gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Culture, Gender and (2007)

The reproduction of our society's sex‐gender system has been a continuing puzzle for sociologists of gender. The history of western writings on gender has long included ruminations on the role of culture in constituting gender difference and privilege (Wollstonecraft 1978; Mill 2003; and especially de Beauvoir 1993). Yet during the last 40 years of the sociology of gender, material characteristics – in particular, women's position as paid and unpaid laborers – have received more attention than cultural factors (Hartmann 1980; Blum 1991). These findings have revealed large differences in the paid and unpaid work lives of men and women in our society, and they have led to a number of political reform movements and initiatives – Title IX, the comparable worth movement, lawsuits demanding equal pay for equal work – that have resulted in somewhat more equality in the workplace.
An Animal Model of Varicella Virus Infection (2001)

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox in children; establishes latency in cranial nerve, dorsal root, and autonomic ganglia; and reactivates decades later to produce zoster. VZV produces disease only in humans. Although attempts to produce disease and study VZV latency in experimentally infected animals have resulted in virus in trigeminal or dorsal root ganglia, no clinical signs of infection or reactivation developed. In contrast, simian varicella virus (SVV) produces a naturally occurring exanthematous disease in non-human primates that mimics human varicella. Experimental inoculation of non-human primates causes similar, if not identical, clinical and pathological changes observed in monkeys naturally infected with SVV. Like VZV, SVV becomes latent in ganglia and reactivates, often with entire body rash. SVV and VZV encode antigenically related polypeptides. Both virus genomes have been sequenced and shown to be colinear, sharing up to 75% DNA homology. During latency, an SVV homolog of one of the five VZV genes transcribed in latently infected human ganglia has been detected in monkey ganglia. Preliminary studies in which monkeys were inoculated intratracheally with SVV revealed the presence of viral DNA and RNA in multiple tissues, including blood mononuclear cells, months after experimental infection. These findings differed from the expected restricted localization of the virus DNA to ganglia only and the expected limited viral gene expression, and probably reflect the high virus load delivered intratracheally compared to natural SVV infection in monkeys. Nevertheless, clinical, pathological, and molecular similarities between SVV and VZV indicate that SVV infection in non-human primates has considerable potential as an animal model for human varicella.
Human activation-induced cytidine deaminase causes transcription-dependent, strand-biased C to U deaminations (2003)

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is required for the maturation of antibodies in higher vertebrates, where it promotes somatic hypermutation (SHM), class switch recombination and gene conversion. While it is known that SHM requires high levels of transcription of the target genes, it is unclear whether this is because AID targets transcribed genes. We show here that the human AID promotes C to T mutations in Escherichia coli which are stimulated by transcription. The mutations are strand-biased and occur preferentially in the non-transcribed strand of the target gene. Human AID purified from E.coli is active without prior treatment with a ribonuclease and deaminates cytosines in plasmid DNA in vitro. Further, the action of this enzyme is greatly stimulated by the transcription of the target gene in a strand-dependent fashion. These results confirm the prediction that AID may act directly on DNA and show that it can act on transcribing DNA in the absence of specialized DNA structures such as R-loops. It suggests that AID may be recruited to variable genes through transcription without the assistance of other proteins and that the strand bias in SHM may be caused by the preference of AID for the non-transcribed strand.
CTLA4 mediates antigen-specific apoptosis of human T cells. (1995)

The regulation of T cell-mediated immune responses requires a balance between amplification and generation of effector function and subsequent selective termination by clonal deletion. Although apoptosis of previously activated T cells can be induced by signaling of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, these molecules do not appear to regulate T-cell clonal deletion in an antigen-specific fashion. We demonstrate that cross-linking of the inducible T-cell surface molecule CTLA4 can mediate apoptosis of previously activated human T lymphocytes. This function appears to be antigen-restricted, since a concomitant signal T-cell receptor signal is required. Regulation of this pathway may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to delete antigen-specific activated T cells.
A Dynamical System for PageRank with Time-Dependent Teleportation (2012)

We propose a dynamical system that captures changes to the network centrality of nodes as external interest in those nodes vary. We derive this system by adding time-dependent teleportation to the PageRank score. The result is not a single set of importance scores, but rather a time-dependent set. These can be converted into ranked lists in a variety of ways, for instance, by taking the largest change in the importance score. For an interesting class of the dynamic teleportation functions, we derive closed form solutions for the dynamic PageRank vector. The magnitude of the deviation from a static PageRank vector is given by a PageRank problem with complex-valued teleportation parameters. Moreover, these dynamical systems are easy to evaluate. We demonstrate the utility of dynamic teleportation on both the article graph of Wikipedia, where the external interest information is given by the number of hourly visitors to each page, and the Twitter social network, where external interest is the number of tweets per month. For these problems, we show that using information from the dynamical system helps improve a prediction task and identify trends in the data.
Comparative Characterization of Hair Follicle Dermal Stem Cells and Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2006)

We compared the growth and differentiation characteristics of hair follicle-derived dermal stem cells with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Follicular dermal cells were isolated from whisker hairs of Wistar rats and bone marrow MSCs were isolated from femora of the same animals. The adherent hair follicle dermal cells showed a fibroblastic morphology in serum-containing culture medium, were CD44(+), CD73(+), CD90(+), and CD34(), and had a population doubling time of 27 h. MSCs isolated from the bone marrow showed a similar morphology and population doubling time and expressed the same cell-surface markers. Following exposure to appropriate induction stimuli, both cell populations had the capacity to differentiate into various mesenchymal lineages, such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and myocytes and expressed neuroprogenitor cell markers. The rate and extent of differentiation were remarkably similar for both hair follicleand bone marrow-derived cells, whereas interfollicular dermal cells failed to differentiate. We identified telomerase activity in follicle dermal stem cells and marrow MSCs and demonstrated that they were capable of clonal expansion. In ex vivo analyses, we identified the presence of putative dermal stem cells in the dermal sheath and dermal papillae of the hair follicle. Consequently, the hair follicle may represent a suitable, accessible source for MSCs.
Efficient Gene Disruption in Diverse Strains of Toxoplasma gondii Using CRISPR/CAS9 (2014)

Genetic approaches have proven very powerful for studying the biology of organisms, including microbes. However, ease of genetic manipulation varies widely among isolates, with common lab isolates often being the most amenable to such approaches. Unfortunately, such common lab isolates have also been passaged frequently in vitro and have thus lost many of the attributes of wild isolates, often affecting important traits, like virulence. On the other hand, wild isolates are often not amenable to standard genetic approaches, thus limiting inquiry about the genetic basis of biological diversity. Here we imported a new genetic system based on CRISPR/CAS9, which allows high efficiency of targeted gene disruption in natural isolates of T. gondii. This advance promises to bring the power of genetics to bear on the broad diversity of T. gondii strains that have been described recently.
EGR1 Target Genes in Prostate Carcinoma Cells Identified by Microarray Analysis (2000)

The EGR1 transactivator is overexpressed in prostate cancer, and its expression pattern suggests that EGR1 could potentially regulate a number of steps involved in initiation and progression of prostate cancer, such as mitogenesis, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and metastasis. To identify potential EGR1 target genes in an unbiased manner, we have utilized adenovirus-mediated expression of EGR1 in a prostate cancer cell line to identify specific genes that are induced by EGR1. Using oligonucleotide arrays, a number of EGR1-regulated genes were identified and their regulation was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. One of the largest gene classes identified in this screen includes several neuroendocrine-associated genes (neuron-specific enolase, neurogranin), suggesting that EGR1 overexpression may contribute to the neuroendocrine differentiation that often accompanies prostate cancer progression. This screen also identified several growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-II, platelet-derived growth factor-A, and transforming growth factor-beta1, which have previously been implicated in enhancing tumor progression. The insulin-like growth factor-II gene lies within the 11p15.5 chromosomal locus, which contains a number of other imprinted genes, and EGR1 expression was found to induce at least two other genes in this locus (IPL, p57(KIP2)). Based on our results, coupling adenoviral overexpression with microarray and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses could be a versatile strategy for identifying target genes of transactivators.
Synthesis of rod-coil block copolymers via end-functionalized poly(p-phenylene)s (1998)

This paper describes a new way to synthesize rod-coil block copolymers consisting of poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) as rigid rod and either polystyrene (PS) or poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as flexible coil. The Suzuki-coupling of the AB-type monomer 4-bromo-2,5-diheptylbenzeneboronic acid (1) under strictly proton-free conditions leads to the control of PPP endgroups and hence allows the synthesis of a variety of differently end-functionalized poly(p-phenylene)s. The poly(2,5-diheptyl-p-phenylene)-block-polystyrene (7) is then prepared via condensation via condensation of anionically polymerized living polystyrene (6) with α-(4-formylphenyl)-ω-phenyl-poly(2,5diheptyl-p-phenylene) (4). Toluenesulfonic acid catalyzed condensation of α-methyl-ω-amino-poly(oxyethylene) (8) with PPP 4 yields poly(2,5-diheptyl-p-phenylene)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (9).
Vaccination in the Neonatal Period and Early Infancy (2000)

Immune maturation is responsible for a progressive increase in antibody responses that can be elicited during the first year of life, such that neonatal immunization may currently not be expected to induce strong antibody responses. In contrast, B and T cell priming can be induced very early in life, without interference of maternal immunity. Strong IL-5 and IL-13 responses in young mice, and limited IL-12 and IFN-γ release capacity by early life APC and T cells both in young mice and infants, could contribute to the severity of infections with intracellular pathogens in early life. It calls for evaluation of novel delivery systems, adjuvants and/or prime-boost immunization strategies capable to meet the challenge of both strong neonatal immuno-genicity and acceptable reactogenicity. The extent to which early life murine immunization models may be useful for precünical evaluation of infant responses is outlined in this review.
R-ELISA: repeated use of antigen-coated plates for ELISA and its application for testing of antibodies to HIV and other pathogens. (1992)

In this paper we report on the evaluation of several procedures that allow for the repeated use of an antigen-coated, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate for enzyme immunoassay (EIA). We have shown that antigen-coated ELISA plates that were incubated once with an aqueous solution containing 8 M urea, 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2% mercaptoethanol, after an EIA, can be reused again for EIA without loss of antigenic capacity. Thus, in this procedure, after an EIA, the ELISA plates were washed once with the above solution and then in a buffer containing 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 0.1% Tween 20 and 500 mM NaCl. This washing protocol was shown to remove the primary antibody, enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody and substrate without removing the antigen from the ELISA plate microwells. Thus, an antigen-coated ELISA plate previously used for an assay could be reused. We tested this repeat ELISA (R-ELISA) procedure on high antigen-binding ELISA plates coated with two different plant virus proteins, a synthetic peptide, the p25/24 gag and the gp120 proteins of the human immuno-deficiency virus, or the staphylococcus enterotoxin protein. In each case tested, the procedure allowed for the repeated use of the same antigen-coated plates for EIA of the respective antibodies. This procedure should prove to be particularly valuable for mass screening of samples tested for HIV and other disease-causing agents.
Regional and Hemispheric Asymmetries of Cerebral Hemodynamic and Oxygen Metabolism in Newborns (2012)

Understanding the evolution of regional and hemispheric asymmetries in the early stages of life is essential to the advancement of developmental neuroscience. By using 2 noninvasive optical methods, frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy, we measured cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation (SO(2)), blood volume (CBV), an index of cerebral blood flow (CBF(i)), and the metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2i)) in the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions of 70 premature and term newborns. In concordance with results obtained using more invasive imaging modalities, we verified both hemodynamic (CBV, CBF(i), and SO(2)) and metabolic (CMRO(2i)) parameters were greater in the temporal and parietal regions than in the frontal region and that these differences increased with age. In addition, we found that most parameters were significantly greater in the right hemisphere than in the left. Finally, in comparing age-matched males and females, we found that males had higher CBF(i) in most cortical regions, higher CMRO(2i) in the frontal region, and more prominent right-left CBF(i) asymmetry. These results reveal, for the first time, that we can detect regional and hemispheric asymmetries in newborns using noninvasive optical techniques. Such a bedside screening tool may facilitate early detection of abnormalities and delays in maturation of specific cortical areas.
Insulin Has Multiple Antiamyloidogenic Effects on Human Neuronal Cells (2012)

Alzheimer's disease is increased in diabetic patients. A defective insulin activity on the brain has been hypothesized to contribute to the neuronal cell dysregulation leading to AD, but the mechanism is not clear. We analyzed the effect of insulin on several molecular steps of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and β-amyloid (Aβ) intracellular accumulation in a panel of human neuronal cells and in human embryonic kidney 293 cells overexpressing APP-695. The data indicate that insulin, via its own receptor and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathway, influences APP phosphorylation at different sites. This rapid-onset, dose-dependent effect lasts many hours and mainly concerns dephosphorylation at the APP-T668 site. This effect of insulin was confirmed also in a human cortical neuronal cell line and in rat primary neurons. Cell fractionation and immunofluorescence studies indicated that insulin-induced APP-T668 dephosphorylation prevents the translocation of the APP intracellular domain fragment into the nucleus. As a consequence, insulin increases the transcription of antiamyloidogenic proteins such as the insulin-degrading enzyme, involved in Aβ degradation, and α-secretase. In contrast, the transcripts of pro-amyloidogenic proteins such as APP, β-secretase, and glycogen synthase kinase (Gsk)-3β are decreased. Moreover, cell exposure to insulin favors the nonamyloidogenic, α-secretase-dependent APP-processing pathway and reduces Aβ40 and Aβ42 intracellular accumulation, promoting their release in the extracellular compartment. The latter effects of insulin are independent of both Gsk-3β phosphorylation and APP-T668 dephosphorylation, as indicated by experiments with Gsk-3β inhibitors and with cells transfected with the nonphosphorylatable mutated APP-T668A analog. In human neuronal cells, therefore, insulin may prevent Aβ formation and accumulation by multiple mechanisms, both Gsk-3β dependent and independent.
Improvements in Active Appearance Model based synthetic age progression for adult aging (2009)

Normal adult aging in the face can drastically affect performance of face recognition systems. Synthetically generating age-progressed or age-regressed images for aiding recognizers is one method of improving the robustness of face-based biometrics. These synthetic age progressions may also aid human law enforcement and other applications. There has been wide interest in these techniques in recent years, and the use of active appearance models (AAMs) for synthetic age progression has been shown to be a promising approach but has not yet been demonstrated on a large human population with wide variation. This paper presents improvements in AAM-based age progression that generate significantly improved visual results, taking into account a much wider gender, age, and ethnic range than published to date for age progression techniques.
Phase II and III clinical trials of toremifene for metastatic breast cancer. (1998)

Toremifene (Fareston) received FDA approval in 1997 for the first-line treatment of postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive or -unknown metastatic breast cancer. Phase II and III trials have demonstrated that first-line therapy with toremifene, 60 mg/d, is as effective and as well tolerated as tamoxifen (Nolvadex), 20 or 40 mg/d, in such patients. To date, phase III trials have failed to show a statistically significant advantage of higher toremifene doses over standard doses of tamoxifen in these women. Studies appeared to indicate minimal efficacy of high toremifene doses in women with ER-negative tumors, but the number of patients studied was small. Although results of some trials of high-dose (240 mg/d) toremifene in tamoxifen-"refractory" patients were negative, other trials that included prolonged (> or = 6 months) stable disease as an indication of clinical benefit yielded positive results.
Word sense disambiguation in information retrieval revisited (2003)

Word sense ambiguity is recognized as having a detrimental effect on the precision of information retrieval systems in general and web search systems in particular, due to the sparse nature of the queries involved. Despite continued research into the application of automated word sense disambiguation, the question remains as to whether less than 90% accurate automated word sense disambiguation can lead to improvements in retrieval effectiveness. In this study we explore the development and subsequent evaluation of a statistical word sense disambiguation system which demonstrates increased precision from a sense based vector space retrieval model over traditional TF*IDF techniques.
Analysis of Breathing Air Flow Patterns in Thermal Imaging (2006)

We introduce a novel methodology to characterize breathing patterns based on thermal infrared imaging. We have retrofitted a Mid-Wave Infra-Red (MWIR) imaging system with a narrow band-pass filter in the CO(2) absorption band (4130 - 4427 nm). We use this system to record the radiation information from within the breathing flow region. Based on this information we compute the mean dynamic thermal signal of breath. The breath signal is quasi-periodic due to the interleaving of high and low intensities corresponding to expirations and inspirations respectively. We sample the signal at a constant rate and then filter the high frequency noise due to tracking instability. We detect the breathing cycles through zero cross thresholding, which is insensitive to noise around the zero line. We normalize the breathing cycles and align them at the transition point from inhalation to exhalation. Then, we compute the mean breathing cycle. We use the first eight (8) harmonic components of the mean cycle to characterize the breathing pattern. The harmonic analysis highlights the intra-individual similarity of breathing patterns. Our method opens the way for desktop, unobtrusive monitoring of human respiration and may find widespread applications in clinical studies of chronic ailments. It also brings up the intriguing possibility of using breathing patterns as a novel biometric.
Parallel entropy decoding for high-resolution video coding (2008)

In this paper, we consider the problem of video decoding for very high resolution image content. Our focus is on future applications, and our emphasis is on the specific problem of entropy decoding. Here, we introduce the concept of an "entropy slice" that partitions a bit-stream into units that can be individually entropy decoded without effecting the reconstruction process. This allows us to parallelize the entropy decoding process of an H.264/AVC decoder with little impact on coding performance. We compare the entropy slice technique to the standard H.264/AVC slice method to parallelization and observe that the proposed method improves coding efficiency. Specifically, compared to the standard slice method, results show an average bit-rate savings of 5.5%. As an additional contribution of this "entropy slice" concept, we also propose the use of a transcoder to convert an H.264/AVC compliant bit-stream to the parallelized entropy slice format. The transcoding operation has the desirable property of allowing highly parallel decoding of current, standards compliant material without affecting the reconstructed image data.
On the Mechanism of Floating and Sliding of Liquid Marbles (2009)

The mechanisms of floating and sliding of liquid marbles are studied. Liquid marbles containing CaCl(2) and marbles containing NaOH water solutions float on water containing Na(2)CO(3) and an alcoholic solution of phenolphthalein with no chemical reaction. Sliding of liquid marbles, consisting of NaOH water solutions, on polymer substrates coated with phenolphthalein is studied as well. No chemical reaction is observed. These observations supply direct experimental evidence for the suggestion that interfaces are separated by an air layer when marbles roll on solid substrates. It is concluded that a liquid marble rests on hydrophobic particles coating the liquid. In contrast, drops containing an NaOH water solution sliding on superhydrophobic surfaces coated with phenolphthalein leave a colored trace. The mechanism of low-friction sliding of drops deposited on superhydrophobic surfaces and liquid marbles turns out to be quite different: there is no direct contact between liquid and solid in the case of marbles' motion.
Advantageous applications of azabenzotriazole (triazolopyridine)-based coupling reagents to solid-phase peptide synthesis (1994)

1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt) and its corresponding uronium and phosphonium salts are shown to be superior to their benzotriazole analogs in solid-phase peptide synthesis, thereby making possible the automated synthesis of peptides containing hindered amino acids.