiency limits of multijunction solar cells having crystalline silicon (c-Si) not only as a growth substrate but as the lowermost active subcell as well. The first set of efficiency limits is calculated based on the detailed balance principle, assuming a stepwise absorption profile. Practical limits are then calculated using Si absorption data and Auger recombination parameters from the literature. The Si wafer thickness is also considered in the two-stack tandem design. Performances of the tandems are compared when various Si solar cell technologies are used as the bottom subcells. The impact of external radiative efficiency and external quantum efficiency of the top subcell on the tandem performance is studied. Efficiency limits using state-of-the-art devices, and the effect of varying cell thickness on tandem efficiencies is also reported.
Could Blue Light–Blocking Lenses Decrease the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration? (2006)

Epidemiologic and experimental evidence suggests that blue light-blocking lenses could theoretically benefit patients with age-related macular degeneration. Clinical trials are needed to determine the effect of yellow lenses in preventing the progression of age-related macular degeneration.
Immunoreactive human chorionic gonadotropin and its free beta subunit in serum and ascites of patients with malignant tumors. (1992)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a clinically relevant marker of trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic malignancies. In the present studies, in addition to determining serum hCG, we investigated the presence and properties of hCG immunoreactivity in ascites of patients with nontrophoblastic malignant tumors and, for comparison, in ascites caused by cirrhotic liver disease. Total hCG immunoreactivity [hCG (+hCG-beta)] was found to be elevated above the reference value (greater than 5 IU/liter) in the serum of 2 of 20 patients with cirrhosis and 11 of 20 patients with malignant tumors. For comparison, in ascites, hCG (+hCG-beta) concentrations were frequently higher than in the corresponding serum samples and exceeded 10 IU/liter in 0 of 20 cirrhotic samples and in 16 of 20 malignant samples. In order to elucidate the nature of the hCG immunoreactive material, all samples were then assessed by immunoradiometric assays specific for the intact hCG molecule (holo-hCG) and the free hCG-beta subunit, respectively. In the holo-hCG assay, elevated values were detected in 0 of 20 (0 of 20) cirrhotic ascites (serum) samples and 0 of 20 (1 of 20) malignant ascites (serum) samples. In the free hCG-beta assay, on the other hand, no positive results were obtained in the ascites or serum of 20 patients with liver cirrhosis; however, 8 of 20 serum samples and 16 of 20 ascites samples derived from tumor patients were positive. In accord with the immunological data, gel chromatographical studies of malignant ascites revealed the abundance of free hCG-beta subunit rather than that of holo-hCG. In contrast to malignancy-related ascites, in ascites of patients receiving hCG injections for treatment of infertility, holo-hCG was more abundant than free hCG-beta immunoreactivity. Incubation experiments of purified holo-hCG in ascites for 24 h at -20, 20, or 37 degrees C showed no substantial dissociation of the hCG molecule and release of free hCG-beta immunoreactivity, thus arguing against production of free hCG-beta by degradation of holo-hCG and in favor of its tumor-related secretion. In conclusion, hCG-beta immunoreactivity is frequently elevated in malignancy-related ascites and appears to be related to the presence of free beta subunit of hCG rather than that of the intact hCG molecule. Interestingly, hCG-beta determination in ascites proved to be clearly superior to serum measurement in discriminating between tumor and cirrhosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Security-related vulnerability life cycle analysis (2012)

This paper deals with the characterization of security-related vulnerabilities based on public data reported in the Open Source Vulnerability Database. We focus on the analysis of vulnerability life cycle events corresponding to the vulnerability discovery, the vulnerability disclosure, the patch release, and the exploit availability. We study the distribution of the time between these events considering different operating systems (Windows, Unix, Mobile OS), and different attributes such as the vulnerability impact on confidentiality, integrity or availability, the access vector reflecting how the vulnerability is exploited, and the complexity of the exploit. The results obtained highlight some interesting trends and behaviours, concerning, e.g. the time between the disclosure of a vulnerability and the availability of a patch or of the exploit, that are sometimes specific to the considered operating system or the vulnerability attributes. The results are also aimed at providing useful inputs to security risk assessment and modelling studies.
Treatment with farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitor induces regression of mammary tumors in transforming growth factor (TGF) alpha and TGF alpha/neu transgenic mice by inhibition of mitogenic activity and induction of apoptosis. (1999)

Mouse mammary tumor virus-transforming growth factor alpha (MMTV-TGF alpha) and MMTV-TGF alpha/neu transgenic mice develop mammary tumors after a long latency and therefore provide useful model systems for breast cancer with its recognized activation of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. We used these mice to study the antitumor effect of L-744,832 (FTI), a potent and selective inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase, and hence of Ras function. A total of 55 mice were assigned randomly to treatment with FTI or vehicle, and one-half of the mice were crossed over after initial treatment to the opposite group. L-744,832 induced reversible regression of mammary tumors that was paralleled by a decrease in serum levels of TGF alpha secreted by the tumor cells. There was no difference in response to treatment with FTI between MMTV-TGF alpha mice, in which tumorigenesis was accelerated by multiparity or the chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, and MMTV-TGF alpha/neu mice. The tumor histological type had no impact on FTI sensitivity. For mechanistic analyses, tumor excision biopsies were obtained from 12 mice before and after treatment with L-744,832. In these samples, tumor regression was paralleled biochemically by inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and biologically by an increase in G1-phase and decrease in S-phase fractions, as well as induction of apoptosis. These results suggest that the potential clinical use of FTI could be expanded to include cancers harboring activated receptor tyrosine kinases as well as those containing activated Ras.
Total synthesis of grossularines-1 and -2 (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of grossularines-1 and -2Tominari Choshi, Shiho Yamada, Eiichi Sugino, Takeshi Kuwada, and Satoshi HibinoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 18, 5899–5904Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00123a028https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00123a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1464Altmetric-Citations88LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Postoperative pain after haemorrhoidectomy: role of impaired evacuation (2010)

Impaired anal evacuation is predictive of postoperative pain after haemorrhoidectomy.
Unusual Life Style of Giant Chlorella Viruses (2003)

Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus (PBCV-1) is the prototype of a family of large, icosahedral, plaque-forming, dsDNA viruses that replicate in certain unicellular, eukaryotic chlorella-like green algae. Its 330-kb genome contains approximately 373 protein-encoding genes and 11 tRNA genes. The predicted gene products of approximately 50% of these genes resemble proteins of known function, including many that are unexpected for a virus, e.g., ornithine decarboxylase, hyaluronan synthase, GDP-D-mannose 4,6 dehydratase, and a potassium ion channel protein. In addition to their large genome size, the chlorella viruses have other features that distinguish them from most viruses. These features include: (a) The viruses encode multiple DNA methyltransferases and DNA site-specific endonucleases. (b) The viruses encode at least some, if not all, of the enzymes required to glycosylate their proteins. (c) PBCV-1 has at least three types of introns, a self-splicing intron in a transcription factor-like gene, a spliceosomal processed intron in its DNA polymerase gene, and a small intron in one of its tRNA genes. (d) Many chlorella virus-encoded proteins are either the smallest or among the smallest proteins of their class. (e) Accumulating evidence indicates that the chlorella viruses have a very long evolutionary history.
Spiral sampling: theory and an application to magnetic resonance imaging (1988)

The problem of reconstructing a two-dimensional function from a set of spiral samples is addressed in this paper. Our earlier research considered the special case in which the spiral samples were acquired along a linear spiral trajectory. In this paper we extend the earlier work and consider generalized, e.g., nonlinear spiral trajectories. We show that, in general, there is no exact reconstruction procedure for such trajectories. We furnish an approximate reconstruction method and bound the resulting error. Simulation results support the view that a nonlinear spiral scan has a potential advantage in a situation in which the data-collection time is limited. Such a situation arises, for example, in fast magnetic resonance imaging.
Processable, oriented, electrically conductive hybrid molecular/macromolecular materials (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProcessable, oriented, electrically conductive hybrid molecular/macromolecular materialsTamotsu Inabe, Joseph F. Lomax, Tobin J. Marks, Joseph W. Lyding, Carl R. Kannewurf, and Kenneth J. WynneCite this: Macromolecules 1984, 17, 2, 260–262Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1984https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00132a026Request reuse permissionsArticle Views60Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (415 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mechanisms of Autoantibody-Induced Pathology (2017)

Autoantibodies are frequently observed in healthy individuals. In a minority of these individuals, they lead to manifestation of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Graves' disease. Overall, more than 2.5% of the population is affected by autoantibody-driven autoimmune disease. Pathways leading to autoantibody-induced pathology greatly differ among different diseases, and autoantibodies directed against the same antigen, depending on the targeted epitope, can have diverse effects. To foster knowledge in autoantibody-induced pathology and to encourage development of urgently needed novel therapeutic strategies, we here categorized autoantibodies according to their effects. According to our algorithm, autoantibodies can be classified into the following categories: (1) mimic receptor stimulation, (2) blocking of neural transmission, (3) induction of altered signaling, triggering uncontrolled (4) microthrombosis, (5) cell lysis, (6) neutrophil activation, and (7) induction of inflammation. These mechanisms in relation to disease, as well as principles of autoantibody generation and detection, are reviewed herein.
Antibody Affinity Maturation by Chain Shuffling (2004)

Phage display can be used to increase the affinity of antibodies more than 1,000-fold (1,2). The starting point is typically a specific antibody isolated from a phage antibody library (see Chapter 8 ). To accomplish affinity maturation (increased affinity), the sequence of the antibody is diversified, the mutant gene repertoire is displayed on filamentous phage, and higher-affinity binders are selected on antigen. Although the process is straightforward, the investigator should be reasonably certain that increasing the affinity of their particular antibody will lead to the desired biologic effect prior to undertaking in vitro affinity maturation. Higher affinity is especially important when attempting to neutralize a circulating toxin or growth factor in solution. In this case, the antibody distributes in the same compartment as the antigen, allowing the antigen-antibody interaction to proceed to equilibrium. The higher the affinity, the greater the amount of antigen that is bound. In contrast, affinity is only one determining factor in the amount of antibody fragment that will accumulate in a tumor in vivo (3). Factors such as antibody fragment size, pharmacokinetics, and valency may have a more important impact (4).
Utilization of Ionic Liquids for Transdermal Delivery and Pathogen Neutralization (2014)

Abstract Not Provided