gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oral naloxone reverses opioid-associated constipation (2000)

Opioid-related constipation is one of the most frequent side effects of chronic pain treatment. Enteral administration of naloxone blocks opioid action at the intestinal receptor level but has low systemic bioavailability due to marked hepatic first-pass metabolism. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of oral naloxone on opioid-associated constipation in an intraindividually controlled manner. Twenty-two chronic pain patients with oral opioid treatment and constipation were enrolled in this study. Constipation was defined as lack of laxation and/or necessity of laxative therapy in at least 3 out of 6 days. Laxation and laxative use were monitored for the first 6 days without intervention ('control period'). Then, oral naloxone was started and titrated individually between 3x3 to 3x12 mg/day depending on laxation and withdrawal symptoms. After the 4-day titration period, patients were observed for further 6 days ('naloxone period'). The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare number of days with laxation and laxative therapy in the two study periods. Of the 22 patients studied, five patients did not reach the 'naloxone period' due to death, operation, systemic opioid withdrawal symptoms, or therapy-resistant vomiting. In the 6 day 'naloxone' compared to the 'control period', the mean number of days with laxation increased from 2.1 to 3.5 (P<0.01) and the number of days with laxative medication decreased from 6 to 3.8 (P<0.01). The mean naloxone dose in the 'naloxone period' was 17.5 mg/day. The mean pain intensity did not differ between these two periods. Moderate side effects of short duration were observed in four patients following naloxone single dose administrations between 6 and 20 mg, resulting in yawning, sweating, and shivering. Most of the patients reported mild or moderate abdominal propulsions and/or abdominal cramps shortly after naloxone administration. All side effects terminated after 0.5-6 h. This controlled study demonstrates that orally administered naloxone improves symptoms of opioid associated constipation and reduces laxative use. To prevent systemic withdrawal signs, therapy should be started with low doses and patients carefully monitored during titration.
Photoacoustic imaging of lacZ gene expression in vivo (2007)

In the postgenomic era, imaging techniques are playing an important role in visualizing gene expression in vivo. This work represents the first demonstration of photoacoustic tomography (PAT) for reporter gene imaging. Rats inoculated with 9L/lacZ gliosarcoma tumor cells are imaged with PAT before and after injection of X-gal, a colorimetric assay for the lacZ-encoded enzyme beta-galactosidase. Using far-red optical illumination, the genetically tagged tumors in rats are clearly visualized by PAT following the assay. The spatial resolution is quantified to be less than 400 microm, while 500-nM-level sensitivity is demonstrated. With the future development of new absorption-based reporter gene systems, it is anticipated that photoacoustic technology will provide a valuable tool for molecular imaging research.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of the oxidative branch of glycerol utilization by Citrobacter freundii (1995)

Glycerol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.6) and dihydroxyacetone kinase (EC 2.7.1.29) were purified from Citrobacter freundii. The dehydrogenase is a hexamer of a polypeptide of 43,000 Da. The enzyme exhibited a rather broad substrate specificity, but glycerol was the preferred substrate in the physiological direction. The apparent Kms of the enzyme for glycerol and NAD+ were 1.27 mM and 57 microM, respectively. The kinase is a dimer of a polypeptide of 57,000 Da. The enzyme was highly specific for the substrates dihydroxyacetone and ATP; the apparent Kms were 30 and 70 microM, respectively. The DNA region which contained the genes encoding glycerol dehydrogenase (dhaD) and dihydroxyacetone kinase (dhaK) was cloned and sequenced. Both genes were identified by N-terminal sequence comparison. The deduced dhaD gene product (365 amino acids) exhibited high degrees of homology to glycerol dehydrogenases from other organisms and less homology to type III alcohol dehydrogenases, whereas the dhaK gene product (552 amino acids) revealed no significant homology to any other protein in the databases. A large gene (dhaR) of 1,929 bp was found downstream from dhaD. The deduced gene product (641 amino acids) showed significant similarities to members of the sigma 54 bacterial enhancer-binding protein family.
Melanocortin receptors: new opportunities in drug discovery (2001)

AbstractThe cloning of five different subtypes of melanocortin receptors, MC1-5, have provided new opportunities for the discovery of drugs that may be useful for the treatment of a variety of clinically important conditions, including MC1 receptor agonists for inflammatory diseases, MC3 receptor agonists for sexual dysfunctions and MC4 receptor agonists and antagonists for treatment of obesity, anorexia and drug abuse. This review discusses patents covering the cloning of the MC receptors, the endogenous MC receptor antagonists agouti signalling peptide and agouti related protein and novel compounds target towards the MC receptors.Keywordsagoutiagouti related peptidefeeding controlmelanocortin receptorsmelanocyte stimulating hormoneorganic compoundspeptide agonistsphysiological mechanismspro-opio melanocortinstherapeutic utility
Tumor cells transfected with a bacterial heat-shock gene lose tumorigenicity and induce protection against tumors. (1993)

The gene encoding a highly immunogenic mycobacterial heat-shock protein (hsp65) was transfected into the murine macrophage tumor cell line J774. The resulting hsp65-expressing cells (J774-hsp65) were no longer able to produce tumors in syngeneic mice. This loss of tumorigenicity was not mediated through T cells since the transfected cells did not produce tumors in athymic mice. If mice are first immunized with the J774-hsp65 cells and then challenged with the parent J774 cells, the mice do not develop tumors, indicating that the presence of the mycobacterial hsp65 protein greatly enhances immunological recognition of unique structures expressed by the parent tumor cells. This is further confirmed by the demonstration in vitro of T cells derived from J774-hsp65-immunized mice that are cytotoxic for the parent J774 cells. The results provide the basis for a novel strategy for enhancing the immunological recognition and decreasing the tumorigenicity of transformed cells.
Microcontact Printing of Octadecylsiloxane on the Surface of Silicon Dioxide and Its Application in Microfabrication (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMicrocontact Printing of Octadecylsiloxane on the Surface of Silicon Dioxide and Its Application in MicrofabricationYounan Xia, Milan Mrksich, Enoch Kim, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 37, 9576–9577Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00142a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00142a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1773Altmetric-Citations235LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Characterization and compensation of Stray light effects in Time of flight based range sensors (2013)

Characterization and compensation of Stray light effects in Time of flight based range sensors
A New Design for Variable Diameter Orifice Mechanism (2012)

Variable diameter orifice is required in many applications e.g. smokestacks coal furnaces, liquid dispensing machines, wall fans, gas handling systems, pipes, vacuum chambers air valves, fluid control systems, ventilation systems, ducts, spot lights, holes of golf sports, photography nozzles, solid free fabrications and vacuum valves [1–17]. The need for variable diameter is to control the medium transfer through the orifice. In this abstract, a new design for a variable diameter orifice is introduced. Designing a variable diameter orifice is a challenging problem due to the need of circular geometry of the orifice opening. Many designs have been conducted to design a variable diameter orifice. However, the proposed designs are either have non circular opening or require a bulky size mechanism. In the proposed design, simplicity, size and actuation are our main concern.
Knowledge Unplugged (2001)

Knowledge Unplugged announces the results of a major survey on knowledge management practice within the most influential companies in the world, by the most influential management consultancy group in
A New Hybrid System Capable of Efficient Lentiviral Vector Production and Stable Gene Transfer Mediated by a Single Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vector (2003)

To achieve efficient and sustained gene expression, we developed a new lentivirus/adenovirus hybrid vector (LA vector) that encodes sequences required for production of a human immunodeficiency virus-based lentiviral vector (i.e., a lentiviral vector, a gag/pol/rev expression cassette, a tetracycline-inducible envelope cassette, and the tetracycline-inducible transcriptional activator cassette) in a single helper-dependent adenovirus vector backbone. Via either transfection or infection, human cell lines transduced with the LA vector produced a lentiviral vector in a doxycycline-dependent manner at titers up to 10(5) to 10(6) green fluorescent protein transducing units per ml, which are comparable to the titers obtained by conventional multiple plasmid transfection methods. Efficient spread and persistent expression of the transgene were observed in cells maintained in long-term culture that had been infected with the LA vector. Furthermore, when cocultured with adherent cells infected with the LA vector, the human T-cell leukemia cell line was successfully transduced with a marker gene. This LA vector possesses the advantages of efficient gene transfer from an adenoviral vector and stable integration from a lentiviral vector; therefore, it might have potential for a variety of gene therapy applications.
Enhancing optical communications with brand new fibers (2012)

Optical fibers have often been considered to offer effectively infinite capacity to support the rapid traffic growth essential to our information society. However, as demand has grown and technology has developed, we have begun to realize that there is a fundamental limit to fiber capacity of ~ 100 Tb/s per fiber for systems based on conventional single-core single-mode optical fiber as the transmission medium. This limit arises from the interplay of a number of factors including the Shannon limit, optical fiber nonlinearities, the fiber fuse effect, as well as optical amplifier bandwidth. This article reviews the most recent research efforts around the globe launched over the past few years with a view to overcome these limitations and substantially increase capacity by exploring the last degree of freedom available: the spatial domain. Central to this effort has been the development of brand new fibers for space-division multiplexing and mode-division multiplexing.
Limits of instruction-level parallelism (1991)

Growing interest in ambitious multiple-issue machines and heavily -pipelined machines requires a careful examination of how much instruction-level parallelism exists in typical programs. Such an examination is complicated by the wide variety of hardware and software techniques for increasing the parallelism that can be exploited, including branch prediction, register renaming, and alias analysis. By performing simulations based on instruction maces, we can model techniques at the limits of feasibility and even beyond. Our study shows a striking difference between assuming that the techniques we use are perfect and merely assuming that they are impossibly good. Even with impossibly good techniques, average parallelism rarely exceeds 7, with 5 more common.
Plasma assay of gelatinase B:Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase complexes in cancer (1995)

The assay of plasma gelatinase B and GLB:TIMP complexes may be clinically useful in predicting survival in subsets of patients with cancer. The possibility of using these assays in early stage cancer to predict metastasis should be studied.
Quantitative Measurement of the Levels of Melanocortin Receptor Subtype 1, 2, 3 and 5 and Pro‐Opio‐Melanocortin Peptide Gene Expression in Subsets of Human Peripheral Blood Leucocytes (2005)

Levels of the melanocortin receptor (MCR) 1, 2, 3 and 5 subtypes and pro-opio-melanocortin (POMC) protein mRNA were measured by the real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method in CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, CD8+ T cytotoxic cells, CD19+ B cells, CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells, CD14+ monocytes and CD15+ granulocytes from healthy donors. We found high levels of all of the MC1, 2, 3 and 5R subtype mRNA in Th cells and moderate levels in NK cells, monocytes and granulocytes. POMC peptide mRNA was found in all examined leucocyte subsets, but only low levels were present in granulocytes. Our findings suggest a co-ordinating role for MCR subtypes and their naturally occurring ligands in the co-operation between innate and adaptive immunity. Moreover, our findings are compatible with earlier finding of MCR-mediated tolerance induction in Th cells.
PACS mini refresher course. Network and ACR-NEMA protocols. (1992)

The backbone of the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) is the electronic network used to move information. Communications networks require electronic rules of operation or protocols so that a set of data being transmitted reaches the intended destination and does not collide with another set of transmitted data. The most efficient protocol is flexible and can respond to the fluctuations in volume of data transmitted via the network. Successful network connection of PACS devices requires standardized interfaces so that equipment from multiple vendors can use the network protocol. The American College of Radiology (ACR) and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) have developed a standard for imaging equipment interfaces: DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine). The DICOM standard allows interoperability among different computers and operating systems. It is flexible and will allow modification and expansions as new imaging techniques evolve. The authors and the ACR-NEMA committee believe that the DICOM standard represents an important choice for radiologists, since it was developed with their interests in mind.
Specificity of glycopeptide-specific T cells (1995)

We examined the specificity of glycopeptide-specific CD4 T cells following procedures similar to those previously reported by us. The disaccharide galabiose (Gal alpha 1-4Gal) was attached to the middle of the 52-61 peptide of hen egg lysozyme. This peptide is well known to bind to I-Ak molecules. CBA/J mice were immunized and T cell hybridomas were derived from the popliteal lymph node T cells. For this study, we selected hybridomas that recognized galabiose conjugated to 52-61 at residue Ser 56. We demonstrate here that these hybridomas showed specificity for galabiose and not cellobiose (Glc beta 1-4Glc). Peptides containing galabiose at residue 53 did not stimulate the T cell hybridomas and neither did galabiose conjugated to the 34-45 peptide of HEL. Acetylation of the hydroxyl groups of the disaccharide resulted in loss of T cell reactivity. These results need to be contrasted with those in which the T cells were directed to galabiose, attached to the amino terminus of 52-61 or to Ser at residue 53. With these results, the fine specificity of recognition of the disaccharide was not apparent. Our results indicate two sets of glycopeptide-specific T cells. One is probably induced by a conformational change induced by the disaccharide on the peptide bound to class II MHC molecules. The second set contains elements of specificity for both the disaccharide and the peptide.
Coefficient rate and significance maps in transform coding (2002)

A significance map is a representation of positions of significant transform coefficients. In adaptive coding schemes, this map changes with the sample functions and a large fraction of code bits are used to encode it in low bit rate situations. In this paper, using the component variance as significance measure, a coding scheme is designed to reduce the number of code bits used for the significance map. Although it is a suboptimal approach, the performance is close to the rate distortion limit at a low bit rate. The result also justifies some earlier adaptive schemes using spectral entropy as an indicator of the number of coefficients to be coded.
ProstaScint(R) Scan: Contemporary Use in Clinical Practice. (2004)

Indium In 111 capromab pendetide (ProstaScint(R); Cytogen Corporation, Princeton, NJ), a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody to prostate-specific membrane antigen, offers a potential means of localizing sites of soft tissue metastasis in prostate cancer patients. Although the test was previously limited by poor positive predictive value and specificity owing to the inherent limitations of single photon emission computed tomography, improvements in techniques of anatomic localization, along with increased reader experience, have significantly improved its accuracy. In addition to the conventional roles for ProstaScint, such as staging and detection of relapse, a number of new potential applications have emerged.
Werkelijkheid, waarneming en rapportage (2014)

Reality, observation and reporting. The epistemology of qualitative and quantitative research Reality, observation and reporting. The epistemology of qualitative and quantitative research In recurring debates on philosophical presuppositions, the opposition of qualitative versus quantitative research is often mixed up with other oppositions like positivism versus humanism. Restriction to empirical research may help to clear the debate. With that restriction, qualitative and quantitative research do not differ in their philosophical presuppositions. All empirical research presupposes (1) a reality apart from our senses, (2) the ability of humans to observe reality, (3) the ability to report observations to others, and (4) the ability to test the validity of reports. These presuppositions are necessary and self-evident in daily life, but cannot be proven. One crucial problem is the relationship between reality and language in communicating facts (empirical observations).
AAV Mediated GDNF Secretion From Retinal Glia Slows Down Retinal Degeneration in a Rat Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa (2011)

Mutations in over 80 identified genes can induce apoptosis in photoreceptors, resulting in blindness with a prevalence of 1 in 3,000 individuals. This broad genetic heterogeneity of disease impacting a wide range of photoreceptor functions renders the design of gene-specific therapies for photoreceptor degeneration impractical and necessitates the development of mutation-independent treatments to slow photoreceptor cell death. One promising strategy for photoreceptor neuroprotection is neurotrophin secretion from Müller cells, the primary retinal glia. Müller glia are excellent targets for secreting neurotrophins as they span the entire tissue, ensheath all neuronal populations, are numerous, and persist through retinal degeneration. We previously engineered an adeno-associated virus (AAV) variant (ShH10) capable of efficient and selective glial cell transduction through intravitreal injection. ShH10-mediated glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) secretion from glia, generates high GDNF levels in treated retinas, leading to sustained functional rescue for over 5 months. This GDNF secretion from glia following intravitreal vector administration is a safe and effective means to slow the progression of retinal degeneration in a rat model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and shows significant promise as a gene therapy to treat human retinal degenerations. These findings also demonstrate for the first time that glia-mediated secretion of neurotrophins is a promising treatment that may be applicable to other neurodegenerative conditions.
A Phase I/II Study Evaluating Escalating Doses of Recombinant Human Albumin-Interferon-α Fusion Protein in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients who have Failed Previous Interferon-α-Based Therapy (2006)

Albumin-interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) is a novel 85.7-kDa recombinant protein consisting of IFN-alpha that is genetically fused to human serum albumin. In this Phase I/II, multicentre, open-label study, we evaluated the safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of albumin-IFN-alpha in IFN-alpha-experienced patients with chronic hepatitis C. Albumin-IFN-alpha was administered in 22 escalating doses (7-900 microg) in a single injection or in two injections 14 days apart. In the 119 patients studied, there were no discontinuations because of adverse events, and albumin-IFN-alpha had a favourable safety profile at doses up to 900 microg. The most common adverse events were headache (56%), fatigue (52%), injection site erythema (38%), arthralgias (32%) and pyrexia (27%). Reduced clearance resulted in a mean elimination half-life of 159 h, which supports dosing at 2- to 4-week intervals. Induction of the IFN-specific gene OAS1 was maintained for > or = 28 days following a single injection of albumin-IFN-alpha at doses of > or = 40 microg. Dose-dependent antiviral activity was observed in this IFN-alpha-experienced study population. Antiviral activity of > or = 1.0-log reductions in HCV RNA was observed in 47% (37/78) of patients in the 120- to 900-microg cohorts and in 59% (16/27) in the 400- to 900-microg double-injection cohorts. These results support further clinical studies of albumin-IFN-alpha for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C.