gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On Buckling Morphogenesis (2015)

Cell-generated mechanical forces drive many of the tissue movements and rearrangements that are required to transform simple populations of cells into the complex three-dimensional geometries of mature organs. However, mechanical forces do not need to arise from active cellular movements. Recent studies have illuminated the roles of passive forces that result from mechanical instabilities between epithelial tissues and their surroundings. These mechanical instabilities cause essentially one-dimensional epithelial tubes and two-dimensional epithelial sheets to buckle or wrinkle into complex topologies containing loops, folds, and undulations in organs as diverse as the brain, the intestine, and the lung. Here, I highlight examples of buckling and wrinkling morphogenesis, and suggest that this morphogenetic mechanism may be broadly responsible for sculpting organ form.
Multiparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Controlled Release (2008)

Pharmaceutical invention and research are increasingly focusing on delivery systems which enhance desirable therapeutic objectives while minimising side effects. Recent trends indicate that multiparticulate drug delivery systems are especially suitable for achieving controlled or delayed release oral formulations with low risk of dose dumping, flexibility of blending to attain different release patterns as well as reproducible and short gastric residence time. The release of drug from microparticles depends on a variety of factors including the carrier used to form the multiparticles and the amount of drug contained in them. Consequently, multiparticulate drug delivery systems provide tremendous opportunities for designing new controlled and delayed release oral formulations, thus extending the frontier of future pharmaceutical development. Keywords: Dose dumping, Microparticles, Multiparticulate delivery system, Delayed release Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 7 (3) 2008: pp. 1067-1075
1807: Observations Regarding Chemistry in the Anglo‐Saxon World during the Napoleonic Period (2006)

Far-reaching influence: How did the cultural atmosphere in the Anglo-Saxon world shape the sciences and in particular chemistry at the beginning of the 19th century? Who were the most important figures, and what role did they play in academia as well as in the public? Impressions regarding these themes are given in this Essay.
Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Prenolepis genus‐group of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (2010)

Abstract. We investigated the phylogeny and taxonomy of the Prenolepis genus‐group, a clade of ants we define within the subfamily Formicinae comprising the genera Euprenolepis , Nylanderia , gen. rev. , Paraparatrechina , gen. rev. &amp; stat. nov. , Paratrechina , Prenolepis and Pseudolasius . We inferred a phylogeny of the Prenolepis genus‐group using DNA sequence data from five genes (CAD, EF1αF1, EF1αF2, wingless and COI) sampled from 50 taxa. Based on the results of this phylogeny the taxonomy of the Prenolepis genus‐group was re‐examined. Paratrechina (broad sense) species segregated into three distinct, robust clades. Paratrechina longicornis represents a distinct lineage, a result consistent with morphological evidence; because this is the type species for the genus, Paratrechina is redefined as a monotypic genus. Two formerly synonymized subgenera, Nylanderia and Paraparatrechina , are raised to generic status in order to provide names for the other two clades. The majority of taxa formerly placed in Paratrechina , 133 species and subspecies, are transferred to Nylanderia , and 28 species and subspecies are transferred to Paraparatrechina . In addition, two species are transferred from Pseudolasius to Paraparatrechina and one species of Pseudolasius is transferred to Nylanderia . A morphological diagnosis for the worker caste of all six genera is provided, with a discussion of the morphological characters used to define each genus. Two genera, Prenolepis and Pseudolasius , were not recovered as monophyletic by the molecular data, and the implications of this result are discussed. A worker‐based key to the genera of the Prenolepis genus‐group is provided.
Effects of recombinant interleukin 11 on human megakaryocyte progenitor cells. (1991)

Utilizing a serum depleted, fibrin clot assay system, we investigated the proliferative effects of recombinant human IL-11 on both CD34 + DR + and CD34 + DR - human bone marrow subpopulations
Identification of immediate-early-type cis-response elements in the promoter for the ribonucleotide reductase large subunit from herpes simplex virus type 2 (1989)

Regulation of the expression of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (ICP10) gene was studied directly by immunofluorescence or by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase analysis with hybrid ICP10 promoter constructions. In Vero cells, cotransfection with DNA encoding HSV IE110 or Vmw65 proteins or HCMV IE2 enhanced expression at least 10-fold. In contrast, expression was minimally enhanced by DNA encoding IE175 at low doses and slightly reduced at high doses. IE110-mediated trans-activation was minimal in primary astrocytes and cells from line 293. However, Vmw65 enhanced expression 20-fold in all cell types. cis-Response elements in the ICP10 promoter include a TAATGARAT-like element and other sequences associated with regulation of IE gene expression and potential SP-1, consensus AP-1, and octamer transcription factor 1 binding elements. Factors that bind to the ICP10 promoter were identified in mock and HSV-infected cell extracts. DNA-protein complex formation, presumably involving Vmw65, was demonstrated by gel retardation analysis with mixtures of uninfected cell nuclear extracts and virion lysates. The octamer transcription factor 1 motif (ATGCAAAT) was necessary for optimal Vmw65 binding to the ICP10 promoter as evidenced by competition experiments with oligonucleotides overlapping the consensus IE110 promoter virion response element. The data suggest that ICP10 can be regulated as an immediate-early gene.
Myogenic Differentiation by Human Processed Lipoaspirate Cells (2002)

Mizuno, Hiroshi M.D.; Zuk, Patricia A. Ph.D.; Zhu, Min M.D.; Lorenz, Peter H. M.D.; Benhaim, Prosper M.D.; Hedrick, Marc H. M.D. Author Information
P2X7 Receptor and Caspase 1 Activation Are Central to Airway Inflammation Observed after Exposure to Tobacco Smoke (2011)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a cigarette smoke (CS)-driven inflammatory airway disease with an increasing global prevalence. Currently there is no effective medication to stop the relentless progression of this disease. It has recently been shown that an activator of the P2X7/inflammasome pathway, ATP, and the resultant products (IL-1β/IL-18) are increased in COPD patients. The aim of this study was to determine whether activation of the P2X7/caspase 1 pathway has a functional role in CS-induced airway inflammation. Mice were exposed to CS twice a day to induce COPD-like inflammation and the role of the P2X7 receptor was investigated. We have demonstrated that CS-induced neutrophilia in a pre-clinical model is temporally associated with markers of inflammasome activation, (increased caspase 1 activity and release of IL-1β/IL-18) in the lungs. A selective P2X7 receptor antagonist and mice genetically modified so that the P2X7 receptors were non-functional attenuated caspase 1 activation, IL-1β release and airway neutrophilia. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the role of this pathway was not restricted to early stages of disease development by showing increased caspase 1 activation in lungs from a more chronic exposure to CS and from patients with COPD. This translational data suggests the P2X7/Inflammasome pathway plays an ongoing role in disease pathogenesis. These results advocate the critical role of the P2X7/caspase 1 axis in CS-induced inflammation, highlighting this as a possible therapeutic target in combating COPD.
Randomized Clinical Trial of Postoperative Subfascial Infusion with Bupivacaine following Ambulatory Open Mesh Repair of Inguinal Hernia (2003)

Postoperative subfascial infusion of the wound with 0.5% bupivacaine achieved superior analgesia compared with oral analgesics alone. Portable infusion pump is a safe technique to continue local analgesia at home after ambulatory open repair of inguinal hernia. The drawbacks of the ON-Q Pain Management System included its high cost and frequent seepage of blood-stained anesthetic fluid into the wound dressing.
Vertical Reduction Mammaplasty Experience Using the Lejöur Method (1999)

We report our experience using the vertical reuction mammaplasty technique (Legour methed) for hypertrophic breasts in five patients since July 1995. This technique uses adjustable marking, an upper pedicle for the areola, and around two thirds low central breast reduction with limited skin undermining. The shape of the breast is created by suturing the gland and does not rely on the skin. To achieve good results with this technique, several points should be emphasized: 1) Careful preoperative design, especially with the nipple displaced 1 cm downward for each 300 gm of breast tissue reseeted; 2) resect a little more breast tissue beyond the overlyng skin flaps bilaterally; 3) liposuction. is used whenever feasible, 4) the skin flaps should be thinned to 0.5 cm in thickness and down to the submammary fold, 5) the appropriate brassiere should be worn for at least 2 months. Our four patients with good elastic skin and moderate hypertropgy (each resected breast tissue＜500 gm) get good result. Two patients need scar revision one year later. Vertical reduction mammaplasty appears to be a superior technique to inverted ”T” reduction mammaplasty because of its simplicity, more reliable long-term results, no obvious submammary transverse scar, and a more natural appearing breast.
Positron Emission Tomography: Human Brain Function and Biochemistry (1985)

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an analytical imaging technique that provides a way of making in vivo measurements of the anatomical distribution and rates of specific biochemical reactions. This ability of PET to measure and image dynamic biochemistry builds a bridge between the basic and clinical neurosciences founded on the commonality of the types of measurements made. Clinical findings with PET in humans are suggesting hypotheses that can be tested rigorously in the basic science laboratory.
The superoxide dismutase activity of iron complexes (1975)

Superoxide dismutases are enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of the superoxide radical, a -, to Hz O2 and triplet O2 _ They are present in all aerobic organisms and play an important role in protection against 0; -. generated in vivo [l-3] . Superoxide dismutases are metalloproteins, containing either copper and zinc. manganese or iron as the prosthetic
Cottonseed oil (1983)

Abstract Research on the effects of genetics and growing location on cottonseed has shown that oil and fatty acid composition could be improved if geneticists and agronomists would strive for improved seed quality as vigorously as they do for improved fiber quality. Breeding of glandless or gossypol‐free cottonseed was a genetic breakthrough. Glandless varieties are now available that produce yields having the quality of fiber and seed equivalent to those of glanded cultivars. Oil, food‐grade lecithin and meal byproducts are readily processed from glandless cottonseeds because of the absence of gossypol. Major research programs on cottonseed processing include: (a) testing alternative screw‐press and extrusion operations for efficient direct solvent oil extraction; (b) developing alternative solvent extraction systems with ethanol, isopropanol and supercritical fluids; (c) using gas chromatographic/mass spectrophotometric techniques to characterize enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms that produce secondary oxidation off‐flavor products; and (d) controlling hexane losses in solvent extraction systems.
Preparation and Biological Evaluation of Copper-64–Labeled Tyr3-Octreotate Using a Cross-Bridged Macrocyclic Chelator (2004)

CB-TE2A appears to be a superior in vivo bifunctional chelator of 64Cu for use in molecular imaging by PET or targeted radiotherapy due to both improved nontarget organ clearance and higher target organ uptake of 64Cu-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE compared with 64Cu-TETA-Y3-TATE.
Connexin Channels Provide a Target to Manipulate Brain Endothelial Calcium Dynamics and Blood—Brain Barrier Permeability (2011)

The cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) is an important factor determining the functional state of blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells but little is known on the effect of dynamic [Ca(2+)](i) changes on BBB function. We applied different agonists that trigger [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations and determined the involvement of connexin channels and subsequent effects on endothelial permeability in immortalized and primary brain endothelial cells. The inflammatory peptide bradykinin (BK) triggered [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations and increased endothelial permeability. The latter was prevented by buffering [Ca(2+)](i) with BAPTA, indicating that [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations are crucial in the permeability changes. Bradykinin-triggered [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations were inhibited by interfering with connexin channels, making use of carbenoxolone, Gap27, a peptide blocker of connexin channels, and Cx37/43 knockdown. Gap27 inhibition of the oscillations was rapid (within minutes) and work with connexin hemichannel-permeable dyes indicated hemichannel opening and purinergic signaling in response to stimulation with BK. Moreover, Gap27 inhibited the BK-triggered endothelial permeability increase in in vitro and in vivo experiments. By contrast, [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations provoked by exposure to adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) were not affected by carbenoxolone or Gap27 and ATP did not disturb endothelial permeability. We conclude that interfering with endothelial connexin hemichannels is a novel approach to limiting BBB-permeability alterations.
Studies of the N-terminal half of human lactoferrin produced from the cloned cDNA demonstrate that interlobe interactions modulate iron release. (1992)

The factors influencing iron binding and release by lactoferrin have been addressed by comparison of the native full length molecule (Lf) with the N-terminal half of human lactoferrin (LfN) produced from the cloned cDNA expressed in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. The coding sequences for LfN were inserted into the expression vector pNUT between the metallothionein promoter and the human growth hormone transcription termination sequences. Transformed BHK cells were grown in roller bottles where concentrations of LfN as high as 35 mg/liter were obtained. The pure protein, produced by the transformed BHK cells, was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, protein blotting and immunodetection, N-terminal sequence analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and measurements of metal binding and release. By these criteria LfN was found to be correctly processed, glycosylated, and able to bind iron reversibly. Both UV-visible and electron spin resonance spectra of the half molecule were very similar to those of native lactoferrin and the full length lactoferrin produced in BHK cells, but there were marked differences in the pH at which iron release occurred. Iron release from LfN occurs in the pH range 6.0-4.0, compared with 4.0-2.5 for native lactoferrin and 6.2-4.0 for transferrin. These results suggest that the more facile release of iron from LfN compared with native lactoferrin results from the absence of stabilizing contacts between the N- and C-terminal halves and that the characteristic difference in pH stability between lactoferrins and transferrins is due primarily to differences in these interactions.
Humanized Anti-CD25 Antibody Treatment with Daclizumab in Multiple Sclerosis (2007)

Monoclonal antibodies against a variety of receptors and molecules are currently being introduced in clinical medicine. One of these targets is the interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain CD25. The humanized monoclonal anti-CD25 antibody daclizumab (Zenapax) has been approved several years ago for the prevention of allotransplant rejection and adult T cell leukemia. Following promising observations in uveitis, daclizumab has been tested in a number of small clinical trials in multiple sclerosis based on the rationale that blocking CD25 would prevent the expansion of autoreactive T lymphocytes. The data from this preliminary clinical exploration as well as findings about the mechanism of action of anti-CD25 treatment are summarized in this study.
Plasma Galectin-9 Concentrations in Normal and Diseased Condition (2018)

ELISA kits from R&D Systems reacts aberrantly higher against degraded galectin-9 than the intact galectin-9. Therefore, the existence of a small amount of degraded galectin-9 in a test sample hinders the quantification. As galectin-9 is a fragile protein, this is a serious concern when using this kit. Based on quantifications from the GalPharma ELISA, the median (25th-75th percentiles) galectin-9 concentration in healthy subjects in the current study cohort was calculated as 110 pg/mL (67 -154 pg/mL).
Isolation of antigen‐specific B cells (2003)

Cell separation techniques are important in immunology. Major cell populations can be separated successfully with high purity. However, isolation of cells which are specific for particular antigens is more challenging because of the relatively small numbers of antigen-specific cells, and the lack of independent markers available to determine the purity of the isolated population. In this review, the literature describing three principal techniques used to separate antigen-specific cells has been reviewed. Particular emphasis has been placed on yield and purity; the two most important parameters of any purification method. The most promising isolation methods have used immunomagnetic sorting and multiparametric flow cytometric analysis.
Highly Interpenetrated Metal–Organic Frameworks for Hydrogen Storage (2004)

Packing them in: Based on zinc and aromatic-rich dicarboxylic acids these new coordination networks (see structure; green Cl, red O, yellow Zn, blue N, gray C) have hydrogen uptakes comparable to those of the best carbon nanotubes and metal–organic frameworks. The highly interpenetrating nature of these networks points to a new design strategy for hydrogen-storage materials that employ an entrapment mechanism. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z461214_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Animal models of bleeding and tissue repair (2008)

While a number of animal models have been developed for human haemophilia, it has been difficult to develop reproducible measures of bleeding in these models. They have also not been extensively utilized to study the complications of haemophilia beyond blood loss. Poor haemostatic function also leads to local haematomas, joint damage and poor wound healing. Some of the abnormalities related to bleeding are because of the deleterious effects of iron deposition in the tissues. Evidence from mouse skin wound and joint haemorrhage models suggests that bleeding and iron deposition initiate a vicious cycle of inflammation, angiogenesis and renewed bleeding. However, there is much yet to be learned about the effects of bleeding on tissue responses, including validating the results of animal studies in clinical trials.
Human monoclonal antibodies that protect mice against challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1988)

Lymphocytes from healthy volunteers and from cystic fibrosis patients were transformed with Epstein-Barr virus and cultured at a limiting dilution to generate lymphoblastoid cell lines that secreted human monoclonal antibodies specific for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Three cell lines (RM5, FDD7, and 11F9) produced immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody species that reacted specifically with P. aeruginosa Fisher immunotypes 2, 4, and 5, respectively, and with LPS extracted from these immunotypes. A fourth cell line (9H10) produced a single IgM antibody species that recognized P. aeruginosa immunotypes 3, 6, and 7 and LPS extracted from them. Monoclonal antibodies secreted by cell lines RM5, FDD7, and 11F9 protected neutropenic mice prophylactically against challenge with P. aeruginosa immunotypes 2, 4, and 5, and those secreted by 9H10 protected against P. aeruginosa immunotypes 3 and 6 but did not protect against immunotype 7. In vivo experiments indicated that antibodies protected mice against infection by increasing the rate of bacterial clearance.
Dyrk1A Haploinsufficiency Affects Viability and Causes Developmental Delay and Abnormal Brain Morphology in Mice (2002)

DYRK1A is the human orthologue of the Drosophila minibrain (mnb) gene, which is involved in postembryonic neurogenesis in flies. Because of its mapping position on chromosome 21 and the neurobehavioral alterations shown by mice overexpressing this gene, involvement of DYRK1A in some of the neurological defects of Down syndrome patients has been suggested. To gain insight into its physiological role, we have generated mice deficient in Dyrk1A function by gene targeting. Dyrk1A(-/-) null mutants presented a general growth delay and died during midgestation. Mice heterozygous for the mutation (Dyrk1A(+/-)) showed decreased neonatal viability and a significant body size reduction from birth to adulthood. General neurobehavioral analysis revealed preweaning developmental delay of Dyrk1A(+/-) mice and specific alterations in adults. Brains of Dyrk1A(+/-) mice were decreased in size in a region-specific manner, although the cytoarchitecture and neuronal components in most areas were not altered. Cell counts showed increased neuronal densities in some brain regions and a specific decrease in the number of neurons in the superior colliculus, which exhibited a significant size reduction. These data provide evidence about the nonredundant, vital role of Dyrk1A and suggest a conserved mode of action that determines normal growth and brain size in both mice and flies.
Heterogeneity in utilization of N-glycosylation sites Asn624 and Asn138 in human lactoferrin: a study with glycosylation-site mutants (1996)

Human lactoferrin (hLF) is a glycoprotein involved in the host defence against infection and excessive inflammation. Our objective was to determine to what extent each of the three sequons for N-linked glycosylation in hLF is actually used. Human kidney-derived 293(S) cell lines expressing recombinant hLF (rhLF) or glycosylation-site mutants were produced. The mutations involved replacement of asparagine residues with glutamine at one or more sequons for N-glycosylation (Asn138, Asn479 and Asn624). Comparative SDS/PAGE analyses of rhLF, mutated rhLF and human-milk-derived (natural) hLF led us to propose that glycosylation of hLF occurs at two sites (at Asn138 and Asn479) in approx. 85% of all hLF molecules. Glycosylation at a single site (Asn479) or at all three sites occurs in approx, 5% and 9% of hLF respectively. The extent of glycosylation at Asn624 was increased to approx. 29% and 40% of Asn479 and Asn138/479 mutant molecules respectively, which indicates that glycosylation at Asn624 in natural hLF might be limited by glycosylation at Asn479. The presence in supernatant of unglycosylated hLF (approx. 60% of the total) after mutations of Asn138 and Asn479 suggests that glycosylation of hLF is not an absolute requirement for its secretion. The pronounced degradation of unglycosylated hLF in supernatant after mutation at all three glycosylation sites (Asn138/479/624 mutant) but not after mutation at both Asn138 and Asn479 suggests that an altered conformation rather than the lack of glycosylation has rendered the Asn138/479/624 mutant susceptible to intra- and/or extra-cellular degradation.