gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutations Affecting the Lysozyme of Phage T4 (1961)

Lysates of bacteriophage T4 contain an enzyme that digests cell walls of E. coli. This enzyme resembles egg white lysozyme in certain respects and has been named phage lysozyme (Koch and Dreyer, 1958). It is the same enzyme that is contained in mature phage particles (Koch and Jordan, 1957; Mukai, 1960) and that had been studied by others (Koch and Weidel, 1956; Barrington and Kozloff, 1956).
Putative precursors of endothelin have less vasoconstrictor activity in vitro but a potent pressor effect in vivo (1989)

Endothelin (ET-21) induced a sustained contraction of rat thoracic aortae (EC50 = 2.65 x 10(-10) M) in vitro, and caused a potent pressor effect in vivo after intravenous administration to rats. In contrast, the precursor deduced from porcine cDNA coding ET-21 (pET-39) had 100-fold less contractile activity in vitro (EC50 = 3.26 x 10(-8) M), and so did the precursor from human cDNA (hET-38) (EC50 = 1.48 x 10(-8) M). However, both pET-39 and hET-38 caused almost the same dose-dependent pressor effects as ET-21 in vivo. After intravenous bolus injection at 1 nmol/kg, ET-21 caused an initial transient drop of the arterial pressure, and then induced a gradual pressor effect. On the other hand, hET-38 caused only a gradual rise of the arterial pressure. There may be different mechanism(s) for ET-21 and hET-38 which induce changes in the arterial pressure in vivo.
Isolation of 6"-O-acetylgenistin and 6"-O-acetyldaidzin from toasted defatted soyflakes (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsolation of 6"-O-acetylgenistin and 6"-O-acetyldaidzin from toasted defatted soyflakesEfi Farmakalidis and Patricia A. MurphyCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1985, 33, 3, 385–389Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00063a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00063a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views185Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Biomaterial-based drug delivery systems for the controlled release of neurotrophic factors (2013)

This review highlights recent work on the use of biomaterial-based drug delivery systems to control the release of neurotrophic factors as a potential strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders. Examples of neurotrophic factors include the nerve growth factor, the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3. In particular, this review focuses on two methods of drug delivery: affinity-based and reservoir-based systems. We review the advantages and challenges associated with both types of drug delivery system and how these systems can be applied to neurological diseases and disorders. While a limited number of affinity-based delivery systems have been developed for the delivery of neurotrophic factors, we also examine the broad spectrum of reservoir-based delivery systems, including microspheres, electrospun nanofibers, hydrogels and combinations of these systems. Finally, conclusions are drawn about the current state of such drug delivery systems as applied to neural tissue engineering along with some thoughts on the future direction of the field.
Characterization of a vaccinia-derived recombinant HIV-1 gp160 candidate vaccine and its immunogenicity in chimpanzees. (1991)

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein gp160 was produced in large-scale microcarrier cultures of Vero cells, using a system involving coinfection with two recombinant vaccinia viruses. The immunogenicity of this material was studied in conjunction with a number of different adjuvant formulations, and chimpanzees were then immunized with gp160 in conjunction with Al(OH)3, Al(OH)3 and sodium deoxycholate, and a lipid-based adjuvant. The Al(OH)3-gp160 vaccine formulation elicited very poor immune responses in two chimpanzees, and these animals were further immunized with gp160 in conjunction with a lipid-based adjuvant. Immunization with the latter formulation lead to induction of high-titer neutralizing antibodies, and, following challenge with HIV-1, one chimpanzee demonstrated no evidence of virus infection over a period of 3 years. The second chimpanzee, which had previously been infected with non-A, non-B hepatitis, and two animals immunized with gp160 with Al(OH)3 and deoxycholate were not protected against challenge.
Collagen reorganization at the tumor-stromal interface facilitates local invasion (2006)

The presentation of these tumor-associated collagen signatures allowed us to identify pre-palpable tumors and see cells at the tumor-stromal boundary invading into the stroma along radially aligned collagen fibers. As such, TACS should provide indications that a tumor is, or could become, invasive, and may serve as part of a strategy to help identify and characterize breast tumors in animal and human tissues.
Conotoxins as Research Tools and Drug Leads (2005)

The complex mixture of biologically active peptides that constitute the venom of Conus species provides a rich source of ion channel neurotoxins. These peptides, commonly known as conotoxins, exhibit a high degree of selectivity and potency for different ion channels and their subtypes making them invaluable tools for unravelling the secrets of the nervous system. Furthermore, several conotoxin molecules have profound applications in drug discovery, with some examples currently undergoing clinical trials. Despite their relatively easy access by chemical synthesis, rapid access to libraries of conotoxin analogues for use in structure-activity relationship studies still poses a significant limitation. This is exacerbated in conotoxins containing multiple disulfide bonds, which often require synthetic strategies utilising several steps. This review will examine the structure and activity of some of the known classes of conotoxins and will highlight their potential as neuropharmacological tools and as drug leads. Some of the classical and more recent approaches to the chemical synthesis of conotoxins, particularly with respect to the controlled formation of disulfide bonds will be discussed in detail. Finally, some examples of structure-activity relationship studies will be discussed, as well as some novel approaches for designing conotoxin analogues.
Autolysis of Lactococcus lactis caused by induced overproduction of its major autolysin, AcmA (1997)

The optical density of a culture of lactococcus lactis MG1363 was reduced more than 60% during prolonged stationary phase. Reduction in optical density (autolysis) was almost absent in a culture of an isogenic mutant containing a deletion in the major autolysin gene, acmA. An acmA mutant carrying multiple coples of a plasmid encoding AcmA lysed to a greater extent than the wild-type strain did. Intercellular action of AcmA was shown by mixing end-exponential-phase cultures of an acmA deletion mutant and a tripeptidase (pepT) deletion mutant. PepT, produced by the acmA mutant, was detected in the supernatant of the mixed culture, but no PepT was present in the culture supernatant of the acmA mutant. A plasmid was constructed in which acmA, lacking its own promoter, was placed downstream of the inducible promoter/operator region of the temperate lactococcal bacteriophage r1t. After mitomycin induction of an exponential-phase culture of L. lactis LL302 carrying this plasmid, the cells became subject to autolysis, resulting in the release of intracellular proteins.
Nonpharmacological Treatment of Hypertension in Diabetes Mellitus (1991)

Hypertension may be partially or completely controlled by appropriate use of nondrug therapies. Because diabetic patients are so often hypertensive and because the same nondrug therapies effective for treatment of hypertension may also benefit the diabetes, the use of nondrug therapies is particularly important in these patients. Evidence about the effectiveness of various nondrug therapies is provided along with practical suggestions to improve patient adherence to them.
Agonists and antagonists of protein kinase C function, derived from its binding proteins. (1994)

Physical association between proteins involved in signal transduction is required for their functions. Therefore, identification of the interacting sites in the signaling molecules can lead to the development of means to modulate these interactions. We applied this approach to study signal transduction by protein kinase C (PKC). We have previously identified potential PKC binding sites in two PKC binding proteins (annexin I and RACK1). Peptides derived from these sequences inhibit PKC binding to RACK1 in vitro. Here, we tested the ability of two of these peptides, I (KGDYEKILVALCGGN) and rVI (DIINALCF), to affect PKC-mediated function in vivo. The peptides were microinjected into Xenopus oocytes, and insulin-induced beta PKC translocation and oocyte maturation were examined. The peptides had opposite activities on oocyte; peptide I inhibited whereas peptide rVI stimulated insulin-induced Xenopus oocyte maturation. As expected, beta PKC translocation from the cytosol to the particulate fraction of the Xenopus oocytes was inhibited after microinjection of peptide I and induced after microinjection of peptide rVI. Moreover, peptide rVI caused translocation of beta PKC and oocyte maturation without hormone stimulation. In the absence of PKC activators, peptide rVI but not peptide I, activated PKC in vitro as demonstrated in three assays: increased sensitivity to Arg-C endopeptidase, PKC autophosphorylation, and histone phosphorylation. Therefore, although peptides I and rVI have sequence homology, one mimicked hormone-induced PKC-mediated function whereas the other inhibited this hormone-induced function. The molecular mechanisms underlying these opposing effects of the peptides are discussed.
Rescue of influenza B virus from eight plasmids (2002)

Influenza B virus causes a significant amount of morbidity and mortality, yet the systems to produce high yield inactivated vaccines for these viruses have lagged behind the development of those for influenza A virus. We have established a plasmid-only reverse genetics system for the generation of recombinant influenza B virus that facilitates the generation of vaccine viruses without the need for time consuming coinfection and selection procedures currently required to produce reassortants. We cloned the eight viral cDNAs of influenza B/Yamanashi/166/98, which yields relatively high titers in embryonated chicken eggs, between RNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase II transcription units. Virus was detected as early as 3 days after transfection of cocultured COS7 and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and achieved levels of 10(6)-10(7) plaque-forming units per ml of cell supernatant 6 days after transfection. The full-length sequence of the recombinant virus after passage into embryonated chicken eggs was identical to that of the input plasmids. To improve the utility of the eight-plasmid system for generating 6 + 2 reassortants from recently circulating influenza B strains, we optimized the reverse transcriptase-PCR for cloning of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) segments. The six internal genes of B/Yamanashi/166/98 were used as the backbone to generate 6 + 2 reassortants including the HA and NA gene segments from B/Victoria/504/2000, B/Hong Kong/330/2001, and B/Hawaii/10/2001. Our results demonstrate that the eight-plasmid system can be used for the generation of high yields of influenza B virus vaccines expressing current HA and NA glycoproteins from either of the two lineages of influenza B virus.
PACAP receptor gene polymorphism impacts fear responses in the amygdala and hippocampus (2014)

We have recently found higher circulating levels of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a highly traumatized cohort of women but not men. Furthermore, a single nucleotide polymorphism in the PACAP receptor gene ADCYAP1R1, adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 receptor type 1, was associated with individual differences in PTSD symptoms and psychophysiological markers of fear and anxiety. The current study outlines an investigation of individual differences in brain function associated with ADCYAP1R1 genotype. Forty-nine women who had experienced moderate to high levels of lifetime trauma participated in a functional MRI task involving passive viewing of threatening and neutral face stimuli. Analyses focused on the amygdala and hippocampus, regions that play central roles in the pathophysiology of PTSD and are known to have high densities of PACAP receptors. The risk genotype was associated with increased reactivity of the amygdala and hippocampus to threat stimuli and decreased functional connectivity between the amygdala and hippocampus. The findings indicate that the PACAP system modulates medial temporal lobe function in humans. Individual differences in ADCYAP1R1 genotype may contribute to dysregulated fear circuitry known to play a central role in PTSD and other anxiety disorders.
Suppressive effects of intracellular glutathione on hydroxyl radical production induced by tumor necrosis factor (1990)

Protective effects of intracellular glutathione (GSH) against the cytotoxicity of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were investigated. Three tumor cell lines (L-M, B-16, HeLa) were used as target cells. Exposure of these cells to buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) or diethyl maleate (DEM) resulted in the depletion of intracellular GSH content to 5.2-43.0% of control values and enhancement of their susceptibility to TNF cytotoxicity. The hydroxyl radical production in L-M cells stimulated by TNF was increased by treatment with BSO or DEM. These results are consistent with the suggestion that intracellular GSH exerts its protective function against the cytocidal effect of TNF by inhibiting the hydroxyl radical production stimulated by TNF.
Overexpression of an epitope‐ tagged β‐tubulin in Chinese hamster ovary cells causes an increase in endogenous α‐tubulin synthesis (1995)

A Chinese hamster beta-tubulin cDNA, engineered to express a 9 amino acid epitope from the influenza hemagglutinin antigen (HA), was transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The recombinant protein (HA beta 1-tubulin) appeared to behave normally by the following criteria: immunofluorescence indicated that HA beta 1-tubulin incorporated into all classes of interphase and spindle microtubules as well as microtubule organizing centers. The sensitivity of the cells expressing HA beta 1-tubulin to Colcemid and taxol was unchanged. A 210 kD microtubule associated protein (MAP) remained associated with microtubules that incorporate HA beta 1-tubulin. The synthesis of both endogenous beta-tubulin and HA beta 1-tubulin was repressed by colchicine. The HA beta 1-tubulin incorporated into microtubules to the same extent as the endogenous beta-tubulin, and the overall extent of microtubule assembly in transfected cells was unchanged. Finally, transfected cells had normal growth rates and morphologies. When effects on endogenous tubulin production were measured, it was found that expression of the HA beta 1-tubulin reduced the synthesis of endogenous wild-type beta-tubulin but increased the synthesis of alpha-tubulin. At steady state, a small increase in total tubulin consistent with the increased synthesis of alpha-tubulin was found. The results indicate that expression of excess exogenous beta-tubulin perturbs the synthesis of endogenous alpha-tubulin in a manner that is not easily explained by current models of tubulin regulation. The changes in tubulin synthesis along with degradation of excess tubulin subunits may reflect mechanisms that exist to ensure coordinate levels of alpha- and beta-tubulin for assembly.
교육매체 활용 : 영상 감지 및 추적장치를 이용한 프로그래밍 학습 (2015)

전 세계적으로 소프트웨어에 대한 관심이 커지고 교육의 필요성에 대한 인식이 확산되고 있는 가운데, 우리나라에서는 2015년 중학교 신입생부터 소프트웨어 중심사회 실현전략으로 소프트웨어에 대한 교육을 의무화하겠다고 발표했다. 평소 컴퓨터에 대한 관심이 많고 컴퓨터를 좋아하는 학생들에게서는 긍정적인 반응이 보이는 반면, 현재의 학업 공부만으로 벅찬 학생들 입장에서는 부정적인 반응도 보일 수 있다. 즉, 실제 교육에 있어서 단순하게 의무교육만 존재하고 실제로 체계적인 교육이 이루어지지 않는다면 오히려 제대로 된 교육을 받기도 전에 흥미를 잃어버려 아예 관심을 돌려버리는 일이 생길 수도 있다. 그렇다면 기초부터 체계적인 교육을 하기 위해 필요한 것이 무엇이고 어떻게 소프트웨어를 쉽고 재미있는 것으로 인식시킬 수 있는지 고민할 필요성이 있다. 본 논문에서는 제작된 장치에서 프로그램을 수정하고 적용하면서 프로그래밍 툴과 프로그램언어를 익힐 수 있어 좀 더 쉽고 효율적인 소프트웨어 교육을 진행할 수 있도록 하는 하드웨어와 기본 소프트웨어를 제안하고자 한다.
Light-induced conductance resonance in ultrasmall Si nanoparticles (2000)

Ultrasmall, uniform-size (∼1 nm) Si nanoparticles, dispersed from p-type boron-doped silicon, are reconstituted on a Si substrate. Electronic transport processes are studied by current–voltage spectroscopy at room temperature, using scanning tunneling microscopy, in a two-terminal configuration, under both dark conditions and light illumination. Unlike the dark conditions, we observe, under light irradiation, for negative tip biasing, a regular structure at ∼1.0 eV period. The series is discussed in terms of light-induced hole states that otherwise are highly infrequent in ultrasmall Si particles, under standard low doping.
Effect of electrical stimulation of genioglossus muscle on upper airway resistance in anesthetized dogs. (1987)

The isolated upper airway pressure and flow changes during electrical stimulation of the genioglossus muscle in spontaneously breathing anesthetized dogs were measured at given pressures in the inspiratory direction. Upper airway resistance was maximal during no stimulation and decreased rapidly with stimulation at frequencies up to about 40 Hz.
Cytosolic Free Calcium in Adipocytes (1989)

It has been proposed that an elevation in cytosolic free Ca2+ may play a role in either mediating or antagonizing the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake in adipocytes. This question has been addressed in the present studies using isolated fura-2-loaded rat adipocytes stimulated with a variety of agonists. The effects of insulin, oxytocin, norepinephrine, ATP, and ionomycin on cytosolic free Ca2+ levels were assessed and compared with their effects on transport-limited glucose oxidation. Oxytocin and ionomycin at concentrations which caused 3-5-fold increases in cytosolic Ca2+, by releasing Ca2+ from internal stores, had no effect on insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation. ATP and norepinephrine which caused more modest increases in Ca2+, by mechanisms at least partially dependent on external stores, inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation. Insulin had no effect on basal Ca2+ levels nor did it modulate the Ca2+ elevation caused by other agonists. These data suggest that insulin-stimulated glucose transport is not associated with an increase in cytosolic Ca2+. In addition, although there appears to be a correlation between inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose transport and the effect of certain agonists to promote Ca2+ influx, there is not a general obligatory relationship between an elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ and antagonism of this insulin action.
Unmet Need for Adjunctive Dyslipidemia Therapy in Hypertriglyceridemia Management (2018)

Despite the important role of high-intensity statins in reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events in secondary and primary prevention, substantial residual risk persists, particularly among high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. Considerable attention is currently directed to the role that elevated triglycerides (TGs) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels play as important mediators of residual atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, which is further strongly supported by genetic linkage studies. Previous trials with fibrates, niacin, and most cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors that targeted high-density lipoprotein cholesterol raising, and/or TG lowering, have failed to show conclusive evidence of incremental event reduction after low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were "optimally controlled" with statins. Although omega-3 fatty acids are efficacious in lowering TG levels and may have pleiotropic effects such as reducing plaque instability and proinflammatory mediators of atherogenesis, clinical outcomes data are currently lacking. Several ongoing randomized controlled trials of TG-lowering strategies with an optimal dosage of omega-3 fatty acids are nearing completion.
Clonal and frequency analyses of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes from human solid tumors. (1987)

A limiting dilution analysis (LDA) was used to assess the functional profiles of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) recovered from 15 human solid tumors. The microculture system applied in this study has been shown to allow virtually all normal peripheral blood T lymphocytes (PBL-T) to undergo clonal proliferation and was applied to obtain estimates of the frequency of both proliferating and cytolytic cells among the TIL population. A total of 624 microcultures proliferating in the presence of irradiated allogeneic spleen cells and interleukin 2 (IL 2) were expanded for clonal analysis. These TIL microcultures were assessed for surface antigen phenotype, IL 2 production (helper function) and for their cytolytic capabilities against the human erythroleukemic line K562 (natural killer (NK)-like activity) and P815, a mouse mastocytoma line, in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), i.e., lectin-dependent cell cytotoxicity (LDCC) which allows the detection of cytolytic activity irrespective of the antigenic specificity of the effector cells. Whenever feasible, cytolytic activity against autologous and allogeneic tumor cells was tested. LDA first demonstrated that the proliferative potential was decreased in T lymphocytes infiltrating human solid tumors (approximately 1 in 50 to 1 in 2 proliferating T lymphocyte precursors (PTL-P) in this series) as compared to normal PBL-T (1 in 2 to 1 in 1 PTL-P). The growth pattern in the titration cultures showed a remarkable agreement with the single-hit Poisson model implying that third party cells are unlikely to be involved in the reduced proliferative potential. Quantitative estimates of functional precursors showed that, in spite of reduced proliferative potential, cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors (CTL-P) against unknown antigens (LDCC-reactive) accounted for a considerable part of the microcultures in many cases. The precursor frequency of T lymphocytes with NK-like activity was usually low in situ (with the exception of glioma), whereas it was in the normal range in the patient's autologous PBL-T. In four evaluable cases, quantitative assessment showed that 1 in 200 to 1 in 1000 T lymphocytes from TIL was cytolytic against allogeneic tumor cells, which is in the range of alloreactive cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated in the mixed lymphocyte culture from normal PBL. Cytolytic activity against autologous target cells could not be quantitatively estimated but out of 88 clones from 4 patients, 3 clones originating from 2 glioma patients showed high lytic values against autologous tumor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)