gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Corneal topography (1997)

In the review period, limitations of individual Placido disk-based topography systems have been studied and new principles, such as raster photogrammetry, pancorneal slit topography, laser holographic interferometry, and confocal laser scanning topography, have been introduced for laboratory or clinical work. Both Fourier analysis and Zernike decomposition of topographic height data seem to be powerful new tools for cross-sectional analysis of complex topographic corneal images, such as after cataract surgery, penetrating keratoplasty, and refractive surgery, as well as for longitudinal studies of corneal changes, such as in schoolchildren. Subdividing into rational optical components may improve consistency and standardization of topography data from different systems. Topography-based flying-spot-mode excimer laser photoablation after Zernike decomposition of topography height data has been proposed for correction of irregular corneal astigmatism. Topography-based central power measurements are of increasing value for intraocular lens power calculation before cataract surgery in eyes with irregular corneal surfaces, such as in keratoconus or after refractive surgery procedures. Quantitative and qualitative classification of corneal topography maps after corneal transplantation following conventional mechanical and nonmechanical trephination or after refractive surgery may lead to a better understanding of impaired visual acuity despite a clear graft or despite significantly reduced ametropia or corneal astigmatism.
Breath Powered Nasal Delivery: A New Route to Rapid Headache Relief (2013)

The nose offers an attractive noninvasive alternative for drug delivery. Nasal anatomy, with a large mucosal surface area and high vascularity, allows for rapid systemic absorption and other potential benefits. However, the complex nasal geometry, including the narrow anterior valve, poses a serious challenge to efficient drug delivery. This barrier, plus the inherent limitations of traditional nasal delivery mechanisms, has precluded achievement of the full potential of nasal delivery. Breath Powered bi-directional delivery, a simple but novel nasal delivery mechanism, overcomes these barriers. This innovative mechanism has now been applied to the delivery of sumatriptan. Multiple studies of drug deposition, including comparisons of traditional nasal sprays to Breath Powered delivery, demonstrate significantly improved deposition to superior and posterior intranasal target sites beyond the nasal valve. Pharmacokinetic studies in both healthy subjects and migraineurs suggest that improved deposition of sumatriptan translates into improved absorption and pharmacokinetics. Importantly, the absorption profile is shifted toward a more pronounced early peak, representing nasal absorption, with a reduced late peak, representing predominantly gastrointestinal (GI) absorption. The flattening and "spreading out" of the GI peak appears more pronounced in migraine sufferers than healthy volunteers, likely reflecting impaired GI absorption described in migraineurs. In replicated clinical trials, Breath Powered delivery of low-dose sumatriptan was well accepted and well tolerated by patients, and onset of pain relief was faster than generally reported in previous trials with noninjectable triptans. Interestingly, Breath Powered delivery also allows for the potential of headache-targeted medications to be better delivered to the trigeminal nerve and the sphenopalatine ganglion, potentially improving treatment of various types of headache. In brief, Breath Powered bi-directional intranasal delivery offers a new and more efficient mechanism for nasal drug delivery, providing an attractive option for improved treatment of headaches by enabling or enhancing the benefits of current and future headache therapies.
Soluble cytokine receptors: their role in immunoregulation (1991)

A number of cytokine receptors exist in soluble form in the biological fluids of both animals and humans, a phenomenon that might have immunoregulatory implications in vivo. Although these soluble receptors specifically inhibit binding and activity of their respective cytokines in vitro, their actual function in vivo as cytokine inhibitors or as carrier proteins is unclear. Abnormalities in the production of these substances might contribute to the pathophysiology of immune and neoplastic diseases. Besides their role in regulating cytokine activity in vivo, soluble cytokine receptors hold significant potential for therapeutic use as very specific anticytokine agents and as indicators in diagnosis and assessment of immune parameters, prognosis, disease progression, response to treatment, etc., in a variety of autoimmune and malignant diseases.
Effects of Castration and Androgen Replacement on Erectile Function in a Rabbit Model (1999)

We investigated, in a rabbit model, the effects of castration and testosterone replacement on: 1) the hemodynamics of the corpus cavernosum; 2) α-1 adrenergic receptor protein expression; 3) neural NO synthase protein expression and activity; 4) phosphodiesterase type 5 activity; and 5) trabecular smooth muscle/connective tissue balance. One week after bilateral orchiectomy, animals were treated for 7 days with vehicle alone, testosterone, or estradiol. Intact control animals received vehicle only. Systemic arterial blood and intracavernosal pressures (ICP) were measured in each animal before and after electrical stimulation of the cavernosal nerve.α 1-adrenergic receptor protein expression was determined by ligand binding studies. NO synthase expression and activity were determined by Western blot analyses and conversion of l-arginine to citrulline, respectively. Phosphodiesterase type 5 activity was determined by hydrolysis of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in tissue extracts in the absence or presence of 100 nm sildenafil. Smooth muscle content was assessed by Masson's trichrome staining and computer-assisted histomorphometry. Castration significantly reduced ICP, but it did not alter systemic arterial blood pressure during stimulation of the cavernosal nerve. Testosterone, but not estradiol, treatment prevented the effects of castration and restored ICP to values similar to those obtained in intact animals. Castration reduced expression ofα 1-adrenergic receptor, and this reduction was prevented or reversed by testosterone replacement. Neural NO synthase protein expression and total activity were not altered significantly by castration or after testosterone replacement. However, phosphodiesterase type 5 activity increased in castrated animals treated with testosterone. Castration significantly reduced trabecular smooth muscle content, and this reduction was restored by testosterone (but not estradiol) treatment. The results of this study demonstrate that androgen deprivation alters the functional responses and structure of erectile tissue.
Performance isolation and fairness for multi-tenant cloud storage (2012)

Shared storage services enjoy wide adoption in commercial clouds. But most systems today provide weak performance isolation and fairness between tenants, if at all. Misbehaving or high-demand tenants can overload the shared service and disrupt other well-behaved tenants, leading to unpredictable performance and violating SLAs.This paper presents Pisces, a system for achieving datacenter-wide per-tenant performance isolation and fairness in shared key-value storage. Today's approaches for multi-tenant resource allocation are based either on per-VM allocations or hard rate limits that assume uniform workloads to achieve high utilization. Pisces achieves per-tenant weighted fair shares (or minimal rates) of the aggregate resources of the shared service, even when different tenants' partitions are co-located and when demand for different partitions is skewed, time-varying, or bottlenecked by different server resources. Pisces does so by decomposing the fair sharing problem into a combination of four complementary mechanisms--partition placement, weight allocation, replica selection, and weighted fair queuing--that operate on different time-scales and combine to provide system-wide max-min fairness.An evaluation of our Pisces storage prototype achieves nearly ideal (0.99 Min-Max Ratio) weighted fair sharing, strong performance isolation, and robustness to skew and shifts in tenant demand. These properties are achieved with minimal overhead (
Crystal structure of the carbapenemase OXA-24 reveals insights into the mechanism of carbapenem hydrolysis (2007)

Combating bacterial resistance to beta-lactams, the most widely used antibiotics, is an emergent and clinically important challenge. OXA-24 is a class D beta-lactamase isolated from a multiresistant epidemic clinical strain of Acinetobacter baumannii. We have investigated how OXA-24 specifically hydrolyzes the last resort carbapenem antibiotic, and we have determined the crystal structure of OXA-24 at a resolution of 2.5 A. The structure shows that the carbapenem's substrate specificity is determined by a hydrophobic barrier that is established through the specific arrangement of the Tyr-112 and Met-223 side chains, which define a tunnel-like entrance to the active site. The importance of these residues was further confirmed by mutagenesis studies. Biochemical and microbiological analyses of specific point mutants selected on the basis of structural criteria significantly reduced the catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) against carbapenems, whereas the specificity for oxacillin was noticeably increased. This is the previously unrecognized crystal structure that has been obtained for a class D carbapenemase enzyme. Accordingly, this information may help to improve the development of effective new drugs to combat beta-lactam resistance. More specifically, it may help to overcome carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii, probably one of the most worrying infectious threats in hospitals worldwide.
Thermally Tuneable, Wide FSR Switch based on Micro-ring Resonators (2002)

A thermally tuneable, wide FSR switch, based on integrated-optic micro-ring resonators is described. This wavelength-selective switch allows high ON/OFF ratios combined with small dimensions. Furthermore allows the structure for a wide Free Spectral Range, since multiple resonators are used. This switch can be used in WDM filter arrays for a transceiver in an access network. Measurements of the thermal behaviour of a single resonator confirm the switching capability of the switch.
Extensive double humanization of both liver and hematopoiesis in FRGN mice (2014)

Preclinical research in animals often fails to adequately predict the outcomes observed in human patients. Chimeric animals bearing individual human tissues have been developed to provide improved models of human-specific cellular processes. Mice transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells can be used to study human immune responses, infections of blood cells and processes of hematopoiesis. Animals with humanized livers are useful for modeling hepatotropic infections as well as drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. However, many pathophysiologic processes involve both the liver and the hematolymphoid system. Examples include hepatitis C/HIV co-infection, immune mediated liver diseases, liver injuries with inflammation such as steatohepatitis and alcoholic liver disease. We developed a robust protocol enabling the concurrent double-humanization of mice with mature hepatocytes and human blood. Immune-deficient, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah(-/-)), Rag2(-/-) and Il2rg(-/-) deficient animals on the NOD-strain background (FRGN) were simultaneously co-transplanted with adult human hepatocytes and hematopoietic stem cells after busulfan and Ad:uPA pre-conditioning. Four months after transplantation the average human liver repopulation exceeded 80% and hematopoietic chimerism also was high (40-80% in bone marrow). Importantly, human macrophages (Kupffer cells) were present in the chimeric livers. Double-chimeric FRGN mice will serve as a new model for disease processes that involve interactions between hepatocytes and hematolymphoid cells.
Design of Organic Molecules with Large Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections (1998)

A strategy for the design of molecules with large two-photon absorption cross sections, delta, was developed, on the basis of the concept that symmetric charge transfer, from the ends of a conjugated system to the middle, or vice versa, upon excitation is correlated to enhanced values of delta. Synthesized bis(styryl)benzene derivatives with donor-pi-donor, donor-acceptor-donor, and acceptor-donor-acceptor structural motifs exhibit exceptionally large values of delta, up to about 400 times that of trans-stilbene. Quantum chemical calculations performed on these molecules indicate that substantial symmetric charge redistribution occurs upon excitation and provide delta values in good agreement with experimental values. The combination of large delta and high fluorescence quantum yield or triplet yield exhibited by molecules developed here offers potential for unprecedented brightness in two-photon fluorescent imaging or enhanced photosensitivity in two-photon sensitization, respectively.
How to Solve a Cubic Equation, Part 4: The 111 Case (2007)

It should not be surprising that in solving cubic equations, sooner or later you are going to have to take the cube root of something. But it's not immediately obvious what cubic equations have to do with arc cosines. Well, in the general case of complex coefficients and roots we would need to take the cube root of a complex number
Mitochondrial nitroalkene formation and mild uncoupling in ischaemic preconditioning: implications for cardioprotection (2008)

Components of a novel signalling pathway are inferred, wherein nitroalkenes formed by IPC-stimulated nitration reactions may induce mild mitochondrial uncoupling via post-translational modification of ANT and UCP-2, subsequently conferring resistance to ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
How yawning switches the default‐mode network to the attentional network by activating the cerebrospinal fluid flow (2013)

Yawning is a behavior to which little research has been devoted. However, its purpose has not yet been demonstrated and remains controversial. In this article, we propose a new theory involving the brain network that is functional during the resting state, that is, the default mode network. When this network is active, yawning manifests a process of switching to the attentional system through its capacity to increase circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), thereby increasing clearance of somnogenic factors (prostaglandin D(2), adenosine, and others) accumulating in the cerebrospinal fluid.
Transduced Human Copper Chaperone for Cu,Zn-SOD (PEP-1-CCS) Protects Against Neuronal Cell Death (2005)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the development of various human diseases. Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the major means by which cells counteract the deleterious effects of ROS. SOD activity is dependent upon bound copper ions supplied by its partner metallochaperone protein, copper chaperone for SOD (CCS). In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of PEP-1-CCS against neuronal cell death and ischemic insults. When PEP-1-CCS was added to the culture medium of neuronal cells, it rapidly entered the cells and protected them against paraquat-induced cell death. Moreover, transduced PEP-1-CCS markedly increased endogenous SOD activity in the cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that it prevented neuronal cell death in the hippocampus in response to transient forebrain ischemia. These results suggest that CCS is essential to activate SOD, and that transduction of PEP-1-CCS provides a potential strategy for therapeutic delivery in various human diseases including stroke related to SOD or ROS.
ToolClips (2010)

We investigate the use of on-line contextual video assistance to improve the learnability of software functionality. After discussing motivations and design goals for such forms of assistance, we present our new technique, ToolClips. ToolClips augment traditional tooltips to provide users with quick and contextual access to both textual and video assistance. In an initial study we found that users successfully integrated ToolClip usage into the flow of their primary tasks to overcome learnability difficulties. In a second study, we found that with ToolClips, users successfully completed 7 times as many unfamiliar tasks, in comparison to using a commercial professionally developed on-line help system. Users also retained the information obtained from ToolClips, performing tasks significantly faster one week later.
Secure coprocessors in electronic commerce applications (1995)

Many researchers believe electronic wallets (secure storage devices that maintain account balances) are the solution to electronic commerce challenges. This paper argues for a more powerful model --- a secure coprocessor --- that can run a small operating system, run application programs, and also keep secure storage for cryptographic keys and balance information. We have built a system called Dyad, on top of a port of the Mach 3.0 microkernel to the IBM Citadel secure coprocessor. This paper describes the abstract architecture of Dyad and a general discussion of secure coprocessor implementations of a variety of electronic commerce applications: ffl Copy protection for software ffl Electronic cash (including a critique of proposed solutions for point-of-sale electronic wallet systems) ffl Electronic contracts ffl Secure postage 1 Introduction Many researchers believe electronic wallets (secure storage devices that maintain account balances) are the solution to electronic commerc...
In vitro ubiquitination of cyclin D1 by ROC1–CUL1 and ROC1–CUL3 (2001)

Overexpression of cyclin D1 has been implicated in a variety of tumors, such as breast cancers, gastrointestinal cancers and lymphomas. Both gene amplification and protein degradation mediated by ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent proteolysis regulate the abundance of cyclin D1. Here we report that ROC1 interacted with all three D type cyclins in vivo but did not bind to other cyclins tested. The ROC1-CUL1 and ROC1-CUL3, but not ROC1-CUL2, -CUL3 and -CUL4, immunocomplexes promoted polyubiquitination of bacterially purified cyclin D1 in vitro. RING finger mutations of ROC1 eliminated the Ub ligase activity toward cyclin D1. In all cases the ubiquitination of cyclin D1 was accompanied by autoubiquitination of the cullins. The results suggest the involvement of ROC1-cullin ligases in cyclin D1 ubiquitination and a potential mechanism whereby the cullin subunit is ubiquitinated itself while ubiquitinating a substrate.
Leakage of Cellulomonas fimi cellulases from Escherichia coli (1988)

Transcription of the cenA gene of Cellulomonas fimi, encoding endoglucanase A (EngA), from the lac promoter of pUC18 rather than from the tet promoter of pBR322 increased the level of expression of the gene in Escherichia coli some 800-fold. Most of the EngA activity was exported to the periplasm, even though the EngA leader peptide in the construct was 9 amino acids longer than usual. The increased level of expression of cenA resulted in the temperature-dependent leakage of periplasmic proteins, including EngA and β-lactamase, into the culture medium. In contrast to C. fimi, which processes pro-EngA at a single site, E. coli processed it at two distinct sites 3 amino acids apart. Increasing the level of expression of cex, encoding an exoglucanase (Exg) of C. fimi, to a comparable extent also led to the temperature-dependent leakage of Exg into the culture medium.
Water and gas chemistry at Lake Kivu (DRC): Geochemical evidence of vertical and horizontal heterogeneities in a multibasin structure (2009)

Waters and dissolved gases collected along vertical profiles in the five basins (Main, Kabuno Bay, Kalehe, Ishungu, and Bukavu) forming the 485 m deep Lake Kivu (Democratic Republic of the Congo) were analyzed to provide a geochemical conceptual model of the several processes controlling lake chemistry. The measured horizontal and vertical variations of water and gas compositions suggest that each basin has distinct chemical features produced by (1) different contribution from long circulating fluid system containing magmatic CO 2 , responsible of the huge CO 2 (CH 4 )‐rich reservoir hosted within the deep lake water; (2) spatial variations of the biomass distribution and/or speciation; and (3) solutes from water‐rock interactions. The Kabuno Bay basin is characterized by the highest rate of magmatic fluid input. Accordingly, this basin must be considered the most hazardous site for possible gas outburst that could be triggered by the activity of the Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira volcanoes, located a few kilometers north of the lake.
Chloropolysporins A, B and C, novel glycopeptide antibiotics from Faenia interjecta sp. nov. I. Taxonomy of producing organism. (1987)

Strain SANK 60983, an actinomycete isolated from a soil sample, was found to produce the new glycopeptide antibiotics, chloropolysporins A, B and C. Short chains of spores occur in the both aerial and substrate hyphae. meso-Diaminopimelic acid is present in the cell wall and galactose and arabinose in the whole-cell hydrolysate. Mycolic acid is absent. On the basis of the morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics, this strain was determined to be a new species of Faenia designated Faenia interjecta sp. nov. The type strain of F. interjecta Okazaki and Enokita is SANK 60983.
Bimolecular reactions of singlet excitons in tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (1996)

We have studied singlet excited state dynamics in thin films of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3), a well known emitter for organic electroluminescent devices. Our experimental results show that bimolecular recombination dominates the singlet exciton decay in pristine films at high intensities, thus decreasing the photoluminescence quantum efficiency and the singlet lifetime. Because of the relatively low carrier concentration at which light emitting diodes operate the electroluminescence efficiency is not affected. The measured rate constant of singlet–singlet annihilation in Alq3 films is γss=(3.5±2.5)×10−11 cm3 s−1. The diffusion coefficient and the diffusion length of singlet excitons estimated from γss are Ds=(1.2±0.8)×10−5 cm2 s−1 and L=98±40 Å, respectively.
Tau Mutations in Neurodegenerative Diseases (2008)

Tau deposition is found in a variety of neurodegenerative brain diseases. The identification of tau mutations that cause familial dementia demonstrated that aberrant Tau alone could cause neurodegenerative disease and suggested that Tau likely plays a role in other cases in which Tau deposits are found, most notably Alzheimer disease. The mechanisms by which tau mutations cause neurodegeneration vary and are unclear to some degree, but evidence supports changes in alternative splicing, phosphorylation state, interaction with tubulin, and self-association into filaments as important contributing factors.