gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrates and Derivatives as Potential Drug Candidates with Emphasis on the Selectin and Linear-B Area (2001)

Enzymatic carbohydrate synthesis using glycosyltransferases is highly regio- and stereospecific and does not require extensive protecting group designs. Naturally occurring carbohydrates have been prepared by this biomimetic pathway successfully. As more and more transferases are isolated and get cloned and overexpressed, non-natural substrates were probed with these biocatalysts. Key-polar groups and non-essential residues of the substrates have been determined. Consequently, this technique was employed to generate natural and non-natural carbohydrate libraries for pharmaceutical purposes. The synthesis of sialyl-Lewis(a)- and sialyl-Lewis(x) libraries and non-natural Linear-B derivatives applying glycosyltransferases is presented in this article. The respective transferases investigated are alpha(1-3)galactosyltransferase, beta(1-3)galactosyltransferase, beta(1-4)galactosyltransferase, alpha(2-3)sialyltransferase, alpha(1- 3)fucosyltransferase III and alpha(1-3)fucosyltransferase VI. With respect to the natural acceptors, the aglycon part and the N-acetyl group of the glucosamide have been varied. All enzymes tolerate an unexpected wide range of non-natural acceptors, which is not yet exploited in its full scale. In addition, fucosyltransferase III and VI can be employed to convert also non-natural donors with non-natural acceptors at the same time. Thus sialyl- Lewis(a)- and sialyl-Lewis(x)-libraries which differ in three positions compared to the natural tetrasaccharides are generated very efficiently. Also a library of linear-B trisaccharides, a reactive xenoantigen, has been prepared enzymatically. The aglycon part and the natural N-acetyl group of the glucosamine which is part of the acceptor substrate have been altered widely. This convenient methodology is compared with the evolving solid-phase carbohydrate synthesis using conventional chemistry. The potential use of transferases in solid-phase carbohydrate chemistry is discussed together with the possibility to use these biocatalysts to synthesize carbohydrate mimetics. The presented findings may also be useful to design potential glycosyltransferase inhibitors.
Overexpression of the Wilms' tumor gene WT1 in primary thyroid cancer (2003)

The expression levels of the Wilms' tumor gene WT1 were examined in 34 primary thyroid cancers (24 papillary, 5 follicular, 1 anaplastic, and 4 medullary carcinomas), 17 thyroid follicular adenomas, and 6 normal-appearing thyroid tissues using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In 33 of 34 thyroid cancers, the WT1 mRNA was expressed at levels ranging from 5.0 x 10 (-5) to 8.3 x 10 (-2) levels (WT1 expression level in K562 leukemic cells was defined as 1.0). The WT1 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher than those in either thyroid follicular adenomas (P < 0.001) or normal-appearing thyroid tissues (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the expression of WT1 protein in 20 of 21 thyroid cancers with WT1 mRNA expression. WT1 protein was also detected in 6 of 7 follicular adenomas with WT1 mRNA expression. However, the intensity of staining of WT1 protein in adenoma cells was weaker than that in cancer cells and its expression was restricted to approximately 30-80% of adenoma cells in the tumors examined. The direct sequencing analysis of the WT1 genomic DNA showed no mutations in any of the 10 exons of the WT1 gene in all of the 9 different thyroid cancers. These findings indicate an important role of the wild-type WT1 gene in the tumorigenesis of primary thyroid cancer.
Chondrogenic differentiation in chick embryo osteoblast cultures. (1992)

Expression of specific differentiation markers was investigated by histochemistry, immunofluorescence, and biosynthetic studies in osteoblasts outgrown from chips derived from tibia diaphyses of 18-day-old chick embryos. The starting osteoblast population expressed type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase in addition to other bone and cartilage markers as the lipocalin Ch21; the extracellular matrix deposited by these cells was not stainable for cartilage proteoglycans, and mineralization was observed when the culture was maintained in the presence of ascorbic acid, calcium and beta-glycerophosphate. During culture, clones of cells presenting a polygonal chondrocyte morphology and surrounded by an Alcian-positive matrix appeared in the cell population. Type II collagen and type X collagen were synthesized in these areas of chondrogenesis. In addition, chondrocytes isolated from these cultures expressed Ch21 and alkaline phosphatase. Chondrocytes were generated also from homogeneous osteoblast populations derived from a single cloned cell. The coexistence of chondrocytes and osteoblasts was observed during amplification of primary clones as well as in subclones. The data show the existence, within embryonic bone, of cells capable in vitro of both osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation.
Usability Engineering (1993)

From the Publisher:
Written by the author of the best-selling HyperText & HyperMedia, this book provides an excellent guide to the methods of usability engineering. Special features: emphasizes cost-effective methods that will help developers improve their user interfaces immediately, shows you how to avoid the four most frequently listed reasons for delay in software projects, provides step-by-step information about which methods to use at various stages during the development life cycle, and offers information on the unique issues relating to informational usability. You do not need to have previous knowledge of usability to implement the methods provided, yet all of the latest research is covered.
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (2002)

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, which may lead to bleeding, is typically caused by antibodies directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex. Since the management of the disorder is different for children and adults, the authors of this up-to-date review provide separate sections on the two age groups. Along with advances in management, they also discuss the current understanding of pathophysiology and, in particular, the way in which autoantibodies against platelets are generated.
4-(2-Cyano-3-maleimidyl)arylamines and Related Colored Compounds (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT4-(2-Cyano-3-maleimidyl)arylamines and Related Colored CompoundsE. L. MARTIN, C. L. DICKINSON, and J. R. ROLANDCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 6, 2032–2037Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01065a086https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01065a086research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views310Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Identification of a Low Affinity Mannose 6-Phosphate-binding Site in Domain 5 of the Cation-independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor (2004)

The 300-kDa cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) and the 46-kDa cation-dependent MPR (CD-MPR) are type I integral membrane glycoproteins that play a critical role in the intracellular delivery of newly synthesized mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P)-containing acid hydrolases to the lysosome. The extracytoplasmic region of the CI-MPR contains 15 contiguous domains, and the two high affinity ( approximately 1 nm) Man-6-P-binding sites have been mapped to domains 1-3 and 9, with essential residues localized to domains 3 and 9. Domain 5 of the CI-MPR exhibits significant sequence homology to domains 3 and 9 as well as to the CD-MPR. A structure-based sequence alignment was performed that predicts that domain 5 contains the four conserved key residues (Gln, Arg, Glu, and Tyr) identified as essential for carbohydrate recognition by the CD-MPR and domains 3 and 9 of the CI-MPR, but lacks two cysteine residues predicted to form a disulfide bond within the binding pocket. To determine whether domain 5 harbors a carbohydrate-binding site, a construct that encodes domain 5 alone (Dom5His) was expressed in Pichia pastoris. Microarray analysis using 30 different oligosaccharides demonstrated that Dom5His bound specifically to a Man-6-P-containing oligosaccharide (pentamannosyl 6-phosphate). Frontal affinity chromatography showed that the affinity of Dom5His for Man-6-P was approximately 300-fold lower (K(i) = 5.3 mm) than that observed for domains 1-3 and 9. The interaction affinity for the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase was also much lower (K(d) = 54 microm) as determined by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the CI-MPR contains a third Man-6-P recognition site that is located in domain 5 and that exhibits lower affinity than the carbohydrate-binding sites present in domains 1-3 and 9.
Effect of the antitumor drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and related platinum complexes on eukaryotic DNA replication (1990)

An SV40-based in vitro replication system has been used to examine the effects of platinum compounds on eukaryotic DNA replication. Plasmid templates containing the SV40 origin of replication were modified with the anticancer drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP, cisplatin) or the inactive analogues [Pt(dien)Cl]+ and trans-DDP. The platinated plasmids were used as templates for DNA synthesis by the DNA polymerases present in cytosolic extracts prepared from human cell lines HeLa and 293. Bifunctional adducts formed by cis- and trans-DDP inhibited DNA replication by 95% at a bound drug to nucleotide ratio [(D/N)b] of less than 9 x 10(-4), in contrast to the monofunctional [Pt(dien)Cl]+ analogues, which required a (D/N)b of 3.4 x 10(-3) for 62% inhibition of DNA replication. An average of two platinum adducts per genome was sufficient for inhibition of DNA replication by cisplatin. When trans-DDP-modified, but not cis-DDP-modified, SV40 origin containing plasmids [(D/N)b = 1.7 x 10(-3)] were allowed to incubate in the 293 cytosolic extracts for 1 h prior to addition of T-antigen to initiate replication, DNA synthesis was restored to 30% of control. This result suggested the presence of an activity in the extracts that reactivates trans-DDP-modified DNA templates for replication. This hypothesis was confirmed by an in vitro nucleotide excision repair assay that revealed activity in 293 and HeLa cell extracts selective for trans-DDP-modified plasmid DNAs. Such selective repair of trans-DDP-damaged DNA in human cells would contribute to its lack of antitumor activity.
A microwave radio for Doppler radar sensing of vital signs (2002)

A microwave radio for Doppler radar sensing of vital signs is described. This radio was developed using custom DCS1800/PCS1900 base station RFICs. It transmits a single tone signal, demodulates the reflected signal, and outputs a baseband signal. If the object that reflects the signal has periodic motion, the magnitude of the baseband output signal is directly proportional to the periodic displacement of the object. When the signal is reflected off a person's chest, this radio with appropriate baseband filters can detect heart and respiration rates from a distance as large as one meter from the target.
Sequence of the sodium ion pump methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase from Veillonella parvula. (1993)

The genes encoding methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase from Veillonella parvula were cloned on plasmids using oligonucleotides derived from N-terminal amino acid sequences as specific probes. The entire DNA sequence of the methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase genes together with upstream and downstream regions was determined. The genes encoding subunits alpha (mmdA), delta (mmdD), epsilon (mmdE), gamma (mmdC), and beta (mmdB) of the decarboxylase were clustered on the chromosome in the given order. The previously unnoted epsilon-chain (M(r) 5,888) was clearly shown to be a subunit of the decarboxylase by correspondence of the N-terminal amino acid sequence with that deduced from the DNA sequence of mmdE. The alpha-subunit was 60% identical with the carboxyltransferase domain of rat liver propionyl-CoA carboxylase, the beta-subunit showed 61% sequence identity with the beta-subunit of oxaloacetate decarboxylase from Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the biotin-containing gamma-subunit was 29-39% identical with biotin-domains of other biotin enzymes. The delta-subunit of methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase and the gamma-subunit of oxaloacetate decarboxylase did not show significant sequence homology. The gross structure of both proteins, however, was similar, consisting of a hydrophobic membrane anchor near the N terminus, a proline/alanine linker, and a remarkable accumulation of charged amino acids in the C-terminal part. The sequence of the small epsilon-subunit could be aligned to the C-terminal region of the delta-subunit downstream of the proline/alanine linker, where the two subunits were 47% identical. Of considerable interest for the mechanism of Na+ transport are the long stretches of complete sequence identity between the hydrophobic beta-subunits of methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase and oxaloacetate decarboxylase and the presence of two conserved aspartic acid residues within putative membrane-spanning helices.
Efflux-mediated multidrug resistance in Bacillus subtilis: similarities and dissimilarities with the mammalian system. (1991)

Bacillus subtilis cells selected for their resistance to rhodamine 6G demonstrated a multidrug-resistance (MDR) phenotype resembling that of mammalian MDR cells. Like MDR in mammalian cells, MDR in bacteria was mediated by the efflux of the drugs from the cells. The bacterial multidrug efflux system transported similar drugs and was sensitive to similar inhibitors as the mammalian multidrug transporter, P-glycoprotein. The gene coding for the bacterial multidrug transporter, like the P-glycoprotein gene in mammalian MDR cells, was amplified in the resistant bacteria. On the other hand, the bacterial multidrug transporter showed no sequence similarity to P-glycoprotein but exhibited an obvious homology to tetracycline efflux pumps and carbohydrate-ion symporters. These results show that the transport of structurally unrelated molecules can be mediated by members of different families of membrane transporters.
New drugs for breast cancer (2010)

Recently there have been significant advances in rational drug design for the treatment of breast cancer, especially in the area of targeted drug therapy. These include drugs which target the HER2 receptor and angiogenesis and the novel class of drug the PARP inhibitors. Some of these agents, for example, trastuzumab used in the treatment of HER2 positive breast cancer are already established as the standard of care. However, the duration of adjuvant trastuzumab, whether to continue it beyond progression in metastatic disease and the mechanism for developing trastuzumab resistance, remain to be determined. There is also much still to be learnt regarding other targeted therapies; the efficacy of different agents, the optimal duration of use and combination of therapies. Many of these agents are already in clinical trials, the results of which are likely to change clinical practice.
Prevalence of verocytotoxigenicEscherichia coliin ground beef, pork, and chicken in southwestern Ontario (1990)

Samples of ground beef (225), pork (235) and chicken (200) were randomly selected from meat processing plants in the southwestern Ontario area. Supernatants of broth cultures of the samples were tested for verocytotoxins using a Vero cell assay. Neutralization of cytotoxic activity using antisera specific for three types of verocytotoxin (Verotoxin 1, Verotoxin 2 and Shiga-like toxin II) was performed on positive samples. Isolation of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) was attempted from positive samples. VTEC were confirmed as E. coli biochemically, tested for drug resistance, and serotyped. Based on neutralization studies, the prevalence of VTEC in beef and pork was at least 36.4% and 10.6%, respectively. This is much higher than has been reported from a survey of retail meats in which a method designed to detect only E. coli O 157.H7 was used. Isolations of VTEC were made from 10.4% of the beef samples and 3.8% of the pork samples. No VTEC were recovered from the chicken samples. The majority of VTEC isolates were susceptible to commonly used antimicrobial agents. A number of the serotypes of the VTEC isolates recovered have been associated with human disease; however, no VTEC of serotype O 157.H7 were isolated.
Dynamic frequency hopping in wireless cellular systems-simulations of full-replacement and reduced-overhead methods (2003)

We examine techniques for increasing spectral efficiency of cellular systems by using slow frequency hopping with dynamic frequency-hop pattern adaptation. The adaptation is driven by rapid frequency quality estimates. We present simulation studies that express system performance by calculating code word error cumulative distribution functions. The impact of path loss, shadowing, Rayleigh fading, co-channel interference, voice activity and occupancy is monitored. Simulations have been done for circuit-switched systems. The paper investigates: (a) full-replacement dynamic frequency hopping (DFH); (b) worst-dwell DFH; and (c) threshold-based DFH. The results show that full-replacement dynamic frequency hopping can support twice as many users as random frequency hopping. The two other techniques perform worse than the full-replacement technique, but better than random hopping.
New Simmondsin 2'-Ferulates from Jojoba Meal (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew Simmondsin 2'-Ferulates from Jojoba MealM. Van Boven, P. Daenens, and M. CokelaereCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995, 43, 5, 1193–1197Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00053a013https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00053a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views37Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A 4-ns 4K*1-bit two-port BiCMOS SRAM (1988)

The authors introduce a two-port BiCMOS static random-access memory (SRAM) cell that combines ECL-level word-line voltage swings and emitter-follower bit-line coupling with a static CMOS latch for data storage. With this cell, referred to as a CMOS storage emitter access cell, it is possible to achieve access times comparable to those of high-speed bipolar SRAMs while preserving the high density and low power of CMOS memory arrays. The memory can be read and written simultaneously and is therefore well-suited to applications such as high-speed caches and video memories. A read access time of 3.8 ns at a power dissipation of 520 mW has been achieved in an experimental 4K*1-bit two-port memory integrated in a 1.5- mu m 5-GHz BiCMOS technology. The access time in this prototype design is nearly temperature-insensitive, increasing to only 4 ns at a case temperature of 100 degrees C.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Spiral volumetric CT with single-breath-hold technique, continuous transport, and continuous scanner rotation. (1990)

Continuous computed tomographic (CT) scanning of organ volumes during a single breath hold was studied. The authors modified the table feed mechanism of a continuously rotating CT scanner to allow patient transport at low, but accurately controlled, speeds (0.1-11.0 mm/sec) during continuous 1-second scanning. An algorithm was designed to reconstruct artifact-free images for arbitrary table positions from the helical data by interpolating between adjacent scans. Section sensitivity profiles were enlarged; the section width for a 10-mm section and a speed of 10.0 mm/sec was increased by a factor of 1.3, compared with the nominal value. Clinical examples were presented for studies of lung nodules and studies enhanced with contrast medium. Major advantages are the possibility of continuous scanning of extended volumes within a breath-hold period and retrospective, arbitrary selection of anatomic levels.
Oligonucleotide Sequence and Composition Determined by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (1996)

Molecular weight measurements of several oligonucleotides ranging in size from 12 to 60 bases were performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF). In each case, the mass accuracy was better than 0.1%. Sequences for two 12-base oligonucleotides and a 24-base oligonucleotide were determined using calf spleen phosphodiesterase to sequentially cleave from the 5' end. A MALDI-TOF spectrum of the digest mixture shortly after the addition of the enzyme produced a characteristic oligonucleotide ladder. Molecular ions in the mass spectrum corresponded to the products of enzymatic cleavage, and the mass differences between these peaks identified the individual nucleotides. The resolution and mass accuracy of MALDI-TOF were sufficient to unambiguously identify the individual nucleotides in the 12- and 24-base strands.
Physical Properties of Extruded Products as Affected by Cheese Whey (1998)

ABSTRACT Corn, rice and potato flour were extruded with sweet whey solids (SWS) or whey protein concentrate (WPC) using low and high shear extrusion processing conditions. WPC added at product content of 25% had minimal effect on the texture of extruded products. Expansion and breaking strength were improved in some processes through changes in extrusion shear and moisture. Whey product incorporation resulted in reduced specific mechanical energy input to the process. Increasing whey product concentration beyond 25% reduced expansion and water absorption indices significantly, affecting textural hardness. Product quality characteristics were directly related to the whey product content.