gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust real-time pupil tracking in highly off-axis images (2012)

Robust, accurate, real-time pupil tracking is a key component for online gaze estimation. On head-mounted eye trackers, existing algorithms that rely on circular pupils or contiguous pupil regions fail to detect or accurately track the pupil. This is because the pupil ellipse is often highly eccentric and partially occluded by eyelashes. We present a novel, real-time dark-pupil tracking algorithm that is robust under such conditions. Our approach uses a Haar-like feature detector to roughly estimate the pupil location, performs a k-means segmentation on the surrounding region to refine the pupil centre, and fits an ellipse to the pupil using a novel image-aware Random Sample Concensus (RANSAC) ellipse fitting. We compare our approach against existing real-time pupil tracking implementations, using a set of manually labelled infra-red dark-pupil eye images. We show that our technique has a higher pupil detection rate and greater pupil tracking accuracy.
Purification and characterization of bovine tissue factor. (1981)

Tissue factor (tissue thromboplastin, factor III), an initiator of coagulation, has been purified 142,000-fold to homogeneity from bovine brain. The protein is an integral membrane glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 43,000 as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The apoprotein was first purified by extraction with Triton X-100 and repeated preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Antiserum was produced against a few micrograms of purified apoprotein and was used to construct an immunoadsorbent column. The column was then used for affinity purification of the apoprotein directly from the Triton X-100 extract, thereby significantly increasing the amount of purified protein produced. The purification scheme may be generally useful for the rapid and large scale purification of membrane proteins. Tryptic digestion of the apoprotein in Triton X-100 cleaved a peptide of approximately 3000 daltons without affecting the activity. The activity was recovered directly from stained SDS polyacrylamide gels, and the profile of recovered activity corresponded directly with the stained bands. The activity shifted along with the protein band following tryptic digestion, thus demonstrating that the protein observed on the gels is tissue factor. The coagulant activity of the purified apoprotein was reconstituted by the addition of phospholipid. Optimal activity was observed at phospholipid to protein ratios (w/w) greater than 450:1.
AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGE IN EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND GAMMA 40 HZ PHASE SYNCHRONY (2005)

Decline in cognitive function is well recognized, yet few neurophysiological correlates of age-related cognitive decline have been identified. In this study we examined the impact of age on neurocognitive function and Gamma phase synchrony among 550 normal subjects (aged 11-70). Gamma phase synchrony was acquired to targets in the auditory oddball paradigm. The two tasks of executive function were switching of attention and an electronic maze. Subjects were divided into four age groups, which were balanced for sex. We hypothesized that reduced cognitive performance among older healthy individuals would be associated with age-related changes in gamma phase synchrony. Results showed a significant decrease in executive function in the oldest (51-70 years) age group. ANOVAs of age-by-frontal Gamma synchrony also showed a significant effect of age on Gamma phase synchrony in the left frontal region that corresponded modestly to the age effect found on executive task performance, with reduced performance associated with increased gamma synchrony. The results indicate that age-related changes in cognitive function evident among elderly individuals may in part be related to decreased ability to integrate information and this may be reflected as a compensatory increase in gamma synchrony in frontal regions of the brain.
Multiple sclerosis: The importance of early recognition and treatment (2001)

Primary practitioners need to know how to expedite the diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), because treatments that can slow its course appear to be most effective when started early. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that tissue damage occurs very early in the disease, and much of this damage is clinically silent.
Dendritic cell modulation by 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3and its analogs: A vitamin D receptor-dependent pathway that promotes a persistent state of immaturityin vitroandin vivo (2001)

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in regulating immune activation and responses to self. DC maturation is central to the outcome of antigen presentation to T cells. Maturation of DCs is inhibited by physiological levels of 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)] and a related analog, 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-16-ene-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-vitamin D(3) (D(3) analog). Conditioning of bone marrow cultures with 10(-10) M D(3) analog resulted in accumulation of immature DCs with reduced IL-12 secretion and without induction of transforming growth factor beta1. These DCs retained an immature phenotype after withdrawal of D(3) analog and exhibited blunted responses to maturing stimuli (CD40 ligation, macrophage products, or lipopolysaccharide). Resistance to maturation depended on the presence of the 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) receptor (VDR). In an in vivo model of DC-mediated antigen-specific sensitization, D(3) analog-conditioned DCs failed to sensitize and, instead, promoted prolonged survival of subsequent skin grafts expressing the same antigen. To investigate the physiologic significance of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)/VDR-mediated modulation of DC maturity we analyzed DC populations from mice lacking VDR. Compared with wild-type animals, VDR-deficient mice had hypertrophy of subcutaneous lymph nodes and an increase in mature DCs in lymph nodes but not spleen. We conclude that 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)/VDR mediates physiologically relevant inhibition of DC maturity that is resistant to maturational stimuli and modulates antigen-specific immune responses in vivo.
Influence of Cross-Linking on the Physical Properties and Cytotoxicity of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering (2015)

In this study, an unsaturated copolyester, poly[(<i>R</i>)-3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-(<i>R</i>)-3-hydroxy-10-undecenoate] (PHBU), was produced by an engineered strain of <i>Escherichia coli</i>, cross-linked via thiol-ene click chemistry, and analyzed for improved physical properties and biocompatibility with human mesenchymal stem cells. By cross-linking the PHBU polymer, an increase in tensile strength of greater than 200% to 26.2 MPa was observed, resulting in a material with physical properties closer to those relevant for soft tissue replacement. Results showed that this chemically cross-linked polyester did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity toward human cells after chemical modification. The chemically modifiable copolyester described here could potentially be used as a replacement for an assortment of tissues currently without viable material alternatives in the field of tissue-engineering.
A CRISPR-based approach for proteomic analysis of a single genomic locus (2014)

Any given chromosomal activity (e.g., transcription) is governed predominantly by the local epiproteome. However, defining local epiproteomes has been limited by a lack of effective technologies to isolate discrete sections of chromatin and to identify with precision specific proteins and histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs). We report the use of the Cas9 and guide RNA (gRNA) components of the CRISPR system for gRNA-directed purification of a discrete section of chromatin. Quantitative mass spectrometry provides for unambiguous identification of proteins and histone PTMs specifically associated with the enriched chromatin. This CRISPR-based Chromatin Affinity Purification with Mass Spectrometry (CRISPR-ChAP-MS) approach revealed changes in the local epiproteome of a promoter during activation of transcription. CRISPR-ChAP-MS thus has broad applications for discovering molecular components and dynamic regulation of any in vivo activity at a given chromosomal location.
Phase II trial of paclitaxel and cisplatin in women with advanced breast cancer: an active regimen with limiting neurotoxicity. (1996)

The combination of paclitaxel and cisplatin as first-line chemotherapy for women with advanced breast cancer is an active regimen. However, the cumulative neurotoxicity was significant and dose-limiting in the majority of patients.
Systematic design of phononic band–gap materials and structures by topology optimization (2003)

Phononic band-gap materials prevent elastic waves in certain frequency ranges from propagating, and they may therefore be used to generate frequency filters, as beam splitters, as sound or vibration protection devices, or as waveguides. In this work we show how topology optimization can be used to design and optimize periodic materials and structures exhibiting phononic band gaps. Firstly, we optimize infinitely periodic band-gap materials by maximizing the relative size of the band gaps. Then, finite structures subjected to periodic loading are optimized in order to either minimize the structural response along boundaries (wave damping) or maximize the response at certain boundary locations (waveguiding).
Information handling (1999)

Information handling is a major area in the ICT (Information and Communications Technology) National Curriculum. It is all about capturing, storing, manipulating and interrogating information.
Morphological and ultrastructural characterization of mammalian spermatozoa processed for flow cytometric DNA analyses (1984)

Abstract The morphological and ultrastructural changes that occur during preparation of porcine, bovine, and murine spermatozoa for flow cytometric quantification of the relative DNA content of the X‐ and Y‐chromosome‐bearing sperm populations were examined. Ejaculated spermatozoa from the boar and bull were washed using a series of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions prior to fixation, whereas the epididymal mouse spermatozoa were washed only in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). Spermatozoa from all three species were then fixed in ethanol and processed for fluorochrome staining by a treatment regimen consisting of sulfhydryl reduction and proteolysis. The processed sperm nuclei were stained for DNA with the fluorochrome, 4′‐6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) before quantification by flow cytometry. Scanning and transmission electron micrographs of sperm heads taken at various steps of the preparation and staining procedures show 1) that the rigorous washing procedure disrupted the plasma and outer acrosomal membranes, 2) that ethanol fixation resulted in removal of the outer membranes and disintegration of the nuclear envelope, and 3) that thiol and proteolysis treatment removed the remaining cellular organelles including the tail and rapidly induced partial decondensation of the tightly packed chromatin. Sequential micrographs showed that the nuclear matrix of all three species increased in thickness about twofold during the preparation and staining. Consequently, the harsh procedures currently used for quantitative staining of DNA for high‐resolution flow cytometric analyses destroy most cellular organelles and thereby prevent simultaneous characterization of DNA content and other sperm cell constituents.
Evidence for a rate-determining solvation change in methyl transfer to water. Solvent dependence of water-deuterium oxide kinetic isotope effects (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEvidence for a rate-determining solvation change in methyl transfer to water. Solvent dependence of water-deuterium oxide kinetic isotope effectsJoseph L. Kurz, Jasun. Lee, Mark E. Love, and Susan. RhodesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 11, 2960–2968Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1986https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00271a026Request reuse permissionsArticle Views135Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The amount of solid cerebral microemboli during carotid stenting does not relate to the frequency of silent ischemic lesions. (2006)

Solid microembolism is a common event during unprotected CAS; however, the frequency of procedure-related silent cerebral lesions appears to be independent of the number of solid cerebral microemboli during the procedure.
Long‐lasting up‐regulation of orexin receptor type 2 protein levels in the rat nucleus accumbens after chronic cocaine administration (2007)

Hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) neurons project to the key structures of the limbic system and orexin receptors, both orexin receptor type 1 (OXR1) and type 2 (OXR2), are expressed in most limbic regions. Emerging evidence suggests that orexin is among important neurotransmitters that regulate addictive properties of drugs of abuse. In this study, we examined the effect of psychostimulant cocaine on orexin receptor protein abundance in the rat limbic system in vivo. Intermittent administration of cocaine (20 mg/kg, i.p., once daily for 5 days) caused a typical behavioral sensitization response to a challenge cocaine injection at a 14-day withdrawal period. Repeated cocaine administration at the same withdrawal time also increased OXR2 protein levels in the nucleus accumbens while repeated cocaine had no effect on OXR1 and orexin neuropeptide (both orexin-A and orexin-B) levels in this region. In contrast to the nucleus accumbens, OXR2 levels in the frontal cortex, the ventral tegmental area, the hippocampus, and the dorsal striatum (caudate putamen) were not altered by cocaine. Remarkably, the up-regulated OXR2 levels in the nucleus accumbens showed a long-lasting nature as it persisted up to 60 days after the discontinuation of repeated cocaine treatments. In contrast to chronic cocaine administration, an acute cocaine injection was insufficient to modify levels of any orexin receptor and peptide. Our data identify the up-regulation of OXR2 in the nucleus accumbens as an enduring molecular event that is correlated well with behavioral plasticity in response to chronic psychostimulant administration. This OXR2 up-regulation may reflect a key adaptation of limbic orexinergic transmission to chronic drug exposure and may thus be critical for the expression of motor plasticity.
Interactive Image Segmentation with Latent Diversity (2018)

Interactive image segmentation is characterized by multimodality. When the user clicks on a door, do they intend to select the door or the whole house? We present an end-to-end learning approach to interactive image segmentation that tackles this ambiguity. Our architecture couples two convolutional networks. The first is trained to synthesize a diverse set of plausible segmentations that conform to the user's input. The second is trained to select among these. By selecting a single solution, our approach retains compatibility with existing interactive segmentation interfaces. By synthesizing multiple diverse solutions before selecting one, the architecture is given the representational power to explore the multimodal solution space. We show that the proposed approach outperforms existing methods for interactive image segmentation, including prior work that applied convolutional networks to this problem, while being much faster.
Identification of a strain-specific malarial antigen exposed on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. (1984)

We have identified strain-specific antigens with Camp and St. Lucia strains of P. falciparum of Mr approximately 285,000 and approximately 260,000, respectively. These strain-specific antigens were metabolically labeled with radioactive amino acids, indicating that they were of parasite origin rather than altered host components. These proteins had the properties of a molecule exposed on the surface of infected erythrocytes (IE). First, the proteins are accessible to lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination of IE. Second, the radioiodinated proteins were cleaved by low concentrations of trypsin (0.1 microgram/ml). Third, these antigens were immunoprecipitated after addition of immune sera to intact IE. Fourth, the strain-specific immuno-precipitation of these proteins correlated with the capacity of immune sera to block cytoadherence of IE in a strain-specific fashion. Fifth, the strain-specific antigen had detergent solubility properties (i.e., insolubility in 1% Triton X-100, solubility in 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate) similar to the variant antigen of P. knowlesi, which has been proven to be a malarial protein exposed on the erythrocyte surface.
Speech Recognition by Composition of Weighted Finite Automata (1997)

We present a general framework based on weighted finite automata and weighted finite-state transducers for describing and implementing speech recognizers. The framework allows us to represent uniformly the information sources and data structures used in recognition, including context-dependent units, pronunciation dictionaries, language models and lattices. Furthermore, general but efficient algorithms can used for combining information sources in actual recognizers and for optimizing their application. In particular, a single composition algorithm is used both to combine in advance information sources such as language models and dictionaries, and to combine acoustic observations and information sources dynamically during recognition.
Predicting the Nonlinear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Membrane Elements Subjected to Reversed Cyclic Loading (2002)

지진하중을 받는 철근콘크리트 패널의 이력거동을 힘의 평형조건, 변형의 적합조건 및 재료의 구성법칙을 이용한 재료메카니즘을 이용하여 예측하였다. 해석에서는 7단계의 압축응력-변형률곡선과 6단계의 인장응력-변형률곡선으로 구성된 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 모델을 이용하였다. 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 모델에는 균열이 발생한 콘크리트의 연화효과에 의한 압축강도 저감효과가 고려되었다. 해석에 적용된 반복하중을 받는 철근의 평균 응력-변형률관계에는 바우싱거효과 및 철근과 콘크리트의 부착작용을 고려한 인장경화효과가 고려되었다. 해석에 의하여 예측된 패널의 이력거동은 철근비가 다른 3개의 철근콘크리트 패널시험에 의하여 검증되었다. 해석법은 패널의 이력곡선을 추적하여 철근비가 점차 증가하는 시험체의 최대전단응력을 매우 정확히 예측하였다. 또한, 해석에 의하여 예측된 수직 및 수평변형률은 실험에서 관찰된 변형률과 잘 일치하였다. The behaviors of the reinforced concrete membrane elements are expected by Navier's three principles of the mechanics of materials. The adopted cyclic stress-strain curves of concrete consist of seven different unloading and loading stages in the compressive zone and six other stages in the tensile zone. The curves took into account the softening of concrete that was influenced by the tensile strain in the perpendicular direction of cracks. The stress-strain relationships for steel bar embedded in concrete subjected to reversed cyclic forces considered the tension stiffening effect and Baushinger effect. The predicted results of the analysis based on Navier's principles were in good agreement with the observed shear stress-strain relationships as well as transverse and longitudinal strains.
C‐Fos expression is hypersensitive to serum‐stimulation in cultured cystic kidney cells from the C57BL/6J‐cpk mouse (1992)

Cystic kidneys of the C57BL/6J-cpk murine model of polycystic kidney disease show a marked overexpression of the proto-oncogenes c-fos, c-myc, and c-Ki-ras, consistent with an increased rate of cell proliferation and an altered state of differentiation. To determine if cystic cells have increased responsiveness to stimulation with mitogenic agents, quiescent primary cultures from normal and cystic cpk kidneys were treated with fetal bovine serum (FBS), 8-bromo-cAMP (cAMP), or epidermal growth factor (EGF). The level of c-fos induction following stimulation by FBS was found to be dramatically higher in cystic cells than in normal cells; whereas induction by cAMP or EGF was essentially the same in both cell types and much less than that seen in FBS-stimulated cells. To determine if this serum hypersensitivity reflects an increased proliferative state in vivo, c-fos induction was examined in cultures derived from normal kidneys stimulated to regenerate by folic acid-induced acute renal injury. As with cystic kidneys, the folic acid-injured kidneys showed increased c-fos responsiveness to FBS in cell culture. These experiments suggest that cystic and regenerating kidneys have an altered phenotypic state in vivo that is manifested in cell culture by serum hypersensitivity. However, whereas the folic acid-injured kidneys ultimately reestablish normal kidney function, cystic kidneys further progress to renal failure, suggesting that cystic epithelial cells are locked in this altered state of differentiation.
A Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Young Children Aged 4 to &lt;10 Years (2011)

CGM in 4- to 9-year-olds did not improve glycemic control despite a high degree of parental satisfaction with CGM. We postulate that this finding may be related in part to limited use of the CGM glucose data in day-to-day management and to an unremitting fear of hypoglycemia. Overcoming the barriers that prevent integration of these critical glucose data into day-to-day management remains a challenge.
Vaccinia Virus Vectors (1992)

This chapter discusses vaccinia virus vectors. With the elimination of a deadly disease and the eradication of the offending pathogen, the smallpox vaccine holds a unique place in preventive medicine. The characteristics of the vaccine that contributed to its effectiveness against smallpox, including low cost, heat stability, simple methods of administration, visible evidence of successful vaccination, and a long duration of immunity following a single dose have inspired efforts to develop vaccinia virus into a vector that can be used for the prevention of other infectious diseases. With the aid of recombinant DNA technology, vaccinia virus can be engineered to express one or more genes derived from virtually any microorganism. Such recombinant viruses retain infectivity and induce humoral and cell- mediated immune responses upon injection into susceptible hosts. These vectors have proven to be extraordinarily useful reagents for vaccine-related research and are undergoing evaluation as candidate vaccines.