gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic Resistance: Consequences of Inaction (2001)

Bacterial resistance presents therapeutic dilemmas to clinicians worldwide. The warnings were there long ago, but too few people heeded them. Thus an emerging problem has grown to a crisis. Resistance is an ecological phenomenon stemming from the response of bacteria to the widespread use of antibiotics and their presence in the environment. While determining the consequences of inaction on the present and future public health, we must work to remedy the lack of action in the past. By improving antibiotic use and decreasing resistance gene frequency at the local levels, we can move towards reversing the resistance problem globally.
[Isolation and properties of saponins from rhizomes of Dioscorea deltoidea Wall]. (1975)

From the rhizome D. deltoidea a new trisaccharide of diosgenine has been isolated. This compound is diosgenine-3 (alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2gl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4 gl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside. This trisaccharide has been termed deltonine. The rhizome D. deltoidea has also displayed furostanolic tetrasaccharide which is a mixture of delta5-furostene-3beta, 22, 26-triol-3beta-deltotrioside-26beta-D-glucopyranoside and its alkoxyderivative. This tetrasaccharide has been termed deltoside. The rhizome has also small quantities of diosgenine-3-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
Food anaphylaxis (2007)

Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction, and food is one of the most common responsible allergens in the outpatient setting. The prevalence of food-induced anaphylaxis has been steadily rising. Education regarding food allergen avoidance is crucial as most of the fatal reactions occurred in those with known food allergies. The lack of a consensus definition for anaphylaxis has made its diagnosis difficult. Symptoms affect multiple organ systems and include pruritus, urticaria, angioedema, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, respiratory difficulty, wheezing, hypotension, and shock. Prompt recognition of anaphylaxis is essential as delayed treatment has been associated with fatalities. Although epinephrine is accepted as the treatment of choice, timely administration does not always occur, partly due to a lack of awareness of the diagnostic criteria. Several novel tools are currently being investigated, which will potentially aid in the diagnosis and treatment of food-induced anaphylaxis.
Ribavirin Exerts Differential Effects on Functions of Cd4+ Th1, Th2, and Regulatory T Cell Clones in Hepatitis C (2012)

Ribavirin improves outcomes of therapy in chronic hepatitis C but its mode of action has still remained unclear. Since ribavirin has been proposed to modulate the host's T cell responses, we studied its direct effects on CD4(+) T cell clones with diverse functional polarization which had been generated from patients with chronic hepatitis C. We analysed in vitro proliferation ([(3)H] thymidine uptake) and cytokine responses (IL-10, IFN-gamma) at varying concentrations of ribavirin (0-10 µg/ml) in 8, 9 and 7 CD4(+) TH1, TH2 and regulatory T cell (Treg) clones, respectively. In co-culture experiments, we further determined effects of ribarivin on inhibition of TH1 and TH2 effector cells by Treg clones. All clones had been generated from peripheral blood of patients with chronic hepatitis C in the presence of HCV core protein. Ribavirin enhanced proliferation of T effector cells and increased production of IFN-gamma in TH1 clones, but had only little effect on IL-10 secretion in TH2 clones. However, ribavirin markedly inhibited IL-10 release in Treg clones in a dose dependent fashion. These Treg clones suppressed proliferation of T effector clones by their IL-10 secretion, and in co-culture assays ribavirin reversed Treg-mediated suppression of T effector cells. Our in vitro data suggest that--in addition to its immunostimulatory effects on TH1 cells--ribavirin can inhibit functions of HCV-specific Tregs and thus reverses Treg-mediated suppression of T effector cells in chronic hepatitis C.
Cryogenic temperature IR refractive indices of cesium bromide and cesium iodide (1979)

The refractive indices and their variation with temperature and wavelength in the range 80-300 K and 2-30 microm are measured for cesium bromide and cesium iodide. The indices are also fitted using both Sellmeier and Herzberger types of equations.
Does excess mass affect plantar pressure in young children? (2006)

Although the overweight/obese children displayed greater midfoot contact, this increased contact area was not sufficient to compensate for the high forces generated during walking, resulting in them experiencing higher midfoot plantar pressures relative to the non-overweight children. The overweight/obese children also experienced significantly higher force-time and pressure-time integrals than their leaner counterparts, suggesting that their midfoot may be exposed to increased stress and, in turn, vulnerable to bony fatigue and soft tissue damage. The impact of these greater plantar pressure variables on foot discomfort and physical activity levels of these young overweight/obese children as they develop into adults requires further investigation.
“Head‐to‐Tail” Cyclization of Hexapeptides Using Different Coupling Reagents (1993)

Abstract In the synthesis of cyclic hexapeptides the cyclization step was examined by using different procedures for activation. Three coupling methods were tested for “head‐to‐tail” cyclization of the resin‐cleaved peptides in solution: (1) DPPA/NaHCO 3 ; (2) TBTU/HOBt/DIEA and (3) HBTU/HOBt/DIEA. The best results were obtained by using TBTU. Reaction rates were 5 to 70 times faster with the TBTU procedure compared to the DPPA activation and generally complete conversions to cyclopeptides were observed. The kinetics of the cyclizations under high dilution conditions were monitored by HPLC. During the synthesis of the linear peptides the formation of an aminosuccinimide was observed. This by‐product was characterized by electrospray MS and NMR.
CNTFET-Based Design of Ternary Logic Gates and Arithmetic Circuits (2009)

This paper presents a novel design of ternary logic gates using carbon nanotube (CNT) FETs (CNTFETs). Ternary logic is a promising alternative to the conventional binary logic design technique, since it is possible to accomplish simplicity and energy efficiency in modern digital design due to the reduced circuit overhead such as interconnects and chip area. A resistive-load CNTFET-based ternary logic design has been proposed to implement ternary logic based on CNTFET. In this paper, a novel design technique for ternary logic gates based on CNTFETs is proposed and compared with the existing resistive-load CNTFET logic gate designs. Especially, the proposed ternary logic gate design technique combined with the conventional binary logic gate design technique provides an excellent speed and power consumption characteristics in datapath circuit such as full adder and multiplier. Extensive simulation results using SPICE are reported to show that the proposed ternary logic gates consume significantly lower power and delay than the previous resistive-load CNTFET gates implementations. In realistic circuit application, the utilization of the proposed ternary gates combined with binary gates results in over 90% reductions in terms of the power delay product.
Induction and Regulation of Th1-Inducing Cytokines by Bacterial DNA, Lipopolysaccharide, and Heat-Inactivated Bacteria (1999)

Th1 immune responses, characterized by production of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), are associated with protective immunity to viruses and intracellular bacteria. Heat-killed Brucella abortus promotes secretion of Th1-inducing cytokines such as interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IFN-gamma and has been used as a carrier to induce Th1 responses to vaccines. To explore which bacterial constituents could mediate this response and how it is regulated, murine spleen cells were cultured with B. abortus derived DNA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or whole killed organisms. Each constituent induced similar, substantial amounts of IL-10. However, only B. abortus and B. abortus DNA induced high levels of IFN-gamma and IL-12. B. abortus and B. abortus DNA-stimulated IL-12 production was maximal by 6 to 18 h, while IL-10 production steadily accumulated over this time period. These kinetics suggested that IL-10 may eventually downmodulate the Th1-like cytokine response to B. abortus and B. abortus DNA, which was confirmed by using neutralizing antibody. In the absence of IL-10, B. abortus LPS induced strong IFN-gamma responses, but IL-12 p70 levels were still undetectable from BALB/c spleen cells. LPS induced IL-12 if the spleen cells were primed with IFN-gamma and IL-10 was neutralized, indicating that LPS can stimulate IL-12 production under the most favorable conditions. Responses to Escherichia coli LPS and DNA mirrored the responses to B. abortus components, suggesting that immune effects observed with these constituents may be generalizable to many microbial species. In vivo experiments demonstrated the same hierarchy of responses for IL-12 production. These findings support the likelihood that microbial components, if used as carriers or adjuvants, can differ substantially in their ability to effect a Th1 response.
Identification of WIN55212‐3 as a competitive neutral antagonist of the human cannabinoid CB2 receptor (2005)

1. Several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors, show constitutive activity under heterologous expression. Such a tonic response is generated in the absence of an activating ligand, and can be inhibited by inverse agonists. Neutral antagonists, however, are silent at such receptors, but can reverse both agonist and inverse agonist responses. To date, no neutral antagonist for the CB(2) receptor has been reported. 2. Here, by monitoring receptor-dependent G protein activation, we demonstrate that WIN55212-3 acts as a neutral antagonist at the human CB(2) (hCB(2)) receptor. WIN55212-3 alone, at concentrations </=10(-4) M, behaved as a silent ligand exhibiting no agonist or inverse agonist activity. However, WIN55212-3 competitively antagonized cannabinoid agonist CP-55,940-stimulated responses (pA(2) 6.1). Importantly, the inverse agonism evoked by SR144528 in hCB(2) was dose-dependently reversed by WIN55212-3 (pEC(50) 5.3+/-0.2), indicating true neutral antagonist behavior. 3. Furthermore, WIN55212-3 also antagonized CB(1) receptor signaling in a competitive manner (pA(2) 5.6), but behaved as a partial inverse agonist (pIC(50) 5.5+/-0.1) at the constitutively active human CB(1). 4. Additionally, WIN55212-3 antagonized signaling of the human melatonin MT(1) receptor, with modest activity at the human muscarinic M4 receptor, but it was inactive towards several other GPCRs. 5. These data identify WIN55212-3 as a true neutral hCB(2) receptor antagonist. WIN55212-3 offers a valuable tool for further characterization of ligand activities at the CB(2) receptor and may serve as a lead compound in further efforts to develop more potent and selective neutral CB(2) receptor antagonists.
Spike protein oligomerization control of Semliki Forest virus fusion (1990)

We have recently shown, using cleavage-deficient mutants of the p62-E1 membrane protein complex of Semliki Forest virus that p62 cleavage to E2 is necessary for the activation of the fusion function of the complex at pH 5.8 (a pH optimal for virus fusion) (M. Lobigs and H. Garoff, J. Virol. 64:1233-1240, 1990). In this study, we show that the mutant precursor complexes can be induced to activate membrane fusion when treated with more acidic buffers (pH 5.0 and 4.5), which also appear to dissociate most of the p62-E1 complexes and change the conformation of the E1 subunit (the supposed fusion protein of Semliki Forest virus into a form which is resistant to trypsin digestion. These data suggest that p62 cleavage is not essential for membrane fusion per se but that the crucial event activating this process seems to be the apparent dissociation of the heterodimer, which in turn is facilitated by the spike precursor cleavage.
The Content-MD5 Header Field (1995)

This memo specifies an optional header field, Content-MD5, for use with MIME-conformant messages.
A thermosensitive lesion in a Chinese hamster cell mutant causing differential effects on the acidification of endosomes and lysosomes. (1986)

We previously described the isolation and preliminary characterization of a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant, termed G.7.1, that carried a temperature-sensitive, conditional-lethal lesion affecting the acidification of vesicles in crude cellular extracts (Marnell, M. H., Mathis, L. S., Stookey, M., Shia, S.-P., Stone, D. K., and Draper, R. K. (1984) J. Cell Biol. 99, 1907-1916). In the present report, we have separated lysosomal vesicles from more buoyant nonlysosomal vesicles by centrifuging cell extracts with Percoll and correlated the acidification defect with nonlysosomal vesicles, including endosomes, but not with secondary lysosomes. Moreover, the acidification of nonlysosomal vesicles prepared from mutant cells grown at the permissive temperature was more sensitive to thermal inactivation than similar vesicles from parental cells, implying that a heat-sensitive component is a normal resident of nonlysosomal vesicles in the mutant. This heat-sensitive component is apparently not associated with lysosomes, or if it is, it does not inhibit lysosomal acidification at the nonpermissive temperature. We also found that the transferrin-mediated uptake of iron is inhibited by 50% in the mutant cells at the nonpermissive temperature and that the inhibition cannot be accounted for by reduced binding or internalization of transferrin.
Threading of a glycosylated protein loop through a protein hole: Implications for combination of human chorionic gonadotropin subunits (2001)

Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a heterodimeric placental glycoprotein hormone essential for human reproduction. Twenty hCG beta-subunit residues, termed the seatbelt, are wrapped around alpha-subunit loop 2 (alpha 2) and their positions "latched" by a disulfide formed by cysteines at the end of the seatbelt (Cys 110) and in the beta-subunit core (Cys 26). This unique arrangement explains the stability of the heterodimer but raises questions as to how the two subunits combine. The seatbelt is latched in the free beta-subunit. If the seatbelt remained latched during the process of subunit combination, formation of the heterodimer would require alpha 2 and its attached oligosaccharide to be threaded through a small beta-subunit hole. The subunits are known to combine during oxidizing conditions in vitro, and studies described here tested the idea that this requires transient disruption of the latch disulfide, possibly as a consequence of the thioredoxin activity reported in hCG. We observed that alkylating agents did not modify either cysteine in the latch disulfide (Cys 26 or Cys 110) during heterodimer formation in several oxidizing conditions and had minimal influence on these cysteines during combination in the presence of mild reductants (1--3 mM beta-mercaptoethanol). Reducing agents appeared to accelerate subunit combination by disrupting a disulfide (Cys 93--Cys 100) that forms a loop within the seatbelt, thereby increasing the size of the beta-subunit hole. We propose a mechanism for hCG assembly in vitro that depends on movements of alpha 2 and the seatbelt and suggest that the process of glycoprotein hormone subunit combination may be useful for studying the movements of loops during protein folding.
An ATF/CREB binding site is required for virus induction of the human interferon beta gene [corrected] (1992)

We report the characterization of a distinct regulatory element of the human interferon beta (HuIFN-beta) gene promoter, which we designate PRDIV (positive regulatory domain IV). In previous studies, sequences between -104 and -91 base pairs upstream from the start site of transcription were shown to be required for maximal levels of virus induction in mouse L929 cells. We have localized the essential sequence in this region extending from -99 to at least -91, and we show that this sequence is a binding site for a protein of the activating transcription factor/cAMP response element binding protein (ATF/CREB) family of transcription factors. Mutations in PRDIV that decrease the affinity of one member of this family (ATF-2/CRE-BP1) decrease the level of virus induction in vivo. Moreover, multiple copies of PRDIV can confer both virus and cAMP inducibility upon a minimal promoter in L929 cells, while it is constitutively active in HeLa cells. We conclude that PRDIV is a distinct regulatory element of the HuIFN-beta promoter and that the signal transduction pathways involved in virus and cAMP induction may partially overlap.
Biodegradable poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) multiblock copolymers (2001)

A series of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) containing biodegradable poly(ether ester urethane)s, covering a wide range of compositions, were synthesized and characterized. The synthesis consisted of a two-step process. During the first step, the ring-opening reaction of epsilon-caprolactone was carried out, initiated by the hydroxyl terminal groups of the PEO chain. The second step involved the chain extension of these PCL-PEO-PCL trimers with hexamethylene diisocyanate. By varying either the ethylene oxide/epsilon-caprolactone ratio or the length of both segments, we obtained a series of polymers having different morphologies and displaying a broad range of properties.
Biodegradation of trace concentrations of substituted phenols in granular activated carbon columns (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBiodegradation of trace concentrations of substituted phenols in granular activated carbon columnsGerald E. Speitel Jr., Chih Jen Lu, Mukesh Turakhia, and Xian Jin ZhuCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989, 23, 1, 68–74Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00178a008https://doi.org/10.1021/es00178a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views223Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis and Cell Adhesive Properties of Linear and Cyclic RGD Functionalized Polynorbornene Thin Films (2012)

Described herein is the efficient synthesis and evaluation of bioactive arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) functionalized polynorbornene-based materials for cell adhesion and spreading. Polynorbornenes containing either linear or cyclic RGD peptides were synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) using the well-defined ruthenium initiator [(H(2)IMes)(pyr)(2)(Cl)(2)Ru═CHPh]. The random copolymerization of three separate norbornene monomers allowed for the incorporation of water-soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties, RGD cell recognition motifs, and primary amines for postpolymerization cross-linking. Following polymer synthesis, thin-film hydrogels were formed by cross-linking with bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS(3)), and the ability of these materials to support human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) adhesion and spreading was evaluated and quantified. When compared to control polymers containing either no peptide or a scrambled RDG peptide, polymers with linear or cyclic RGD at varying concentrations displayed excellent cell adhesive properties in both serum-supplemented and serum-free media. Polymers with cyclic RGD side chains maintained cell adhesion and exhibited comparable integrin binding at a 100-fold lower concentration than those carrying linear RGD peptides. The precise control of monomer incorporation enabled by ROMP allows for quantification of the impact of RGD structure and concentration on cell adhesion and spreading. The results presented here will serve to guide future efforts for the design of RGD functionalized materials with applications in surgery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
Evidence That C1q Binds Specifically to CH2-like Immunoglobulin γ Motifs Present in the Autoantigen Calreticulin and Interferes with Complement Activation (1998)

Calreticulin (CRT) is located predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cells, where it functions as a quality control controller of protein folding. However, CRT is also a prevalent autoantigen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), where its release from the cell may arise as a results of dysfunctional apoptosis and inefficient removal of ER vesicles, which are an abundant source of CRT and other autoantigens. Indicative of this is the presence of autoantibodies against CRT in the sera of 40-60% of all SLE patients. Once released into the circulation, CRT might bind directly to C1q and we have suggested that this association may result in a defect in C1q-mediated clearance of antigen-antibody complexes. It has been previously shown that CRT under physiological salt conditions binds to the globular head of C1q. It is known that the globular head region of C1q binds to the CH2 domain in the Fc portion of immunoglobulin gamma (IgG). The N-terminal half of CRT contains a number of short regions of 7-10 amino acids that show sequence similarity to the putative C1q binding region in the CH2 domain of IgG. By use of a series of 92 overlapping CRT synthetic peptides, a number of C1q binding sites on the CRT molecule have been identified, including several containing a CH2-like motif similar to the ExKxKx C1q binding motif found in the CH2 domain of IgG. A number of these peptides were shown to inhibit binding of C1q to IgG and reduce binding of native CRT to C1q. Moreover, several of the peptides were capable of inhibiting the classical pathway of complement activation. These studies have identified specific binding sites on the CRT molecule for C1q and lend support to the hypothesis that interaction of CRT with C1q may interfere with the ability of C1q to associate with immune complexes in autoimmune-related disorders.