gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MinCD Proteins Control the Septation Process during Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis (1998)

Mutation of the divIVB locus in Bacillus subtilis causes misplacement of the septum during cell division and allows the formation of anucleate minicells. The divIVB locus contains five open reading frames (ORFs). The last two ORFs (minCD) are homologous to minC and minD of Escherichia coli but a minE homolog is lacking in B. subtilis. There is some similarity between minicell formation and the asymmetric septation that normally occurs during sporulation in terms of polar septum localization. However, it has been proposed that MinCD has no essential role in sporulation septum formation. We have used electron microscopic studies to show septation events during sporulation in some minD strains. We have observed an unusually thin septum at the midcell position in minD and also in minD spoIIE71 mutant cells. Fluorescence microscopy also localized a SpoIIE-green fluorescent protein fusion protein at the midcell site in minD cells. We propose that the MinCD complex plays an important role in asymmetric septum formation during sporulation of B. subtilis cells.
Modulation of gastric distension-induced sensations by small intestinal receptors (2001)

Duodenal lipid exacerbates gastrointestinal sensations during gastric distension. Using luminal application of the local anesthetic benzocaine, we investigated the role of intestinal receptors in the induction of these sensations. Nine healthy subjects were studied on five occasions, during which isotonic saline or 20% lipid (2 kcal/min), combined with (duodenal or jejunal) 0.75% benzocaine or vehicle at 2.5 ml/min, was infused intraduodenally before and during gastric distension. Intragastric pressures and volumes, gastrointestinal sensations, and plasma CCK levels were determined. Duodenal lipid combined with vehicle increased gastric volume (in ml: saline, -10 +/- 18; lipid/vehicle, 237 +/- 30) and plasma CCK [mean levels (pmol/l): saline, 2.0 +/- 0. 2; lipid/vehicle, 8.0 +/- 1.6] and, during distensions, induced nausea (scores: saline, 3 +/- 2: lipid/vehicle, 58 +/- 19) and decreased pressures at which fullness and discomfort occurred. Duodenal but not jejunal benzocaine attenuated the effect of lipid on gastric volume, plasma CCK, and nausea during distension (135 +/- 38 and 216 +/- 40 ml, 4.6 +/- 0.6 pmol/l and not assessed, and 37 +/- 12 and 64 +/- 21 for lipid + duodenal benzocaine and lipid + jejunal benzocaine, respectively) and on pressures for sensations. In conclusion, intestinal receptors modulate gastrointestinal sensations associated with duodenal lipid and gastric distension. There is also the potential for local neural mechanisms to regulate CCK release and thereby reduce afferent activation indirectly.
Synergistic Enhancement of the Antifungal Activity of Wheat and Barley Thionins by Radish and Oilseed Rape 2S Albumins and by Barley Trypsin Inhibitors (1993)

Although thionins and 2S albumins are generally considered as storage proteins, both classes of seed proteins are known to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi. We have now found that the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) thionin concentration required for 50% inhibition of fungal growth is lowered 2- to 73-fold when combined with 2S albumins (at sub- or noninhibitory concentrations) from radish (Raphanus sativus L.) or oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Furthermore, the thionin antifungal activity is synergistically enhanced (2- to 33-fold) by either the small subunit or the large subunit of the radish 2S albumins. Three other 2S albumin-like proteins, the barley trypsin inhibitor and two barley Bowman-Birk-type trypsin inhibitor isoforms, also act synergistically with the thionins (2- to 55-fold). The synergistic activity of thionins combined with 2S albumins is restricted to filamentous fungi and to some Gram-positive bacteria, whereas Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, cultured human cells, and erythrocytes do not show an increased sensitivity to thionin/albumin combinations (relative to the sensitivity to the thionins alone). Scanning electron microscopy and measurement of K+ leakage from fungal hyphae revealed that 2S albumins have the same mode of action as thionins, namely the permeabilization of the hyphal plasmalemma. Moreover, 2S albumins and thionins act synergistically in their ability to permeabilize fungal membranes.
Interaction of LDL with human arterial proteoglycans stimulates its uptake by human monocyte-derived macrophages. (1990)

The aim of this work was to investigate the possible mechanisms for uptake by human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) of low density lipoprotein (LDL) pretreated with human arterial chondroitin-6-SO4-rich proteoglycan (LDL-PG). HMDM were incubated with 125I-labeled tyramine cellobiose-labeled LDL-PG, native LDL, and acetylated LDL (Ac-LDL). The results showed that two to four times more LDL-PG than LDL was bound and internalized by the HMDM. Competition experiments showed that LDL-PG competed with native LDL for the apoB,E (LDL) receptor, but not for the Ac-LDL scavenger receptor. Both the LDL and LDL-PG uptake were reduced after preincubation of the macrophages with unlabeled native LDL, though to a lesser extent with LDL-PG. The specific binding of 125I-labeled LDL and 125I-labeled LDL-PG at 4 degrees C was both saturable and concentration-dependent. The dissociation constant (Kd) for binding was 8.6 x 10(-9) M for LDL and 9.4 x 10(-9) M for LDL-PG, but the maximum binding (Bmax) was 1.5-times higher for LDL-PG. Cholesterol derived from LDL-PG was less effective than native LDL in suppressing HMG-CoA reductase activity. The results indicate that the uptake of LDL-PG is mediated not only by the LDL-receptor, but also by another unspecific pathway, which may not be subjected to regulation. These results provide further support for the hypothesis that LDL modifications induced by arterial PG may contribute to the formation of foam cells.
Alkaline Serine Proteinase from <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> Has Synergistic Effects on Asp-f-2-Induced Immune Response in Mice (2002)

In spite of the similar immunological responses in the different groups of mice studied, the results demonstrate enhanced inflammation in the lungs of mice exposed to a combination of both allergens. Allergens with proteinase activity have been found to be involved in airway inflammation and remodeling, which may also apply for Aspergillus-induced allergy.
Charge selectivity of the glomerular filtration barrier in healthy and nephrotic humans. (1993)

We used dextran sulfate (DS) to evaluate barrier charge selectivity in 11 nonproteinuric subjects and in 11 patients with the nephrotic syndrome due to either membranous nephropathy or minimal change nephropathy. The 3H-DS preparation spanned a molecular radius interval of 10-24 A and exhibited size-dependent protein binding in vitro. Urine and ultrafiltrates of plasma were separated by size into narrow fractions using gel permeation chromatography. The sieving coefficient (theta) for ultrafilterable DS of 15A radius averaged 0.68 +/- 0.03 in nonproteinuric vs. 0.95 +/- 0.05 in nephrotic subjects (P < 0.001). Uncharged dextrans of broad size distribution were used to evaluate barrier size-selectivity in separate groups of nonproteinuric subjects (n = 19) and nephrotic patients with either minimal change (n = 20) or membranous nephropathy (n = 27). The value of theta for an uncharged dextran of similarly small radius (approximately 18 A) was significantly larger than that observed for DS in nonproteinuric subjects, but was similar in nephrotic individuals. Further, impaired barrier size-selectivity, as assessed by the sieving profile for uncharged dextrans (18-60 A radius), failed to account fully for the observed level of albuminuria in almost half of the patients with either minimal change (9/20) or membranous nephropathy (12/27). Together these findings suggest that the human glomerular capillary wall normally provides an electrostatic barrier to filtration of negatively charged macromolecules such as albumin, and that impairment of this electrostatic barrier contributes to the magnitude of albuminuria in the nephrotic syndrome.
IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor biologicals: results from a 24-week multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial (2008)

NCT00106522.
Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of multiple sclerosis (2004)

These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that immunization with the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine is associated with an increased risk of MS, and challenge the idea that the relation between hepatitis B vaccination and risk of MS is well understood.
Autoinduction and signal transduction in the regulation of staphylococcal virulence (2003)

The accessory genes of Staphylococcus aureus, including those involved in pathogenesis, are controlled by a complex regulatory network that includes at least four two-component systems, one of which, agr, is a quorum sensor, an alternative sigma factor and a large set of transcription factors, including at least two of the superantigen genes, tst and seb. These regulatory genes are hypothesized to act in a time- and population density-dependent manner to integrate signals received from the external environment with the internal metabolic machinery of the cell, in order to achieve the production of particular subsets of accessory/virulence factors at the time and in quantities that are appropriate to the needs of the organism at any given location. From the standpoint of pathogenesis, the regulatory agenda is presumably tuned to particular sites in the host organism. To address this hypothesis, it will be necessary to understand in considerable detail the regulatory interactions among the organism's numerous controlling systems. This review is an attempt to integrate a large body of data into the beginnings of a model that will hopefully help to guide research towards a full-scale test.
Hierarchically Structured Sulfur/Carbon Nanocomposite Material for High-Energy Lithium Battery (2009)

We report herein a hierarchically structured sulfur−carbon (S/C) nanocomposite material as the high surface-area cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries. A porous carbon with a uniform distribution of mesopores of 7.3 nm has been synthesized through a soft-template synthesis method. The potassium hydroxide activation of this mesoporous carbon results in a bimodal porous carbon with added microporosity of less than 2 nm to the existing mesopores without deterioration of the integrity of the original mesoporous carbon. Elemental sulfur has been loaded to the micropores through a solution infiltration method. The resulted S/C composites with various loading level of sulfur have a high surface areas and large internal porosities. These materials have been tested as novel cathodes for Li/S batteries. The results show that the cyclability and the utilization of sulfur in the Li/S batteries have been significantly improved. The large internal porosity and surface area of the micromesoporous carbon is essential for the high utilization of sulfur.
The multi-dimensional regulation of gene expression by fatty acids: polyunsaturated fats as nutrient sensors (2004)

The liver appears to use the highly unsaturated fatty acid status as a nutrient sensor to determine whether fatty acids are to be stored or oxidized. In this way highly unsaturated fatty acids may function as nutritional factors that reduce the risk of developing hepatic lipotoxicity and insulin resistance.
Nonlinear Optical Frequency Conversion (1994)

The colored rings shown in figure 1 are a spectacular manifestation of one type of nonlinear optical frequency conversion: parametric amplification of quantum noise. The amplification in this case is produced by the propagation of an intense pulse of ultraviolet radiation through a crystal of barium borate. When intense electromagnetic radiation propagates through such a material, whose polarization response at optical frequencies manifests a strongly nonlinear dependence on electric field amplitude, nonlinear mixing of the input radiation generates new spectral components. We can exploit this phenomenon to generate coherent radiation at frequencies for which we have no convenient laser sources.
Accommodation of foreign genes into the Sendai virus genome: sizes of inserted genes and viral replication (1999)

Sendai virus (SeV) is an enveloped virus with a negative sense genome RNA of about 15.3 kb. We previously established a system to recover an infectious virus entirely from SeV cDNA and illustrated the feasibility of using SeV as a novel expression vector. Here, we have attempted to insert a series of foreign genes into SeV of different lengths to learn how far SeV can accommodate extra genes and how the length of inserted genes affects viral replication in cells cultured in vitro and in the natural host, mice. We show that a gene up to 3.2 kb can be inserted and efficiently expressed and that the replication speed as well as the final virus titers in cell culture are proportionally reduced as the inserted gene length increases. In vivo, such a size-dependent effect was not very clear but a remarkably attenuated replication and pathogenicity were generally seen. Our data further confirmed reinforcement of foreign gene expression in vitro from the V(-) version of SeV in which the accessory V gene had been knocked out. Based on these results, we discuss the utility of SeV vector in terms of both efficiency and safety.
Transport in Nanostructures (2009)

The advent of semiconductor structures whose characteristic dimensions are smaller than the mean free path of carriers has led to the development of novel devices, and advances in theoretical understanding of mesoscopic systems or nanostructures. This book has been thoroughly revised and provides a much-needed update on the very latest experimental research into mesoscopic devices and develops a detailed theoretical framework for understanding their behaviour. Beginning with the key observable phenomena in nanostructures, the authors describe quantum confined systems, transmission in nanostructures, quantum dots, and single electron phenomena. Separate chapters are devoted to interference in diffusive transport, temperature decay of fluctuations, and non-equilibrium transport and nanodevices. Throughout the book, the authors interweave experimental results with the appropriate theoretical formalism. The book will be of great interest to graduate students taking courses in mesoscopic physics or nanoelectronics, and researchers working on semiconductor nanostructures.
Flexible-Schedule-Based TDMA Protocols for Supporting Fault-Tolerance, On-Demand TDMA Slot Transfer, and Peer-to-Peer Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks (2008)

This thesis develops a scheduled protocol (time division multiple access, TDMA) called flexible-schedule-based TDMA Protocol (FlexiTP), to address the problem of providing end-to-end guarantees on data delivery, whilst also respecting severe resource constraints of wireless sensor networks. FlexiTP achieves this balance through a distributed, synchronised, and loose slot structure in which sensor nodes can build, modify, or extend their schedules based on their local information. In FlexiTP, it is not necessary to predetermine the number of slots required for a network. FlexiTP’s local repair scheme allows nodes to adjust their schedules dynamically and autonomously to recover from node and communication faults. Hence, it maintains a reliable and selforganising multihop network. Most sensor network protocols designed for data gathering applications implicitly assume a periodic rate of data collection from all nodes in the network to the base station. However, nodes may want to report their data more rapidly or slowly depending on the significance and importance of their data to the end-user. The problem is that traditional TDMA-based protocols are not flexible to changes in traffic patterns because of their rigid slot structure schemes. This thesis aims to solve this problem by developing an ondemand TDMA slot transfer method that leverages the flexible-slot structure algorithm of FlexiTP to transfer time slots from one part of the network to another part. Hence, it allows wireless sensor networks to be adaptive to dynamic traffic patterns in the channel. Many wireless sensor networks are designed with a specific communication pattern such as broadcast from the base station to all sensor nodes in a network, or convergecast from
Alzheimer's disease: a cell biological perspective (1992)

An almost bewildering number of findings concerning Alzheimer's disease mask the significant recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of some inherited forms of this disease and the proteolytic processing of proteins related to the disease. Alzheimer's disease is an amyloidosis, a condition in which certain proteins or protein fragments precipitate in various tissues as amyloid, fibrillar aggregates with a beta-pleated sheet conformation. Alzheimer's is also characterized by neuritic lesions and cell death. Some rare forms of the disease are now known to arise from a mutation in an amyloidogenic protein. Another recent insight is the discovery of an endosomal-lysosomal processing pathway capable of generating protein fragments that can deposit extracellularly as amyloid fibrils. Key future directions for cellular-based research in Alzheimer's disease include the study of membrane trafficking and the passage of intracellular material to the extracellular milieu, molecular signaling among intracellular compartments, the interaction between organelles and the neuronal cytoskeleton, and the nature of cytoskeletal reorganization after neuronal injury.
Structure of a V3-Containing HIV-1 gp120 Core (2005)

The third variable region (V3) of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is immunodominant and contains features essential for coreceptor binding. We determined the structure of V3 in the context of an HIV-1 gp120 core complexed to the CD4 receptor and to the X5 antibody at 3.5 angstrom resolution. Binding of gp120 to cell-surface CD4 would position V3 so that its coreceptor-binding tip protrudes 30 angstroms from the core toward the target cell membrane. The extended nature and antibody accessibility of V3 explain its immunodominance. Together, the results provide a structural rationale for the role of V3 in HIV entry and neutralization.
Applying charge discrimination with electrospray ionization—mass spectrometry to protein analyses (1995)

Electrospray ionization with a magnetic sector mass spectrometer and scanning array detector has unique advantages for sensitive analyses of large biomolecules. The ability to discriminate against low charge state ions (smaller peptides, buffers and salts, background ions) allows for detection of more highly charged ions from proteins present at much lower concentration relative to the small ions from buffers and detergents present. Low femtomole detection limits can be achieved for proteins greater than 100 ku. The charge discrimination phenomenon is more pronounced for higher charged ions, and especially for large biomolecules. Although the charge distribution for the monomer (66 ku) and dimer (133 ku) species of bovine serum albumin overlap, both species can be ascertained readily in a mixture because the lower charged monomer ions have higher optimum microchannel plate voltages than the higher charged dimer ions. Protein-containing solutions can be analyzed directly by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) with array detection, which eliminates time-consuming separation and sample cleanup procedures. For example, heme-containing proteins can be directly detected from ESI-MS of human blood (hemoglobin) as well as from raw meat juices (hemoglobin and myoglobin).
Implicaciones culturales y socioeconómicas de la mujer como partícipe en el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de los sectores económicos: un análisis comparativo México-China (2016)

El emprendimiento empresarial se presenta como una corriente de vanguardia en los estudios y análisis contemporáneos alrededor de las metas de innovación, crecimiento económico y desarrollo social. La mujer como partícipe de la economía, se ha convertido en un tema de investigación, debido a las implicaciones que su activa vinculación con los sectores de economía formal dentro de las naciones. Por ello, el estudio de empoderamiento del género femenino como parte de las tendencias de emprendimiento empresarial ha sido motivo de reflexión a nivel mundial. En el presente artículo se analizan las consecuencias, implicaciones e indicadores que esta faceta ha generado tanto en México como en China, para ello, el objetivo se centra en comparar estos resultados de acuerdo a los indicadores globales de emprendimiento vistos desde la perspectiva del género femenino. De esta forma se propone que China conlleva un avance significativo en materia de emprendimiento frente a México, sin embargo, en México la presión social y cultural ante esta vertiente es menor que la generada en el entorno chino. Determinando que los resultados de emprendimiento empresarial para la mujer en China y México comparten aspectos coyunturales en materia económica, política y social y son analizados partiendo de las condiciones generales del emprendimiento en cada país, hasta los análisis particulares del rol que juega la mujer en el tejido productivo y social en ambas naciones.
DNA-decorated carbon nanotubes for chemical sensing (2006)

We demonstrate a versatile class of nanoscale chemical sensors based on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) for chemical recognition and single-walled carbon nanotube field effect transistors (SWNT FETs) for electronic read-out. SWNT FETs with a nanoscale coating of ssDNA respond to vapours that cause no detectable conductivity change in bare devices. The gases tested are methanol, trimethylamine, propionic acid, dimethylmethylphosphonate and dinitrotoluene. Sensor responses differ in sign and magnitude for different gases and can be tuned by choice of the ssDNA base sequence. Sensors respond and recover rapidly (seconds), and the sensor surface is self-regenerating. Preliminary results of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations are consistent with experiment.
Exploration of the Pharmacophore of 3-Alkyl-5-Arylimidazolidinediones as New CB1Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands and Potential Antagonists: Synthesis, Lipophilicity, Affinity, and Molecular Modeling (2002)

A set of 29 3-alkyl 5-arylimidazolidinediones (hydantoins) with affinity for the human cannabinoid CB(1) receptor was studied for their lipophilicity and conformational properties in order to delineate a pharmacophore. These molecules constitute a new template for cannabinoid receptor recognition, since (a) their structure differs from that of classical cannabinoid ligands and (b) antagonism is the mechanism of action of at least three compounds (20, 21, and 23). Indeed, in the [(35)S]-GTP gamma S binding assay using rat cerebellum homogenates, they behave as antagonists without any inverse agonism component. Using a set of selected compounds, experimental lipophilicity was measured by RP-HPLC and calculated by a fragmental method (CLOGP) and a conformation-dependent method (CLIP based on the molecular lipophilicity potential). These approaches revealed two models which differentiate the binding mode of nonpolar and polar hydantoins and which could explain, at least for compounds 20, 21, and 23, the mechanism of action of this new family of cannabinoid ligands.