gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Space of Transferable Adversarial Examples (2017)

Adversarial examples are maliciously perturbed inputs designed to mislead machine learning (ML) models at test-time. They often transfer: the same adversarial example fools more than one model. In this work, we propose novel methods for estimating the previously unknown dimensionality of the space of adversarial inputs. We find that adversarial examples span a contiguous subspace of large (~25) dimensionality. Adversarial subspaces with higher dimensionality are more likely to intersect. We find that for two different models, a significant fraction of their subspaces is shared, thus enabling transferability. In the first quantitative analysis of the similarity of different models' decision boundaries, we show that these boundaries are actually close in arbitrary directions, whether adversarial or benign. We conclude by formally studying the limits of transferability. We derive (1) sufficient conditions on the data distribution that imply transferability for simple model classes and (2) examples of scenarios in which transfer does not occur. These findings indicate that it may be possible to design defenses against transfer-based attacks, even for models that are vulnerable to direct attacks.
Replicase Complex Genes of Semliki Forest Virus Confer Lethal Neurovirulence (2000)

Semliki Forest virus (SFV) is a mosquito-transmitted pathogen of small rodents, and infection of adult mice with SFV4, a neurovirulent strain of SFV, leads to lethal encephalitis in a few days, whereas mice infected with the avirulent A7(74) strain remain asymptomatic. In adult neurons, A7(74) is unable to form virions and hence does not reach a critical threshold of neuronal damage. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of neurovirulence, we have cloned and sequenced the entire 11,758-nucleotide genome of A7(74) and compared it to the highly neurovirulent SFV4 virus. We found several sequence differences and sought to localize determinants conferring the neuropathogenicity by using a panel of chimeras between SFV4 and a cloned recombinant, rA774. We first localized virulence determinants in the nonstructural region by showing that rA774 structural genes combined with the SFV4 nonstructural genome produced a highly virulent virus, while a reciprocal recombinant was asymptomatic. In addition to several amino acid mutations in the nonstructural region, the nsp3 gene of rA774 displayed an opal termination codon and an in-frame 21-nucleotide deletion close to the nsp4 junction. Replacement in rA774 of the entire nsp3 gene with that of SFV4 reconstituted the virulent phenotype, whereas an arginine at the opal position significantly increased virulence, leading to clinical symptoms in mice. Completion of the nsp3 deletion in rA774 did not increase virulence. We conclude that the opal codon and amino acid mutations other than the deleted residues are mainly responsible for the attenuation of A7(74) and that the attenuating determinants reside entirely in the nonstructural region.
Anti-tumor effect of E7080, a novel angiogenesis inhibitor (2008)

VEGFあるいはVEGF受容体を阻害し，がんの血管新生を抑制する抗がん薬の開発が進んでいる．E7080は強力なマルチキナーゼ阻害作用を有し，血管新生に重要なVEGFおよびFGF，PDGF，SCFの受容体に選択性が高いことを特徴とする化合物である．ヒトがん細胞株を移植したヌードマウスの検討では，肝がん，肺がん，大腸がん，乳がんなどのモデルにおいて優れた抗腫瘍効果が，マウス大腸がん株同所移植モデルでは延命効果が明らかにされている．また，肺がんモデルにてプラチナ製剤と併用することで，腫瘍縮小効果の相乗的な増強が認められている．一方，マウス浮遊内皮細胞は，E7080投与により血液中の数が顕著に変動することから，血管への作用を検証する新たなバイオマーカーになると思われる．近年の研究で，腫瘍内血管の構造と，がんの悪性度や血管新生阻害薬の有効性との関連が明らかにされつつある．浮遊内皮細胞や腫瘍内血管研究の，臨床での新たな展開に期待したい．
Diet manipulation and prevention of aging, cancer and autoimmune disease (2005)

Purpose of review Dietary supplementation and other dietary regimens have become increasingly popular in the US population. Information regarding how different dietary constituents interact when consumed simultaneously is needed. This review examines the recent literature on how different dietary constituents may interact physiologically when consumed in combination. Furthermore, the potential human relevance of calorie restriction and nonclassical function of vitamin E is discussed. Recent findings Long-term calorie restriction in monkeys has shown similar beneficial effects as has been shown in rodents. Limited calorie restriction studies in humans have shown promise in reducing the incidence of heart disease and breast cancer. The combination of calorie restriction and ω-3 fatty acids may be a more potent antiinflammatory diet than either regimen alone. The type of fiber that is most protective against colon cancer may be dependent on the type of dietary fat consumed simultaneously. Vitamin E derivatives that possess no antioxidant activity may be potent inhibitors of cancer, but not normal, cell growth. Summary Dietary modification has shown its greatest beneficial effect when started prior to or immediately after the onset of disease. Also, understanding how the subtypes or isoforms of nutrients function is important since their physiological effects may be drastically different. It is important to understand the entire dietary profile of an individual when making dietary recommendations because one nutrient, or dietary ingredient, may enhance or cancel out the beneficial effects of another dietary ingredient.
Carbon Powder and Fiber-Supported Polyoxometalate Catalytic Materials. Preparation, Characterization, and Catalytic Oxidation of Dialkyl Sulfides as Mustard (HD) Analogues (1996)

We report here a prototype material for the sustained catalytic decontamination of mustard analogues with the ultimate goal being the fabrication of self-decontaminating clothing. H5PV2Mo10O40 (1) can be supported on carbon cloths as well as powders, with 1/Ambersorb 572 being the best material (high catalytic activity and low desorption of 1). Evaluation of the desorption of 1 from six carbon supports indicates that the PPAN (pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile) and Ambersorb 572 materials are highly effective at retaining the immobilized 1 even under catalytic conditions (oxidation of tetrahydrothiophene, THT, by tert-butyl hydroperoxide, TBHP). The products of THT oxidation, tetrahydrothiophene oxide (THTO) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), inhibit the reaction at high conversions; however, the catalytic activity can be restored by heating in a vacuum oven to 80 °C. The reactivity for oxidation of four different thioethers by TBHP catalyzed by 1 supported on hydrophobic (Ambersorb 563) and hydrophilic (Ambersorb 572) carbon powders indicates that while the steric and electronic characteristics of the thioether substrates are a factor in reactivity, the hydrophobicity of the carbon support is not.
A rapamycin-sensitive signaling pathway contributes to long-term synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus (2001)

Many forms of long-lasting behavioral and synaptic plasticity require the synthesis of new proteins. For example, long-term potentiation (LTP) that endures for more than an hour requires both transcription and translation. The signal-transduction mechanisms that couple synaptic events to protein translational machinery during long-lasting synaptic plasticity, however, are not well understood. One signaling pathway that is stimulated by growth factors and results in the translation of specific mRNAs includes the rapamycin-sensitive kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR, also known as FRAP and RAFT-1). Several components of this translational signaling pathway, including mTOR, eukaryotic initiation factor-4E-binding proteins 1 and 2, and eukaryotic initiation factor-4E, are present in the rat hippocampus as shown by Western blot analysis, and these proteins are detected in the cell bodies and dendrites in the hippocampal slices by immunostaining studies. In cultured hippocampal neurons, these proteins are present in dendrites and are often found near the presynaptic protein, synapsin I. At synaptic sites, their distribution completely overlaps with a postsynaptic protein, PSD-95. These observations suggest the postsynaptic localization of these proteins. Disruption of mTOR signaling by rapamycin results in a reduction of late-phase LTP expression induced by high-frequency stimulation; the early phase of LTP is unaffected. Rapamycin also blocks the synaptic potentiation induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampal slices. These results demonstrate an essential role for rapamycin-sensitive signaling in the expression of two forms of synaptic plasticity that require new protein synthesis. The localization of this translational signaling pathway at postsynaptic sites may provide a mechanism that controls local protein synthesis at potentiated synapses.
增安型（EExe）分线盒和接线盒中接线端子的数量问题 (1995)

在分线盒和接线盒中，特别是增安型分线盒和接线盒中，允许的载流接线端子和导线的数量，对温升产生的影响很大，通过试验得出了影响结果和它们之间的相互关系，借助综合法和计算机证明，极限温升为４０Ｋ时的接线端子的最高允许数。
Laser trabecular ablation (LTA) (1991)

As part of a pilot study for glaucoma surgery, the use of 3 infrared solid state lasers with 4 fiber optic delivery systems to ablate human trabecular meshwork was investigated. Laser trabecular ablation (LTA) was attempted with the Erbium:YAG (2.94 microns), Erbium:YSGG (2.79 microns), and Holmium:YSGG (2.1 microns) lasers. Laser energy was delivered as a single pulse (250 microseconds) by tissue fiber optic contact with low hydroxyl-fused silica (200 and 500 microns), zirconium fluoride (250 microns), or sapphire (250 microns) fiber optics. Total energy required and thermal effects decreased as laser wavelength increased. LTA was best achieved at 2.94 microns (4 mJ total energy; energy densities = 8.2-12.7 J/cm2; pulse length 250 microseconds) with average thermal damage zones of 5.3-10.3 +/- 1.3-2.4 microns (means +/- SDs) to contiguous structures. This finding has potential applications in the surgical treatment of open-angle and congenital glaucoma and may minimize failure rates seen in other types of surgery on the trabecular meshwork where disrupted trabecular meshwork is not removed.
Comparison of Immunological Properties of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Adipose Tissue–Derived Stem Cells Before and After Osteogenic Differentiation In Vitro (2007)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from various tissues and represent an attractive cell population for tissue-engineering purposes. MSCs from bone marrow (bone marrow stromal cells [BMSCs]) are negative for immunologically relevant surface markers and inhibit proliferation of allogenic T cells in vitro. Therefore, BMSCs are said to be available for allogenic cell therapy. Although the immunological characteristics of BMSCs have been the subject of various investigations, those of stem cells isolated from adipose tissue (ASCs) have not been adequately described. In addition, the influence of osteogenic differentiation in vitro on the immunological characteristics of BMSCs and ASCs is the subject of this article. Before and after osteogenic induction, the influence of BMSCs and ASCs on the proliferative behavior of resting and activated allogenic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was studied as a measure of the immune response (mixed lymphocyte culture). At the same points, the expression of immunologically relevant surface markers (e.g., major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I, MHC-II, CD40, CD40L) was measured, and correlations between the different sets of results were sought. The pattern of surface antigen expression of BMSCs is the same as that of ASCs. Analogous to BMSCs, undifferentiated cells isolated from adipose tissue lack expression of MHC-II; this is not lost in the course of the osteogenic differentiation process. In co-culture with allogenic PBMCs, both cell types fail to lead to any significant stimulation, and they both retain these characteristics during the differentiation process. BMSCs and ASCs suppress proliferation on activated PBMCs before and after osteogenic differentiation. Our results confirm that MSCs are immune modulating cells. These properties are retained even after osteogenic induction in vitro and seem to be similar in BMSCs and ASCs. Our results suggest that allogenic transplantation of BMSCs and ASCs would be possible, for example, in the context of tissue engineering.
Tracking objects with shadows (2003)

In this paper, we present a new method for tracking objects with shadows. Traditional motion-based tracking schemes cannot usually distinguish the shadow from the object itself, and this results in a falsely captured object shape. If we want to utilize the object's shape information for a pattern recognition task, this poses a severe difficulty. In this paper we present a color processing scheme to project the image into an illumination invariant space such that the shadow's effect is greatly attenuated. The optical flow in this projected image together with the original image is used as a reference for object tracking so that we can extract the real object shape in the tracking process. We present a modified snake model for general video object tracking. A new external force is introduced into the snake equation based on the predictive contour such that the active contour is attracted to a shape similar to the one in the previous video frame. The proposed method can deal with the problem of an object's ceasing movement temporarily, and can also avoid the problem of the snake tracking into the object interior. Global affine motion estimation is applied to eliminate the effect of camera motion and hence the method can be applied in a general video environment. Experimental results show that the proposed method can track the real object even if there is strong shadow influence.
6‐Styryl‐4‐methoxy‐2‐pyridon‐Derivate (1971)

Abstract 4‐Hydroxy‐5‐carbäthoxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐pyridone (1) wurden in 4‐Methoxy‐Derivate (2) und dann mit aromatischen Aldehyden in 6‐Styryl‐pyridone (3) umgewandelt, die sich durch Decarboxylieren bzw. katalytisches Hydrieren in 5, 6‐Dehydro‐kawain‐N‐Analoge bzw. deren 7, 8‐Dihydro‐Derivate (5 bzw. 6) überführen ließen.
Real-Time Multicolor DNA Detection with Chemoresponsive Diffraction Gratings and Nanoparticle Probes (2003)

We report a real-time DNA detection method that utilizes single-strand DNA-modified nanoparticle probes and micropatterned chemoresponsive diffraction gratings interrogated simultaneously at multiple laser wavelengths. The surface-bound nanoparticle probe based assay with the chemoresponsive diffraction grating signal transduction scheme results in an experimentally simple DNA detection protocol, displaying attributes of both detection methodologies: the high sensitivity and selectivity afforded by nanoparticle probes and the experimental simplicity, wavelength-dependent resonant enhancement features, and miniaturization potential provided by the diffraction-based sensing technology.
Epigenetic therapy for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer: A clinical review (2017)

Despite a good initial response to chemotherapy, the majority of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer will eventually recur and die of their disease. The introduction of targeted therapies to traditional chemotherapy regimens has done little to improve overall survival in women with ovarian cancer. It has become increasingly apparent that the cancer epigenome contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer and may play an important role in cell proliferation, metastasis, chemoresistance, and immune tolerance. Epigenetic therapies such as DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors have the potential to reverse these epigenetic changes; however, more research is needed to determine how to incorporate these agents into clinical practice. In this review, we discuss the common epigenetic changes that occur in epithelial ovarian cancer, the current epigenetic therapies that may target these changes, and the clinical experience with epigenetic therapy for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer.
Comparison of Efficacies of a Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor and α-Glucosidase Inhibitors in Oral Carbohydrate and Meal Tolerance Tests and the Effects of Their Combination in Mice (2007)

E3024 (3-but-2-ynyl-5-methyl-2-piperazin-1-yl-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazin-4-one tosylate) is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor. Since the target of both DPP-IV inhibitors and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors is the lowering of postprandial hyperglycemia, we compared antihyperglycemic effects for E3024 and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in various oral carbohydrate and meal tolerance tests using normal mice. In addition, we investigated the combination effects of E3024 and voglibose on blood glucose levels in a meal tolerance test using mice fed a high-fat diet. ER-235516-15 (the trifluoroacetate salt form of E3024, 1 mg/kg) lowered glucose excursions consistently, regardless of the kind of carbohydrate loaded. However, the efficacy of acarbose (10 mg/kg) and of voglibose (0.1 mg/kg) varied with the type of carbohydrate administered. The combination of E3024 (3 mg/kg) and voglibose (0.3 mg/kg) improved glucose tolerance additively, with the highest plasma active glucagon-like peptide-1 levels. This study shows that compared to alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, DPP-IV inhibitors may have more consistent efficacy to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, independent of the types of carbohydrate contained in a meal, and that the combination of a DPP-IV inhibitor and an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor is expected to be a promising option for lowering postprandial hyperglycemia.
FoxO1 mediates insulin-dependent regulation of hepatic VLDL production in mice (2008)

Excessive production of triglyceride-rich VLDL is attributable to hypertriglyceridemia. VLDL production is facilitated by microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) in a rate-limiting step that is regulated by insulin. To characterize the underlying mechanism, we studied hepatic MTP regulation by forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), a transcription factor that plays a key role in hepatic insulin signaling. In HepG2 cells, MTP expression was induced by FoxO1 and inhibited by exposure to insulin. This effect correlated with the ability of FoxO1 to bind and stimulate MTP promoter activity. Deletion or mutation of the FoxO1 target site within the MTP promoter disabled FoxO1 binding and resulted in abolition of insulin-dependent regulation of MTP expression. We generated mice that expressed a constitutively active FoxO1 transgene and found that increased FoxO1 activity was associated with enhanced MTP expression, augmented VLDL production, and elevated plasma triglyceride levels. In contrast, RNAi-mediated silencing of hepatic FoxO1 was associated with reduced MTP and VLDL production in adult mice. Furthermore, we found that hepatic FoxO1 abundance and MTP production were increased in mice with abnormal triglyceride metabolism. These data suggest that FoxO1 mediates insulin regulation of MTP production and that augmented MTP levels may be a causative factor for VLDL overproduction and hypertriglyceridemia in diabetes.
Immunization with Surface Antigen Vaccine Alone and after Treatment with 1-(2-Fluoro-5-Methyl-β-l-Arabinofuranosyl)-Uracil (l-FMAU) Breaks Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Tolerance in Chronic Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Infection (2002)

Woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were treated with the antiviral drug 1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyl)-uracil (L-FMAU) or placebo for 32 weeks. Half the woodchucks in each group then received four injections of surface antigen vaccine during the next 16 weeks. Vaccination alone elicited a low-level antibody response to surface antigen in most carriers but did not affect serum WHV DNA and surface antigen. Carriers treated first with L-FMAU to reduce serum WHV DNA and surface antigen and then vaccinated had a similar low-level antibody response to surface antigen. Following vaccinations, cell-mediated immunity to surface antigen was demonstrated in both groups, independent of serum viral and antigen load, but was significantly enhanced in woodchucks treated with L-FMAU and was broadened to include other viral antigens (core, e, and x antigens and selected core peptides). Cell-mediated immunity and antibody responses to surface antigen were observed after drug discontinuation in half of the carriers that received L-FMAU alone. Surface antigen vaccine alone or in combination with drug broke humoral and cell-mediated immune tolerance in chronic WHV infection, but the combination with drug was more effective. This suggested that a high viral and antigen load in carriers is important in maintaining immunologic tolerance during chronicity. The humoral and cellular immunity associated with the combination of L-FMAU and vaccine resembled that observed in self-limited WHV infection. Such combination therapy represents a potentially useful approach to the control of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in humans.
Induction of urinary plasminogen activator by retinoic acid results in increased invasiveness of human prostate cancer cells PC‐3 (1995)

Overproduction of uPA by prostate cancer cells in vivo results in tumor invasiveness and osteoblastic skeletal metastasis due to its mitogenic actions in osteoblasts. In the present study we have examined the effect of several growth factors and steroid hormones on regulating uPA gene expression in the human prostate cancer cell line (PC-3). Treatment of these cells with dexamethasone (Dex) caused a decrease, whereas epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) increased uPA expression in a dose-dependent manner. Trans retinoic acid (RA) also induced uPA mRNA and protein production in a dose-dependent manner (10(-6) to 10(-9) M). This increase was seen as early as 2 hr of treatment until 48 hr. Dex treatment resulted in decreased tumor cells invasiveness, whereas exposure to EGF and RA caused an increase in the invasive capacity of PC-3 cells. These studies should help to better understand the control mechanism of uPA expression in prostate cancer, where uPA has been implicated as a major pathogenetic factor.
Nouvelle méthode de synthèse de thiazolopyridines (1987)

Abstract Il est démontré que la condensation de thioesters aromatiques et aliphatiques avec l'anion d'orthoaminochloropyridines diversement préparé constitue la meilleure stratégie d'accès vers des systèmes polyhétérocycliques condensés tels que les thiazolopyridines. La formation éventuelle de thioamides intermédiaires peut être complétée par une conversion chimique ou photochimique en produits de condensation désirés.
Investigating the safety and efficacy of naltrexone for anti-psychotic induced weight gain in severe mental illness: study protocol of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (2013)

This trial is registered in http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01866098.
Influence of Abiotic Factors on the Occurrence of Three Major Parasitoids of Diaphania indica (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) (1990)

A three year study on the influence of abiotic factors on the occurrence of major parasitolds associated with the pumpkin caterplllar, Diaphania indica (Saunders) revealed that Apanteles taragamae Vler.and Goniozus sensorius Gordh were active during the cooler months of the year (October-April) indicating that temperature had a negative influence on their occurrence. The activity of Apantele s macbaeralls Wilkinson was maximum from April to August and its occurrence was positively influenced by temperature.