gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Error in Internal Medicine (2005)

Diagnostic error is commonly multifactorial in origin, typically involving both system-related and cognitive factors. The results identify the dominant problems that should be targeted for additional research and early reduction; they also further the development of a comprehensive taxonomy for classifying diagnostic errors.
Two-dimensional carrier gas at complex oxide interfaces: Control of functionality (2021)

New functionalities and unexpected electronic structures can emerge in artificially engineered complex oxide heterointerfaces due to the coupling of multiple physical properties such as ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism, conductivity, charge transfer, etc. Here, we discuss heterointerfaces between perovskite oxides, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, and BaTiO3, as well as the rocksalt ferromagnetic semiconductor EuO. Combining theoretical analysis, experimental growth, and characterization techniques with atomic level resolution, we highlight some of these intriguing emergent interfacial phenomena. We consider several means of creating a two-dimensional carrier gas: through band offset engineering, polarization doping, and oxygen vacancy doping. In addition, we also discuss ways of manipulating these electron/hole gases and their potential applications in new electronic devices.
Artist Academics: Performing the Australian Research Agenda (2009)

Despite the recent focus on creativity and innovation as the backbone of Western knowledge economies, the presence of the creative arts within universities remains problematic. Australian artist academics who seek a balance between their artistic and academic lives work within a government-directed research environment that is unable to quantify; therefore, to recognize the value of creative research, yet which accepts the funded outcomes of post-graduate practice-based students. This study sought to unravel how artist academics from a variety of non-written creative disciplines perceive the relationships between their roles as artists, researchers and tertiary educators. Three themes were generated from interviews with the artistacademics: (a) creative research and the academy, (b) practice, research, and teaching nexus, and (c) identity. Central to the discussions was the question of whether and how creative work constitutes legitimate research.
LUX-Lung 4: A Phase II Trial of Afatinib in Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Who Progressed During Prior Treatment With Erlotinib, Gefitinib, or Both (2013)

Afatinib demonstrated modest but noteworthy efficacy in patients with NSCLC who had received third- or fourth-line treatment and who progressed while receiving erlotinib and/or gefitinib, including those with acquired resistance to erlotinib, gefitinib, or both.
Specific, sensitive, and rapid assay for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 pol mutations associated with resistance to zidovudine and didanosine (1995)

The effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy may be limited by the development of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) resistance. Monitoring for resistance will perhaps allow changes in therapy prior to deterioration in the patient's clinical or immunologic status. Our objective was to develop a rapid, specific, and sensitive genotypic assay for HIV-1 resistance to zidovudine (ZDV) and didanosine (ddI) which is simple to perform. In our assay the DNA of HIV-1 pol was amplified by PCR using two sets of nested oligonucleotide primers. Mutations of reverse transcriptase (RT) encoding amino acids (aa) 74 and 41, 70, and 215 which have been associated with HIV-1 resistance to ddI and ZDV, respectively, were detected with a ligase detection reaction (LDR) and indicated colorimetrically. The RT genotypes of 35 patient specimens (140 codons) blindly assessed for these mutations were in agreement by PCR-LDR and by dideoxynucleotide sequencing. To evaluate the limits of the assay, other specimens with mutations close to the ligation site were evaluated by PCR-LDR. The assay was sensitive and specific for all specimens except when mutations occurred within 2 bases on either side of the ligation site. In summary, this PCR-LDR assay specifically, sensitively, and rapidly detected pol mutations (RT aa 74, 41, 70, and 215) associated with HIV-1 resistance to ddI and ZDV.
Immunologic Correlates of the Abscopal Effect in a Patient with Melanoma (2012)

The abscopal effect is a phenomenon in which local radiotherapy is associated with the regression of metastatic cancer at a distance from the irradiated site. The abscopal effect may be mediated by activation of the immune system. Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits an immunologic checkpoint on T cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). We report a case of the abscopal effect in a patient with melanoma treated with ipilimumab and radiotherapy. Temporal associations were noted: tumor shrinkage with antibody responses to the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, changes in peripheral-blood immune cells, and increases in antibody responses to other antigens after radiotherapy. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
Keystone Symposium on Antibodies as Drugs (2009)

The symposium on Antibodies as Drugs, organized by Keystone Symposia and chaired by J. Marks, (University of California Los Angeles, USA), E.S. Ward (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA) and L. Weiner (Georgetown University Medical Center, USA), was held in Whistler, British Columbia. This Canadian Rockies village, which will host the 2010 Olympic Games, served as an enchanting backdrop to the meeting. The more than 350 speakers and attendees included scientists from major pharmaceutical firms, e.g., Abbott, MedImmune/Astra Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck & Co., Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Schering, GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly, Hoffmann LaRoche, Novartis, Wyeth, and biotechnology companies, e.g., Ablynx, Medarex, Morphosys, GenMab, Amgen, Genentech, ImmunoGen, Agensys, Domantis, Biogen Idec, Centocor, LFB, Micromet, PDL Biopharma, Borean Pharma, Dyax Corp., Symphogen and Syntonix. Academic research groups at Imperial College London, University of Oxford, ETH Zürich, Scripps, Institute Cochin, Karolinska Institute, Utrecht University, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Baylor College, Paul Ehrlich Institute, University of California San Francisco, University of California San Diego, University of Nantes, University of Tours and Ludwig Institute were also represented, as were regulatory authorities, including the US Food and Drug Administration, National Institutes of Health and the Public Health Agency of Canada). The meeting was very interactive and included thoughtful exchanges during the different sessions and networking events.
The Dose Response Relationship between Intervertebral Disc Flexion-Extension Neutral Zone Metrics and Injected Genipin Concentration (2013)

This study establishes the efficacy of using injection delivery to affect disc joint mechanics and quantifies the dose response between injected genipin and the flexion-extension stability of the disc.
WUSCHEL protein movement mediates stem cell homeostasis in the Arabidopsis shoot apex (2011)

WUSCHEL (WUS) is a homeodomain transcription factor produced in cells of the niche/organizing center (OC) of shoot apical meristems. WUS specifies stem cell fate and also restricts its own levels by activating a negative regulator, CLAVATA3 (CLV3), in adjacent cells of the central zone (CZ). Here we show that the WUS protein, after being synthesized in cells of the OC, migrates into the CZ, where it activates CLV3 transcription by binding to its promoter elements. Using a computational model, we show that maintenance of the WUS gradient is essential to regulate stem cell number. Migration of a stem cell-inducing transcription factor into adjacent cells to activate a negative regulator, thereby restricting its own accumulation, is a theme that is unique to plant stem cell niches.
Advancing secondary metabolite biosynthesis in yeast with synthetic biology tools (2011)

Secondary metabolites are an important source of high-value chemicals, many of which exhibit important pharmacological properties. These valuable natural products are often difficult to synthesize chemically and are commonly isolated through inefficient extractions from natural biological sources. As such, they are increasingly targeted for production by biosynthesis from engineered microorganisms. The budding yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be a powerful microorganism for heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways. S. cerevisiae's usefulness as a host organism is owed in large part to the wealth of knowledge accumulated over more than a century of intense scientific study. Yet many challenges are currently faced in engineering yeast strains for the biosynthesis of complex secondary metabolite production. However, synthetic biology is advancing the development of new tools for constructing, controlling, and optimizing complex metabolic pathways in yeast. Here, we review how the coupling between yeast biology and synthetic biology is advancing the use of S. cerevisiae as a microbial host for the construction of secondary metabolic pathways.
Mycoplasmal Respiratory Infections in Small Animals: 17 Cases (1988–1999) (2002)

Seventeen cases (i.e., 14 dogs and three cats) were identified as having Mycoplasma spp. as the sole bacterial isolate cultured from airway washings in 224 cases evaluated for lower respiratory disease that was present in each case. Primary diagnoses included pneumonia (35.3%), airway collapse (35.3%), and bronchitis (29.4%). Fourteen cases had follow-up information available. Of these cases, eight showed resolution or improvement with antimycoplasmal drugs. Mycoplasma spp. is recognized as a primary cause of respiratory disease in several species, including humans. The relationship between Mycoplasma spp. and respiratory disease detected in some of these cases suggests some Mycoplasma spp. may act as primary pathogens in dogs and cats.
Effects of Herbicides on Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines and Development of Sudden Death Syndrome in Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean (2000)

ABSTRACT Sudden death syndrome of soybean, caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, is a disease of increasing economic importance in the United States. Although the ecology of sudden death syndrome has been extensively studied in relation to crop management practices such as tillage, irrigation, and cultivar selection, there is no information on the effects of herbicides on this disease. Three herbicides (lactofen, glyphosate, and imazethapyr) commonly used in soybean were evaluated for their effects on the phenology of F. solani f. sp. glycines and the development of sudden death syndrome in four soybean cultivars varying in resistance to the disease and in tolerance to glyphosate. Conidial germination, mycelial growth, and sporulation in vitro were reduced by glyphosate and lactofen. In growth-chamber and greenhouse experiments, there was a significant increase in disease severity and frequency of isolation of F. solani f. sp. glycines from roots of all cultivars after application of imazethapyr or glyphosate compared with the control treatment (no herbicide applied). Conversely, disease severity and isolation frequency of F. solani f. sp. glycines decreased after application of lactofen. Across all herbicide treatments, severity of sudden death syndrome and isolation frequency were lower in disease-resistant than in susceptible cultivars. Results suggest that glyphosate-tolerant and -nontolerant cultivars respond similarly to infection by F. solani f. sp. glycines after herbicide application.
Systematic Literature Review of Digital Three-Dimensional Superimposition Techniques to Create Virtual Dental Patients (2015)

Superimposition of data on the facial skeleton, soft tissue, and/or dentition is a feasible technique to create a virtual patient under static conditions. Three-dimensional image fusion is of interest and importance in all fields of dental medicine. Future research should focus on the real-time replication of a human head, including dynamic movements, capturing data in a single step.
The role of Thr268 in oxygen activation of cytochrome P450BM-3 (1995)

Cytochrome P450BM-3, a catalytically self-sufficient monooxygenase from Bacillus megaterium, catalyzes the omega-n (n = 1-3) hydroxylation of fatty acids in the presence of O2 and NADPH. Like most other P450s, cytochrome P450BM-3 contains a threonine residue (Thr268) in the distal I helix thought to be important for O2 binding and activation. Thr268 has been converted to alanine and the enzymatic properties and heme domain crystal structure determined. Using sodium laurate as the substrate, the mutant exhibited slower rates of O2 and NADPH consumption. In addition, electron transfer is uncoupled from substrate hydroxylation as evidenced by the greater production of water and peroxide in the mutant compared to the wild-type enzyme. The crystal structure of the mutant reveals that the only changes in structure are confined to the site of mutation. These data indicate an important role for Thr268 in O2 binding and activation in the metabolism of sodium laurate by cytochrome P450BM-3.
Genistein Inhibits p38 Map Kinase Activation, Matrix Metalloproteinase Type 2, and Cell Invasion in Human Prostate Epithelial Cells (2005)

Epidemiologic studies associate consumption of genistein, in the form of dietary soy, with lower rates of metastatic prostate cancer. We have previously shown that genistein inhibits prostate cancer cell detachment in vitro, that it is well tolerated in an older cohort of men with prostate cancer, and that it alters cell signaling in that same cohort. We have also shown that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is necessary for transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-mediated increases in prostate cancer adhesion. Although cell invasion is closely linked to metastatic behavior, little is known about how this process is regulated in prostate cancer or what effect, if any, genistein has on associated processes. We now show that genistein inhibits matrix metalloproteinase type 2 (MMP-2) activity in six of seven prostate cell lines tested, blocks MMP-2 induction by TGF-beta, and inhibits cell invasion. Efficacy was seen at low nanomolar concentrations, corresponding to blood concentrations of free genistein attained after dietary consumption. Inhibition of p38 MAPK by either SB203580 or dominant-negative construct blocked induction of MMP-2 and cell invasion by TGF-beta. Genistein exerted similar effects and was found to block activation of p38 MAPK by TGF-beta. This study shows that p38 MAPK is necessary for TGF-beta-mediated induction of MMP-2 and cell invasion in prostate cancer and that genistein blocks activation of p38 MAPK, thereby inhibiting processes closely linked to metastasis, and does so at concentrations associated with dietary consumption. Any potential causal link to epidemiologic findings will require further investigation.
The Effects of 2′- O -Methoxyethyl Oligonucleotides on Renal Function in Humans (2017)

Systemically administered 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'MOE) antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) accumulate in the kidney and metabolites are cleared in urine. The effects of eleven 2'MOE ASOs on renal function were assessed in 2,435 patients from 32 phase 2 and phase 3 trials. The principle analysis was on data from 28 randomized placebo-controlled trials. Mean levels of renal parameters remained within normal ranges over time across dose groups. Patient-level meta-analyses demonstrated a significant difference between placebo-treated and 2'MOE ASO-treated patients at doses >175 mg/week in the percentage and absolute change from baseline for serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate. However, these changes were not clinically significant or progressive. No dose-related effects were observed in the incidence of abnormal renal test results in the total population of patients, or subpopulation of diabetic patients or patients with renal dysfunction at baseline. The incidence of acute kidney injury [serum creatinine ≥0.3 mg/dL (26.5 μM) increases from baseline or ≥1.5 × baseline] in 2'MOE ASO-treated patients (2.4%) was not statistically different from placebo (1.7%, P = 0.411). In conclusion, in this database, encompassing 32 clinical trials and 11 different 2'MOE ASOs, we found no evidence of clinically significant renal dysfunction up to 52 weeks of randomized-controlled treatment.
Signal sequence and DNA‐mediated expression of human lysosomal α‐galactosidase A (1987)

Twelve complementary DNA clones for human lysosomal alpha-galactosidase A were isolated from an Okayama-Berg library constructed from SV40-transformed human fibroblasts. The identity of these clones was confirmed by complete colinearity of the nucleotide-deduced amino acid sequence with that determined by direct chemical sequencing of human placental alpha-galactosidase A. Hybridization of the alpha-galactosidase A cDNA to genomic DNA from individuals with varying numbers of X chromosomes as well as from interspecies somatic-cell hybrids showed only a single locus in the genome at Xq 13.1-Xq 22. One cDNA clone (pcD-AG210) contained the complete coding sequence for both the signal peptide and mature alpha-galactosidase A. The signal peptide of 31 amino acids contains the expected hydrophobic domains consisting of Leu-Gly-Cys-Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu and Phe-Leu-Ala-Leu-Val and has Ala at the signal peptidase cleavage site. Twelve out of fifteen G residues flanking the 5' end of the cDNA in pcD-AG210 were removed and the truncated fragment was ligated into the original vector. This construct, pcD-AG502, encoded enzymatically active human alpha-galactosidase A in monkey COS cells.
Fiber-optic distributed sensing by a two-loop Sagnac interferometer (1996)

A two-loop Sagnac interferometer is proposed for fiber-optic distributed sensing. The location of a disturbance can be determined from the two output phase signals of the two Sagnac loops, and the amplitude of the disturbance can be obtained by integration of the phase signal. A prototype distributed impact sensing system has been tested based on the two-loop Sagnac interferometer.
More on target with protein phosphorylation: conferring specificity by location. (1996)

One important regulatory mechanism in the control of phosphorylation events is the subcellular location of phosphatases of kinases. Several serine/threonine phosphatases and kinases have now been shown to be associated with targeting subunits; these contribute to the organization and specificity of signal transduction pathways by favoring the accessibility of their enzymes to certain substrates.
A Convenient One-Pot Conversion ofN-Protected Amino Acids and Peptides into Alcohols (1990)

N-Protected amino acids and peptides are converted to alcohols by chemoselective reduction of their corresponding mixed anhydrides with sodium borohydride in tetrahydrofuran with dropwise addition of methanol.
Sustained local delivery of heparin to the rabbit arterial wall with an electroporation catheter (1998)

Current methods of local drug delivery frequently fail to achieve a prolonged therapeutically effective tissue drug level without producing vascular trauma. A novel double-balloon catheter system, incorporating electroporation technology, has been designed and tested to deliver heparin into rabbit carotid arteries in an overstretch balloon injury model in vivo. Following arterial injury, fluoresceinated heparin was delivered into the volume between the two inflated balloons, and the artery was subjected to an electrical pulse. Catheter deployment and endovascular electrical pulsing were well-tolerated in all animals (N = 21) without adverse hemodynamic and histological changes. Periodic arterial blood samples revealed no abnormalities in the clotting profile or any gross morphological changes in the blood cells up to 8 hr after treatment. Much stronger heparin fluorescence was detected throughout the vessel layers for at least 12 hr in the pulsed samples compared to the control. Histochemical staining of the tissue showed intracellular localization of heparin. Endovascular electroporation may provide better retention and higher therapeutic efficacy than can be achieved by conventional systemic delivery of heparin at clinically safe concentrations.
Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus in Invasive Breast Cancers (1999)

Our results demonstrated the presence of the EBV genome in a large subset of breast cancers. The virus was restricted to tumor cells and was more frequently associated with the most aggressive tumors. EBV may be a cofactor in the development of some breast cancers.
Survey of Microorganisms for the Production of Extracellular Phytase (1968)

A culture enrichment technique was used to isolate phytase-producing microorganisms. Also, microorganisms from various culture collections were tested for their phytase-producing ability. A number of the Aspergillus niger group produced extracellular phytase which dephosphorylated calcium phytate in acidic solution. A soil isolate, A. ficuum NRRL 3135, produced the most active phytase in a cornstarch-based medium. Production of phytase was strongly repressed by inorganic phosphates and required a high carbon to phosphorus ratio in the medium.
Cationic Liposomes for Gene Therapy (1998)

A close interaction between chemistry and medicine is offered by cationic liposome research. Cationic liposomes are able to deliver nucleic acids to cells and are projected to be core technology for the emerging discipline of gene therapy. The problems that still have to be faced are presented here along with potential solutions.
Propagation-medium limitations on phase-compensated atmospheric imaging* (1976)

There has long been interest in reducing or circumventing the limitations imposed by atmospheric turbulence on optical imaging systems. Recent studies have shown that irradiance or speckle interferometry, or real-time atmospheric compensation, may be used to regain diffraction-limited performance. In this paper, the relationship between real-time phase compensation and the optimum channel-matched filter compensator is developed, with emphasis on the fundamental limits imposed by the propagation medium. In particular, the effects of uncompensated amplitude fluctuations and finite isoplanatic diameter are evaluated. It is shown that the former does not usually present any limitation on imaging performance, whereas the latter may severely limit the field of view over which diffraction-limited imaging can be realized. Results are presented for both coherently and incoherently illuminated objects.