gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controlling applets' behavior in a browser (2002)

We discuss methods of protecting Java enabled Web browsers against malicious applets. Malicious applets involve denial of service, invasion of privacy and annoyance. Since system modification by applets is generally impossible because of the Java security concept, denial of service is of major concern. Invasion of privacy may be caused by applets staying resident in the browser and collecting information about a user. Annoyance may, for example, be caused by advertisement applets that constantly appear on a Web site frequently visited by the user. A general solution to confront such attacks is to have some mechanism within the browser to monitor applets' activities. This mechanism should enable manual or automatic stopping of malicious applets. To illustrate it we present a special applet, called AppletGuard, that allows the user to observe and control the applets in the browser and, based on an applet's properties, stop or suspend the applet, or just warn the user that something dangerous might be going on.
Building Electro‐Optical Systems (2000)

Frequency Modulation 13.4 Ampliers / 415 13.5 Departures from Linearity / 416 13.5.1 Harmonics; 13.5.2 Intermodulation; 13.5.3 Saturation; 13.5.4 Cross-Modulation; 13.5.5 AMPM Conversion 13.6 Noise and Interference / 420 13.6.1 White Noise and 1a f Noise; 13.6.2 What a Spur Does to a Measurement; 13.6.3 AM and PM Noise; 13.6.4 Additive Versus Multiplicative Noise; 13.6.5 Noise Statistics; 13.6.6 Gaussian Statistics; 13.6.7 Shot Noise Statistics; 13.6.8 Thresholding; 13.6.9 Photon-Counting Detection 13.7 Frequency Conversion / 428 13.7.1 Mixers; 13.7.2 Choosing an IF; 13.7.3 High-Versus Low-Side LO; 13.7.4 Eects of LO Noise
"Golden standard" wafer design for optical stepper characterization (1991)

Design and implementation of a multifunctional 'golden standard' wafer which facilitates easy and rapid measurement of the most important optical stepper parameters using commercially available metrology tools and software are described. In this design a stepped array of reference marks is permanently etched into a silicon oxide film on a silicon wafer. The most important feature of this method is that a permanently etched pattern is used as a reference standard, which may be used to compare a number of steppers over a period of time. When it is required to perform a distortion measurement the wafer is simply coated with photoresist and a series of full-field exposures are exposed on the stepper to be measured. Using this method, the errors due to individual stepper stages are removed since each lens distortion measurement is made with respect to a common grid pattern. Furthermore this method provides useful information regarding the accuracy of the stepper alignment system. In addition the permanent alignment marks on the wafer permit the measurement of individual stepper stage matching, as well as stage orthogonality errors.
NILE BLUE, ANILINE BLUE AND NEUTRAL RED AS INDICATORS OF LIPOLYSIS (1957)

SUMMARY: Dyes which have been used to detect lipolysis (Nile Blue, Aniline Blue and Neutral Red) and others (Methylene Blue, Toluidine Blue and Thionin) were critically examined for their inhibitory effects in both liquid and solid media. It was confirmed that Nile Blue would inhibit the Gram‐positive bacteria tested, even at 2 × 10 −5 . Gram‐negative bacteria were not inhibited at 1 × 10 −4 and the colour change in fat media was good. Aniline Blue and Neutral Red did not inhibit Gram‐positive organisms at 1 × 10 −4 and the colour change was moderately good. The other three dyes were not toxic at 2·5 × 10 −5 , but there was no colour change. When butter fat saturated with the precipitated bases of Nile Blue, Basic Fuchsin, Crystal Violet or Malachite Green was incorporated in peptone‐Yeastrel agar, the resulting media were toxic to Gram‐positive bacteria. Fat saturated with the bases of Aniline Blue or Neutral Red permitted growth, but the colour change with lipolytic species was not striking, being one of intensity only. Satisfactory growth and colour changes were obtained using butter fat stained with the inert dye Waxolene Green in medium containing Neutral Red in the aqueous phase, and with butter fat stained with the oxazine base of Nile Blue in agar containing Aniline Blue.
Human Dendritic Cells Activate Resting Natural Killer (NK) Cells and Are Recognized via the NKp30 Receptor by Activated NK Cells (2002)

During the innate response to many inflammatory and infectious stimuli, dendritic cells (DCs) undergo a differentiation process termed maturation. Mature DCs activate antigen-specific naive T cells. Here we show that both immature and mature DCs activate resting human natural killer (NK) cells. Within 1 wk the NK cells increase two-- to fourfold in numbers, start secreting interferon (IFN)-gamma, and acquire cytolytic activity against the classical NK target LCL721.221. The DC-activated NK cells then kill immature DCs efficiently, even though the latter express substantial levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. Similar results are seen with interleukin (IL)-2--activated NK cell lines and clones, i.e., these NK cells kill and secrete IFN-gamma in response to immature DCs. Mature DCs are protected from activated NK lysis, but lysis takes place if the NK inhibitory signal is blocked by a human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A,B,C--specific antibody. The NK activating signal mainly involves the NKp30 natural cytotoxicity receptor, and not the NKp46 or NKp44 receptor. However, both immature and mature DCs seem to use a NKp30 independent mechanism to act as potent stimulators for resting NK cells. We suggest that DCs are able to control directly the expansion of NK cells and that the lysis of immature DCs can regulate the afferent limb of innate and adaptive immunity.
Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein and Platelet Factor 4 Mask Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Recognized by Acidic and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (1994)

Recent studies have shown that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) need to interact with cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in order to bind to and activate FGF receptors. In this paper, three major heparin-binding proteins, histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) and antithrombin III (ATIII), which are constitutively present at high concentrations in plasma, and platelet factor 4 (PF4), which is released locally at high concentrations by degranulating platelets, were tested for their ability to act as modulators of FGF activity by competing with the FGFs for cell-surface HSPGs. HRGs from both chicken and human, and human PF4, were demonstrated to compete with each other and with acidic FGF (aFGF) and basic FGF (bFGF) for binding to BALB/c 3T3 cell-surface HSPGs, whereas ATIII did not compete. Thus, HRG, PF4, aFGF, and bFGF all interact with the same HS chains on the 3T3 cell surface, either binding to the same or binding to adjacent saccharide sequences on the chains. In terms of their relative binding affinity for cell-surface HSPGs, the hierarchy was shown to be PF4 > or = bFGF > aFGF = cHRG > hHRG. HRG was also shown to significantly inhibit both FGF-stimulated and endogenous 3T3 cell DNA synthesis. HRG also binds to extracellular matrices (ECM), originating from bovine corneal endothelial cells, in a heparin-inhibitable manner. Indeed, both HRG and PF4, at physiological concentrations, were shown to effectively inhibit the binding of 125I-aFGF and 125I-bFGF to ECM. In addition, HRG was able to displace biologically active bFGF from the ECM. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that HRG and PF4 may act as positive regulators of FGF activity by displacing FGF from the ECM or basement membrane and making FGF available to responsive cells. Alternatively, they could act as negative regulators by masking HSPGs on responsive cells and preventing FGF receptor activation.
Targeting the BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (2001)

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is one of the most remarkable cancers.1,2 It was probably the first type of leukemia to be recognized, in the 1840s, as a distinct entity. A landmark was the discovery of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome in 1960.3 This led to the identification in CML cells of the BCR-ABL fusion gene and its corresponding protein, which is now firmly established as the unique cause of the initial, or “chronic,” phase of CML. ABL and BCR, which are located on chromosomes 9 and 22, respectively, are normal genes whose function is still unknown. The ABL gene encodes . . .
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra of adsorbates on Cu2O nanospheres: charge-transfer and electromagnetic enhancement (2013)

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) have been investigated on the surface of Cu2O nanospheres. The SERS signals were believed to originate from the static chemical enhancement, resonant chemical enhancement and electromagnetic enhancement. The coupling between the adsorbates and the semiconductor, evidenced by the shift in absorption spectrum of modified Cu2O and the enhancement of non-totally symmetric modes of the 4-MBA and 4-mercaptopyridine (4-MPY) molecules, were invoked to explain the experimental results. Furthermore, simulations were employed to investigate the nature of the enhancement mechanisms operative between the molecules and the semiconductor. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested a charge transfer (CT) transition process between the molecules and the Cu2O nanospheres. Three-dimensional finite-difference time domain (3D-FDTD) simulations were conducted to map out the electromagnetic field around the Cu2O nanospheres. The experimental and simulation results have revealed the promise of the Cu2O nanospheres as a good SERS substrate and the prospect of using the SERS substrate as a valuable tool for in situ investigation and assay of the adsorption behavior on semiconductor surfaces.
Effect Of Potassium Deficiency On Cochlear Potentials And Cation Contents Of The Endolymph (1973)

The scala vestibuli and/or scala tympani in anesthetized guinea pigs was perfused with potassium-free solution. Cochlear microphonics (CM), summating potential (SP), action potential (AP) and endocochlear potential (EP) were recorded before, during, and after the perfusion. The sodium and potassium contents in the endolymph were also determined. Perfusion of both scala vestibuli and tympani with control solution did not produce appreciable changes in electrical responses or sodium and potassium content in the endolymph. Perfusion of the perilymphatic space with potassium-free solution caused significant suppression of EP and AP. The CM was also reduced and accompanied by increase of the positive SP. These changes were reversible. The measurement of potassium and sodium content in the endolymph indicated that potassium deficiency in the perilymph resulted in significant increase of sodium and decrease of potassium content. The role of potassium ions in the perilymph is discussed.
Infrared Optical Properties of Vanadium Dioxide Above and Below the Transition Temperature (1966)

Received 1 November 1966DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.17.1286©1966 American Physical Society
Increased capillary permeability to albumin in diabetic rat myocardium. (1993)

To clarify the mechanism for the well-known increase in microvascular permeability that occurs with diabetes mellitus, we investigated capillary permeability to albumin in diabetic rat myocardium by electron microscopy using albumin-gold (Alb-Au) complexes as a tracer. Diabetes was induced by an intravenous injection of streptozotocin. After 24-32 weeks, hearts from diabetic rats and age-matched control rats were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing Alb-Au for 5 or 20 minutes and then fixed and processed for electron microscopy. The binding and transport of Alb-Au by capillary endothelium was quantitatively evaluated. In control rats, Alb-Au particles were found preferentially bound to the luminal plasmalemmal vesicles. In diabetic rats, the labeling of luminal vesicles was more extensive and more pronounced after 5 minutes of perfusion when compared with control vesicles. The plasma membrane proper was also heavily labeled in diabetic rats. After 20 minutes, Alb-Au particles were transported across the capillary endothelium via plasmalemmal vesicles, but they did not penetrate the intercellular junctions in either control or diabetic rats. The vesicular transport of Alb-Au across the capillary endothelium was significantly increased in the diabetic myocardium when compared with control myocardium (percentage of abluminal labeled vesicles, 25.9 +/- 5.5% versus 1.3 +/- 0.5%; p < 0.01). The study on food-restricted rats with body weights close to those of diabetic rats suggested that caloric deficiency alone did not have much effect on capillary permeability. The data indicate that capillary permeability to albumin is markedly increased in diabetic myocardium because of enhanced vesicular transport. This may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Selective Precipitation of Proteins (1997)

Selective precipitation of proteins can be used as a bulk method to recover the majority of proteins from a crude lysate, as a selective method to fractionate a subset of proteins from a protein solution, or as a very specific method to recover a single protein of interest from a purification step. This unit describes a number of methods suitable for selective precipitation. In each of the protocols that are outlined, the physical or chemical basis of the precipitation process, the parameters that can be varied for optimization, and the basic steps for developing an optimized precipitation are described.
Functional interactions of p53 with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) during apoptosis following DNA damage: covalent poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of p53 by exogenous PARP and noncovalent binding of p53 to the M(r) 85,000 proteolytic fragment. (1998)

We have examined the domain-specific interactions between p53 and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) (E.C. 2.4.2.30) in apoptotic HeLa cells. Apoptosis was induced by exposing cells to 50 microM N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) for increasing lengths of time and was confirmed by: (a) oligonucleosomal fragmentation of chromatin; (b) increase in p53 levels; and (c) degradation of PARP into the characteristic M(r) 85,000 (COOH-terminal catalytic domain) and M(r) 29,000 (DNA-binding domain) peptide fragments. We also immunodetected p53 in immunoprecipitates obtained with a PARP-specific antibody. However, intact PARP coimmunoprecipitated with a p53-specific antibody during the initial 30 min of MNNG treatment. After 60 min, only the COOH-terminal fragment coimmunoprecipitated with p53, indicating that PARP noncovalently binds p53 via its M(r) 85,000 catalytic domain. Therefore, we next examined p53 as a covalent target for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Although p53 was not endogenously poly (ADP-ribosyl)ated in situ, incubation of cell extracts with full-length PARP from calf thymus and [32P]beta NAD+ resulted in its time-dependent poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. In summary, our results are consistent with the conclusion that PARP and p53 are activated with nonoverlapping kinetics during apoptosis.
Design, synthesis, and crystal structure of a pyrrolinone-based peptidomimetic possessing the conformation of a .beta.-strand: potential application to the design of novel inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDesign, synthesis, and crystal structure of a pyrrolinone-based peptidomimetic possessing the conformation of a .beta.-strand: potential application to the design of novel inhibitors of proteolytic enzymesAmos B. Smith III, Terence P. Keenan, Ryan C. Holcomb, Paul A. Sprengeler, Mark C. Guzman, John L. Wood, Patrick J. Carroll, and Ralph HirschmannCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 26, 10672–10674Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00052a093https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00052a093research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views388Altmetric-Citations129LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Successfully applying sparging technologies (1995)

Abstract Air sparging is an innovative methodology for remediating organic compounds present in contaminated, saturated soil zones. In the application of the technology, sparging (injection) wells are used to inject a hydrocarbon‐free gaseous medium (typically air) into the saturated zone below or within the areas of contamination. Two major mechanisms of remediation are engaged/enhanced due to the sparging process. First, volatile organic compounds are dissolved in the groundwater and sorbed on the soil partition into the advective air phase, effectively simulating an in‐situ air stripping system. The stripped contaminants are transported in the air phase to the vadose zone, generally within the radius of influence of a standard vapor extraction and vapor treatment system. Second, with optimal environmental conditions, volatile and semivolatile organic compounds may be biodegraded by utilizing the sparging process to oxygenate the groundwater, thereby enhancing the growth and activity of the indigenous bacterial community. Air sparging is a complex multifluid phase process which has been applied successfully in Europe since the mid‐1980s. Major design considerations include site geology, contaminant type, gas injection pressures and flow rates, injection interval (areal and vertical), and site‐specific biofeasibility parameters. Site‐specific geology and biofeasibility are the dominant design parameters. Pilot testing and full‐scale design considerations should also be addressed. Mathematical models have been developed to simulate the air flow field during the sparging process and to examine the limitations imposed by site geology. Correct design and operation of this technology have been demonstrated to achieve groundwater cleanup to low part‐per‐billion contaminant levels. Incorrect design and operation can introduce significant pollution liability through undesirable contaminant migration in both the dissolved and vapor phases.
Identification of domains of the v-crk oncogene product sufficient for association with phosphotyrosine-containing proteins. (1991)

The oncogene product of the avian sarcoma virus CT10, P47gag-crk, contains the SH2, SH2', and SH3 domains and binds proteins in a phosphotyrosine (ptyr)-dependent manner. In this study, we have determined the region of P47gag-crk essential for binding to ptyr-containing proteins. Mutant P47gag-crk proteins expressed in Escherichia coli that have the intact SH2 and SH2' regions retained the capacity to bind ptyr-containing proteins obtained from cells transformed by crk and src. The deletion of SH2 resulted in the loss of binding activity. Other mutants that have altered SH2 or SH2' bound few, if any, of the ptyr-containing proteins. Those mutants that bound ptyr-containing proteins associated with tyrosine kinase activity. We also found that polypeptides containing SH2, SH2', and SH3 of p60v-src and p60c-src associated with ptyr-containing proteins from crk-transformed cells. Thus, the SH2 and SH2' domains of P47gag-crk are responsible for their binding to ptyr-containing proteins.
Allelochemicals Produced during Sinigrin Decomposition in Soil (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAllelochemicals Produced during Sinigrin Decomposition in SoilVladimir Borek, Matthew J. Morra, Paul D. Brown, and Joseph P. McCaffreyCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1994, 42, 4, 1030–1034Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00040a037https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00040a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views305Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts