gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surfactant Dissolution and Water Solubilization in Chlorine-Free Liquified Gas Propellants (1998)

The initial water content of a group of 15 pharmaceutically and toxicologically acceptable surfactants showed a tendency to increase with the surfactant hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value. Surfactant solubility was determined in chlorine-free "alternative propellants" (n-butane, propane, dimethyl ether [DME], 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA-134a), and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane [HFA-227ea], and trichloromonofluoromethane [CFC-11] in the absence of cosolvents such as ethanol. Water-soluble surfactants such as Carbowax, Sentry, PEG 300, Tween 20, and Brij 30, with high HLB values showed appreciable solubility in HFA-134a and HFA-227ea. In systems containing > or = 80% propellant by weight, each single-phase propellant-surfactant blend was screened for its ability to solubilize iodine and dissolve or solubilize water with increasing surfactant concentration. This screening was performed to investigate the possibility of formulating high-volatility, single-phase systems with increased polarity and solvency from these conventional excipients and vehicles. Ternary-phase diagrams show the regions of apparent single and multiple phase behavior in each system. Despite the increased polarity of the hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs), appreciable water solubility was seen only with these surfactants in DME and in the hydrocarbons (HCs) n-butane and propane.
Accumulation of Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic Acid) in the Lung in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (1989)

The concentrations of hyaluronan (HA) were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum from 12 patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The median BAL fluid HA concentration was 353 micrograms/L, about six times higher than that seen in control patients (p less than 0.001). The median serum HA value was 619 micrograms/L, which was a 30-fold increase compared with that in the control patients (p less than 0.001). Another connective tissue component, type III procollagen peptide, was not recovered in significant amounts during lavage in patients with ARDS, but it appeared in the bloodstream in increased concentrations (p less than 0.001). Obtained recovery of HA during lavage of patients with ARDS cannot be explained by an enhanced passive leakage from the bloodstream because of increased alveolar-capillary permeability, but rather could reflect a mobilization of HA from lung interstitial tissue because of hydrostatic mechanisms. Alternatively, the appearance of HA in the alveolar space in ARDS might reflect an enhanced lung synthesis of HA. An increased HA production can possibly be mediated, directly or indirectly, by activated complement components, since a significant relationship was seen between increased plasma concentrations of C3a des Arg and BAL fluid HA (r = 0.61; p less than 0.05). The observed accumulation of HA in the small airways in ARDS may be expected to immobilize water and thereby contribute to the interstitial and alveolar edema. The inverse correlation (r = 0.71; p less than 0.01) seen between BAL fluid HA and pulmonary oxygenation index (PaO2/inspired oxygen fraction) supports such a hypothesis.
Effect of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 antibody DC101 plus gemcitabine on growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of human pancreatic cancer growing orthotopically in nude mice (2002)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the major pro-angiogenic factor for most tumors. VEGF expression has been shown to be associated with a poor prognosis in human pancreatic cancer. The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of blockade of VEGF receptor-2 activity with or without gemcitabine on tumor growth and metastasis in an orthotopic model of human pancreatic cancer in nude mice. Therapy with gemcitabine or DC101, a VEGF receptor-2 antibody, resulted in a significant reduction of primary pancreatic tumor growth compared to untreated controls. The combination of DC101 and gemcitabine inhibited primary pancreatic tumor growth and lymphatic metastasis to a greater degree than either agent alone. Treatment with DC101 decreased vessel counts and increased the area of hypoxic tumor tissue compared to controls. Immunofluorescent double staining for apoptotic endothelial cells demonstrated a significant increase in the number apoptotic endothelial cells 24 days after initiation of therapy with DC101 plus gemcitabine. DC101 plus gemcitabine also increased tumor cell death and decreased tumor cell proliferation in pancreatic tumors. These findings indicate that blockade of VEGF receptor activation interferes with the survival of tumor endothelial cells, resulting in a reduction of primary pancreatic tumor growth in nude mice. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that anti-VEGF receptor-2 therapy potentiates the tumoricidal effect of gemcitabine in this model. Anti-VEGF receptor-2 therapy in combination with gemcitabine may be a novel therapeutic approach for advanced pancreatic cancer.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Unsafe State of Arable Land Resources: A Case Study of Chengdu City (2013)

We establish the unsafe state indicator system reflecting the unsafe state of arable land within the scope of the city. Using analytic hierarchy process and entropy method, we determine the weight of indicator; using linear weighted method, we conduct comprehensive evaluation of unsafe operation of arable land resource system in Chengdu City during the period 1999-2010. Through the unsafe state analysis, we draw the following conclusion: the share of arable land area in total land area, effective irrigation area, the area of low-yielding field, application rate of chemical fertilizer per unit area of arable land, and application rate of pesticide per unit area of arable land, are the key factors for easing the unsafe state in the short term. Finally we put forth the following recommendations: strengthening profound understanding of the seriousness of unsafe state of arable land; strengthening the basic arable land protection; continuing to tap the quality enhancement potential of arable land; consistently implementing the guideline and policy of "Combination of Use and Maintenance".
Flt3high and Flt3low CD34+Progenitor Cells Isolated From Human Bone Marrow Are Functionally Distinct (1998)

We generated monoclonal antibodies against the human Flt3 receptor and used them to study the characteristics of normal human bone marrow cells resolved based on Flt3 expression. Human CD34+ or CD34+lin− marrow cells were sorted into two populations: cells expressing high levels of Flt3 receptor (Flt3high) and cells with little or no expression of Flt3 receptor (Flt3low). Flt3 receptor was detected on a subset of CD34+CD38− marrow cells, as well as on CD34+CD19+ B lymphoid progenitors and CD34+CD14+CD64+ monocytic precursors. Flt3 receptor was also present on more mature CD34−CD14+ monocytes. In colony-forming assays, Flt3high cells gave rise mainly to colony-forming unit–granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) colonies, whereas Flt3low cells produced mostly burst-forming unit-erythroid colonies. There was no difference in the number of multilineage CFU-Mix colonies between the two cell fractions. Cell cycle analysis showed that a large number of the Flt3low cells were in the G0 phase of the cell cycle, whereas Flt3highcells were predominantly in G1. Cell numbers in the suspension cultures initiated with Flt3high cells were maintained in the presence of Flt3 ligand (FL) alone, and increased in response to FL plus kit ligand (KL). In contrast, cell numbers in the suspension cultures started with Flt3low cells did not increase in the presence of FL, or FL plus KL. Upregulation of Flt3 receptor on Flt3low cells was not detected during suspension culture. CD14+ monocytes were the major cell type generated from CD34+lin−Flt3high cells in liquid suspension culture, whereas cells generated from CD34+lin−Flt3low cells were mainly CD71+GlycA+ erythroid cells. These results show clear functional differences between CD34+Flt3high and CD34+Flt3low cells and may have implications concerning the in vitro expansion of human hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Use of an Automated, Load-Distributing Band Chest Compression Device for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation (2006)

Compared with resuscitation using manual CPR, a resuscitation strategy using LDB-CPR on EMS ambulances is associated with improved survival to hospital discharge in adults with out-of-hospital nontraumatic cardiac arrest.
A new method for the isolation of deoxyribonucleic acids: evidence on the nature of bonds between deoxyribonucleic acid and protein (1957)

Research Article| July 01 1957 A new method for the isolation of deoxyribonucleic acids: evidence on the nature of bonds between deoxyribonucleic acid and protein K. S. Kirby K. S. Kirby * 1Chester Beatty Research Institute, Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Cancer Hospital, London, S.W. 3 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1957) 66 (3): 495–504. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0660495 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation K. S. Kirby; A new method for the isolation of deoxyribonucleic acids: evidence on the nature of bonds between deoxyribonucleic acid and protein. Biochem J 1 July 1957; 66 (3): 495–504. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0660495 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1957 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1957 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Characterization of Aggrecan Retained and Lost from the Extracellular Matrix of Articular Cartilage (1998)

The catabolism of aggrecan in bovine articular cartilage explants is characterized by the release into the culture medium of high molecular weight aggrecan fragments, generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the core protein between residues Glu373 and Ala374 within the interglobular domain. In this study, the position of the carboxyl-terminus of these aggrecan fragments, as well as a major proteolytically shortened aggrecan core protein present in cartilage matrix, have been deduced by characterizing the peptides generated by the reaction of aggrecan core protein peptides with cyanogen bromide. It was shown that two out of three such peptide fragments having an amino terminus starting at Ala374 have their carboxyl terminus located within the chondroitin sulfate 1 domain. The third and largest aggrecan core protein peptide, with an amino terminus starting at Ala374, has a carboxyl terminus in a region of core protein between the chondroitin sulfate 1 domain and the chondroitin sulfate 2 domain. The carboxyl terminus of this peptide appeared to be the same as that of the proteolytically degraded aggrecan core protein, which is retained within the extracellular matrix of the tissue. Another two aggrecan fragments recovered from the medium of explant cultures with amino-terminal sequences in the chondroitin sulfate 2 domain at Ala1772 and Leu1872 were shown to have their carboxyl termini within the G3 globular domain. These results suggest that the catabolism of aggrecan between residues Glu373 and Ala374 in the interglobular domain by the putative proteinase, aggrecanase, may be dependent on prior proteolytic processing within the carboxyl-terminal region of the core protein.
Main-Chain Ionic Chiral Polymers: Synthesis of Optically Active Quaternary Ammonium Sulfonate Polymers and Their Application in Asymmetric Catalysis (2010)

A condensation reaction between quaternary ammonium halide and sulfonate was first successfully applied to the synthesis of the chiral polymers. Reaction of bis(quaternary ammonium halide) with disulfonate afforded a polymer containing ionic bonds in its main chain. The chiral ionic polymers were applied to the asymmetric benzylation of N-diphenylmethylidene glycine tert-butyl ester to prepare (S)-phenylalanine derivatives in high yield with a high level of enantioselectivity.
Pigs Can Be Used as a Large Animal Model for Autologous Fat Grafting (2016)

Supported by the Small-scale Characteristic School-running of Beijing Union Medical College. The authors have no financial or conflicts of interest to disclose. Correspondence: Tailing Wang, M.D., Head & Neck Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Center, Beijing Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, China ([email protected])
A synthesis of curcumin and related compounds (1964)

Abstract Curcumin has been prepared in 80% yield from vanillin and acetylacetone/B 2 O 3 in the presence of tri‐ sec. butyl borate and butylamine. The reaction was carried out in ethyl acetate at room temperature. Eight compounds related to curcumin have also been synthesized.
Effects of Common Sterilization Methods on the Structure and Properties of Poly(D,L Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Scaffolds (2006)

While methods for the production of scaffolds with the appropriate mechanical properties and architecture for tissue engineering are attracting much attention, the effects of subsequent sterilization processes on the scaffold properties have often been overlooked. This study sought to determine the effects of sterilization with ethanol, peracetic acid, ultraviolet irradiation, and antibiotic solution on the structure of 50:50 (mol:mol) 65:35, and 85:15 poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid [PLGA]) flat-sheet and hollow-fiber scaffolds. All methods resulted in scaffold sterilization, but scanning electron microscopy revealed deformations to the scaffold surface for all treatments. The extent of surface damage increased with treatment duration. This was further investigated by measurement of pore sizes, water flux, breaking strain, and Young's modulus. External pore size and water flux was found to be increased by all treatments in the following order: ethanol (largest), antibiotics, ultraviolet light, and peracetic acid. Pore sizes were 0.25 to 0.17 microm and water flux ranged from 0.01 kg x m(-2) x s(-1) to 3.34 kg x m(-2) x s(-1). For all samples, the Young's modulus was 1.0 to 31.1 MPa and breaking strain was 1.2 to 2.4 MPa. The results of this study suggest that antibiotic treatment shows the most potential to sterilize PLGA hollow fibers for tissue engineering.
Adjuvant Effects of Imiquimod on a Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Glycoprotein Vaccine in Guinea Pigs (1993)

The adjuvant effects of imiquimod for a herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine were evaluated. Guinea pigs were immunized with 35 micrograms of lectin-purified HSV-2 glycoproteins 14 and 35 days before intravaginal HSV-2 inoculation. Immunizations were given either alone, with complete Freund's adjuvant, or with three different 5-day regimens of imiquimod. Although immunization alone decreased the severity of the acute disease and viral replication, in two separate experiments, the addition of imiquimod produced further decreases. The addition of subcutaneous imiquimod further decreased viral shedding by > 3 logs on day 1 after virus inoculation (P < .001). All groups that received immunization and imiquimod also developed significantly fewer HSV recurrent lesion days (P < .05-.001) compared to immunization alone. No recurrent lesions were detected in the group that received immunization and subcutaneous imiquimod. Imiquimod enhanced the effectiveness of HSV-2 immunization, especially in reducing recurrent HSV disease, and should be evaluated further as an adjuvant.
Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling for therapy of metastatic human pancreatic cancer. (2002)

We determined whether concurrent blockage of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor signaling by two novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors, PTK 787 and PKI 166, respectively, can inhibit angiogenesis and, hence, the growth and metastasis of human pancreatic carcinoma in nude mice. Highly metastatic human pancreatic carcinoma L3.6pl cells were injected into the pancreas of nude mice. Seven days later, groups of mice began receiving oral doses of PTK 787 and PKI 166 three times weekly. Some groups of mice also received i.p. injections of gemcitabine twice a week. The mice were necropsied when the control mice became moribund. Treatment with PTK 787 and PKI 166, with gemcitabine alone, or with the combination of PTK 787, PKI 166, and gemcitabine produced 69, 50, and 97% reduction in the volume of pancreatic tumors, respectively. Administration of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and gemcitabine also significantly decreased the incidence of lymph node and liver metastasis. The therapeutic efficacy directly correlated with a decrease in circulating proangiogenic molecules (VEGF, interleukin-8), a decrease in microvessel density, a decrease in proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining, and an increase in apoptosis of tumor cells and endothelial cells. Therapies produced by combining gemcitabine with either PKI 166 or PTK 787 were similar to those produced by combining gemcitabine with both PKI 166 and PTK 787. These results suggest that blockade of either epidermal growth factor receptor or VEGF receptor signaling combined with chemotherapy provides an effective approach to the therapy of pancreatic cancer.
Array imaging using intensity-only measurements (2010)

We introduce a new approach for narrow band array imaging of localized scatterers from intensity-only measurements by considering the possibility of reconstructing the positions and reflectivities of the scatterers exactly from only partial knowledge of the array data, since we assume that phase information is not available. We reformulate this intensity-only imaging problem as a non-convex optimization problem and show that we can have exact recovery by minimizing the rank of a positive semidefinite matrix associated with the unknown reflectivities. Since this optimization problem is NP-hard and is computationally intractable, we replace the rank of the matrix by its nuclear norm, the sum of its singular values, which is a convex programming problem that can be solved in polynomial time. Numerical experiments explore the robustness of this approach, which recovers sparse reflectivity vectors exactly as solutions of a convex optimization problem.
Paddle-Wheel CT Display of Pulmonary Arteries and Other Lung Structures (2001)

195 ultidetector helical CT technology permits high-speed and high-resolution imaging data of the entire thorax to be acquired during a single breath-hold [1–3]. The lungs can be scanned in 12 sec with four detectors, each with collimation of 2.5 mm, or in 24 sec if 1.25-mm collimation is used [1–3]. Even faster systems are being developed [4]. State-ofthe-art equipment already provides an almost cuboidal voxel size of about 1 × 1 × 1.25 mm. Thus, reconstructed nonaxial images have a resolution comparable with that of the best axial images [1–3]. The diagnostic value of high-speed CT can be enhanced by using the original axial helical CT data set to construct a new set of planar reconstructions arranged in a “paddle-wheel” pattern, in which all planes pass through a central horizontal axis between the two lungs and hilum. In this article, we introduce the paddle-wheel CT imaging method. Paddle-Wheel Method This reconstruction method uses a paddlewheel arrangement, in which planar slabs pivot around a central horizontal axis between the lung hilum (Fig. 1A). Each slab is 15to 20-mm thick, depending on the size of the patient. Both lungs can be covered completely using 20 reconstruction image slabs, with 9° rotations between successive slabs for a total of 180° (Fig. 1B). Because all planes pass through the central axis, the large central hilar Paddle-Wheel CT Display of Pulmonary Arteries and Other Lung Structures: A New Imaging Approach
Probability of thrombosis of vascular access among hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. (1994)

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the treatment of anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) on thrombosis of the vascular access used for hemodialysis. The research design was a prospective cohort study comparing EPO-treated hemodialysis patients with a comparison group matched for type of vascular access, clinical center, and age. All patients commencing hemodialysis in the study centers between March 1988 and July 1991 were eligible if either a graft or fistula had been used as a first permanent vascular access. There were 64 matched fistula pairs and 38 matched graft pairs. There were more patients with a history of cardiovascular disease in the EPO group than in the comparison group for both fistulae and grafts, 34 versus 14% for the former and 37 versus 5% for the latter. There was no difference between EPO and comparison groups with respect to time to first thrombosis of fistula, 11.3 versus 10.6%, respectively, by thrombosis of grafts among those treated with EPO--33.6 versus 11.2% (P = 0.02). EPO treatment does not increase the probability of fistula thrombosis, but there is an association with an increased probability of graft thrombosis.
Identification and Validation of a Selective Small Molecule Inhibitor Targeting the Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2 Activity (2013)

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) is one of two distinct DGAT enzymes that catalyze the last step in triacylglycerol (TG) synthesis. Findings from previous studies suggest that inhibition of DGAT2 is a promising strategy for the treatment of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Here, we identified compound 122 as a potent and selective inhibitor of human DGAT2, which appeared to act competitively against oleoyl-CoA in vitro. The selective inhibition of DGAT2 was also confirmed by the reductions in enzymatic activity and de novo TG synthesis in DGAT2-overexpressing HEK293 cells and hepatic cells HepG2. Compound 122, as a newly identified inhibitor of DGAT2, will be useful for the research on DGAT2-related lipid metabolism as well as the development of therapeutic drug for several metabolic diseases.
Fluorine Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, a Privileged Tool for Metabolic Studies of Fluoropyrimidine Drugs (2000)

Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance (19F NMR) spectroscopy provides a highly specific tool for identifying fluorine-containing drugs and their metabolites in biological media. This article focuses on the application of 19F NMR to the metabolic studies of fluoropyrimidine drugs in clinical use. The value and difficulties encountered in investigations on drug metabolism are first discussed. The metabolism and disposition studies of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil, the mainstay of antimetabolite treatment for solid tumors, and its prodrugs, doxifluridine and capecitabine, are then extensively reviewed. The studies dealing with the antimycotic agent, 5-fluorocytosine, as well as the novel anticancer drug, gemcitabine, are also considered. From in vitro (biofluids or tissue extracts) 19F NMR analysis, seven new metabolites of 5-fluorouracil, doxifluridine, capecitabine and 5-fluorocytosine were identified. Except two, they were only detected using this technique. This emphasizes the high analytical potential of in vitro 19F NMR. In vivo 19F NMR is non-invasive and thus allows the quantitative monitoring of the metabolism of 5-fluorouracil in the target tissue, e.g. the tumor, as well as its biodistribution. Another promising application is its ability to estimate the level of yeast cytosine deaminase gene expression in human tumors from the quantitative monitoring of 5-fluorouracil formation from the non-cytotoxic drug 5-fluorocytosine. Notwithstanding these successes, the limited sensitivity and spectral resolution of 19F NMR precludes its extensive applicability to all the fluorinated drugs.