gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The natriuretic peptide system in the brain: implications in the central control of cardiovascular and neuroendocrine functions. (1992)

The natriuretic peptide system consists of three endogenous ligands, i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), and at least three subtypes of receptors. All of the peptides and receptors exist in the central nervous system (CNS). ANPs in the brain are N-terminally truncated forms: ANP (4-28) and ANP (5-28). The primary structure of BNP varies considerably among species, whereas that of CNP is highly conserved. ANP, BNP, and CNP are distributed in discrete brain regions, although the distribution varies in different species. Few immunohistochemical studies have so far been performed on BNP and CNP. There are three subtypes of receptors: ANP-A and ANP-B, which are bioactive, and the C receptor, which does not seem to be directly related to bioactivity. In the rat, the major subtype of ANP receptor in the CNS is the ANP-B receptor, based on the results of Northern blotting. Since the ligand for ANP-B receptor is CNP, the CNP-ANP-B receptor system may be most important, at least in rat brain. It is still unknown whether or not a specific receptor for BNP exists in central or peripheral tissues. Further studies should clarify the exact localization of ANP, BNP, and CNP and the three receptor subtypes in the CNS. Although natriuretic peptides and their receptors are distributed widely in the CNS, the AV3V regions, basal medial hypothalamus, brainstem, and circumventricular organs are the most prominent sites. This suggests an important physiological role of the natriuretic peptide system in the central control of cardiovascular homeostasis. The natriuretic peptide system seems to be involved in the regulation of water and salt intake, blood pressure, and secretion of vasopressin in the direction of reducing body fluid and lowering blood pressure. Such actions of natriuretic peptides are antagonistic to the central actions of angiotensin II (AII). In fact, the distribution of ANP and AII and their receptors in the CNS overlaps considerably. It is highly likely, therefore, that the central natriuretic peptide system and the renin-angiotensin system play important roles in the central control of cardiovascular and body fluid homeostasis in opposite directions. The natriuretic peptide system may also be involved in neuroendocrine control and some other CNS functions, although the physiological significance of these actions is less clear at the present time. It is now clear that there is considerable plasticity in the regulation of natriuretic peptides and their receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Mice Lacking T and B Lymphocytes Develop Transient Colitis and Crypt Hyperplasia yet Suffer Impaired Bacterial Clearance during Citrobacter rodentium Infection (2002)

The bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium belongs to a family of gastrointestinal pathogens that includes enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and is the causative agent of transmissible colonic hyperplasia in mice. The molecular mechanisms used by these pathogens to colonize host epithelial surfaces and form attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions have undergone intense study. In contrast, little is known about the host's immune response to these infections and its importance in tissue pathology and bacterial clearance. To address these issues, wild-type mice and mice lacking T and B lymphocytes (RAG1 knockout [KO]) were infected with C. rodentium. By day 10 postinfection (p.i.), both wild-type and RAG1 KO mice developed colitis and crypt hyperplasia, and these responses became more exaggerated in wild-type mice over the next 2 weeks, as they cleared the infection. By day 24 p.i., bacterial clearance was complete, and the colitis had subsided; however, crypt heights remained increased. In contrast, inflammatory and crypt hyperplastic responses in the RAG1 KO mice were transient, subsiding after 2 weeks. By day 24 p.i., RAG1 KO mice showed no signs of bacterial clearance and infection was often fatal. Surprisingly, despite remaining heavily infected, tissues from RAG1 KO mice surviving the acute colitis showed few signs of disease. These results thus emphasize the important contribution of the host immune response during infection by A/E bacterial pathogens. While T and/or B lymphocytes are essential for host defense against C. rodentium, they also mediate much of the tissue pathology and disease symptoms that occur during infection.
Synthesis and characterization of a model extracellular matrix that induces partial regeneration of adult mammalian skin. (1989)

Regeneration of the dermis does not occur spontaneously in the adult mammal. The epidermis is regenerated spontaneously provided there is a dermal substrate over which it can migrate. Certain highly porous, crosslinked collagen-glycosaminoglycan copolymers have induced partial morphogenesis of skin when seeded with dermal and epidermal cells and then grafted on standard, full-thickness skin wounds in the adult guinea pig. A mature epidermis and a nearly physiological dermis, which lacked hair follicles but was demonstrably different from scar, were regenerated over areas as large as 16 cm2. These chemical analogs of extracellular matrices were morphogenetically active provided that the average pore diameter ranged between 20 and 125 microns, the resistance to degradation by collagenase exceeded a critical limit, and the density of autologous dermal and epidermal cells inoculated therein was greater than 5 x 10(4) cells per cm2 of wound area. Unseeded copolymers with physical structures that were within these limits delayed the onset of wound contraction by about 10 days but did not eventually prevent it. Seeded copolymers not only delayed contraction but eventually arrested and reversed it while new skin was being regenerated. The data identify a model extracellular matrix that acts as if it were an insoluble growth factor with narrowly specified physiochemical structure, functioning as a transient basal lamina during morphogenesis of skin.
Representation and processing of structures with binary sparse distributed codes (2001)

The schemes for compositional distributed representations include those allowing on-the-fly construction of fixed dimensionality codevectors to encode structures of various complexity. Similarity of such codevectors takes into account both structural and semantic similarity of represented structures. We provide a comparative description of sparse binary distributed representation developed in the framework of the associative-projective neural network architecture and the more well known holographic reduced representations of T.A. Plate (1995) and binary spatter codes of P. Kanerva (1996). The key procedure in associative-projective neural networks is context-dependent thinning which binds codevectors and maintains their sparseness. The codevectors are stored in structured memory array which can be realized as distributed auto-associative memory. Examples of distributed representation of structured data are given. Fast estimation of the similarity of analogical episodes by the overlap of their codevectors is used in the modeling of analogical reasoning both for retrieval of analogs from memory and for analogical mapping.
Universal Criterion and Phase Diagram for Switching a Magnetic Vortex Core in Soft Magnetic Nanodots (2008)

The universal criterion for ultrafast vortex-core switching between the up- and down-core bistates in soft magnetic nanodots is investigated by micromagnetic simulations along with vortex-core switching that occurs whenever the velocity of vortex-core motion reaches its critical velocity, upsilon cri = (1.66 +/- 0.18) gamma mean square root of Aex (e.g., upsilon cri = 330 +/- 37 m/s for Permalloy), with the exchange stiffness Aex and the gyromagnetic ratio gamma. On the basis of the universality of upsilon cri, phase diagrams for the vortex-core switching event and switching time with respect to both the amplitude and frequency of a circularly rotating magnetic field are calculated.
The plant defensin RsAFP2 induces cell wall stress, septin mislocalization and accumulation of ceramides in Candida albicans (2012)

The antifungal plant defensin RsAFP2 isolated from radish interacts with fungal glucosylceramides and induces apoptosis in Candida albicans. To further unravel the mechanism of RsAFP2 antifungal action and tolerance mechanisms, we screened a library of 2868 heterozygous C. albicans deletion mutants and identified 30 RsAFP2-hypersensitive mutants. The most prominent group of RsAFP2 tolerance genes was involved in cell wall integrity and hyphal growth/septin ring formation. Consistent with these genetic data, we demonstrated that RsAFP2 interacts with the cell wall of C. albicans, which also contains glucosylceramides, and activates the cell wall integrity pathway. Moreover, we found that RsAFP2 induces mislocalization of septins and blocks the yeast-to-hypha transition in C. albicans. Increased ceramide levels have previously been shown to result in apoptosis and septin mislocalization. Therefore, ceramide levels in C. albicans membranes were analysed following RsAFP2 treatment and, as expected, increased accumulation of phytoC24-ceramides in membranes of RsAFP2-treated C. albicans cells was detected. This is the first report on the interaction of a plant defensin with glucosylceramides in the fungal cell wall, causing cell wall stress, and on the effects of a defensin on septin localization and ceramide accumulation.
Monocyte Activation in Patients With Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2004)

Early diagnostic testing may prove useful to detect those patients who will progress to the more severe complications of the disease.
Analysis of glycoprotein E-selectin ligands on human and mouse marrow cells enriched for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (2011)

Although well recognized that expression of E-selectin on marrow microvessels mediates osteotropism of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), our knowledge regarding the cognate E-selectin ligand(s) on HSPCs is incomplete. Flow cytometry using E-selectin-Ig chimera (E-Ig) shows that human marrow cells enriched for HSPCs (CD34(+) cells) display greater E-selectin binding than those obtained from mouse (lin(-)/Sca-1(+)/c-kit(+) [LSK] cells). To define the relevant glycoprotein E-selectin ligands, lysates from human CD34(+) and KG1a cells and from mouse LSK cells were immunoprecipitated using E-Ig and resolved by Western blot using E-Ig. In both human and mouse cells, E-selectin ligand reactivity was observed at ~ 120- to 130-kDa region, which contained two E-selectin ligands, the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 glycoform "CLA," and CD43. Human, but not mouse, cells displayed a prominent ~ 100-kDa band, exclusively comprising the CD44 glycoform "HCELL." E-Ig reactivity was most prominent on CLA in mouse cells and on HCELL in human cells. To further assess HCELL's contribution to E-selectin adherence, complementary studies were performed to silence (via CD44 siRNA) or enforce its expression (via exoglycosylation). Under physiologic shear conditions, CD44/HCELL-silenced human cells showed striking decreases (> 50%) in E-selectin binding. Conversely, enforced HCELL expression of LSK cells profoundly increased E-selectin adherence, yielding > 3-fold more marrow homing in vivo. These data define the key glycoprotein E-selectin ligands of human and mouse HSPCs, unveiling critical species-intrinsic differences in both the identity and activity of these structures.
Transcription termination in the Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA operon rrnC. (1979)

The distal portion of the Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA operon rrnC has been analyzed to determine (a) the transcription boundaries of an operon containing rRNA genes distal to rDNA, and (b) the sequence elements which dictate efficient termination of RNA synthesis. I have sequenced a 505-base pair DNA restriction fragment containing the genes which specify 5 S rRNA, TRNA1Asp, and tRNATrp, in that order. Segments of a spacer DNA separate these genes: the 5 S-tRNA1Asp and tRNA1Asp-tRNATrp spacers are 52 and 8 base pairs long, respectively. In vitro transcription of restriction endonuclease fragments containing the distal portion of rrnC indicates that termination of transcription occurs at a locus beginning 28 base pairs after the tRNATrp gene. The rrnC terminator shares several features with many other known sites of transcription termination in E. coli.
A phase I study of a combination of anti‐CD19 and anti‐CD22 immunotoxins (Combotox) in adult patients with refractory B‐lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (2011)

Novel agents are needed for patients with refractory and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Combotox is a 1:1 mixture of two immunotoxins (ITs), prepared by coupling deglycosylated ricin A chain (dgRTA) to monoclonal antibodies directed against CD22 (RFB4-dgRTA) and CD19 (HD37-dgRTA). Pre-clinical data demonstrated that Combotox was effective in killing both pre-B-ALL cell lines and cells from patients with pre-B ALL. A clinical study of paediatric patients in which 3 of 17 patients with ALL experienced complete remission, supported the preclinical work and motivated this study. This study was a Phase I, dose-escalation trial using Combotox in adults with refractory or relapsed B-lineage-ALL. A cycle consisted of three doses, with one dose given every other day. Dose levels were 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 mg/m(2) per dose. Seventeen patients, aged 19-72 years, were enrolled in this multi-institution study. The maximum tolerated dose was 7 mg/m(2) /dose (21 mg/m(2) /cycle) and vascular leak syndrome was the dose-limiting toxicity. Two patients developed reversible grade 3 elevations in liver function tests. One patient achieved partial remission and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplantation. All patients with peripheral blasts experienced decreased blast counts following the administration of Combotox. Thus, Combotox can be safely administered to adults with refractory leukaemia.
Virus receptor interaction in the adenovirus system. II. Capping and cooperative binding of virions on HeLa cells (1983)

Adenovirus type 2 attachment to HeLa cells was analyzed under controlled conditions. The temperature-dependent attachment kinetics revealed an inflection point at around 20 degrees C, and above this temperature the increase of the rate was doubled. In multiplicity dependence experiments, the attachment exhibited positive cooperative binding at 37 degrees C. This binding pattern was inhibited by low temperatures and prefixation of cells with 0.015% glutaraldehyde. Attachment of rhodamine-labeled virions revealed capping of the particles on 15% of the cells at 37 degrees C. Capping was inhibited by low temperatures, glutaraldehyde fixation of cells, and treatment with cytochalasin B, azide, and 2-deoxyglucose. Consequently, we propose that the adenovirus type 2 attachment to cells leads to rearrangements in the plasma membrane, resulting in cooperative binding and capping of the virus particles.
Rubidium, Salami and Depression (2008)

If rubidium is found in salami, then the occasional slice could be more beneficial for people suffering from depression than taking a lot of medication.
High plasma concentrations of nitrite/nitrate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. (1997)

Patients with HCC have elevated plasma nitrite/nitrate levels correlating to tumor volume as well as tumor surface area.
Tissue Engineering and the Vascular System (1997)

For tissue engineering, i.e., the development of constructs composed of living cells and natural biological materials, the opportunities presented by the cardiovascular system are both important and challenging. Most of the effort to date in this area has been focused on blood vessel substitutes. This focus is motivated by the one-half million coronary artery bypass surgeries performed in the United States each year, with this figure having more than doubled in the last decade. Using native vessels, graft patency is 50%–70% after 10 years, with an observed acceleration of graft closure with time (The VA Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Cooperative Study Group, 1992). Individuals who have had previous bypass surgery may not have additional native vessels available. Moreover, there is a significant percentage of the U.S. population for whom acceptable native vessels are not available. Synthetic materials such as Dacron and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) have even lower graft patency rates than native vessels, and, as a result, these are not viable alternatives, especially for small diameter grafts. Thus, tissue engineering seems to offer the best possibilities for the next generation of vascular grafts.
Identification of a transforming gene of human papillomavirus type 16 (1989)

Previously, we observed sequential two-step alteration, growth stimulation, and progression to a more malignant state in NIH 3T3 cells transfected by human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) DNA. In this study, we prepared a cDNA library from RNA extracted from cells transfected with the HPV-16 DNA and isolated cDNA clones which had growth-stimulating activity. Analysis of these cDNA clones indicated that the E7 open reading frame alone is responsible for inducing both steps of this cell transformation.
Development and evaluation of an Arabidopsis whole genome Affymetrix probe array (2004)

We describe the development of a high-density Arabidopsis'whole genome' oligonucleotide probe array for expression analysis (the Affymetrix ATH1 GeneChip probe array) that contains approximately 22 750 probe sets. Precedence on the array was given to genes for which either expression evidence or a credible database match existed. The remaining space was filled with 'hypothetical' genes. The new ATH1 array represents approximately 23 750 genes of which 60% were detected in RNA from cultured seedlings. Sensitivity of the array, determined using spiking controls, was approximately one transcript per cell. The array demonstrated high technical reproducibility and concordance with real-time PCR results. Indole-3 acetic acid (IAA)-induced changes in gene expression were used for biological validation of the array. A total of 222 genes were significantly upregulated and 103 significantly downregulated by exposure to IAA. Of the genes whose products could be functionally classified, the largest specific classes of upregulated genes were transcriptional regulators and protein kinases, many fewer of which were represented among the downregulated genes. Over one-third of the auxin-regulated genes have no known function, although many belong to gene families with members that have previously been shown to be auxin regulated. For the 6714 genes represented both on this and the earlier Arabidopsis Genome (AG) array, both signal intensities and gene expression ratios were very similar. Mapping of the oligonucleotides on the ATH1 array to the latest (version 4.0) annotation showed that over 95% of the probe sets (based on version 2.0 annotation) still fully represented their original target genes.
Acute Non-A–E Hepatitis in the United States and the Role of Hepatitis G Virus Infection (1997)

The evidence from this surveillance study does not implicate HGV as an etiologic agent of non-A-E hepatitis. Persistent infection with HGV was common, but it did not lead to chronic disease and did not affect the clinical course in patients with hepatitis A, B, or C.
Enzymatic Conversion of β-Hydroxypropionate to Malonic Semialdehyde (1959)

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Microcin H47 System: An Escherichia coli Small Genomic Island with Novel Features (2011)

Genomic islands are DNA regions containing variable genetic information related to secondary metabolism. Frequently, they have the ability to excise from and integrate into replicons through site-specific recombination. Thus, they are usually flanked by short direct repeats that act as attachment sites, and contain genes for an integrase and an excisionase which carry out the genetic exchange. These mobility events would be at the basis of the horizontal transfer of genomic islands among bacteria.Microcin H47 is a ribosomally-synthesized antibacterial peptide that belongs to the group of chromosome-encoded microcins. The 13 kb-genetic system responsible for its production resides in the chromosome of the Escherichia coli H47 strain and is flanked by extensive and imperfect direct repeats. In this work, both excision and integration of the microcin H47 system were experimentally detected. The analyses were mainly performed in E. coli K12 cells carrying the microcin system cloned in a multicopy plasmid. As expected of a site-specific recombination event, the genetic exchange also occurred in a context deficient for homologous recombination. The DNA sequence of the attachment sites resulting from excision were hybrid between the sequences of the direct repeats. Unexpectedly, different hybrid attachment sites appeared which resulted from recombination in four segments of identity between the direct repeats. Genes encoding the trans-acting proteins responsible for the site-specific recombination were shown to be absent in the microcin H47 system. Therefore, they should be provided by the remaining genetic context, not only in the H47 strain but also in E. coli K12 cells, where both excision and integration occurred. Moreover, a survey of the attachment sites in data banks revealed that they are widely spread among E. coli strains. It is concluded that the microcin system is a small island -H47 genomic island- that would employ a parasitic strategy for its mobility.
Gonadal-lndependent Developmental Changes in Activation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Involved in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion (1992)

Using hypothalamic explants of male rats, we have shown that the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors involved in a stimulatory control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion were transiently activated at 25 days around the time of onset of puberty. This was evidenced by studying the dose-related inhibition of veratridine-induced GnRH secretion by MK-801, a use dependent antagonist of NMDA receptors. An increase in sensitivity of GnRH secretion to the inhibitory effect of MK-801 was used as a marker of increased activation of NMDA receptors involved in stimulation of GnRH secretion. Here, we report on data obtained in intact and castrated rats at different ages. The aim was to determine whether the absence of gonads would affect the developmental changes in activation of NMDA receptors that we described recently. In pubertal (50-day-old) rats, orchidectomy resulted in an activation of NMDA receptors which was nonsignificant after 4 days but significant after 13 days. In prepubertal rats orchidectomized at 5 or 10 days and studied 10 days later, the NMDA receptors involved in GnRH secretion were also more activated than in intact animals. Using explants of intact and castrated animals, a similar increase in activation of NMDA receptors was observed between 15 and 25 days of age, a period preceding onset of puberty. Subsequently, between 25 and 50 days, a reduction in NMDA receptor activation was seen. This decrease was observed in intact rats showing normal sexual development and in castrated rats as well.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Impact of Active Versus Usual Algorithmic Titration of Basal Insulin and Point-of-Care Versus Laboratory Measurement of HbA1c on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2006)

In a predominantly primary care setting, addition of insulin glargine using a simple algorithm achieved significant improvements in glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in all four study arms. Active titration resulted in significant incremental improvements in glycemic control, and, among patients receiving active titration, POC A1C testing resulted in a greater portion achieving A1C <7.0%.