gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ten-to-twenty gigabit-per-second modulation performance of 1.5- mu m distributed feedback lasers for frequency-shift-keying systems (1989)

The frequency modulation (FM) and amplitude modulation (AM) responses of a 1.5- mu m distributed feedback (DFB) laser were measured to 15 GHz. At 9-mW output power, the magnitude of the FM response was flat out to 12 GHz, and there was a 15-25-ps delay between the FM and AM responses. Computer simulation techniques indicate that the measured FM response is adequate to produce good eye patterns for frequency-shift-keying modulation at data rates up to 20 Gb/s. The high-speed frequency-shift-keying modulation capability of this 1.5- mu m DFB laser was experimentally confirmed at 11 Gb/s.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Delineation of several DR-restricted tetanus toxin T cell epitopes. (1989)

We have characterized five human T cell clones specific for tetanus toxin. The combination of different techniques allowed us to precisely map two T cell epitopes within fragments 830-843 and 1273-1284 of tetanus toxin, as formally demonstrated by the use of corresponding synthetic peptides. The three other T cell clones were specific for regions 2-602, 604-742, and 865-1315 of tetanus toxin, respectively. The five T cell clones were shown to be restricted to HLA-DR Ag. Furthermore, the allele of HLA-DR utilized by the various epitopes has been determined. The use of HLA-DR-transfected L cells as APC directly demonstrated that two epitopes, one of which represented by fragment 1273-1284, were recognized in association with HLA-DRw52a. For the other three T cell epitopes, the data strongly suggested they were recognized in association with HLA-DR5. Finally, a sixth T cell clone was shown to be specific for tetanus toxoid, the vaccinal preparation of tetanus toxin, and not for other tetanus toxin fragments. This indicated that immunization with tetanus toxoid probably elicits a T cell response directed only in part against native tetanus toxin.
Development of an artificial cell, from self-organization to computation and self-reproduction (2011)

This article describes the state and the development of an artificial cell project. We discuss the experimental constraints to synthesize the most elementary cell-sized compartment that can self-reproduce using synthetic genetic information. The original idea was to program a phospholipid vesicle with DNA. Based on this idea, it was shown that in vitro gene expression could be carried out inside cell-sized synthetic vesicles. It was also shown that a couple of genes could be expressed for a few days inside the vesicles once the exchanges of nutrients with the outside environment were adequately introduced. The development of a cell-free transcription/translation toolbox allows the expression of a large number of genes with multiple transcription factors. As a result, the development of a synthetic DNA program is becoming one of the main hurdles. We discuss the various possibilities to enrich and to replicate this program. Defining a program for self-reproduction remains a difficult question as nongenetic processes, such as molecular self-organization, play an essential and complementary role. The synthesis of a stable compartment with an active interface, one of the critical bottlenecks in the synthesis of artificial cell, depends on the properties of phospholipid membranes. The problem of a self-replicating artificial cell is a long-lasting goal that might imply evolution experiments.
A novel murine model of Cooley anemia and its rescue by lentiviral-mediated human β-globin gene transfer (2003)

Patients affected by beta-thalassemia major require lifelong transfusions because of insufficient or absent production of the beta chain of hemoglobin (Hb). A minority of patients are cured by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. In the most severe of the hitherto available mouse models of beta-thalassemia, a model for human beta-thalassemia intermedia, we previously demonstrated that globin gene transfer in bone marrow cells is curative, stably raising Hb levels from 8.0-8.5 to 11.0-12.0 g/dL in long-term chimeras. To fully assess the therapeutic potential of gene therapy in the context of a lethal anemia, we now have created an adult model of beta(0)-thalassemia major. In this novel model, mice engrafted with beta-globin-null (Hbb(th3/th3)) fetal liver cells succumb to ineffective erythropoiesis within 60 days. These mice rapidly develop severe anemia (2-4 g/dL), massive splenomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH), and hepatic iron overload. Remarkably, most mice (11 of 13) treated by lentivirus-mediated globin gene transfer were rescued. Long-term chimeras with an average 1.0-2.4 copies of the TNS9 vector in their hematopoietic and blood cells stably produced up to 12 g/dL chimeric Hb consisting of mu alpha(2):hu beta(2) tetramers. Pathologic analyses indicated that erythroid maturation was restored, while EMH and iron overload dramatically decreased. Thus, we have established an adult animal model for the most severe of the hemoglobinopathies, Cooley anemia, which should prove useful to investigate both genetic and pharmacologic treatments. Our findings demonstrate the remarkable efficacy of lentivirus-mediated globin gene transfer in treating a fulminant blood disorder and strongly support the efficacy of gene therapy in the severe hemoglobinopathies.
Electrical responses of single cones in the retina of the turtle (1970)

1. Intracellular recordings have been made from single photoreceptors in the retina of the turtle. Histological sections of the retina made after injection of dye through the recording electrode reveal dye in the inner segments of single cones.2. Following a brief flash of light the cone undergoes a hyperpolarization which is graded with the intensity of the flash.3. The excitatory receptive field of a receptor is probably as small as the cross-section of a single cone, but accurate measurements are rendered difficult by scattering of light within the retina.4. The voltage drop produced by a current injected into the cell is increased during the response to light. Steady hyperpolarizing currents increase the size of the response to light; depolarizing currents of increasing strength reduce and then reverse the response.5. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that light activates the visual cell by decreasing the permeability of membrane channels which in darkness act as a shunt of the membrane.
Responses (1998)

surgery after the original lumpectomy may have been affected by prognostic factors not considered by the authors. If these unknown factors were distributed unequally among the different strata of margin status and tumor size, they could easily bias the results.
Design, Implementation And Characterization Of Xor Phase Detector For Dpll In 45 Nm Cmos Technology (2011)

In this paper the implementation of XOR phase detector in 45 nm submicron CMOS technology and it's CMOS design layout using Microwind 3.1 for Digital Phase Locked Loop in sub-nanometres CMOS Technology is presented. The input-output transfer characteristic of XOR phase detector is presented. The CMOS XOR phase detector produces error pulses on both rising and falling edges while the CMOS phase frequency detector will respond only to positive or negative transitions. XOR phase detector will try to lock on both rising as well as falling edge while the PFD (phase frequency detector) will lock on either rising edge or falling edge of reference signal and feedback signal.
Features and Applications of the Laser Scanning Microscope (1990)

Abstract Features and applications of the laser scanning microscope are described, focusing on confocal imaging, the image contrast enhancement effect and three-dimensional surface profile measurement. A longitudinal resolution of 0·01 μm is obtained using a surface profilometer with a position-sensitive detector.
Injected anti-sense RNAs specifically block messenger RNA translation in vivo. (1985)

As a test for a method to analyze gene function in embryogenesis, the translation of a specific mRNA has been blocked in vivo by microinjection of complementary (anti-sense) RNA. RNA complementary to globin mRNA was synthesized in vitro by transcription of an inverted globin cDNA clone. After injection into frog oocyte cytoplasm, the anti-sense globin RNA forms a hybrid with globin mRNA and selectively prevents its translation. Deletion mapping of the anti-sense RNA shows that the 5' region of the globin mRNA must be covered in order to block translation. This method may allow one to study the function of many genes for which DNA clones are available by preventing the expression of the endogenous gene as protein.
Superoxide dismutase mimetic properties exhibited by vacancy engineered ceria nanoparticles (2007)

In this report ceria nanoparticles are shown to act as catalysts that mimic superoxide dismutase (SOD) with the catalytic rate constant exceeding that determined for the enzyme SOD.
Application of compaction technique to optimizing wireless email transfer (2003)

In this paper, we study the application of a new technique, which we call cache-based compaction for reducing the latency of email transfer over a slow link. Our compaction technique trades computation for bandwidth. The key observation is that an object can be coded in a highly compact form for transfer if similar objects that have been transferred earlier can be used as references. The compaction algorithm has two components: (1) an efficient selection algorithm for selecting similar objects as references, and (2) an encoding/decoding algorithm that reduces the transfer size of an object by exploiting its similarities with a set of reference objects. Depending on the target applications, different instances of compaction algorithms can be derived. In this paper, an instance of the compaction algorithm for optimizing email transfer is presented. Our compaction technique significantly generalizes previous framework on optimizing data transfer using caching, differencing and compression.
Nucleolin as Activator of Human Papillomavirus Type 18 Oncogene Transcription in Cervical Cancer (2002)

High risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are central to the development of cervical cancer and the deregulated expression of high risk HPV oncogenes is a critical event in this process. Here, we find that the cell protein nucleolin binds in a sequence-specific manner to the HPV18 enhancer. The DNA binding activity of nucleolin is primarily S phase specific, much like the transcription of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins of HPV18 in cervical cancer cells. Antisense inactivation of nucleolin blocks E6 and E7 oncogene transcription and selectively decreases HPV18(+) cervical cancer cell growth. Furthermore, nucleolin controls the chromatin structure of the HPV18 enhancer. In contrast, HPV16 oncogene transcription and proliferation rates of HPV16(+) SiHa cervical cancer cells are independent of nucleolin activity. Moreover, nucleolin expression is altered in HPV18(+) precancerous and cancerous tissue from the cervix uteri. Whereas nucleolin was homogeneously distributed in the nuclei of normal epithelial cells, it showed a speckled nuclear phenotype in HPV18(+) carcinomas. Thus, the host cell protein nucleolin is directly linked to HPV18-induced cervical carcinogenesis.
Determination of particle size by using the angular distribution of backscattered light as measured with low-coherence interferometry (2002)

We employ a novel interferometer to measure the angular distribution of light backscattered by a turbid medium. Through comparison of the measured data with the predictions of Mie theory, we are able to determine the size of the scatterers comprising the medium with subwavelength precision. As the technique is based on low-coherence interferometry, we are able to examine the evolution of the angular distribution of scattered light as it propagates into the medium. The effects of multiple scattering as a function of penetration depth in the medium are analyzed. We also present various considerations for extending this technique to determining structural information in biological tissues, such as the effects of a distribution of particle sizes and the need to average out speckle contributions.
Combined hierarchical placement algorithm for row-based layouts (1993)

A hierarchical placement algorithm which combines mincut partitioning and simulated annealing has been developed. The objective of mincut partitioning is to minimise the number of crossing nets, while the objective of placement by simulated annealing is usually to minimise the total estimated wire length. The combined placement algorithm can optimise both the routing density and the estimated wire length. For efficiency, the placement is performed using multiple levels of hierarchy in the top-Klown direction. Several standard-cell and sea-of-gates (SOG) circuits are placed using this algorithm and promising results are obtained.
Computer network intrusion detection using sequential LSTM Neural Networks autoencoders (2018)

In this paper, we introduce a sequential autoencoder framework using long short term memory (LSTM) neural network for computer network intrusion detection. We exploit the dimensionality reduction and feature extraction property of the autoencoder framework to efficiently carry out the reconstruction process. Furthermore, we use the LSTM networks to handle the sequential nature of the computer network data. We assign a threshold value based on cross-validation in order to classify whether the incoming network data sequence is anomalous or not. Moreover, the proposed framework can work on both fixed and variable length data sequence and works efficiently for unforeseen and unpredictable network attacks. We then also use the unsupervised version of the LSTM, GRU, Bi-LSTM and Neural Networks. Through a comprehensive set of experiments, we demonstrate that our proposed sequential intrusion detection framework performs well and is dynamic, robust and scalable.
Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Gene Transfer Leads to Persistent Hepatitis B Virus Replication in Mice Expressing HLA-A2 and HLA-DR1 Molecules (2013)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistence may be due to impaired HBV-specific immune responses being unable to eliminate efficiently or cure infected hepatocytes. The immune mechanisms that lead to HBV persistence have not been completely identified, and no appropriate animal model is available for such studies. Therefore, we established a chronic HBV infection model in a mouse strain with human leukocyte antigen A2/DR1 (HLA-A2/DR1) transgenes and an H-2 class I/class II knockout. The liver of these mice was transduced with adeno-associated virus serotype 2/8 (AAV2/8) carrying a replication-competent HBV DNA genome. In all AAV2/8-transduced mice, hepatitis B virus surface antigen, hepatitis B virus e antigen, and HBV DNA persisted in serum for at least 1 year. Viral replication intermediates and transcripts were detected in the livers of the AAV-injected mice. The hepatitis B core antigen was expressed in 60% of hepatocytes. No significant inflammation was observed in the liver. This was linked to a higher number of regulatory T cells in liver than in controls and a defect in HBV-specific functional T-cell responses. Despite the substantial tolerance resulting from expression of HBV antigens in hepatocytes, we succeeded in priming functional HBV-specific T-cell responses in peripheral tissues, which subsequently reached the liver. This AAV2/8-HBV-transduced HLA-A2/DR1 murine model recapitulates virological and immunological characteristics of chronic HBV infection, and it could be useful for the development of new treatments and immune-based therapies or therapeutic vaccines for chronic HBV infections.
Purification and characterization of cytostatic lymphokines produced by activated human T lymphocytes. Synergistic antiproliferative activity of transforming growth factor beta 1, interferon-gamma, and oncostatin M for human melanoma cells. (1987)

Supernatants from activated human T lymphocytes were highly growth inhibitory for A375 human melanoma cells. Three growth inhibiting polypeptides, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and oncostatin M, were isolated from the acid-soluble fraction of serum-free T cell-conditioned medium and purified by gel permeation chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography in volatile solvents at acid pH. The purification was monitored in a growth inhibition assay. The release of TGF-beta 1 biologic activity by and the purification of IFN-gamma from the medium of activated human peripheral blood T lymphocytes have been reported. We now describe the isolation of oncostatin M from the conditioned medium of activated human T cells. The concentration of oncostatin M required for half-maximal inhibition of A375 melanoma cells was approximately 4 pM when assayed in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum. The purified oncostatin M had an apparent m.w. 28,000 and an amino-terminal sequence that was identical with the sequence of oncostatin M isolated from supernatants of macrophage-like cells. Suboptimal concentrations of TGF-beta 1 in combination with suboptimal concentrations of IFN-gamma or oncostatin M resulted in synergistic antiproliferative responses for A375 cells (1.9 and 3.1 times the expected additive responses, respectively). Combinations of oncostatin M and IFN-gamma added simultaneously to A375 cells caused an additive growth inhibitory response. These results demonstrate that oncostatin M is a novel lymphokine, and its interaction with other cytostatic polypeptide growth inhibitors may play a role in the immune regulation of tumor cell growth.
Molecular characterization of a functional cDNA for rat substance P receptor (1989)

This paper describes the amino acid sequence of the rat substance P receptor and its comparison with that of the rat substance K receptor on the basis of molecular cloning and sequence analysis. From a rat brain cDNA library constructed with an RNA expression vector, we identified a cDNA mixture containing a functional substance P receptor cDNA by examining electrophysiologically a receptor expression following injection of the mRNAs synthesized in vitro into Xenopus oocytes. A receptor cDNA clone was then isolated by cross-hybridization with the bovine substance K receptor cDNA. The clone was confirmed by selective binding of substance P to the cloned receptor expressed in mammalian COS cells. The deduced amino acid sequence (407 amino acid residues) possesses seven putative membrane spanning domains and shows a sequence similarity to the members of G-protein-coupled receptors. The rat substance P and substance K receptors are very similar in both size and amino acid sequences, particularly in the putative transmembrane regions and the first and second cytoplasmic loops. This similarity is in marked contrast to the sequence divergence in the amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions and the third cytoplasmic loop. The observed sequence similarity and divergence would thus contribute to the expression of similar but pharmacologically distinguishable activities of the two tachykinin receptors.
Cyclosporin and quinidine inhibition of renal digoxin excretion: evidence for luminal secretion of digoxin (1992)

We studied the in vivo luminal and contraluminal uptake of [3H]digoxin in dog kidney using the single-pass multiple indicator dilution method. A bolus tracer of 125I-albumin (plasma reference), creatinine, or L-[14C]glucose [extracellular reference (ecf)] and [3H]digoxin (or [3H]ouabain) was injected into the left renal artery, and timed serial samples were collected from the left renal vein (basolateral uptake) and left and right ureters (luminal uptake). [3H]ouabain was excreted solely by filtration and exhibited saturable and irreversible binding at the basolateral surface. Uptake of [3H]digoxin across the basolateral membrane was large and nonsaturable. Despite urine flow-dependent reabsorption and approximately 20% protein binding, the urine recovery ratio for [3H]-digoxin/glomerular (ecf) marker was 0.97 +/- 0.04 (n = 29), indicating net digoxin secretion. After intravenous infusions of cyclosporin in Cremophor EL (0.5-3.5 microM), the urine recovery ratio decreased in a dose-dependent manner from control values of 1.13 +/- 0.06 (n = 12) to 0.62 +/- 0.03 (n = 14). There was no change in the relative renal vein recovery. Left renal artery infusion of quinidine (37.5 micrograms.min-1.kg-1) decreased the relative urine recovery of [3H]digoxin by 46% (n = 6) but had no effect on postglomerular extraction. Cyclosporin and quinidine are known inhibitors of P-glycoprotein. But digoxin did not compete with [3H]azidopine for binding in rat brush-border membranes or membranes prepared from the multidrug-resistant cell line CHRC5. The exact mechanism for renal digoxin secretion remains to be determined, but our results point to a luminal localization of this secretory system.
Comparing the Areas under Two or More Correlated Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves: A Nonparametric Approach (1988)

Methods of evaluating and comparing the performance of diagnostic tests are of increasing importance as new tests are developed and marketed. When a test is based on an observed variable that lies on a continuous or graded scale, an assessment of the overall value of the test can be made through the use of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The curve is constructed by varying the cutpoint used to determine which values of the observed variable will be considered abnormal and then plotting the resulting sensitivities against the corresponding false positive rates. When two or more empirical curves are constructed based on tests performed on the same individuals, statistical analysis on differences between curves must take into account the correlated nature of the data. This paper presents a nonparametric approach to the analysis of areas under correlated ROC curves, by using the theory on generalized U-statistics to generate an estimated covariance matrix.