gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Retinoid Signaling is a Context-Dependent Regulator of Embryonic Stem Cells (2011)

Although the beneficial effect of certain foods, such as liver, egg or carrot is known from ancient remedies, one of the common active substances, called Vitamin A, was not identified until 1913, when it has been independently discovered by Elmer McCollum at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Burr Osborne at Yale University. Since then numerous studies have come to light documenting the effect of vitamin A on the health of the individual from birth to adult age. Hale has demonstrated among the first that deprivation of vitamin A during pregnancy induces congenital ocular malformation (Hale, 1933). Wilson and Warkany later described several other congenital malformations that occurred in fetuses from vitamin A-deficient (VAD) rats affecting the genito-urinary tract, heart and great vessels, ocular and respiratory system (Wilson and Warkany 1947; Wilson and Warkany 1950; Warkany 1954). In 1968 Saunders and Gasseling have shown that grafting a posterior margin zone (called zone of polarizing activity, ZPA) of a chick embryo limb bud to the anterior side is able to induce an extra set of limb structures (Saunders 1968). It suggested that the ZPA region contains a diffusible morphogen. Surprisingly, retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A, has been found to have the same effect on the anterior side of the bud (Tickle, Alberts et al. 1982). There was a doubt that retinoic acid is responsible in vivo for the phenomenon, but in 1987 Thaller and Eichele demonstrated the graded distribution of endogenous retinoic acid from posterior to anterior in the limb bud (Thaller and Eichele 1987). This was the time when retinoic acid became known as the first morphogen. Part of the truth that later RA was found to act indirectly, via induction of sonic hedgehog (Shh), and actually Shh is the true morphogen signal peptide produced by the ZPA (Riddle, Johnson et al. 1993). Our understanding on how vitamin A and its derivatives (called retinoids) are able to have such morpho-regulatory effect on the body has dramatically increased in parallel with the evolution of molecular biology methodologies. Development of cloning strategy, establishment of cDNA library made possible the identification of a receptor for the active derivative of vitamin A by the Evans and Chambon laboratories (Giguere, Ong et al. 1987; Petkovich, Brand et al. 1987). This opened the way to clarify the role of retinoids in embryonic development. Several aspects of the retinoid signaling have been described in the last two deacades using genetically modified mice. Excellent reviews are available summarizing these in vivo results (Duester 2008; Dolle 2009; Mark, Ghyselinck et al. 2009).
Dominant Negative Stat3 Mutant Inhibits Interleukin-6-induced Jak-STAT Signal Transduction (1996)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the latent transcription factor Stat3 in HepG2 cells. Mutation of Stat3 tyrosine 705 to phenylalanine (Y705F) inhibits IL-6-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of this Stat3 mutant in transfected HepG2 cells. In cotransfections of HepG2 cells, the Stat3 mutant Y705F causes a reduction of the tyrosine phosphorylation of wild type Stat3-FLAG. Moreover, Y705F inhibits the action of endogenous Stat3 in cotransfected cells, reducing IL-6 induction of a Stat3-responsive reporter construct. Y705F therefore acts as a dominant negative mutation of Stat3.
Levetiracetam for managing neurologic and psychiatric disorders (2009)

Levetiracetam is an effective AED with potential benefits in other neurologic and psychiatric disorders. The benefit-risk ratio in an individual patient with a specific condition should be used to determine its optimal use. Levetiracetam's use in nonepileptic conditions is not recommended until more data become available from larger trials.
Hydrolysis and iron(2+)-induced reduction of N-aryl-O-pivaloylhydroxylamines: aqueous solution chemistry of model carcinogens (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrolysis and iron(2+)-induced reduction of N-aryl-O-pivaloylhydroxylamines: aqueous solution chemistry of model carcinogensMichael Novak and Robert K. LagermanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 20, 4762–4769Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00255a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00255a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views526Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Working Memory Related Neuronal Activity and Theta Oscillations in Extrastriate V4 (2004)

Working memory is used to store information for brief periods. The mechanism of working memory is studied in both humans and monkeys. While in monkeys working memory is thought to depend on elevated ring activity in prefrontal cortex during the memory period of a cognitive task, EEG studies in humans have linked oscillations to working memory not only in the frontal but also in the occipital cortex. It is not known, whether these two ndings -the delay activity and the oscillatory phenomena- interact with each other and how they may support working memory. We addressed this issue by recording simultaneously single unit activity (SUA) and local eld potentials (LFP) from an occipital brain region -area V4- in monkeys. The monkeys had to perform a delayed-matching-to-sample task. The task started with a 1000 ms xation period, followed by a 300 ms presentation of a sample object. After a delay of 1000 ms a probe object was presented and the monkeys had to decide whether the probe matched the sample by releasing a lever. The objects were natural images of the size 10 f x10 f . The sample stimuli had contrast levels between 5 and 100, while the probe objects were always at 100 contrast. The monkeys' performance was almost at ceiling for contrast levels higher than 25 and at chance for low contrast levels. We compared the delay period to the xation period by assessing power in the theta band of the LFP during the last 800 ms of the delay and the xation respectively. Compared to the xation period we observed increased theta oscillations for high contrast stimuli at many recording sites during the delay. Almost all sites showed reduced theta oscillations at 5 contrast level, when the monkeys were performing at chance. Unlike in prefrontal cortex there was no elevated neuronal activity during the delay period. SUA during the delay was similar to values during the xation. But examining at the relationship between theta phase and SUA, we found that many neurons red preferentially at a particular phase of the theta cycle. These ndings suggest that theta oscillations increase during the delay period in visual cortex, and that these oscillations serve to structure neuronal activity.
Conjugate-Gradient Method for Soliving Inverse Scattering with Experimental Data (1996)

International audience
Cyclobenzaprine: a possible mechanism of action for its muscle relaxant effect (1981)

Intravenously administered cyclobenzaprine (CBZ) (Flexeril), a clinically used, centrally acting muscle relaxant, abolished muscle rigidity in the intercollicular decerebrate rat. In animals in which the locus coeruleus was lesioned bilaterally previously, CBZ failed to attenuate the electromyogram. In the ventral horn of the cord, which receives a dense noradrenergic innervation from the locus coeruleus, CBZ caused an increase in the metabolism of noradrenaline. In the zona intermedia of the thoracic cord, which is not innervated by the locus coeruleus, CBZ caused only minimal effects on noradrenaline metabolism. Cells in the locus coeruleus were activated by CBZ. The results indicate that in the intercollicular decerebrate rat, an intact, coerulospinal, noradrenergic projection is essential for the muscle relaxant effect of CBZ. Muscle relaxation apparently results from an activation of locus coeruleus neurones, leading to an increased release of noradrenaline in the ventral horn of the cord and the subsequent inhibitory action of noradrenaline on alpha motoneurones.
Sub-Optimal Treatment of Bacterial Biofilms (2016)

Bacterial biofilm is an emerging clinical problem recognized in the treatment of infectious diseases within the last two decades. The appearance of microbial biofilm in clinical settings is steadily increasing due to several reasons including the increased use of quality of life-improving artificial devices. In contrast to infections caused by planktonic bacteria that respond relatively well to standard antibiotic therapy, biofilm-forming bacteria tend to cause chronic infections whereby infections persist despite seemingly adequate antibiotic therapy. This review briefly describes the responses of biofilm matrix components and biofilm-associated bacteria towards sub-lethal concentrations of antimicrobial agents, which may include the generation of genetic and phenotypic variabilities. Clinical implications of bacterial biofilms in relation to antibiotic treatments are also discussed.
Interferon‐Induced Mx Proteins: Dynamin‐Like GTPases with Antiviral Activity (2002)

Mx proteins are interferon-induced GTPases that belong to the dynamin superfamily of large GTPases. Similarities include a high molecular weight, a propensity to self-assemble, a relatively low affinity for GTP, and a high intrinsic rate of GTP hydrolysis. A unique property of Mx GTPases is their antiviral activity against a wide range of RNA viruses, including bunya- and orthomyxoviruses. The human MxA GTPase accumulates in the cytoplasm of interferon-treated cells, partly associating with the endoplasmic reticulum. In the case of bunyaviruses, MxA interferes with transport of the viral nucleocapsid protein (N) to the Golgi compartment, the site of virus assembly. In the case of Thogoto virus (an orthomyxovirus), MxA prevents the incoming viral nucleocapsids from being transported into the nucleus, the site of viral transcription and replication. In both cases, the GTP-binding and carboxy-terminal effector functions of MxA are required for target recognition. In general, Mx GTPases appear to detect viral infection by sensing nucleocapsid-like structures. As a consequence, these viral components are trapped and sorted to locations where they become unavailable for the generation of new virus particles.
Static two-dimensional aperture coding for multimodal, multiplex spectroscopy (2006)

We propose a new class of aperture-coded spectrometer that is optimized for the spectral characterization of diffuse sources. The instrument achieves high throughput and high spectral resolution by replacing the slit of conventional dispersive spectrometers with a more complicated spatial filter. We develop a general mathematical framework for deriving the required aperture codes and discuss several appealing code families. Experimental results validate the performance of the instrument.
Verifiable partial key escrow (1997)

One of the main objections to existing proposals for key escrow is that the individual's privacy relies on too high a level of trust in the law enforcement agencies. In particular, even if the government is trustworthy today, it may be replaced by an un-trustworthy government tomorrow which could immediately and suddenly recover the secret keys of all users.
Spectral dependence of flavonol and betacyanin accumulation in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum under enhanced ultraviolet radiation (2002)

Abstract Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. (Aizoaceae) is a drought‐ and salt‐tolerant halophyte that is able to endure harsh environmental conditions. Upon irradiation with high light irradiance (1200–1500 µ mol m −2 s −1 ) it displays a rapid cell‐specific accumulation of plant secondary metabolites in the upper leaf epidermis; a phenomenon that is not detectable with salt or drought treatment. The accumulation of these compounds, the betacyanins and acylated flavonol glycosides, increases if the plants are exposed to polychromatic radiation with a progressively decreasing short‐wave cut‐off in the ultraviolet range. The response is localized in the epidermal bladder cells on the tips of young leaves and epidermal layers of fully expanded leaves. It is demonstrated that the accumulation of flavonols and betacyanins can be described by a weakly sigmoid dose function in combination with an exponential decrease of the response function of the plant with increasing wavelength.
Three dimensionalde novomicro bone marrow and its versatile application in drug screening and regenerative medicine (2015)

The finding that bone marrow hosts several types of multipotent stem cell has prompted extensive research aimed at regenerating organs and building models to elucidate the mechanisms of diseases. Conventional research depends on the use of two-dimensional (2D) bone marrow systems, which imposes several obstacles. The development of 3D bone marrow systems with appropriate molecules and materials however, is now showing promising results. In this review, we discuss the advantages of 3D bone marrow systems over 2D systems and then point out various factors that can enhance the 3D systems. The intensive research on 3D bone marrow systems has revealed multiple important clinical applications including disease modeling, drug screening, regenerative medicine, etc. We also discuss some possible future directions in the 3D bone marrow research field.
Pulsatile Drug Release by Electric Stimulus (1994)

Electric currents have been applied to polymeric monolithic devices to produce pulsatile drug release. The polymeric matrices used were either electrically charged networks, or polymer-polymer complexes based on hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions. Positively charged drug was released in an on-off manner from a negatively charged network. The ionically bound drug was freed from the polymer chains by ion-exchange with H+ ions. The polymer-polymer interactions in the formed complexes were perturbed by ionization or deionization of one part of the polymer pairs by either increasing or decreasing pH around electrodes. This resulted in polymer surface erosion and pulsatile release of the drugs entrapped in the matrices.
Poliovirus proteinase 2A induces cleavage of eucaryotic initiation factor 4F polypeptide p220 (1987)

Poliovirus infection of HeLa cells induces rapid shutoff of host protein synthesis, whereas translation of poliovirus RNA is not inhibited. It is presumed that shutoff is the result of proteolytic cleavage of component p220 of eucaryotic initiation factor 4F. To study whether poliovirus proteinase 2A is involved in this cleavage, we translated synthetic RNAs that contained the coding region for poliovirus-specific polypeptides P1 and 2A in vitro and assayed for cleavage of p220. We report here that cleavage of p220 occurred in all cases when active proteinase 2A was translated and that disruption of the coding sequence of 2A by linker insertion or deletion prevented processing of p220 in vitro. Activity of 2A was determined by its ability to cleave at the P1-P2 site of a segment of the poliovirus polyprotein. We also constructed a plasmid in which the 3'-most 500 nucleotides of the nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus were linked to the coding sequence for poliovirus polypeptide 2A. Translation of the RNA transcript of this clone was very efficient and yielded a fusion protein that included 2A; this polypeptide also induced cleavage of p220. In vitro translation in the presence of antibodies against 2A specifically inhibited processing of p220, whereas incubation of in vitro translation products with antibodies against 2A after translation was completed did not prevent proteolysis of p220.
Wavelets and Applications (1992)

These two books, which arrived in the same mail, superficially seem not to be very similar to each other.Upon closer examination, however, one finds that they are both highly analytical, while at the same time both strongly emphasize applications.In fact, they tend to complement one another in an interesting way. Modern Methods in AnalyticalAcoustics was written in Great Britain and authored by Fellows and members of the Acoustical Society of America and others.John Ffowcs-Williams explains the genesis of the book in the Preface: "This book has grown out of lecture notes for a course ... [ presenting] the analytical techniques of selected topics relevant to modern sonar ... the course evolved... to cover notes and unsteady flow... the notes on which the lectures were based we
A2780 human ovarian cancer cells with acquired paclitaxel resistance display cancer stem cell properties (2013)

The use of chemotherapy to treat cancer is effective, but chemoresistance reduces this efficacy. Chemotherapy resistance involves several mechanisms, including the cancer stem cell (CSC) concept. The aim of the present study was to assess whether paclitaxel-resistant epithelial ovarian carcinoma is capable of generating cells with CSC-like properties. Using the paclitaxel-resistant A2780/PTX cell line, it was demonstrated that high aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity identifies CSCs from diverse sources. Furthermore, the A2780/PTX cells had a strong ability to form colonies in soft agar assays. Notably, it was demonstrated that the inhibition of the PI3K signaling pathway abolished colony formation. These data suggest that there is a link between paclitaxel resistance and CSC enrichment. It is possible that therapeutic benefits, such as the restoration of chemosensitivity or the suppression of tumorigenicity, may be enabled by gaining further insights into the mechanisms underlying chemoresistance and the generation of CSCs.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA1 (1985)

Journal Article EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Get access WILLIAM W. EATON WILLIAM W. EATON Reprint requests to Dr. William Eaton Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 7, Issue 1, 1985, Pages 105–126, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036278 Published: 01 March 1985
Ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, partially attenuates the effects of amphetamine (1992)

Preclinical studies suggest that 5-HT3 antagonists modulate dopamine-mediated responses in the limbic system and may therefore have a therapeutic role in psychiatry. We have examined the effect of ondansetron, a specific 5-HT3 antagonist, on the psychological and psychomotor changes induced by amphetamine in human volunteers. Nine healthy males took part in this double-blind placebo-controlled balanced-crossover study. Each subject received one of three treatments in a randomised manner: (a) placebo/placebo; (b) placebo/amphetamine (15 mg); (c) ondansetron (4 mg)/amphetamine (15 mg). Subjects were assessed for self-ratings of hunger, mood, energy, alertness, restlessness, irritability, and asked to rate the abnormality of their overall subjective state. In addition, systolic blood pressure, and performance on psychomotor tests were repeatedly assessed. Although amphetamine did not cause any significant changes in self-rating of mood, energy, alterness, restlessness or irritability, it induced a significant increase in self-ratings for overall subjective state, and a significant decrease in self-ratings of hunger. Amphetamine also caused an increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in the mean time taken to complete the psychomotor tests. Pretreatment with ondansetron attenuated the effects of amphetamine on hunger and subjective state, but not on blood pressure or psychomotor performance tests. These findings suggest that in humans 5-HT3 receptor antagonists may partially modify the subjective effects of amphetamine, and are in keeping with results from animal studies that 5-HT3 receptor antagonists might affect neurotransmission within mesolimbic brain regions. However, it was not possible to exclude a pharmacokinetic interaction to explain the effects of ondansetron.
Molecular balances for quantifying non-covalent interactions (2010)

Molecular interactions underlie the whole of chemistry and biology. This tutorial review illustrates the use of rotameric folding molecules, topoisomers, atropoisomers, and tautomers as molecular balances for quantifying non-covalent interactions. This intramolecular approach enables a wide variety of interactions to be examined with a degree of geometric control that is difficult to achieve in supramolecular complexes. Synthetic variation of molecular balances allows the fundamental physicochemical origins of molecular recognition to be systematically examined by providing insights into the interplay of geometry and solvation on non-covalent interactions.
Modulation of amplitude and direction ofin vivo immune responses by co-administration of cytokine gene expression cassettes with DNA immunogens (1998)

Immunization with nucleic acids has been shown to induce both antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo. We hypothesize that immunization with DNA could be enhanced by directing specific immune responses induced by the vaccine based on the differential correlates of protection known for a particular pathogen. Recently we and others reported that specific immune responses generated by DNA vaccine could be modulated by co-delivery of gene expression cassettes encoding for IL-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the co-stimulatory molecule CD86. To further engineer the immune response in vivo, we investigated the induction and regulation of immune responses following the co-delivery of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha, and TNF-beta), Th1 cytokine (IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18), and Th2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) genes. We observed enhancement of antigen-specific humoral response with the co-delivery of Th2 cytokine genes IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 as well as those of IL-2 and IL-18. A dramatic increase in antigen-specific T helper cell proliferation was seen with IL-2 and TNF-alpha gene co-injections. In addition, we observed a significant enhancement of the cytotoxic response with the co-administration of TNF-alpha and IL-15 genes with HIV-1 DNA immunogens. These increases in CTL response were both MHC class I restricted and CD8+ T cell dependent. Together with earlier reports on the utility of co-immunizing using immunologically important molecules together with DNA immunogens, we demonstrate the potential of this strategy as an important tool for the development of more rationally designed vaccines.