gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Slow excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated by N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors on cultured mouse central neurones. (1988)

1. Monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked between pairs of cultured neurones from either hippocampus or spinal cord were examined using the tight-seal whole-cell recording technique. 2. Using the selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), two components of the EPSP could be resolved in cultures from both brain regions. The APV-sensitive (slow) component had the same latency, but a much slower time-to-peak and longer duration than the APV-resistant (fast) component. Other NMDA antagonists such as ketamine also selectively blocked the slow component of the EPSP. 3. In Mg2+-free medium, the dual-component EPSP had a duration lasting up to 500 ms, greatly exceeding the membrane time constant of the postsynaptic neurone, suggesting that persistent activation of NMDA receptors was responsible for the long duration of the APV-sensitive component. 4. Under voltage clamp the excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) also showed fast and slow components, both of which had a reversal potential near 0 mV in physiological saline. The synaptic current could be fitted with a sum of two exponentials with a decay time constant for the slow EPSC near 80 ms. The slow current contributed approximately 50% of the total charge transfer during the EPSC. 5. In Mg2+-containing medium, the peak of the fast component was voltage insensitive, whereas the synaptic current measured at a latency of 10-50 ms was voltage dependent with a region of negative slope conductance at membrane potentials hyperpolarized to -30 mV. 6. Raising [Ca2+]o from 1 to 20 mM resulted in a shift of the reversal potential of the APV-sensitive component from near 0 mV to + 10 mV, but the reversal potential of the fast component remained near 0 mV. This suggests that conductances with different ionic permeability underlie the two components of the EPSC and that the slow component is highly permeable to Ca2+ as well as to monovalent cations. 7. Our results demonstrate that two functionally distinct excitatory amino acid receptor channels are simultaneously activated by transmitter release from a single presynaptic neurone. The conductance mechanism underlying the slow component of the EPSP displays the voltage dependence and Ca2+ permeability expected for NMDA-receptor channels. We suggest that the available conductance generating the slow EPSP may be sufficient, even at low firing rates, to influence excitability on both a short-term and more long-lasting basis.
Retargeting RSFQ cells to a submicron fabrication process (2001)

There is a desire to move current state-of-the-art niobium Josephson IC fabrication processes (/spl sim/3 /spl mu/m) to smaller sub-micron linewidths in order to realize a decrease in gate size and increase in both speed and packing density. However, cost and time dictates that a way be found to reuse the existing RSFQ gate/cell development that has been done at the 3-/spl mu/m level. Cell retargeting is the process of migrating existing designs to a new technology, with the effort focused on the maximum reuse of existing material. We have investigated a number of issues critical to this process, including both the physical and electrical aspects. Comments are made on methodologies for RSFQ cell retargeting with respect to existing reduced-linewidth JJ fabrication processes. Experimental demonstrations are shown for retargeted RSFQ static digital frequency dividers (toggle flip-flops) operating at 220 GHz, 240 GHz, and 395 GHz.
Effects of wavelength-dependent fluence attenuation on the noninvasive photoacoustic imaging of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in subcutaneous vasculature in vivo (2007)

Quantitative measurements of the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (sO_2) in a blood vessel in vivo presents a challenge in photoacoustic imaging. As a result of wavelength-dependent optical attenuation in the skin, the local fluence at a subcutaneous vessel varies with the optical wavelength in spectral measurement and hence needs to be compensated for so that the intrinsic absorption coefficient can be recovered. Here, by employing a simplified double-layer skin model, we demonstrate that although the absolute value of sO_2 in a vessel is seriously affected by the volume fraction of blood and the spatially averaged sO_2 in the dermis, the difference of sO_2 between neighboring vessels is minimally affected. Experimentally, we acquire compensational factors for the wavelength-dependent optical attenuation by measuring the PA spectrum of a subcutaneously inserted 25 µm thick black film using our PA microscope. We demonstrate in vivo that the difference in sO_2 between a typical artery and a typical vein is conserved before and after spectral compensation. This conservation holds regardless of the animal's systemic physiological state.
Cyclophilin A interacts with influenza A virus M1 protein and impairs the early stage of the viral replication (2009)

Influenza A virus matrix protein (M1) is the most abundant conservative protein that regulates the replication, assembly and budding of the viral particles upon infection. Several host cell factors have been determined to interact with M1 possibly in regulating influenza virus replication. By yeast two-hybrid screening, the isomerase cyclophilin A (CypA) was identified to interact with the M1 protein. CypA specifically interacted with M1 both in vitro and in vivo. The mutagenesis results showed CypA bound to the functional middle (M) domain of M1. The depletion of endogenous CypA by RNA interference resulted in the increase of influenza virus infectivity while overexpression of CypA caused decreasing the infectivity in affected cells. The immunofluorescence assays indicated that overexpressed CypA deduced the infectivity and inhibited the translocation of M1 protein into the nucleus while did not affect nucleoprotein entering the nucleus. Further studies indicated that overexpression of CypA significantly increased M1 self-association. Western blot with purified virions confirmed that CypA was encapsidated within the virus particle. These results together indicated that CypA interacted with the M1 protein and affected the early stage of the viral replication.
Proximal myotonic myopathy (1994)

We describe three families with a dominantly inherited disorder. Affected individuals have myotonia, proximal muscle weakness, and cataracts. There was no abnormal CTG repeat expansion of the myotonic dystrophy (DM) gene in DNA from blood and muscle. The structure of the three families permitted linkage analysis, and there is no linkage to the gene loci for DM or to the loci for the muscle chloride channel disorders or muscle sodium channel disorders. The collection of symptoms in these three families seems to represent a new disorder.
Weekly paclitaxel, carboplatin, and bexarotene for the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Efficacy results from a phase I/II study (2005)

7243 Background: The combination of weekly paclitaxel (Taxol) and every 4 week carboplatin (Paraplatin) as first-line therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been reported. The study noted a median survival time of 8.8 months and a 1-year survival of 39.5%. The current phase I/II study was designed to evaluate the tolerability and activity of the rexinoid, bexarotene (targretin) in combination with weekly paclitaxel and every 4 week carboplatin. Methods: Patients with confirmed stage IIIB or IV NSCLC and adequate organ function were enrolled. Prior chemotherapy was allowed for the phase I portion of this study. All patients were scheduled to receive paclitaxel 100 mg/m2 weekly for 3 doses every 4 weeks and carboplatin AUC = 6 monthly. Bexarotene oral capsules were administered daily starting on initial day of chemotherapy. Two dose levels of bexarotene were evaluated (300 mg/m2/day and 400 mg/m2/day). The recommended phase II dose of bexarotene was 400 mg/m2/day. Results: As of December 2004, 33 patients were enrolled, 13 patients receiving 300 mg/m2/day and 20 patients at 400 mg/m2/day of bexarotene. Patient characteristics include: age (median 59), gender (female 43%), stage (93% stage IV), Karnofsky performance status (37% with KPS 60–70%), prior chemotherapy (30%), prior radiation (33%), and prior surgery (33%). Hematologic toxicity was mild with grade 3 anemia in 3 pts and grade 3 neutropenia in 4 pts. Non-hematologic toxcities consisted primarily of hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism which were medically managed. No cases of pancreatitis were observed. With a median follow-up of 15.1 months, the median survival time for all patients is 6.9 months with 1-year survival of 43%. The median survival time for chemotherapy-naive patients (n = 24) is 8.3 months with a 1-year survival of 47%. Conclusions: The 1-yr survival for chemotherapy-naive patients treated with bexarotene in combination with weekly paclitaxel and every 4 week carboplatin is encouraging. Ongoing phase III trials will determine whether adding bexarotene to conventional chemotherapy improves survival as a first line treatment for NSCLC. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Bristol-Myers Squibb, Ligand Bristol-Myers Squibb, Ligand Bristol-Myers Squibb, Ligand
Sequence identity of then-1 product of a synthetic oligonucleotide (1995)

After synthesis and purification of an oligonucleotide, the final product usually contains a low level of n-1 congeneric species. We have sequenced the n-1 population of a 25mer phosphodiester oligonucleotide. The n-1 band was cut from the gel and eluted. Oligonucleotides were tailed with dA and annealed to a dT-tailed plasmid. The recombinant plasmid was ligated and used to transform competent bacteria. Our results show that the n-1 population was heterogeneous. The frequency of truncated nucleotides at the 3'-end was much higher than at the 5'-end of the oligomer. No truncated nucleotides were found in the last four nucleotides at the 5'-end. Our results also show that the chain of oligonucleotides can grow on unreacted sites of a controlled-pore glass support.
The use of becaplermin (rhPDGF-BB) gel for chronic nonhealing ulcers. A retrospective analysis. (2001)

Chronic, nonhealing wounds have plagued health care practitioners for decades. New research and technology have allowed the wound healing process to be understood at a cellular and molecular level, including the vital role of growth factors. This article discusses the effects of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) on the wound healing process, emphasizing the inflammatory stage of wound healing and principles of wound care. Preclinical and clinical studies evaluating recombinant human PDGF-BB (rhPDGF-BB) (becaplermin gel) also are discussed. Lastly, the results of a retrospective analysis evaluating the use of rhPDGF-BB at Broadlawns Medical Center (Des Moines, IA) are presented.
Stress-induced behaviors require the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor, but not CRH (1999)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a central regulator of the hormonal stress response, causing stimulation of corticotropin and glucocorticoid secretion. CRH is also widely believed to mediate stress-induced behaviors, implying a broader, integrative role for the hormone in the psychological stress response. Mice lacking the CRH gene exhibit normal stress-induced behavior that is specifically blocked by a CRH type 1 receptor antagonist. The other known mammalian ligand for CRH receptors is urocortin. Normal and CRH-deficient mice have an identical distribution of urocortin mRNA, which is confined to the region of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and is absent from regions known to mediate stress-related behaviors. Since the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is not known to project to any brain regions believed to play a role in anxiety-like behavior, an entirely different pathway must be postulated for urocortin in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus to mediate these behaviors in CRH-deficient mice. Alternatively, an unidentified CRH-like molecule other than CRH or urocortin, acting through the CRH receptors in brain regions believed to mediate stress-induced behaviors, may mediate the behavioral response to stress, either alone or in concert with CRH.
Low-complexity asymmetric multiview video coding (2008)

Multiview video coding (MVC) is currently under development by the Joint Video Team (JVT) as an extension to Advanced Video Coding (H264/AVC). Based on the suppression theory in binocular vision, the fidelity of one of the two views of a stereoscopic display can be reduced without noticeable degradation of subjective quality. Thus, in MVC, a subset of views can be coded with lower spatial resolution at negligible cost to subjective quality. Due to different resolutions, a downsampling process is required in an MVC decoder in order to enable motion compensation (MC) between views. In this paper, a low-complexity MC algorithm is proposed for MVC to enable inter-view prediction between pictures with different resolutions. It requires lower memory consumption and lower computational complexity compared with the conventional downsampled inter-view prediction, while providing comparable efficiency, as shown by the simulation results.
Adaptive Filter Theory (1986)

Background and Overview. 1. Stochastic Processes and Models. 2. Wiener Filters. 3. Linear Prediction. 4. Method of Steepest Descent. 5. Least-Mean-Square Adaptive Filters. 6. Normalized Least-Mean-Square Adaptive Filters. 7. Transform-Domain and Sub-Band Adaptive Filters. 8. Method of Least Squares. 9. Recursive Least-Square Adaptive Filters. 10. Kalman Filters as the Unifying Bases for RLS Filters. 11. Square-Root Adaptive Filters. 12. Order-Recursive Adaptive Filters. 13. Finite-Precision Effects. 14. Tracking of Time-Varying Systems. 15. Adaptive Filters Using Infinite-Duration Impulse Response Structures. 16. Blind Deconvolution. 17. Back-Propagation Learning. Epilogue. Appendix A. Complex Variables. Appendix B. Differentiation with Respect to a Vector. Appendix C. Method of Lagrange Multipliers. Appendix D. Estimation Theory. Appendix E. Eigenanalysis. Appendix F. Rotations and Reflections. Appendix G. Complex Wishart Distribution. Glossary. Abbreviations. Principal Symbols. Bibliography. Index.
Design and process considerations for a tunneling tip accelerometer (1996)

In this paper, we discuss the fabrication and initial testing of a bulk micromachined single axis accelerometer. The accelerometer is designed to have a full scale range of and a sensitivity of . Three distinctly different dice are fabricated during the process and are subsequently assembled using an alloy bonding technique. Electrical contacts are made between layers during the bonding operation. The accelerometer is controlled by electrostatic force plates above and below the proof mass. The lower electrode has a dual role. In operation, it provides a necessary control electrode. When not in operation, it is used to immobilize the proof mass.
Fluticasone furoate nasal spray in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (2008)

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent disease with great morbidity and significant societal and economic burden. Intranasal corticosteroids are recommended as first-line therapy for patients with moderate-to-severe disease, especially when nasal congestion is a major component of symptoms. To compare the efficacy and safety profile of different available intranasal corticosteroids for the treatment of AR, it is important to understand their different structures and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Knowledge of these drugs has increased tremendously over the last decade. Studies have elucidated mechanisms of action, pharmacologic properties, and the clinical impact of these drugs in allergic respiratory diseases. Although the existing intranasal corticosteroids are already highly efficient, the introduction of further improved formulations with a better efficacy/safety profile is always desired. Fluticasone furoate nasal spray is a new topical corticosteroid, with enhanced-affinity and a unique side-actuated delivery device. As it has high topical potency and low potential for systemic effects, it is a good candidate for rhinitis treatment.
Selective Formation of Stable Triplexes Including a TA or a CG Interrupting Site with New Bicyclic Nucleoside Analogues (WNA) (2003)

Triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) are potential DNA-targeting molecules and would become powerful tools for genomic research. As the stabilization of the TFO is partially provided by hydrogen bonds to purine bases, the most stable triplexes form with homopurine/homopyrimidine sequences, and a pyrimidine base in the purine strand of the duplex interrupts triplex formation. If a TFO can recognize sequences including such an interrupting site, the target regions in the genome would be expanded to a greater extent. However, this problem has not been generally solved despite extensive studies. We have previously reported a new base analogue (WNA) constructed of three parts, a benzene ring, a heterocyclic ring, and a bicyclic skeleton to hold these two parts. In this study, we have further investigated modification of WNA systematically and determined two useful WNA analogues, WNA-beta T and WNA-beta C, for selective stabilization of triplexes at a TA and a CG interrupting site, respectively. The triplexes with WNA analogues have exhibited an interesting property in that they are more stable than natural-type triplexes even at low Mg(2+) concentration. From comparison of the results with H-WNA-beta T lacking benzene and those with WNA-H without thymine, it has been suggested that benzene is a major contributor for triplex stability and thymine provides selectivity. Thus, it has been successfully demonstrated that WNA-beta T/TA and WNA-beta C/CG combinations may expand triplex recognition codes in addition to the natural A/AT and G/GC base triplet codes. The results of this study will provide useful information for the design of new WNA analogues to overcome inherent problems for further expansion of triplex recognition codes.
A hybrid learning system for recognizing user tasks from desktop activities and email messages (2006)

The TaskTracer system seeks to help multi-tasking users manage the resources that they create and access while carrying out their work activities. It does this by associating with each user-defined activity the set of files, folders, email messages, contacts, and web pages that the user accesses when performing that activity. The initial TaskTracer system relies on the user to notify the system each time the user changes activities. However, this is burdensome, and users often forget to tell TaskTracer what activity they are working on. This paper introduces TaskPredictor, a machine learning system that attempts to predict the user's current activity. TaskPredictor has two components: one for general desktop activity and another specifically for email. TaskPredictor achieves high prediction precision by combining three techniques: (a) feature selection via mutual information, (b) classification based on a confidence threshold, and (c) a hybrid design in which a Naive Bayes classifier estimates the classification confidence but where the actual classification decision is made by a support vector machine. This paper provides experimental results on data collected from TaskTracer users.
The pediatric preclinical testing program: Description of models and early testing results (2006)

We have established 51 solid tumor and 10 ALL in vivo models. The models identify vincristine and cyclophosphamide as having broad-spectrum activity. The PPTP tumor panels appear to generally recapitulate the activity of these agents against specific childhood cancers and to have the potential for identifying novel agents having significant clinical activity.
Circulating VEGF Levels in the Serum of Gastric Cancer Patients (2002)

Serum VEGF levels in gastric patients are significantly higher compared with normal controls and correlate with local tumor extent, disease stage, and the presence of distant metastases. Preoperative serum VEGF concentration decreases significantly after radical resection of the primary tumor and is an independent prognostic factor for patient survival suggesting that determination of serum VEGF levels may be clinically useful.
Three-dimensional virtual-reality surgical planning and soft-tissue prediction for orthognathic surgery (2001)

Complex maxillofacial malformations continue to present challenges in analysis and correction beyond modern technology. The purpose of this paper is to present a virtual-reality workbench for surgeons to perform virtual orthognathic surgical planning and soft-tissue prediction in three dimensions. A resulting surgical planning system, i.e., three-dimensional virtual-reality surgical-planning and soft-tissue prediction for orthognathic surgery, consists of four major stages: computed tomography (CT) data post-processing and reconstruction, three-dimensional (3-D) color facial soft-tissue model generation, virtual surgical planning and simulation, soft-tissue-change preoperative prediction. The surgical planning and simulation are based on a 3-D CT reconstructed bone model, whereas the soft-tissue prediction is based on color texture-mapped and individualized facial soft-tissue model. Our approach is able to provide a quantitative osteotomy-simulated bone model and prediction of postoperative appearance with photorealistic quality. The prediction appearance can be visualized from any arbitrary viewing point using a low-cost personal-computer-based system. This cost-effective solution can be easily adopted in any hospital for daily use.
Characterization of Recombinant Extracellular Domain of Human Interleukin-10 Receptor (1995)

The extracellular region of the human interleukin-10 (hIL-10) receptor was expressed using a myeloma cell line and was purified to homogeneity by ligand-affinity chromatography. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that the soluble receptor is glycosylated and has an apparent molecular mass of 35,000-45,000. Under native conditions, soluble hIL-10 receptor was determined by gel filtration to be a monomeric protein. Soluble hIL-10 receptor was able to inhibit the binding of 125I-hIL-10 to the full-length receptor and was able to antagonize the effect of human IL-10 in cell proliferation and cytokine synthesis inhibition. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of soluble hIL-10 receptor was determined to be 563 +/- 59 pM, approximately 2- to 10-fold higher than that found on intact cells (Tan, J. C., Indelicato, S. R., Narula, S. K., Zavodny, P. J., and Chou, C.-C. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 21053-21059; Liu, Y., Wei, S. H.-Y., Ho, A. S.-Y., de Waal Malefyt, R., and Moore, K. W. (1994) J. Immunol. 152, 1821-1829). When hIL-10 binds soluble hIL-10 receptor in solution, a single complex was detected by gel filtration, and the complex was found to consist of two hIL-10 dimers and four soluble receptor monomers, suggesting that hIL-10 may induce a novel mode of oligomerization of the receptor upon binding.