gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: current understanding and future steps (2012)

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disorder of the brain caused by a ubiquitous polyomavirus, JC virus. PML is almost always associated with some underlying immunosuppression and acquired immune deficiency syndrome has been the most common predisposing disorder. Recently, different pharmacological agents have been demonstrated to increase the risk of PML. Therapies that predispose people to PML can be classified into three categories: therapies that uniquely increase the risk for the disorder, such as the monoclonal antibodies natalizumab and efalizumab; therapies that appear to increase the risk in individuals already at risk of PML due to pre-existing conditions, such as rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil; and therapies with a mechanism of action that might suggest a potential for increased PML risk and/or with which rare cases of PML have been observed. Unlike the latter two classes, therapeutic agents uniquely increasing the risk of PML are associated with a much greater prevalence of the disorder and a latent interval from the time of drug initiation to the development of PML. PML development with pharmacological agents has provided new insight into the pathogenesis of this devastating disorder. This review focuses on the risks of PML with multiple pharmacological agents, the proposed pathogenesis with these agents, and potential risk mitigation strategies.
Colicin B: Mode of Action and Inhibition by Enterochelin (1973)

Adsorption of colicin B to a sensitive strain of Escherichia coli results in rapid cessation of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein synthesis. Some classes of mutants insensitive to colicin B hyperexcrete a colicin inhibitor into their growth medium. This inhibitor functions by preventing adsorption of colicin B and does not rescue cells to which colicin has already adsorbed. The inhibitor is insensitive to nucleases, proteolytic enzymes, and lysozyme and is not extracted into organic solvents. The inhibitory material has a low molecular weight, which rules out identification as lipopolysaccharide, although purified lipopolysaccharide has some inhibitory activity. Evidence is presented that the inhibitor is enterochelin, an iron chelator which is the cyclic trimer of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine. Enterochelin does not inhibit colicin M, a colicin that is produced by many strains colicinogenic for colicin B.
The delta T cell receptor repertoire in human colon and peripheral blood is oligoclonal irrespective of V region usage. (1995)

The majority of gamma/delta T cell receptors (TCR) in the human intestinal mucosa are thought to use the TCRDV1 (V delta 1) variable region gene segment, whereas gamma/delta T cells in the circulation predominantly express the TCRDV2 (V delta 2) gene segment. delta T cell receptors that use the TCRDV2 variable region gene segment generally have been regarded as highly diverse, whereas those that use the TCRDV1 gene segment are oligoclonal, whether present in the intestinal tract or in peripheral blood. We report herein that oligoclonality is a general feature of the peripheral delta T cell receptor repertoire in healthy human adults, irrespective of the variable region used and regardless of whether gamma/delta T cells reside in the intestinal mucosa or in peripheral blood. In addition, the delta T cell receptor repertoire is shown to be highly compartmentalized between such sites as the colon and peripheral blood, relatively stable over at least a 10-16-mo period, and unique in each individual. Further, the spectrum of variable region genes used by delta T cell receptor transcripts in the human colon is greater than previously recognized. Thus, in addition to the TCRDV1 and TCRDV2 variable region gene segments, delta T cell receptors in normal intestinal mucosa can use TCRDV3 (V delta 3) and TCRAV (V alpha) gene segments which, in some individuals, comprise a significant component of the mucosal delta T cell receptor repertoire. Our studies indicate that the potential of delta T cell receptors for extensive diversity is not reflected in the mature human repertoire. Moreover, these findings suggest a model wherein the delta T cell receptor repertoire in the colon and peripheral blood is shaped by selection and clonal expansion of gamma/delta T cells that ultimately seed throughout the length of the colon mucosa and populate the circulation.
Evolution of Composition, Molar Mass, and Conductivity during the Free Radical Copolymerization of Polyelectrolytes (2007)

Despite their importance in biological and technological contexts, copolymeric polyelectrolytes (or "copolyelectrolytes") continue to present challenges to theorists and experimentalists. The first results of a unified approach to the kinetics and mechanisms of copolyelectrolyte synthesis and the physical characteristics of the resulting polymers are presented. The free radical copolymerization of 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt and acrylamide was monitored using automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions (ACOMP), from which the average bivariate composition and mass distributions were determined. Composition drift was related to the evolution of conductivity. In some cases bimodal populations of copolyelectrolyte and homopolymeric poly(acrylamide) resulted, i.e., blends of copolyelectrolyte and neutral homopolymer. The end-product scattering behavior depended on whether the end-product was bimodal or not, as demonstrated using automatic continuous mixing (ACM) in conjunction with light scattering and viscosity. Negative light-scattering third virial coefficients were found for bimodal end-products. This combined approach may allow connecting the synthesis kinetics to the resulting "trivariate" distribution of composition, molar mass, and linear charge density, which in turn controls the properties of end-product solutions, such as chain conformations, interparticle interactions, viscosity, interactions with colloids and other polymers, phase separation, etc. Unified results may allow testing and improvement of existing polyelectrolyte theories, development of new quantitative physicochemical models, provide advanced characterization methods, set the stage for studying more complex copolyelectrolytes, such as hydrophobically modified ones, and provide tools for ultimately controlling and tailoring the synthesis and properties of copolyelectrolytes.
Non-invasive radioiodine imaging for accurate quantitation of NIS reporter gene expression in transplanted hearts☆☆☆ (2007)

These data demonstrate that hNIS is an excellent reporter gene for the transplanted heart. The expression level of hNIS can be accurately and non-invasively monitored by serial radioisotopic SPECT imaging. High concordance has been demonstrated between imaging and soluble marker peptides at the maximum transgene expression on POD 5.
Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus toxin "superantigens" with human T cells. (1989)

A modification of the polymerase chain reaction has been used to establish the fact that a collection of Staphylococcus aureus toxins are "superantigens," each of which interacts with the T-cell alpha beta receptor of human T cells by means of a specific set of V beta elements.
New World Arenavirus Clade C, but Not Clade A and B Viruses, Utilizes α-Dystroglycan as Its Major Receptor (2002)

Alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG) has been identified as a major receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Lassa virus, two Old World arenaviruses. The situation with New World arenaviruses is less clear: previous studies demonstrated that Oliveros virus also exhibited high-affinity binding to alpha-DG but that Guanarito virus did not. To extend these initial studies, several additional Old and New World arenaviruses were screened for entry into mouse embryonic stem cells possessing or lacking alpha-DG. In addition, representative viruses were further analyzed for direct binding to alpha-DG by means of a virus overlay protein blot assay technique. These studies indicate that Old World arenaviruses use alpha-DG as a major receptor, whereas, of the New World arenaviruses, only clade C viruses (i.e., Oliveros and Latino viruses) use alpha-DG as a major receptor. New World clade A and B arenaviruses, which include the highly pathogenic Machupo, Guanarito, Junin, and Sabia viruses, appear to use a different receptor or coreceptor for binding. Previous studies with LCMV have suggested the need for a small aliphatic amino acid at LCMV GP1 glycoprotein amino acid position 260 to allow high-affinity binding to alpha-DG. As reported herein, this requirement appears to be broadly applicable to the arenaviruses as determined by more extensive analysis of alpha-DG receptor usage and GP1 sequences of Old and New World arenaviruses. In addition, GP1 amino acid position 259 also appears to be important, since all arenaviruses showing high-affinity alpha-DG binding possess a bulky aromatic amino acid (tyrosine or phenylalanine) at this position.
Clinical overview of serotonin reuptake inhibitors. (1990)

The clinical pharmacology, adverse event profiles, and clinical efficacy of several serotonin reuptake inhibitors are summarized and compared with those of the classic tricyclic antidepressants. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors discussed are sertraline, zimelidine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and paroxetine. While they do not differ from tricyclics in efficacy or onset of action, the serotonin reuptake inhibitors clearly have a different side effect potential. Unlike tricyclics, serotonin reuptake inhibitors provide effective antidepressant activity without sedating, anticholinergic, or cardiotoxic reactions. In comparison, tricyclics lower the seizure threshold, have anticholinergic and hypotensive effects, affect cardiac conduction, are dangerous in overdose, and may cause weight gain. The primary adverse events associated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors involve the gastrointestinal system, although side effects may be less frequent at lower dosage levels. It is important to choose antidepressant therapy on the basis of a patient's ability to tolerate the specific adverse reactions that may occur with a given agent. Although serotonin reuptake inhibitors have not replaced the tricyclics, they are a useful addition to the variety of drugs currently used for the treatment of depression.
Characterization of the Secreted, Native gp120 and gp160 of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (1990)

We have previously shown that the cell line 6D5(451) chronically infected with the HIV-1 isolate HTLV-III(451), secretes the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp160 in the extracellular medium. The HTLV-III(451) gp120 and gp160 were purified by sequential affinity chromatographic steps using a monoclonal antibody to HIV-1 gp41 and an anti-HIV-1-positive human serum. Amino acid sequence analysis of gp120 and gp160 showed the loss of the signal peptide. Digestion of the purified gp120 and gp160 with endoglycosidases revealed that both proteins are heavily glycosylated and contain complex carbohydrates, in contrast to the intracellular form of gp160 which has been shown to contain mannose-rich immature sugars. Competitive binding analysis showed that while both gp120 and gp160 bind CD4, the affinity of gp160 was five times lower than that of gp120. Both gp120 and gp160 inhibited syncytia formation by HIV-1-infected cells when mixed with CD4+ cells. Furthermore, both gp120 and gp160 had strong mitogenic effects on the T cells from HIV-1-infected gibbons but not on cells from uninfected gibbons.
Olefin metathesis reaction: characterization of an active catalyst precursor, CH3WOCl3.O(C2H5)2, from the WOCl4-(CH3)2Mg reaction (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOlefin metathesis reaction: characterization of an active catalyst precursor, CH3WOCl3.O(C2H5)2, from the WOCl4-(CH3)2Mg reactionE. Band and E. L. MuettertiesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 21, 6572–6574Publication Date (Print):October 8, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 8 October 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00541a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00541a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views180Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
[Antitumor activity of total saponins from Dolichos falcatus Klein]. (1982)

The total saponins, isolated from the root of Dolichos falcatus Klein, ip to mice showed a marked antitumor activity on sarcoma 37 but no effects on sarcoma 180, U14, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and Ehrlich solid carcinoma. The saponins caused a direct lethal cytotoxicity on S37, but had no effect on phagocytic index of peritoneal phagocytes in the mice. The acute ig and ip LD in mice were 510±40 and 14.9±1.4 mg/kg, respectively. When the saponins were injected sc 10 mg/kg qd×14 d, no noticeable changes were seen in blood picture, urine routine test and morphology of heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys.
Removal of 33 kDa extrinsic protein specifically stabilizes the S2QA− charge pair in photosystem II (1987)

Removal of the 33 kDa extrinsic protein from photosystem (PS) II membranes resulted in markedly increased stabilization of the S 2 Q A − charge pair as measured by thermoluminescence. The stabilization increase was specific for the S 2 Q A − charge pair and did not require any special herbicide. The effect was fully reversed by reconstitution with the 33 kDa protein, but not at all by high concentrations of Cl − , as opposed to those effects known to be reversed by 200 mM Cl − . The data are interpreted as indicating a structural change of the donor and/or acceptor side of PS II dependent on association with the 33 kDa extrinsic protein.
Will Stents Bean Alternative to Surgery? (1996)

Balloon angioplasty alone appears too risky for treating recurrent carotid disease. Stents may offer a safer alternative, particularly when implanted primarily.
Radio-frequency Ablation of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Early Clinical Experience (2000)

Percutaneous RF ablation is a promising treatment for select patients with renal cell carcinoma. The ultimate role of this modality will continue to evolve and warrants further study.
Dynamic beam switching of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with integrated optical beam routers (1997)

Dynamic beam switching of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have been demonstrated for the first time using integrated optical beam routers. The output beam of the VCSEL is switched electrically between two different emission angles. High-speed switching up to 2 GHz has been achieved with an 8 μm×8 μm device. Such beam-steering devices are particularly suitable for optical interconnect and photonic switching applications. By integrating the beam routers with VCSELs, the complexity and size of the switching nodes are significantly reduced.
Traumatic brain injury and mood disorders (2020)

Traumatic brain injury is an increasing cause of morbidity worldwide. Neuropsychiatric impairments, such as behavioral dysregulation and depression, have significant impacts on recovery, functional outcomes, and quality of life of patients with traumatic brain injuries. Three patient cases, existing literature, and expert opinion are used to select pharmacotherapy for the treatment of target symptoms while balancing safety and tolerability.
Solution structures of a 30-residue amino-terminal domain of the carp granulin-1 protein and its amino-terminally truncated 3-30 subfragment: Implications for the conformational stability of the stack of two β-hairpins (2002)

Carp granulins are members of an emerging class of proteins with a sequence motif encoding a parallel stack of two to four β-hairpins. The carp granulin-1 protein forms a stack of four β-hairpins, whereas its amino-terminal fragment appears to adopt a very stable stack of two β-hairpins in solution. Here we determined a refined three-dimensional structure of this peptide fragment to examine potential conformational changes compared with the full-length protein. The structures were calculated with both a traditional method and a fast semiautomated method using ambiguous NMR distance restraints. The resulting sets of structures are very similar and show that a well-defined stack of two β-hairpins is retained in the peptide. Conformational rearrangements compensating the loss of the carboxy-terminal subdomain of the native protein are restricted to the carboxy-terminal end of the peptide, the turn connecting the two β-hairpins, and the Tyr21 and Tyr25 aromatic side chains. Further removal of the Val1 and Ile2 residues, which are part of the first β-hairpin and components of two major hydrophobic clusters in the two β-hairpin structure, results in the loss of the first β-hairpin. The second β-hairpin, which is closely associated with the first, retains a similar but somewhat less stable conformation. The invariable presence of the second β-hairpin and the dependence of its stability on the first β-hairpin suggest that the stack of two β-hairpins may be an evolutionary conserved and autonomous folding unit. In addition, the high conformational stability makes the stack of two β-hairpins an attractive scaffold for the development of peptide-based drug candidates. Proteins 2002;47:14–24. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilatation in Human Epicardial Coronary Arteries (1989)

Human epicardial coronary arteries were obtained from the hearts of 15 patients who received cardiac transplantation for cardiomyopathy. Transverse strips of these arteries were mounted in organ baths for isometric tension recording. The arteries were constricted with prostaglandin F2 alpha and then exposed to the endothelium-dependent relaxants substance P (1 nM), bradykinin (1 nM-1 microM), and the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (1 nM-1 microM). The effects of the endothelium-independent relaxants glyceryl trinitrate (1 nM-10 microM) and SIN-1, the active metabolite of molsidomine (1 nM-10 microM), were also tested. In control strips of human coronary arteries, all vasodilators caused concentration-dependent relaxations. Pretreatment of human coronary arteries with glyceryl trinitrate (0.5 mM for 60 min) shifted the concentration-response curve to glyceryl trinitrate to the right by a factor of approximately 800 (increase in EC50 from 10 nM to 8 microM). In contrast, endothelium-dependent relaxations to substance P, bradykinin, and A23187 and relaxations to SIN-1 were not changed significantly. Previous exposure of human coronary arteries to SIN-1 (0.5 mM for 60 min) did not modify relaxations to any of the agents tested. Our results show that (a) the responsiveness to SIN-1 is not modified in nitrate-tolerant strips of human coronary arteries, (b) prolonged exposure of human coronary arteries to SIN-1 does not cause tolerance, and (c) endothelium-dependent relaxations are not influenced by exposure of human coronary arteries to either glyceryl trinitrate or SIN-1.
CRITICAL ILLNESS POLYNEUROPATHY (1987)

Nineteen patients developed polyneuropathy complicating critical illness. They had been admitted to a critical care unit following intubation for cardiac or pulmonary disease and had developed sepsis and multiple organ failure. Approximately one month following intubation, failure to wean from the ventilator and limb weakness prompted neurological referral. Examination disclosed weakness and wasting of muscles and impaired tendon reflexes in most, but not all, patients. Electrophysiological studies in 17 patients revealed attenuated compound muscle and sensory nerve action potential amplitudes and widespread denervation on needle electromyography. Autopsy in 9 patients who died of their critical illness revealed widespread primary axonal degeneration of motor and sensory fibres, with extensive denervation atrophy of limb and respiratory muscles. Survivors recovered from the polyneuropathy three to six months following discharge. Seventeen of the patients were segregated by electrophysiological criteria into mild (8) and severe (9) polyneuropathy categories. An analysis of these two groups failed to reveal putative metabolic, drug, nutritional or toxic factors that might be responsible for the polyneuropathy. Our studies suggest that the mechanism may be a fundamental defect, still unknown, which causes dysfunction of all organ systems in this syndrome.
Structural Neuroimaging Studies in Major Depressive Disorder (2011)

The meta-analyses revealed structural brain abnormalities in MDD that are distinct from those observed in BD. These findings may aid investigators attempting to discriminate mood disorders using structural magnetic resonance imaging data.
The Effect of Menthol on Cold Allodynia in Patients with Neuropathic Pain (2008)

These results suggest that, unlike in controls, menthol is not more hyperalgesic, but may be analgesic in some patients with peripheral and central neuropathic pain.
The La antigen binds 5′ noncoding region of the hepatitis C virus RNA in the context of the initiator AUG codon and stimulates internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation (1997)

Translation initiation of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA genome occurs through an internal ribosome entry site in a cap-independent manner. Here, we have examined the interaction between La antigen and the HCV 5' noncoding region (5'NCR). In this analysis, competitor RNAs derived from HCV 5'NCR carrying deletions and a point mutation were used to identify the site(s) of La antigen binding during UV cross-linking assay. These studies suggest that La antigen recognizes the intact HCV 5'NCR structure. Further, these interactions occurred in the context of the initiator AUG. The latter view is supported by an analysis in which mutants of the HCV 5'NCR RNA with deletion or substitution in the initiator AUG codon failed to compete for La antigen binding to the wild-type 5'NCR. The evidence for the interaction between liver cell-derived La antigen and the HCV 5'NCR is provided by immunoprecipitation of a UV cross-linked species from the S100 fraction of Huh7 cell lysates. The functional relevance of this interaction was demonstrated by the stimulation of the HCV internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation in the presence of La protein. These results suggest an important functional role of La protein in the regulation of internal initiation of translation of the HCV RNA genome.