gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of controlling factors on facies distribution and evolution in an arid continental environment: an example from the Rotliegend of the NE German Basin (2003)

Abstract About 3 km of core material from 14 wells together with additional data from several hundred wells across the NE German Basin (NEGB), have been investigated in order to reconstruct the facies architecture and the evolution of the Upper Rotliegend II. Special attention has also been given to the verification of various controlling factors and their influence on sedimentation in an arid continental environment. The facies architecture within the logged profiles comprises five main environments, namely braided plain, ephemeral stream floodplain, sand flat, mudflat and playa lake. The evolution can be subdivided into four distinct basin-wide correlatable periods — Parchim, Mirow, Dethlingen and Hannover formations — with each of them being characterized by a specific basin geometry and interplay of controlling factors. The deposition of the basal Parchim Formation largely took place within a tectonically created basin, whereas the facies evolution displayed an initial less-arid climatic period and later shift to an arid climate. The succeeding Mirow Formation marks the beginning of thermally induced basin subsidence. However, sedimentation itself clearly reflects a period in which the climate was relatively less arid. The overlying Dethlingen Formation was largely controlled by the increasing thermal subsidence of the basin, leading to broad extension towards the south and east. Internally, the strata can show the effects of climatic variability, depending on their position within the basin. The uppermost Hannover Formation was the product of ongoing basin subsidence, a reduction in sediment supply and an increasingly peneplaned topography. In summary, evolution of the Upper Rotliegend II within the NEGB reveals a variety of factors which have a significant influence on sedimentation, such as climate variations, the creation rate and amount of accommodation space, wind direction, sediment budget and source area lithology. An understanding of how these various factors interlink in controlling basin infill is of great significance in understanding the complex depositional history of arid continental successions.
Selective Etching of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes by Gas-Phase Reaction (2006)

Metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes generally coexist in as-grown materials. We present a gas-phase plasma hydrocarbonation reaction to selectively etch and gasify metallic nanotubes, retaining the semiconducting nanotubes in near-pristine form. With this process, 100% of purely semiconducting nanotubes were obtained and connected in parallel for high-current transistors. The diameter- and metallicity-dependent "dry" chemical etching approach is scalable and compatible with existing semiconductor processing for future integrated circuits.
A comparison of reduced complexity decoding algorithms for trellis codes (1989)

Comparisons are made of a genie-aided sequential algorithm due to D. Haccoun and M.J. Ferguson (1975), the Viterbi algorithm, the M-algorithm, and the Fano algorithm for rate-1/2 and rate-2/3 trellis modulation codes on rectangular signal sets. The effects of signal-to-noise ratio and decoding-delay constraints on the choice of decoding algorithms for framed data are examined by computer simulation. Additionally, the genie-aided algorithm is used as a tool in estimating the asymptotic behavior of the M-algorithm. In general, the results conform closely to experience with convolutional codes due to the similar distance structure of the codes. The Fano algorithm produces good error performance with a low average number of computations when long decoding delay is permissible. The M-algorithm provides a savings in computation compared to the Viterbi algorithm if a small decoding delay is required.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Styrene divinyl benzene copolymers. I. Texture of macroporous copolymers with ethyl‐2‐hexanoic acid in diluent (1979)

Abstract The texture and the pore size distribution of a set of styrene divinylbenzene copolymers, prepared by suspension polymerization with various compositions and various amounts of ethyl‐2‐hexanoic acid as diluent, have been studied using nitrogen adsorption‐desorption isotherms, mercury porosimetry, and scanning‐electron microscopy. It appears that pore volume and surface area may be well predicted in a large range of conditions (divinylbenzene contents between 20 and 60%, ethyl‐2‐hexanoic acid contents between 35% and 60%). In this range of conditions there are three structures: the elementary nuclei are spherical particles of about 100–200 Å in diameter. They are organized in microspheres of about 500–1000 Å, and the microspheres form aggregates (2500–5000 Å) more or less separated by large holes. The smaller pores (&lt;40 Å) are in the microspheres, between the nuclei; they are present only if the amount of divinylbenzene is high enough. Intermediate pores (40–500 Å) are, in the aggregates, between the microspheres, although the larger pores between the aggregates range from about 500 Å to more than 10,000 Å, depending on the amount of diluent.
Autophagic Stress in Neuronal Injury and Disease (2006)

Autophagy is the regulated process by which cytoplasmic organelles and long-lived proteins are delivered for lysosomal degradation. Increased numbers of autophagosomes and autolysosomes often represent prominent ultrastructural features of degenerating or dying neurons. This morphology is characteristic not only of neurons undergoing pathologic degeneration, but also during developmental programmed cell death of some neuronal populations. In recent years, a growing number of reports highlight potentially important roles for autophagy-related processes in relation to protein aggregation, regulated cell death pathways, and neurodegeneration. While starvation-induced autophagy involves nonselective bulk degradation of cytoplasm, mechanisms that regulate selective targeting of damaged organelles form an emerging area. As the study of autophagy evolves from physiologic homeostasis to pathologic situations, consideration of terminology and definitions becomes important. Increased autophagic vacuoles do not necessarily correlate with increased autophagic activity or flux. Instead, the striking accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in dying or degenerating neurons likely reflects an imbalance between the rates of autophagic sequestration and completion of the degradative process. In other words, these cells can be thought of as undergoing "autophagic stress." The concept of autophagic stress may reconcile apparently conflicting roles of autophagy-related processes in adaptive, homeostatic responses and in pathways of neurodegeneration and cell death.
Double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase binds Z-DNA in vitro. (1995)

A Z-DNA binding protein of 140,000 M(r) has been purified from chicken lungs by sedimentation through 40%(w/w) sucrose and Z-DNA affinity chromatography. Specificity of the protein for Z-DNA was confirmed by competition with polyd(CG) that had been stabilized in the Z-DNA conformer by chemical bromination and also with a supercoiled plasmid that contains a Z-DNA-forming insert. In addition to a Z-DNA binding site, the protein also has a separate binding site for double-stranded RNA. Peptide sequence of the protein shows that it has high similarity to the RNA editing enzyme double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase (dsRAD), which deaminates adenosine in dsRNA to form inosine. The Z-DNA binding protein has this enzymatic activity, confirming its identity to dsRAD. Recombinant human dsRAD also binds to Z-DNA. Z-DNA is stabilized in a sequence-dependent manner by negative supercoiling, which occurs in actively transcribed genes upstream to RNA polymerase. It is proposed that Z-DNA links editing to transcription by localizing dsRAD to a particular region of a gene and thus determines the efficiency with which an RNA is edited. The presence of Z-DNA forming elements in many genes raises the possibility that RNA editing by dsRAD is far more prevalent than is currently thought.
Heterocyclic Synthesis via Enaminonitriles: A Convenient Route to Some New Pyrazole, Isoxazole, Pyrimidine, Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, Pyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazole and Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole Derivatives† (1998)

The utility of enaminonitrile 2 in the synthesis of some new pyrazole, isoxazole, pyrimidine, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, pyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazole and pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives is reported.
A 4μW, ADPLL-based implantable amperometric biosensor in 65nm CMOS (2017)

This paper presents a fully implantable, wirelessly powered subcutaneous amperometric biosensor. We propose a novel ultra-low power all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) based potentiostat architecture for electrochemical sensing. The system is wirelessly powered by near-field RF coupling of an on-chip antenna to an external coil at 915 MHz. Bi-directional wireless telemetry supports data transmission from the sensor to the external reader (uplink) via backscattering, and reconfiguration of the sensor chip over the RF downlink. The 1.2×1.2 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> prototype is fabricated in TSMC 65nm CMOS process. The potentiostat achieves a 100pA sensitivity over a full scale current range of 0-350nA. The total power consumption of the system is 4μW.
Small-angle x-ray-scattering study of silver-nanocrystal disorder-order phase transitions (1999)

A conceptually unique approach was developed to study the interparticle interactions between organized alkanethiol-capped silver nanocrystals. Dense nanocrystal fluids were formed by evaporating the solvent from a ``size-polydisperse'' $(\ensuremath{\sigma}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}12%)$ nanocrystal dispersion on a substrate. The sample polydispersity prevented the disorder-order phase transition (i.e., superlattice formation) from occurring. Small-angle x-ray scattering was then used to measure the static structure factors $S(q),$ of these disordered nanocrystal films as a function of the ratio $〈L〉/R$ between the capping ligand chain length to the core nanocrystal radius. The pair-distribution and direct correlation functions were then calculated from Fourier transformations of $S(q).$ This enabled the use of the hypernetted chain approximation to calculate the pair interparticle potential $u(r).$ The 6-12 Lennard-Jones potential provided reasonable fits to all experimentally determined values of $u(r),$ indicating the predominance of relatively short-range repulsion between nanocrystals. Monodisperse dodecanethiol- and octanethiol-capped silver nanocrystals were then condensed into ordered arrays. Face-centered-cubic (fcc) packing was favored for $〈L〉/R&lt;0.60,$ and body-centered-cubic (bcc) packing was favored when $〈L〉/R&gt;0.60.$ Lower-symmetry body-centered-tetragonal packing was observed for octanethiol-capped silver nanocrystals with $〈L〉/R&gt;0.66.$ A simple model employing the experimentally determined values for $u(r),$ predicts that the $\mathrm{fc}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{c}\mathrm{bcc}$ superlattice phase transition occurs when $〈L〉/R0.65.$
Rethinking Database System Architecture: Towards a Self-Tuning RISC-Style Database System (2000)

Database technology is one of the cornerstones for the new millennium&amp;apos;s IT landscape. However, database systems as a unit of code packaging and deployment are at a crossroad: commercial systems have been adding features for a long time and have now reached complexity that makes them a difficult choice, in terms of their &amp;quot;gain/pain ratio&amp;quot;, as a central platform for value-added information services such as ERP or e-commerce. It is critical that database systems be easy to manage, predictable in their performance characteristics, and ultimately self-tuning. For this elusive goal, RISC-style simplification of server functionality and interfaces is absolutely crucial. We suggest a radical architectural departure in which database technology is packaged into much smaller RISC-style data managers with lean, specialized APIs, and with built-in self-assessment and auto-tuning capabilities 1. The Need for a New Departure Database technology has an extremely successful track r...
Sensitization of Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells to Gemcitabine by Chk1 Inhibition (2012)

Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells and tumors to gemcitabine. We hypothesized that Chk1 inhibition would sensitize pancreatic cancer stem cells to gemcitabine. We tested this hypothesis by using two patient-derived xenograft models (designated J and F) and the pancreatic cancer stem cell markers CD24, CD44, and ESA. We determined the percentage of marker-positive cells and their tumor-initiating capacity (by limiting dilution assays) after treatment with gemcitabine and the Chk1 inhibitor, AZD7762. We found that marker-positive cells were significantly reduced by the combination of gemcitabine and AZD7762. In addition, secondary tumor initiation was significantly delayed in response to primary tumor treatment with gemcitabine + AZD7762 compared with control, gemcitabine, or AZD7762 alone. Furthermore, for the same number of stem cells implanted from gemcitabine- versus gemcitabine + AZD7762-treated primary tumors, secondary tumor initiation at 10 weeks was 83% versus 43%, respectively. We also found that pS345 Chk1, which is a measure of DNA damage, was induced in marker-positive cells but not in the marker-negative cells. These data demonstrate that Chk1 inhibition in combination with gemcitabine reduces both the percentage and the tumor-initiating capacity of pancreatic cancer stem cells. Furthermore, the finding that the Chk1-mediated DNA damage response was greater in stem cells than in non-stem cells suggests that Chk1 inhibition may selectively sensitize pancreatic cancer stem cells to gemcitabine, thus making Chk1 a potential therapeutic target for improving pancreatic cancer therapy.
Wallerian degeneration: gaining perspective on inflammatory events after peripheral nerve injury (2011)

In this review, we first provide a brief historical perspective, discussing how peripheral nerve injury (PNI) may have caused World War I. We then consider the initiation, progression, and resolution of the cellular inflammatory response after PNI, before comparing the PNI inflammatory response with that induced by spinal cord injury (SCI).In contrast with central nervous system (CNS) axons, those in the periphery have the remarkable ability to regenerate after injury. Nevertheless, peripheral nervous system (PNS) axon regrowth is hampered by nerve gaps created by injury. In addition, the growth-supportive milieu of PNS axons is not sustained over time, precluding long-distance regeneration. Therefore, studying PNI could be instructive for both improving PNS regeneration and recovery after CNS injury. In addition to requiring a robust regenerative response from the injured neuron itself, successful axon regeneration is dependent on the coordinated efforts of non-neuronal cells which release extracellular matrix molecules, cytokines, and growth factors that support axon regrowth. The inflammatory response is initiated by axonal disintegration in the distal nerve stump: this causes blood-nerve barrier permeabilization and activates nearby Schwann cells and resident macrophages via receptors sensitive to tissue damage. Denervated Schwann cells respond to injury by shedding myelin, proliferating, phagocytosing debris, and releasing cytokines that recruit blood-borne monocytes/macrophages. Macrophages take over the bulk of phagocytosis within days of PNI, before exiting the nerve by the circulation once remyelination has occurred. The efficacy of the PNS inflammatory response (although transient) stands in stark contrast with that of the CNS, where the response of nearby cells is associated with inhibitory scar formation, quiescence, and degeneration/apoptosis. Rather than efficiently removing debris before resolving the inflammatory response as in other tissues, macrophages infiltrating the CNS exacerbate cell death and damage by releasing toxic pro-inflammatory mediators over an extended period of time. Future research will help determine how to manipulate PNS and CNS inflammatory responses in order to improve tissue repair and functional recovery.
Effect of dietary zeaxanthin on tissue distribution of zeaxanthin and lutein in quail. (2002)

Xanthophyll profiles in quail mimic those in primates. Dietary supplements of zeaxanthin effectively increased zeaxanthin concentrations in serum, retina, liver, and fat. The robust response to zeaxanthin supplementation identifies the quail as an animal model for exploration of factors regulating delivery of dietary carotenoids to the retina.
Assignment of the vibrational spectrum of l-cysteine (2013)

Ab initio calculations of the complete unit cell of l-cysteine for both the orthorhombic and monoclinic polymorphs have been carried out. The results suggest the presence of a previously unrecognised, weak dihydrogen bond of a novel type: S–H···N–H in the gauche conformer of the monoclinic polymorph. Comparison of the calculated transition energies to those observed in the infrared, Raman and inelastic neutron scattering spectra of the orthorhombic form shows excellent agreement, as does the simulated INS spectra to that experimentally measured. The assignments are in general agreement with those in the literature but differ in detail. The strong intermolecular interactions present make the use of periodic-DFT essential in order to correctly assign the spectra. The need for, and the complementarity of, all three types of vibrational spectra: infrared, Raman and INS is clearly demonstrated.
The Leiden Early Arthritis Clinic. (2004)

In 1993 a special Early Arthritis Clinic (EAC) was established at the Department of Rheumatology of the Leiden University Medical Center in order to detect and treat inflammatory disorders early in the disease state, especially early rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with confirmed arthritis of recent onset (less than 2 years) were included by rheumatologists and trained research nurses. Parameters of first and follow-up visits (3, 6 and 9 months and yearly) that were entered in the EAC-database include the medical history, physical-diagnostic examination, laboratory tests, questionnaires, radiographic joint scores and diagnosis. This database enables us to conduct research on arthritis, with an emphasis on rheumatoid arthritis, in many ways. Physicians and basic scientists have studied cellular immunology and genetic, environmental and clinical risk factors in order to determine the pathophysiologic mechanisms of inflammatory arthritis. The present article is a review on reports published from the EAC. Over the past ten years, these reports have been highly relevant for both daily clinical practice and research. Present and planned future studies, as described in this article, reconfirm the importance of an EAC framework to ensure that research continues on this disease in the Leiden EAC area.
Diamond‐based concept for combining beams at very high average powers (2017)

Abstract Ever since the laser's invention, there has been great interest in increasing beam output power without detriment to its coherence. Despite great advances having been obtained through the use of a diverse range of approaches, steady‐state beam powers above ten kilowatts remain a significant challenge for solid‐state lasers due to the heightened impact of detrimental nonlinear effects such as thermal lensing. Multiplexing several lasers using beam combination represents a method for surpassing the power barriers of single lasers. Here we propose and demonstrate a novel approach to beam combination and power scaling based on Raman conversion in diamond. Power from multiple non‐collinear pump beams is efficiently transferred onto a single Stokes beam in a single‐pass amplifier. Using three mutually‐independent nanosecond pulsed beams from a free‐running‐linewidth 1064 nm laser, 69% of the total peak pump power of 6.7 kW was transferred onto a TEM 00 Stokes seed pulse at 1240 nm in a 9.5 mm long diamond crystal. Compared to other beam combination techniques, diamond beam combination has advantages of relaxed constraints on pump beam mutual coherence, while enabling narrowband output. Thermal considerations for extending from low duty‐cycle to continuous wave operation and higher power levels are discussed. image
Herpes simplex virus inhibits host cell splicing, and regulatory protein ICP27 is required for this effect (1994)

While the majority of metazoan genes and those of the DNA viruses which infect them contain introns which require RNA splicing, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes relatively few spliced products. We previously showed that the HSV-1 immediate-early protein ICP27 decreased the levels of spliced target mRNAs in transfections and spliced cellular mRNAs during infection, suggesting that ICP27 may function in impairing host cell splicing. Here, we show that during infections with the wild type, but not in infections with an ICP27 viral mutant termed 27-LacZ, precursor RNA accumulated for a virus transcript which contained introns. Pre-mRNA accumulation in the nucleus was greater than that in the cytoplasm, indicating that splicing rather than transport was affected. Furthermore, splicing of a beta-globin pre-mRNA substrate was inhibited in nuclear extracts from wild-type-infected cells but not in extracts from cells infected with 27-LacZ. The inhibitory activity in extracts from wild-type-infected cells was able to reduce the splicing efficiency of competent extracts in biochemical complementation assays. ICP27 appeared to be responsible for this decrease, because the splicing activity of an extract from cells infected with an ICP27 ts mutant was significantly reduced after incubation of the extract at the permissive temperature to allow renaturation of the conformationally defective ICP27 protein. These results strongly suggest that HSV-1 infection inhibits host cell splicing through the action of ICP27.
Directional scrolling of SiGe/Si/Cr nanoribbon on Si(111) surfaces controlled by two-fold rotational symmetry underetching (2012)

The controllable fabrication of self-scrolling SiGe/Si/Cr helical nanoribbons on Si(111) substrates is investigated. The initial lateral etching profile of the Si(111) substrates shows a 2-fold rotational symmetry using 4% ammonia solution, which provides guidance for initial scrolling of one-end-fixed nanoribbons to form helical structures. The chirality of the SiGe/Si/Cr helices with isotropic Young's moduli is governed by the anisotropic underetching in the initial stage, which can be precisely judged, as the orientation of the ribbon is predesigned. Furthermore, the helicity angle and radius of the formed helices are investigated by the lateral etching behavior and Cosserat curve theory of the Si(111) substrates, respectively, which are consistent with the experimental data. The present work provides the scrolling rule of nanoribbons with an isotropic Young's modulus and anisotropic underetching in the formation of micro-/nanohelices.
Transfer of Proteins Across Membranes (1981)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More