gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Economic Values of Indices for Reproductive Performance in Dairy Herds Using Computer Simulation (1997)

Relationships between measures for reproductive performance and net revenue were studied using data that had been generated by a stochastic model in a computer simulation program for Ontario dairy herds. These measures included projected calving interval, involuntary culling rate, and adjusted calving interval. Adjusted calving interval was calculated by dividing the projected calving interval for pregnant cows by the fraction of the cows that were not culled for reproductive failure. The regression of adjusted calving interval on net revenue had an R2 of 0.72, which was higher than the R2 of 0.59 obtained by the regression of projected calving interval on net revenue. Hence, the estimation of financial losses from suboptimal reproductive performance was more accurate when adjusted calving interval was used as a measure of this performance than when projected calving interval was used. This difference is because projected calving interval did not consider cows that were culled for reproductive reasons, but those cows contributed to a reduction in profit because of suboptimal reproductive performance. The highest R2 (0.78) was obtained with a model that included projected calving interval and involuntary culling rate. However, use of that model might not be practical because herd operators differ in their ability to distinguish between involuntary and voluntary culling. The mean reduction in net revenue from a 1-d increase in adjusted calving interval was estimated at $4.7 (Canadian) per cow. This economic value was not significantly affected by level of adjusted calving interval, carcass price, feed costs, cost of a replacement heifer, or milk price.
Pharmacological Characterization of 40 Human Melanocortin-4 Receptor Polymorphisms with the Endogenous Proopiomelanocortin-Derived Agonists and the Agouti-Related Protein (AGRP) Antagonist, (2006)

The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that is expressed in the central nervous system and has a role in regulating energy homeostasis and obesity. Up to a remarkable 6% of morbidly obese adults and children studied possess single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MC4R. Upon stimulation by agonist, the MC4R signals through the intracellular adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathway. Posttranslational modification of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene transcript results in the generation of several endogenous melanocortin receptor agonists including alpha-, beta-, gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) ligands. The endogenous MC4R antagonist, agouti-related protein (AGRP), is expressed in the brain and is only one of two naturally occurring antagonists of GPCRs identified to date. Herein, we have generated 40 hMC4 polymorphic receptors and evaluated their cell surface expression by flow cytometry as well as pharmacologically characterized their functionality using the endogenous agonists alpha-MSH, beta-MSH, gamma2-MSH, ACTH(1-24), the antagonist hAGRP(87-132), and the synthetic agonists NDP-MSH and MTII. This is the first study in which polymorphic hMC4Rs have been pharmacologically characterized simultaneously with multiple endogenous ligands. Interestingly, at the N97D, L106P, and C271Y hMC4Rs beta-MSH was more potent than the other endogenous agonists alpha-MSH, gamma2-MSH, ACTH(1-24). The S58C and R165Q/W hMC4Rs possessed significantly reduced endogenous agonist potency (15- to 90-fold), but the synthetic ligands NDP-MSH and MTII possessed only 2-9-fold reduced potency as compared to the wild-type receptor, suggesting their potential as therapeutic ligands to treat individuals with these polymorphisms.
Control of Complement Activities for Immunoisolation (1999)

Immunoisolation of cells by semipermeable membranes is a most promising approach to transplant xenogeneic cells. Although membranes which allow xenotransplantation have been reported, ambiguity remains as to their long term effectiveness. In this review, we would like to reconsider the immuno-isolative effectiveness of membranes reported from the standpoint of permeability and present our strategy to prepare membranes that can realize long-term functioning of xenograft. There are distinct different types of semi-permeable membranes, hydrogel membranes and ultrafiltration membranes. Studies on their permeability indicated that neither of these membranes effectively fractionate solutes on the basis of molecular size under a diffusion-controlled process, nor thus can they immuno-isolate xenograft for a long time. Humoral immunity including antibodies and complement proteins is suspected of playing a major role in the rejection of xenografts. Control of complement cytolytic activities, not antibody permeation, may be a key factor determining the fate of the xenograft enclosed in membranes. We found that the microbead containing poly(styrene sulfonic acid) can consume complement cytolytic activities and thus can effectively protect xenogeneic islets of Langerhans in diabetic mice from the humoral immunity.
Detection of Endogenous Malondialdehyde-Deoxyguanosine Adducts in Human Liver (1994)

Endogenous DNA adducts may contribute to the etiology of human genetic disease and cancer. One potential source of endogenous DNA adducts is lipid peroxidation, which generates mutagenic carbonyl compounds such as malondialdehyde. A sensitive mass spectrometric method permitted detection and quantitation of the major malondialdehyde-DNA adduct, a pyrimidopurinone derived from deoxyguanosine. DNA from disease-free human liver was found to contain 5400 adducts per cell, a frequency comparable to that of adducts formed by exogenous carcinogens.
Validity and usefulness of human tumor models established by intratibial cell inoculation in nude rats. (1994)

Intratibial injection in nude rats of 1 x 10(6) OHS, MHMX, and LOX human tumor cells resulted in each case in progressively growing bone tumors. When the diameter of the affected leg had increased by 2-3 mm, the animals were examined for uptake of 99mTc-methylenediphosphonate. The OHS osteosarcoma tumors caused sclerotic lesions with high and uniform isotope uptake, and the MHMX unclassified sarcoma showed a mixed pattern with both sclerotic and lytic areas, whereas the LOX melanoma caused lytic bone lesions with low uptake of the radionuclide. These findings were compared with the results of analogous investigations previously performed in the patients from whom the tumor lines originated. Striking similarities in both the morphology and the scintigraphic images were observed between corresponding tumors in rats and humans, with results supporting the clinical relevance of the model systems. When the LOX model was used for therapy experiments, doxorubicin had no effect on the growth of the tibial tumors, which in the control group appeared after a latency of 13.5 days. The alkylating agent mitozolomide increased the median tumor-free latency to 47 days in 7 rats, and 5 animals did not develop tumors within the observation period of 60 days. Doxorubicin was ineffective also against the OHS tumor, whereas ifosfamide and the radionuclide 89Sr-chloride showed significant antitumor activity. The disease-free latency increased from 20 days, in the control animals, to 45 and 28.5 days, respectively, in the 2 treated groups, in which 2 of 7 and 2 of 10 rats were without tumors at 60 days. The data demonstrate that the tibial models discriminated between the action of the different therapeutic agents, and suggest that they may be useful in selecting compounds with clinical activity against skeletal tumors.
High Variability of Glycated Hemoglobin Concentrations in Patients With IDDM Followed Over 9 years: What is the best index of long-term glycemic control? (1997)

High variability of long-term glycemic control is a marked feature of IDDM, the extent of which may be relevant to microvascular risk.
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogs. 13. 3-Deoxy-3.alpha.-methyl-1.alpha.-hydroxyvitamin D3, 3-deoxy-3.alpha.-methyl-1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and 1.alpha.-hydroxy-3-epivitamin D3. Analogs with conformationally biased a rings (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogs. 13. 3-Deoxy-3.alpha.-methyl-1.alpha.-hydroxyvitamin D3, 3-deoxy-3.alpha.-methyl-1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and 1.alpha.-hydroxy-3-epivitamin D3. Analogs with conformationally biased a ringsWilliam H. Okamura, Manindra N. Mitra, Marcel R. Pirio, Antonio Mourino, Stephen C. Carey, and Anthony W. NormanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 4, 574–580Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00398a011https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00398a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views137Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Breaking the resolution limit in light microscopy (2006)

Fluorescent imaging microscopy has been an essential tool for biologists over many years, especially after the discovery of the green fluorescent protein and the possibility of tagging virtually every protein with it. In recent years dramatic enhancement of the level of detail at which a fluorescing structure of interest can be imaged have been achieved. We review classical and new developments in high-resolution microscopy, and describe how these methods have been used in biological research. Classical methods include widefield and confocal microscopy whereas novel approaches range from linear methods such as 4Pi, I(5) and structured illumination microscopy to non-linear schemes such as stimulated emission depletion and saturated structured illumination. Localization based approaches (e.g. PALM and STORM), near-field methods and total internal refraction microscopy are also discussed. As the terms 'resolution', 'sensitivity', 'sampling' and 'precision' are sometimes confused, we explain their clear distinction. Key concepts such as the point spread function and the Abbe limit, which are necessary for an in depth understanding of the presented methods, are described without requiring extensive mathematical training.
Inhibition of experimental choroidal neovascularization in rats by an av-integrin antagonist (2004)

Cyclic RGD effectively inhibited CNV progression in a rat model of laser-induced CNV, suggesting that this alpha(v)-integrin antagonist may be beneficial in the treatment of CNV.
High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin exerts its beneficial effect in patients with dermatomyositis by blocking endomysial deposition of activated complement fragments. (1994)

In patients with dermatomyositis (DM) the earliest lesion is microvasculopathy mediated by deposition of C5b-C9 membranolytic attack complex (MAC) on intramuscular capillaries. This leads sequentially to muscle ischemia, necrosis of muscle fibers, and muscle weakness. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), which can modulate complement-dependent tissue damage in animal models, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of patients with DM. We used an in vitro C3 uptake assay to examine 55 coded sera from 13 patients with DM and 5 patients with other non-complement-mediated neuromuscular diseases, before and after treatment with IVIG or placebo. Patients with active DM had a significantly higher baseline C3 uptake compared with the others (geometric mean 12,190 vs 3,090 cpm). Post-IVIG but not post-placebo sera inhibited the C3 uptake, without depleting the complement components, by 70.6-93.4%. The maximum inhibition of C3 uptake occurred within hours after IVIG infusion, started to rebound 2 d later, and reached pretreatment levels after 30 d. The serum levels of SC5b-9 complex production were high at baseline but normalized after IVIG therapy. Repeat biopsies from muscles of improved patients showed disappearance of C3b NEO and MAC deposits from the endomysial capillaries and restoration of the capillary network. We conclude that IVIG exerts its beneficial clinical effect by intercepting the assembly and deposition of MAC on the endomysial capillaries through the formation of complexes between the infused immunoglobulins and C3b, thereby preventing the incorporation of activated C3 molecules into C5 convertase. These findings provide the first serological and in situ evidence that IVIG modulates complement attack in a human disease.
Discussion on Architectural Design of Green Theatres in China (2013)

The extensive construction of urban theatres in China has entered a period of prosperity, but there are many problems, such as high cost of construction, too large scale, too many facilities, too little use, and excessive energy consumption, etc. It is not only contrary to the green environmental protection and energy saving policies that are advocated in our country, but also not accord with the requirement of sustainable development. In this paper, through site investigations and analysis on the newly built theatres in China, the high energy consumption tendency and its main causes in theater construction and design are summarized. Also, some basic principles related to the design of the theatres and the problems to be concerned have been discussed, therefore the reference and guidance for the architectural design of green theatres in china are provided.
Effects of Deuterium Substitution on the Catabolism of β‐Phenylethylamine: An In Vivo Study (1986)

beta-Phenylethylamine (PE) hydrochloride injected intraperitoneally into rats was distributed evenly throughout the various regions of rat brain. Similarly, when a mixture of PE and alpha, alpha, beta, beta-deuterated PE [( 2H4]PE) was injected, no regional differences were observed in the ratios of the amounts of [2H4]PE and PE present; however, significantly more [2H4]PE than PE was present, although a 1:1 mixture had been administered. Further experiments in which the amounts of [2H4]PE and PE in whole rat brain, liver, and plasma were quantified confirmed this finding. The maximum [2H4]PE-to-PE ratios observed were 67 in whole brain 1 h after injection and 8 in liver and in plasma 45 min after injection. The whole brain [2H4]PE-to-PE ratios were decreased by pargyline pretreatment. Subsequent experiments showed that more alpha, alpha-[2H2]PE than PE was present in whole brain, liver, and plasma of rats injected with an equimolar mixture of alpha, alpha-[2H2]PE and PE. In contrast, beta, beta-[2H2]PE was not enriched in comparison to PE under the same experimental conditions. We concluded that the basis for the enrichment of [2H4]PE and alpha, alpha-[2H2]PE compared to PE was due to protection of the deuterated analogs from the actions of monoamine oxidase and perhaps aldehyde dehydrogenase; this protection led to pronounced deuterium substitution effects in vivo especially in the brain.
Isolation, cDNA cloning and expression of Lig v 1, the major allergen from privet pollen (1996)

Privet pollen contains a protein structurally and immunologically related to the major allergen of olive pollen. The similarity exhibited by these proteins could explain the cross-reactivity observed between the two pollen extracts. Since these allergens are highly polymorphic, the expression of an immunologically active recombinant Lig v 1 will permit the preparation of well defined molecules for both research and clinical purposes.
Das instationäre Strömungsfeld hinter einer arteriellen Stenose (2005)

Abstract In der vorliegen Arbeit geht es darum, ein grundsätzliches Verständnis für die komplexe instationäre Durchströmung eines pathologischen Blutgefäßes zu entwickeln. Zur Analyse der Strömungsprozesse wird eine modellhafte Untersuchung mit Hilfe der Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) durchgeführt. Ausgehend von der Reynoldsschen und der Strouhalschen Ähnlichkeit wurde ein Versuchsstand aufgebaut, der aus dem optisch zugänglichen Modell der arteriellen Stenose mit einer im Längsschnitt cosinusförmigen Einschnürung und einem System zur Realisierung der pulsierenden Blutströmung besteht. Mit dem PIV‐System wurde das Geschwindigkeitsfeld im Längsschnitt hinter der Stenose zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten des Pulszyklus gemessen. Auf diese Weise werden die Strömungsvorgänge während der Beschleunigungsphase, der Verzögerungsphase und der Konstantphase experimentell charakterisiert. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neural Discrete Representation Learning (2017)

Learning useful representations without supervision remains a key challenge in machine learning. In this paper, we propose a simple yet powerful generative model that learns such discrete representations. Our model, the Vector Quantised-Variational AutoEncoder (VQ-VAE), differs from VAEs in two key ways: the encoder network outputs discrete, rather than continuous, codes; and the prior is learnt rather than static. In order to learn a discrete latent representation, we incorporate ideas from vector quantisation (VQ). Using the VQ method allows the model to circumvent issues of "posterior collapse" -- where the latents are ignored when they are paired with a powerful autoregressive decoder -- typically observed in the VAE framework. Pairing these representations with an autoregressive prior, the model can generate high quality images, videos, and speech as well as doing high quality speaker conversion and unsupervised learning of phonemes, providing further evidence of the utility of the learnt representations.
Multiplex-protocol optical-fiber multiplexer for remote computer interconnection (1995)

We present the particulars of the first commercially successful application of dense wavelength-division networking in the form of a 20-wavelength WDM link system called MuxMaster, shown in block-diagram form in Fig. 1. The link consists of two MuxMaster units attached to opposite ends of a single SMF strand, which then suffices to provide 10 full-duplex connections by the use of 20 WDM channels 1 nm apart, the odd-numbered channels going in one direction and the even-numbered ones in the other. MuxMaster is now installed between main and backup computer centers of one of IBM’s large customers and is in limited production to serve the computer, workstation, and DASD interconnection needs of this and other customers. Such users have a need for many tens, and even hundreds, of parallel duplex connections between site pairs, and they are unwilling to pay for a pure space-division solution. A TDM multiplex solution is even more unattractive to them because, for one thing, it does not allow the protocol independence that WDM provides.
[Preclinical investigation of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid)]. (1999)

The molecular properties of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein are briefly discussed. This molecule has been shown in in vitro experiments to have both a stabilizing effect on vascular permeability and antiinflammatory properties. We were able to demonstrate these two effects in vivo in guinea pigs (skin, Evan's Blue extravasation) and in rats (paw, carrageenan induced inflammation). Further experiments were performed in rats relating to possible therapeutic indications for alpha 1-acid glycoprotein: (1) inhibitory effect on brain edema formation after experimental stroke, (2) therapeutic effect in the puromycin aminonucleoside-induced minimal change nephrosis, (3) improvement of vital parameters in hemorrhagic-hypovolemic shock, (4) increase in survival rate in septic peritonitis, and (5) promising effects in burn-induced remote lung injury. The high content of sialic acid and the high negative charge of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein are believed to be major contributors to its stabilizing effect on vascular permeability. The protein is bound to the glycocalyx of the endothelial cells (and presumably to structures of the glomerular basement membrane), thereby hindering the passage of other polyanionic molecules through the vascular wall. The antiinflammatory/immunomodulatory effect of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein appears mainly due to suppression of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. This action is dependent on the glycan part of the molecule, which is highly variable (microheterogeneity). It is obvious that there are differences between the different glycan forms as far as the antiinflammatory property of the protein is concerned. Together with data in the literature, the results presented here suggest a variety of potential indications for therapeutic use of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in humans.
Use of a sharpness criterion in correcting images degraded by random distortion (1988)

A sharpness criterion for space-variant imaging through a random medium was recently proposed. It uses ensemble-averaged images to provide the information ordinarily given by space invariance. This criterion is used to construct an algorithm for the correction of randomly distorted one-dimensional images degraded by Gaussian-distributed stretching functions of variable correlation length. It is shown theoretically and demonstrated in the simulation that knowledge of the shape of the distortion-induced transfer function allows the width of the function to be determined from the processing procedure. In the simulation, distortion-degraded sinusoids with an average visibility of 2% before processing yield a resultant sinusoid with a visibility of 80–90% after processing. Under equivalent conditions, corrections of block objects may be carried out with 100% accuracy. It should be possible to use a similar procedure to improve real imagery degraded by atmospheric turbulence.
BILEVEL DISPLAY OF CONTINUOUS- TONE IMAGES USING PEANO CURVES (1981)

A new method is presented for showing grey-scale images on black-and-white displays. An incremental representation is used to determine points along a line with controlled cumulative error. Undesirable interactions between adjacent lines are avoided by scanning along a recursive space-filling curve. Peano curves are chosen because they limit the cumulative error in binary subdivisions of the image. The method is an improvement over earlier ones because it can easily compensate for dot-overlap in ink-and-paper displays. It also appears to be suitable for colour halftones.