gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the effectiveness of four different crosslinking agents with hyaluronic acid hydrogel films for tissue‐culture applications (2007)

Abstract The effectiveness of four different reagents, glutaraldehyde (GTA), 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), poly(ethyelene glycol) diglycidyl ether (EX 810), and divinyl sulfone (DVS) as crosslinkers for cast hyaluronic acid (HA) films has been evaluated. Films were prepared by casting from solution and exposed to solutions of the crosslinkers in acetone–water solution. Swelling in water and in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was then used to assess the effectiveness of the crosslinkers. GTA‐crosslinked films were found to be of low stability compared with those treated with EDC, EX 810, and DVS. Results suggest that instability in GTA‐crosslinked materials arises in part from residual acid catalyst. The effects of polymer molecular weight are not uniform. With GTA‐crosslinked film produced from higher molecular weight HA swells more, and this is attributed to reduced diffusion of the crosslinker, but with EDC, the opposite effect is observed, implying some additional molecular weight dependent mechanism. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis results suggest that there are no significant structural difference between the gels for each crosslinker system and only the crosslink density and moisture content alters the transitions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Steam-Injected Gas Turbine Analysis: Steam Rates (1995)

This paper presents an analysis of steam rates in steam-injected gas turbines (simple and reheat). In considering a gas turbine of this type, the steam-injection flow is separated from the main gas stream for analysis. Dalton’s and Avogadro’s laws of partial pressure and gas mixtures are applied. Results obtained provide for the accurate determination of heat input, gas expansion based on partial pressures, and heat-rejection steam-enthalpy points.
VH restriction among human cold agglutinins. The VH4-21 gene segment is required to encode anti-I and anti-i specificities (1992)

We previously reported that human autoantibodies with cold agglutinin activity contained a single human VH gene segment (VH4-21) which was also responsible for the cross-idiotypic specificity characteristic of the cold agglutinin response. To confirm and extend this observation we have analyzed at the nucleotide level the H and L chains of six new cold agglutinin molecules derived from different patients. We found that regardless of whether the antibody recognizes the i or the I red cell Ag, restriction at the VH gene segment level is absolute. We also found that even in the absence of somatic mutation the VH4-21 gene segment can encode both anti-i and anti-I specificities. Finally, although the VH4-21 gene segment is essential for cold agglutinin activity, the other genetic elements that contribute to the V region of the antibody molecules can be extremely diverse. The structural information provided in this report sharply restricts the requirement for encoding pathogenic cold agglutinin activity to one of the components of the H chain V region, specifically the VH gene segment. The implications of this apparently absolute requirement for a single VH gene segment, unprecedented in the human autoimmune response, are discussed.
English Speakers and the Asymmetrical Matrix-Embedded Null Subjects in L2 Chinese (2007)

This study looks at the interpretation of null subjects in L2 Chinese by adult L1 English speakers and sets out to explain the divergence between non-native speakers and native speakers in relation to parameter-resetting in SLA within the framework of Principles and Parameters. Findings in the current study, based on a preference test of null subject-related Chinese properties, show that second language speakers' use of null arguments increases with proficiency. They also suggest that L2 Chinese learners, advanced speakers included, have difficulty with the acquisition of null embedded subjects more so than with null matrix subjects. The results support the claim made by Tsimpli and Roussou (1991) and Smith and Tsimpli (1995) that parameter values associated with functional categories are inaccessible to L2 learners after the critical period. It is argued that the ”topichood” being a generalised property may have contributed to the L2 divergence found in the study.
Azole Resistance in Candida glabrata : Coordinate Upregulation of Multidrug Transporters and Evidence for a Pdr1-Like Transcription Factor (2004)

Candida glabrata has emerged as a common cause of fungal infection. This yeast has intrinsically low susceptibility to azole antifungals such as fluconazole, and mutation to frank azole resistance during treatment has been documented. Potential resistance mechanisms include changes in expression or sequence of ERG11 encoding the azole target. Alternatively, resistance could result from upregulated expression of multidrug transporter genes; in C. glabrata these include CDR1 and PDH1. By RNA hybridization, 10 of 12 azole-resistant clinical isolates showed 6- to 15-fold upregulation of CDR1 compared to susceptible strains. In 4 of these 10 isolates PDH1 was similarly upregulated, and in the remainder it was upregulated three- to fivefold, while ERG11 expression was minimally changed. Laboratory mutants were selected on fluconazole-containing medium with glycerol as carbon source (to eliminate mitochondrial mutants). Similar to the clinical isolates, six of seven laboratory mutants showed unchanged ERG11 expression but coordinate CDR1-PDH1 upregulation ranging from 2- to 20-fold. Effects of antifungal treatment on gene expression in susceptible C. glabrata strains were also studied: azole exposure induced CDR1-PDH1 expression 4- to 12-fold. These findings suggest that these transporter genes are regulated by a common mechanism. In support of this, a mutation associated with laboratory resistance was identified in the C. glabrata homolog of PDR1 which encodes a regulator of multidrug transporter genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutation falls within a putative activation domain and was associated with PDR1 autoupregulation. Additional regulatory factors remain to be identified, as indicated by the lack of PDR1 mutation in a clinical isolate with coordinately upregulated CDR1-PDH1.
Effects of Calcifediol Treatment on the Progression of Renal Osteodystrophy during Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (1990)

Mineral metabolism was studied in 31 patients with chronic renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for a year. After baseline observations, 1-year calcifediol treatment was started in all the patients (100 micrograms/day). After therapy, progressive normalization of calcium levels was found in all the patients, while plasma phosphate did not change. After therapy, plasma alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone decreased significantly. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D showed a slight increase, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (extremely low at the start of the study) rose, reaching normal levels, after 1 year of treatment. Bone mineral density and bone biopsy indexes showed general improvement after calcifediol. In conclusion, calcifediol seems to act positively on the disorders of mineral metabolism in CAPD.
Enrichment, detection and clinical significance of circulating tumor cells (2013)

Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) are shed from primary or secondary tumors into blood circulation. Accessing and analyzing these cells provides a non-invasive alternative to tissue biopsy. CTCs are estimated to be as few as 1 cell among a few million WBCs and few billion RBCs in 1 ml of patient blood and are rarely found in healthy individuals. CTCs are FDA approved for prognosis of the major cancers, namely, Breast, Colon and Prostate. Currently, more than 400 clinical trials are ongoing to establish their clinical significance beyond prognosis, such as, therapy selection and companion diagnostics. Understanding the clinical relevance of CTCs typically involves isolation, detection and molecular characterization of cells, ideally at single cell level. The need for highly reliable, standardized and robust methodologies for isolating and analyzing CTCs has been widely expressed by clinical thought leaders. In the last decade, numerous academic and commercial technology platforms for isolation and analysis of CTCs have been reported. A recent market report highlighted the presence of more than 100 companies offering products and services related to CTCs. This review aims to capture the state of the art and examines the technical merits and limitations of contemporary technologies for clinical use.
The FEZ1 gene at chromosome 8p22 encodes a leucine-zipper protein, and its expression is altered in multiple human tumors (1999)

Alterations of human chromosome 8p occur frequently in many tumors. We identified a 1.5-Mb common region of allelic loss on 8p22 by allelotype analysis. cDNA selection allowed isolation of several genes, including FEZ1. The predicted Fez1 protein contained a leucine-zipper region with similarity to the DNA-binding domain of the cAMP-responsive activating-transcription factor 5. RNA blot analysis revealed that FEZ1 gene expression was undetectable in more than 60% of epithelial tumors. Mutations were found in primary esophageal cancers and in a prostate cancer cell line. Transcript analysis from several FEZ1-expressing tumors revealed truncated mRNAs, including a frameshift. Alteration and inactivation of the FEZ1 gene may play a role in various human tumors.
Does the combination of a human fibrin sealant with ranitidine accelerate the healing of duodenal ulcer? (1992)

Human fibrin sealant (Tissucol) has been used in surgery for its haemostatic and sealing actions and stimulating effect on tissue regeneration. Recently it has been used in endoscopy, but controlled trials are not yet available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Tissucol on the healing rate of duodenal ulcers (DU). Thirty nine previously untreated DU patients received ranitidine 150 bid plus endoscopically applied either placebo (19 patients) or Tissucol (20 patients). Sixty-five percent of the patients in the Tissucol group and 21% in the control group healed after two weeks (p less than 0.02), 75 and 52.6% respectively after 4 weeks (NS). The endoscopic application of Tissucol seems to influence the healing of duodenal ulcer and its use could be suggested in selected patients with DU.
Darstellung und Fluoreszenzverhalten von 2,3,4,4a,10a,11,12,13‐Octahydro‐1,4a,10a,14‐tetraazaviolanthron‐Derivaten (1983)

Synthesis and Flouorescene of 2,3,4,4a,10a,11,12,13‐Octahydro‐1,4a,10a,14‐tetraazaviolanthron‐Derivatives . The tetramethyl derivative 2 of the title compound was prepared by the condensation of neopentanediamine with 3,4:9,10‐perylenebis(dicarboxylic anhydride). The spectra of absorption and fluorescence with λ max = 541 and 563 nm, respectively, show a bathochromic shift versus those of the perylene dyes. The quantum yield of fluorescence is 60 percent. The analogue condensation of the anhydride with ethylenediamine gives a perylene fluorescent dye as an intermediate which contains an amino group and may, therefore, be used in acid aqueous solutions.
Life-long learning (1993)

article Free Access Share on Life-long learning Author: Carol Edwards Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DCView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 36Issue 5May 1993 pp 76–78https://doi.org/10.1145/155049.155069Published:01 May 1993Publication History 3citation1,073DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations3Total Downloads1,073Last 12 Months35Last 6 weeks9 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Role of the B-ring substituent in the fluorescence of colchicinoid-tubulin and allocolchicinoid-tubulin complexes (1992)

Fluorescence spectra of several B-ring derivatives of allocolchicine in a variety of solvents have been obtained. The quantum yields of the allocolchicine derivatives decreased with amine substitution at the C-7 position [R = H greater than NH2 much greater than NHCH3 greater than N(CH3)2]. The relative fluorescent intensities of the aminoallocolchicinoids [R = NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2] bound to tubulin were significantly less than the fluorescent intensities of tubulin-bound allocolchicine (R = NHCOCH3) and deacetamidoallocolchicine (R = H). The low fluorescent intensities of the aminoallocolchicinoids in solvents and bound to tubulin could be explained by exciplex formation between the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen and the allocolchicinoid pi-system, which leads to quenching of the allocolchicinoid fluorescence. Direct evidence for exciplex formation between the C-7 amine nitrogen and the allocolchicinoid pi-system was found in the emission spectrum of N-methyldemeallocolchicine [R = N(CH3)2] in dioxane. The quantum yields of the aminoallocolchicinoids in glycerol were higher than would be predicted on the basis of solvent dielectric effects. Glycerol appears to increase the quantum yields of the aminoallocolchicinoids through both viscosity and hydrogen-bonding effects. The latter effect serves to sequester the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen, decreasing its ability to interact with the pi-system of the allocolchicinoid. It is concluded that the fluorescent properties of colchicinoids and allocolchicinoids in glycerol are not reliable indicators of the fluorescent properties of the molecules bound to tubulin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Conceptual Design of a Switched Television-Distribution System Using Optical-Fiber Waveguides (1977)

A conceptual design of a switched television-distribution system based on analogue intensty-modulated (IM) transmission through optical-fiber waveguides is discussed. Transmission of two TV channels and provision of telephone or data service over two optical-fiber waveguides to each subscriber by frequency-division multiplexing is considered first and then other design options such as spatial-division multiplexing, inclusion of copperwire pairsfor the supply of electrical power and telephone or data service is reviewed. Thepresent state ofdevelopment of system components is also discussed and areas requiring further development are pointed out. Theoretical Calculation of the possible transmission distances for analogue IM transmission of baseband and frequency-division multiplexed video signals is described. The results show that if-3 dBm (0.5 mW) of optical power modulated by a baseband video signal to a peak modulationfactor of 80% is launched into an optical-fiber waveguide, a distance of approximately 15 km can be spanned without a repeater. It is concluded that in view ofthe distances that can be covered by low-loss optical-fiber transmission systems, a centrally switched optical television distribution system may well be attractive for applications not only to urban areas, but also to rural areas. It is further suggested that an economic analysis is needed to ascertain the practicality of such a system.
T cell receptor binding kinetics required for T cell activation depend on the density of cognate ligand on the antigen-presenting cell (2005)

CD8(+) T cells recognize peptides of eight to nine amino acid residues long in the context of MHC class I molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This recognition event is highly sensitive, as evidenced by the fact that T cells can be activated by cognate peptide/MHC complex (pMHC) at extremely low densities (1-50 molecules). High sensitivity is particularly valuable for detection of antigens at low density, such as those derived from tumor cells and intracellular pathogens, which can down-modulate cognate pMHCs from the surface of APCs to evade recognition by the adaptive immune system. T cell activation is only triggered in response to interactions between the T cell receptor (TCR) and the pMHC ligand that reach a specific half-life threshold. However, interactions with excessively long half-lives result in impaired T cell activation. Thus, efficient T cell activation by pMHC on the surface of APCs requires an optimal dwell time of TCR-pMHC interaction. Here, we show that, although this is a requirement at low cognate pMHC density on the APC surface, at high epitope density there is no impairment of T cell activation by extended TCR-pMHC dwell times. This observation was predicted by mathematical simulations for T cell activation by pMHC at different densities and supported by experiments performed on APCs selected for varied expression of cognate pMHC. According to these results, effective T cell activation depends on a complex interplay between inherent TCR-pMHC binding kinetics and the epitope density on the APC.
Resident memory T cells in human health and disease (2015)

Resident memory T cells are non-recirculating memory T cells that persist long-term in epithelial barrier tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, lung, skin, and reproductive tract. Resident memory T cells persist in the absence of antigens, have impressive effector functions, and provide rapid on-site immune protection against known pathogens in peripheral tissues. A fundamentally distinct gene expression program differentiates resident memory T cells from circulating T cells. Although these cells likely evolved to provide rapid immune protection against pathogens, autoreactive, aberrantly activated, and malignant resident memory cells contribute to numerous human inflammatory diseases including mycosis fungoides and psoriasis. This review will discuss both the science and medicine of resident memory T cells, exploring how these cells contribute to healthy immune function and discussing what is known about how these cells contribute to human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Development and application of cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated antigen 4 as a protein scaffold for the generation of novel binding ligands (2000)

We have explored the possibilities of using human cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) as a single immunoglobulin fold-based scaffold for the generation of novel binding ligands. To obtain a suitable protein library selection system, the extracellular domain of CTLA-4 was first displayed on the surface of a filamentous phage as a fusion product of the phage coat protein p3. CTLA-4 was shown to be functionally intact by binding to its natural ligands B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) both in vitro and in situ. Secondly, the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) loop of the CTLA-4 extracellular domain was evaluated as a permissive site. We replaced the nine amino acid CDR3-like loop of CTLA-4 with the sequence XXX-RGD-XXX (where X represents any amino acid). Using phage display we selected several CTLA-4-based variants capable of binding to human alphavbeta3 integrin, one of which showed binding to integrins in situ. To explore the construction of bispecific molecules we also evaluated one other potential permissive site diametrically opposite the natural CDR-like loops, which was found to be tolerant of peptide insertion. Our data suggest that CTLA-4 is a suitable human scaffold for engineering single-domain molecules with one or possibly more binding specificities.
Possible Role of Ammonia on the Deposition, Retention, and Absorption of Nicotine in Humans while Smoking† (2007)

This perspective presents an overview of the properties of tobacco smoke aerosol and the possible effect of ammonia on the deposition location, retention and the amount and rate of nicotine absorption during cigarette smoking. Three main mechanisms describe the absorption of smoke constituents: (A) gas-phase constituents deposit directly; (B) particles deposit and the constituents then diffuse through the particle into the biological buffer and then into the tissue; and (C) particulate phase constituents evaporate from the particles and then deposit from the gas phase. Nicotine from smoking deposits and is absorbed predominately in the lungs. When particles deposit on the lung-blood interfaces, nicotine is absorbed rapidly, regardless of the acid-base nature of the particles. This is due to the buffering capacity of the lung-blood interfaces and the small mass of nicotine per puff distributed over a large number of particles depositing onto a huge lung surface. The composition of both tobacco smoke aerosol particles and the gas phase are time dependent. Ammonia in mainstream smoke evaporates faster from particles than nicotine. It is, therefore, unlikely that ammonia can significantly affect the volatility of MS smoke nicotine from particles in the smoke aerosol. It is certain that no single measurement of tobacco or of smoke, especially one made under equilibrium conditions, can adequately characterize the time-dependent properties of mainstream smoke aerosol. Thus, the fraction of nonprotonated freebase nicotine in trapped, aged smoke particulate matter has not been shown to be a useful predictor of the amount or total rate of nicotine uptake in human smokers. Similarly, "smoke pH" and "pHeff" are not useful practical parameters for providing understanding or predictability of tobacco smoke chemistry or nicotine bioavailability.
Reference-free SNP calling: improved accuracy by preventing incorrect calls from repetitive genomic regions (2012)

The iML algorithm can efficiently prevent incorrect SNP calls resulting from repetitive genomic regions, and thus outperforms the original ML algorithm by achieving much higher genotyping accuracy. Our algorithm is therefore very useful for accurate de novo SNP genotyping in the non-model organisms without a reference genome.
Windows NT clusters for availability and scalabilty (2002)

We describe the architecture of the clustering extensions to the Windows NT operating system. Windows NT clusters provide three principal user visible advantages: improved availability by continuing to provide a service even during hardware or software failure. Increased scalability by allowing new components to be added as system load increases. Lastly, clusters simplify the management of groups of systems and their applications by allowing the administrator to manage the entire group as a single system. We first describe the high level goals for the design team, and some of the difficulties making the appropriate changes to Windows NT. We then provide an overview of the structure of the cluster specific components and discuss each component in more detail before closing with a discussion of some possible future enhancements.
DETECTION OF SPECIFIC ANTIGEN IN SV40-TRANSFORMED CELLS BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE (1964)

With an immunofluorescent technique involving the use of serum of hamsters with SV40 tumors, nuclear fluorescence was detected in each of five cell lines, derived from four mammalian species, transformed by SV40 virus. Essentially all nuclei, including those of multinuclear cells, were fluorescent-stainable. Serum of hamsters bearing SV40 tumors was also found to give nuclear fluorescence in susceptible cells (AGMK or BSC-1) acutely infected with SV40 virus. These findings provide further evidence that cellular incorporation of the SV40 viral genome, with partial expression of the genome by synthesis of at least one virus-specific antigen, is an integral property of all SV40 transformed cells.