gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved versions of learning vector quantization (1990)

The author introduces a variant of (supervised) learning vector quantization (LVQ) and discusses practical problems associated with the application of the algorithms. The LVQ algorithms work explicitly in the input domain of the primary observation vectors, and their purpose is to approximate the theoretical Bayes decision borders using piecewise linear decision surfaces. This is done by purported optimal placement of the class codebook vectors in signal space. As the classification decision is based on the nearest-neighbor selection among the codebook vectors, its computation is very fast. It has turned out that the differences between the presented algorithms in regard to the remaining discretization error are not significant, and thus the choice of the algorithm may be based on secondary arguments, such as stability in learning, in which respect the variant introduced (LVQ2.1) seems to be superior to the others. A comparative study of several methods applied to speech recognition is included
Elimination of a bacterial pore‐forming toxin by sequential endocytosis and exocytosis (2008)

Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin is the archetype of bacterial pore forming toxins and a key virulence factor secreted by the majority of clinical isolates of S. aureus. Toxin monomers bind to target cells and oligomerize to form small beta-barrel pores in the plasma membrane. Many nucleated cells are able to repair a limited number of lesions by unknown, calcium-independent mechanisms. Here we show that cells can internalize alpha-toxin, that uptake is essential for cellular survival, and that pore-complexes are not proteolytically degraded, but returned to the extracellular milieu in the context of exosome-like structures, which we term toxosomes.
50 nm Pattern Etching of Si Wafer by Synchrotron Radiation Excited CF 4 Plasma (1997)

50 nm lines and spaces pattern etching on a Si wafer in a synchrotron radiation (SR) excited CF 4 gas atmosphere was performed under a negative bias voltage in which the SR light beam was irradiated perpendicularly to the Si wafer. As etching species, positive ions are expected to be predominant. The SR excited plasma and the excited species are discussed.
Effect of oral prostaglandin E2 on uterine contractility and outcome of treatment in women receiving RU 486 (mifepristone) for termination of early pregnancy (1989)

It has been shown that the antiprogestin RU 486 (mifepristone) increases the sensitivity of the early pregnant human uterus to the stimulatory action of synthetic prostaglandin E (PGE) analogues. To examine if RU 486 also increases uterine sensitivity to the naturally occurring PGE2 given orally, two investigative approaches were used in the present studies: (i) direct registration of uterine contractions before and after PGE2 administration in untreated and RU 486-treated early pregnant women; and (ii) a double-blind, randomized, controlled efficacy trial involving treatment of pregnant women (amenorrhoea of less than or equal to 49 days) with RU 486 (25 mg twice daily for 4 days) and PGE2 (1 mg once or twice) or placebo on the last day of RU 486 treatment. The results indicate that oral PGE2 at the doses employed had little or no stimulatory effect on uterine contractility and that it did not improve the rate of complete abortion achieved with RU 486 alone. Overall, 25 of 42 women (59%) had a complete abortion, 15 women (36%) did not abort and the remaining two had incomplete abortions. Women with complete abortions had significantly lower pretreatment levels of progesterone and a longer duration of induced bleeding than those who did not abort. Thus oral PGE2, when given in clinically acceptable doses, is not a suitable alternative to synthetic PGE analogues for use in combination with RU 486 for termination of early pregnancy.
Interactions between Distinct Types of DNA Binding Proteins Enhance Binding to ocs Element Promoter Sequences (1995)

Bei Zhang, Wei Chen, Rhonda C. Foley, , Karam B. Singh, Interactions between Distinct Types of DNA Binding Proteins Enhance Binding to ocs Element Promoter Sequences, The Plant Cell, Vol. 7, No. 12 (Dec., 1995), pp. 2241-2252
Liver and pancreas: improved spin-echo T1 contrast by shorter echo time and fat suppression at 1.5 T. (1991)

T1-weighted spin-echo magnetic resonance (MR) images have had limited soft-tissue contrast at 1.5 T. The authors investigated the effects of echo-time (TE) minimization and fat suppression on MR images of the liver and pancreas. Two sets of MR images were obtained with identical repetition times and other parameters. In 10 subjects with seven liver lesions, images with TEs of 20 and 12 msec were compared. In 18 additional subjects with seven liver lesions and five pancreatic carcinomas, images with identical TEs but with and without fat suppression were compared. Contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were greater with a TE of 12 msec than with a TE of 20 msec for liver versus spleen (7.6 vs 4.9, P = .014) and liver versus lesion (6.9 vs 3.9, P = .031). In patients without fatty liver, CNR for six lesions versus liver was greater (9.5 vs 6.0, P = .014) with fat suppression. CNR between glandular pancreas and cancer was most conspicuous with fat suppression, but fat planes were less distinct. Minimization of TE improves T1-weighted images significantly. Fat suppression also improves CNR, but the disadvantages of fat suppression do not allow elimination of conventional T1-weighted images.
A phase I study of MORAb-003, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody against folate receptor alpha, in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (2007)

5553 Background: Folate receptor alpha (FRA) is over-expressed in the majority of epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) but is largely absent from normal tissue. MORAb-003 is a humanized monoclonal antibody (MAb) to FRA. Binding of MORAb-003 to FRA can prevent phosphorylation of substrates specific for Lyn kinase, suppress proliferation of cells over-expressing FRA, mediate FRA-positive tumor cell killing via antibody-dependent cellular and complement-dependent mechanisms, and suppress tumor growth in vivo of FRA-expressing tumors in rodent xenograft models. Toxicology studies in non-human primates found no evidence of toxicity with MORAb-003 at supra- pharmacological doses. This open-label, multiple-infusion, first-in-human, dose-escalation trial evaluates the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and anti-tumor activity of MORAb-003 in patients with platinum-resistant EOC. Methods: Sequential cohorts of patients received four weekly infusions at escalating dose levels of MORAb-003 from 12.5 mg/m 2 to 400 mg/m 2 . Eligible patients had platinum-resistant EOC, acceptable organ function, KPS = 70%, and measurable disease by GOG-RECIST criteria. A subset of subjects received a tracer dose of 111 In-labelled MORAb-003 and SPECT-CT and planar imaging. Human anti-human antibody (HAHA) and PK analyses were performed. Results: To date, 18 subjects have been dosed with up to 200 mg/m 2 . No dose limiting toxicity or significant related adverse events have been observed. Four subjects had rigors (2 grade 1) or fevers (3 grade 1, 1 grade 2) following the first infusion. Nine subjects have had radiologically stable disease, and 7 subjects have had stable or declining CA125. Two subjects have received extended therapy for an apparent clinical benefit. Radiolabelled tracer studies have demonstrated significant tumor uptake of labeled MORAb-003. The 400 mg/m 2 dose cohort is currently enrolling. Conclusions: The FRA-specific MAb MORAb-003 appears to be well tolerated in patients with EOC and may have activity in platinum-resistant patients. These results support further evaluation of the efficacy of MORAb-003 in a phase 2 study which is ongoing. [Table: see text]
Applications of artificial intelligence for chemical inference. III. Aliphatic ethers diagnosed by their low-resolution mass spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance data (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTApplications of artificial intelligence for chemical inference. III. Aliphatic ethers diagnosed by their low-resolution mass spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance dataGustav Schroll, A. M. Duffield, Carl Djerassi, B. G. Buchanan, G. L. Sutherland, E. A. Feigenbaum, and J. LederbergCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 26, 7440–7445Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01054a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01054a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views86Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes: an intriguing player in the survival of colorectal cancer patients (2010)

In conclusion our results suggest a role for infiltrating CD3+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in colorectal cancer whereby tumor infiltration could reflect a general principle of antitumor immunity, irrespective of the MSI-status.
Production of increased titer retrovirus vectors from stable producer cell lines by superinfection and concentration. (1996)

Retrovirus vector titers could be increased by more than 50-fold after multiple superinfections of packaging cells with vector virus expressing a complementing host-range envelope glycoprotein. The high level of expression was stable for at least 90 passages in culture. The optimum conditions for density of cell seeding, length of incubation, and temporary storage of virus-containing medium was determined. This vector preparation was further concentrated by 20-fold or more in commercially available ultrafilters, which can be used with standard laboratory centrifuges. Ultrafilters from three different manufactures, with molecular weight cutoffs of 30-1000 kiloDaltons, were tested for concentrating ability and for toxicity of the concentrate on target cells. These methods can be used to produce vector virus containing retrovirus envelope proteins in milliliter volumes at titers in excess of 10(8) c.f.u./ml and in liter volumes at greater than 10(6) c.f.u./ml.
L-741,494, a Fungal Metabolite That Is an Inhibitor of Interleukin-1β Converting Enzyme (1994)

gamma-Pyrone-3-acetic acid (L-741,494) is a novel metabolite produced by a culture of the fungal genus Xylaria. This substance is a water-soluble, competitive, irreversible inhibitor of Interleukin-1 beta Converting Enzyme that is inactive against papain and trypsin. It has a mol wt of 154 and an empirical formula of C7H6O4. We propose the name xylaric acid for this compound.
Comparative study of serum amyloid-related protein SAA, C-reactive protein, and beta 2-microglobulin as markers of renal allograft rejection. (1984)

The effect of renal allograft rejection on the concentrations of the amyloid-related protein SAA, C-reactive protein (CRP), and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) were compared, and the usefulness of post-transplant monitoring of these proteins in rejection diagnosis was evaluated. On the basis of the data from 30 reversible allograft rejections, the SAA test in rejection diagnosis was found to be more useful than either the beta 2m or CRP tests. The dramatic rejection-induced SAA elevation made it possible to choose a limit value for the SAA test that combined high sensitivity with reasonably high specificity. In contrast, limit values for beta 2m or CRP giving high sensitivity were combined with relatively low specificity. It is concluded that while post-transplant monitoring of SAA, CRP and beta 2m can all provide useful information aiding the early recognition and verification of acute allograft rejection, the properties of SAA are best suited for the purpose of a rejection marker.
ALTERATION OF NOREPINEPHRINE RELEASE FROM [3]-NOREPINEPHRINE PRELOADED BASILAR ARTERY BY NAPHTHALENESULFONAMIDES (1982)

The effects of W-7, W-5, No. 233, and chlorpromazine on sympathetic nerve transmitter efflux were compared in superfused canine basilar arterial preparations preloaded with [3H]-norepinephrine. In vitro experiments suggest that these agents are selective calmodulin antagonists. The electrical transmural stimulation-induced efflux of tritium was reduced by W-7 and W-5, although they were unexpectedly equipotent since W-5 is a chloride-deficient derivative of W-7 and has a lower affinity for calmodulin than does W-7. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of W-7 for stimulation-induced efflux was 3.4×10−6 M. The addition of No. 233 at relatively high concentrations (3×10−5 M and 5×10−5 M) caused a reduction in stimulation-induced efflux. Chlorpromazine produced a dual effect on the efflux: enhancement at low concentrations (below 1 ×10−6 M) and reduction at high concentrations. The IC50 values of No. 233 and chlorpromazine were 3.5×10−5 M and 2.5 × 10−5 M, respectively. The additions of these four agents also caused a significant elevation in the spontaneous basal efflux of tritium from the preparations. The concentrations of the agents that elevated the spontaneous efflux to the level of half the stimulation -induced efflux were closely fitted to the IC50 values for stimulation-induced efflux. This finding indicates that the elevation in spontaneous efflux is directly proportional to the reduction in electrical stimulation-induced efflux. From these findings, it is concluded that naphthalenesulfonamides including W-7 have a direct effect on sympathetic nerve terminals which is independent of the effect on calmodulin.
Anchors: High-Precision Model-Agnostic Explanations (2018)

We introduce a novel model-agnostic system that explains the behavior of complex models with high-precision rules called anchors, representing local, "sufficient" conditions for predictions. We propose an algorithm to efficiently compute these explanations for any black-box model with high-probability guarantees. We demonstrate the flexibility of anchors by explaining a myriad of different models for different domains and tasks. In a user study, we show that anchors enable users to predict how a model would behave on unseen instances with less effort and higher precision, as compared to existing linear explanations or no explanations.
Micro to nanoneedles: a trend of modernized transepidermal drug delivery system (2017)

The transdermal route of drug delivery is convenient, pain-free and follows controlled rate release pattern. However, many therapeutically active drugs cannot cross the stratum corneum effectively. Lipophilic drugs like nifedipine cross the outer skin barrier easily and polar drugs, such as epinephrine are ineffective in showing the same effect. Due to these reasons, advancements in drug delivery have taken place to deliver a wide range of drugs, especially macromolecules through the transdermal route and directly into systemic circulation bypassing hepatic metabolism and GIT degradation. So there is a need for advanced drug delivery systems like microneedles and nanoneedles through transdermal route. These tiny needles will also serve as non-toxic, safe and stable systems for advanced drug delivery. Thus, macro to nanoformulation is the fast emerging fields nowadays. These have additional advantages to transdermal patches, such as better penetration, permeation, controlled release and direct delivery to the cytoplasm.
Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli oligopeptide transport mutants (1985)

The composition of the outer membrane channels formed by the OmpF and OmpC porins is important in peptide permeation, and elimination of these proteins from the Escherichia coli outer membrane results in a cell in which the primary means for peptide permeation through this cell structure has been lost. E. coli peptide transport mutants which harbor defects in genes other than the ompF/ompC genes have been isolated on the basis of their resistance to toxic tripeptides. The genetic defects carried by these oligopeptide permease-negative (Opp-) strains were found to map in two distinct chromosomal locations. One opp locus was trp linked and mapped to the interval between att phi 80 and galU. Complementation studies with F'123 opp derivatives indicated that this peptide transport locus resembles that characterized in Salmonella typhimurium as a tetracistronic operon (B. G. Hogarth and C. F. Higgins, J. Bacteriol. 153:1548-1551, 1983). The second opp locus, which we have designated oppE, was mapped to the interval between dnaC and hsd at 98.5 min on the E. coli chromosome. The differences in peptide utilization, sensitivity and resistance to toxic peptides, and the L-[U-14C]alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine transport properties observed with these Opp-E. coli strains demonstrated that the transport systems encoded by the trp-linked opp genes and by the oppE gene(s) have different substrate preferences. Mutants harboring defects in both peptide transport loci defined in this study would not grow on nutritional peptides except for tri-L-methionine, were totally resistant to toxic peptides, and would not actively transport L-[U-14C]alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine.
Regeneration of Anterior Cruciate Ligament by Biodegradable Scaffold Combined with Local Controlled Release of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Collagen Wrapping (2008)

The objective of this study was to increase the therapeutic efficacy of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery using an artificial ligament material developed through a combination of tissue engineering technologies. A poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffold of plain-woven braid was incorporated with a gelatin hydrogel for controlled release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and wrapped with a collagen membrane to allow space for ligament regeneration. For the ACL reconstruction surgery, the PLLA braid scaffold combined with the gelatin hydrogel incorporating bFGF and the collagen wrapping was applied to a tunnel prepared in the femur and tibia of rabbits. The hydrogel was placed in the bone, whereas the portion of the braid inside the joint cavity was wrapped with the membrane. As controls, the PLLA scaffold was applied with the hydrogel or the membrane, or without either material. Bone regeneration in the tunnel and ACL tissue regeneration in the joint cavity were histologically evaluated, and the mechanical strength and collagen content of the regenerated ACL were assessed. When the PLLA scaffold was integrated with both the hydrogel and the membrane, bone and ACL tissues were regenerated in the corresponding sites, in marked contrast to the control groups. Combination of bFGF-controlled release resulted in enhanced mechanical strength of the regenerated ACL tissue. In the joint cavity, it is possible that the local bFGF release inside the membrane enhanced the cell migration and collagen production, and that the surrounding PLLA scaffold results in the biological regeneration of ligament-like tissue. Additionally, significant bone regeneration around the scaffold was observed in the bone tunnel. It is therefore possible that the local controlled release of bFGF near the PLLA braid induced both osseointegration and intrascaffold cell migration in the bone tunnel and joint cavity, respectively, resulting in an overall increase in the mechanical strength of the regenerated ACL.
Serine Phosphorylation-regulated Ubiquitination and Degradation of β-Catenin (1997)

Several lines of evidence suggest that accumulation of cytoplasmic beta-catenin transduces an oncogenic signal. We show that beta-catenin is ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteosome and that beta-catenin stability is regulated by a diacylglycerol-independent protein kinase C-like kinase activity, which is required for beta-catenin ubiquitination. We also define a six-amino acid sequence found in both beta-catenin and the NF-kappaB regulatory protein IkappaBalpha, which, upon phosphorylation, targets both proteins for ubiquitination. Mutation of a single serine within the ubiquitination targeting sequence prevents ubiquitination of beta-catenin. Mutations within the ubiquitination targeting sequence of beta-catenin may be oncogenic.
A genome-wide search for chromosomal loci linked to mental health wellness in relatives at high risk for bipolar affective disorder among the Old Order Amish (1998)

Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD; manic-depressive illness) is characterized by episodes of mania and/or hypomania interspersed with periods of depression. Compelling evidence supports a significant genetic component in the susceptibility to develop BPAD. To date, however, linkage studies have attempted only to identify chromosomal loci that cause or increase the risk of developing BPAD. To determine whether there could be protective alleles that prevent or reduce the risk of developing BPAD, similar to what is observed in other genetic disorders, we used mental health wellness (absence of any psychiatric disorder) as the phenotype in our genome-wide linkage scan of several large multigeneration Old Order Amish pedigrees exhibiting an extremely high incidence of BPAD. We have found strong evidence for a locus on chromosome 4p at D4S2949 (maximum GENEHUNTER-PLUS nonparametric linkage score = 4.05, P = 5. 22 x 10(-4); SIBPAL Pempirical value <3 x 10(-5)) and suggestive evidence for a locus on chromosome 4q at D4S397 (maximum GENEHUNTER-PLUS nonparametric linkage score = 3.29, P = 2.57 x 10(-3); SIBPAL Pempirical value <1 x 10(-3)) that are linked to mental health wellness. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that certain alleles could prevent or modify the clinical manifestations of BPAD and perhaps other related affective disorders.
TGF‐β, BMPS, and their signal transducing mediators, Smads, in rat fracture healing (2002)

Smads are cytoplasmic signal transducers of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Their relation to fracture healing is unknown. This study examined the temporal protein expression of Smads, together with TGF-beta and BMPs, using immunohistochemistry in a rodent fracture model. Over-expression of TGF-beta, BMPs-2, 4, and 7, common-mediator Smad (Smad4), and receptor-regulated Smads (Smads1, 2, 3, and 5) versus lower levels of inhibitory Smad (Smad6), were detected at day 3 in osteogenic cells in the thickened periosteum and bone marrow at the fracture sites. At day 10, Smad6 increased dramatically, Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 remained elevated while Smad1 and Smad5 decreased in the fracture callus. Smad7 was expressed only in vascular endothelial cells. By day 28, when new bone had replaced the fracture callus, all the protein regulators decreased, approaching control levels. During fracture healing, the expression patterns of Smads1 and 5 were similar to that of BMPs-2 and 7 whereas the expression of Smads2 and 3 was parallel with that of TGF-beta. The Smad family, associated with BMPs and TGF-beta, may play an important role in the early stage of rat fracture healing.