gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Economic impact of disease progression in follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma (2011)

Using a retrospective claims database, we estimated the economic costs of progression among patients with follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma (f-NHL) treated in an outpatient community-based setting. Patients with f-NHL who received care between 1 July 2006 and 31 December 2009 were categorized into two cohorts based on whether they experienced progressive disease (PD) or not. Costs per patient per month (PPPM) were compared between patients with PD versus non-PD. Follow-up time was censored at the last entry for disease status or 6 months after the date of remission/stable disease or progression. Of the 1002 patients with f-NHL identified, 268 progressed and 734 did not. The mean overall costs PPPM over the 6-month follow-up period were significantly higher for patients with PD versus non-PD ($3527 vs. $860; difference = $2667; p < 0.001). This cost difference persisted within all resource categories evaluated. Results of this study indicate that therapies which delay progression for patients with f-NHL may result in potential cost savings.
The Synthesis and Chemistry of Certain 2-Substituted 5,6-Dihydroimidazo-, -oxazolo-, and -thiazolo[ij]quinolines (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis and Chemistry of Certain 2-Substituted 5,6-Dihydroimidazo-, -oxazolo-, and -thiazolo[ij]quinolinesAlfred Richardson Jr.Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 10, 2581–2587Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01045a023https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01045a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views168Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Abundant expression of immunoreactive endothelin 1 in mammary phyllodes tumor: possible paracrine role of endothelin 1 in the growth of stromal cells in phyllodes tumor. (1992)

Immunoreactive endothelin 1 (irET-1) concentrations were measured in extracts prepared from 4 phyllodes tumors and 14 fibroadenomas. irET-1 was detectable in all tissue extracts by specific radioimmunoassay, and the mean concentration of irET-1 was 18-fold and 27-fold higher in tissue extracts from phyllodes tumors than in those from intracanalicular fibroadenomas and pericanalicular fibroadenomas, respectively. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with radioimmunoassay in the extracts from phyllodes tumors revealed one major irET-1 component corresponding to human standard ET-1. Furthermore, immunocytochemical staining for ET-1 revealed that numerous ET-1-immunoreactive cells were seen in the epithelial cells but not in the stromal cells, suggesting that ET-1 is synthesized by the epithelial component of phyllodes tumors. A possible paracrine role of ET-1 in the growth of this rare tumor which is characterized by its prominent stromal cellularity is discussed.
Graphene for advanced Li/S and Li/air batteries (2013)

Li/S and Li/air cells have attracted much recent attention as potential successors to lithium ion batteries because of their exceptionally high energy density compared with current battery technology. Although the two new battery systems have the potential to satisfy the demand for a significant leap forward in energy storage technology, there remain significant problems to be addressed, including poor cycle stability and low rate capability for practical applications. To address these issues, much research effort has been invested. In particular, graphene, with its high surface area combined with catalytic properties, is considered to be a key potential material to advance Li/S and Li/air battery technology. Indeed, recent research into graphene has led to substantial performance improvements of Li/S and Li/air batteries. In this review, we describe recent achievements in Li/S and Li/air cells that have been facilitated by the application of graphene, together with the electrochemical reaction mechanisms and major issues facing both Li/S and Li/air batteries.
Monitoring Sedation Status Over Time in ICU Patients (2003)

The RASS demonstrated excellent interrater reliability and criterion, construct, and face validity. This is the first sedation scale to be validated for its ability to detect changes in sedation status over consecutive days of ICU care, against constructs of level of consciousness and delirium, and correlated with the administered dose of sedative and analgesic medications.
Manual de Twitter 2013 (2013)

Manual de Twitter&#13;\n&#13;\nSegundo módulo de 6 del curso de Redes Sociales aplicadas al ámbito universitario, en el que se explica el uso de Twitter.
A 1-year trial of repeated high-dose intravenous iron isomaltoside 1000 to maintain stable hemoglobin levels in inflammatory bowel disease (2015)

Repeated treatment of iron deficiency with iron isomaltoside 1000 could avoid episodes of IDA without major safety issues.
The tryptophan catabolite l-kynurenine inhibits the surface expression of NKp46- and NKG2D-activating receptors and regulates NK-cell function (2006)

Abstract Tryptophan (Trp) catabolism mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) plays a central role in the regulation of T-cell–mediated immune responses. In this study, we also demonstrate that natural killer (NK)–cell function can be influenced by IDO. Indeed, l-kynurenine, a Trp-derived catabolite resulting from IDO activity, was found to prevent the cytokine-mediated up-regulation of the expression and function of specific triggering receptors responsible for the induction of NK-cell–mediated killing. The effect of l-kynurenine appears to be restricted to NKp46 and NKG2D, while it does not affect other surface receptors such as NKp30 or CD16. As a consequence, l-kynurenine–treated NK cells display impaired ability to kill target cells recognized via NKp46 and NKG2D. Instead, they maintain the ability to kill targets, such as dendritic cells (DCs), that are mainly recognized via the NKp30 receptor. The effect of l-kynurenine, which is effective at both the transcriptional and the protein level, can be reverted, since NK cells were found to recover their functional competence after washing.
Variational inference for Monte Carlo objectives (2016)

Recent progress in deep latent variable models has largely been driven by the development of flexible and scalable variational inference methods. Variational training of this type involves maximizing a lower bound on the log-likelihood, using samples from the variational posterior to compute the required gradients. Recently, Burda et al. (2016) have derived a tighter lower bound using a multi-sample importance sampling estimate of the likelihood and showed that optimizing it yields models that use more of their capacity and achieve higher likelihoods. This development showed the importance of such multi-sample objectives and explained the success of several related approaches. We extend the multi-sample approach to discrete latent variables and analyze the difficulty encountered when estimating the gradients involved. We then develop the first unbiased gradient estimator designed for importance-sampled objectives and evaluate it at training generative and structured output prediction models. The resulting estimator, which is based on low-variance per-sample learning signals, is both simpler and more effective than the NVIL estimator proposed for the single-sample variational objective, and is competitive with the currently used biased estimators.
Reprogramming of DNA Replication Timing (2010)

Replication timing is an important developmentally regulated regional property that is correlated with chromosome structure and gene expression, but little is known about the establishment and maintenance of these patterns. Here we followed the fate of replication timing patterns in cells that undergo reprogramming either through somatic-cell nuclear transplantation or by the generation of induced pluripotential stem cells. We have investigated three different paradigms, stage-specific replication timing, parental allele-specific asynchrony (imprinted regions), and random allelic asynchronous replication. In all cases, somatic replication timing patterns were reset exactly at the appropriate stage in early development and could be properly established upon re-differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that, unlike DNA methylation, the molecular mechanisms governing replication timing are not only stable but can also be easily reprogrammed.
Navigating the Fluoroscope's C-Arm Back into Position: An Accurate and Practicable Solution to Cut Radiation and Optimize Intraoperative Workflow (2007)

Objectives: During complex image-guided orthopedic trauma procedures, repetitive fluoroscopic scout imaging is performed. A number of preparatory positioning images often must be taken to reproduce a comparable projection. These scout images have no intrinsic clinical relevance but nevertheless expose the patient and the surgical team to considerable radiation, which could be avoided. This study presents and validates a method to decrease intraoperative radiation. Methods: Precision, time requirements, and number of scout images for repositioning the fluoroscope, with and without navigation aid, were recorded on 20 test-rig and 3 phantom setups. A commercially available image-guided surgical navigation system (Vector Vision®, BrainLAB), originally designed for instrument navigation, was employed to register and retrieve the C-arm positions. A newly developed software computed the necessary moves to reposition the C-arm on an intuitive visual display. Results: Retrieving a given C-arm position with the conventional non-navigated technique required an average of 7 scout images (range, 3 to 12 images). In contrast, navigation-assisted repositioning did not necessitate a single scout image. Deviations from the original projection were minimal for both navigated (0.9 degrees, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.1 degrees) and non-navigated repositioning (0.8 degrees, 95% CI 0.7 to 0.9 degrees). Average positioning times were comparable when navigating the C-arm (46 seconds, 95% CI 41 to 51 seconds) and in scout image-based positioning (49 seconds, 95% CI 44 to 53 seconds). Conclusions: Navigated C-arm positioning avoids multiple scout images and yields sufficient precision for clinical deployment. Radiation exposure can be reduced considerably by a combination of instrument navigation and navigated C-arm positioning.
Somatostatin may enhance cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin on gallbladder cancer cells (2004)

Objective: To explore the change of chemosensitivity of gallbladder cancer cells pre-treated with somatostatin. Methods: Twenty-four hours after somatostatin treatment, gradient concentrated Doxorubicin was added and growth curve of gallbladder cancer cells was investigated to measure IC50, i.e., concentration of Doxorubicin at 50% cell viability. Results: Somatostatin ccould induce gallbladder cancer cell growth arrest in S phase. Inhibition of growth of cancer cell line was detected by Doxorubicin concentration- dependently (P<0.05). IC50 value was significantly lower by combined-treating with somatostatin and Doxorubicin compared with by Doxorubicin alone (P<0.05). Conclusion: Somatostatin could increase the cytotoxic effect of Doxorubicin on gallbladder cancer cell by modulating its cell cycle.
Microglia Response and In Vivo Therapeutic Potential of Methylprednisolone‐Loaded Dendrimer Nanoparticles in Spinal Cord Injury (2012)

The control and manipulation of cells that trigger secondary mechanisms following spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the first opportunities to minimize its highly detrimental outcomes. Herein, the ability of surface-engineered carboxymethylchitosan/polyamidoamine (CMCht/PAMAM) dendrimer nanoparticles to intracellularly deliver methylprednisolone (MP) to glial cells, allowing a controlled and sustained release of this corticosteroid in the injury site, is investigated. The negatively charged MP-loaded CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles with sizes of 109 nm enable a MP sustained release, which is detected for a period of 14 days by HPLC. In vitro studies in glial primary cultures show that incubation with 200 μg mL(-1) nanoparticles do not affect the cells' viability or proliferation, while allowing the entire population to internalize the nanoparticles. At higher concentrations, microglial cell viability is proven to be affected in response to the MP amount released. Following lateral hemisection lesions in rats, nanoparticle uptake by the spinal tissue is observed 3 h after administration. Moreover, significant differences in the locomotor output between the controls and the MP-loaded nanoparticle-treated animals one month after the lesion are observed. Therefore, MP-loaded CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles may prove to be useful in the reduction of the secondary injury following SCI.
Synthesis and Wettability Characteristics of Model Adhesive Protein Sequences Inspired by a Marine Mussel (2000)

Three adhesive polyoctapeptides (X/Y-Gly-Tyr-Ser-Ala-Gly-Tyr-Lys)n (X, Thr and Ala: Y, Thr:Ala = 3:2), which are the C-terminal octapeptide sequences shared by all those consensus motifs of a ribbed mussel Geukensia demissa adhesive protein (RMAP), have been synthesized by the polycondensation of the active esters. The correlation between wettability and adhesion with the alternative substitution by hydrophobic Ala and hydrophilic Thr in the synthetic RMAPs in aqueous solution and as films on high and low surface free energy (sfe) surfaces has been investigated by surface chemical approaches. The side chain moieties of RMAPs arrange their local conformation to adapt to the inherent surface character, and they orientate on high and low sfe surfaces. On a high sfe glass the hydrophilic side chains of the RMAP molecules face toward the surface, and on a low sfe polyethylene (HDPE) the hydrophobic side chains face toward the surface. The bonding strengths of synthetic RMAPs on glass and HDPE with and without enzymatic oxidation have been examined. Increased starting concentration exhibited the strongest adhesive capability (7.5 kgf/cm2) on alumina due to the increased cohesion among RMAP molecules. As another factor to increase adhesive ability, the intermolecular cross-linking among RMAP molecules by tyrosinase increases their adhesive capability by about 20% on HDPE, glass, and alumina except iron.
Hageman factor in experimental nephrotoxic nephritis in the rabbit. (1985)

This study was performed to investigate whether the Hageman factor (HF) system might contribute to glomerular damage in vivo. HF was purified from rabbit plasma. The proteolytic activation pattern of 80,000-dalton rabbit HF was the same as that previously reported for human HF. Anti-HF IgG, raised in a goat, was monospecific as judged by immunodiffusion analysis and inhibited HF activity in rabbit plasma. A telescoped model of nephrotoxic nephritis in the rabbit was developed using guinea pig antirabbit glomerular basement membrane IgG injected into rabbits preimmunized against guinea pig IgG. In this model protein excretion was increased by days 3 to 4 in association with glomerular influx of acute inflammatory cells. By days 5 and 6 fibrin was present within glomerular capillaries, beneath endothelial cells, in Bowman's space, and in proximal tubules. By fluorescent microscopic analysis rabbit IgG and C3 had accumulated along the glomerular capillary wall; however, no HF was detectable in glomerular capillary wall over the initial 10 days of glomerular injury. Positive fluorescence for HF was seen within Bowman's space and in tubules along with albumin and plasmin- and fibrin-related antigens. Although the circulating antigenic HF concentration did not change during the glomerular injury, the rate of turnover of 125I-HF did increase. However, when this was factored for turnover of 131I-albumin in a paired study, the relative turnover of 131I-albumin was found to be faster than that of 125I-HF. Proteolysis of 125I-HF in plasma consistent with HF activation was noted in only one of these rabbits in spite of a decrease in antigenic C3 level to 54% of baseline. The 125I-HF appearing in urine of nephritic rabbits had undergone proteolysis from the native 80,000-dalton parent molecule to form fragments of 50,000 and 30,000 daltons, compatible with HF activation. Urine from nephritic rabbits also contained procoagulant activity that was HF dependent. These results are compatible with the concept that HF passively crosses the damaged glomerular filter where it may become activated in Bowman's space or in fluid draining damaged glomeruli in this model of nephrotoxic nephritis in the rabbit.
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy by use of a multimode fiber (2013)

We demonstrate Optical-Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy (OR-PAM), where the optical field is focused and scanned using Digital Phase Conjugation through a multimode fiber. The focus is scanned across the field of view using digital means, and the acoustic signal induced is collected by a transducer. Optical-resolution photoacoustic images of a knot made by two absorptive wires are obtained and we report on resolution smaller than 1.5 μm across a 201 μm × 201 μm field of view. The use of a multimode optical fiber for the optical excitation part can pave the way for miniature endoscopes that can provide optical-resolution photoacoustic images at large optical depth.
A Case Study (2012)

We know that a nationwide shortage of highly qualified teachers exists, and not enough people are becoming teachers. We also know there are increasing demands for institutions to demonstrate a system of accountability through program assessment. As stated by the State Higher Education Executive Officers (2005), “The National Commission on Accountability in Higher Education believes improved accountability for better results is imperative, but how to improve accountability in higher education is not so obvious” (p. 4). Also, many teacher preparation programs are not accredited, and of the 1,300 teacher preparation programs that existed in 1999, only 38 percent were accredited through the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) (The CEO Forum on Education &amp; Technology, 2000, p. 3). While examining the effectiveness of the Teacher Education program assessment at the case institution, three convergent themes emerged.
Retinotopic mapping of adult human visual cortex with high-density diffuse optical tomography (2007)

Functional neuroimaging is a vital element of neuroscience and cognitive research and, increasingly, is an important clinical tool. Diffuse optical imaging is an emerging, noninvasive technique with unique portability and hemodynamic contrast capabilities for mapping brain function in young subjects and subjects in enriched or clinical environments. We have developed a high-performance, high-density diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system that overcomes previous limitations and enables superior image quality. We show herein the utility of the DOT system by presenting functional hemodynamic maps of the adult human visual cortex. The functional brain images have a high contrast-to-noise ratio, allowing visualization of individual activations and highly repeatable mapping within and across subjects. With the improved spatial resolution and localization, we were able to image functional responses of 1.7 cm in extent and shifts of <1 cm. Cortical maps of angle and eccentricity in the visual field are consistent with retinotopic studies using functional MRI and positron-emission tomography. These results demonstrate that high-density DOT is a practical and powerful tool for mapping function in the human cortex.
Systematic Sequencing of the 180 Kilobase Region of the Bacillus Subtilis Chromosome Containing the Replication Origin (1994)

We have determined a 180 kb contiguous sequence in the replication origin region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome. Open reading frames (ORF) in this region were unambiguously identified from the determined sequence, using criteria characteristic for the B. subtilis gene structure, i.e., starting with an ATG, GTG or TTG codon preceded by sequences complementary to the 3' end of the 16S rRNA. Four rRNA gene sets, 7 individual tRNA genes and 1 scRNA gene were identified, occupying 20 kb in total. In the remaining 160 kb region, 158 ORFs were identified, suggesting that 1 ORF is coded on average by 1 kb of DNA of the B. subtilis genome. Among the 158 ORFs, the functions of 48 ORFs were assigned and those of 11 ORFs are suggested through significant similarities to known proteins present in data banks. However, the functions of more than half of the ORFs (63%) remain to be determined.