gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultra-Wideband Technology for Short- or Medium-Range Wireless Communications (2001)

Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology is loosely defined as any wireless transmission scheme that occupies a bandwidth of more than 25% of a center frequency, or more than 1.5GHz. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is curre ntly working on se ting e missions limits that would allow UWB communication syst e s to be de2 oye on an unlice)25 basis following the Part 15.209 rule s for radiat ee missions of inte ntional radiators, the same rule s gove rning the radiat e e issions from home compute s, fore xample . This rule change would allow UWB-e2q% e dde ice to ove laye5 sting narrowband syst e s, which is curre ntly not allowe d, and redA t in a much more ee cieAuse of the available spe ctrum.De vice s could, ine sse nce , fill in the unuse portions of the fre que0H spe0 rum in any particular location. Thek re220 de e lopmem s by the FCC give Int e a unique opportunity tode e lopeA2 pmeA that could pot et ially take advantage of the vast amount of usable speb rum thate xists in the wir ee2 space and that could provide an engine to drive the future high-rate applications that are being conceived throughout this industry. Intel...
Characteristics of the K+-competitive H+,K+-ATPase inhibitor AZD0865 in isolated rat gastric glands (2006)

The gastric H+,K+-ATPase of the parietal cell is responsible for acid secretion in the stomach and is the main target in the pharmacological treatment of acid-related diseases. Omeprazole and other benzimidazole drugs, although having delayed efficacy if taken orally, have high success rates in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Potassium competitive acid blockers (P-CAB) compete with K+ for binding to the H+,K+-ATPase and thereby they inhibit acid secretion. In this study, the in vitro properties of AZD0865, a reversible H+,K+-ATPase inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, are described. We used a digital-imaging system and the pH sensitive dye BCECF to observe proton efflux from hand-dissected rat gastric glands. Glands were stimulated with histamine (100 microM) and exposed to a bicarbonate- and Na+-free perfusate to induce an acid load. H+,K+-ATPase inhibition was determined by calculating pHi recovery (dpH/dT) in the presence of omeprazole (10-200 microM) or AZD0865 (0.01-100 microM). The efficacies of both drugs were compared. Our data show that acid secretion is inhibited by both the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole and the P-CAB AZD0865. Complete inhibition of acid secretion by AZD0865 had a rapid onset of activation, was reversible, and occurred at a 100-fold lower dose than omeprazole (1 microM AZD0865 vs. 100 microM omeprazole). This study demonstrates that AZD0865 is a potent, fast-acting inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, effective at lower concentrations than drugs of the benzimidazole class. Therefore, these data strongly suggest that AZD0865 has great potential as a fast-acting, low-dose inhibitor of acid secretion.
Structure of Tetrameric Human Phenylalanine Hydroxylase and Its Implications for Phenylketonuria (1998)

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PheOH) catalyzes the conversion of L-phenylalanine to L-tyrosine, the rate-limiting step in the oxidative degradation of phenylalanine. Mutations in the human PheOH gene cause phenylketonuria, a common autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that in untreated patients often results in varying degrees of mental retardation. We have determined the crystal structure of human PheOH (residues 118-452). The enzyme crystallizes as a tetramer with each monomer consisting of a catalytic and a tetramerization domain. The tetramerization domain is characterized by the presence of a domain swapping arm that interacts with the other monomers forming an antiparallel coiled-coil. The structure is the first report of a tetrameric PheOH and displays an overall architecture similar to that of the functionally related tyrosine hydroxylase. In contrast to the tyrosine hydroxylase tetramer structure, a very pronounced asymmetry is observed in the phenylalanine hydroxylase, caused by the occurrence of two alternate conformations in the hinge region that leads to the coiled-coil helix. Examination of the mutations causing PKU shows that some of the most frequent mutations are located at the interface of the catalytic and tetramerization domains. Their effects on the structural and cellular stability of the enzyme are discussed.
PUF ROKs (2011)

Cryptographers have proposed the notion of read-once keys (ROKs) as a beneficial tool for a number of applications, such as delegation of authority. The premise of ROKs is that the key is destroyed by the process of reading it, thus preventing subsequent accesses. While the idea and the applications are well-understood, the consensus among cryptographers is that ROKs cannot be produced by algorithmic processes alone. Rather, a trusted hardware mechanism is needed to support the destruction of the key. In this work, we propose one such approach for using a hardware design to generate ROKs. Our approach is an application of physically unclonable functions (PUFs). PUFs use the intrinsic differences in hardware behavior to produce a random function that is unique to that hardware instance. Our design consists of incorporating the PUF in a feedback loop to make reading the key multiple times physically impossible.
Genetic analysis of type 5 capsular polysaccharide expression by Staphylococcus aureus (1994)

Capsules are produced by over 90% of Staphylococcus aureus strains, and approximately 25% of clinical isolates express type 5 capsular polysaccharide (CP5). We mutagenized the type 5 strain Reynolds with Tn918 to target genes involved in CP5 expression. From a capsule-deficient mutant, we cloned into a cosmid vector an approximately 26-kb EcoRI fragment containing the transposon insertion. In the absence of tetracycline selection, Tn918 was spontaneously excised, thereby resulting in a plasmid containing 9.4 kb of S. aureus DNA flanking the Tn918 insertion site. The 9.4-kb DNA fragment was used to screen a cosmid library prepared from the wild-type strain. Positive colonies were identified by colony hybridization, and a restriction map of one clone (pJCL19 with an approximately 34-kb insert) carrying the putative capsule gene region was constructed. Fragments of pJCL19 were used to probe genomic DNA digests from S. aureus strains of different capsular serotypes. Fragments on the ends of the cloned DNA hybridized to fragments of similar sizes in most of the strains examined. Blots hybridized to two fragments flanking the central region of the cloned DNA showed restriction fragment length polymorphism. A centrally located DNA fragment hybridized only to DNA from capsular types 2, 4, and 5. DNA from pJCL19 was subcloned to a shuttle vector for complementation studies. A 6.2-kb EcoRI-ClaI fragment complemented CP5 expression in a capsule-negative mutant derived by mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate. These experiments provide the necessary groundwork for identifying genes involved in CP5 expression by S. aureus.
A comparison of a nicotine sublingual tablet and placebo for smoking cessation (2002)

This study assessed the efficacy and safety of a nicotine sublingual tablet in smoking cessation in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled outpatient trial conducted between January 1996 and May 1997. Two hundred and forty-one adult smokers (> or = 10 cigarettes/day for at least 3 years) used nicotine 2-mg sublingual tablet (n = 120) or placebo (n = 121) for up to 6 months (a 3-month treatment period followed by a 3-month tapering period). Subjects who scored <7 on the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire used 1 tablet/h (up to maximum of 20/day), whereas subjects who scored (7 used 2 tablets/h (up to maximum of 40/day). Brief counseling was provided at baseline and at all visits. Self-reported abstinence was measured from week 2 onwards, confirmed by expired carbon monoxide (CO) levels <10 ppm at each visit (1, 2, 3 and 6 weeks and 3, 6 and 12 months). After 6 weeks of treatment, CO-validated abstinence rates were 48% in the active group and 23% in the placebo group (p < 0.0001). At the 3-, 6- and 12-month visits, abstinence rates (active vs. placebo) were 33% vs. 17% (p = 0.0046), 21% vs. 11% (p = 0.0304) and 18% vs. 10% (p = 0.0606). Adverse events were mild and transient and reflected those reported with existing nicotine replacement formulations. We concluded that the nicotine 2-mg sublingual tablet was effective as a smoking cessation aid.
A V region‐connected autoreactive subfraction of normal human serum immunoglobulin G (1992)

Mouse and human natural IgM autoantibodies have been shown to be polyreactive and "connected" through V region-dependent interactions. In the present study, we have identified a connected subfraction of normal human serum IgG by using affinity chromatography of F(ab')2 fragments of pooled IgG (IVIg) or of IgG from a single donor on Sepharose-bound F(ab')2 fragments of the same source of IgG. The connected fraction of IgG exhibited a high content of autoantibodies directed against a wide panel of evolutionarily conserved self antigens and of self antigens that may be targets of autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases. Connected IgG also contained higher amounts of antibodies directed against commonly encountered microbial antigens than unfractionated IgG. The connected fraction did not, however, differ from unchromatographed IgG nor from non-connected IgG in its content of antibodies to vaccinal antigens and to distant foreign antigens. Thus, in humans as in mice, connectivity is a prominent feature of autoantibodies. Our observations are suggestive of a tight control by IgG of the expressed autoreactive repertoire in healthy individuals and strengthen the concept that the therapeutic infusion of pooled normal IgG (IVIg) may be effective in autoimmune diseases by bringing to patients normal regulatory components of the immunoglobulin network.
Use of intravenous iron supplementation in chronic kidney disease: an update. (2013)

Iron deficiency is an important clinical concern in chronic kidney disease (CKD), giving rise to iron-deficiency anemia and impaired cellular function. Oral supplementation, in particular with ferrous salts, is associated with a high rate of gastrointestinal side effects and is poorly absorbed, a problem that is avoided with intravenous iron. The most stable intravenous iron complexes (eg, iron dextran, ferric carboxymaltose, ferumoxytol, and iron isomaltoside 1000) can be given in higher single doses and more rapidly than less stable preparations (eg, sodium ferric gluconate). Iron complexes that contain dextran or dextran-derived ligands can cause dextran-induced anaphylactic reactions, which cannot occur with dextran-free preparations such as ferric carboxymaltose and iron sucrose. Test doses are advisable for conventional dextran-containing compounds. Iron supplementation is recommended for all CKD patients with anemia who receive erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, whether or not they require dialysis. Intravenous iron is the preferred route of administration in hemodialysis patients, with randomized trials showing a significantly greater increase in hemoglobin levels for intravenous versus oral iron and a low rate of treatment-related adverse events. In the nondialysis CKD population, the erythropoietic response is also significantly higher using intravenous versus oral iron, and tolerability is at least as good. Moreover, in some nondialysis patients intravenous iron supplementation can avoid, or at least delay, the need for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. In conclusion, we now have the ability to achieve iron replenishment rapidly and conveniently in dialysis-dependent and nondialysis-dependent CKD patients without compromising safety.
Topical ciclosporin in the treatment of ocular surface disorders (2005)

Mounting evidence suggests that inflammation is the key factor in the pathogenesis of various ocular surface diseases, with a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors. Management of these conditions is often challenging. Topical corticosteroids, with their associated side effects, are the mainstay of current treatments for patients with vision threatening disease. Ciclosporin A is an immunomodulator that specifically inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation. Recently, a topical ciclosporin preparation was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and became available for use in ophthalmology. Given the increasing use of ciclosporin eye drops, the goal of this article is to provide the reader with an overview of the well established uses of ciclosporin and to help refine the questions that should be addressed by future investigations.
Breastfeeding is best feeding. (1995)

The traditional practice of breast feeding is the best means to make sure infants grow up healthy. It costs nothing. Breast milk contains antibodies and other substances which defend against disease, especially those linked to poor food hygiene and inadequate water and sanitation. In developing countries, breast fed infants are at least 14 times less likely to die from diarrhea than those who are not breast fed. Urbanization and promotion of infant formula undermine breast feeding. Even though infants up to age 4-6 months should receive only breast milk to remain as healthy as possible, infants aged less than 4-6 months often receive other milks or gruels. Attendance of health workers at delivery and their contact with mother-infant pairs after delivery are ideal opportunities to encourage mothers to breast feed. In fact, if health workers provide mothers skilled support with breast feeding, mothers are more likely to breast feed well and for a longer time. Health workers need counseling skills and firm knowledge of techniques on breast feeding and of how to master common difficulties to help mothers with breast feeding. Listening skills and confidence building skills are also needed. Good family and work place support allows women in paid employment outside the home to continue breast feeding. Breast feeding is very important in emergency situations where access to water, sanitation, food, and health care is limited (e.g., refugee camps). In these situations, health workers should especially be aware of women's ability to breast feed and to support their breast feeding. HIV can be transmitted to nursing infants from HIV infected mothers. Yet one must balance this small risk against the possibility of contracting other serious infections (e.g., diarrhea) through alternative infant feeding, particularly if there is no access to potable water and sanitation.
Enhanced In Vitro Maturation of Fetal Mouse Liver Cells with Oncostatin M, Nicotinamide, and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (2002)

Although cells isolated from fetal liver are one of the major sources for liver tissue engineering, it is still very difficult to induce them to fully differentiate in vitro into mature hepatocytes. We therefore investigated the effects of nicotinamide (NA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and oncostatin M (OSM) on differentiation in terms of the expression of various liver-specific functions, because these factors have been reported to induce the emergence of possible hepatocyte progenitor cells (small hepatocytes) in adult rat hepatocyte culture or maturation of fetal mouse liver cells in culture. Fetal liver cells isolated from mouse embryos were cultured for 5 weeks in collagen-precoated plates. NA (10 mM) and DMSO (1%) remarkably enhanced the emergence of small hepatocytes, and OSM also synergistically enhanced the selective growth of small hepatocytes and inhibited the growth of blood cell populations. In the presence of these three factors, such small hepatocytes became dominant in culture, so that they covered almost 60-70% of confluence after week 2. In addition, some of them piled up over the small hepatocyte monolayer and displayed distinctively differentiated morphology, such as the emergence of binucleated cells, formation of tight gap junctions, and possible bile duct structures. Although OSM alone had very weak effects on hepatocyte functions, albumin secretion and cytochrome P450IA1/2 capacity were greatly enhanced when combined with NA or DMSO. This functional observation closely agreed with the emergence of small hepatocytes. In contrast, ammonium removal was strongly dependent on DMSO alone. DNA amount basis functions of fetal cells with three factors at week 5 were 1/7 for albumin secretion, 3 times higher for ammonium removal, and 1/10 for P450 capacity, compared with those of cultured adult mouse hepatocytes. These results show that inclusion of NA, DMSO, and OSM in the culture medium significantly enhances in vitro maturation of fetal liver cells when compared with conventional culture conditions.
Haloacetamido analogs of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannose. Syntheses and effects on tumor-bearing mice (1981)

Haloacetamido analogues (fluoro, chloro, and bromo) of 2-deoxy-2acetamido-D-mannose and their tetra-O-acetates were prepared from D-mannosamine hydrochloride, with either chloroacetic or bromoacetic anhydride or by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-activated condensation with fluoroacetate followed by acetylation. Comparative specific rotations and 13C and 1H NMR spectra were consistent with a beta configuration for the tetra-O-acetylated derivatives, 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(bromoacetamido)-beta-D-mannose and the corresponding analogue of glucose inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation into mouse L1210 leukemia cells by 50% (IC50) at concentrations between 6 and 9 microM. 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(chloroacetamido)-beta-D-mannose was 3-fold more active in the thymidine-incorporation assay (143 +/- 24 microM, IC50) than was the corresponding analogue in the glucose series (425 +/- 62 microM; p = 0.05). All of the haloacetamido free sugars, as well as the tetra-O-acetates of the fluoroacetamido analogues in the glucose, galactose, and mannose series, were inactive in the thymidine incorporation assay at 1mM. In the mannose series the tetra-O-acetylated chloroacetamido and bromoacetamido analogues, as well as the bromoacetamido free sugar, could be administered at relatively high in vivo tolerated doses compared to the corresponding analogues in the galactose and glucose series. These three mannose analogues produced high proportions of cures of Ehrlich tumor-bearing B6D2F1 mice, whereas in the galactose and glucose series only the tetra-O-acetylated bromoacetamido analogues had previously produced in vivo chemotherapeutic activity.
Summary health statistics for the U.S. population: National Health Interview Survey, 1998. (2002)

Nearly 40% of Americans reported having excellent health in 1998, while almost 9% reported having either fair or poor health. Fifteen percent of the U.S. population did not have any health insurance coverage in 1998. Nineteen percent of non-Hispanic black persons and 33% of Hispanics were uninsured in 1998, as opposed to 11% of non-Hispanic white persons. Further, 46% of poor Hispanics and 44% of near-poor Hispanics under age 65 years were uninsured; percents of uninsurance among poor and near poor non-Hispanic white and black persons under age 65 years were much lower. Lastly, 80% of non-Hispanic white persons under age 65 years had private health insurance coverage, as opposed to 55% of non-Hispanic black persons and 49% of Hispanics in this same age category.
Passive immunization of mice againstSchistosoma mansoniwith an IgM monoclonal antibody (1982)

Two hybridomas secreting monoclonal IgM antibody to Schistosoma mansoni have been isolated following fusion of spleen cells from Balb/c mice immunized with living S. mansoni and NS1 myeloma cells. One monoclonal IgM antibody (WP66.4) mediated about the same level of passive protection against a challenge infection as immune serum from mice with a chronic S. mansoni infection. The other monoclonal antibody (WP66.2) did not give a significant level of passive protection. This result indicates that the effective monoclonal antibody recognizes an antigen which may be a valuable candidate for experimental vaccination. In vitro one monoclonal antibody (WP66.4) caused a much higher level of complement-dependent cytotoxicity than the other (WP66.2), suggesting a possible mechanism for the effect observed in vivo. With indirect immunofluorescence both monoclonal antibodies reacted with surface determinants on living S. mansoni schistosomula, adult worms and miracidia but these determinants were not detected on cercariae or lung schistosomula. Neither monoclonal antibody cross-reacted with S. haematobium schistosomula or Fasciola hepatica metacercariae, indicating a possible use for these reagents in differential diagnosis of S. mansoni infections.
Angiopoietin-like 5 and IGFBP2 stimulate ex vivo expansion of human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells as assayed by NOD/SCID transplantation (2008)

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the basis of bone marrow transplantation and are attractive target cells for hematopoietic gene therapy, but these important clinical applications have been severely hampered by difficulties in ex vivo expansion of HSCs. In particular, the use of cord blood for adult transplantation is greatly limited by the number of HSCs. Previously we identified angiopoietin-like proteins and IGF-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) as new hormones that, together with other factors, can expand mouse bone marrow HSCs in culture. Here, we measure the activity of multipotent human severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)-repopulating cells (SRCs) by transplantation into the nonobese diabetic SCID (NOD/SCID) mice; secondary transplantation was performed to evaluate the self-renewal potential of SRCs. A serum-free medium containing SCF, TPO, and FGF-1 or Flt3-L cannot significantly support expansion of the SRCs present in human cord blood CD133+ cells. Addition of either angiopoietin-like 5 or IGF-binding protein 2 to the cultures led to a sizable expansion of HSC numbers, as assayed by NOD/SCID transplantation. A serum-free culture containing SCF, TPO, FGF-1, angiopoietin-like 5, and IGFBP2 supports an approximately 20-fold net expansion of repopulating human cord blood HSCs, a number potentially applicable to several clinical processes including HSC transplantation.
Multicenter Phase II Study with Weekly Bendamustine and Paclitaxel as First- or Later-Line Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer: RiTa II Trial (2011)

The combination of bendamustine (B) and paclitaxel (P) as anthracycline-free treatment option in patients with advanced breast cancer has been evaluated in the previous RiTa I trial. The regimen of weekly B 70 mg/m(2) and P 90 mg/m(2) with a pause every 4th week was established as an effective regimen with low toxicity. The aim of the present RiTa II study was to investigate the potential of BP as anthracycline-free combination therapy. The primary objective was to determine the progression-free survival (PFS); secondary endpoints were safety, tolerability, overall response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS). 26 patients were available, 15 received BP as first-line, 11 as beyond first-line treatment. 27% patients had triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Median PFS and OS were 7.3 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.5-10.9) and 14.9 months (95% CI: 9.9-22.9), respectively. The 1-year PFS rate was 20.3% and the 1-year OS rate 71.2%. The ORR was 42.3%, including 4 complete and 7 partial remissions. TNBC patients reached an ORR of 71.4%. Anthracycline-pretreated patients showed an ORR of 43.8%, confirming bendamustine's lack of cross-resistance to anthracycline agents. BP represents a favorable option with moderate toxicity in pretreated metastatic breast cancer and offers a possibility for application in anthracycline-pretreated and TNBC patients.