gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recovery of Visual Functions in a Mouse Model of Leber Congenital Amaurosis (2002)

The visual process is initiated by the photoisomerization of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal. For sustained vision the 11-cis-chromophore must be regenerated from all-trans-retinal. This requires RPE65, a dominant retinal pigment epithelium protein. Disruption of the RPE65 gene results in massive accumulation of all-trans-retinyl esters in the retinal pigment epithelium, lack of 11-cis-retinal and therefore rhodopsin, and ultimately blindness. We reported previously (Van Hooser, J. P., Aleman, T. S., He, Y. G., Cideciyan, A. V., Kuksa, V., Pittler, S. J., Stone, E. M., Jacobson, S. G., and Palczewski, K. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97, 8623-8628) that in Rpe65-/- mice, oral administration of 9-cis-retinal generated isorhodopsin, a rod photopigment, and restored light sensitivity to the electroretinogram. Here, we provide evidence that early intervention by 9-cis-retinal administration significantly attenuated retinal ester accumulation and supported rod retinal function for more than 6 months post-treatment. In single cell recordings rod light sensitivity was shown to be a function of the amount of regenerated isorhodopsin; high doses restored rod responses with normal sensitivity and kinetics. Highly attenuated residual rod function was observed in untreated Rpe65-/- mice. This rod function is likely a consequence of low efficiency production of 11-cis-retinal by photo-conversion of all-trans-retinal in the retina as demonstrated by retinoid analysis. These studies show that pharmacological intervention produces long lasting preservation of visual function in dark-reared Rpe65-/- mice and may be a useful therapeutic strategy in recovering vision in humans diagnosed with Leber congenital amaurosis caused by mutations in the RPE65 gene, an inherited group of early onset blinding and retinal degenerations.
Titanium dioxide aerogels for photocatalytic decontamination of aquatic environments (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXTTitanium dioxide aerogels for photocatalytic decontamination of aquatic environmentsGeula Dagan and Micha TomkiewiczCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 49, 12651–12655Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100151a001https://doi.org/10.1021/j100151a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1524Altmetric-Citations261LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Molecular and Serologic Characterization, Pathogenicity, and Protection Studies with Infectious Bronchitis Virus Field Isolates from California (2007)

In this study, we characterized three variant infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains isolated in 2003 and 2004 from broiler chickens in California and compared them to previously isolated California variant viruses and to common vaccine serotypes used in the United States. We conducted genetic, serologic, and pathogenicity studies on all three isolates, then tested different vaccines against one of the viruses. Genetically the three variant IBV strains, designated CA557/03, CA706/03, and CA1737/04, were not related to each other. GenBank BLAST database search and phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the S1 subunit of the spike gene to determine the most closely related viruses to the three variants showed the CA557/03 variant to be 81.8% similar to the CAV/CA56b/91 whereas the CA706/03 and CA1737/04 variant viruses were only distantly related to Dutch/D1466/81 (72.2%), a vaccine strain used in Europe, and Korea/K142/02 (72.7%), a Korean field isolate, respectively. Cross virus-neutralization testing showed that none of the 2003-04 California IBV variant viruses were serologically related to each other or to Ark, Conn, or Mass vaccine strains. In addition the CA1737/04 isolate was also tested against DE072 and found not to be serologically related. All three variant viruses were pathogenic in 1-wk-old broilers and vaccination with Mass/Conn followed by Holland/Conn provided 80% protection against the CA1737/04 virus. The 2003-04 California variant viruses were not compared with variants isolated in California during 1970s and 1980s because, to our knowledge, no genetic information is available and those viruses are no longer obtainable. This study shows that the CA557/03 virus was distantly related to the CAV-type viruses isolated in California in the early 1990s, but that none of the 2003-04 viruses were similar genetically or serologically to the CAL99-type viruses, indicating that new IBV variants continue to emerge and cause disease in commercial chickens in California.
A Radial Flow Microfluidic Device for Ultra‐High‐Throughput Affinity‐Based Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells (2014)

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are believed to play an important role in metastasis, a process responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. But their rarity in the bloodstream makes microfluidic isolation complex and time-consuming. Additionally the low processing speeds can be a hindrance to obtaining higher yields of CTCs, limiting their potential use as biomarkers for early diagnosis. Here, a high throughput microfluidic technology, the OncoBean Chip, is reported. It employs radial flow that introduces a varying shear profile across the device, enabling efficient cell capture by affinity at high flow rates. The recovery from whole blood is validated with cancer cell lines H1650 and MCF7, achieving a mean efficiency >80% at a throughput of 10 mL h(-1) in contrast to a flow rate of 1 mL h(-1) standardly reported with other microfluidic devices. Cells are recovered with a viability rate of 93% at these high speeds, increasing the ability to use captured CTCs for downstream analysis. Broad clinical application is demonstrated using comparable flow rates from blood specimens obtained from breast, pancreatic, and lung cancer patients. Comparable CTC numbers are recovered in all the samples at the two flow rates, demonstrating the ability of the technology to perform at high throughputs.
#BewareOfOvershare: Social Media Discovery and Importance in Intellectual Property Litigation, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 449 (2013) (2013)

As the use of social media continues to expand, lawyers will increasingly rely on evidence gleaned from social media sources. This is already true in several areas of litigation, including various types of intellectual property litigation. Thus far, the rules of civil procedure, evidence, and professional conduct have addressed many of the issues that arise regarding the acquisition and use of social media evidence. Lawyers should at least investigate social media usage by key parties in each particular case in order to be aware of what social media evidence could be available. Lawyers are also responsible for having a basic understanding of how to obtain and effectively use social media evidence to advocate on behalf of the client. Several recent cases and bar association opinions shed light on the utility and traps of obtaining and using social media evidence.
Early histological and ultrastructural changes in medullary fracture callus. (1991)

Light and electron microscopic studies of early changes in the medullary callus of a fracture of the rib in rabbits revealed the loss of normal architecture of the marrow and the disappearance of blood vessels in the region of high cellular density adjacent to the fibrin clot; the enlargement and transformation of capillary and venous endothelial cells in the region of low cellular density adjacent to the normal, uninjured marrow; the appearance of polymorphic mesenchymal cells throughout the medullary callus; and the appearance of osteoblasts and new-bone formation by twenty-four hours after the fracture. The meaning of these morphological changes is not clear. However, the spatial relationship between the various cells suggests the possibility that the transformed endothelial cells, reticular cells, and polymorphic mesenchymal cells may be interrelated and may either be osteoblast progenitor cells or may in some way lead to the appearance of osteoblasts in the early callus.
PROPORTION OF DISEASE CAUSED OR PREVENTED BY A GIVEN EXPOSURE, TRAIT OR INTERVENTION1 (1974)

The structures of two epidemiologic parameters are explored. One, the “etiologic fraction, ” relates to markers of increased risk, and it is the proportion of disease attributable to the marker and/or to factors associated with it. The other, the “prevented fraction, ” is the equivalent of this for a marker of reduced risk. It is shown that both parameters depend—in different ways—-on the frequency of the marker among cases of the disease, and on the “standardized morbidity ratio” for those with the marker. Point estimation of these parameters is often straight-forward, particularly in case-control studies.
Three Classes of Inhibitors Share a Common Binding Domain in Mitochondrial Complex I (NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase) (1999)

We have developed two independent methods to measure equilibrium binding of inhibitors to membrane-bound and partially purified NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) to characterize the binding sites for the great variety of hydrophobic compounds acting on this large and complicated enzyme. Taking advantage of a partial quench of fluorescence upon binding of the fenazaquin-type inhibitor 2-decyl-4-quinazolinyl amine to complex I in bovine submitochondrial particles, we determined a Kd of 17 +/- 3 nM and one binding site per complex I. Equilibrium binding studies with [3H]dihydrorotenone and the aminopyrimidine [3H]AE F119209 (4(cis-4-[3H]isopropyl cyclohexylamino)-5-chloro-6-ethyl pyrimidine) using partially purified complex I from Musca domestica exhibited little unspecific binding and allowed reliable determination of dissociation constants. Competition experiments consistently demonstrated that all tested hydrophobic inhibitors of complex I share a common binding domain with partially overlapping sites. Although the rotenone site overlaps with both the piericidin A and the capsaicin site, the latter two sites do not overlap. This is in contrast to the interpretation of enzyme kinetics that have previously been used to define three classes of complex I inhibitors. The existence of only one large inhibitor binding pocket in the hydrophobic part of complex I is discussed in the light of possible mechanisms of proton translocation.
RNA‐binding protein insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA‐binding protein 3 expression promotes tumor invasion and predicts early recurrence and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma† (2008)

Our results indicate that IMP3 plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis and is a strong prognostic factor for patients with HCC.
Membrane Technology Treating Oily Wastewater for Reuse (2005)

Abstract Whereas the use of recycled municipal wastewater has been practiced for a number of years, the use of recycled wastewater in the petroleum industry has been limited. Nonetheless, tightening effluent regulations and diminishing freshwater supplies have generated interest in the treatment of refinery wastewaters for reuse. Historically, refinery wastewater has been treated to various degrees of effluent quality by means of oil/water separation and biological secondary treatment. This level of treatment was not able to produce a treated effluent that is suitable for reuse in the refinery process. Recent developments in membrane technology have enabled refineries to implement treatment strategies that allow process wastewater to be treated and reused. Applications of the reuse within the refinery include cooling tower make-up and boiler feed water. An added benefit of membrane technology is the flexibility of how it can be implemented into greenfield sites or retrofitted into existing plants. Membrane bioreactors eliminate the need for a secondary clarification step and ensure a minimal footprint. Tertiary filtration is an excellent polishing step for existing plants that need further treatment or the reliability that membranes are able to guarantee. Regardless of which configuration is chosen, the end result is a high quality effluent that is suitable for re-use, including feed to reverse osmosis. Case studies of full-scale systems operating with reinforced immersed hollow fiber membrane technology are included to provide an example of applications where refineries have employed this technology to achieve their treatment objectives and reuse goals.
Tailing and 3'-end labeling of RNA with yeast poly(A) polymerase and various nucleotides (1998)

We have tested conditions for the labeling and tailing the 3'-end of RNAs with yeast poly(A) polymerase. Conditions were optimized for addition of NTP, dNTP, or ddNTP nucleotides to RNA. ATP, GTP, and UTP were useful for adding homopolymer tracts of various lengths. The nonradioactive nucleotides biotin-N6-ATP and digoxigenin-11-UTP also were used efficiently.
Genetic control of chromosone stability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)

We have identified four new genetic loci: CHL2 (on chromosome XII), CHL3 (on chromosome XII); CHL4 (on chromosome IV), and CHL5 (on chromosome IX), controlling mitotic transmission of yeast chromosomes. The frequency of loss of chromosomes is 10-100-fold higher in chl5, chl2, chl3 and chl4 mutants than observed in wild-type strains. The mutants also show unstable maintenance of artificial circular minichromosomes with various chromosomal replicators (ARS) and one of the centromeric loci (CEN3, CEN4, CEN5 or CEN6). The instability of minichromosomes in the chl5, chl2, and chl4 mutants is due to the loss of minichromosomes in mitosis (1:0 segregation). In the chl3 mutant the instability of artificial minichromosomes is due to nondisjunction (2:0 segregation). The CHL3 gene therefore appears to affect the segregation of chromosomes during cell division.
Murine Jagged1/Notch signaling in the second heart field orchestrates Fgf8 expression and tissue-tissue interactions during outflow tract development (2009)

Notch signaling is vital for proper cardiovascular development and function in both humans and animal models. Indeed, mutations in either JAGGED or NOTCH cause congenital heart disease in humans and NOTCH mutations are associated with adult valvular disease. Notch typically functions to mediate developmental interactions between adjacent tissues. Here we show that either absence of the Notch ligand Jagged1 or inhibition of Notch signaling in second heart field tissues results in murine aortic arch artery and cardiac anomalies. In mid-gestation, these mutants displayed decreased Fgf8 and Bmp4 expression. Notch inhibition within the second heart field affected the development of neighboring tissues. For example, faulty migration of cardiac neural crest cells and defective endothelial-mesenchymal transition within the outflow tract endocardial cushions were observed. Furthermore, exogenous Fgf8 was sufficient to rescue the defect in endothelial-mesenchymal transition in explant assays of endocardial cushions following Notch inhibition within second heart field derivatives. These data support a model that relates second heart field, neural crest, and endocardial cushion development and suggests that perturbed Notch-Jagged signaling within second heart field progenitors accounts for some forms of congenital and adult cardiac disease.
Virus‐Like Particles: Combining Innate and Adaptive Immunity for Effective Vaccination (2004)

This chapter contains sections titled: Immunology of Vaccines Immunology of VLPs B Cell Responses T Cell Responses VLPs as Viral Vaccines VLPs as Carriers of B and/or T Cell Epitopes Fused Epitopes Coupled Epitopes Targeting Self Molecules by using VLPs Clinical Development Hepatitis B Virus VLP Vaccine Human Papilloma VLP Vaccines Norwalk Virus VLP Vaccines VLPs Presenting Foreign Epitopes
Profound but Reversible Myocardial Depression in Patients with Septic Shock (1984)

To characterize the role of cardiac function in septic shock, serial radionuclide cineangiographic and hemodynamic evaluations were done on 20 patients with documented septic shock. Although all patients had a normal or elevated cardiac index, 10 patients had moderate to severe depression of their ejection fraction with values below 0.40. Thirteen of twenty patients survived their episode. Paradoxically, 10 of 13 survivors, but none of the 7 nonsurvivors, had an initial ejection fraction less than 0.40 (p less than 0.005). The mean initial ejection fraction for the survivors was 0.32 +/- 0.04, and their mean end systolic and end diastolic ventricular volumes were substantially increased with a normal stroke volume. The survivors' serial scans showed a gradual return to normal ejection fraction and ventricular volume by 10 days after the onset of shock. Nonsurvivors had normal initial ejection fractions and ventricular volumes that did not change during serial studies.
Detection and Differentiation of Bordetella spp. by Real-Time PCR (2006)

Molecular detection of Bordetella pertussis DNA is a sensitive and specific method for the rapid diagnosis of pertussis. In this study, a new molecular assay for the detection and differentiation of Bordetella spp. based on automated DNA extraction and real-time PCR was evaluated. The analytical sensitivity of the new assay was determined by Probit analysis of serial dilutions of both cloned PCR products IS481 and IS1001 and cell suspensions of B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica. The specificity was analyzed by testing a number of pathogens producing respiratory infections. Moreover, a total of 92 clinical samples were investigated. The results were compared to those obtained by an in-house assay based on manual DNA extraction, followed by real-time PCR and detection of IS481. The analytical sensitivity of the new assay for the detection of IS481 and IS1001 was determined to be 2.2 and 1.2 genome equivalents/mul, respectively. The analytical sensitivity for the detection of B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica was determined to be 1.6, 1.0, and 2.7 genome equivalents/mul, respectively. When clinical specimens were tested with the new assay, 46 of 92 were found to be positive for Bordetella DNA. With the in-house assay, 45 samples tested positive. The new molecular assay proved to be suitable for the rapid diagnosis of pertussis in the routine diagnostic laboratory.
Atherogenic Diet and Minimally Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Inhibit Osteogenic and Promote Adipogenic Differentiation of Marrow Stromal Cells (1999)

In osteoporosis, the bone marrow stroma osteogenic cell population declines and adipocyte numbers increase. We recently showed that oxidized lipids inhibit differentiation of preosteoblasts. In this report, we assess the effect of minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein (MM-LDL) on osteoblastic differentiation of murine marrow stromal cells, M2-10B4. MM-LDL, but not native LDL, inhibited stromal cell osteoblastic differentiation as demonstrated by inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen I processing, and mineralization, through a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. In addition, marrow stromal cells from C57BL/6 mice fed a high fat, atherogenic diet failed to undergo osteogenic differentiation in vitro. The ability of MM-LDL to regulate adipogenesis was also assessed. Treatment of M2-10B4 as well as 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with MM-LDL, but not native LDL, promoted adipogenic differentiation in the presence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonist thiazolidinediones, BRL49653 and ciglitizone. Based on promoter-reporter construct experiments, MM-LDL may be acting in part through activating PPARalpha. These observations suggest that LDL oxidation products promote osteoporotic loss of bone by directing progenitor marrow stromal cells to undergo adipogenic instead of osteogenic differentiation. These data lend support to the "lipid hypothesis of osteoporosis."
Multicolor and Electron Microscopic Imaging of Connexin Trafficking (2002)

Recombinant proteins containing tetracysteine tags can be successively labeled in living cells with different colors of biarsenical fluorophores so that older and younger protein molecules can be sharply distinguished by both fluorescence and electron microscopy. Here we used this approach to show that newly synthesized connexin43 was transported predominantly in 100- to 150-nanometer vesicles to the plasma membrane and incorporated at the periphery of existing gap junctions, whereas older connexins were removed from the center of the plaques into pleiomorphic vesicles of widely varying sizes. Selective imaging by correlated optical and electron microscopy of protein molecules of known ages will clarify fundamental processes of protein trafficking in situ.
The negative regulatory function of the lymphocyte‐activation gene‐3 co‐receptor (CD223) on human T cells (2005)

Accumulating evidence indicates that the CD4 homologue lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) plays a down-regulatory role on T-cell responses. However, the role of LAG-3/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II interactions on primary human T-cell responses, as well as the mechanism by which down-regulation occurs, are not clear. Here, we show that LAG-3 colocalized with CD3, CD4 or CD8 in areas of cholesterol-rich raft aggregation during this primary response, as well as in the clustered raft region formed between T cells and antibody-coated beads. Addition of a blocking LAG-3-specific monoclonal antibody to both CD4 and CD8 primary resting T cells activated under conditions of antigen-presenting cell-driven stimulation and low antigen concentrations augments CD69 activation antigen expression, T-cell expansion and T helper 1 (Th1, but not Th2) cytokine production. Blocking LAG-3/MHC class II interactions leads to an increase in the number of cells entering division at these low concentrations of antigen and to more rounds of divisions with an accumulation of cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle. These results indicate that LAG-3 signalling inhibits early events in primary activation of human CD4 and CD8 T cells and further support a role for LAG-3 signalling in regulating the expansion of activated effector or memory T cells, either directly or indirectly through Treg suppressor activity.
Scrapie prion proteins are synthesized in neurons. (1986)

Scrapie is a slow degenerative encephalopathy of animals caused by unusual infectious particles termed prions. A cDNA encoding the only apparent component of the prion, a protein designated PrP 27-30, has recently been cloned and sequenced. By measuring mRNA levels using in situ hybridization with the PrP cDNA, the authors found that prion proteins are synthesized almost exclusively within neurons. The levels of PrP mRNA varied among different types of neurons, but did not change during scrapie infection. A cDNA encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was a positive control; GFAP mRNA was confined to astrocytes. Our finding of PrP mRNA in neurons may explain the degeneration and vacuolation that occurs in these cells during scrapie infection.