gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical coherence tomography system mass-producible on a silicon photonic chip (2016)

Miniaturized integrated optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems have the potential to unlock a wide range of both medical and industrial applications. This applies in particular to multi-channel OCT schemes, where scalability and low cost per channel are important, to endoscopic implementations with stringent size demands, and to mechanically robust units for industrial applications. We demonstrate that fully integrated OCT systems can be realized using the state-of-the-art silicon photonic device portfolio. We present two different implementations integrated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photonic chip, one with an integrated reference path (OCTint) for imaging objects in distances of 5 mm to 10 mm from the chip edge, and another one with an external reference path (OCText) for use with conventional scan heads. Both OCT systems use integrated photodiodes and an external swept-frequency source. In our proof-of-concept experiments, we achieve a sensitivity of -64 dB (-53 dB for OCTint) and a dynamic range of 60 dB (53 dB for OCTint). The viability of the concept is demonstrated by imaging of biological and technical objects.
Observation of blistering and amorphization on germanium surface after 450 keV Ar+ion bombardment (1976)

Abstract Blistering on the surface of germanium is observed, for the first time, after 450 keV Ar+ ion bombardment. The number of blisters saturates at about 5 × 105/cm2. Further bombardment induces pores on the surface, which are considered to be associated with injected gas-release. These pores erode the surface, and, eventually, get rid of the previously formed blisters. These observations are qualitatively explained by amorphization on the germanium surface. The amorphization make the range of energetic ions shorter, and, at the same time, the injected ions more mobile due to the volume expansion. The observed depths of blisters are more than 1 μm, namely, more than three times larger than the projected range of ions due to Schi⊘tt. Amorphization and its recrystallization at room temperature on further bombardment are observed by electron diffractometry.
Efficacy and Safety of Fluconazole Prophylaxis for Fungal Infections after Marrow Transplantation--A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study (1995)

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessed the efficacy and toxicity of 400 mg/day fluconazole in preventing fungal infections during the first 75 days after marrow transplantation. During prophylaxis, systemic fungal infections occurred in 10 (7%) of 152 fluconazole-treated patients compared with 26 (18%) of 148 placebo-treated patients (P = .004). There were no Candida albicans infections in fluconazole recipients compared with 18 in placebo recipients (P < .001) and no significant increase in Candida infections other than C. albicans. Fluconazole also significantly reduced the incidence of superficial fungal infections (P < .001), fungal colonization (P = .037), and empiric amphotericin B use (P = .005). The probability of survival was improved in fluconazole recipients, in whom 31 deaths occurred up to day 110 after transplantation compared with 52 deaths in placebo recipients (P = .004). No clinically significant toxicity was detected with fluconazole use. Prophylactic fluconazole was safe and significantly reduced systemic fungal infections with other benefits, including improved survival at day 110 after marrow transplantation.
The role of P-selectin and ICAM-1 in acute lung injury as determined using blocking antibodies and mutant mice (1996)

Cobra venom factor (CVF) induces lung injury through oxidant- and neutrophil-dependent mechanisms. Adhesion molecules, particularly L-selectin, P-selectin, CD11/CD18, and ICAM-1, are required for full expression of injury in rats. This study compared the roles of P-selectin and ICAM-1 using either mutant mice or blocking Abs. Mice deficient in either P-selectin, ICAM-1, or both adhesion molecules were compared with wild-type mice. Wild-type and single mutant mice were given Abs against murine P-selectin or ICAM-1. CVF was injected i.v., and neutrophil sequestration and extravascular albumin were measured 30 min later. Neither P-selectin, ICAM-1, nor P-selectin/ICAM-1 double mutants showed a reduction in neutrophil sequestration or lung injury when compared with wild-type mice. Anti-P-selectin Abs inhibited both sequestration and injury in wild-type mice by 57% and 60%, respectively, but had no effect in P-selectin mutants. Similar results were found using anti-ICAM-1 Ab in wild-type mice (78% inhibition of sequestration and 88% inhibition of injury) and ICAM-1 mutant mice (no reduction). These results suggest that the apparent role of these molecules in CVF-induced lung injury depends on the method used to block function. When studied using blocking Abs, both P-selectin and ICAM-1 were required for neutrophil sequestration and lung injury, while neither played a role singly or together when studied using mice with genetic deletions. Abs may inhibit neutrophil sequestration and lung injury through mechanisms other than simply adhesion blockade, or mutant mice may utilize alternative adhesion pathways.
Comparative Studies of Steroidogenesis Inhibitors (Econazole, Ketoconazole) on Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cell Proliferation by Growth Experiments, Thymidine Incorporation and Flow Cytometric DNA Analysis (1991)

The effects of aminoglutethimide, econazole and ketoconazole on human breast cancer cells in culture were compared with those of tamoxifen using four methods (growth experiments, thymidine incorporation, monoparameter and bivariate DNA content flow cytometry analysis). Aminoglutethimide (1 nM-10 microM) had no effect on cell proliferation after 8 days of treatment and did not decrease thymidine tritiated incorporation during logarithmic phase. Even at 20 microM, similar results were obtained with flow cytometry. Econazole and ketoconazole (1 nM-1 microM) decreased MCF-7 cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. They also decreased tritiated thymidine incorporation. By using flow cytometry and a monoclonal antibody against bromodeoxyuridine, we showed an accumulation of MCF-7 cells treated by imidazoles derivatives in G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle.
1999 National Hospital Discharge Survey (2001)

This report presents the most current nationally representative data on inpatient care in the United States. Data are from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), the longest continuously running nationally representative survey of hospital utilization. The figure on the right shows trends in discharges and days of care from NHDS from 1965 through 1999, the most current year of data. In 1999, there were 32.1 million discharges that resulted in 160.1 million days of care. Numbers of discharges and days of care peaked in the early 1980’s. The drop in number of discharges is partly accounted for by an increase in ambulatory or same-day surgery visits. The decline in number of days of care is partly due to the decline in the number of inpatients, but it is also a result of reduced lengths of stay for hospital inpatients. The average length of stay for inpatients in 1980 was 7.3 days. In 1999, the average length of stay for inpatients was 5.0 days. Trends in inpatient utilization, 35 years of hospital care: United States, 1965–99 This report presents information about hospital utilization during 1999 as well as trend data for selected variables. Additional information about hospital utilization is available from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) website:
The crystal structure of the designed trimeric coiled coil coil‐VaLd: Implications for engineering crystals and supramolecular assemblies (1997)

The three-dimensional structure of the 29-residue designed coiled coil having the amino acid sequence acetyl-E VEALEKK VAALESK VQALEKK VEALEHG-amide has been determined and refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 21.4% for all data from 10-A to 2.1-A resolution. This molecule is called coil-VaLd because it contains valine in the a heptad positions and leucine in the d heptad positions. In the trigonal crystal, three molecules, related by a crystallographic threefold axis, form a parallel three-helix bundle. The bundles are stacked head-to-tail to form a continuous coiled coil along the c-direction of the crystal. The contacts among the three helices within the coiled coil are mainly hydrophobic: four layers of valine residues alternate with four layers of leucine residues to form the core of the bundle. In contrast, mostly hydrophilic contacts mediate the interaction between trimers: here a total of two direct protein--protein hydrogen bonds are found. Based on the structure, we propose a scheme for designing crystals of peptides containing continuous two-, three-, and four-stranded coiled coils.
Analyzing the Airwaves Auction (1996)

The design of the Federal Communications Commission spectrum license auction is a case study in the application of economic theory. Auction theory helped address policy questions such as whether an open auction or a sealed-bid auction should be used; whether the licenses should be auctioned sequentially or simultaneously; whether the government should allow bids for combinations of licenses or accept only single-license bids; how the auction should should be structured to promote the interests of minority-owned and other designated firms; whether the government should impose royalties or reserve prices; and how much the bidders should be informed about their competition.
Building bionic skin (2013)

One decade ago, my research group at the University of Tokyo created a flexible electronic mesh and wrapped it around the mechanical bones of a robotic hand. We had dreamed of making an electronic skin, embedded with temperature and pressure sensors, that could be worn by a robot. If a robotic health aide shook hands with a human patient, we thought, this sensor-clad e-skin would be able to measure some of the person's vital signs at the same time. Today we're still working intensively on e-skin, but our focus is now on applying it directly to the human body. Such a bionic skin could be used to monitor medical conditions or to provide more sensitive and lifelike prosthetics.
Intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic macular oedema: 5-year results of the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study group (2016)

The early visual gains due to IVB were not maintained 5 years after treatment.
Inhibition by Diphenylhydantoin of the Diabetogenic Action of Streptozotocin (1974)

Intravenous injection of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) (20 mg/ kg) 90 minutes prior to or 60 minutes after administration of streptozotocin to normal male rats was found to prevent the development of diabetes. However the rise in blood glucose concentrations 2 hours following administration of streptozotocin was not prevented by DPH; in fact when DPH was given 30 minutes before streptozotocin, the initial hyperglycemic response to streptozotocin was potentiated.
High performance oxide thin film transistors with double active layers (2008)

We successfully integrated the high performance oxide thin film transistors with double active layers. The active layer is composed of IZO (or ITO) and GIZO layers. The TFT with ITO/GIZO double active layer shows a high mobility of 104 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V.sec, the acceptable threshold voltage of about 0.5 V and the low Vth shift less than 1 V under voltage stress. These are very promising results for applications in driving large area AMOLED and AMLCD display.
The multifacetedC. elegansmajor sperm protein: an ephrin signaling antagonist in oocyte maturation: Figure 1. (2003)

In sexually reproducing animals, the ability to coordinate oocyte maturation and sperm availability has profound effects on reproductive success. In Caenorhabditis elegans, cell-cell signaling is crucial for promoting germline development, oocyte maturation, and ovulation. In this issue of Genes & Development, Even before sperm and oocyte have the opportunity to meet, sperm establish their presence by signaling to oocytes and the somatic gonad. In turn, oocytes respond by resuming meiotic cell cycle progression and preparing for fertilization.
Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo by c-myc antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. (1994)

Restenosis after angioplasty is due predominantly to accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The resistance of restenosis to pharmacological treatment has prompted investigation of genes involved in VSMC proliferation. We have examined the effect on VSMC proliferation of blocking expression of the c-myc proto-oncogene with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, both in vitro and in a rat carotid artery injury model of angioplasty restenosis. Antisense c-myc oligodeoxynucleotides reduced average cell levels of c-myc mRNA and protein by 50-55% and inhibited proliferation of VSMCs when mitogenically stimulated from quiescence or when proliferating logarithmically (IC50 = 10 micrograms/ml). Corresponding sense c-myc, two-base-pair mismatch antisense c-myc, antisense alpha-actin or glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase oligodeoxynucleotides did not suppress c-myc expression or inhibit VSMC proliferation. Antisense c-myc inhibition was relieved by overexpression of an exogenous c-myc gene. After balloon catheter injury, peak c-myc mRNA expression occurred at 2 h. Antisense c-myc applied in a pluronic gel to the arterial adventitia reduced peak c-myc expression by 75% and significantly reduced neointimal formation at 14 d, compared with sense c-myc and gel application alone. We conclude that c-myc expression is required for VSMC proliferation in vitro and in the vessel wall. C-myc is a therefore a potential target for adjunctive therapy to reduce angioplasty restenosis.
Inhibition of internal ribosomal entry site-directed translation of HCV by recombinant IFN-α correlates with a reduced La protein (2002)

Translation of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) polyprotein is mediated by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that is located within the 5'-nontranslated region (5'NTR). We investigated the effect of interferon alfa (IFN-alpha) on the IRES-directed translation of HCV, using two stably transformed cell lines, RCF-1 and RCF-26, of Huh7 cells derived from human hepatocellular carcinoma that express dicistronic reporter proteins, Renilla luciferase (RL) and firefly luciferase (FL), separated by HCV-IRES. After the administration of IFN-alpha or poly(I)-poly(C), HCV-IRES-directed translation was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. The relative HCV-IRES activity (F/L) decreased to 60% at 5,000 IU/mL of IFN-alpha and 45% at 40 microg/mL of poly(I)-poly(C). Thus, IFN-alpha or poly(I)-poly(C) inhibited HCV-IRES-directed translation more efficiently than a cellular cap-dependent translation. 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2',5'AS) protein level in cells analyzed significantly increased after the administration of IFN-alpha, but not upon poly(I)-poly(C). Overexpression of double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) gene did not mimic the selective inhibition of HCV-IRES-directed translation in the transformant cells, suggesting that neither the 2',5'AS nor the PKR system are involved in this selective inhibition. Interestingly, the expression of the autoantigen, La, which has been reported to enhance HCV-IRES-directed translation, was significantly reduced after the administration of IFN-alpha and poly(I)-poly(C) in a dose-dependent manner. Transient expression of La protein completely restored the selective inhibition of HCV-IRES-directed translation by IFN-alpha and poly(I)-poly(C). These findings suggested a new antiviral mechanism induced by IFN-alpha in that IFN-alpha or poly(I)-poly(C) selectively inhibited HCV-IRES-directed translation compared with the eukaryotic cap-dependent translation through the reduction of La protein.
Prospective Study of Quantitation of Plasma DNA Levels in the Diagnosis of Malignant versus Benign Prostate Disease (2005)

We conclude that the sample type used in the quantitation of cell-free DNA has an effect on the level reported. Elevated levels are present in the two-spin plasma samples of patients with prostate cancer compared with healthy controls but are not of diagnostic value during the management of prostate cancer.
Electrically conductive oxide aerogels: new materials in electrochemistry (2001)

Aerogels, which are nanoscale mesoporous materials of low density and high surface area, have been well studied as thermal insulators, heterogeneous catalysts, and novel particle or radiation detectors. Now, electrically conducting oxide aerogels are being explored as new materials in electrochemistry and for their innate ability to amplify the nature of the surfaces of technologically relevant conducting oxides in batteries, ultracapacitors, and fuel cells. Recent results are reviewed in which the mixed electron- and cation-conducting transition metal oxides of vanadium, molybdenum, ruthenium, and manganese have been prepared as low density, highly porous, and high surface area aerogels and then studied as charge-storage electrode materials. These materials challenge the standard ways in which electrochemically active oxides are conceived, studied, and used.
Fast noninvasive activation and inhibition of neural and network activity by vertebrate rhodopsin and green algae channelrhodopsin (2005)

Techniques for fast noninvasive control of neuronal excitability will be of major importance for analyzing and understanding neuronal networks and animal behavior. To develop these tools we demonstrated that two light-activated signaling proteins, vertebrate rat rhodopsin 4 (RO4) and the green algae channelrhodospin 2 (ChR2), could be used to control neuronal excitability and modulate synaptic transmission. Vertebrate rhodopsin couples to the Gi/o, pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway to allow modulation of G protein-gated inward rectifying potassium channels and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Light-mediated activation of RO4 in cultured hippocampal neurons reduces neuronal firing within ms by hyperpolarization of the somato-dendritic membrane and when activated at presynaptic sites modulates synaptic transmission and paired-pulse facilitation. In contrast, somato-dendritic activation of ChR2 depolarizes neurons sufficiently to induce immediate action potentials, which precisely follow the ChR2 activation up to light stimulation frequencies of 20 Hz. To demonstrate that these constructs are useful for regulating network behavior in intact organisms, embryonic chick spinal cords were electroporated with either construct, allowing the frequency of episodes of spontaneous bursting activity, known to be important for motor circuit formation, to be precisely controlled. Thus light-activated vertebrate RO4 and green algae ChR2 allow the antagonistic control of neuronal function within ms to s in a precise, reversible, and noninvasive manner in cultured neurons and intact vertebrate spinal cords.
0.18-μm fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator MOSFET's (1997)

High-performance 0.18-μm gate-length fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) MOSFET's were fabricated using 4-nm gate oxide, 35-nm thick channel, and 80-nm or 150-nm buried oxide layer. An elevated source/drain structure was used to provide extra silicon during silicide formation, resulting in low source/drain series resistance. Nominal device drive currents of 560 μA/μm and 340 μA/μm were achieved for n-channel and p-channel devices, respectively, at a supply voltage of 1.8 V. Improved short-channel performance and reduced self-heating were observed for devices with thinner buried oxide layers.
Record AIDS funding from outgoing Congress. (1998)

AIDS funding for fiscal year 1999 saw large increases in Congress, according to the AIDS Action Council. Increases included funds to fight the epidemic in the African-American community, ADAP funding increases, overall funding for research programs, and substance abuse treatment and prevention programs. AIDS Action Council attributes the increases to a heavily distracted Congress and a budget surplus, and is forecasting that this increase is not a trend that will continue for the next fiscal year. Congress also passed a resolution requiring the FDA to report on the possibility of marijuana being approved as a prescription drug. This report has to be compiled in 90 days. There is concern that the FDA will be unable to meet this time requirement.
Molecular characterization of replication-competent variants of adenovirus vectors and genome modifications to prevent their occurrence (1996)

Adenovirus (Ad) vectors for gene therapy are made replication defective by deletion of E1 region genes. For isolation, propagation, and large-scale production of such vectors, E1 functions are supplied in trans from a stable cell line. Virtually all Ad vectors used for clinical studies are produced in the 293 cell, a human embryonic kidney cell line expressing E1 functions from an integrated segment of the left end of the Ad type 5 (Ad5) genome. Replication-competent vector variants that have regained E1 sequences have been observed within populations of Ad vectors grown on 293 cells. These replication-competent variants presumably result from recombination between vector and 293 cell Ad5 sequences. We have developed Ad2-based vectors and have characterized at the molecular level examples of replication-competent variants. All such variants analyzed are Ad2-Ad5 chimeras in which the 293 cell Ad5 E1 sequences have become incorporated into the viral genome by legitimate recombination events. A map of Ad5 sequences within the 293 cell genome developed in parallel is consistent with the proposed recombination events. To provide a convenient vector production system that circumvents the generation of replication-competent variants, we have modified the Ad2 vector backbone by deleting or rearranging the protein IX coding region normally present downstream from the E1 region such that the frequency of recombination between vector and 293 cell Ad5 sequences is greatly reduced. Twelve serial passages of an Ad2 vector lacking the protein IX gene were carried out without generating replication-competent variants. In the course of producing and testing more than 30 large-scale preparations of vectors lacking the protein IX gene or having a rearranged protein IX gene, only three examples of replication-competent variants were observed. Use of these genome modifications allows use of conventional 293 cells for production of large-scale preparations of Ad-based vectors lacking replication-competent variants.
Translation of glucose-regulated protein 78/immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein mRNA is increased in poliovirus-infected cells at a time when cap-dependent translation of cellular mRNAs is inhibited. (1989)

All cellular cytoplasmic mRNAs carry a 7-methylguanylate cap attached to their 5' ends. This cap structure is recognized by cap-binding proteins that then direct the binding of ribosomal subunits to this 5'-end complex. Poliovirus, a plus-stranded RNA virus, interferes with this cellular translation process by proteolytically inactivating the cap-binding protein complex. Subsequently the viral mRNA can be translated by an initiation process in which ribosomes bind internally to the mRNA [Pelletier, J. & Sonenberg, N. (1988) Nature (London) 334, 320-325], obviating cap-dependent translation. At least one cellular mRNA, encoding a heat shock-like protein, glucose-regulated protein 78/immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein, has been discovered to be translated at an increased rate in poliovirus-infected cells at a time when the translation of other cellular mRNAs is inhibited. The glucose-regulated protein 78/immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein mRNA thus exemplifies a cellular mRNA that is translated at a specifically enhanced rate by an as-yet-unresolved cap-independent initiation process in cells when the cap-binding protein complex is not functional.