gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary histopathology induced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) challenge of formalin-inactivated RSV-immunized BALB/c mice is abrogated by depletion of CD4+ T cells (1992)

In previous studies, it was observed that children immunized with a formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (FI-RSV) developed severe pulmonary disease with greater frequency during subsequent natural RSV infection than did controls. During earlier efforts to develop an animal model of this phenomenon, enhanced pulmonary histopathology was observed after intranasal RSV challenge of FI-RSV-immunized cotton rats. Progress in understanding the immunologic basis for these observations has been hampered by the lack of reagents useful in manipulating the immune response of the cotton rat. This problem prompted us to reinvestigate the characteristics of immunity to RSV in the mouse. In the present studies, extensive pulmonary histopathology was observed in FI-RSV-immunized or RSV-infected BALB/c mice upon RSV challenge, and studies to determine the relative contributions of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells to this process were undertaken. Mice previously immunized with FI-RSV or infected with RSV were depleted of CD4+, CD8+, or both T-cell subsets immediately prior to RSV challenge, and the magnitude of inflammatory cell infiltration around bronchioles and pulmonary blood vessels and into alveolar spaces was quantified. The magnitude of infiltration at each anatomic site in previously FI-RSV-immunized or RSV-infected, nondepleted animals was similar, indicating that this is not a relevant model for enhanced disease. However, the effect of T-cell subset depletion on pulmonary histopathology following RSV challenge was very different between the two groups. Depletion of CD4+ T cells completely abrogated pulmonary histopathology in FI-RSV-immunized mice, whereas it had a much smaller effect on mice previously infected with RSV. FI-RSV-immunized or RSV-infected animals depleted of CD8+ T cells had only a modest reduction of pulmonary histopathology. In addition, RSV infection induced high levels of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytotoxic T-cell activity, whereas FI-RSV immunization induced a low level. These data indicate that immunization with FI-RSV induces a cellular immune response different from that induced by RSV infection, which likely played a role in enhanced disease observed in infants and children.
XML: Extensible Markup Language (1998)

From the Publisher:
Not since Java has a new language turned so many heads in the Web community. Why is XML generating so much buzz? It offers greater flexibility and control when creating Web documents for one. If HTML doesn?t have the tags you need, for example, make your own with XML. And that?s just the beginning of what this powerful metamarkup language can do.

In XML: Extensible Markup Language, renowned author and programming guru Elliotte Rusty Harold combines clear, concise explanations with practical real-world examples to give you a complete understanding of XML. You get expert advice on creating XML documents, step-by-step instructions for adding customized structure to documents, tips for converting HTML to XML, strategies for assembling documents from multiple data sources, in-depth coverage of international scripts, character sets, fonts, and Unicode, thorough analysis of Xlinks and Xpointers, and much more.

The CD-ROM that accompanies XML: Extensible Markup Language features the source code for all the samples in the book as well as copies of Internet Explorer 4 and Netscape Communicator.
Dry filling of hard capsules (2004)

Pharmaceutical Capsules is an essential resource for all those involved in the development, manufacture and testing of capsules.
Synthesis and studies on the effect of 2-thiouridine and 4-thiouridine on sugar conformation and RNA duplex stability (1997)

In order to understand the effect of 2-thiouridine (s2U) substitution on RNA structure and the potential for stabilization of tRNA codon-anticodon interactions through s2U-34 modification, a pentamer RNA sequence, Gs2UUUC, was synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The single strand contains the UUU anticodon sequence of tRNALys with flanking GCs to increase duplex stability. Regiochemical effects of uridine thiolation were determined by comparing the structure and stability of the 2-thiouridine containing oligonucleotide with an identical sequence containing 4-thiouridine (s4U) and also the normal uridine nucleoside. Circular dichroism spectrum indicated an A-form helical conformation for Gs2UUUC which was further confirmed by 2D ROESY NMR experiments. The duplex stability of the three pentamers complexed with a 2'-O-methyl-ribonucleotide complementary strand, GmAmAmAmCm, was determined by UV thermal melting studies and by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The duplex containing s2U has a T m of 30.7 degrees C compared to 19. 0 degrees C for the unmodified control and 14.5 degrees C for the s4U containing duplex. The results from UV experiments were corroborated by imino proton NMR studies that show proton exchange rates, chemical shift differences, and NH proton linewidths indicative of the stability order s2U >U >s4U. The magnitude of the effect of s2U in our model system is comparable to the 20 degrees C stabilization observed by Grosjean and co-workers for 2-thiolation in a codon-anticodon model system composed of two tRNAs with complementary anticodon sequences [Houssier, C., Degee, P., Nicoghosian, K. and Grosjean, H. (1988) J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 5, 1259-1266].
Loss of bombesin-induced feeding suppression in gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-deficient mice (1998)

The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) is one of three members of the mammalian bombesin subfamily of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that mediate diverse biological responses including secretion, neuromodulation, chemotaxis, and growth. The X chromosome-linked GRP-R gene is expressed widely during embryonic development and predominantly in gastrointestinal, neuronal, and neuroendocrine systems in the adult. Surprisingly, gene-targeted mice lacking a functional GRP-R gene develop and reproduce normally and show no gross phenotypic abnormalities. However, peripheral administration of bombesin at dosages up to 32 nmol/kg to such mice had no effect on the suppression of glucose intake, whereas normal mice showed a dose-dependent suppression of glucose intake. These data suggest that selective agonists for the GRP-R may be useful in inducing satiety.
KUH Notes (1986)

No AccessJournal of UrologySpecial Communication1 Oct 1986KUH Notes Gary E. Striker Gary E. StrikerGary E. Striker More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)45128-7AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "KUH Notes." The Journal of Urology, 136(4), p. 919 © 1986 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 136Issue 4October 1986Page: 919 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1986 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Gary E. Striker More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
Role of CRP in transcription activation atEscherichia coli lacpromoter: CRP is dispensable after the formation of open complex (1995)

The role of cAMP receptor protein (CRP) in transcription activation at the Escherichia coli lac promoter was investigated focusing on the steps after the formation of open complex. Although CRP binding to the lac DNA is stabilized in the ternary open complex, a high concentration of heparin dissociates CRP from the open complex without affecting the interaction between RNA polymerase and promoter, resulting in a binary complex. The release of CRP is directly shown by Western blotting and DNase I footprinting. The binary complex exhibits a slightly increased gel mobility compared to the ternary complex. The binary complex retains the characteristics of the open complex in footprinting pattern which is essentially identical with that of the open complex of the lac UV5 promoter. The binary complex is competent for transcription. These results indicate that CRP is not necessary for the maintenance of active open complex. In addition, the removal of CRP does not increase the production of abortive RNAs. We conclude that the contact between CRP and RNA polymerase is not essential for transcription activation after the formation of the open complex at the lac promoter. In other words, the role of CRP in the lac promoter is restricted to the steps up to the formation of open complex.
Increased Endosomal Sorting of Ligand to Recycling Enhances Potency of an Interleukin-2 Analog (2000)

An interleukin-2 (IL-2) variant containing adjacent point mutations (L18M/L19S, termed 2D1) displaying binding affinity to the heterotrimeric IL-2 receptor similar to that of wild-type IL-2 (WT) had been previously found to surprisingly exhibit increased bioactivity in a peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation assay. In order to provide an explanatory mechanism for this unexpected potency enhancement, we hypothesize that altered endocytic trafficking of the 2D1 variant might be responsible by increasing the number of ligand-receptor complexes. We demonstrate here that the internalization kinetics of 2D1 via the high affinity IL-2 receptor are equivalent to those of WT but that a significantly increased fraction of internalized 2D1 is sorted to recycling instead of to lysosomal degradation. We further find a reduced pH sensitivity of binding to IL-2 receptor alpha relative to IL-2 receptor beta compared with WT, which could be responsible for the altered sorting behavior of 2D1 in the acidic endosomal compartment. Accordingly, the 2D1 variant displays a half-life 36 h longer than that of IL-2 in T-lymphocyte culture at concentrations equal to the K(D) of the IL-2 receptor. The extended half-life of intact 2D1 provides enhanced mitogenesis as compared with IL-2. In addition, 2D1 stimulates natural killer cells to a lesser degree than IL-2 at equal concentrations. We conclude that this IL-2 variant provides increased mitogenic stimulation that could not be easily predicted from its cell surface receptor binding affinity while minimizing undesired stimulation of natural killer cells. This concept of altering trafficking dynamics may offer a generalizable approach to generating improvements in the pharmacological efficacy of therapeutic cytokines.
Bile acid levels are increased in the liver of patients with steatohepatitis (2008)

This study shows a distinct pattern of bile acids in the liver of patients with steatohepatitis. Further, the association between bile acids and histological liver injury suggests an association of specific bile acids and disease progression, possibly through bile acid-induced liver injury.
Structure and chemistry of actinobolin (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure and chemistry of actinobolinFrederick J. Antosz, Denny B. Nelson, Delbert L. Herald Jr., and Morton E. MunkCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 16, 4933–4942Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00719a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00719a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views196Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fate of gap junctions in isolated adult mammalian cardiomyocytes. (1989)

The fate of gap junctions in dissociated adult myocytes, maintained for up to 22 hours in culture medium, was investigated by semiquantitative analysis of thin sections and by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Gap junctions in the dissociated myocyte are intact bimembranous structures seen either as invaginated surface-located structures or as annular profiles in the cytoplasm. Surface-located junctions are sealed from the exterior by a sheet of nonjunctional membrane originating (together with the "outer" junctional membrane) from the formerly neighboring cell. Serial sectioning was used to establish that at least part of the annular gap junction population in the freshly isolated myocyte represents truly discrete cytoplasmic vesicles; thus, some gap junctions are rapidly endocytosed after myocyte separation. Analysis of the surface-located-to-annular gap junction ratio suggested that no further endocytosis occurred in rabbit and cat myocytes maintained for 22 and 15 hours, respectively. Guinea pig myocytes, by contrast, did appear to continue endocytosis in culture. Analysis of the distance of gap junctional structures from the cell surface suggested that little if any inward migration of gap junction vesicles occurred. Hypoxia had no detectable effect on the internalization or inward movement of gap junctions. The quantity of ultrastructurally detectable gap junction membrane appeared to remain constant over time, as did the incidence of "complex structures" (i.e., annular gap junction profiles with features previously suggested to represent degradation). New gap junction formation was negligible, and a reappraisal of the nature of "complex structures" led to the conclusion that the origin of these structures need not be related to degradation. Taken together, the findings suggest that degradation and disappearance of gap junctional membrane after isolation of the mature myocyte constitute a much slower process than previously believed, and the possibility that the cardiac gap junction protein has a longer half-life than its counterpart in liver remains open.
Constitutive Release of Metalloproteinase-9 (92-kd Type IV Collagenase) by Kaposi's Sarcoma Cells (1998)

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative disease characterized by proliferating spindle-shaped cells, angiogenesis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Several lines of evidence suggest that KS is a multifocal cytokine-mediated disease of vascular origin. Because metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important enzymes involved in angiogenesis, we studied their activity in five different KS-derived cell lines and compared these data with those obtained with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We focused on the activity of the 72- and 92-kd type IV collagenases because these enzymes are thought to play an important role in the process of tumoral invasion. Nonstimulated HUVEC released a weak 72-kd collagenase activity and no 92-kd collagenase activity, as determined by zymographic analysis. Stimulation of HUVEC with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or TNF-alpha increased the 72-kd collagenase activity and also induced a 92-kd collagenase activity. By contrast, KS-derived cells constitutively released significant 72- and 92-kd collagenase activities. The basal release of these enzymes by KS cells was further enhanced by TNF-alpha or PMA. Conversely after in vivo exposure to chemotherapy, KS-derived cells showed a downregulation of the production of MMPS that could be reversed by the addition of TNF or PMA. These results suggest that KS cells have constitutive features of activated cells that have an invasive and metastasizing potential.
Symmetric Ciphers Based on Two-Dimensional Chaotic Maps (1998)

In this paper, methods are shown how to adapt invertible two-dimensional chaotic maps on a torus or on a square to create new symmetric block encryption schemes. A chaotic map is first generalized by introducing parameters and then discretized to a finite square lattice of points which represent pixels or some other data items. Although the discretized map is a permutation and thus cannot be chaotic, it shares certain properties with its continuous counterpart as long as the number of iterations remains small. The discretized map is further extended to three dimensions and composed with a simple diffusion mechanism. As a result, a symmetric block product encryption scheme is obtained. To encrypt an N×N image, the ciphering map is iteratively applied to the image. The construction of the cipher and its security is explained with the two-dimensional Baker map. It is shown that the permutations induced by the Baker map behave as typical random permutations. Computer simulations indicate that the cipher has good diffusion properties with respect to the plain-text and the key. A nontraditional pseudo-random number generator based on the encryption scheme is described and studied. Examples of some other two-dimensional chaotic maps are given and their suitability for secure encryption is discussed. The paper closes with a brief discussion of a possible relationship between discretized chaos and cryptosystems.
Absence of B7.1-CD28/CTLA-4-mediated co-stimulation in human NK cells (1998)

Recent studies have suggested that B7-CD28 interactions provide co-stimulatory signals for activation of NK cells. Transduction of the B7.1 (CD80) gene into tumor cells has been shown to trigger proliferation and cytotoxicity of murine NK cells and a human NK cell line, YT2C2. Therefore, transduction of the B7.1 gene into CD80-negative human squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) and its stable expression was expected to upregulate proliferation and cytotoxic activities of human NK cells. However, expression of the B7.1 receptors, CD28 and CTLA-4, could not be demonstrated on the surface or in the cytoplasm of normal human NK cells, irrespective of the state of their activation. In proliferation experiments or various cytotoxicity assays, utilizing highly purified human NK cells as responder or effector cells, no enhancement of NK cell generation or activity, respectively, by B7.1+ SCCHN was observed relative to non-transduced or LacZ gene-transduced SCCHN. In contrast, co-incubation of B7.1+ SCCHN targets with human NK cells induced significant inhibition of NK cell growth. Thus, the B7.1-CD28/CTLA-4 pathway is not involved in triggering of human adult NK cells.
An FPGA-based data acquisition system for a 95 GHz W-band radar (2002)

We describe a 95 GHz radar for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The radar measures vertical profiles of the reflectivity and Doppler velocity of clouds, which are then telemetered to the ground for storage. Telemetry bandwidth requires that substantial real-time data processing be done on the UAV in a low-power (less than 100 watts) and small size (less than 1 cubic foot) system. A prototype was developed in less than a year, thus a flexible programmable technology was required. Although typical remote sensing radars use DSP chips, it was determined that our power, size, performance and design-time requirements were best met using FPGA technology. Our system is based on the Giga-Ops Spectrum system which uses Xilinx FPGAs on a novel modular PCI board. Unlike numerous recent FPGA-based signal processors, this presents a new class of applications and embedded system requirements. Reconfigurable capabilities are currently being explored to support radar algorithms which can adapt to a changing environment.
Effect of hyaluronidase on substrate exchange and blood flow in the ischaemic myocardium of the dog (1982)

The mechanism for reduced myocardial ischaemic injury by hyaluronidase was studied in open chest anaesthetized dogs. Repeated coronary artery occlusions were performed and the effect of hyaluronidase (225 NF units per kg) was studied during infusion of noradrenaline 0.125 mg/kg . min. Ischaemic injury was measured as the sum of ST-segment elevations (sigma ST) at 10-15 sites. Regional myocardial blood flow was determined by tracer microspheres. Blood for metabolic studies was sampled from a local coronary vein draining ischaemic tissue and from the coronary sinus draining predominantly non-ischaemic tissue. Hyaluronidase reduced sigma ST and increased subepicardial and transmural blood flow in ischaemic myocardium, but flow was not significantly changed in the ischaemic subendocardium or in non-ischaemic myocardium. Hyaluronidase had no significant effect on arterio-local venous differences of oxygen, glucose, lactate or free fatty acids across the ischaemic myocardium. In conclusion, reduction of myocardial ischaemic injury by hyaluronidase can be explained by increased collateral blood flow and not by an effect on fluxes of substrates across the ischaemic myocardium.
The Further Purification of Motilin, a Gastric Motor Activity Stimulating Polypeptide from the Mucosa of the Small Intestine of Hogs (1971)

A polypeptide has been isolated from the duodenal mucosa of hogs and has been named motilin. Motilin stimulates motor activity in both antral and fundic gland area pouches of the stomach of dogs. It will stimulate pepsin output, with no change in H + secretion, from fundic gland area pouches. Motilin differs from the other characterized gastrointestinal polypeptides both chemically and in its physiological actions. In particular, the presence of phenylalanine as N-terminal residue, the absence of histidine, and presence of large amounts of glutamic acid and glutamine distinguish it from cholecystokinin–pancreozymin and secretin.
Detection of Sialic Acid-Utilising Bacteria in a Caecal Community Batch Culture Using RNA-Based Stable Isotope Probing (2015)

Sialic acids are monosaccharides typically found on cell surfaces and attached to soluble proteins, or as essential components of ganglioside structures that play a critical role in brain development and neural transmission. Human milk also contains sialic acid conjugated to oligosaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. These nutrients can reach the large bowel where they may be metabolised by the microbiota. However, little is known about the members of the microbiota involved in this function. To identify intestinal bacteria that utilise sialic acid within a complex intestinal community, we cultured the caecal microbiota from piglets in the presence of 13C-labelled sialic acid. Using RNA-based stable isotope probing, we identified bacteria that consumed 13C-sialic acid by fractionating total RNA in isopycnic buoyant density gradients followed by 16S rRNA gene analysis. Addition of sialic acid caused significant microbial community changes. A relative rise in Prevotella and Lactobacillus species was accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the genera Escherichia/Shigella, Ruminococcus and Eubacterium. Inspection of isotopically labelled RNA sequences suggests that the labelled sialic acid was consumed by a wide range of bacteria. However, species affiliated with the genus Prevotella were clearly identified as the most prolific users, as solely their RNA showed significantly higher relative shares among the most labelled RNA species. Given the relevance of sialic acid in nutrition, this study contributes to a better understanding of their microbial transformation in the intestinal tract with potential implications for human health.