gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alzheimer's disease comorbidity in normal pressure hydrocephalus: prevalence and shunt response (2000)

The clinical impact of Alzheimer's disease pathology at biopsy was investigated in 56 cognitively impaired patients undergoing shunt surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Cognition was measured by means of the global deterioration scale (GDS), the mini mental status examination (MMSE) and a battery of six psychometric tests. Gait was assessed using objective measurements of velocity and the ambulatory index (AI). The prevalence of cases exhibiting neuritic plaques (positive biopsies) increased in parallel with dementia severity from 18% for patients with GDS 3 to 75% for patients with GDS scores > or =6. Patients with positive biopsies were more cognitively impaired (higher GDS and lower MMSE scores) as well as more gait impaired (higher AI scores and slower velocities) than patients with negative biopsies. After surgery, gait velocity and AI scores improved significantly and to a comparable degree for patients with and without positive biopsies. Similar proportions of positive and negative biopsy patients also had improved gait as assessed by means of subjective video tape comparisons. There were no significant differences between the biopsy groups in the magnitude of postoperative psychometric change or in the proportion of cases exhibiting improved urinary control. Alzheimer's disease pathology is a common source of comorbidity in older patients with idiopathic NPH where it contributes to the clinical impairment associated with this disorder. For patients accurately diagnosed with NPH, concomitant Alzheimer's disease pathology does not strongly influence the clinical response to shunt surgery.
Identification of a PKB/Akt Hydrophobic Motif Ser-473 Kinase as DNA-dependent Protein Kinase (2004)

Full activation of protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt requires phosphorylation on Thr-308 and Ser-473 by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) and Ser-473 kinase (S473K), respectively. Although PDK1 has been well characterized, the identification of the S473K remains controversial. A major PKB Ser-473 kinase activity was purified from the membrane fraction of HEK293 cells and found to be DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). DNA-PK co-localized and associated with PKB at the plasma membrane. In vitro, DNA-PK phosphorylated PKB on Ser-473, resulting in a approximately 10-fold enhancement of PKB activity. Knockdown of DNA-PK by small interfering RNA inhibited Ser-473 phosphorylation induced by insulin and pervanadate. DNA-PK-deficient glioblastoma cells did not respond to insulin at the level of Ser-473 phosphorylation; this effect was restored by complementation with the human PRKDC gene. We conclude that DNA-PK is a long sought after kinase responsible for the Ser-473 phosphorylation step in the activation of PKB.
Performance of WHT-STC-OFDM in Mobile Frequency Selective Channel (2010)

High data rate systems usually employ Or- thogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and Space-Time Coding to improve the performance on a mobile time-variant frequency-selective channel. Nonlinearities introduced by the power amplifier can be minimized by performing a Wash- Hadamard Transform on the data symbol prior the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) at the transmitter. This pro- cedure reduces the peak-to-average power ratio of the OFDM symbol. An extra advantage of the WHT combined with OFDM is the performance improvement on a frequency-selective channel. The aim of this paper is to present an analytical expression to estimate the performance of the WHT-STC- OFDM taking into account the receiver/transmitter mobility, the channel frequency response and the noise added by the channel. The theoretical results are corroborated by computer simulations.
A review of parallel processing approaches to motion planning (2002)

One of the many features needed to support the activities of autonomous systems is the ability of motion planning. It enables robots to move in their environment securely and to accomplish given tasks. Unfortunately, the control loop comprising sensing, planning, and acting has not yet been closed for robots in dynamic environments. One reason involves the long execution times of the motion planning component. A solution for this problem is offered by the use of highly computational parallelism. Thus, an important task is the parallelization of existing motion planning algorithms for robots so that they are suitable for highly computational parallelism. In several cases, completely new algorithms have to be designed, so that a parallelization is feasible. We review approaches to motion planning using parallel computation.
The Amyloid-β Oligomer Count in Cerebrospinal Fluid is a Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease (2013)

Recent studies indicate that small amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) oligomers are the major toxic species responsible for development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, we suggest that the number of Aβ oligomers in body fluids is the most direct and relevant biomarker for AD. Determination of the Aβ oligomer content of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 14 AD patients and 12 age-matched controls revealed a clear distinction between both groups. All samples of the control group showed homogenously low numbers of Aβ oligomers, while the samples of the AD group exhibited significantly higher levels of Aβ oligomers. The Aβ oligomer numbers correlated with the patients' Mini-Mental State Examination scores. This indicates that the quantity of Aβ oligomers in CSF reflects the severity of the disease and that Aβ oligomers play a crucial role in AD pathology and in turn can be used as a diagnostic biomarker.
Rapid Detection of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-1 and Foetal Fibronectin in Cervico-Vaginal Secretions to Diagnose Premature Membrane Rupture (1999)

Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM), i.e., before the onset of labour, places the mother and foetus at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality if it occurs before 37 weeks of gestation. The diagnosis is usually simple. However, to identify occult rupture, biochemical methods such as the nitrazine test and the detection of diamine oxidase (DAO) or iX-fetoprotein in vaginal secretions have been developed. I These methods must be done in specialized laboratories, and the results are difficult to interpret when the sample is contaminated by blood or topical agents. In addition, both methods lack sensitivity and specificity. Detection of proteins derived from amniotic fluid or the foetal membranes has recently been proposed in this setting. We compared the diagnostic value of two of these proteins, foetal fibronectin (FFN) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-I (IGFBP-I), with that of DAO as markers of PROM.3.4
Antigen‐specific suppression of antibody responses by T lymphocytes cytotoxic for antigen‐presenting cells (1994)

In this study we demonstrated an alternative model of the antigen (Ag)-specific suppression of antibody response in mice. Splenocytes that were taken from BALB/c mice immunized by i.v. injection of soluble human serum albumin (HSA) or ovalbumin exhibited MHC-restricted Ag-specific cytotoxicity for the respective antigen-presenting cells (APC). When HSA-primed splenocytes cultured with Ag and interleukin-2 (IL-2) were treated with anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody (mAb) plus complement, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells exhibited nearly the same level of cytotoxicity against APC. Furthermore, HSA-primed CD4+ and CD8+ T cells released the same amount of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) when stimulated with Ag and IL-2. Recombinant IFN-gamma was shown to suppress the in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) only when it was added within 24 h after addition of Ag. The supernatants from both HSA-primed CD4+ and CD8+ T cells suppressed the PFC response to SRBC in vitro, and the suppressive activity was abrogated by anti-IFN-gamma mAb, but increased by anti-IL 4 mAb. These results suggest that in our system the effector cells for Ag-specific suppression of the antibody response in mice are both the cytotoxic type 1 clones (IFN-gamma-producing) of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for APC, and that IFN-gamma is a major extracellular effector molecule for such suppression.
Interleukin-6 expression after renal transplantation (1997)

Urine but not serum IL-6 values are sensitive indicators of rejection; however, they are confounded by infection, acute tubular necrosis, and certain antirejection treatments. These features limit their usefulness.
The Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Pathway (2002)

Phosphorylated lipids are produced at cellular membranes during signaling events and contribute to the recruitment and activation of various signaling components. The role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which catalyzes the production of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate, in cell survival pathways; the regulation of gene expression and cell metabolism; and cytoskeletal rearrangements are highlighted. The PI3K pathway is implicated in human diseases including diabetes and cancer, and understanding the intricacies of this pathway may provide new avenues for therapuetic intervention.
The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling (2008)

Tissue remodeling follows the initial phase of wound healing and stops inflammatory and scar-forming processes, then restores the normal tissue morphology. The human peptide Gly-(L-His)-(L-Lys) or GHK, has a copper 2+ (Cu(2+)) affinity similar to the copper transport site on albumin and forms GHK-Cu, a complex with Cu(2+). These two molecules activate a plethora of remodeling related processes: (1) chemoattraction of repair cells such as macrophages, mast cells, capillary cells; (2) anti-inflammatory actions (suppression of free radicals, thromboxane formation, release of oxidizing iron, transforming growth factor beta-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha and protein glycation while increasing superoxide dismutase, vessel vasodilation, blocking ultraviolet damage to skin keratinocytes and improving fibroblast recovery after X-ray treatments); (3) increases protein synthesis of collagen, elastin, metalloproteinases, anti-proteases, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 2, nerve growth factor, neutrotropins 3 and 4, and erythropoietin; (4) increases the proliferation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes; nerve outgrowth, angiogenesis, and hair follicle size. GHK-Cu stimulates wound healing in numerous models and in humans. Controlled studies on aged skin demonstrated that it tightens skin, improves elasticity and firmness, reduces fine lines, wrinkles, photodamage and hyperpigmentation. GHK-Cu also improves hair transplant success, protects hepatic tissue from tetrachloromethane poisoning, blocks stomach ulcer development, and heals intestinal ulcers and bone tissue. These results are beginning to define the complex biochemical processes that regulate tissue remodeling.
Denervation of Carotid Baro‐ and Chemoreceptors in Humans (2003)

Experimental denervation in animals has shown that carotid baro- and chemoreceptors play an eminent role in maintaining blood pressure and blood gas homeostasis. Denervation of carotid sinus baro- and chemoreceptors in humans may occur as a complication of invasive interventions on the neck or after experimental surgical treatment in asthma. In this topical review, the short- and long-term effects of carotid baro- and chemoreceptor denervation on the control of circulation and ventilation in humans are discussed. Carotid baroreceptor denervation in humans causes a persistent decrease in vagal and sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity and an increase in blood pressure variability; however, carotid denervation does not lead to chronic hypertension. Therefore, although carotid baroreceptors contribute to short-term blood pressure control, other receptors are able to maintain normal chronic blood pressure levels in the absence of carotid baroreceptors. Conversely, carotid chemoreceptor denervation leads to permanent abolition of normocapnic ventilatory responses to hypoxia and reduced ventilatory responses to hypercapnia.
[Inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor and colorectal cancer]. (2003)

Colorectal cancers (CRC) express the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), a type I transmembrane receptor with tyrosine kinase activity. EGF-R signaling inhibition is a promising target for cancer therapy. ZD1839 (Iressa, AstraZeneca) and OSI-774 (Tarceva, Roche) are small molecular weight molecules with selective and reversible tyrosine kinase inhibition properties directed to EGF-R. Orally administered, these molecules induce sustained tumor stabilizations in previously treated metastatic CRC patients. The most frequent treatment-related toxicities are fatigue, diarrhea and acne-like follicular rash. The addition in the clinic of 5-FU, lOHP or CPT-11 to ZD1839 or OSI-774 does not seem to increase the own toxicity of each cytotoxic agents. Cetuximab (Erbitux, Merck) is an intravenously administered humanized monoclonal antibody which bind with high affinity with the extracellular domain of the EGF-R. The most frequent treatment-related toxicities are diarrhea, fatigue, nausea and cutaneous toxicity (allergic or acne-like follicular rashes, folliculitis). Most, if not all of these adverse events are mild. Partial responses were observed with cetuximab either alone (RR: 10%) or in combination with CPT-11 (RR: 22%) in patients with CPT-11 refractory advanced CRC which expressed EGF-R. The combination of cetuximab to folinic acid, 5-FU and CPT-11 seems tolerable at the cost of a slight increase of severe diarrhea and neutropenia. Finally, the promising activity of these EGF-R inhibitors has to be confirmed throughout randomized studies.
Choice of endogenous control for gene expression in nonsmall cell lung cancer (2005)

This study attempts to identify a suitable endogenous control gene for real-time RT-PCR in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues. Expression of seven common endogenous control genes (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), v-abl Abelson murine leukaemia viral oncogene homologue 1, beta-2-microglobulin, hypoxanthin phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1), phosphoglycerate kinase 1, peptidylprolyl isomerase A, and ribosomal protein, large, P0) in 18 heterogenous NSCLC tumour specimens, 10 normal lung tissues and six NSCLC cell lines were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR. The variances and correlation coefficients of cycle threshold (Ct) value of each control gene in three tissue groups and subgroups were compared. The difference and correlation coefficients between the Ct value for each control gene and the mean Ct value of the remaining control genes were calculated. The GAPDH gene transcript showed the least variance and linear regression analysis demonstrated that GAPDH and HPRT had the strongest correlation in pooled tumour and normal lung tissues. Furthermore, GAPDH expression value showed stringent correlation and had the lowest difference with the mean expression value of the remaining endogenous control genes. Among the seven common endogenous control genes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is the most suitable for quantitative RT-PCR reaction in nonsmall cell lung cancer tissue samples.
Discovery of 4-Amino-N-[(1S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (AZD5363), an Orally Bioavailable, Potent Inhibitor of Akt Kinases (2013)

Wide-ranging exploration of analogues of an ATP-competitive pyrrolopyrimidine inhibitor of Akt led to the discovery of clinical candidate AZD5363, which showed increased potency, reduced hERG affinity, and higher selectivity against the closely related AGC kinase ROCK. This compound demonstrated good preclinical drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) properties and, after oral dosing, showed pharmacodynamic knockdown of phosphorylation of Akt and downstream biomarkers in vivo, and inhibition of tumor growth in a breast cancer xenograft model.
Design and evaluation of the high performance multi-processor server (2002)

The paper discusses the architecture and performance of a prototype RISC multi-processor server designed for a business system like OLTP (online transaction processing). The combination of a low-latency cache-to-cache copy and an 8-way highly interleaved main memory realize high performance for the OLTP program. We analyzed the activity of the multi-processor system when executing the OLTP program by using the trace-driven simulator including kernel execution. The main findings are that: cache misses due to task migration and ping-ponging of kernel shared data occupy a larger part of the total misses, especially in a large cache capacity because of intensive I/O activities; and the low-latency cache-to-cache copy is very effective because 50-60% of the data read accesses are supplied by the cache-to-cache copy in a large cache capacity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Small interfering RNA‐mediated down‐regulation of SPAG9 inhibits cervical tumor growth (2009)

These results suggest that SPAG9 expression may play a pivotal role in tumor growth and could contribute to the early spread of cervical cancer. Small interfering RNA-mediated down-regulation of SPAG9 represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cervical cancer.
Stochastic model based audio watermark and whitening filter for improved detection (2002)

Digital watermarking is a means of copyright protection by embedding an imperceptible signal into the multimedia data. Nearly all watermarking schemes developed basically employ a spread spectrum technique, and the extraction of embedded watermark depends on the correlation method. In this paper, we propose a stochastic model based public audio watermark. Based on the stochastic model and detection theory, the watermark shaping effect on detection is well explained. We also provide the theoretical whitening filter SNR gain and show that the detection performance can be significantly improved with the whitening filter. As regards robust detection with the whitening filter, we propose a robust detection parameter and demonstrate the reliability of the proposed estimated whitening filter to various kinds of audio degradation and distortions, e.g., MPEG compression, filtering, requantization, resampling, etc.
Increased connexin43 gap junction protein in hamster cardiomyocytes during cold acclimatization and hibernation (2000)

It is possible that the increased size and number of connexin43 gap junction plaques in the cold controls may represent a compensatory response in order to maintain sufficient gap junction communication during physiological conditions that would reduce conductance. These changes may represent a mechanism by which the hamster avoids ventricular fibrillation during hibernation and arousal.
Generation of immunostimulatory dendritic cells from human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells of the bone marrow and peripheral blood. (1995)

Dendritic antigen-presenting cells are considered to be the most effective stimulators of T cell immunity. The use of dendritic cells has been proposed to generate therapeutic T cell responses to tumor antigens in cancer patients. One limitation is that the number of dendritic cells in peripheral blood is exceedingly low. Dendritic cells originate from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) which are present in the bone marrow and in small numbers in peripheral blood. CD34+ HPC can be mobilized into the peripheral blood by in vivo administration of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor. The aim of the current study was to determine whether functional dendritic cells could be elicited and grown in vitro from CD34+ HPC derived from bone marrow or granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood. Culture of CD34+ HPC with granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor alpha yielded a heterogeneous cell population containing cells with typical dendritic morphology. Phenotypic studies demonstrated a loss of the CD34 molecule over 1 week and an increase in cells expressing surface markers associated with dendritic cells, CD1a, CD80 (B7/BB1), CD4, CD14, HLA-DR, and CD64 (Fc gamma RI). Function was validated in experiments showing that cultured cells could stimulate proliferation of allogeneic CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Antigen-presenting capacity was further confirmed in experiments showing that cultured cells could effectively stimulate tetanus toxoid-specific responses and HER-2/neu peptide-specific responses. The derivation and expansion of dendritic cells from cultured bone marrow or granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor-mobilized CD34+ HPC may provide adequate numbers for testing of dendritic cells in clinical studies, such as vaccine and T cell therapy trials.
Efficient mouse transgenesis using Gateway-compatible ROSA26 locus targeting vectors and F1 hybrid ES cells (2009)

The ability to rapidly and efficiently generate reliable Cre/loxP conditional transgenic mice would greatly complement global high-throughput gene targeting initiatives aimed at identifying gene function in the mouse. We report here the generation of Cre/loxP conditional ROSA26-targeted ES cells within 3-4 weeks by using Gateway cloning to build the target vectors. The cDNA of the gene of interest can be expressed either directly by the ROSA26 promoter providing a moderate level of expression or by a CAGG promoter placed in the ROSA26 locus providing higher transgene expression. Utilization of F1 hybrid ES cells with exceptional developmental potential allows the production of germ line transmitting, fully or highly ES cell-derived mice by aggregation of cells with diploid embryos. The presented streamlined procedures accelerate the examination of phenotypical consequences of transgene expression. It also provides a unique tool for comparing the biological activity of polymorphic or splice variants of a gene, or products of different genes functioning in the same or parallel pathways in an overlapping manner.
Endophytic Fungi Produce Gibberellins and Indoleacetic Acid and Promotes Host-Plant Growth during Stress (2012)

We isolated and examined two endophytic fungi for their potential to secrete phytohormones viz. gibberellins (GAs) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) and mitigate abiotic stresses like salinity and drought. The endophytic fungi Phoma glomerata LWL2 and Penicillium sp. LWL3 significantly promoted the shoot and allied growth attributes of GAs-deficient dwarf mutant Waito-C and Dongjin-beyo rice. Analysis of the pure cultures of these endophytic fungi showed biologically active GAs (GA1, GA3, GA4 and GA7) in various quantities. The cultures of P. glomerata and Penicillium sp. also contained IAA. The culture application and endophytic-association with host-cucumber plants significantly increased the plant biomass and related growth parameters under sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol induced salinity and drought stress as compared to control plants. The endophytic symbiosis resulted in significantly higher assimilation of essential nutrients like potassium, calcium and magnesium as compared to control plants during salinity stress. Endophytic-association reduced the sodium toxicity and promoted the host-benefit ratio in cucumber plants as compared to non-inoculated control plants. The symbiotic-association mitigated stress by compromising the activities of reduced glutathione, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Under stress conditions, the endophyte-infection significantly modulated stress through down-regulated abscisic acid, altered jasmonic acid, and elevated salicylic acid contents as compared to control. In conclusion, the two endophytes significantly reprogrammed the growth of host plants during stress conditions.