gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hyperpigmentation syndromes (diffuse hypermelanosis) (1978)

The occasional patient whose illness is associated with generalized hyperpigmentation presents the physician with a challenging diagnostic problem. The increased deposition of melanin is characteristically diffuse and deepens the coloration of the palmar creases, intertriginous areas, oral mucous membranes, and recent scars. Often it accentuates pressure points such as the knuckles, elbows, and knees. The wide variety of disease processes that may cause such hyperpigmentation demands a working knowledge of pathogenesis and differential diagnosis (Table). Although not frequently cited, the observation that hyperpigmentation occurs in pernicious anemia (Ogbuawa et al, this issue of theArchives[p 388]), is not new. Herbert<sup>1</sup>has emphasized the occasional occurrence of hyperpigmentation in patients with a vitamin B<sub>12</sub>or folic acid deficiency. Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>deficiency with hyperpigmentation has been noted in whites, East Indians, Orientals, and in the black race.<sup>2</sup>If pernicious anemia in blacks is as rare as has
Polyquinoxaline as an excellent electron injecting material for electroluminescent device (1996)

Electron injecting properties have been studied for one of polyquinoxaline (PQx) derivatives. PQx was clarified to be an excellent electron injecting material for electroluminescent (EL) device because it has many advantageous properties such as high electron affinity, good thermal stability, good processability, and sufficiently low refractive index. On the other hand, since poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) was known as a good hole injecting material, an EL device with ITO/PPV/PQx/metal type structure was suggested. It was shown that the quantum efficiency of the cell was higher than that of ITO/PPV/metal cell. Related physical and optical properties of PQx derivatives are also investigated.
Control of Oxidative Posttranslational Cysteine Modifications: From Intricate Chemistry to Widespread Biological and Medical Applications (2011)

Cysteine residues in proteins and enzymes often fulfill rather important roles, particularly in the context of cellular signaling, protein-protein interactions, substrate and metal binding, and catalysis. At the same time, some of the most active cysteine residues are also quite sensitive toward (oxidative) modification. S-Thiolation, S-nitrosation, and disulfide bond and sulfenic acid formation are processes which occur frequently inside the cell and regulate the function and activity of many proteins and enzymes. During oxidative stress, such modifications trigger, among others, antioxidant responses and cell death. The unique combination of nonredox function on the one hand and participation in redox signaling and control on the other has placed many cysteine proteins at the center of drug design and pesticide development. Research during the past decade has identified a range of chemically rather interesting, biologically very active substances that are able to modify cysteine residues in such proteins with huge efficiency, yet also considerable selectivity. These agents are often based on natural products and range from simple disulfides to complex polysulfanes, tetrahydrothienopyridines, α,β -unsaturated disulfides, thiuramdisulfides, and 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones. At the same time, inhibition of enzymes responsible for posttranslational cysteine modifications (and their removal) has become an important area of innovative drug research. Such investigations into the control of the cellular thiolstat by thiol-selective agents cross many disciplines and are often far from trivial.
Dietary NaCl modulates Na(+)-H+ antiporter activity in renal cortical apical membrane vesicles (1991)

An apical membrane Na(+)-H+ antiporter mediates proximal tubule NaCl and NaHCO3 reabsorption. The present studies examined whether chronic changes in dietary NaCl intake lead to an adaptation of the Na(+)-H+ antiporter. Rats were maintained either on a low-salt (LS, 0% NaCl) or a high-salt (HS, 2% NaCl) diet for 4 days. Na(+)-H+ antiporter was assayed using the acridine orange fluorescence method in apical membrane vesicles prepared by Mg2+ aggregation. Rats on LS diet exhibited a higher maximal activity (Vmax) for antiporter activity (0.109 +/- 0.008 s-1) compared with rats on HS diet (0.090 +/- 0.008 s-1; P less than 0.01), whereas Na activity (KNa) was similar (13.1 +/- 1.5 and 14.2 +/- 0.8 mM in HS and LS groups, respectively). The modulation of Na(+)-H+ antiporter activity was amiloride sensitive. Proton permeability, Na(+)-dependent [3H]glucose uptake, and vesicle enrichments were similar in both groups. In addition, the dietary protocols were not associated with any systemic acid-base disturbances, K+ deficiency, or hyperfiltration, conditions that have previously been demonstrated to alter Na(+)-H+ antiporter activity. Acute differences in extracellular fluid volume, induced by 10% body weight isohydric expansion failed to affect Na(+)-H+ antiporter activity. Thus chronic alterations in dietary NaCl intake alter the maximal activity (Vmax) of the Na(+)-H+ antiporter. This adaptation may contribute to decreased NaCl reabsorption in extracellular fluid volume expansion, enhanced NaCl reabsorption in extracellular fluid volume depletion, and enhanced NaHCO3 reabsorption in chronic metabolic alkalosis associated with volume contraction.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) control of CD4 T cell subset activation. II. A single peptide induces either humoral or cell‐mediated responses in mice of distinct MHC genotype (1992)

CD4 T cells activated in vivo in response to human collagen type IV (hCol IV) resemble either T helper type 1 (Th1) or Th2 cells depending on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genotype of the responding mice. H-2s mice were shown to selectively activate Th1-like cells, releasing interleukin (IL 2 and interferon-gamma in response to hCol IV, whereas H-2b.d mice were shown to selectively activate Th2-like cells, releasing IL 4 and IL 5 in response to hCol IV. These results suggested that MHC class II regulated the type of effector function observed during an immune response. It was of interest to determine if the functional difference observed between the CD4 T cells of the two strains was due to the presentation of different peptides of the hCol IV molecule by the two MHC class II molecules. The present results demonstrate that a single peptide of the collagen IV molecule will elicit a Th1-like response in H-2s strains and Th2-like responses in H-2b.d strains, as was observed when using the intact hCol IV molecule. Furthermore, the failure to generate Th1-like responses in H-2b.d could be overcome by increasing the dose of this peptide in vitro. Compared to H-2s, the Th1-like response in H-2b required 100 times the amount of peptide to reelicit an equivalent response. These data suggest that a single peptide of hCol IV can control the type of effector response observed.
Androgenic Activity of Dehydroepiandrosterone and Androstenedione in the Rat Ventral Prostate (1988)

In order to assess the androgenic potency of physiological plasma concentrations of the adrenal steroids dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (delta 4-dione) in the rat prostate, these two steroids were released from Silastic tubings of appropriate length and size in castrated male rats. Implants of DHEA led to plasma levels of DHEA and 5-androsten-3 beta,17 beta-diol covering the range of concentrations found in adult men while no significant change was observed in plasma levels of delta 4-dione, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). delta 4-Dione implants, on the other hand, led to a parallel increase in plasma delta 4-dione and testosterone levels at all doses used while plasma DHT only increased at supraphysiological doses of delta 4-dione. At plasma concentrations comparable to those found in adult men; delta 4-dione (0.8 ng/ml) and DHEA (3.4 ng/ml) stimulated prostate weight 3.7- and 2.1-fold, respectively. In the same groups, prostatic DHT levels were elevated at 4.48 +/- 0.05 and 2.70 +/- 0.73 ng/g tissue, respectively. A close parallelism was observed between prostatic DHT levels and prostatic weight in all groups. The present data show that in the rat, a species having no significant secretion of adrenal androgens, plasma concentrations of DHEA and delta 4-dione maintained within the range of those found in adult men are efficiently converted into DHT and act as potent androgenic stimuli in prostatic tissue. The castrated rat bearing Silastic implants releasing constant and predetermined amounts of adrenal steroids offers a good model to study the recently identified role of adrenal steroids in peripheral tissues.
Tuning Light Absorption in Core/Shell Silicon Nanowire Photovoltaic Devices through Morphological Design (2012)

Subwavelength diameter semiconductor nanowires can support optical resonances with anomalously large absorption cross sections, and thus tailoring these resonances to specific frequencies could enable a number of nanophotonic applications. Here, we report the design and synthesis of core/shell p-type/intrinsic/n-type (p/i/n) Si nanowires (NWs) with different sizes and cross-sectional morphologies as well as measurement and simulation of photocurrent spectra from single-NW devices fabricated from these NW building blocks. Approximately hexagonal cross-section p/i/n coaxial NWs of various diameters (170-380 nm) were controllably synthesized by changing the Au catalyst diameter, which determines core diameter, as well as shell deposition time, which determines shell thickness. Measured polarization-resolved photocurrent spectra exhibit well-defined diameter-dependent peaks. The corresponding external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra calculated from these data show good quantitative agreement with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and allow assignment of the observed peaks to Fabry-Perot, whispering-gallery, and complex high-order resonant absorption modes. This comparison revealed a systematic red-shift of equivalent modes as a function of increasing NW diameter and a progressive increase in the number of resonances. In addition, tuning shell synthetic conditions to enable enhanced growth on select facets yielded NWs with approximately rectangular cross sections; analysis of transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images demonstrate that growth of the n-type shell at 860 °C in the presence of phosphine leads to enhanced relative Si growth rates on the four {113} facets. Notably, polarization-resolved photocurrent spectra demonstrate that at longer wavelengths the rectangular cross-section NWs have narrow and significantly larger amplitude peaks with respect to similar size hexagonal NWs. A rectangular NW with a diameter of 260 nm yields a dominant mode centered at 570 nm with near-unity EQE in the transverse-electric polarized spectrum. Quantitative comparisons with FDTD simulations demonstrate that these new peaks arise from cavity modes with high symmetry that conform to the cross-sectional morphology of the rectangular NW, resulting in low optical loss of the mode. The ability to modulate absorption with changes in nanoscale morphology by controlled synthesis represents a promising route for developing new photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices.
A Missense Mutation Accounts for the Defect in the Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase Expressed in the plsB26 Mutant (1999)

The sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (plsB) catalyzes the first step in membrane phospholipid formation. A conditional Escherichia coli mutant (plsB26) has a single missense mutation (G1045A) predicting the expression of an acyltransferase with an Ala349Thr substitution. The PlsB26 protein had a significantly reduced glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase specific activity coupled with an elevated Km for glycerol-3-phosphate.
Porphyria in Sweden (2006)

In a brief survey the work of Swedish porphyrinologists through time is presented, from the organic chemist Jakob Berzelius 1840 to the molecular biologists of today. The building up in Stockholm of a Swedish national competence centre for porphyria is touched upon and the emergence of a computerized national register on the porphyria gene carriers in the country described. Figures for the prevalences of the seven different forms of porphyria diagnosed in Sweden are given. The geographical distribution of gene mutation spectra is shown for the most frequent form, acute intermittent porphyria. The organisation at Porphyria Centre Sweden of its diagnostic and consultative services is described, as is the decentralized model for porphyria care applied in the form of a clinical network covering the long and sparsely populated country. The ideas and activities of the Swedish Porphyria Patients' Association are presented. Its focus on protection-by-information of the porphyria gene carrier against maltreatment in health service contacts, and against other exposures to environmental threats to his or her health, is discussed. The combined efforts of the national porphyria centre and the patients' association have resulted in early and accurate diagnosis of most of the porphyria gene carriers in the country. The information to the carriers and to the health service regarding the mechanisms of the diseases and the importance of avoiding exposure to disease triggering environmental factors have greatly reduced porphyric morbidity. In the case of the acute porphyrias, by this programme and after the introduction of heme arginate in the therapy, mortality in the acute phase has become extremely rare in Sweden. In contrast, probably due to greater awareness of the high risk for liver cancer in acute porphyrias the number of hepatoma cases diagnosed has increased. The current research activities at the Porphyria Centre which aim at finding ways to substitute the mutated gene in acute intermittent porphyria for an undamaged one, or to substitute the enzyme deficiency by administration of exogenously produced enzyme, are mentioned, as is the work to establish a reliable drug porphyrinogenicity prediction model for evidence based drug counselling.
Identification of the catalytic triad of the lipase/acyltransferase from Aeromonas hydrophila (1996)

Aeromonas hydrophila secretes a lipolytic enzyme that has several properties in common with the mammalian enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. We have recently shown that it is a member of a newly described group of proteins that contain five similar blocks of sequence arranged in the same order in their primary structures (C. Upton and J. T. Buckley, Trends Biochem. Sci. 233:178-179, 1995). Assuming that, like other lipases, these enzymes have a Ser-Asp-His catalytic triad, we used these blocks to predict which aspartic acid and histidine would be at the active site of the Aeromonas enzyme. Targeted residues were replaced with other amino acids by site-directed mutagenesis, and the effects on secretion and activity were assessed. Changing His-291 to asparagine completely abolished enzyme activity, although secretion by the bacteria was not affected. Only very small amounts of the D116N mutant appeared in the culture supernatant, likely because it is sensitive to periplasmic proteases it encounters en route. Assays of crude preparations containing this variant showed no detectable enzyme activity. We conclude that, together with Ser-16, which we have identified previously, Asp-116 and His-291 compose the catalytic triad of the enzyme.
Radiotracer development in psychiatry (2005)

Over the last 20 years a number of radiotracers that target various neurotransmitter systems have been developed for use in imaging studies in psychiatry, but there are many more targets still to be investigated. The development of a radiotracer for clinical positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) neuroimaging studies can be a complex and lengthy process with few imaging agents successfully progressing into clinical human studies. One of the most challenging aspects in the procedure is the development of a rapid and simple radiosynthesis protocol to obtain the potential radiotracer with adequate specific activity, isolated radiochemical yield and radiochemical purity for human imaging. Once a candidate has been radiolabelled, full characterization of the radiotracer is required before it can be used in clinical human studies. Pre-clinical studies include investigation into the binding distribution, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, toxicology and dosimetry of a radiotracer. There are many points during the development procedure where a potential radiotracer can be rejected. Due to interspecies differences the development of a radiotracer can either go too far with an unsuccessful candidate or can potentially lead to rejection of a candidate too soon. It is only when the radiotracer has been used in humans can we be certain that a radiotracer is a useful imaging agent for clinical research studies. The development of new technologies, such as micro-PET or SPECT can only improve our ability to predict the success of a radiotracer.
Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 47 improves bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats (2007)

These findings suggest that HSP47 antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of HSP47 improves bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis pathology in rats.
Improvement of thermal stability of proteins by evolutionary molecular engineering. (1996)

Thermal stability of proteins can be improved by evolutionary molecular engineering, without the knowledge about 3D structures of the proteins nor the principle that governs the protein stability. The method will provide a way of improving the thermal stability of industrially important proteins. It can also be used as a tool to study protein stability. There are a substantial number of examples now. Our recent study suggested that it is easy to obtain thermo-stabilized proteins by single-base substitution. Although, it requires further improvement of the method to obtain mutants with double-base substitution within a codon.
Direct Conversion of Ethane to Ethanol by Engineered Cytochrome P450 BM3 (2005)

Picking on someone smaller. Cytochromes P450 catalyze the hydroxylation of thousands of substrates, including alkanes. No naturally occurring P450, however, is known to oxidize the smallest alkanes, ethane and methane. Here we report the direct and selective oxidation of ethane to ethanol using dioxygen, catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 BM‐3 variant engineered for high activity towards small alkanes (see scheme). Achieving P450‐catalyzed oxidation of ethane is a key step in the pathway to P450‐catalyzed methane oxidation and opens new opportunities for the bioconversion of natural gas to fuels and chemicals.
2P1-C15 Dense Panoramic Imaging and 3D Reconstruction by sensors fusion (2006)

In this paper, we propose a new approach for obtaining a dense panorama image and 3D depth information about panoramic environments. We sample sparsely panoramic environment by rotating an acquisition rig composed with a regular camera and a laser sensor. Then we estimate a panoramic depth map by fusing distance informations from stereo vision and laser sensor, and generate a panorama image that has the same spatial resolution as the original regular images. Experimental results using both synthetic and real images show that our approach can produce high quality panorama image and panoramic 3D reconstruction.
Formal definition of SIP proxy behavior (2002)

The rapid growth of the Internet has made possible the use of multimedia in WAN communication. In order to control multimedia sessions between users, the SIP protocol was introduced. The original definition of the SIP protocol is given in the form of a RFC document that contains a number of implementation and compatibility problems. In order to formally define the SIP protocol and thus remove the implementation and compatibility problems, we present the behavior automata for SIP proxy systems. Since the automata are defined in UML, they can be directly used with software tools that translate UML specifications into high-level language code (eg, C++, Java). Results presented improve the implementation time and compatibility for SIP proxy systems.
Brentuximab vedotin in Hodgkin's lymphoma (2012)

Brentuximab vedotin is a well-tolerated and highly active drug in patients with relapsed cHL. This novel agent has the potential to be incorporated in the standard management of the disease with significant therapeutic impact.
Clinical Immunity in Acute Gastroenteritis Caused by Norwalk Agent (1977)

To examine immunity in viral gastroenteritis, we challenged and then rechallenged 12 volunteers with Norwalk agent and evaluated symptoms, jejunal biopsies and serum antibody. With the first challenge, gastroenteritis developed in six volunteers but not in the others. When rechallenged 27 to 42 months later, the six who became ill initially again had gastroenteritis with jejunal lesions; in the six previously immune volunteers illness or jejunal lesions did not develop. Four of five ill volunteers had increases in serum antibody to Norwalk agent after both challenges. Serum antibody did not increase in three immune volunteers after either challenge. Four volunteers who had twice become ill underwent a third challenge four to eight weeks after their second illness. In one gastroenteritis developed; in three, it did not. These findings indicate two forms of immunity for viral gastroenteritis, one of short and the other of long duration. Factors other than serum antibody appear important in immunity to Norwalk gastroenteritis.
Resolving Pore-Space Characteristics by Rate-Controlled Porosimetry (1989)

Summary By monitoring the mercury capillary pressure in rate-controlled porosimetry (intrusion) experiments, new information regarding the pore space of a rock sample has been obtained. With this technique, called an apparatus for pore examination (APEX), it is now possible to resolve the pore space of a rock sample into two interconnected parts. One part identifies the individual pore systems (pore bodies), which are low-energy sumps or regions of low capillarity. The other part corresponds to the pore throats that interconnect with pore systems. New capillary-pressure curves have been obtained by partitioning the total capillary-pressure curve (normal capillary-pressure curve) into two subcurves: the subison capillary-pressure curve, which details the distribution of pore bodies, and the rison capillary-pressure curve, which details the distribution of pore throats. We present APEX data on Berea sandstone and San Andres dolomite that show the volume distribution of low-capillarity regions within the pore space of these rocks. These regions of low capillarity are the principal pore-space regions that trap the residual nonwetting phase upon imbibition of a strongly wetting fluid, as measured by toluene/air systems. The residual nonwetting-phase saturations as determined by the APEX method and by the toluene/air method are in excellent agreement. Thus, the detailed volume distribution of pore systems responsible for trapped nonwetting-phase saturation is determined from APEX measurements, which can have important implications for EOR.
Is TrueFISP a gradient‐echo or a spin‐echo sequence? (2003)

It is commonly accepted that TrueFISP (balanced FFE, FIESTA) belongs to the class of gradient-echo (GRE) sequences. GRE sequences are sensitive to dephasing effects of the transverse magnetization between the excitation pulse and echo acquisition, and phase coherence is only established directly after and before excitation pulses. However, an analysis of the phase evolution of transverse magnetization in a TrueFISP experiment shows very close similarities to the echo formation of a spin-echo (SE) experiment. If dephasing between excitation pulses is below +/-pi, TrueFISP exhibits a nearly complete refocusing of transverse magnetization at TE = TR/2. Only signals acquired before and after TR/2 show an additional T*2 sensitivity.