gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dielectrophoretic Assembly of Electrically Functional Microwires from Nanoparticle Suspensions (2001)

A new class of microwires can be assembled by dielectrophoresis from suspensions of metallic nanoparticles. The wires are formed in the gaps between planar electrodes and can grow faster than 50 micrometers per second to lengths exceeding 5 millimeters. They have good ohmic conductance and automatically form electrical connections to conductive islands or particles. The thickness and the fractal dimension of the wires can be controlled, and composite wires with a metallic core surrounded by a latex shell can be assembled. The simple assembly process and their high surface-to-volume ratio make these structures promising for wet electronic and bioelectronic circuits.
Enantioselective synthesis of the lactone moiety of the mevinic acids using D-xylose as a chiral precursor (1991)

R. Ballini, E. Marcantoni and M. Petrini, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1991, 490 DOI: 10.1039/P19910000490
Structure–function analysis of the NB-ARC domain of plant disease resistance proteins (2008)

Resistance (R) proteins in plants are involved in pathogen recognition and subsequent activation of innate immune responses. Most resistance proteins contain a central nucleotide-binding domain. This so-called NB-ARC domain consists of three subdomains: NB, ARC1, and ARC2. The NB-ARC domain is a functional ATPase domain, and its nucleotide-binding state is proposed to regulate activity of the R protein. A highly conserved methionine-histidine-aspartate (MHD) motif is present at the carboxy-terminus of ARC2. An extensive mutational analysis of the MHD motif in the R proteins I-2 and Mi-1 is reported. Several novel autoactivating mutations of the MHD invariant histidine and conserved aspartate were identified. The combination of MHD mutants with autoactivating hydrolysis mutants in the NB subdomain showed that the autoactivation phenotypes are not additive. This finding indicates an important regulatory role for the MHD motif in the control of R protein activity. To explain these observations, a three-dimensional model of the NB-ARC domain of I-2 was built, based on the APAF-1 template structure. The model was used to identify residues important for I-2 function. Substitution of the selected residues resulted in the expected distinct phenotypes. Based on the model, it is proposed that the MHD motif fulfils the same function as the sensor II motif found in AAA+ proteins (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities)-co-ordination of the nucleotide and control of subdomain interactions. The presented 3D model provides a framework for the formulation of hypotheses on how mutations in the NB-ARC exert their effects.
Cytoskeletal abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. (1992)

A fundamental process in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the breakdown of the cytoskeleton. The microscopic manifestation of this--neurofibrillary tangles--is described. Tangles are formed from paired helical filaments (PHF), in turn constructed from abnormally phosphorylated Tau proteins. Recent investigations on the process of Tau phosphorylation and possible links between amyloid deposition and tangle formation are reviewed.
A unifying concept for the spondyloarthropathies. (1979)

A group of diseases--ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, juvenile chronic arthritis (Still's disease), Whipple's disease, and Behçet's syndrome, which previously were thought to be variants of rheumatoid arthritis, now appear to be distinct from that disease but linked together in a group termed "seronegative spondyloarthropathies." Detailed studies have been made of the clinical, radiologic, and serologic features of these individual diseases. Extensive family studies have been done epidemiologically and through examining pedigrees. These have demonstrated clinical interrelations and familial aggregation. Ankylosing spondylitis is a feature of all the groups. Studies in which B27 was found more frequently in each of these groups confirm the interrelation and suggest a genetic predisposition with a gene related to B27. There is other evidence for environmental factors such as infection in certain of the diseases. The findings have important implications in the management of the disorders.
Identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Isoleucyl-tRNA Synthetase as a Target of the G1-specific Inhibitor Reveromycin A (2002)

To dissect the action mechanism of reveromycin A (RM-A), a G(1)-specific inhibitor, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae dominant mutant specifically resistant to RM-A, was isolated from a strain in which the genes implicated in nonspecific multidrug resistance had been deleted. The mutant gene (YRR2-1) responsible for the resistance was identified as an allele of the ILS1 gene encoding tRNA(Ile) synthetase (IleRS). The activity of IleRS, but not several other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases examined in wild type cell extract, was highly sensitive to RM-A (IC(50) = 8 ng/ml). The IleRS activity of the YRR2-1 mutant was 4-fold more resistant to the inhibitor compared with that of wild type. The mutation IleRS(N660D), near the KMSKS consensus sequence commonly found in the class I aminoacyl transferases, was found to be responsible for RM-A resistance. Moreover, overexpression of the ILS1 gene from a high-copy plasmid conferred RM-A resistance. These results indicated that IleRS is a target of RM-A in vivo. A defect of the GCN2 gene led to decreased RM-A resistance. IleRS inhibition by RM-A led to transcriptional activation of the ILS1 gene via the Gcn2-Gcn4 general amino acid control pathway, and this autoregulation seemed to contribute to RM-A resistance.
Noise Reduction via Factor Analysis in FT-IR Spectra (1982)

The application of factor analysis to reduce random noise in FT-IR spectra is described. By utilizing the total information content of all the spectra, it is possible to reduce the amount of random noise present in individual spectrum.
gem-Dialkyl effect in medicinal agents (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTgem-Dialkyl effect in medicinal agentsMelvin S. Newman, Walter J. J. Broger, Jules B. LaPidus, and Arthur TyeCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1972, 15, 10, 1003–1006Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00280a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00280a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views363Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of 4-Substituted (±)-Kainic Acids (1998)

Racemic 4-substituted kainic acids 4a,b have been synthesized from ethyl (1SR,2SR,5RS,6RS)-N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-aza-6-hydroxy-6-methylbicyclo[3.3.0]octane-2-carboxylate (7) after its transformation in the pyroglutamate derivative 6. The key step in the synthesis has been the regioselective alkylation of 6 to obtain 11a,b, without compromising the stereogenic integrity of the potentially labile C-2 center. The elaboration of the C-3 and C-4 substituents of kainic acid over 11 was achieved after double bond isomerization of 11, oxidative double bond cleavage of 5, and chemoselective aldehyde reduction of 16 followed by Wittig olefination reaction of 17 and final alcohol oxidation and hydrolysis over 18 to the corresponding 4-methyl kainic acid 4a and 4-benzyl kainic acid 4b. The relatively small changes introduced in the structure of kainic acid 1 have been found to lead to a loss of affinity for kainate receptors.
Neuropathy Among the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Cohort 8 Years After Trial Completion (2006)

The benefits of 6.5 years of intensive therapy on neuropathy status extended for at least 8 years beyond the end of the DCCT, similar to the findings described for diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy.
Extracellular vesicles and intercellular communication within the nervous system (2016)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs, including exosomes) are implicated in many aspects of nervous system development and function, including regulation of synaptic communication, synaptic strength, and nerve regeneration. They mediate the transfer of packets of information in the form of nonsecreted proteins and DNA/RNA protected within a membrane compartment. EVs are essential for the packaging and transport of many cell-fate proteins during development as well as many neurotoxic misfolded proteins during pathogenesis. This form of communication provides another dimension of cellular crosstalk, with the ability to assemble a "kit" of directional instructions made up of different molecular entities and address it to specific recipient cells. This multidimensional form of communication has special significance in the nervous system. How EVs help to orchestrate the wiring of the brain while allowing for plasticity associated with learning and memory and contribute to regeneration and degeneration are all under investigation. Because they carry specific disease-related RNAs and proteins, practical applications of EVs include potential uses as biomarkers and therapeutics. This Review describes our current understanding of EVs and serves as a springboard for future advances, which may reveal new important mechanisms by which EVs in coordinate brain and body function and dysfunction.
Use of Enzymes to Detoxify Pesticide‐Contaminated Soils and Waters (1991)

Abstract Applying enzymes to transform or degrade pesticides is an innovative treatment technique for removal of these chemicals from polluted environments. Enzyme‐catalyzed degradation of a pollutant by a parathion hydrolase may be more effective than existing chemical methods. Removal of certain pollutants (for instance phenols and aromatic amines) from wastewater may be achieved by applying phenoloxidases that can convert these chemicals to water‐insoluble polymers that can then be removed by filtration or sedimentation. Another decontamination method involves the enzyme‐catalyzed incorporation of pesticides into organic matter. This procedure reduces the mount of leachable pesticides as well as the toxicity and bioavailability of the chemicals. Pesticide‐detoxifying enzymes must be immobilized before they can be used in the environment. In spite of promising potential applications, very few enzymes have been tested as possible tools in the detoxification of pesticides. Research in this domain can contribute greatly to developing new methods for pollution control.
In vivo formation of hybrid toxins comprising Shiga toxin and the Shiga-like toxins and role of the B subunit in localization and cytotoxic activity (1989)

Shiga toxin, Shiga-like toxin I (SLT-I) and Shiga-like toxin II (SLT-II) are cell-associated cytotoxins that kill both Vero cells and HeLa cells, whereas Shiga-like toxin II variant (SLT-IIv) is an extracellular cytotoxin that is more cytotoxic for Vero cells than for HeLa cells. The basis for these differences in cytotoxin localization and host cell specificity were examined in this study. The A and B subunit genes of Shiga toxin and the SLTs were recombined by two methods so that hybrid toxins would be formed in vivo. Complementation of heterologous subunits was accomplished by cloning the individual A and B subunit genes of SLT-I, SLT-II, and SLT-IIv on plasmid vectors of different incompatibility groups so that they could be maintained in double transformants of Escherichia coli. In addition, six operon fusions were constructed so that the A and B subunit genes of Shiga toxin, SLT-II, and SLT-IIv could be expressed as a single operon. The activities of the hybrid cytotoxins were assessed in three ways: (i) level of cytotoxicity, (ii) ratio of HeLa to Vero cell cytotoxicity, and (iii) ratio of extracellular to cell-associated cytotoxicity. Neither the A subunit of Shiga toxin nor SLT-I associated with a heterologous B subunit to form an active cytotoxin. However, in all other cases the hybrid molecules formed by subunit complementation or operon fusion were cytotoxic. Furthermore, the cytotoxic specificity and localization of the hybrid cytotoxins always corresponded to the activities of the native toxin possessing the same B subunit.
Long‐term culture of human embryonic stem cells in feeder‐free conditions (2003)

We have demonstrated previously that human embryonic stem (hES) cells possess a characteristic morphologic, antigenic, and molecular profile that can be used to assess the state of ES cells (Carpenter et al., [2004] Dev Dyn 229:243-258). In this manuscript, we have examined the long-term stability of three hES cell lines in feeder-free culture. We demonstrate that the expression of antigens and transcription factors, telomerase activity, telomere length, and karyotype appear stable for all three hES cell lines after continuous culture for over 1 yr. All three lines retained pluripotent differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Although hES cell lines were remarkably stable over the period of analysis, a detailed quantitative analysis of antigen expression by flow cytometry and gene expression by microarray suggested that cell lines show subtle differences in the expression of small subsets of genes upon long-term culture.
The kinetic mechansim of bovine milk galactosyltransferase. The role of alpha-lactalbumin. (1976)

Initial rate parameters obtained with bovine galactosyltransferase at saturating Mn2+ concentrations, and a variety of acceptors including N-acetylglucosamine, glucose, ovalbumin, and di-N-acetylglucosamine are inconsistent with an ordered addition of UDP-galactose and acceptor substrates to the enzyme-Mn2+ complex. Inhibition patterns with N-acetylglucosamine or UDP-glucose as inhibitors of the galactosylation of ovalbumin indicated that either UDP-galactose or N-acetylglucosamine can bind to an enzyme-Mn2+ complex by a random equilibrium mechanism. Initial rate studies also indicate that alpha-lactalbumin may bind to either an enzyme-Mn2+-acceptor complex or an enzyme-Mn2+-UDP-galactose complex, suggesting that lactose synthesis also proceeds by a random equilibrium addition of substrates and alpha-lactalbumin. From the initial rate data assuming the random equilibrium mechanism, the dissociation constants for UDP-galactose, acceptor substrates, and alpha-lactalbumin from the appropriate complexes have been calculated. These values are in good agreement with those obtained independently by nonkinetic methods, providing additional support for the proposed random equilibrium mechanism. From similar studies with a cross-linked complex of alpha-lactalbumin and transferase, dissociation constants for UDP-galactose and acceptor substrates from the enzyme-Mn2+-alpha-lactalbumin complex were calculated. Comparison of each of the dissociation constants in the substrate addition phase shows that the binding of acceptor substrates and alpha-lactalbumin to enzyme-Mn2+ complexes is highly synergistic; the affinity of alpha-lactalbumin for the enzyme-Mn2+ acceptor complex is about 2 orders of magnitude greater than for the enzyme-Mn2+ complex. Similarly, the affinity of the acceptor for the enzyme-Mn2+-alpha-lactalbumin complex is about 2 orders of magnitude greater than the enzyme-Mn2+ complex. Synergism is also observed between alpha-lactalbumin and UDP-galactose binding but the synergism is much less than that observed with acceptor substrates and alpha-lactalbumin. Thus, the large decrease in the Michaelis constant for glucose in the presence of alpha-lactalbumin, which is observed for lactose synthesis by the galactosyltranferase, is primarily the result of the high degree of synergism in the binding of alpha-lactalbumin and glucose to enzyme-Mn2+ complexes. This synergism also accounts for the activation of N-acetyllactosamine synthesis by alpha-lactalbumin at low concentrations (less than 2 mM) of N-acetylglucosamine. An abortive enzyme-Mn2+-UDP-acceptor complex in the product release phase of the reaction appears to account for the inhibition of either lactose, or N-acetyllactosamine synthesis at a high concentration of either N-acetylglucosamine or glucose. This abortive complex is further stabilized by alpha-lactalbumin, thus the resulting substrate inhibition is observed at much lower acceptor concentrations in the presence of alpha-lactalbumin.
Allergic fungal sinusitis: Allergic, infectious, or both? (1995)

Allergic fungal sinusitis is a benign noninvasive sinus disease related to a hypersensitivity reaction to fungal antigens. A wide variety of fungal agents has been implicated, with the vast majority belonging to the Dematiaceae family. Allergic fungal sinusitis should be suspected in any atopic patient with refractory nasal polyps. Sinus computed tomograms and magnetic resonance imaging findings can be quite distinctive, but not diagnostic. Diagnosis requires histopathologic examination, which shows characteristic allergic mucin. Hyphae can be demonstrated on special fungal stains or confirmed by a positive fungal culture. At surgery, the diagnosis should be considered if thick, tenacious allergic mucin is encountered in the atopic patient with nasal polyps. Fungal cultures should then be obtained, and the pathologist alerted to the possible diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis. Current recommendations for therapy include conservative but complete exenteration of all allergic mucin. This can often be accomplished endoscopically. Adjunctive short-term systemic steroids are often helpful, and nasal steroid sprays should be continued long term. The length and dose of steroid therapy is controversial. Persistence of allergic fungal sinusitis with recurrence of sinonasal symptoms is common, particularly when there has been incomplete eradication of allergic fungal mucin. Even when the patient is clinically disease free, recurrence can occur, presumably from reexposure to fungal antigens. Therefore close clinical, endoscopic, and radiographic follow-up is important.
Effect of carrier frequency offset on OFDM systems for multipath fading channels (2005)

The paper presents an exact analysis of the effect of the carrier frequency offset on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems for a general multipath fading channel. As is well known, the carrier frequency offset attenuates the desired signal and causes intercarrier interference, thus reducing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The SNR degradation due to the carrier frequency offset is evaluated by deriving the exact SNR expression in the presence of the carrier frequency offset. The SNR analysis can be used for the design of a practical OFDM system in determining how small the frequency offset should be in order to maintain the SNR degradation to negligible levels.
MiniReview: Antiviral Targets Series, Number 1 (1990)

The impetus to generate effective but safe compounds to combat the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been hastened by the increasing incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. With the toxicities associated with zidovudine (AZl), research has also focused on other potential targets for antiviral therapy. Viral replication occurs through reverse transcription and an obligatory DNA intermediate which integrates into the host chromosome to generate a provirus. Translation of particular mRNAs generates polyproteins which must undergo processing through limited proteolysis to generate the functional or active forms of the constituent viral proteins. The proteinase that is responsible for carrying out specific cleavages within the gag (p56) or gag-pol (p160) precursors to release the multiple functional elements therein (Fig. 1) is itself encoded within the viral genome and is therefore an intrinsic component of the polyprotein. _ In HIV, the proteinase is encoded within the pol open reading frame (ORF). In contrast, in other retroviruses such as Rous sarcoma virus or avian sarcoma/leukosis virus (RSV) and avian myeloblastosis associated virus (MAV), it is contained wholly within the gag region so that, in these cases, proteinase is produced in equivalent amounts to the other gag proteins. Without the intervention of this proteolytic activity, non-infectious viral particles are produced. Such proteinases, particularly in the case of HIV, are therefore very attractive targets for antiviral chemotherapy.
Preclinical Assessment of wt GNE Gene Plasmid for Management of Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy 2 (HIBM2) (2008)

Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy (HIBM2) is a chronic progressive skeletal muscle wasting disorder which generally leads to complete disability before the age of 50 years. There is currently no effective therapeutic treatment for HIBM2. Development of this disease is related to expression in family members of an autosomal recessive mutation of the GNE gene, which encodes the bifunctional enzyme UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE/MNK). This is the rate limiting bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the first 2 steps of sialic acid biosynthesis. Decreased sialic acid production, consequently leads to decreased sialyation of a variety of glycoproteins including the critical muscle protein alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG). This in turn severely cripples muscle function and leads to the onset of the syndrome. We hypothesize that replacing the mutated GNE gene with the wildtype gene may restore functional capacity of GNE/MNK and therefore production of sialic acid, allowing for improvement in muscle function and/or delay in rate of muscle deterioration. We have constructed three GNE gene/CMV promoter plasmids (encoding the wildtype, HIBM2, and Sialuria forms of GNE) and demonstrated enhanced GNE gene activity following delivery to GNE-deficient CHO-Lec3 cells. GNE/MNK enzyme function was significantly increased and subsequent induction of sialic acid production was demonstrated after transfection into Lec3 cells with the wild type or R266Q mutant GNE vector. These data form the foundation for future preclinical and clinical studies for GNE gene transfer to treat HIBM2 patients.