gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hyaluronic acid–polyethyleneimine conjugate for target specific intracellular delivery of siRNA (2008)

A novel target specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery system was successfully developed using polyethyleneimine (PEI)-hyaluronic acid (HA) conjugate. Anti-PGL3-Luc siRNA was used as a model system suppressing the PGL3-Luc gene expression. The siRNA/PEI-HA complex with an average size of ca. 21 nm appeared to be formed by electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged siRNA and the positively charged PEI of PEI-HA conjugate. The cytotoxicity of siRNA/PEI-HA complex to B16F1 cells was lower than that of siRNA/PEI complex according to the MTT assay. When B16F1 and HEK-293 cells were treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled siRNA/PEI-HA complex, B16F1 cells, with a lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), showed higher green fluorescent intensity than HEK-293 cells because of the HA receptor mediated endocytosis of the complex. Accordingly, the PGL3-Luc gene silencing of anti-PGL3-Luc siRNA/PEI-HA complex was more efficient in B16F1 cells than in HEK-293 cells. In addition, the inhibited PGL3-Luc gene silencing effect in the presence of free HA in the transfection medium revealed that siRNA/HA-PEI complex was selectively taken up to B16F1 cells via HA receptor mediated endocytosis. All these results demonstrated that the intracellular delivery of anti-PGL3-Luc siRNA/PEI-HA complex could be facilitated by the HA receptor mediated endocytosis.
Spatial and polarization structure in microdome resonators: effects of a Bragg mirror (2004)

Micro-domes based on a combination of metallic and dielectric multilayer mirrors are studied using a fully vectorial numerical basis-expansion method that accurately accounts for the effects of an arbitrary Bragg stack and can efficiently cover a large range of dome shapes and sizes. Results are examined from three different viewpoints: (i) the ray-optics limit, (ii) the (semi-) confocal limit for which exact wave solutions are known, and (iii) the paraxial approximation using vectorial Gaussian beams.
Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process (1997)

For the past decade, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that when individuals write about emotional experiences, significant physical and mental health improvements follow The basic paradigm and findings are summarized along with some boundary conditions Although a reduction in inhibition may contribute to the disclosure phenomenon changes in basic cognitive and linguistic processes during writing predict better health Implications for theory and treatment are discussed
A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA (2012)

The final stage in the IBM DeepQA pipeline involves ranking all candidate answers according to their evidence scores and judging the likelihood that each candidate answer is correct. In DeepQA, this is done using a machine learning framework that is phase-based, providing capabilities for manipulating the data and applying machine learning in successive applications. We show how this design can be used to implement solutions to particular challenges that arise in applying machine learning for evidence-based hypothesis evaluation. Our approach facilitates an agile development environment for DeepQA; evidence scoring strategies can be easily introduced, revised, and reconfigured without the need for error-prone manual effort to determine how to combine the various evidence scores. We describe the framework, explain the challenges, and evaluate the gain over a baseline machine learning approach.
A crucial role for interleukin (IL)-1 in the induction of IL-17–producing T cells that mediate autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2006)

It was recently demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-23-driven IL-17-producing (ThIL-17) T cells mediate inflammatory pathology in certain autoimmune diseases. We show that the induction of antigen-specific ThIL-17 cells, but not T helper (Th)1 or Th2 cells, by immunization with antigens and adjuvants is abrogated in IL-1 receptor type I-deficient (IL-1RI(-/-)) mice. Furthermore, the incidence of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was significantly lower in IL-1RI(-/-) compared with wild-type mice, and this correlated with a failure to induce autoantigen-specific ThIL-17 cells, whereas induction of Th1 and Th2 responses was not substantially different. However, EAE was induced in IL-1RI(-/-) mice by adoptive transfer of autoantigen-specific cells from wild-type mice with EAE. IL-23 alone did not induce IL-17 production by T cells from IL-1RI(-/-) mice, and IL-23-induced IL-17 production was substantially enhanced by IL-1alpha or IL-1beta, even in the absence of T cell receptor stimulation. We demonstrate essential roles for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, nuclear factor kappaB, and novel protein kinase C isoforms in IL-1- and IL-23-mediated IL-17 production. Tumor necrosis factor alpha also synergized with IL-23 to enhance IL-17 production, and this was IL-1 dependent. Our findings demonstrate that IL-1 functions upstream of IL-17 to promote pathogenic ThIL-17 cells in EAE.
Aryl diazonium salts: a new class of coupling agents for bonding polymers, biomacromolecules and nanoparticles to surfaces (2011)

This critical review summarizes existing knowledge on the use of diazonium salts as a new generation of surface modifiers and coupling agents for binding synthetic polymers, biomacromolecules, and nanoparticles to surfaces. Polymer grafts can be directly grown at surfaces through the so-called grafting from approaches based on several polymerization methods but can also be pre-formed in solution and then grafted to surfaces through grafting onto strategies including "click" reactions. Several routes are also described for binding biomacromolecules through aryl layers in view of developing biosensors and protein arrays, while the use of aryl diazonium coupling agents is extended to the attachment of nanoparticles. Patents and industrial applications of the surface chemistry of diazonium compounds are covered. This review stresses the paramount role of aryl diazonium coupling agents in adhesion, surface and materials sciences (114 references).
Human circulating specific antibody‐forming cells after systemic and mucosal immunizations: differential homing commitments and cell surface differentiation markers (1995)

Circulating spontaneous antibody-secreting cells (ASC) induced by mucosal and systemic immunizations in human volunteers have been characterized with respect to differentiation stage and homing commitments. Irrespective of the immunization route, the large majority of ASC co-expressed CD19 and HLA-DR, which are normally lost during the transition of plasmablasts to plasmocytes, as well as CD38, a marker of activated B cell blasts, expressed also by plasmocytes. However, these cells expressed neither CD28, a molecule acquired by plasmocytes, nor CD22 and CD37, which are lost during the transition of plasmablasts to plasmocytes. Therefore, the large majority of ASC found in peripheral blood after oral and parenteral immunizations are terminally differentiated B cells, but not fully differentiated plasmocytes. As a whole, the mucosally derived ASC population seemed to be more homogenously differentiated. CD25 was detected on few ASC, whereas ASC expressing CD71 were more numerous, especially among systemically derived ASC. Almost all ASC expressed the adhesion molecules CD44 and alpha 4-integrins, irrespective of immunization route. However, virtually all systemically derived ASC expressed L-selectin, recognizing the peripheral lymph node addressin, whereas only a minority of mucosally induced blood ASC expressed L-selectin. These studies are the first to demonstrate in humans that circulating precursors of mucosal B cell immunoblasts utilize organ-specific recognition mechanisms distinct from those of corresponding systemic B cells and appear to be more advanced in the B lineage maturation pathway. Specialization of receptor expression could explain both the unification of immune responses in diverse mucosal sites and the physiologic segregation of mucosal from non-mucosal immune mechanisms in humans.
Characterization of fibronectin interactions with glycosaminoglycans and identification of active proteolytic fragments. (1980)

Fibronectin is a major cell-surface glycoprotein which has been reported to interact with glycosaminoglycans. A nitrocellulose filter-binding assay was developed to quantitate these interactions at physiological pH and ionic strength. Fibronectin isolated from chick embryo fibroblasts binds both hyaluronic acid and heparin; heparan sulfate is bound less efficiently, and chondroitin sulfate and glycopeptides are bound minimally. The binding of hyaluronic acid and heparin to fibronectin is saturable and reversible and occurs at separate binding sites. The binding of both molecules to fibronectin is not blocked by EDTA or by other glycosaminoglycans, and is only moderately inhibited by elevated ionic strength. Scatchard analyses revealed nonlinear, high affinity binding to fibronectin with a KD of approximately 10(-7) to 10(-8) M for these glycosaminoglycans. The affinity for heparin was utilized for the isolation of heparin-binding domains of fibronectin on heparin-agarose affinity columns. Heparin-binding proteolytic fragments with apparent molecular weights of 160,000 and 50,000 were isolated following hydrolysis of fibronectin by chymotrypsin or pronase, respectively. The possible involvement of such high affinity binding sites of fibronectin in the binding of glycosaminoglycans to the cell surface or in the organization of extracellular matrices is discussed.
Liver Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Isozymes in a Chinese Population in Hong Kong (1989)

The distribution of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes in the livers of a Chinese population in Hong Kong was examined. Among the 90 livers examined, 7 were typical ADH phenotype consisting the normal beta 1-type isozymes and 83 were atypical phenotype consisting the beta 2-type isozymes. Livers of 48 subjects were of deficient type in ALDH containing ALDH-II alone and 42 were of normal type with both ALDH-I and ALDH-II. When the combination of ADH and ALDH isozymes is considered, the Chinese population in Hong Kong falls into 4 subgroups. For each group, the rates of ethanol and acetaldehyde clearance have a distinct and characteristic potential which is directly related to its particular combination of isozymes.
Arterial Injuries During Inguinal Herniorrhaphy (1984)

In all common forms of inguinal herniorrhaphy, stitches pass either just superficial to the internal iliac artery and vein or through their sheath. Despite the potential for arterial injury, documented cases seem to exist only in the foreign-language literature. We report four cases of arterial injury following inguinal herniorrhaphy in adults. The artery is placed in jeopardy when the transversalis fascia is incorporated in the stitches used to close the medial aspect of the internal inguinal ring. The depth of penetration of the needle and the proximity of the external iliac artery must be accurately judged. Injury can result from direct puncture of the artery or avulsion of one of its branches. Immediate repair of any arterial injury is paramount, and newly subnormal pulses below the inguinal injury are unacceptable. Exposure must be adequate, and division of the floor of the inguinal canal may be necessary for this purpose. Repair may require a simple hemostatic suture, a patch graft, or an interposition graft.
In situ detection of Bacillus anthracis spores using fully submersible, self-exciting, self-sensing PMN-PT/Sn piezoelectric microcantilevers (2007)

In this study, we have demonstrated in situ, all-electrical detection of Bacillus anthracis (BA) spores using lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate/tin (PMN-PT/Sn) piezoelectric microcantilever sensors (PEMS) fabricated from PMN-PT freestanding films and electrically insulated with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) coatings on the tin surface. Antibody specific to BA spore surface antigen was immobilized on the platinum electrode of the PMN-PT layer. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution, the PMN-PT/Sn PEMS exhibited quality (Q) values ranging from 50 to 75. The detection was carried out in a closed-loop flow cell with a liquid volume of 0.8 ml and a flow rate of 1 ml min(-1). It was shown that one sensor, "PEMS-A" (500 microm long, 800 microm wide, with a 22 microm thick PMN-PT layer, a 20 microm thick tin layer and a 1 +/- 0.5 x 10(-12) g Hz(-1) mass detection sensitivity) exhibited resonance frequency shifts of 2100 +/- 200, 1100 +/- 100 and 700 +/- 100 Hz at concentrations of 20,000, 2000, and 200 spores ml(-1) or 16,000, 1600, and 160 total spores, respectively. Additionally, "PEMS-B" (350 microm long, 800 microm wide, with an 8 microm thick PMN-PT layer, a 6 microm thick tin layer and a 2 +/- 1 x 10(-13) g Hz(-1) mass detection sensitivity) exhibited resonance frequency shifts of 2400 +/- 200, 1500 +/- 200, 500 +/- 150 and 200 +/- 100 Hz at concentrations of 20,000, 2000, 100, and 45 spores ml(-1) or 16,000, 1600, 80, and 36 total spores, respectively.
Demineralized Bone Implants for Nonunion Fractures, Bone Cysts, and Fibrous Lesions (1999)

Demineralized bone implants were used to treat eight patients with fracture nonunion, five patients with bone cysts, and eight patients with fibrous lesions. Five of the eight patients with nonunions had had previous unsuccessful attempts at reconstruction. After fixation and implantation with either human or bovine demineralized bone, all eight fractures healed. For those patients with nonunion fractures, mean followup time was 8 years, 5 months, and longest followup was 15 years, 3 months. The cystic lesions in five patients included three typical aneurysmal bone cysts and two recurrent unicameral bone cysts. The aneurysmal bone cysts had excellent healing and bone remodeling. The two unicameral bone cysts were repacked more densely after 1 year and healed. For these patients with bone cysts, the mean followup time was 12 years, 5 months, and longest followup was 15 years, 1 month. The various fibrous lesions in seven of the eight patients were healed within 6 months, with only one requiring repacking. For these patients with fibrous bone lesions, the mean followup time was 9 years, 8 months, and longest followup was 14 years. A biopsy of the lesions in five patients was performed and in two cases showed osteoblasts and new bone around small particles of the implants. These results with long term followup show that allogeneic or xenogeneic demineralized bone implants offer a reasonable alternative for the treatment of typical nonunion fractures, bone cysts, and fibrous lesions of bone.
Complete Genome Sequences of Three Historically Important, Spatiotemporally Distinct, and Genetically Divergent Strains of Zika Virus: MR-766, P6-740, and PRVABC-59 (2016)

Here, we report the 10,807-nucleotide-long consensus RNA genome sequences of three spatiotemporally distinct and genetically divergent Zika virus strains, with the functionality of their genomic sequences substantiated by reverse genetics: MR-766 (African lineage, Uganda, 1947), P6-740 (Asian lineage, Malaysia, 1966), and PRVABC-59 (Asian lineage-derived American strain, Puerto Rico, 2015).
Simulation of an Inverse Problem in Electrical Impedance Tomography Using Resistance Electrical Network Analogues (1999)

Solving an inverse problem constitutes one of the most challenging tasks in electrical impedance tomography because of the mathematical complexity of the subject. The most commonly used methods include the finite element and boundary element methods. Both are mathematically involved procedures which are rarely taught at undergraduate level. An alternative approach based on a network of resistors is also useful for this type of inversion problem. This paper describes the use of resistance network analogues for electrical imaging. The algorithm is based on the modified Newton-Raphson method.
Exploratory spatial data analysis in a geographic information system environment (1998)

Summary. The paper describes SAGE, a software system that can undertake exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) held in the ARC/INFO geographical information system. The aims of ESDA are described and a simple data model is defined associating the elements of 'rough' and 'smooth' with different attribute properties. The distinction is drawn between global and local statistics. SAGE's region building and adjacency matrix modules are described. These allow the user to evaluate the sensitivity of results to the choice of areal partition and measure of interarea adjacency. A range of ESDA techniques are described and examples given. The interaction between the table, map and graph drawing windows in SAGE is illustrated together with the range of data queries that can be implemented based on attribute values and locational criteria. The paper concludes with a brief assessment of the contribution of SAGE to the development of spatial data analysis.
Pathophysiology of Cerebral Ischemia (1998)

The purpose of this manuscript is to briefly review the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Ischemic thresholds are well-defined in lower animals. The concept of the ischemic penumbra may include regions of brain around deeper regions of ischemia but has also been defined in terms of brain salvageable by reperfusion or by pharmacological therapies. The principal pathophysiological processes in cerebral ischemia are energy failure, loss of cell ion homeostasis, acidosis, increased intracellular calcium, excitotoxicity, and free radical-mediated toxicity. The underlying biochemical processes are similar regardless of the amount of brain that is made ischemic or the duration of ischemia. The relative contributions of each process are believed to vary significantly especially in relation to the level of cerebral blood flow. Neurons may die by necrosis or apoptosis. In the core of an infarct where blood flow is very low, the predominant process is energy failure and rapid necrotic cell death. Reperfusion of ischemic tissue produces an influx of inflammatory cells and of oxygen that can cause increases in oxygen-derived free radicals. Free radicals are also important in prolonged ischemia. There is interest in changes in gene expression after ischemia. Induction of heat shock proteins suggests that gene expression changes may protect neurons from death. Changes in gene expression also may initiate apoptosis or other detrimental processes. Although advances have been made, there are still no proven pharmacological therapies to rescue ischemic human neurons. Such therapies do appear to be on the horizon.
Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared response of PtSi Schottky-barrier detectors operated in the front-illuminated mode (1991)

The quantum efficiency of PtSi Schottky-barrier detectors has been measured as a function of wavelength from 0.23 to 7 mu m. For front-illuminated PtSi/p-Si devices operated at low temperatures, quantum efficiencies of 40 to 70% are obtained in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible regions with little loss of the infrared (IR) photoresponse that is obtained for operation in the conventional back-illumination mode. For room-temperature operation of front-illumination PtSi/n-Si devices, the quantum efficiencies are approximately the same in the UV and visible regions, but the IR response decreases abruptly beyond the Si absorption edge. Room-temperature transmission and reflection measurements have been used to determine the values of the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant for PtSi at wavelengths from 0.2 to 3 mu m. A simple model, used with these values and published values of the dielectric constant for Si, yields calculated quantum efficiencies in the UV and visible regions that agree quite well with the measured efficiencies. The temporal response of front-illuminated PtSi/p-Si detectors in the visible and IR regions is found to be fast enough for operation at video frame rates. >
Breast conservation in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): what defines optimal margins? (2016)

The introduction of mammographic screening has resulted in a rise in the detection rate of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), currently accounting for one-fifth of screen-detected breast cancers. Although 60-70% of DCIS are treated with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) with or without radiotherapy, the frequency of subsequent surgery to re-excise positive margins in order to reduce the probability of recurrences remains high. DCIS recurrence is associated not only with financial, health and psychological implications; approximately half these recurrences are invasive disease. An appropriate margin width for patients undergoing BCS for invasive breast cancer has been largely agreed. Although there is a perception that such recommendations may be applicable to DCIS, major differences exist which may affect this application. Importantly, DCIS patients often do not receive systemic adjuvant (endocrine) therapy and not all receive radiotherapy in routine practice. There is evidence that wide margins (i.e. >10 mm) confer better protection against recurrence than positive (i.e. 0 mm) margins; however, there remains a debate concerning the optimum margin width between 0 and 10 mm. Previous studies have demonstrated that radiation therapy may not compensate for lack of re-excision in those patients with positive or close margins, while wide margins will inevitably compromise cosmesis and patients' body image perception. This review aims to address the clinical question of the minimal margin width in DCIS treated with BCS that is associated with the lowest recurrence rate and when, therefore, further surgical intervention for re-excision can be safely avoided. A range of clinical circumstances that might affect this are considered.
Development of a FLP/frt System for Generating Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vectors (2001)

Helper-dependent (HD) adenoviral vectors devoid of all viral coding sequences have a large cloning capacity and have been reported to provide long-term transgene expression in vivo with negligible toxicity, making them attractive vectors for gene therapy. Currently, the most efficient means of generating HD vectors involves co-infecting 293 cells expressing Cre with the HD vector and a helper virus bearing a packaging signal flanked by loxP sites. Cre-mediated excision of the packaging signal renders the helper virus genome unpackageable but still able to replicate and to provide helper functions for HD vector propagation. HD vector titer is increased by serial co-infections. Typically, helper virus contamination is < or =1% pre- and < or =0.1% postpurification by CsCl banding. While these contamination levels are low, further reduction is desirable. Alternative methods of selection against the helper virus may achieve this goal, especially when combined with Cre/loxP. We describe the development of a system for generating HD vectors based on site-specific recombination between frt sites catalyzed by FLP recombinase and show by direct comparison that the FLP/frt and Cre/loxP systems are equivalent with respect to HD vector amplification efficiency and helper virus contamination levels. Availability of a second recombinase system for HD vector production will enhance the utility and flexibility of HD vectors.