gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Viruses in the etiology of atherosclerosis. (1983)

To examine the possible role of viruses in the etiology of atherosclerosis, we searched for the presence of viral genomes in arterial tissues by in situ hybridization. Because chickens infected with Marek disease virus, a herpesvirus, develop atherosclerotic lesions after infection, we looked for the presence of herpesvirus or parts thereof in human artery wall tissue, particularly in individuals with evidence of atherosclerosis. Herpesvirus probes were used on specimens of aortic wall removed from patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Evidence for the presence of herpes simplex viral mRNA was obtained in 13 specimens. Some of the specimens positive for herpes simplex virus appear to represent early stages in atherogenesis. Evidence for the presence of cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr viral genome was not observed in any of the specimens examined. We have also shown that herpes simplex virus can infect human fetal smooth muscle cells in culture. There are several ways in which viruses could operate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: They could induce proliferation of artery wall intimal smooth muscle cells via injury or by genomic alterations leading to clonal expansion of intimal smooth muscle cell populations. We suggest that expression of at least a part of the herpesvirus genome in arterial smooth muscle cells may in some cases be instrumental in initiating or maintaining this enhanced cell proliferation. Furthermore, viral agents could explain other puzzling features in the occurrence of atherosclerosis and the attendant heart disease and strokes.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks (2010)

Preface. Contributors. 1 From Hofmann Complexes to Organic Coordination Networks (Makoto Fujita). 2 Insight into the Development of Metal-Organic Materials (MOMs): At Zeolite-like Metal-Organic Frameworks (ZMOFs) (Mohamed Eddaoudi and Jarrod F. Eubank). 3 Topology and Interpenetration (Stuart Batten). 4 Highly-Connected Metal-Organic Frameworks (Peter Hubberstey, Kiang Lin, Neil R. Champness and Martin Schroder). 5 Surface Pore Engineering of Porous Coordination Polymers (Sujit K. Ghosh and Susumu Kitagawa). 6 Rational Design of Non-centrosymmetric Metal-Organic Frameworks for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics (Wenbin Lin and Shuting Wu). 7 Selective Sorption of Gases and Vapors in Metal-Organic Frameworks (Hyumuk Kim, Hyungphil Chun and Kimoon Kim). 8 Hydrogen and Methane Storage in Metal Oorganic Frameworks (David J. Collins, Shengquin Ma and Hong-Cai Zhou). 9 Towards Mechanochemical Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks: From Coordination Polymers and Lattice Inclusion Compounds to Porous Materials (Tomislav Fri i ). 10 Metal-Organic Frameworks with Photochemical Building Units (Saikat Dutta, Ivan F. Georgiev and Leonard R. MacGillivray). 11 Molecular Modeling of Adsorption and Diffusion in Metal-Organic Frameworks (Randall Q. Snurr, A. Ozgur Yazaydin, David Dubbeldam and Houston Frost). Index.
Neuartige Polymerhohlkörper durch Selbstorganisation von Polyelektrolyten auf kolloidalen Templaten (1998)

Exakt steuern läßt sich die Schichtdicke von Polyelektrolythüllen (im Bild ist eine transmissionselektronenmikroskopische Aufnahme gezeigt), indem abwechselnd Polyanionen und -kationen auf einem kolloidalen Templat abgeschieden werden und dieses dann entfernt wird. Mögliche Anwendungen dieser Hüllen reichen von der Pharmazie über die Lebensmitteltechnologie, Kosmetik und Anstrichtechnik bis hin zu Katalyse und Mikrokristallisation.
Inhibition of viral gene expression by the catalytic RNA subunit of RNase P from Escherichia coli. (1995)

The catalytic RNA subunit (M1 RNA) of RNase P from Escherichia coli has been converted to an endoribonuclease that specifically cleaves the mRNA that encodes thymidine kinase (TK) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Covalent attachment to the 3' end of M1 RNA of a sequence complementary to TK mRNA results in very efficient cleavage of the target RNA in vitro. This reaction can be stimulated by proteins extracted from both E. coli and HeLa cells. When mouse cells in culture that express the novel RNA construct are infected with HSV-1, the levels of both TK mRNA and protein are reduced by approximately 80% as compared with cells that either do not express the novel RNA construct or express constructs with certain deletions that are known to abolish the catalytic activity of M1 RNA.
Transport of proteins dissolved in organic solvents across biomimetic membranes. (1995)

Using lipid-impregnated porous cellulose membranes as biomimetic barriers, we tested the hypothesis that to afford effective transmembrane transfer of proteins and nucleic acids, the vehicle solvent should be able to dissolve both the biopolymers and the lipids. While the majority of solvents dissolve one or the other, ethanol and methanol were found to dissolve both, especially if the protein had been lyophilized from an aqueous solution of a pH remote from the protein's isoelectric point. A number of proteins, as well as RNA and DNA, dissolved in these alcohols readily crossed the lipidized membranes, whereas the same biopolymers placed in nondissolving solvents (e.g., hexane and ethyl acetate) or in those unable to dissolve lipids (e.g., water and dimethyl sulfoxide) exhibited little transmembrane transport. The solubility of biopolymers in ethanol and methanol was further enhanced by complexation with detergents and poly(ethylene glycol); significant protein and nucleic acid transport through the lipidized membranes was observed from these solvents but not from water.
Inhibition of Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Depletion of Vesicular Sorting Protein Hrs: Its Regulatory Role on E-Cadherin and β-Catenin (2007)

Abstract Abnormally high signals from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are associated with carcinogenesis, and impaired deactivation of RTKs may also be a mechanism in cancer. Hepatocyte growth factor–regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs) is one of the master regulators that sort activated receptors toward lysosomes and shut down their signals. Hrs contains a ubiquitin-interacting motif and is involved in the endosomal sorting of monoubiquitinated membrane proteins, such as growth factor receptor and E-cadherin. Here, we investigated the role of Hrs in determining the malignancy of cancer cells and discovered that the targeted disruption of Hrs by small interfering RNA effectively attenuated the proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, tumorigenesis, and metastatic potential of HeLa cells in vitro and in vivo. The restoration of Hrs expression increased cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in a mouse embryonic fibroblast line established from a Hrs knockout mouse. Further analysis revealed that Hrs depletion was associated with the up-regulation of E-cadherin and reduced β-catenin signaling. The aberrant accumulation of E-cadherin most likely resulted from impaired E-cadherin degradation in lysosomes. These results suggest that Hrs may play a critical role in determining the malignancy of cancer cells by regulating the degradation of E-cadherin. [Cancer Res 2007;67(11):5162–71]
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ‐ INDUCED MALIGNANT MELANOMA IN Monodelphis domestica (1989)

Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is involved in the etiology of cutaneous melanoma in humans. However, progress in understanding the mechanisms involved in induction of melanotic tumors by UVR has been hindered by lack of a suitable animal model. During the course of multiple exposures (3 times/wk for 70 wk) of the South American opossum, Monodelphis domestica, to UVR, we first observed the appearance of areas of dermal melanocytic hyperplasia (MH) on the exposed skin. Post-UVR exposure to photoreactivating light (320-500 nm) suppressed the occurrence of MH. We also observed at 100 weeks from first exposure that 10 of 46 surviving animals had developed melanotic tumors which arose, presumably, from areas of MH. Tumors on three of the 10 animals have been classified as malignant melanomas based on metastasis to lymph nodes. We conclude from these results that UVR can act as a complete carcinogen for melanoma induction and, based on the photoreactivation of MH induction, that DNA damage is involved in melanoma formation.
Genistein Is a Natural Inhibitor of Hexose and Dehydroascorbic Acid Transport through the Glucose Transporter, GLUT1 (1996)

Genistein is a dietary-derived plant product that inhibits the activity of protein-tyrosine kinases. We show here that it is a potent inhibitor of the mammalian facilitative hexose transporter GLUT1. In human HL-60 cells, which express GLUT1, genistein inhibited the transport of dehydroascorbic acid, deoxyglucose, and methylglucose in a dose-dependent manner. Transport was not affected by daidzein, an inactive genistein analog that does not inhibit protein-tyrosine kinase activity, or by the general protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine. Genistein inhibited the uptake of deoxyglucose and dehydroascorbic acid in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells overexpressing GLUT1 in a similar dose-dependent manner. Genistein also inhibited the uptake of deoxyglucose in human erythrocytes indicating that its effect on glucose transporter function is cell-independent. The inhibitory action of genistein on transport was instantaneous, with no additional effect observed in cells preincubated with it for various periods of time. Genistein did not alter the uptake of leucine by HL-60 cells, indicating that its inhibitory effect was specific for the glucose transporters. The inhibitory effect of genistein was of the competitive type, with a Ki of approximately 12 microM for inhibition of the transport of both methylglucose and deoxyglucose. Binding studies showed that genistein inhibited glucose-displaceable binding of cytochalasin B to GLUT1 in erythrocyte ghosts in a competitive manner, with a Ki of 7 microM. These data indicate that genistein inhibits the transport of dehydroascorbic acid and hexoses by directly interacting with the hexose transporter GLUT1 and interfering with its transport activity, rather than as a consequence of its known ability to inhibit protein-tyrosine kinases. These observations indicate that some of the many effects of genistein on cellular physiology may be related to its ability to disrupt the normal cellular flux of substrates through GLUT1, a hexose transporter universally expressed in cells, and is responsible for the basal uptake of glucose.
Cloning and expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin in Escherichia coli (1989)

The flagellin gene was isolated from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 genomic bank by conjugation into a PA103 Fla- strain. Flagellin DNA was transferred from motile recipient PA103 Fla+ cells by transformation into Escherichia coli. We show that transformed E. coli expresses flagellin protein. Export of flagellin to the E. coli cell surface was suggested by positive colony blots of unlysed cells and by isolation of flagellin protein from E. coli supernatants.
Aldehyde Tag Coupled with HIPS Chemistry Enables the Production of ADCs Conjugated Site-Specifically to Different Antibody Regions with Distinct in Vivo Efficacy and PK Outcomes (2014)

It is becoming increasingly clear that site-specific conjugation offers significant advantages over conventional conjugation chemistries used to make antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Site-specific payload placement allows for control over both the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and the conjugation site, both of which play an important role in governing the pharmacokinetics (PK), disposition, and efficacy of the ADC. In addition to the DAR and site of conjugation, linker composition also plays an important role in the properties of an ADC. We have previously reported a novel site-specific conjugation platform comprising linker payloads designed to selectively react with site-specifically engineered aldehyde tags on an antibody backbone. This chemistry results in a stable C-C bond between the antibody and the cytotoxin payload, providing a uniquely stable connection with respect to the other linker chemistries used to generate ADCs. The flexibility and versatility of the aldehyde tag conjugation platform has enabled us to undertake a systematic evaluation of the impact of conjugation site and linker composition on ADC properties. Here, we describe the production and characterization of a panel of ADCs bearing the aldehyde tag at different locations on an IgG1 backbone conjugated using Hydrazino-iso-Pictet-Spengler (HIPS) chemistry. We demonstrate that in a panel of ADCs with aldehyde tags at different locations, the site of conjugation has a dramatic impact on in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetic behavior in rodents; this advantage translates to an improved safety profile in rats as compared to a conventional lysine conjugate.
Ultra-low-reflectivity semiconductor optical amplifiers without antireflection coatings (1990)

High-performance, tilted stripe ridge waveguide semiconductor optical amplifiers which require no antireflection coating to achieve reflectivities of less than −40 dB are demonstrated. This very low reflectivity is found to be both largely independent of polarisation and wavelength, and also easily reproducible from wafer to wafer.
Interleukin-8: an important chemoattractant in sputum of patients with chronic inflammatory airway diseases (1993)

Sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and chronic bronchitis contains neutrophils and neutrophil proteases, which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mucus hypersecretion in airways. We asked whether interleukin-8 (IL-8), a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, might be involved in recruiting neutrophils into airways of patients with cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and chronic bronchitis. We found significant neutrophil chemotactic activity in sputum obtained from these patients. The IL-8 concentrations that we measured in sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis (7.1 +/- 1.0 x 10(-9) M, mean +/- SE), bronchiectasis (9.6 +/- 2.9 x 10(-9) M), and chronic bronchitis (2.8 +/- 1.0 x 10(-9) M) have been reported to cause significant chemotaxis in vitro and in airways in vivo, whereas concentrations measured in induced sputum from healthy subjects (1.1 +/- 0.3 x 10(-10) M) do not. A monoclonal antibody to IL-8 significantly inhibited the chemotactic activity in patients' sputum by 75-98%, but not in induced sputum from healthy subjects (9%). We conclude that IL-8 is an important chemotactic factor in sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and chronic bronchitis, and we suggest that IL-8 accounts, at least in part, for neutrophil recruitment into airways of patients with these diseases.
Effect of ribavirin on Rous sarcoma virus transformation (1981)

Ribavirin inhibited the expression of cellular transformation in normal rat kidney cells transformed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of rous sarcoma virus and chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with either a temperature-sensitive mutant or wild-type Rous sarcoma virus. Ribavirin also inhibited replication of the Rous sarcoma viruses in chicken embryo fibroblasts. The effect of ribavirin on cellular transformation was not permanent, as removal of the drug resulted in reversion to the transformed phenotype. The concentration of ribavirin necessary to inhibit the expression of cellular transformation was cytostatic for the cell lines used in this study.
TRADER: an expert system for trading commodities futures (2002)

An expert system is described, written in PROLOG, for trading commodities futures. The system uses a blackboard architecture to develop a set of confidence factors for buying and selling futures. It also has an elaborate user interface, which displays the technical studies that its decisions are based on in graphical form and provides feedback to the user on its decisions. This interface played a major role in the knowledge acquisition phase of the project. The program is a real-time system using tick data provided by Tick Data Inc. of Chicago, IL. It has been extensively tested on historical data with encouraging results; the authors are refining the confidence factor computation and adding a training aspect to the program.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Optimization of H.263 video encoding using a single processor computer: performance tradeoffs and benchmarking (2001)

We present the optimization and performance evaluation of a software-based H.263 video encoder. The objective is to maximize the encoding rate without losing the picture quality on an ordinary single processor computer such as a PC or a workstation. This requires optimization at all design and implementation phases, including algorithmic enhancements, efficient implementations of all encoding modules, and taking advantage of certain architectural features of the machine. We design efficient algorithms for DCT and fast motion estimation, and exploit various techniques to speed up the processing, including a number of compiler optimizations and removal of redundant operations. For exploiting the architectural features of the machine, we make use of low-level machine primitives such as Sun UltraSPARC's visual instruction set and Intel's multimedia extension, which accelerate the computation in a single instruction stream multiple data stream fashion. Extensive benchmarking is carried out on three platforms: a 167-MHz Sun UltraSPARC-1 workstation, a 233-MHz Pentium II PC, and a 600-MHz Pentium III PC. We examine the effect of each type of optimization for every coding mode of H.263, highlighting the tradeoffs between quality and complexity. The results also allow us to make an interesting comparison between the workstation and the PCs. The encoder yields 45.68 frames per second (frames/s) on the Pentium III PC, 18.13 frames/s on the Pentium II PC, and 12.17 frames/s on the workstation for QCIF resolution video with high perceptual quality at reasonable bit rates, which are sufficient for most of the general switched telephone networks based video telephony applications. The paper concludes by suggesting optimum coding options.
Nitrogen-rich indium nitride (2004)

Elastic recoil detection analysis, using an incident beam of 200 MeV Au ions, has been used to measure indium nitride films grown by radio-frequency sputtering. It is shown that the films have nitrogen-rich stoichiometry. Nitrogen vacancies are therefore unlikely to be responsible for the commonly observed high background carrier concentration. Ultraviolet Raman and secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements are used to probe the state of the excess nitrogen. The nitrogen on indium anti-site defect is implicated, though other possibilities for the site of the excess nitrogen, such as molecular nitrogen, or di-nitrogen interstitials cannot be excluded. It is further shown that a shift in the (0002) x-ray diffraction peak correlates with the excess nitrogen, but not with the oxygen observed in some samples.
Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson&rsquo;s disease: an old drug still going strong (2010)

After more than 40 years of clinical use, levodopa (LD) remains the gold standard of symptomatic efficacy in the drug treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Compared with other available dopaminergic therapies, dopamine replacement with LD is associated with the greatest improvement in motor function. Long-term treatment with LD is, however, often complicated by the development of various types of motor response oscillations over the day, as well as drug-induced dyskinesias. Motor fluctuations can be improved by the addition of drugs such as entacapone or monoamine oxidase inhibitors, which extend the half-life of levodopa or dopamine, respectively. However, dyskinesia control still represents a major challenge. As a result, many neurologists have become cautious when prescribing therapy with LD. This review summarizes the available evidence regarding the use of LD to treat PD and will also address the issue of LD delivery as a critical factor for the drug's propensity to induce motor complications.
Recombinant Major Antigenic Protein 2 ofEhrlichia canis: a Potential Diagnostic Tool (2001)

The major antigenic protein 2 (MAP2) of Ehrlichia canis was cloned and expressed. The recombinant protein was characterized and tested in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format for potential application in the serodiagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. The recombinant protein, which contained a C-terminal polyhistidine tag, had a molecular mass of approximately 26 kDa. The antigen was clearly identified by Western immunoblotting using antihistidine antibody and immune serum from an experimentally infected dog. The recombinant MAP2 (rMAP2) was tested in an ELISA format using 141 serum samples from E. canis immunofluorescent antibody (IFA)-positive and IFA-negative dogs. Fifty-five of the serum samples were from dogs experimentally or naturally infected with E. canis and were previously demonstrated to contain antibodies reactive with E. canis by indirect immunofluorescence assays. The remaining 86 samples, 33 of which were from dogs infected with microorganisms other than E. canis, were seronegative. All of the samples from experimentally infected animals and 36 of the 37 samples from naturally infected animals were found to contain antibodies against rMAP2 of E. canis in the ELISA. Only 3 of 53 IFA-negative samples tested positive on the rMAP2 ELISA. There was 100% agreement among IFA-positive samples from experimentally infected animals, 97.3% agreement among IFA-positive samples from naturally infected animals, and 94.3% agreement among IFA-negative samples, resulting in a 97.2% overall agreement between the two assays. These data suggest that rMAP2 of E. canis could be used as a recombinant test antigen for the serodiagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis.
Computer modelling of the interaction between human choriogonadotropin and its receptor (1994)

Primary structural homology between the hormone binding site of the LH/CG receptor and the enzyme binding site of chymotrypsin inhibitor has been identified. This has led to the application of a knowledge-based approach of molecular modelling to describe the interaction of choriogonadotropin (CG) with the LH/CG receptor. A tertiary structural model for the mode of recognition between the hormone and the receptor has been proposed. As in other such processes at the molecular level, the recognition between CG and its receptor is mediated through non-covalent interactions. The specificity of recognition is achieved by complementarity in van der Waals surfaces, hydrogen bonding and non-polar associations. The model shows nine hydrogen bonds between the hormone and the receptor involving polar side chains as well as backbone amine and carbonyl groups. A hydrophobic cluster involving side chain groups at the interface is also important in stabilization of the intermolecular interactions.
Free software foundation (FSF) (2003)

The Free Software Foundation is best known for its sponsorship of the GNU project. GNU is a recursive acronym which stands for GNU'S Not Unix. The GNU Project was founded in 1984 to develop a complete free Unix-compatible operating system, to be called GNU. Complete means covering the full range of components of Unix--kernel (q.v.), libraries, shells, editors, compilers, development tools, mailer, and the rest. Free, here, means that users have certain freedoms, including the freedom to use the system for any purpose, and to redistribute copies, either verbatim or modified, either gratis or for a fee. As a practical matter, the freedom to modify entails availability of source code.