gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective STAT Protein Degradation Induced by Paramyxoviruses Requires both STAT1 and STAT2 but Is Independent of Alpha/Beta Interferon Signal Transduction (2002)

The alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta)-induced STAT signal transduction pathway leading to activation of the ISGF3 transcription complex and subsequent antiviral responses is the target of viral pathogenesis strategies. Members of the Rubulavirus genus of the Paramyxovirus family of RNA viruses have acquired the ability to specifically target either STAT1 or STAT2 for proteolytic degradation as a countermeasure for evading IFN responses. While type II human parainfluenza virus induces STAT2 degradation, simian virus 5 induces STAT1 degradation. The components of the IFN signaling system that are required for STAT protein degradation by these paramyxoviruses have been investigated in a series of human somatic cell lines deficient in IFN signaling proteins. Results indicate that neither the IFN-alpha/beta receptor, the tyrosine kinases Jak1 or Tyk2, nor the ISGF3 DNA-binding subunit, IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF9), is required for STAT protein degradation induced by either virus. Nonetheless, both STAT1 and STAT2 are strictly required in the host cell to establish a degradation-permissive environment enabling both viruses to target their respective STAT protein. Complementation studies reveal that STAT protein-activating tyrosine phosphorylation and functional src homology 2 (SH2) domains are dispensable for creating a permissive STAT degradation environment in degradation-incompetent cells, but the N terminus of the missing STAT protein is essential. Protein-protein interaction analysis indicates that V and STAT proteins interact physically in vitro and in vivo. These results constitute genetic and biochemical evidence supporting a virus-induced, IFN-independent STAT protein degradation complex that contains at least STAT1 and STAT2.
Thickness dependent dielectric strength of a low-permittivity dielectric film (2001)

The dielectric strength of a promising interlevel low relative permittivity dielectric is investigated for various film thicknesses and temperatures by using I-V measurements with metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures. It is found that the dielectric breakdown mechanism also depends on thickness. For relatively thick films (thickness >500 nm), the dielectric breakdown is electromechanical in origin, i.e. the dielectric strength is proportional to the square root of Young's modulus of the films. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, a microcrack in thicker films may contribute to a lower value of Young's modulus, which may confirm that the electromechanical breakdown is the dominant mechanism for dielectric breakdown of thicker films. In addition, the thickness dependent dielectric strength can be described by the well-known inverse power-law relation by using different exponents to describe different thickness ranges, However for thinner films, i.e., <500 nm, the experimentally observed relationships among the dielectric strength, Young's modulus, and film thickness cannot be explained by the existing models.
Syntheses of 1,4-Oxazepines, 1,4-Diazepines, and Their 5-Oxo Derivatives from 2-Pyridones (1987)

Thermolysis of the 3-aza-7-oxa-(9 and 3,7-diaza-4-oxotricyclo[4.1.0.02~51heptanes (12), prepared from 2-pyridones TCI via four steps, resulted in valence isomerization with ring opening to give the novel 1,4-oxazepin-5-ones (14) and 1,4-diazepin-5-ones N (151, respectively, which were treated with triethyloxonium tetra-/V fluoroborate to afford the fully unsaturated 1.4-oxazepines (161 N and 1.4-diazepines (17).respectively. /VAmong the three possible fully Ensaturated monocyclic dihetero seven-membered ring isomers idiheteroepines) due to the isomeric positions of the two hetero atoms, 1,2-and 1,3-diheteroepines such as 1,2-l and 1, 3-diazepines2 and 1,3-oxazepines 3 are known, but as for 1.4-isomers, only highly substituted 6H-1.4-diazepines4 had been reported prior to ourWe have recently shown that the tricyclic compounds and 2 having a highly strained bicyclopentane ring system undergo h e a t 1 * (3 X=O,NCO,Et,S Y = A c y I 3 Scheme 1 .+l~-nmr (CDC13) : 3.79 (lH, m, 5-HI, 4.06 (lH, dd, J=3.5 and 1.5 Hz, 2-H), 4.25 (2H, m, 1-and 6-H), 7.0 (lH, br, NB); llb: mp 112-113 'C; llc: mp 86-87 OC; 1/
Chaperone Selection During Glycoprotein Translocation into the Endoplasmic Reticulum (2000)

A variety of molecular chaperones and folding enzymes assist the folding of newly synthesized proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we investigated why some glycoproteins interact with the molecular chaperone BiP, and others with the calnexin/calreticulin pathway. The folding of Semliki forest virus glycoproteins and influenza hemagglutinin was studied in living cells. The initial choice of chaperone depended on the location of N-linked glycans in the growing nascent chain. Direct interaction with calnexin and calreticulin without prior interaction with BiP occurred if glycans were present within about 50 residues of the protein's NH2-terminus.
Tailoring the thermal conductivity of the powder bed in Electron Beam Melting (EBM) Additive Manufacturing (2017)

Metallic powder bed additive manufacturing is capable of producing complex, functional parts by repeatedly depositing thin layers of powder particles atop of each other whilst selectively melting the corresponding part cross-section into each layer. A weakness with this approach arises when melting overhanging features, which have no prior melted material directly beneath them. This is due to the lower thermal conductivity of the powder relative to solid material, which as a result leads to an accumulation of heat and thus distortion. The Electron Beam Melting (EBM) process alleviates this to some extent as the powder must first be sintered (by the beam itself) before it is melted, which results in the added benefit of increasing the thermal conductivity. This study thus sought to investigate to what extent the thermal conductivity of local regions in a titanium Ti-6Al-4V powder bed could be varied by imparting more energy from the beam. Thermal diffusivity and density measurements were taken of the resulting sintered samples, which ranged from being loosely to very well consolidated. It was found that the calculated thermal conductivity at two temperatures, 40 and 730 °C, was more than doubled over the range of input energies explored.
The Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Goat (Capra hircus) Mitochondrial Genome (2003)

The goat mtDNA sequences reported to date are fragmentary. By using both in silico cloning procedure and conventional molecular biology techniques we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the goat (Capra hircus) mitochondrial genome. The length of the sequence was 16.640 bp. Genes responsible for 12S and 16S rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and 13 protein-coding regions are found. The genome organization is conformed to those of other mitochondrial genomes. Comparison between the 13 protein coding genes of goat, cow and sheep reveals that the difference range from 1.2 to 12.2% with a mean of 7.3% between goat and cow and from 0 to 15.6% (mean 4.7%) between goat and sheep.
Visual control of an autonomous vehicle (BART)-the vehicle-following problem (1991)

The authors consider the problem of vehicle-following including automatic steering and speed control of an autonomous vehicle following the motion of a lead vehicle. A visual control system for vehicle-following is presented. The system consists of the following modules: image processing, recursive filtering, and a driving command generator. First, the range and heading signal of the lead vehicle are obtained by visually identifying a unique tracking feature on the lead vehicle. Based upon this information, appropriate steering wheel and speed commands for driving are generated, which are then downloaded and executed on a microprocessor controller. The visual control system was tested on BART (Binocular Autonomous Research Team), a testbed vehicle developed at Texas A&M University for autonomous mobility. Successful full-scale test runs have been accomplished for speeds up to 20 mi/h.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Gene transfer in magnetic bacteria: transposon mutagenesis and cloning of genomic DNA fragments required for magnetosome synthesis (1992)

Broad-host-range IncP and IncQ plasmids have been transferred to the aerobic magnetic bacterium Aquaspirillum sp. strain AMB-1. Conjugal matings with Escherichia coli S17-1 allowed high-frequency transfer of the RK2 derivative pRK415 (4.5 x 10(-3) transconjugant per recipient cell) and the RSF1010 derivative pKT230 (3.0 x 10(-3) transconjugant per recipient). These plasmids successfully formed autonomous replicons in transconjugants and could be isolated and transformed back into E. coli, illustrating their potential as shuttle vectors. A mobilizable plasmid containing transposon Tn5 was transferred to Aquaspirillum sp. strain AMB-1 and also to the obligately microaerophilic magnetic bacterium Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum MS-1. Five nonmagnetic kanamycin-resistant mutants of Aquaspirillum sp. strain AMB-1 in which Tn5 was shown to be integrated into the chromosome were obtained. Different genomic fragments containing the mutagenized regions were cloned into E. coli. Two genomic fragments were restriction mapped, and the site of Tn5 insertion was determined. They were shown to be identical, although derived from independent transposon insertions. One of these clones was found to hybridize strongly to regions of the A. magnetotacticum MS-1 chromosome. This is the first report of gene transfer in a magnetic bacterium.
Transcatheter arterial embolization of obstetric and gynaecological bleeding: efficacy and clinical outcome (1994)

32 patients with uncontrollable genital bleeding resulting from postpartum haemorrhage (n = 15) or malignant neoplasms (n = 17) were treated by arterial embolization therapy on an emergency basis. The 15 patients with postpartum haemorrhage responded dramatically to treatment by embolization. Follow-up computed tomography or magnetic resonance studies in 12 cases showed haematomas in the pelvic extraperitoneal space, but most then reduced in size or disappeared spontaneously. In two patients with large haematomas, laparotomy was required. No serious complications developed and normal menstruation resumed in the women who did not undergo hysterectomy. In the 17 patients with malignant neoplasms, bleeding was temporally controlled in all, but recurred in seven and required re-embolization in three. One patient experienced slight numbness of the leg and another had a skin ulcer. All patients underwent subsequent treatment including radiation therapy (n = 10), operation (n = 5) or chemotherapy (n = 2). We conclude that arterial embolization has significant merits in the management of patients with uncontrollable genital bleeding.
Cultivation of aorta-gonad-mesonephros–derived hematopoietic stem cells in the fetal liver microenvironment amplifies long-term repopulating activity and enhances engraftment to the bone marrow (2002)

During mammalian development, definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) arise in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region and colonize the fetal liver (FL) before hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow. The FL is a unique hematopoietic organ where both HSCs and mature blood cells are actively generated along with functional maturation of hepatic cells as a metabolic organ. To characterize HSCs and FL microenvironments during development, this study establishes a coculture system composed of AGM-originated HSCs and FL nonhematopoietic cells. The results demonstrate that FL cells support significant expansion of lineage-committed hematopoietic cells as well as immature progenitors. More important, long-term repopulating activity was amplified from AGM-originated HSCs in this coculture system. Engraftment of HSCs to the bone marrow was strongly enhanced by coculture. In addition, AGM HSCs produced significantly more hematopoietic cells than E14.5 and E18.5 FL HSCs in vitro. These results suggest that the FL microenvironment not only stimulates expansion of the hematopoietic system, but also possibly modifies the characteristics of AGM HSCs. Thus, this coculture system recapitulates the developmental process of HSCs and the FL microenvironment and provides a novel means to study the development of hematopoiesis.
Fishing effects on spatial distribution and trophic guild structure of the fish community in the Georges Bank region (2000)

We examined the changes in the spatial distribution and trophic guild structure of the Georges Bank fish community associated with intense exploitation over the last 30 years. As heavily exploited species declined in abundance, their spatial ranges and degree of overlap with other species declined. The converse was true for weakly exploited species whose populations have increased. Despite dramatic alterations in species composition, the trophic guild structure was consistent over time. There are five major trophic guilds on Georges Bank across gradients from benthic to pelagic feeders and fish to invertebrate prey. Exploitation has strongly impacted the piscivores in this system and has modified species interactions through alterations in species composition.
Elliptic Grid Generation of Spiral-Bevel Pinion Gear Typical of OH-58 Helicopter Transmission (2002)

This paper discusses the source term treatment in the numerical solution of elliptic partial differential equations for an interior grid generation problem in generalized curvilinear coordinates. The geometry considered is that of a planar cross-section of a generic spiral-bevel gear tooth typical of a pinion in the OH-58 helicopter transmission. The source terms used are appropriate for an interior grid domain where all the boundaries are prescribed via a combination of Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. New constraints based on the Green's Theorem are derived which uniquely determine the coefficients in the source terms. These constraints are designed for boundary clustered grids where gradients in physical quantities need to be resolved adequately. However, it is seen that the present formulation works satisfactorily for mild clustering also. Thus, a fully automated elliptic grid generation technique is made possible where there is no need for a parametric study of these parameters since the new relations fix these free parameters uniquely.
Reduced prealbumin (transthyretin) in CSF of severely demented patients with Alzheimer's disease (1988)

Prealbumin (transthyretin) quantified in CSF was negatively correlated with degree of dementia in 24 patients with dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT). There was neither a significant correlation between prealbumin in serum and degree of dementia nor between prealbumin in CSF and number of T lymphocytes in serum. There was no such relationship in 7 patients with multi-infarct dementia. Prealbumin was also quantified in 4 non-demented control groups, one consisting of 14 age- and sex-matched neurological patients, 17 with MS, 6 with ALS and 10 patients who had had a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prealbumin was significantly lower in the last group. The study suggests that there may be a relationship between prealbumin levels in cerebrospinal fluid and degree of dementia. It is suggested that this may be caused by affection of the choroid plexus.
Venous access in haemophilic children: choice and management (2010)

Current haemophilia treatment in children is based on regular intravenous infusions of concentrates for prolonged periods, according to prophylaxis regimens or immune tolerance induction treatment, in cases of inhibitor development. Therefore, a stable and uncomplicated venous access is required and as such peripheral veins represent the preferred option. However, frequent infusions in the home setting can be problematic in very young children and for this reason, central venous access devices (CVADs) have been widely used to improve treatment feasibility. Unfortunately CVADs' use is associated with a high rate of complications, and infections and thrombotic occlusion can influence treatment outcome by causing unwanted treatment interruption. CVADs can be grouped into three main categories: external non-tunnelled, external tunnelled and fully implantable devices known as ports. The management of CVADs at home often represents a challenge because a strict adherence to sterile procedures is required. Indeed, the incidence of infections with ports is much lower than that reported for external devices; however, ports carry the inconvenience of needle sticks. More recently, arteriovenous fistula was shown to be a suitable alternative to CVADs because it is easy to use and is associated with a lower rate of complication.
Three-dimensional cellular-level imaging using full-field optical coherence tomography (2004)

An ultrahigh-resolution full-field optical coherence tomography (OCT) system has been developed for cellular-level imaging of biological media. The system is based on a Linnik interference microscope illuminated with a tungsten halogen lamp, associated with a high-resolution CCD camera. En face tomographic images are produced in real time, with the best spatial resolution ever achieved in OCT (0.7 microm x 0.9 microm, axial x transverse). A shot-noise limited detection sensitivity of 80 dB can be reached with an acquisition time per image of 1 s. Images of animal ophthalmic biopsies and vegetal tissues are shown.
Headgroup structure and fatty acid chain length of the acidic phospholipids modulate the interaction of membrane mimetic vesicles with the antimicrobial peptide protegrin‐1 (2005)

The interaction of protegrin-1 (PG-1), a small beta-sheet antimicrobial peptide with acidic phospholipid model membranes was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. We found that PG-1 can distinguish between liposomes of the anionic phospholipids DPPG, DPPS and DPPA, eventhough the headgroups of these phospholipids all have the same net charge and they carry the same hydrocarbon chains. Specifically, PG-1 had only a minor effect on the thermotropic phase behavior of DPPA liposomes, while it interacted preferentially with the fluid phase of DPPS. Furthermore, PG-1 could induce a phase separation in DPPG liposomes resulting in the formation of peptide-rich domains even at low concentrations of the peptide. However, this peptide-rich domain was not evident when the fatty acyl chains were longer or shorter by two carbon atoms. In addition, PG-1 can also form peptide-rich domains in DPPS vesicles but only at high concentrations of the peptide. These results suggest that in addition to an overall negative charge, the structural features of the phospholipid headgroups, lipid packing and thus membrane fluidity will influence the interaction with PG-1, thereby modulating its biological activity.
Risperidone Dosing Pattern and Clinical Outcome in Psychosis (2005)

Our results indicate that the current consensus regarding risperidone dosing is appropriate for clinical practice, whereas a slower titration schedule does not guarantee a better clinical outcome, thus emphasizing the need for appropriate early titration.
Genetic and immunological analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis fibronectin-binding proteins (1991)

Recombinant phage clones, TB1 and TB2, were selected from a Mycobacterium tuberculosis lambda gt11 DNA expression library by screening with a polyclonal antiserum raised against the antigen 85 complex of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Analysis of recombinant DNA inserts and expressed fusion proteins showed that two new genes had been isolated. The product of clone TB2 was identified as a member of the 30/31-kDa antigen 85 complex. Restriction enzyme analysis showed that this gene differs from previously cloned members of this antigen complex, with detailed serological analysis indicating that it may encode the 85C component. Antisera raised against the expressed product of clone TB1 recognized a 55-kDa protein in M. tuberculosis extracts. The 55-kDa protein also has fibronectin-binding activity and, like the 30/31-kDa family, is a prominent target of the antibody response in patients with mycobacterial disease. Although the clones were selected by using the same antiserum, detailed analysis by serology and by DNA hybridization showed that they represent two quite distinct types of fibronectin-binding activities expressed by M. tuberculosis. Further analysis of the fibronectin-binding antigens of M. tuberculosis may provide important insights into their role in mediating the interaction with the host immune system.
Collagen self-assembly in vitro. Differentiating specific telopeptide-dependent interactions using selective enzyme modification and the addition of free amino telopeptide. (1981)

The thermally induced in vitro self-assembly of collagen molecules to form active fibrils illustrates that collagen molecules themselves contain all of the structural information necessary for assembly. The molecule contains three structural domains, the NH2 and carboxyl-terminal extra helical regions (the telopeptides) and the major triple helical rod-like domain. Proteolytic removal of the short telopeptide domains drastically alters the in vitro self-assembly process. We have examined the specific contributions of each telopeptide to the initiation ("nucleation") and growth stages of self-assembly in collagens modified by selective proteinase treatment and by isolating a peptide containing the amino telopeptide and adding this to both normal and proteinase-modified collagen self-assembly systems. Pronase-modified collagen, devoid of both telopeptides, initiated self-assembly very poorly. Addition of small amounts of intact collagen accelerated the rate of nucleation of pronase-modified collagen. Addition of carboxypeptidase-modified collagen also accelerated the nucleation of pronase-modified collagen, suggesting that the remaining amino telopeptide was involved in nucleation. This was confirmed by isolating the cyanogen bromide fragment of the alpha 1(I) subunit containing the amino telopeptide and finding that it specifically accelerated the nucleation of intact pepsin- and pronase-modified to collagens. The amino telopeptide appears to bind to a specific region within the collagen triple helical domain. The isolated peptide requires thermal pretreatment to be active; hence, this interaction must involve a unique telopeptide conformation. This behavior is compatible with the recent model (Helseth, D. L., Jr., Lechner, J. H., and Veis, A. (1979) Biopolymers 18, 3005-3014) proposed for the conformation of the amino telopeptide and its interaction with a helical receptor site as a step in nucleation. Comparison of the behavior of leucine aminopeptidase- and carboxypeptidase-modified collagens suggests that the carboxyl telopeptide has its major role in the growth stages of self-assembly.