gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effective access to distributed heterogeneous medical text databases. (1995)

INQUERY is an advanced text information retrieval system developed by the Information Retrieval Laboratory of the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. It is based on Bayesian inference networks, which are probabilistic models for reasoning with multiple sources of uncertain evidence. The evidence, in this case, is the presence or absence of words and/or phrases in a document. Evidence is combined into belief that a document is relevant. The INQUERY retrieval engine has been developed with the support of ARPA, NSF, and industrial funding. It has a number of unique features and has achieved excellent results in the TIPSTER and TREC evaluations. Informatics research and application development using INQUERY has recently begun in the medical domain, including a new ARPA initiative concerned with clinical text. The features that we will focus on in this demonstration are: Automatic processing of natural language queries, including the extraction of phrases and specific medical concepts such as drug doses; Document selection through automatic relevance feedback and routing techniques, including the construction of complex queries using the INQUERY query language; The integration of conventional database techniques with text analysis and retrieval; Automatic thesaurus generation and query expansion using the PhraseFinder system; Distributed database access, including automatic database selection and merging of local searches; this will be demonstrated using a collection of medical databases; Retrieval based on passages, rather than whole documents.
NOV (nephroblastoma overexpressed) and the CCN family of genes: structural and functional issues (2001)

The CCN family of genes presently consists of six distinct members encoding proteins that participate in fundamental biological processes such as cell proliferation, attachment, migration, differentiation, wound healing, angiogenesis, and several pathologies including fibrosis and tumorigenesis. Whereas CYR61 and CTGF were reported to act as positive regulators of cell growth, NOV (nephroblastoma overexpressed) provided the first example of a CCN protein with negative regulatory properties and the first example of aberrant expression being associated with tumour development. The subsequent discovery of the ELM1, rCOP1, and WISP proteins has broadened the variety of functions attributed to the CCN proteins and has extended previous observations to other biological systems. This review discusses fundamental questions regarding the regulation of CCN gene expression in normal and pathological conditions, and the structural basis for their specific biological activity. After discussing the role of nov and other CCN proteins in the development of a variety of different tissues such as kidney, nervous system, muscle, cartilage, and bone, the altered expression of the CCN proteins in various pathologies is discussed, with an emphasis on the altered expression of nov in many different tumour types such as Wilms's tumour, renal cell carcinomas, prostate carcinomas, osteosarcomas, chondrosarcomas, adrenocortical carcinomas, and neuroblastomas. The possible use of nov as a tool for molecular medicine is also discussed. The variety of biological functions attributed to the CCN proteins has led to the proposal of a model in which physical interactions between the amino and carboxy portions of the CCN proteins modulate their biological activity and ensure a proper balance of positive and negative signals through interactions with other partners. In this model, disruption of the secondary structure of the CCN proteins induced by deletions of either terminus is expected to confer on the truncated polypeptide constitutive positive or negative activities.
Identification of MAGE-3 Epitopes Presented by HLA-DR Molecules to CD4+ T Lymphocytes (1999)

MAGE-type genes are expressed by many tumors of different histological types and not by normal cells, except for male germline cells, which do not express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Therefore, the antigens encoded by MAGE-type genes are strictly tumor specific and common to many tumors. We describe here the identification of the first MAGE-encoded epitopes presented by histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules to CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells were loaded with a MAGE-3 recombinant protein and used to stimulate autologous CD4(+) T cells. We isolated CD4(+) T cell clones that recognized two different MAGE-3 epitopes, MAGE-3114-127 and MAGE-3121-134, both presented by the HLA-DR13 molecule, which is expressed in 20% of Caucasians. The second epitope is also encoded by MAGE-1, -2, and -6. Our procedure should be applicable to other proteins for the identification of new tumor-specific antigens presented by HLA class II molecules. The knowledge of such antigens will be useful for evaluation of the immune response of cancer patients immunized with proteins or with recombinant viruses carrying entire genes coding for tumor antigens. The use of antigenic peptides presented by class II in addition to peptides presented by class I may also improve the efficacy of therapeutic antitumor vaccination.
CHIC2 deletion, a surrogate for FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion, occurs in systemic mastocytosis associated with eosinophilia and predicts response to imatinib mesylate therapy (2003)

Imatinib mesylate is effective in the treatment of hematologic malignancies that are characterized by either abl- or PDGFR beta- activating mutations. The drug is also active in a subset of patients with eosinophilic disorders and systemic mast cell disease (SMCD). Recently, a novel tyrosine kinase that is generated from fusion of the Fip1-like 1 (FIP1L1) and PDGFR alpha (PDGFRA) genes has been identified as a therapeutic target for imatinib mesylate in hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). We used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect deletion of the CHIC2 locus at 4q12 as a surrogate for the FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion. CHIC2 deletion was observed in bone marrow cells for 3 of 5 patients with SMCD associated with eosinophilia. Deletion of this locus and expression of the FIP1L1-platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) fusion was also documented in enriched eosinophils, neutrophils, or mononuclear cells by both FISH and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for one patient. While all 3 patients with the FIP1L1-PDGFRA rearrangement achieved a sustained complete response with imatinib mesylate therapy, the other two, both carrying the c-kit Asp816 to Val (Asp816Val) mutation, did not. These observations suggest that the FIP1L1-PDGFRA rearrangement occurs in an early hematopoietic progenitor and suggests that the molecular pathogenesis for a subset of SMCD patients is similar to that of HES. Screening for the FIP1L1-PDGFRA rearrangement and Asp816Val mutation will advance rational therapy decisions in SMCD.
A novel DOTA-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog for metastatic melanoma diagnosis. (2002)

(111)In-DOTA-MSH(oct) exhibits more favorable overall performance than does (111)In-DOTA-NDP-MSH in murine models of primary and metastatic melanoma, making it a promising melanoma imaging agent.
Positive Force Feedback Control of Muscles (1997)

This study was prompted by recent evidence for the existence of positive force feedback in feline locomotor control. Our aim was to establish some basic properties of positive force feedback in relation to load compensation, stability, intrinsic muscle properties, and interaction with displacement feedback. In human subjects, muscles acting about the wrist and ankle were activated by feedback-controlled electrical stimulation. The feedback signals were obtained from sensors monitoring force and displacement. The signals were filtered to mimic transduction by mammalian tendon organ and muscle spindle receptors. We found that when muscles under positive force feedback were loaded inertially, they responded in a stable manner with increased active force. The activation attenuated the muscle stretch (yield) that would otherwise occur in the absence of feedback. With enough positive force feedback gain, yield could actually reverse. This behavior, which we termed the affirming reaction, was reminiscent of the mammalian positive supporting reaction, a postural response elicited by contact of the foot with the ground. Muscles under positive force feedback remained stable, even when the loop gain (Gf) was set at levels of 2 or 3. In a linear system, if Gf > 1, instability occurs when the loop is closed. On further investigation, we found that Gf changed with joint angle: it declined as the load-bearing muscle actively shortened. We inferred that in closed-loop operation, the active muscles always shortened until Gf approached unity. In other words, the length-tension curve of active muscle ensures stability even when force-related excitation of motoneurons is very large. Concomitant negative displacement feedback reinforced and stabilized load compensation up to a certain gain, beyond which instability occurred. In further trials we included delays of up to 40 ms in the positive force feedback pathway, to model the delays recently described for tendon organ reflexes in cat locomotion. Contrary to expectations, this did not destabilize the loop. Indeed, when instability was deliberately evoked by setting displacement feedback gain high, delays in the positive force feedback pathway actually stabilized control. The stabilization of positive force feedback by inherent properties of the neuromuscular system increases the functional scope to be expected of feedback from force receptors in biological motor control. Our results provide a rationale for the delayed excitatory action of Ib heteronymous input on extensor motoneurons in cat locomotion.
Heparin/Heparan Sulfate Domains in Binding and Signaling of Fibroblast Growth Factor 8b (2002)

The role of heparin and heparan sulfate in the binding and signaling of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) has been subject to intense investigation, but the studies have largely been confined to two species (FGF1 and FGF2) of the family with approximately 20 members. We have investigated the structural requirements for heparin/heparan sulfate in binding and activation of FGF8 (splice variant b). We present evidence that the minimal FGF8b-binding saccharide domain encompasses 5-7 monosaccharide units. The N-, 2-O-, and 6-O-sulfate substituents of heparin/heparan sulfate (HS) are all involved in the interaction, preferentially in the form of trisulfated IdoUA(2-OSO(3))-GlcNSO(3)(6-OSO(3)) disaccharide constituents. These structural characteristics resemble those described earlier for FGF1. By contrast, the saccharide structures required for the biological activity of FGF8b differed significantly from those characteristic for FGF1 and FGF2. Experiments with cells lacking active HS indicated that extended >/=14-mer heparin domains were needed to enhance cell proliferation and Erk phosphorylation by FGF8b, whereas in cells stimulated with FGF1 or FGF2 the corresponding responses were achieved by much shorter, 6-8-mer, oligosaccharides. Furthermore, still longer domains were needed to activate FGF8b in cells with "non-optimal" FGF receptor expression. Collectively, our data suggest that the heparin/HS structures enhancing the biological activity of FGFs were influenced by the FGF species involved as well as by the cellular composition of FGF receptors.
Dynamic Resource Management for Efficient Utilization of Multitasking GPUs (2017)

As graphics processing units (GPUs) are broadly adopted, running multiple applications on a GPU at the same time is beginning to attract wide attention. Recent proposals on multitasking GPUs have focused on either spatial multitasking, which partitions GPU resource at a streaming multiprocessor (SM) granularity, or simultaneous multikernel (SMK), which runs multiple kernels on the same SM. However, multitasking performance varies heavily depending on the resource partitions within each scheme, and the application mixes. In this paper, we propose GPU Maestro that performs dynamic resource management for efficient utilization of multitasking GPUs. GPU Maestro can discover the best performing GPU resource partition exploiting both spatial multitasking and SMK. Furthermore, dynamism within a kernel and interference between the kernels are automatically considered because GPU Maestro finds the best performing partition through direct measurements. Evaluations show that GPU Maestro can improve average system throughput by 20.2% and 13.9% over the baseline spatial multitasking and SMK, respectively.
Glutamate-induced swelling of cultured astrocytes is mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptor. (1996)

The effects of glutamate and its agonists and antagonists on the swelling of cultured astrocytes were studied. Swelling of astrocytes was measured by [3H]-O-methyl-D-glucose uptake. Glutamate at 0.5, 1 and 10 mmol/L and trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD), a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist, at 1 mmol/L caused a significant increase in astrocytic volume, whereas alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionic acid (AMPA) was not effective. L-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (L-AP3), an antagonist of mGluR, blocked the astrocytic swelling induced by trans-ACPD or glutamate. In Ca(2+)-free condition, glutamate was no longer effective. Swelling of astrocytes induced by glutamate was not blocked by CdCl2 at 20 mumol/L, but significantly reduced by CdCl2 at 300 mumol/L and dantrolene at 30 mumol/L. These findings indicate that mGluR activation results in astrocytic swelling and both extracellular calcium and internal calcium stores play important roles in the genesis of astrocytic swelling induced by glutamate.
A moving image processing system for personal vehicle system (2003)

The authors detail two moving-image processing algorithms, a visual information processing system developed to guide a vehicle through white line detection on a road, and the implementation results. The detection algorithm was developed for worst-case conditions. The visual direction decision algorithm enables the TV camera to obtain optimum white-line images even when the personal vehicle system (PVS) turned at an intersection or negotiated hairpin turns. The visual information processing system for the autonomous PVS detected white lines on a test track under a variety of worst-case conditions, including shadows, in the rain, and at night.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Lipoprotein Heterogeneity and Apolipoprotein B Metabolism (1997)

The apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins VLDL, IDL, and LDL exhibit variation in their structure, function, and metabolism. These major lipoprotein classes can be fractionated into apparently discrete components by density gradient centrifugation or affinity chromatography. Examination of the behavior of subfractions in vivo reveals the presence of metabolic channels within the VLDL-LDL delipidation cascade so that the pedigree of a lipoprotein in part determines its metabolic fate. Evidence from VLDL and LDL apoB turnovers together with epidemiological data allows the construction of a quantitative model for the generation of small, dense LDL. This lipoprotein subspecies is one component of the dyslipidemic syndrome known as the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, a common disorder in those at risk for coronary heart disease. Understanding lipoprotein heterogeneity is an essential step in the further discovery of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and in the tailoring of pharmacologic treatment for subjects at risk.
A novel 0.25 μm shallow trench isolation technology (2002)

A novel shallow trench isolation technology has been proposed for 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS VLSI applications. The gate oxide and a thin poly layer are processed first, followed by the shallow trench isolation, channel implants, and high-energy well. The anomalous subthreshold conduction of the shallow trench isolated MOSFETs, as so called "kink effect" due to field crowding at active edge, has been successfully eliminated. No inverse narrow width effect is observed. The inter-well isolation, N/sup +//P/sup +/ spacing, is shrinkable down to 0.8 /spl mu/m for 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Well behaved 0.25 /spl mu/m MOSFET's with off-state leakage less than 1 pA//spl mu/m, were obtained at 2.5 V supply voltage. This isolation technology has also been integrated into 0.25 /spl mu/m high-performance logic and high-density SRAM circuits.
Minimum Infectious Dose Determination of the ArkDPI Infectious bronchitis Virus Vaccine Delivered by Hatchery Spray Cabinet (2016)

Abstract SUMMARY. The Arkansas-Delmarva poultry industry (ArkDPI) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine is effective when administered by eye drop, where the vaccine virus is able to infect and replicate well in birds and is able to induce protection against homologous challenge. However, accumulating evidence indicates that ArkDPI vaccine is ineffective when applied by hatchery spray cabinet using the same manufacturers' recommended dose per bird. For this study, we aimed to determine the minimum infectious dose for spray-administered ArkDPI vaccine, which we designate as the dose which achieves the same level of infection and replication as eye drop-administered ArkDPI vaccine. To this end, we used increasing doses of commercial ArkDPI vaccine to vaccinate 100 broiler chicks at day of hatch, using a commercial hatchery spray cabinet. The choanal cleft of each bird was swabbed at 7 and 10 days post-vaccination and real time RT-PCR was performed. We observed that the level of infection and replication...
Derivatives as 5HT1A Receptor Ligands-Past and Present (2005)

Serotonin is a neuromediator, well-know for its implication in mood regulation, anxiety, depression and, insomnia as well as in normal human function such as sleep, sexual activity and appetite. In this way, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is one of the most attractive targets for medicinal chemists and pharmaceutical companies. Among 5-HTRs, the 5-HT1A subtype is the best studied, and it is generally accepted that it is involved in psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Several structurally different compounds are known to bind 5-HT1A receptor sites such as aminotetralins, ergolines, arylpiperazines, indolylalkylamines, aporphines and aryloxyalkyl-amines. In this review, we report an overview of the 5-HT1A receptor ligands, belonging to different chemical classes.
Facile synthesis and conformation of 3′-O,4′-C-methyleneribonucleosides (1999)

Bicyclic nucleoside analogues, 3′-O,4′-C-methyleneribonucleosides 1, including thymine, cytosine, adenine and guanine nucleobases, were conveniently synthesized from D-glucose, and the ribofuranose ring of 1 was found to exist predominantly in a S-conformation by means of 1H NMR and X-ray analysis.
Both Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Mechanisms Regulate Human Telomerase Template RNA Levels (1999)

The human telomerase RNA component (hTR) is present in normal somatic cells at lower levels than in cancer-derived cell lines. To understand the mechanisms regulating hTR levels in different cell types, we have compared the steady-state hTR levels in three groups of cells: (i) normal telomerase-negative human diploid cells; (ii) normal cells transfected with the human telomerase catalytic subunit, hTERT; and (iii) cells immortalized in vitro and cancer cells expressing their own endogenous hTERT. To account for the differences in steady-state hTR levels observed in these cell types, we compared the transcription rate and half-life of hTR in a subset of these cells. The half-life of hTR in telomerase-negative cells is about 5 days and is increased 1.6-fold in the presence of hTERT. The transcription rate of hTR is essentially unchanged in cells expressing exogenous hTERT, and the increased steady-state hTR level appears to be due to the increased half-life. However, the transcription rate of hTR is greatly increased in cells expressing endogenous hTERT, suggesting some overlap in transcriptional regulatory control. We conclude that the higher hTR level in cells expressing an endogenous telomerase can be a result of both increased transcription and a longer half-life and that the longer half-life might be partially a result of protection or stabilization by the telomerase catalytic subunit. The 4-week half-life of hTR in H1299 tumor cells is the longest half-life yet reported for any RNA.
The glomerular basement membrane charge-selectivity barrier: an oversimplified concept? (1996)

The precise nature and role of a charge-selectivity barrier, existing at the level of the glomerular capillary wall has been the subject of continuing controversy since it was first postulated over 30 years ago. Recent studies suggest that some earlier observations may have been overinterpreted and that the conclusions reached should be re-examined. The concept of a charge-selectivity barrier at the level of the glomerular filtration membrane which influences the permeation of circulating plasma proteins, dependent upon their charge, became widely accepted during the 1970s and 1980s [1,2]. Evidence was derived from investigations in which anionic sites were detected histochemically using various cationic tracers, and the demonstration that anionic component removal by specific enzymes or their neutralization by polycations resulted in increased glomerular permeability. Despite the contribution of epithelial and endothelial cell surface sialoglycoproteins (podocalyxin) to glomerular capillary wall anionic charge [3], and the demonstration of hyaluronan [4] and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans [5] in the GBM and mesangial matrix, the principal charge barrier was conceived to comprise of a linear array of anionic sites associated with heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HS-PG) networks in the laminae rarae of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM).
High-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells: status and perspectives (2016)

This article reviews key factors for the success of crystalline silicon photovoltaics and gives an update on promising emerging concepts for further efficiency improvement and cost reduction.