gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Taxonomy of Obfuscating Transformations (1997)

It has become more and more common to distribute software in forms that retain most or all of the information present in the original source code. An important example is Java bytecode. Since such codes are easy to decompile, they increase the risk of malicious reverse engineering attacks. In this paper we review several techniques for technical protection of software secrets. We will argue that automatic code obfuscation is currently the most viable method for preventing reverse engineering. We then describe the design of a code obfuscator, a tool which converts a program into an equivalent one that is more difficult to understand and reverse engineer. The obfuscator is based on the application of code transformations, in many cases similar to those used by compiler optimizers. We describe a large number of such transformations, classify them, and evaluate them with respect to their potency (To what degree is a human reader confused?), resilience (How well are automatic deobfuscati...
Upregulation of the PDGF-alpha Receptor Precedes Asbestos-induced Lung Fibrosis in Rats (1998)

Platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA) and its matching alpha receptor (PDGF-R alpha) are upregulated in rat lung fibroblasts (RLFs) after exposure to chrysotile asbestos fibers in vitro, which results in asbestos-induced RLF proliferation. We now report our in vivo observations, which show an increase in the expression of PDGF-R alpha mRNA, but not PDGF-beta receptor mRNA, in asbestos-exposed rat lungs when compared with RNA from air-exposed (sham) and iron-exposed lungs. Western analysis of membrane preparations confirmed the observations on mRNA expression by demonstrating an increase in PDGF-R alpha peptide expression in the asbestos-exposed rat lungs, compared with that in the air-exposed lungs. Immunohistochemistry for the PDGF-R alpha was performed on air- and asbestos-exposed rat lungs and revealed a clear increase in staining within interstitial and subepithelial compartments in the exposed animals. These observations, along with our previous report demonstrating an increase in the PDGF-AA isoform expression immediately after asbestos-exposure, suggest a scenario in which a potent lung mesenchymal cell mitogen, PDGF-AA, and its alpha-receptor are upregulated prior to the development of a fibroproliferative lung lesion, and thus may play a central role in the pathogenesis of asbestos-induced lung fibrosis.
Solubility of hydrogen in 10 organic solvents at 298.15, 323.15, and 373.15 K (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolubility of hydrogen in 10 organic solvents at 298.15, 323.15, and 373.15 KErwin BrunnerCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1985, 30, 3, 269–273Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je00041a010https://doi.org/10.1021/je00041a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views10956Altmetric-Citations245LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Integrin targeting using RGD‐PEI conjugates for in vitro gene transfer (2003)

Coupling of the tetrapeptide RGDC without a PEG spacer improved transfection efficiency of PEI in integrin-expressing Mewo cells by 1-2 orders of magnitude, especially at low N/P ratios. The use of a PEG spacer seems to impair targeting, possibly by not only shielding PEI, but also the RGD ligand.
Effect of disruption of actin filaments by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin on insulin secretion in HIT-T15 cells and pancreatic islets. (1994)

To examine their role in insulin secretion, actin filaments (AFs) were disrupted by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin that ADP-ribosylates G-actin. Ribosylation also prevents polymerization of G-actin to F-actin and inhibits AF assembly by capping the fast-growing end of F-actin. Pretreatment of HIT-T15 cells with the toxin inhibited stimulated insulin secretion in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The toxin did not affect cellular insulin content or nonstimulated secretion. In static incubation, toxin treatment caused 45-50% inhibition of secretion induced by nutrients alone (10 mM glucose + 5 mM glutamine + 5 mM leucine) or combined with bombesin (phospholipase C-activator) and 20% reduction of that potentiated by forskolin (stimulator of adenylyl cyclase). In perifusion, the stimulated secretion during the first phase was marginally diminished, whereas the second phase was inhibited by approximately 80%. Pretreatment of HIT cells with wartmannin, a myosin light chain kinase inhibitor, caused a similar pattern of inhibition of the biphasic insulin release as C2 toxin. Nutrient metabolism and bombesin-evoked rise in cytosolic free Ca2+ were not affected by C2 toxin, indicating that nutrient recognition and the coupling between receptor activation and second messenger generation was not changed. In the toxin-treated cells, the AF web beneath the plasma membrane and the diffuse cytoplasmic F-actin fibers disappeared, as shown both by staining with an antibody against G- and F-actin and by staining F-actin with fluorescent phallacidin. C2 toxin dose-dependently reduced cellular F-actin content. Stimulation of insulin secretion was not associated with changes in F-actin content and organization. Treatment of cells with cytochalasin E and B, which shorten AFs, inhibited the stimulated insulin release by 30-50% although differing in their effects on F-actin content. In contrast to HIT-T15 cells, insulin secretion was potentiated in isolated rat islets after disruption of microfilaments with C2 toxin, most notably during the first phase. This effect was, however, diminished, and the second phase became slightly inhibited when the islets were degranulated. These results indicate an important role for AFs in insulin secretion. In the poorly granulated HIT-T15 cells actin-myosin interactions may participate in the recruitment of secretory granules to the releasable pool. In native islet beta-cells the predominant function of AFs appears to be the limitation of the access of granules to the plasma membrane.
Calibration and validation of confocal spectral imaging systems (2004)

We found that using a primary light source that emits an absolute standard "reference spectrum" enabled us to diagnose instrumental errors and measure accuracy and reproducibility under normalized conditions. With this information, a CSI operator can determine whether a CSI system is working optimally and make objective comparisons with the performance of other CSI systems. We determined that, if CSI systems were standardized to produce the same spectral profile of a MIDL lamp, researchers could be confident that the same experimental findings would be obtained on any CSI system.
Inflammation and insulin resistance (2006)

Over a hundred years ago, high doses of salicylates were shown to lower glucose levels in diabetic patients. This should have been an important clue to link inflammation to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the antihyperglycemic and antiinflammatory effects of salicylates were not connected to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance until recently. Together with the discovery of an important role for tissue macrophages, these new findings are helping to reshape thinking about how obesity increases the risk for developing T2D and the metabolic syndrome. The evolving concept of insulin resistance and T2D as having immunological components and an improving picture of how inflammation modulates metabolism provide new opportunities for using antiinflammatory strategies to correct the metabolic consequences of excess adiposity.
Direct Conversion of Methane to Value-Added Chemicals over Heterogeneous Catalysts: Challenges and Prospects (2017)

The quest for an efficient process to convert methane efficiently to fuels and high value-added chemicals such as olefins and aromatics is motivated by their increasing demands and recently discovered large reserves and resources of methane. Direct conversion to these chemicals can be realized either oxidatively via oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) or nonoxidatively via methane dehydroaromatization (MDA), which have been under intensive investigation for decades. While industrial applications are still limited by their low yield (selectivity) and stability issues, innovations in new catalysts and concepts are needed. The newly emerging strategy using iron single sites to catalyze methane conversion to olefins, aromatics, and hydrogen (MTOAH) attracted much attention when it was reported. Because the challenge lies in controlled dehydrogenation of the highly stable CH<sub>4</sub> and selective C-C coupling, we focus mainly on the fundamentals of C-H activation and analyze the reaction pathways toward selective routes of OCM, MDA, and MTOAH. With this, we intend to provide some insights into their reaction mechanisms and implications for future development of highly selective catalysts for direct conversion of methane to high value-added chemicals.
Challenges and responses in human vaccine development (2014)

Human vaccine development remains challenging because of the highly sophisticated evasion mechanisms of pathogens for which vaccines are not yet available. Recent years have witnessed both successes and failures of novel vaccine design and the strength of iterative approaches is increasingly appreciated. These combine discovery of novel antigens, adjuvants and vectors in the preclinical stage with computational analyses of clinical data to accelerate vaccine design. Reverse and structural vaccinology have revealed novel antigen candidates and molecular immunology has led to the formulation of promising adjuvants. Gene expression profiles and immune parameters in patients, vaccinees and healthy controls have formed the basis for biosignatures that will provide guidelines for future vaccine design.
Fractal Dimensions from Mercury Intrusion Capillary Tests (1992)

Abstract The fractal dimension (FD) of sedimentary rocks has become an important petrophysical parameter. The importance is partly because capillary presure (Pc) –and other transport coefficients— scale as power laws of fluid saturation. The scaling exponents are often related to the supporting media's FD. Water Pc, in particular, is known to scale as a power law of water saturation, in imbibition at low saturation of the wetting phase, and the scaling exponent is related to the FD of the pore-rock surface. Here we show results of mercury intrusion tests, in drainage at high capillary presure, which clearly show power law dependence between intrusion volume and Pc. We relate the scaling exponent to the pore bulk FD. We also report results of two dimensional image analysis which indicate that, in fact, both pore bulk and pore-rock interfaces are fractal.
Automatic Understanding of Image and Video Advertisements (2017)

There is more to images than their objective physical content: for example, advertisements are created to persuade a viewer to take a certain action. We propose the novel problem of automatic advertisement understanding. To enable research on this problem, we create two datasets: an image dataset of 64,832 image ads, and a video dataset of 3,477 ads. Our data contains rich annotations encompassing the topic and sentiment of the ads, questions and answers describing what actions the viewer is prompted to take and the reasoning that the ad presents to persuade the viewer (What should I do according to this ad, and why should I do it?), and symbolic references ads make (e.g. a dove symbolizes peace). We also analyze the most common persuasive strategies ads use, and the capabilities that computer vision systems should have to understand these strategies. We present baseline classification results for several prediction tasks, including automatically answering questions about the messages of the ads.
An Expanding Universe of Noncoding RNAs (2002)

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been found to have roles in a great variety of processes, including transcriptional regulation, chromosome replication, RNA processing and modification, messenger RNA stability and translation, and even protein degradation and translocation. Recent studies indicate that ncRNAs are far more abundant and important than initially imagined. These findings raise several fundamental questions: How many ncRNAs are encoded by a genome? Given the absence of a diagnostic open reading frame, how can these genes be identified? How can all the functions of ncRNAs be elucidated?
Synthesis of some new pyridones, fused pyrimidines, and fused 1,2,4‐triazines (2010)

Abstract magnified image Cyclocondensation of hydrazides, 3‐aminopyrazoles, 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole, 2‐aminobenzoimidazole, pyrazole‐3‐diazonium salts, 1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐diazonium salt, or benzoimidazole‐2‐diazonium salt with sodium salt of 3‐hydroxy‐1‐(2‐naphthyl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐one gave 2‐pyridones, pyrazolo[1,5‐ a ]pyrimidines, triazolo[1,5‐ a ]pyrimidine, benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐ a ]pyrimidine, (pyrazolo[5,1‐ c ][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)‐methanone, [1,2,4]triazolo[5,1‐ c ][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl‐methanone, or benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1‐ c ] [1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl‐methanone derivatives, respectively, which will be tested for anti‐tumor and anti‐cancer activates. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Convenient synthesis of 3,5,7-trimethyl-1-azonia-adamantanes (2000)

A convenient synthesis of 3,5,7-trimethyl-1-azonia-adamantanes (2) is described. The esterification of cis,cis-1,3,5-tris(hydroxymethyl)-1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (3) with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride, followed by the reaction with primary amines, yields azonia-adamantanes 2. On the other hand, the esterification of triol 3 with TFAA also affords cis,cis-1,3,5-tris[(trifluoroacetoxy)methyl]-1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (5). However, the reaction of triester 5 with 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine does not give the corresponding azoniaadamantane, but 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-acetamide (6). The -methylene protons in azonia-adamantane 2a [R = 2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl] are very active. Both acids and bases react with 2a to yield 2-vinylpyridine. The elimination reaction of 2a with lithium methoxide is available for the synthesis of 3,5,7-trimethyl-1-aza-adamantane (1).
Photomask-edge-roughness characterization using an atomic force microscope (1998)

Photomask edge roughness metrology has historically been performed using optical techniques. However, current optical techniques fail to provide the necessary resolution to meet the requirements for reduced mask edge roughness driven by improved resolution of advanced wafer lithography systems. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has demonstrated the capability to provide the required physical characterization of printed mask features. At the macroscopic level, the critical dimensions (CDs) of linewidth, sidewall angle, and chrome thickness are measured using an attractive mode, critical dimension scanning algorithm with flared silicon tips. For localized examination of the line edge roughness, the system is operated with sharp conical tips (10 - 30 nm radius) scanned parallel to the profile edge. This new technique provides 10 - 30 nm resolution. In addition, Fourier analysis of the line edge roughness data can be used to identify periodic error signatures in the mask pattern generation.
Protective efficacy of a 62-kilodalton antigen, HIS-62, from the cell wall and cell membrane of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast cells (1991)

We reported previously that a detergent extract of the cell wall and cell membrane of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast cells contains antigens recognized by T cells. In T-cell immunoblot analysis, a region encompassing 62 kDa was stimulatory for an H. capsulatum-reactive T-cell line and T-cell clones derived from C57BL/6 mice. In this study, we isolated a 62-kDa band, termed HIS-62, from electrophoresed cell wall and cell membrane of H. capsulatum yeast cells and examined its antigenicity and immunogenicity. C57BL/6, BALB/c, and CBA/J mice that were immunized with viable H. capsulatum yeast cells mounted a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to HIS-62 that was stronger than that of normal controls. Spleen cells from each strain of mouse immunized with viable yeast cells proliferated vigorously in response to HIS-62; conversely, splenocytes from control animals did not recognize this antigen. A T-cell line and 5 of 5 T-cell clones from C57BL/6 mice, 10 of 15 BALB/c T-cell hybridomas, and 8 of 12 CBA/J T-cell hybridomas recognized HIS-62. A cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity response to the antigen was apparent in each strain of mouse that was injected with 80 micrograms of HIS-62 mixed with Freund adjuvant. In addition, spleen cells from HIS-62-immunized mice proliferated in vitro in response to this antigen. Vaccination of each strain of mouse with 80 micrograms of HIS-62 conferred protection against a lethal intravenous challenge with H. capsulatum yeast cells. Thus, HIS-62 appears to be an important target of the cellular immune response to H. capsulatum and induces a protective immune response in mice.
A multiprocessor system utilizing enhanced DSPs for image processing (2003)

A general-purpose image processor (GPIP) consisting of 64 digital signal processors (DSPs) in a 0.31-m/sup 3/ box is proposed to perform a wide range of image processing tasks. A high-speed DSP called DSP-i has been especially developed for this purpose. It has a highly parallel architecture with a two-level instruction hierarchy, multibank cache, and multiprocessor interface. The DSP-i machine cycle is 50 ns. A novel ring shift register bus architecture offers a flexible structure and an efficient data-exchange method for the system. Along with four proposed operation modes, it cuts the multiprocessing overhead to as little as 20%. The performance of the GPIP is 1000 MOPS (million operations per second).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
FACTORS INFLUENCING PULMONARY METHANE EXCRETION IN MAN (1971)

Measurements of pulmonary excretion of methane (CH(4)) were used to obtain information on the CH(4)-producing bacteria in man. Preliminary studies indicated that (a) all CH(4) excreted by man is produced by colonic bacteria, (b) there is no appreciable utilization of CH(4) by man, and (c) breath CH(4) can serve as a relatively accurate indicator of CH(4) production in the intestine. The rate of pulmonary CH(4) excretion varied enormously, ranging from undetectable (<5 x 10(-6) ml/min) to 0.66 ml/minute. In general, the CH(4) excretion rate for subjects was consistently very low (nonproducers) or relatively large (producers). 33.6% of the adult population were producers of CH(4). Whereas diet, age over 10 yr, and sex did not influence the rate of CH(4) production, some familial factor appeared to play an important role. 84% of siblings of CH(4) producers also were producers, while only 18% of the siblings of nonproducers were found to be CH(4) producers. This familial tendency appeared to be determined by early environmental rather than genetic factors. These studies of CH(4) excretion demonstrate that the exposure of individuals to intestinal bacterial metabolites may differ markedly and that these differences may be chronic and determined by familial factors.
NF-κB prevents β cell death and autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice (2007)

Whereas NF-kappaB has potent antiapoptotic function in most cell types, it was reported that in pancreatic beta cells it serves a proapoptotic function and may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. To investigate the role of beta cell NF-kappaB in autoimmune diabetes, we produced transgenic mice expressing a nondegradable form of IkappaBalpha in pancreatic beta cells (RIP-mIkappaBalpha mice). beta cells of these mice were more susceptible to killing by TNF-alpha plus IFN-gamma but more resistant to IL-1beta plus IFN-gamma than normal beta cells. Similar results were obtained with beta cells lacking IkappaB kinase beta, a protein kinase required for NF-kappaB activation. Inhibition of beta cell NF-kappaB accelerated the development of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice but had no effect on glucose tolerance or serum insulin in C57BL/6 mice, precluding a nonphysiological effect of transgene expression. Development of diabetes after transfer of diabetogenic CD4(+) T cells was accelerated in RIP-mIkappaBalpha/nonobese diabetic mice and was abrogated by anti-TNF therapy. These results suggest that under conditions that resemble autoimmune type 1 diabetes, the dominant effect of NF-kappaB is prevention of TNF-induced apoptosis. This differs from the proapoptotic function of NF-kappaB in IL-1beta-stimulated beta cells.
Self-Oriented Regular Arrays of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Field Emission Properties (1999)

The synthesis of massive arrays of monodispersed carbon nanotubes that are self-oriented on patterned porous silicon and plain silicon substrates is reported. The approach involves chemical vapor deposition, catalytic particle size control by substrate design, nanotube positioning by patterning, and nanotube self-assembly for orientation. The mechanisms of nanotube growth and self-orientation are elucidated. The well-ordered nanotubes can be used as electron field emission arrays. Scaling up of the synthesis process should be entirely compatible with the existing semiconductor processes, and should allow the development of nanotube devices integrated into silicon technology.