gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fault Detection and Network Security in Software-Defined Networks with OpenFlow (2014)

Due to the rigid architecture of most switches and routers, which provide functionality only for a certain application scenario, the flexibility of deploying new network functions is limited. The advent of programmable networks, which is described as Software-Defined Networking (SDN), allows the extension and control of networks based on a flexible con- trol plane, which is based on software and acts as a network operating system with network applications running on top of it. In this thesis we focussed on SDN based on the concept of the OpenFlow protocol. In or- der to deploy such networks in operational environments and datacentres, the challenges concerning network management are still lacking a sufficient analysis and are further investigated in this thesis, which examines the reliability and maintainability of SDN, as well as new security issues that are introduced with this architecture. The second contribution of this thesis is to provide solutions to some of the addressed challenges, with a focus on fault detection and network security. With regard to fault detection, we discuss the information content and monitoring as- pects of flow entries that are located on the network devices, but are managed from the network controller. This involves applying methods from information theory to deter- mine faults and attacks by observing the logical topology, and correlation facilities to determine errors that relate to the data plane. In network security, current approaches mostly rely on security appliances that are de- ployed at different locations in the network. We analyse the extend to which SDN can be leveraged to provide new ways of thwarting network attacks, and investigate the pos- sibilities for controller-based packet inspection to detect malicious communications in the network. This includes the extraction of hidden communication patterns originating from a stealthy backdoor. The freedom of extending controller software to meet new network service requirements comes at a high cost. Since the reliability of the network must be assured, tools are required to debug and test the software after each alteration step. We propose a solu- tion that instruments network applications with additional code for logging purposes, guaranteeing certain correctness properties. In combination with a database system, our framework can be leveraged to allow network debugging or anomaly detection.
γ‐Glutamyl Transpeptidase: Sidedness of Its Active Site on Renal Brush‐Border Membrane (1978)

Sidedness of γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, an integral glycoportein of rat renal brusch border membrane, was investigated and the active siyte of the membrane‐bound enzyme was shown to face to the luminal side of the renal tubules on the basis of the two following observations. First, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase activity exhibited by purified brush border membrane vesicles was effectively inhibited by an S ‐acetyldextran polymer (molecular weight: 215 000) derivative ofglutathione, which is believed to be impermeable through plasma membranes. Secondly, the membrane‐bound γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase was quantitatively released by treating vesicles with papain immobilized to Sephadex G‐10 beads. Strict stoichiometry of affinity labeline of rat renal γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, which possesses one active site per molecule [Inoue, M., Horiuchi, S., and Morino, Y. (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 73 , 335–342; Tate, S. S., and Meister, A. (1977) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74 , 931–935], was utilized to compare the molecular size of the detergent‐solubilized enzyme with that of the papain‐solubilized enzyme. Thus, 1 mol redioactive 6‐diazo‐5‐oxo‐ l ‐norleucine was covalently incorporated into 102000 g detergent‐solubilized enzyme and 64000 g papain‐solubilized enzyme. Both enzyme foorms of γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase are composed of two non‐identical subunits, the large and the small subunit. Molecular weightgs of these subunits were determined in sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophresis from the retardation coefficients obtained from Ferguson plots. The result indicated the size difference between these two enzyme forms could be largely accounted for by the size difference in the large subunits. Thus, iot is likely that the oligomeric γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase was anchored into the brush nborder membrane mainly via te large subunit of tghe enzyme.
Asymmetric Reductive Amination of Cycloalkanones, XIII: Enantioselective Amidoamination: A New Regiospecific Strategy for the Synthesis of Chiral Cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamino‐Derivatives (1993)

Abstract Asymmetric synthesis of trans ‐ and cis ‐2‐Benzamido‐ or 2‐Phenyl‐acet‐amido‐cyclohexane‐amines 7 and 8 by means of reductive amination and hydrogenolysis is described. Condensation of the amido‐ketones 3 with chiral auxiliary ( R )‐(+) and ( S )‐(‐)‐1‐phenylethylamine, respectively, leads to the amido‐imines 4 , which are hydrogenated over Raney ‐Ni to yield simultaneously enantiomerically pure secondary trans ‐ and cis ‐2‐amidocyclohexane‐amines 5 and 6 .
Δ2-ISOXAZOLINE DERIVATIVES AS ANTIMICROBIALS (2006)

The inhibitory effect of newly synthesized C-(anthranyl and biphenyl)-5-substituted-5 2 r isoxazolines were characterized by IR, 'H NMR, l3 C NMR and CHN analysis and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against different strains. Such as Bacillus substilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Xanthomonas campestris pvs, Xanthomonas oryzae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxvsporum, Trichoderma species and Fusarium monaliforme . Among the newly synthesized compounds, 6b III, 6b IV and 6b VI showed significant inhibitor activity.
Chemical bonding and reaction at metal/polymer interfaces (1985)

A combination of surface spectroscopy and microanalytical techniques have been used to investigate the chemical and material characteristics of interfaces formed between metal and a high temperature polymer, polyimide. Results reveal significant chemical reactivity at the interface, as manifested by intermixing and cluster formation. The extent of the material reaction is strongly influenced by the bonding characteristics between metal and the polyimide. Results on Cu and Al are reviewed to illustrate the chemical trend due to increasing reactivity.
General Observation of Lithium Intercalation into Graphite in Ethylene-Carbonate-Free Superconcentrated Electrolytes (2014)

Lithium-ion batteries have exclusively employed an ethylene carbonate (EC)-based electrolyte to ensure the reversibility of the graphite negative electrode reaction. Because of the limitation of electrolyte compositions, there has been no remarkable progress in commercial lithium-ion batteries despite active research on positive electrode materials. Herein, we present a salt-superconcentrating strategy as a simple and effective method of universalizing a graphite negative electrode reaction in various organic solvents. A dilute electrolyte (e.g., 1 mol dm(-3)) of sulfoxide, ether, and sulfone results in solvent cointercalation and/or severe electrolyte decomposition at a graphite electrode, whereas their superconcentrated electrolyte (e.g., >3 mol dm(-3)) allows for highly reversible lithium intercalation into graphite. We have found a unique coordination structure in the superconcentrated solution and an anion-based inorganic SEI film on the cycled graphite electrode, which would be the origin of the reversible graphite negative electrode reaction without EC. Our salt-superconcentrating strategy, expanding the graphite negative electrode reaction in various organic solvents other than EC, will contribute to the development of advanced lithium-ion batteries with high-voltage and fast-charging characters based on new EC-free functional electrolytes.
Fabrication of high-speed resonant cavity enhanced Schottky photodiodes (1997)

We report the fabrication and testing of a GaAs-based high-speed resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) Schottky photodiode. The top-illuminated RCE detector is constructed by integrating a Schottky contact, a thin absorption region (In/sub 0.08/Ga/sub 0.92/As) and a distributed AlAs-GaAs Bragg mirror. The Schottky contact metal serves as a high-reflectivity top mirror in the RCE detector structure. The devices were fabricated by using a microwave-compatible fabrication process. The resulting spectral photo response had a resonance around 895 nm, in good agreement with our simulations. The full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) was 15 nm, and the enhancement factor was in excess of 6. The photodiode had an experimental setup limited temporal response of 18 ps FWHM, corresponding to a 3-dB bandwidth of 20 GHz.
A REVOLUTION IN WINTER MAINTENANCE (1996)

In a 2-year post-Strategic Highway Research Program winter maintenance study, anti-icing techniques were evaluated to assess their effectiveness and optimum conditions for usage. Anti-icing measures prevent the bond between ice and pavement from forming, whereas deicing destroys the bond between ice and pavement that has already formed. This article describes anti-icing technology as revolutionary, reporting that anti-icing techniques are preventive rather than reactive in nature. Some of the application methods are outlined. Also, information regarding the dissemination of research findings to state departments of transportation is highlighted.
DNA-Based Storage: Trends and Methods (2015)

We provide an overview of current approaches to DNA-based storage system design and of accompanying synthesis, sequencing and editing methods. We also introduce and analyze a suite of new constrained coding schemes for both archival and random access DNA storage channels. The analytic contribution of our work is the construction and design of sequences over discrete alphabets that avoid pre-specified address patterns, have balanced base content, and exhibit other relevant substring constraints. These schemes adapt the stored signals to the DNA medium and thereby reduce the inherent error-rate of the system.
In situ bioprinting of the skin (2011)

Burn injury is a common source of morbidity and mortality in the battlefield, comprising 10 to 30% of all casualties. In the civilian population, there are approximately 500,000 burn injuries requiring treatment each year. Autografts and commercially available skin products are limited in size and some require a lengthy preparation time, making them unusable in severe cases that require prompt and aggressive measures to maintain the lives of wounded patients. Moreover, patient survival is inversely proportional to the amount of time required to cover and stabilize a wound. Therefore, a new approach that permits immediate burn wound stabilization with functional recovery is necessary. We propose a novel treatment that would repair burn wounds &lt;italic&gt;in situ&lt;/italic&gt; by using cartridge-based bioprinting to precisely deliver skin cells in a controlled manner in a wound.
Transport Properties of the Galactose-binding Protein of Escherichia coli (1972)

Abstract The galactose-binding protein, a necessary component of a bacterical transport system, is shown by three independent methods to undergo a conformational change upon binding of substrate. 1. A Lineweaver-Burk plot of the binding data obtained by equilibrium dialysis at a protein concentration of 0.4 mg per ml shows heterogenous behavior. Extrapolation of the data at low galactose concentrations (10-8 to 3·10-7 m) yields an apparent Kdiss of 10-7 m and at higher galactose concentrations (3·10-7 to 10-5 m) an apparent Kdiss of 10-5 m. A Scatchard plot of the binding data extrapolated to high galactose concentrations indicates two binding sites per 36,000 molecular weight. 2. The presence of 10-4 m galactose during analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.4 results in a changed electrophoretic mobility of the binding protein. This change is also observed in the presence of 10-4 m glucose and 10-4 m (d-glyceryl)-1-β-d-galactopyranoside substrates of the transport system. Methyl-1-O-β-d-galactopyranoside, methyl-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside, and isopropyl-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside at concentrations of 10-4 m do not cause the altered electrophoretic mobility. 3. The fluorescence of the protein is increased up to 13.5% in the presence of substrate between 310 to 350 nm when excited at 290 nm. The increase of fluorescence observed with galactose, glucose, and (d-glyceryl)-1-β-d-galactopyranoside occurs at half-maximal total sugar concentrations of 10-6, 10-6, and 10-5 m, respectively. The substrate-induced conformational change does not result in a change of the molecular weight of the protein as measured by high speed equilibrium centrifugation and sieve chromatography through Bio-Gel P-150. The conformational change of the protein cannot be observed by optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism, and infrared spectroscopy. These latter spectroscopic methods show, however, that the galactose-binding protein exists to a large extent in β conformation. Purified binding protein from a transport-negative mutant does not undergo the substrate-induced conformational changes measured by binding, electrophoretic mobility, and fluorescence.
An easily introduced and removed protecting group for imidazole nitrogen: a convenient route to 2-substituted imidazoles (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn easily introduced and removed protecting group for imidazole nitrogen: a convenient route to 2-substituted imidazolesN. J. Curtis and R. S. BrownCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 20, 4038–4040Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01308a019https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01308a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3824Altmetric-Citations84LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Eep Confers Lysozyme Resistance to Enterococcus faecalis via the Activation of the Extracytoplasmic Function Sigma Factor SigV (2013)

Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal bacterium found in the gastrointestinal tract of most mammals, including humans, and is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. One of the hallmarks of E. faecalis pathogenesis is its unusual ability to tolerate high concentrations of lysozyme, which is an important innate immune component of the host. Previous studies have shown that the presence of lysozyme leads to the activation of SigV, an extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor in E. faecalis, and that the deletion of sigV increases the susceptibility of the bacterium toward lysozyme. Here, we describe the contribution of Eep, a membrane-bound zinc metalloprotease, to the activation of SigV under lysozyme stress by its effects on the stability of the anti-sigma factor RsiV. We demonstrate that the Δeep mutant phenocopies the ΔsigV mutant in lysozyme, heat, ethanol, and acid stress susceptibility. We also show, using an immunoblot analysis, that in an eep deletion mutant, the anti-sigma factor RsiV is only partially degraded after lysozyme exposure, suggesting that RsiV is processed by unknown protease(s) prior to the action of Eep. An additional observation is that the deletion of rsiV, which results in constitutive SigV expression, leads to chaining of cells, suggesting that SigV might be involved in regulating cell wall-modifying enzymes important in cell wall turnover. We also demonstrate that, in the absence of eep or sigV, enterococci bind significantly more lysozyme, providing a plausible explanation for the increased sensitivity of these mutants toward lysozyme.
Estrogen Receptor-α Methylation Predicts Melanoma Progression (2006)

The role of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) in melanoma is unknown. ER-alpha expression may be regulated in melanoma via hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands. We assessed ER-alpha hypermethylation in primary and metastatic melanomas and sera as a potential tumor progression marker. ER-alpha methylation status in tumor (n = 107) and sera (n = 109) from American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I to IV melanoma patients was examined by methylation-specific PCR. The clinical significance of serum methylated ER-alpha was assessed among AJCC stage IV melanoma patients receiving biochemotherapy with tamoxifen. Rates of ER-alpha methylation in AJCC stage I, II, and III primary melanomas were 36% (4 of 11), 26% (5 of 19), and 35% (8 of 23), respectively. Methylated ER-alpha was detected in 42% (8 of 19) of stage III and 86% (30 of 35) of stage IV metastatic melanomas. ER-alpha was methylated more frequently in metastatic than primary melanomas (P = 0.0003). Of 109 melanoma patients' sera in AJCC stage I, II, III, and IV, methylated ER-alpha was detected in 10% (2 of 20), 15% (3 of 20), 26% (5 of 19), and 32% (16 of 50), respectively. Serum methylated ER-alpha was detected more frequently in advanced than localized melanomas (P = 0.03) and was the only factor predicting progression-free [risk ratio (RR), 2.64; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.36-5.13; P = 0.004] and overall survival (RR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.41-5.58; P = 0.003) in biochemotherapy patients. Hypermethylated ER-alpha is a significant factor in melanoma progression. Serum methylated ER-alpha is an unfavorable prognostic factor.
CD4+ T Cell Responses to SSX-4 in Melanoma Patients (2005)

Genes of the synovial sarcoma X breakpoint (SSX) family are expressed in different human tumors, including melanomas, but not in adult somatic tissues. Because of their specific expression at the tumor site, SSX-encoded Ags are potential targets for anticancer immunotherapy. In this study, we have analyzed CD4+ T cell responses directed against the Ag encoded by SSX-4. Upon in vitro stimulation of PBMC from four melanoma patients bearing Ag-expressing tumors with a pool of long peptides spanning the protein sequence, we detected and isolated SSX-4-specific CD4+ T cells recognizing several distinct antigenic sequences, mostly restricted by frequently expressed HLA class II alleles. The majority of the identified sequences were located within the Krüppel-associated box domain in the N-terminal region of the protein, indicating a high potential immunogenicity of this region. Together our data document the existence of CD4+ T cells specific for multiple SSX-4 derived sequences in circulating lymphocytes from melanoma patients and encourage further studies to assess the impact of SSX-4-specific T cell responses on disease evolution in cancer patients.
Recombinant Activated Factor VII (rFVIIa): Characterization, Manufacturing, and Clinical Development (2001)

Recombinant activated coagulation factor VII (rFVIIa) (NovoSeven®) was developed for treatment of bleeding in hemophilia patients with inhibitors (antibodies) against factors VIII or IX. rFVIIa initiates the coagulation cascade by binding to tissue factor at the site of injury and causes the formation of sufficient amounts of thrombin to trigger coagulation. Patients with a variety of other coagulation deficiencies than hemophilia characterized by an impaired thrombin generation and life-threatening bleeding have been reported as successfully treated with rFVIIa. Data are now entered into clinical registries established to further monitor this experimental treatment with NovoSeven®. rFVIIa is produced free of any added human protein. The amino acid sequence of rFVIIa is identical to plasma-derived FVIIa (pdFVIIa). Posttranslational modifications (i.e., γ-carboxylations, N- and O-glycosylations) are qualitatively identical in pdFVIIa and rFVIIa although some quantitative differences exist. The activities of rFVIIa and pdFVIIa are indistinguishable. Manufacturing of rFVIIa involves expression in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells followed by purification, including three ion-exchange and one immunoaffinity chromatography steps. The last anion-exchange chromatography step ensures completion of the autoactivation of recombinant factor VII (rFVII) to rFVIIa. This review describes the mechanism of action, characterization, manufacturing, and preclinical and current clinical evidence for the efficacy and safety of rFVIIa.
Social interaction in game communities and second language learning (2012)

This paper examines models of social interaction in computer game communities that could be harnessed to support learning and especially the learning of a second language. We demonstrate that learning is not only embedded in the game, but also in the in-game and out-of-game community that emerges from the game.
Biocatalytic synthesis of sugar-containing polyacrylate-based hydrogels (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBiocatalytic synthesis of sugar-containing polyacrylate-based hydrogelsBrett D. Martin, Stephen A. Ampofo, Robert J. Linhardt, and Jonathan S. DordickCite this: Macromolecules 1992, 25, 26, 7081–7085Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1992https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00052a001RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views456Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (639 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Hybrid Twist and Wrench Control for a Robotic Manipulator (1988)

Three necessary conditions derived from classical geometry are proposed to evaluate formulations for the simultaneous twist and wrench control of rigid bodies, and for any theory to be meaningful it must be invariant with respect to (1) Euclidean collineations, (2) change of (Euclidean) unit length, and (3) change of basis. It is demonstrated in this paper that a previously established theory of hybrid control for robot manipulators is in fact based on the metric of elliptic geometry and is thus noninvariant with respect to (1) and (2). A new alternative invariant formulation based on the metric of Euclidean geometry and an induced metric of projective geometry is presented in terms of screw theory. An example of insertion illustrates both the invariant and noninvariant methods.