gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integrating Ethics into the Hospitality Curriculum (1998)

(1998). Integrating Ethics into the Hospitality Curriculum. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 22-25.
Translating with non-contiguous phrases (2005)

This paper presents a phrase-based statistical machine translation method, based on non-contiguous phrases, i.e. phrases with gaps. A method for producing such phrases from a word-aligned corpora is proposed. A statistical translation model is also presented that deals such phrases, as well as a training method based on the maximization of translation accuracy, as measured with the NIST evaluation metric. Translations are produced by means of a beam-search decoder. Experimental results are presented, that demonstrate how the proposed method allows to better generalize from the training data.
Effects of deoxycholate on human colon cancer cells: apoptosis or proliferation (2002)

Low-dose deoxycholate stimulates colon cancer cell proliferation while > 100 micromol L(-1) of this secondary bile acid induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Deoxycholate might promote the likelihood of malignant transformation by increasing epithelial cell turnover in the colon.
The effect of intracavernous injection of potassium channel openers in monkeys and dogs. (1995)

Cavernous smooth muscle relaxation is effected through a complex biochemical pathway; therefore, a defect in any step of this pathway may result in erectile dysfunction. Administration of pharmacologic agents which cause relaxation of the cavernous smooth muscle through a different mechanism may serve as an effective therapeutic alternative for impotent patients. To test this hypothesis two potassium channel openers, pinacidil and cromakalim, were used to initiate and maintain cavernous smooth muscle relaxation. The drugs were given as intracavernous injections in two animal models. In 10 dogs pinacidil and cromakalim produced full erection. With pinacidil (10(-2) M), the mean intracavernous pressure increased from a baseline pressure of 32.6 +/- 3.43 cm H2O to a peak intracavernous pressure of 131.8 +/- 12.01 cm H2O, and remained elevated for a period of 17.8 +/- 9.4 min. With cromakalim (10(-2) M) intracavernous pressure rose from a baseline pressure of 32 +/- 2.55 cm H2O to a peak intracavernous pressure of 140 +/- 3.39 cm H2O, for a period of 19.4 +/- 0.89 min. Additionally, in 5 primates injected with cromakalim (10(-2) M) intracavernous pressure rose from 24 +/- 3.81 to 131.2 +/- 7.56 cm H2O, for 27.0 +/- 4.79 min. It is concluded that both pinacidil and cromakalim can initiate and maintain erection in dogs and that cromakalim produces a similar erectile response in monkeys. Further study of the local and systemic effects of chronic injection is needed to determine whether this class of pharmacologic agents can provide therapy for impotent patients.
Respiratory syncytial virus. I. Concentration and purification of the infectious virus. (1978)

Respiratory syncytial (RS) virus can be purified without losing its infectivity provided that each step of purification is carried out using NT buffer containing over 20% sucrose. Firstly, the virus grown on HES cells is efficiently removed from the culture fluid by precipitating with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6,000, and the precipitate is suspended in a small amount of 20% sucrose-NT buffer, which results in about a 24-fold concentration of the original material. Then this suspension is centrifugated through 30% sucrose-NT buffer to obtain pellets, which are again suspended in 20% sucrose-NT buffer. This suspension is further centrifuged by discontinuous and linear sucrose density gradient. Finally, the specific infectivity of the purified virus was increased about 3,000-fold over that of the original material.
Next-generation sequencing technologies and their implications for crop genetics and breeding (2009)

Using next-generation sequencing technologies it is possible to resequence entire plant genomes or sample entire transcriptomes more efficiently and economically and in greater depth than ever before. Rather than sequencing individual genomes, we envision the sequencing of hundreds or even thousands of related genomes to sample genetic diversity within and between germplasm pools. Identification and tracking of genetic variation are now so efficient and precise that thousands of variants can be tracked within large populations. In this review, we outline some important areas such as the large-scale development of molecular markers for linkage mapping, association mapping, wide crosses and alien introgression, epigenetic modifications, transcript profiling, population genetics and de novo genome/organellar genome assembly for which these technologies are expected to advance crop genetics and breeding, leading to crop improvement.
Patterned electrical activity modulates sodium channel expression in sensory neurons (2003)

Peripheral nerve injury induces changes in the level of gene expression for sodium channels Nav1.3, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 within dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which may contribute to the development of hyperexcitability, ectopic neuronal discharge, and neuropathic pain. The mechanism of this change in sodium channel expression is unclear. Decreased availability of neurotrophic factors following axotomy contributes to these changes in gene transcription, but the question of whether changes in intrinsic neuronal activity levels alone can trigger changes in the expression of these sodium channels has not been addressed. We examined the effect of electrical stimulation on the expression of Nav1.3, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 by using cultured embryonic mouse sensory neurons under conditions in which nerve growth factor (NGF) was not limiting. Expression of Nav1.3 was not significantly changed following stimulation. In contrast, we observed activity-dependent down-regulation of Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 mRNA and protein levels after stimulation, as demonstrated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. These results show that a change in neuronal activity can alter the expression of sodium channel genes in a subtype-specific manner, via a mechanism independent of NGF withdrawal.
Evaluation of affirm VP Microbial Identification Test for Gardnerella vaginalis and Trichomonas vaginalis (1994)

A commercial system (Affirm VP Microbial Identification Test; MicroProbe Corp.) for detection of vaginal pathogens was evaluated with 176 consecutive women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic for genital complaints. Vaginal swab specimens were used for culture of Gardnerella vaginalis and Trichomonas vaginalis, preparation of a vaginal smear for Gram stain interpretation, and wet mount evaluation. An additional swab was used to evaluate the 30-min nonisotopic oligonucleotide probe test. The automated probe system detected G. vaginalis in 69 (95%) of 73 women having > 5 x 10(5) CFU of G. vaginalis per ml by culture, and 20 (43%) of 47 specimens with < or = 5 x 10(5) CFU of G. vaginalis per ml. There were three false positives and four false negatives for the Affirm VP test compared with > 5 x 10(5) CFU of G. vaginalis per ml. The probe system detected G. vaginalis in 57 (90%) of 63 vaginal specimens from women having clue cells on wet mount examination, and in only 3 (3%) of 113 women without clue cells, suggesting that the Affirm probe for G. vaginalis could be used as a surrogate for wet mount examination for clue cells. The T. vaginalis probe was positive for 12 of 12 specimens positive by wet mount and 12 of 15 specimens positive by culture. There were no false positives and three false negatives for the Affirm VP test compared with culture and/or wet mount for T. vaginalis. The Affirm VP Microbial Identification System is a rapid, objective, and automated test for the detection of T. vaginalis and clinically significant levels of G. vaginalis that is comparable to wet mount examination for clue cells and is superior to wet mount examination for the detection of trichomonads.
Spectral threshold: measurement and clinical applications. (1983)

Photopic spectral sensitivities for a foveal target on a white background are measured for 18 normal eyes, and the results are explained in terms of the function of retinal ganglion cells. Averaged results for diseases such as glaucoma, optic atrophy, tobacco amblyopia, and retrobulbar neuritis are reviewed, and an analysis of the change in shape of the spectral sensitivity curve in these diseases is presented. It is shown how the location of disease sites may be related to characteristic changes in spectral sensitivity.
A brief review on applications of leech therapy (2010)

Leech therapy has been practiced over the past many years and its application in both medical and dental science is well recognized. Although its use may be associated with few potential complications, yet it provides an easy and non invasive means of treatment by its blood letting property in a variety of conditions. The following article presents a brief review on the applications of leech therapy, also highlighting its importance on the dental side.
Vascular targeting with phage peptide libraries. (1999)

We have developed an in vivo selection system in which phage capable of selective homing to different tissues are recovered from a phage display peptide library following intravenous administration. Using this strategy, we have isolated several organ and tumor-homing peptides. We have shown that each of those peptides binds to different receptors that are selectively expressed on the vasculature of the target tissue. The tumor-homing peptides bind to receptors that are upregulated in tumor angiogenic vasculature. Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to angiogenic vasculature using these peptides in animal models decreased toxicity and increased the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Vascular targeting may facilitate the development of other treatment strategies that rely on inhibition of angiogenesis and lead to advances in cancer treatment. Our technology is also likely to extend the potential for targeting of drugs, genes, and radionuclides in the context of many diseases.
A New Synthesis of Pyrroles (1990)

N-Protected 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole derivatives are transformed into the corresponding pyrroles in high yield by a simple air oxidation or dehydrogenation reaction using tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone(p-chloranil), 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) or ,N-bromosuccinimide (NBS).
Influenza: Epidemiology, Etiology, Immunization and Management† (1980)

Influenza, an acute contagious respiratory infection caused by orthomyxoviruses A, B, and C, occurs in local outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics. Differences in the morphology and antigen patterns for these viruses account for the differences in virulence and immunity. Influenza A is virulent, B is mild, and C is nonvirulent. Swine influenza virus may spread from swine to man (recycling of human A virus), causing epidemics and pandemics. The 1976-77 influenza vaccination program involved swine virus, and was associated with 321 cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome and a mortality of 5 percent. Subsequent yearly programs with other types of vaccine are described. Dosages vary according to the age of the vaccinee. Those who need vaccination include persons over 65 years of age, patients with heart/lung, liver/lung or metabolic diseases, severe anemia, or a compromised antigenic system. Side effects include local reaction, fever, an allergic reaction (due to egg protein), and the Guillain-Barré syndrome (only with swine virus vaccine). In general, influenza vaccine is safe and confers 60-85 percent protection. Since immunity lasts only about a year, annual vaccination with recently isolated virus vaccine is recommended. Amantadine seems effective therapeutically and prophylactically for clinical influenza A infection.
Cloning and Characterization of a New Purine Biosynthetic Enzyme: A Non-Folate Glycinamide Ribonucleotide Transformylase from E. coli (1994)

A novel GAR transformylase has been isolated and characterized from E. coli. The protein, a product of the purT gene, is a monomer of molecular weight 42 kDa and catalyzes the production of beta-formyl GAR from formate, ATP, and beta-GAR. As such it is an alternative to the formyl-folate utilizing purN GAR transformylase. No significant homology exists between the two transformylases. However, the purT protein shows significant homology to the purK protein, also involved in purine biosynthesis. Two different purT reactions have been characterized: one producing fGAR from ATP, beta-GAR, and formate and the other producing acetyl phosphate and ADP from acetate and ATP. The purT GAR transformylase is the first unknown de novo purine biosynthetic enzyme to be discovered in the last 30 years and represents another step forward in understanding cellular control of purine levels.
Protein misfolding disorders: Pathogenesis and intervention (2006)

Newly synthesized proteins in the living cell must go through a folding process to attain their functional structure. To achieve this in an efficient fashion, all organisms, including humans, have evolved a large set of molecular chaperones that assist the folding as well as the maintenance of the functional structure of cellular proteins. Aberrant proteins, the result of production errors, inherited or acquired amino acid substitutions or damage, especially oxidative modifications, can in many cases not fold correctly and will be trapped in misfolded conformations. To rid the cell of misfolded proteins, the living cell contains a large number of intracellular proteases, e.g. the proteasome, which together with the chaperones comprise the cellular protein quality control systems. Many inherited disorders due to amino acid substitutions exhibit loss-of-function pathogenesis because the aberrant protein is eliminated by one of the protein quality control systems. Examples are cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria. However, not all aberrant proteins can be eliminated and the misfolded protein may accumulate and form toxic oligomeric and/or aggregated inclusions. In this case the loss of function may be accompanied by a gain-of-function pathogenesis, which in many cases determines the pathological and clinical features. Examples are Parkinson and Huntington diseases. Although a number of strategies have been tried to decrease the amounts of accumulated and aggregated proteins, a likely future strategy seems to be the use of chemical or pharmacological chaperones with specific effects on the misfolded protein in question. Positive examples are enzyme enhancement in a number of lysosomal disorders.
Efficient, Saturated Red Organic Light Emitting Devices Based on Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Porphyrins (1999)

Two new platinum(II) porphyrins have been synthesized and their luminescent properties have been studied. The platinum porphyrins exhibited strong phosphorescence in the red with narrow line widths. When they were doped into aluminum(III) tris(8-hydroxyquinolate) (AlQ3) in the electron-transporting and -emitting layer of an organic light-emitting device, energy transfer occurred between the host AlQ3 and the platinum porphyrin. Bright saturated red emission with high efficiency at low to moderate current density has been achieved. In the high current regime, the electroluminescence efficiency decreased and the perceived emission color blue shifted as a result of mixed emission from the platinum porphyrin and AlQ3. This current dependence was due to the saturation of triplet emissive sites, because of the long-lived phosphorescence state of the platinum porphyrin complex.
Minimal sequence in heparin/heparan sulfate required for binding of basic fibroblast growth factor. (1993)

Experiments based on interaction in free solution between basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and saccharides related to heparin/heparan sulfate showed that the growth factor binds to heparin and to selectively glucosaminyl 6-O-desulfated heparin but poorly to iduronosyl 2-O-desulfated heparin. 2-O-sulfate groups thus are essential to the interaction, whereas 6-O-sulfates are not required nor do they interfere with FGF-2 binding. Comparison of various bound/nonbound oligosaccharides implicated a minimal pentasaccharide sequence for FGF-2 binding, with the structure: -hexuronic acid-glucosamine N-sulfate-hexuronic acid-glucosamine N-sulfate-iduronic acid 2-O-sulfate- (reducing terminus to the right). Such (overlapping) sequences are abundant in heparin, albeit heavily obscured by irrelevant O-sulfate groups, and occur also in heparan sulfate, with or without additional O-sulfates.
An intramolecular folding sensor for imaging estrogen receptor–ligand interactions (2006)

Strategies for high-throughput analysis of interactions between various hormones and drugs with the estrogen receptor (ER) are crucial for accelerating the understanding of ER biology and pharmacology. Through careful analyses of the crystal structures of the human ER (hER) ligand-binding domain (hER-LBD) in complex with different ligands, we hypothesized that the hER-LBD intramolecular folding pattern could be used to distinguish ER agonists from selective ER modulators and pure antiestrogens. We therefore constructed and validated intramolecular folding sensors encoding various hER-LBD fusion proteins that could lead to split Renilla/firefly luciferase reporter complementation in the presence of the appropriate ligands. A mutant hER-LBD with low affinity for circulating estradiol was also identified for imaging in living subjects. Cells stably expressing the intramolecular folding sensors expressing wild-type and mutant hER-LBD were used for imaging ligand-induced intramolecular folding in living mice. This is the first hER-LBD intramolecular folding sensor suited for high-throughput quantitative analysis of interactions between hER with hormones and drugs using cell lysates, intact cells, and molecular imaging of small living subjects. The strategies developed can also be extended to study and image other important protein intramolecular folding systems.
Human exonuclease 1 (EXO1) activity characterization and its function on flap structures (2015)

Human exonuclease 1 (EXO1) is involved in multiple DNA metabolism processes, including DNA repair and replication. Most of the fundamental roles of EXO1 have been described in yeast. Here, we report a biochemical characterization of human full-length EXO1. Prior to assay EXO1 on different DNA flap structures, we determined factors essential for the thermodynamic stability of EXO1. We show that enzymatic activity and stability of EXO1 on DNA is modulated by temperature. By characterization of EXO1 flap activity using various DNA flap substrates, we show that EXO1 has a strong capacity for degrading double stranded DNA and has a modest endonuclease or 5' flap activity. Furthermore, we report novel mechanistic insights into the processing of flap structures, showing that EXO1 preferentially cleaves one nucleotide inwards in a double stranded region of a forked and nicked DNA flap substrates, suggesting a possible role of EXO1 in strand displacement.
MEMBRANES CONTAINING SORBENTS FOR BLOOD DETOXIFICATION (1977)

Microporous nitrogen‐rich carbon fibers (HAT‐CNFs) are produced by electrospinning a mixture of hexaazatriphenylene‐hexacarbonitrile (HAT‐CN) and polyvinylpyrrolidone and subsequent thermal condensation. Bonding motives, electronic structure, content of nitrogen heteroatoms, porosity, and degree of carbon stacking can be controlled by the condensation temperature due to the use of the HAT‐CN with predefined nitrogen binding motives. The HAT‐CNFs show remarkable reversible capacities (395 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) and rate capabilities (106 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) as an anode material for sodium storage, resulting from the abundant heteroatoms, enhanced electrical conductivity, and rapid charge carrier transport in the nanoporous structure of the 1D fibers. HAT‐CNFs also serve as a series of model compounds for the investigation of the contribution of sodium storage by intercalation and reversible binding on nitrogen sites at different rates. There is an increasing contribution of intercalation to the charge storage with increasing condensation temperature which becomes less active at high rates. A hybrid sodium‐ion capacitor full cell combining HAT‐CNF as the anode and salt‐templated porous carbon as the cathode provides remarkable performance in the voltage range of 0.5–4.0 V (95 Wh kg−1 at 0.19 kW kg−1 and 18 Wh kg−1 at 13 kW kg−1).
Multi-step microfluidic device for studying cancer metastasis (2007)

This paper describes a multi-step microfluidic device for studying the deformation and extravasation of primary tumor cells. Prior to extravasation, primary tumor cells undergo sequential steps of deformation through the capillaries, before adhering and transmigrating through the endothelial lining and basement membrane. To study this cascade of events, we fabricated a multi-step microfluidic device whose microgaps were coated with Matrigel to mimic the basement membrane. The microchannel was lined with human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) to replicate the endothelial lining. Analysis of deformation, biological and migratory capabilities of various tumor cell lines viz. HepG2, HeLa, and MDA-MB 435S were quantified using the fabricated device. After deformation, the cells' viabilities were significantly reduced and their doubling times were simultaneously increased, indicating changes in their biological capability. However, cell deformation did not significantly reduce their cell motility. Cell motility was co-assessed using the cell's migration rate and the overall population's percentage migration under various conditions (no barrier, Matrigel and Matrigel-HMEC). The device was also used to quantify the effects of Matrigel and the endothelial lining on cell migration. Our results suggest that both played an independent role in inhibiting cell extravasation, with the Matrigel significantly slowing down cell movement and the endothelial lining reducing the total number of transmigrated cells.
Gliocladins A - C and Glioperazine ; Cytotoxic Dioxo- or Trioxopiperazine Metabolites from a Gliocladium Sp. Separated from a Sea Hare (2004)

New dioxo-or trioxopiperazine metabolites named gliocladins A-C(1 -3 ) and glioperazine (4) have been isolated from a strain of Gliocladium sp., originally separated from the sea hare.Their structures have been elucidated by spectroscopic analyses using various NMR spectroscopic techniques.Structurally unique trioxopiperazine (3) exhibited significant cytotoxicity against cultured P388 cells.
Degradation of hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, and fluorhydroxyapatite coatings of dental implants in dogs (1999)

Calcium phosphate coatings on dental implants enhance integration of the material. Resorption of the ceramic coatings has raised some concern about the behavior of the bone-implant interfaces after the coating disappearance. Substitution of the OH- ions by fluoride in the hydroxylapatite (HA) lattice makes the calcium phosphate more stable. We investigated the degradation rate of dental implants with 50- and 100-microm coatings of HA, fluorapatite (FA), or fluorhydroxylapatite (FHA). The implants were inserted in dog jaws and retrieved for histological analysis after 3, 6, and 12 months. The thickness of the calcium phosphate coatings was evaluated using an image analysis device. A relative resorption index and its standard deviation were studied. HA and FA coatings (even at 100-microm thickness) were almost totally degraded within the implantation period. In contrast, the FHA coatings did not show significant degradation during the same period. The standard deviation showed that the resorption process for FHA with thicknesses of 50 or 100 microm was the same. Such a difference was not observed between the 50- and 100-microm thick coatings of FA and HA. In conclusion, the FHA coatings showed good integration in the bone tissue and lasted much longer than classic calcium phosphate coatings.