gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Connectionist System for Unconstrained Handwriting Recognition (2009)

Recognizing lines of unconstrained handwritten text is a challenging task. The difficulty of segmenting cursive or overlapping characters, combined with the need to exploit surrounding context, has led to low recognition rates for even the best current recognizers. Most recent progress in the field has been made either through improved preprocessing or through advances in language modeling. Relatively little work has been done on the basic recognition algorithms. Indeed, most systems rely on the same hidden Markov models that have been used for decades in speech and handwriting recognition, despite their well-known shortcomings. This paper proposes an alternative approach based on a novel type of recurrent neural network, specifically designed for sequence labeling tasks where the data is hard to segment and contains long-range bidirectional interdependencies. In experiments on two large unconstrained handwriting databases, our approach achieves word recognition accuracies of 79.7 percent on online data and 74.1 percent on offline data, significantly outperforming a state-of-the-art HMM-based system. In addition, we demonstrate the network's robustness to lexicon size, measure the individual influence of its hidden layers, and analyze its use of context. Last, we provide an in-depth discussion of the differences between the network and HMMs, suggesting reasons for the network's superior performance.
Novel high resolution optical scanner actuated by aerosol deposited PZT films (2003)

A performance of a new type of optical 1-D scanner with high resolution for a raster scanning laser display was investigated. PZT actuators were integrated on the scanning device for the mirror driving by using aerosol deposition method. We realized the high resonant frequency of 33.4 kHz and the large scan angle (peak to peak value) of more than 25 degree. This result means that the scanner is capable to the application of SVGA (800/spl times/600) high-resolution-display or more.
Ion jelly: a tailor-made conducting material for smart electrochemical devices (2008)

We present a new concept for the design of a polymeric conducting material that combines the chemical versatility of an organic salt (ionic liquid) with the morphological versatility of a biopolymer (gelatin); the resulting 'ion jelly' can be applied in electrochemical devices, such as batteries, fuel cells, electrochromic windows or photovoltaic cells.
Proteolytic cleavage of ricin A chain in endosomal vesicles. Evidence for the action of endosomal proteases at both neutral and acidic pH. (1991)

Macrophages actively internalize macromolecules into endosomal vesicles containing proteases. The plant toxin, ricin A chain delivered into this pathway by receptor-mediated endocytosis, was found to be exquisitely sensitive to cleavage by these proteases. Proteolytic fragments of ricin A chain were generated within cells as early as 2-3 min after internalization. Toxin proteolysis was initiated in early endosomal vesicles, and transport to lysosomes was not required. As endosomes transit the cell, their lumenal pH drops from neutral to acidic. Previous studies in macrophages had suggested that endosomal proteolysis is dependent on vesicle acidification. Isolated endosomal vesicles containing ricin A chain catalyzed the cleavage of this protein in vitro; however, proteolysis was observed at both neutral and acidic pH. Experiments using isolated endosomes demonstrated that both cysteine and aspartyl proteases were responsible for the cleavage of ricin A chain. The cysteine protease, cathepsin B, catalyzed toxin proteolysis in endosomes between pH 4.5 and 7.0 while aspartyl protease activity was maximal below pH 5.5. Radiolabeling the lumenal contents of macrophage endosomes confirmed that both the cysteine protease, cathepsin B, and the aspartyl protease, cathepsin D, were present in these vesicles. These proteases were not present on the plasma membrane but were found in early endosomes indicating they are derived from an intracellular source. The presence of proteases with different pH optima in early endosomes suggests that processing in these vesicles may be regulated by changes in endosomal pH. This result represents an important difference in protein processing in endosomes versus lysosomes and provides new insights into the function of endosomal proteases.
Noninvasive absorption and scattering spectroscopy of bulk diffusive media: An application to the optical characterization of human breast (1999)

A time-resolved reflectance and transmittance spectrophotometer was developed and used to evaluate noninvasively and simultaneously the absorption and transport scattering spectra of bulk turbid media. The experimental setup, based on mode-locked dye and titanium:sapphire lasers and on an electronic chain for time-correlated single photon counting, was fully automated to make in vivo measurements on biological tissues feasible. The optical characterization of breast, of interest for the development of optical mammography, was performed in vivo on a wide spectral range (610–1010 nm). In particular, the absorption spectral features of the main tissue components (hemoglobin, water, and lipids) were recognized with different relative weight, depending on the age and the measurement position. Best fit with the absorption spectra of the main constituents was performed to evaluate their relative concentration in tissues.
Nucleic Acid Related Compounds. 116. Nonaqueous Diazotization of Aminopurine Nucleosides. Mechanistic Considerations and Efficient Procedures with tert-Butyl Nitrite or Sodium Nitrite,1 (2002)

Nonaqueous diazotization-dediazoniation of two types of aminopurine nucleoside derivatives has been investigated. Treatment of 9-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-amino-6-chloropurine (1) with SbCl(3)/CH(2)Cl(2) was examined with benzyltriethylammonium (BTEA) chloride as a soluble halide source and tert-butyl nitrite (TBN) or sodium nitrite as the diazotization reagent. Optimized yields (>80%) of the 2,6-dichloropurine derivative were obtained with SbCl(3). Combinations with SbBr(3)/CH(2)Br(2) gave the 2-bromo-6-chloropurine product (>60%), and SbI(3)/CH(2)I(2)/THF gave the 2-iodo-6-chloropurine derivative (>45%). Antimony trihalide catalysis was highly beneficial. Mixed combinations (SbX(3)/CH(2)X'(2); X/X' = Br/Cl) gave mixtures of 2-(bromo, chloro, and hydro)-6-chloropurine derivatives that were dependent on reaction conditions. Addition of iodoacetic acid (IAA) resulted in diversion of purine radical species into a 2-iodo-6-chloropurine derivative with commensurate loss of other radical-derived products. This allowed evaluation of the efficiency of SbX(3)-promoted cation-derived dediazoniations relative to radical-derived reactions. Efficient conversions of adenosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine, and related adenine nucleosides into 6-halopurine derivatives of current interest were developed with analogous combinations.
Schwartzia succinivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., Another Ruminal Bacterium Utilizing Succinate as the Sole Energy Source (1997)

Four strains of gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacteria that were curved rods which were motile by means of flagella originating from the concave side of the cells and which fermented succinate quantitatively to propionate were isolated from high dilutions of rumen ingesta obtained from cows on pasture. The bacteria were asaccharolytic and not proteolytic and did not ferment amino acids or peptides. Succinate was the only substrate fermented. Rumen fluid together with yeast extract was required for good growth on succinate. Growth on succinate was enhanced in the presence of fumarate. The strains did not grow at 22 degrees C, and growth at 45 degrees C was in all cases less than growth at 39 degrees C. The cellular fatty acid compositions of all four strains were determined. The DNA base composition was about 46 mol% G + C. The complete 16S ribosomal DNA sequence of the type strain (strain S1-1) was determined, and the phylogenetic relationships were analyzed. The most closely related genera were the genera Selenomonas, Zymophilus, and Pectinatus, whereas the recently described succinate-fermenting organism Succiniclasticum ruminis was distantly related. The name proposed for these strains is Schwartzia succinivorans gen. nov., sp. nov.; the type strain is strain S1-1 (= DSM 10502). These organisms are common inhabitants of the rumina of cows on pasture.
OneBac 2.0: Sf 9 Cell Lines for Production of AAV1, AAV2, and AAV8 Vectors with Minimal Encapsidation of Foreign DNA (2017)

Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors for human gene therapy require efficient and economical production methods to keep pace with the rapidly increasing clinical demand. In addition, the manufacturing process must ensure high vector quality and biological safety. The OneBac system offers easily scalable rAAV vector production in insect Sf9-derived AAV rep/cap-expressing producer cell lines infected with a single baculovirus that carries the rAAV backbone. For most AAV serotypes high burst sizes per cell were achieved, combined with high infectivity rates. OneBac 2.0 represents a 2-fold advancement: First, enhanced VP1 proportions in AAV5 capsids lead to vastly increased per-particle infectivity rates. Second, collateral packaging of foreign DNA is suppressed by removal of the Rep-binding element (RBE). In this study we show that this advancement of AAV5 packaging can be translated to OneBac 2.0-derived packaging systems for alternative AAV serotypes. By removal of the RBE, collateral packaging of nonvector DNA was drastically reduced in all newly tested serotypes (AAV1, AAV2, and AAV8). However, the splicing-based strategy to enhance VP1 expression in order to increase AAV5 infectivity hardly improved infectivity rates of AAV-1, -2, or -8 compared with the original OneBac cell lines. Our results emphasize that OneBac 2.0 represents an advancement for scalable, high-titer production of various AAV serotypes, leading to AAV particles with minimal packaging of foreign DNA.
p21 Functions to Maintain Quiescence of p27-deficient Hepatocytes (2002)

Hepatocytes rarely proliferate in the healthy adult liver. We explored the roles of the cyclin kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 in maintaining hepatocyte quiescence. p27 is expressed throughout the wild-type liver, but the related protein p21 was not detected. However, p21 was detected in livers of p27-deficient mice. Increased p21 protein levels did not result from an increase in p21 mRNA expression, indicating that p21 expression is regulated post-transcriptionally. p21 protein levels increased in cultured primary hepatocytes treated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and cycloheximide, indicating that p21 expression is regulated at the level of protein stability in liver cells. Although increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 4, Cdk2, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen was detected in p27-deficient livers, increased hepatocyte proliferation was detected only in livers of mice deficient for both p21 and p27. In p27-deficient livers, p21 was found in complexes with Cdk2 and CdK4 and can compensate for the absence of p27. Our data indicate that cyclin kinase inhibitor activity is important for maintaining hepatocyte quiescence in the adult liver. Significant increases in p21 were detected in multiple tissues of mature p27-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice, suggesting that the ability of p21 to functionally substitute for p27 is not liver-specific.
Chondrocyte-mediated collagenolysis correlates with cartilage destruction grades in osteoarthritis. (2005)

Collagenase-cleaved collagen--both native and denatured--increases as the severity of OA increases, assessed using a macroscopic clinical and microscopic histological grading system. Collagen degradation was always most apparent around chondrocytes. Furthermore, the native COL2-3/4C fragment has potential as a joint fluid marker for OA.
Formation of triple-helical structures by the 3′-end sequences of MALAT1 and MENβ noncoding RNAs (2012)

Stability of the long noncoding-polyadenylated nuclear (PAN) RNA from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is conferred by an expression and nuclear retention element (ENE). The ENE protects PAN RNA from a rapid deadenylation-dependent decay pathway via formation of a triple helix between the U-rich internal loop of the ENE and the 3'-poly(A) tail. Because viruses borrow molecular mechanisms from their hosts, we searched highly abundant human long-noncoding RNAs and identified putative ENE-like structures in metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) and multiple endocrine neoplasia-β (MENβ) RNAs. Unlike the PAN ENE, the U-rich internal loops of both predicted cellular ENEs are interrupted by G and C nucleotides and reside upstream of genomically encoded A-rich tracts. We confirmed the ability of MALAT1 and MENβ sequences containing the predicted ENE and A-rich tract to increase the levels of an intronless β-globin reporter RNA. UV thermal denaturation profiles at different pH values support formation of a triple-helical structure composed of multiple U•A-U base triples and a single C•G-C base triple. Additional analyses of the MALAT1 ENE revealed that robust stabilization activity requires an intact triple helix, strong stems at the duplex-triplex junctions, a G-C base pair flanking the triplex to mediate potential A-minor interactions, and the 3'-terminal A of the A-rich tract to form a blunt-ended triplex lacking unpaired nucleotides at the duplex-triplex junction. These examples of triple-helical, ENE-like structures in cellular noncoding RNAs, are unique.
Transmural distribution of three-dimensional strain in the isolated arrested canine left ventricle (1991)

Three-dimensional myocardial strains in seven isolated, potassium-arrested dog hearts were measured by biplane radiography of 3 transmural columns of 4-6 radiopaque beads implanted in the midanterior left ventricular free wall. Transmural distributions of strain during inflation of a left ventricular balloon to 20-30 mmHg were computed with respect to the zero pressure state. Magnitudes of the 3 principal strains increased in proportion to ventricular volume (0.0088, 0.0037, and -0.0059 ml-1). At a left ventricular pressure of 8 +/- 4 mmHg, mean circumferential (E11) and longitudinal strains (E22) were similar, increasing from epicardium (0.058 +/- 0.055 and 0.036 +/- 0.024) to subendocardium (0.139 +/- 0.102 and 0.120 +/- 0.084) as did the transmural (wall thinning) strain E33 (-0.053 +/- 0.071 to -0.128 +/- 0.083). Negative in-plane shear E12 was small (-0.008 to -0.052), consistent with a left-handed torsion of the left ventricular wall. Mean transverse shear strains E13 and E23 were small (-0.029 to 0.007) but showed considerable variability between hearts. Fiber strain had no significant transmural variation (P = 0.57). The principal axis of greatest strain was close to the fiber orientation on the epicardium (-15 degrees) but closer to the cross-fiber direction near the endocardium (-40 degrees). Therefore, the end-diastolic fiber lengths are maximized on the epicardium and minimized on the endocardium.
Suppression of Oxidative Stress by β-Hydroxybutyrate, an Endogenous Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor (2012)

Concentrations of acetyl-coenzyme A and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) affect histone acetylation and thereby couple cellular metabolic status and transcriptional regulation. We report that the ketone body d-β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) is an endogenous and specific inhibitor of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs). Administration of exogenous βOHB, or fasting or calorie restriction, two conditions associated with increased βOHB abundance, all increased global histone acetylation in mouse tissues. Inhibition of HDAC by βOHB was correlated with global changes in transcription, including that of the genes encoding oxidative stress resistance factors FOXO3A and MT2. Treatment of cells with βOHB increased histone acetylation at the Foxo3a and Mt2 promoters, and both genes were activated by selective depletion of HDAC1 and HDAC2. Consistent with increased FOXO3A and MT2 activity, treatment of mice with βOHB conferred substantial protection against oxidative stress.
Identification of a loss-of-function inducible degrader of the low-density lipoprotein receptor variant in individuals with low circulating low-density lipoprotein (2013)

Our results support the notion that IDOL contributes to variation in circulating levels of LDL-C. Strategies to inhibit IDOL activity may therefore provide a novel therapeutic venue to treating dyslipidaemia.
Immunohistochemistry of neuron-specific and glia-specific proteins. (1989)

This paper reviews the immunohistochemical distribution of four brain-derived proteins, NSE, NFP, spot 35 and S-100 protein, in neuronal and paraneuronal tissues, concentrating on the results of our own research group. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a brain-specific isozyme of the glycolytic enzyme enolase, is characterized by its consistent occurrence in the cytoplasm of mature neurons. Immunoreactivity for NSE has been found in almost all paraneurons of both sensory and endocrine nature, suggesting that a unique system of intracellular energy metabolism may be shared by neurons and paraneurons. Neurofilament protein (NFP), a neuronal cytoskeletal protein, is immunohistochemically recognized in only a part of neurons, apparently due to the scarcity in neurofilaments in some neurons or to a decreased antigenicity for NFP in the cell. Similarly, only small populations of cells in restricted types of paraneurons, including gut endocrine cells and thyroid C cells, are immunoreactive for NFP. However, the potentiality for paraneurons to express NFP is given credence by the fact that its immunoreactivity is rather frequently found in the neoplasmas of paraneurons which normally do not show this immunoreactivity. Spot 35 protein which is a cerebellar Purkinje cell-specific protein, has displayed immunohistochemical localization in sensory and endocrine paraneurons as well as some neurons including a specific type of intramural nerve cells in the gut. The selective localization of this calcium-binding protein may be correlated with the secretory function and calcium-dependent excitable membrane property in those cells. S-100 protein, another brain-derived calcium-binding protein, is contained in sustentacular cells of paraneuronal organs as well as glial elements of nervous systems. Although it is now widely accepted that S-100 protein is not "glia-specific" but contained in a variety of non-glial cells, its beta subunit protein is still a useful marker for a series of glial and sustentacular cells.
Identification of CXCR4 Domains That Support Coreceptor and Chemokine Receptor Functions (1999)

The interaction of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) with its receptor CXCR4 is vital for cell trafficking during development, is capable of inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) utilization of CXCR4 as a coreceptor, and has been implicated in delaying disease progression to AIDS in vivo. Because of the importance of this chemokine-chemokine receptor pair to both development and disease, we investigated the molecular basis of the interaction between CXCR4 and its ligands SDF-1 and HIV-1 envelope. Using CXCR4 chimeras and mutants, we determined that SDF-1 requires the CXCR4 amino terminus for binding and activates downstream signaling pathways by interacting with the second extracellular loop of CXCR4. SDF-1-mediated activation of CXCR4 required the Asp-Arg-Tyr motif in the second intracellular loop of CXCR4, was pertussis toxin sensitive, and did not require the distal C-terminal tail of CXCR4. Several CXCR4 mutants that were not capable of binding SDF-1 or signaling still supported HIV-1 infection, indicating that the ability of CXCR4 to function as a coreceptor is independent of its ability to signal. Direct binding studies using the X4 gp120s HXB, BH8, and MN demonstrated the ability of HIV-1 gp120 to bind directly and specifically to the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in a CD4-dependent manner, using a conformationally complex structure on CXCR4. Several CXCR4 variants that did not support binding of soluble gp120 could still function as viral coreceptors, indicating that detectable binding of monomeric gp120 is not always predictive of coreceptor function.
Towards Theranostic Multicompartment Microcapsules: in-situ Diagnostics and Laser-induced Treatment (2013)

Paving the way towards the application of polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules in theranostics, we describe diagnostic multi-functionality and drug delivery using multicompartment polymeric capsules which represent the next generation of drug delivery carriers. Their versatility is particularly important for potential applications in the area of theranostics wherein the carriers are endowed with the functionality for both diagnostics and therapy. Responsiveness towards external stimuli is attractive for providing controlled and on-demand release of encapsulated materials. An overview of external stimuli is presented with an emphasis on light as a physical stimulus which has been widely used for activation of microcapsules and release of their contents. In this article we also describe existing and new approaches to build multicompartment microcapsules as well as means available to achieve controlled and triggered release from their subcompartments, with a focus on applications in theranostics. Outlook for future directions in the area are highlighted.
Experimental Demonstration of Elastic Optical Networking utilizing Time-Sliceable Bitrate Variable OFDM Transceiver (2014)

A cost-effective time-sliceable IM/DD OFDM transceiver using low-complex DSP is experimentally investigated. Slicing capabilities are tested for concurrently serving 12.5GHz channels running at up to 10Gb/s variable bandwidth optical routes covering up to 185km.
New nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. 2. Synthesis, biological properties, and structure-activity relationships of 2-alkyl-4-(biphenylylmethoxy)quinoline derivatives (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. 2. Synthesis, biological properties, and structure-activity relationships of 2-alkyl-4-(biphenylylmethoxy)quinoline derivativesRobert H. Bradbury, Christopher P. Allott, Michael Dennis, Eric Fisher, John S. Major, Brian B. Masek, Alec A. Oldham, Robert J. Pearce, Neil Rankine, and Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 22, 4027–4038Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00100a007https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00100a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views754Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts