gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applications of speech recognition in the area of telecommunications (2002)

Advances in speech recognition technology, over the past 4 decades (1950s to 1990s), have enabled a wide range of telecommunications and desktop services to become 'voice enabled'. Early applications were driven by the need to automate and thereby reduce the cost of attendant services, or by the need to create revenue generating new services which were previously unavailable because of cost, or the inability to adequately provide such a service with the available work force. As we move towards the future, we see a new generation of voice enabled service offerings emerging including intelligent agents, customer care wizards, call center automated attendants, voice access to universal directories and registries, unconstrained dictation capability, and finally unconstrained language translation capability. We review the current capabilities of speech recognition systems, show how they have been exploited in today's services and applications, and show how they will evolve over time to the next generation of voice enabled services.
Localization of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Endothelia of Developing and Mature Mouse Blood-Brain Barrier (1986)

The relationship between alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and maturation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mouse brain was studied ultracytochemically. The permeability of micro-blood vessels (MBVs) to intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase was considered to be a criterion of BBB maturation, which occurs between the 12th and 24th day of mouse life. This process coincides with the appearance of cytochemically detectable AP activity in luminal plasma membrane (PM) of the endothelial cell (EC) of capillaries or in both luminal and abluminal PM in arterioles. No reaction appears in ECs of venules. These observations indicate that the development of BBB function is accompanied by the formation of enzymatic barrier in MBVs endothelia. AP constitutes one of the components of this barrier. Comparative study indicates that in various MBVs of non-BBB type, except in skeletal muscle, no AP activity is detected in similar incubation conditions.
Linear stability of power law liquid film flows down an inclined plane (1994)

The linear stability of power law liquid film flows down an inclined plane is investigated. The integral method is used to derive nonlinear evolution equations for film thickness and local flow rate. After linearizing the nonlinear evolution equations, the method of normal mode is applied to study its linear stability. The results reveal that, in the case of fixing the value of power law exponent n, the stability characteristics in terms of generalized Reynolds number Ren and generalized Weber number Wen are the same as those of Newtonian liquids, i.e. to increase the Reynolds number, or to decrease the Weber number will destabilize the film flow system. Furthermore, decreasing only the magnitude of n will cause more unstable film flow, and make the dimensional wave speed faster.
On the Hydrophobic Nature of Signal Sequences (1981)

A number of signal sequences, prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic, have been analyzed in terms of gross amino acid composition and hydrophobicity. It is shown that the amino acid composition of the hydrophobic core can be well reproduced in a computer simulation of signal sequence 'evolution' with selection operating on the mean hydrophobicity of the sequence and the non-occurrence of charged residues. The calculated hydrophobicities are interpreted in terms of a model in which the hydrophobic part of the signal sequence partitions directly into the membrane interior, thereby making further translocation of the growing nascent chain possible.
Neuropathy in experimental diabetes: an animal model. (1976)

A morphometric study of the common peroneal nerve in early experimental diabetes in rats showed that fibre size was diminished. The reduction in the size of the axon was twice that of the myelin sheath. This may contribute to the understanding of the impaired motor conduction velocity found in diabetics shortly after the onset of their disease.
Determination of the rate constant of enzyme modification by measuring the substrate reaction in the presence of the modifier (1982)

On the basis of the equations derived previously [Tsou, C. L. (1965) Sheng Wu Hua Hsueh Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Hsueh Pao 5, 398-408, 409-417] for the substrate reaction during the course of enzyme modification, the kinetic behavior of the system chymotrypsin-substrate-modifier has been studied. The kinetics of benzoyltyrosine ester hydrolysis during the course of irreversible inhibition of the enzyme has been found to be in satisfactory agreement with equations obtained previously. The apparent rate constant between the enzyme and an irreversible inhibitor can be easily obtained in one single experiment by following the course of substrate hydrolysis in the presence of the inhibitor. The results are also in accord with the assumption that diisopropyl fluorophosphate can be classified as an irreversible competitive inhibitor. For both phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and L-1-[(p-toluene-sulfonyl)amino]-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, the inhibition has been found to be in agreement with the kinetics of the complexing type; i.e., a noncovalent enzyme-inhibitor complex is formed before irreversible enzyme modification. Both the equilibrium constants for the complex formation and the first-order rate constants for the irreversible modification step have been determined also by following the course of substrate hydrolysis in the presence of the irreversible inhibitor.
Interaction of monoclonal antibodies to torpedo acetylcholine receptor with the receptor of skeletal muscle (1983)

Several monoclonal antibodies (mcAbs) elicited against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from Torpedo react also with skeletal muscle AChR. Such mcAbs were used to define antigenic determinants on muscle AChR and to elucidate their effect on muscle AChR functions. Primary chick muscle cultures were used as a model for skeletal muscle. Of the four mcAbs studies only mcAb 5.5, which is directed against the cholinergic site in Torpedo AChR, blocks the binding of alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-Bgt) to AChR in chick muscle cultures and inhibits carbamylcholine-induced sodium transport in these cells. The interaction of mcAb 5.5 with the cholinergic site on muscle AChR demonstrates the conservation of this site. Two mcAbs, 5.5 and 5.34, each of a different antigenic specificity but both directed against conformation-dependent antigenic determinants, accelerate the degradation of AChR in muscle cultures. From the reactivity of the various mcAbs with Triton-solubilized and membranous AChR it appears that there are some antigenic differences between the detergent solubilized and membranous forms of the receptor.
The Cpx two-component signal transduction pathway of Escherichia coli regulates transcription of the gene specifying the stress-inducible periplasmic protease, DegP. (1995)

DegP is a heat-shock inducible periplasmic protease in Escherichia coli. Unlike the cytoplasmic heat shock proteins, DegP is not transcriptionally regulated by the classical heat shock regulon coordinated by sigma 32. Rather, the degP gene is transcriptionally regulated by an alternate heat shock sigma factor, sigma E. Previous studies have demonstrated a signal transduction pathway that monitors the amount of outer-membrane proteins in the bacterial envelope and modulates degP levels in response to this extracytoplasmic parameter. To analyze the transcriptional regulation of degP, we examined mutations that altered transcription of a degP-lacZ operon fusion. Gain-of-function mutations in cpxA, which specifies a two-component sensor protein, stimulate transcription from degP. Defined null mutations in cpxA or the gene encoding its cognate response regulator, cpxR, decrease transcription from degP. These null mutations also prevent transcriptional induction of degP in response to overexpression of a gene specifying an envelope lipoprotein. Cpx-mediated transcription of degP is partially dependent on the activity of E sigma E, suggesting that the Cpx pathway functions in concert with E sigma E and perhaps other RNA polymerases to drive transcription of degP.
Effects of regular use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on tissue health (2003)

Changes in tissue health were monitored in a group of spinal cord injury (SCI) individuals with the use of an implanted neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) system to provide standing and to facilitate standing transfers. Tissue health was evaluated through monitoring tissue oxygen levels in the ischial region along with measuring interface pressures at the seating support interface. Baseline assessments were done at study enrollment and repeated on completion of a conditioning exercise program. Serial assessments of tissue health were performed on eight NMES implant recipients. Unloaded tissue oxygen levels in the ischial region tended to increase after following the NMES exercise program for 8 weeks. Concurrently, pressure distributions at the seating support interface tended to change such that although the total pressure acting at the interface did not change, ischial region pressures showed a significant decrease. These changes indicate that chronic use of NMES has a quantifiable benefit on tissue health.
Double jeopardy from a single translocation: deletions of the derivative chromosome 9 in chronic myeloid leukemia (2003)

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by formation of a BCR-ABL fusion gene, usually as a consequence of the Philadelphia (Ph) translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. Recently the development of new fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) techniques has allowed identification of unexpected deletions of the reciprocal translocation product, the derivative chromosome 9, in 10% to 15% of patients with CML. These deletions are large, span the translocation breakpoint, and occur at the same time as the Ph translocation. Such deletions therefore give rise to previously unsuspected molecular heterogeneity from the very beginning of this disease, and there is mounting evidence for similar deletions associated with other translocations. Several studies have demonstrated that CML patients who carry derivative chromosome 9 deletions exhibit a more rapid progression to blast crisis and a shorter survival. Deletion status is independent of, and more powerful than, the Sokal and Hasford/European prognostic scoring systems. The poor prognosis associated with deletions is seen in patients treated with hydroxyurea or interferon, and preliminary evidence suggests that patients with deletions may also have a worse outcome than nondeleted patients following stem cell transplantation or treatment with imatinib. Poor outcome cannot be attributed to loss of the reciprocal ABL-BCR fusion gene expression alone, and is likely to reflect loss of one or more critical genes within the deleted region. The molecular heterogeneity associated with the Philadelphia translocation provides a new paradigm with potential relevance to all malignancies associated with reciprocal chromosomal translocations and/or fusion gene formation.
Energy Expenditure in Men and Women during 54 h of Exercise and Caloric Deprivation (2006)

For both men and women, total energy expenditures were among the highest observed for a military FEX. TEE, when normalized or corrected to body mass and fat-free mass, and PAL were the same for men and women.
Modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) for high‐resolution T1 mapping of the heart (2004)

A novel pulse sequence scheme is presented that allows the measurement and mapping of myocardial T1 in vivo on a 1.5 Tesla MR system within a single breath-hold. Two major modifications of conventional Look-Locker (LL) imaging are introduced: 1) selective data acquisition, and 2) merging of data from multiple LL experiments into one data set. Each modified LL inversion recovery (MOLLI) study consisted of three successive LL inversion recovery (IR) experiments with different inversion times. We acquired images in late diastole using a single-shot steady-state free-precession (SSFP) technique, combined with sensitivity encoding to achieve a data acquisition window of < 200 ms duration. We calculated T1 using signal intensities from regions of interest and pixel by pixel. T1 accuracy at different heart rates derived from simulated ECG signals was tested in phantoms. T1 estimates showed small systematic error for T1 values from 191 to 1196 ms. In vivo T1 mapping was performed in two healthy volunteers and in one patient with acute myocardial infarction before and after administration of Gd-DTPA. T1 values for myocardium and noncardiac structures were in good agreement with values available from the literature. The region of infarction was clearly visualized. MOLLI provides high-resolution T1 maps of human myocardium in native and post-contrast situations within a single breath-hold.
203Pb-Labeled α-Melanocyte–Stimulating Hormone Peptide as an Imaging Probe for Melanoma Detection (2008)

(203)Pb-DOTA-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic and tumor imaging properties, highlighting its potential as a matched-pair SPECT agent for (212)Pb-DOTA-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH melanoma treatment.
Altered Growth Characteristics of Recombinant Respiratory Syncytial Viruses Which Do Not Produce NS2 Protein (1999)

The second gene in the 3'-to-5' gene order in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) encodes the nonstructural protein NS2, for which there is no assigned function. To study the function of NS2, we have used a recently developed reverse genetics system to ablate expression of NS2 in recombinant RSV. A full-length cDNA copy of the antigenome of RSV A2 strain under the control of a T7 promoter was modified by introduction of tandem termination codons within the NS2 open reading frame (NS2stop) or by deletion of the entire NS2 gene (DeltaNS2). The NS2 knockout antigenomic cDNAs were cotransfected with plasmids encoding the N, P, L, and M2-1 proteins of RSV, each controlled by the T7 promoter, into cells infected with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing T7 RNA polymerase. Recombinant NS2stop and DeltaNS2 RSVs were recovered and characterized. Both types of NS2 knockout virus displayed pinpoint plaque morphology and grew more slowly than wild-type RSV. The expression of monocistronic mRNAs for the five genes examined (NS1, NS2, N, F, and L) was unchanged in cells infected with either type of NS2 knockout virus, except that no NS2 mRNA was detected with the DeltaNS2 virus. Synthesis of readthrough mRNAs was affected only for the DeltaNS2 virus, where the NS1-NS2, NS2-N, and NS1-NS2-N mRNAs were replaced with the predicted novel NS1-N mRNA. Upon passage, the NS2stop virus stock rapidly developed revertants which expressed NS2 protein and grew with similar plaque morphology and kinetics wild-type RSV. Sequence analysis confirmed that the termination codons had reverted to sense, albeit not the wild-type assignments, and provided evidence consistent with biased hypermutation. No revertants were recovered from recombinant DeltaNS2 RSV. These results show that the NS2 protein is not essential for RSV replication, although its presence greatly improves virus growth in cell culture. The attenuated phenotype of these mutant viruses, coupled with the expected genetic stability associated with gene deletions, suggests that the DeltaNS2 RSV is a candidate for vaccine development.
The BTB domain, found primarily in zinc finger proteins, defines an evolutionarily conserved family that includes several developmentally regulated genes in Drosophila. (1994)

The Drosophila bric à brac protein and the transcriptional regulators encoded by tramtrack and Broad-Complex contain a highly conserved domain of approximately 115 amino acids, which we have called the BTB domain. We have identified six additional Drosophila genes that encode this domain. Five of these genes are developmentally regulated, and one of them appears to be functionally related to bric à brac. The BTB domain defines a gene family with an estimated 40 members in Drosophila. This domain is found primarily at the N terminus of zinc finger proteins and is evolutionarily conserved from Drosophila to mammals.
Biomaterials in ophthalmic drug delivery (1996)

Polymer-based biomaterials are becoming increasingly important in ophthalmology as the number of polymers available for medical devices increases. Ocular drug delivery systems based on polymers offer the considerable advantages of improving drug availability and decreasing side effects compared to conventional therapeutic methods. Two other important ocular applications for polymers are contact lenses and intraocular lenses. In the first part, the review gives a short overview of the use of polymers in ophthalmology. The second part is focused on the synthetic, semi-synthetic and natural biopolymers used for these applications. The natural and semi-synthetic polymers discussed include cellulose-derivatives, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, chitosan, collagen and gelatin, among others. Poly(vinyl alcohol), different polyesters, poly(alkylcyano acrylate), polyanhydrides, poly(ortho esters) and alkyl half-esters of poly(vinyl ether/ maleic anhydride) represent the most widely investigated biodegradable synthetic polymers for ocular applications. The most important non-biodegradable synthetic polymers include different types of poly(acrylic acid), polyacrylamide, polyethylene, polypropylene and silicone.
Sites of Women's Citizenship?: Australian Women-specific Services (1998)

This article will report on the background, theoretical assumptions and methodological decisions of the first phase of a national study of feminist women-specific services. The first phase involves a national mail survey and interviews with Victorian organisations. It is a follow-up to research completed in the early 1990s, and in particular a mail survey of feminist women's services and a national research workshop undertaken in 1993 and published in Women Working Together: lessons from feminist women's services (Longmans, 1994).
Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia have increased plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta1 as well as high ALK1 tissue expression. (2005)

This study provides evidence of the role of VEGF and TGF-beta1 in the pathogenesis of HHT. Plasma concentrations of these two factors may serve as further diagnostic criteria for HHT. For the first time, we report increased TGF-beta1 plasma concentrations and increased TGF-beta1 and ALK1 tissue expression in HHT, which appear not to be specifically associated with either endoglin or ALK1 mutations. The data suggest that HHT is an angiogenic disorder characterized by an over-expression of VEGF, TGF-beta1 and ALK1.
<title>Multiple diffraction of massive fanout optical interconnects based on multiplexed waveguide holograms</title> (1994)

Experimental results of 1-to-2 intra-plane and of 1-to-32 inter-plane v-shaped fanouts are delineated. Coupling efficiencies of 48% for surface-normal and of 45% for near-surface- normal inter-plane fanout beams are theoretically and experimentally confirmed. The influence of the angular fluctuation of a device having two multiplexed waveguide holograms with film thickness of 15 micrometers and index modulation of 0.04 is studied. The angle between the two grating vectors is determined to be less than 26 degree(s) to keep the near-surface-normal fanout beams.
Specific dephosphorylation of phosphoproteins by protein-serine and -tyrosine kinases. (1988)

Five protein kinases are shown to serve as specific phosphatases in the absence of ADP. Although the rates of hydrolysis are very slow compared to the forward phosphorylation rates under optimal conditions, they are of the same order as the reverse reaction in the presence of ADP. Because cells contain approximately equal to 3 mM ATP, neither the reverse reaction nor the phosphatase is likely to play a physiological role. beta-casein B phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) is specifically dephosphorylated by protein kinase A but not by polypeptide-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase P). beta-casein B phosphorylated by protein kinase P is specifically dephosphorylated by protein kinase P but not by protein kinase A. Histone H1 phosphorylated by protein kinase C is dephosphorylated by the same enzyme in the absence of ADP. In all cases tested addition of ADP and F1-ATPase accelerates moderately the rate of dephosphorylation. Native H+-ATPase from yeast plasma membranes is isolated mainly in the phosphorylated form. It is dephosphorylated and rephosphorylated by protein kinase P but not by protein kinase A. Protein-tyrosine kinase of the epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylates the random synthetic polypeptide poly(Glu80Tyr20). The phosphorylated polymer is specifically dephosphorylated in the absence of ADP by epidermal growth factor receptor preparations but not by insulin receptor preparations. The same polymer phosphorylated by insulin receptor is dephosphorylated by insulin receptor but not by epidermal growth factor receptor preparations. By using a cycle of dephosphorylation-rephosphorylation, it is possible to identify proteins that are phosphorylated by these protein kinases in vivo. Should this method be applicable to additional protein kinases, it should be possible to estimate the quantitative contribution of each protein kinase to a single phosphoprotein.
[Thromboxane and prostacyclin in endotoxin-induced lung injury]. (1990)

Hypotension, respiratory failure and ARDS-like pulmonary morphological changes were induced by given continuous intravenous infusion of E. coli endotoxin (1-1.5 micrograms.kg/h) in goats. During endotoxin infusion, plasma TXB2 level rose markedly with peak at 0.5 h and then lowered, while 6-keto-PGF1 alpha elevated progressively with its highest level before death, and correlated with blood pressure and survival times negatively. So we suggested that prostacyclin may be one of the factors responsible for hypotension and death in late period of endotoxin induced shock and lung injury.
Bile acids induce hepatic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (2015)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have the potential to differentiate into multiple cell lineages and their therapeutic potential has become obvious. In the liver, MSC are represented by stellate cells which have the potential to differentiate into hepatocytes after stimulation with growth factors. Since bile acids can promote liver regeneration, their influence on liver-resident and bone marrow-derived MSC was investigated. Physiological concentrations of bile acids such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid were able to initiate hepatic differentiation of MSC via the farnesoid X receptor and transmembrane G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 as investigated with knockout mice. Notch, hedgehog, transforming growth factor-β/bone morphogenic protein family and non-canonical Wnt signalling were also essential for bile acid-mediated differentiation, whereas β-catenin-dependent Wnt signalling was able to attenuate this process. Our findings reveal bile acid-mediated signalling as an alternative way to induce hepatic differentiaion of stem cells and highlight bile acids as important signalling molecules during liver regeneration.