gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Industrial Applications of 3MA &ndash; Micromagnetic Multiparameter Microstructure and Stress Analysis (2008)

Micromagnetic NDT techniques like the measurement of the magnetic Barkhausen noise, the incremental permeability and the harmonic analysis of the tangential magnetic field allow deriving inspection procedures to online monitoring and control machinery parts and components in production processes in order to characterize mechanical properties like hardness, hardening depth, yield and tensile strength. These types of inspection procedures continuously were further developed in the last two decades so that today the second generation of system hard and software is in industrial use. The application is in steel industry where steel sheets in hot-dip-galvanizing lines were annealed after cold rolling but also in heavy plate rolling mills where after thermo-mechanical rolling special textures and texture gradients can occur. An increasing number of applications are also to find in the machinery building industry and here especially in case of machinery parts of the car supplying industry. Besides mechanical hardness determination the measurement of residual stresses and the detection of inhomogeneities in the surface of machined parts is an inspection task. In different case studies the advantage to implement a micromagnetic NDE technique into the industrial processes is discussed.
Potential antidiarrheal agents: 1-(11-Cyano-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]thiepin-11-yl-alkyl)- and 1-(10-cyano-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10-yl-alkyl)-4-substituted piperidines (1985)

Substitution reactions of 11-(2-bromoethyl)- and 11-(3-bromopropyl)-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[ b,e ]thiepin-11-carbonitrile and further of 10-(2-bromoethyl)- and 10-(3-bromopropyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[ b,f ]thiepin-10-carbonitrile with ethyl 4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylate, 4-phenylpiperidin-4-ol, 4-(2-tolyl)piperidin-4-ol, 4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidin-4-ol, 4-(2-oxobenzimidazolin-1-yl)-piperidine and 1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4,5]decan-4-one afforded the tricyclic piperidinoalkyl nitriles IV-XIII which are cyclic analogues of the antidiarrheal agents diphenoxylate ( I ) and loperamide ( III ). Out of the compounds prepared only IV and XI showed a significant inhibitory effect towards diarrhea elicited by intravenously administered serotonin in mice.
Crystallographic analysis of an “anticalin” with tailored specificity for fluorescein reveals high structural plasticity of the lipocalin loop region (2003)

The artificial lipocalin FluA with novel specificity toward fluorescein was derived via combinatorial engineering from the bilin-binding protein, BBP by exchange of 16 amino acids in the ligand pocket. Here, we describe the crystal structure of FluA at 2.0 A resolution in the space group P2(1) with two protein-ligand complexes in the asymmetric unit. In both molecules, the characteristic beta-barrel architecture with the attached alpha-helix is well preserved. In contrast, the four loops at one end of the beta-barrel that form the entrance to the binding site exhibit large conformational deviations from the wild-type protein, which can be attributed to the sidechain replacements. Specificity for the new ligand is furnished by hydrophobic packing, charged sidechain environment, and hydrogen bonds with its hydroxyl groups. Unexpectedly, fluorescein is bound in a much deeper cavity than biliverdin IX(gamma) in the natural lipocalin. Triggered by the substituted residues, unmutated sidechains at the bottom of the binding site adopt conformations that are quite different from those observed in the BBP, illustrating that not only the loop region but also the hydrophobic interior of the beta-barrel can be reshaped for molecular recognition. Particularly, Trp 129 participates in a tight stacking interaction with the xanthenolone moiety, which may explain the ultrafast electron transfer that occurs on light excitation of the bound fluorescein. These structural findings support our concept of using lipocalins as a scaffold for the engineering of so-called "anticalins" directed against prescribed targets as an alternative to recombinant antibody fragments.
Cryopreservation of human platelets with polyvinylpyrrolidone (1981)

Fourteen polymeric compounds were assessed for their abilities to protect human platelets from injury during freezing and thawing. The effect of polymer concentration and molecular weight, cooling rate, platelet concentration, and short-term storage on platelet recovery were studied. Polyvinylpyrrolidone, average molecular weight 10,000, was found to provide the greatest degree of protection to platelets. Recoveries of platelets of from 60 to 80 per cent were achieved using a 5 per cent final concentration of polyvinylpyrrolidone and a cooling rate of 8 C per minute. Methods of freezing small aliquots of platelets and platelet concentrates were developed. The frozen-thawed platelets were viable in vitro as shown by osmotic reversal, clot retraction, and aggregation by collagen and adenosine diphosphate. The techniques described could be developed readily to facilitate the long-term storage of platelets.
Role of Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptors in Inflammation Control (2004)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) were discovered over a decade ago, and were classified as orphan members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. To date, three PPAR subtypes have been discovered and characterized (PPAR $\alpha$, $\beta/\delta$, $\gamma$ ). Different PPAR subtypes have been shown to play crucial roles in important diseases and conditions such as obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and fertility. Among the most studied roles of PPARs is their involvement in inflammatory processes. Numerous studies have revealed that agonists of PPAR $\alpha$ and PPAR $\gamma$ exert anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. Using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model of inflammation, a recent study in our laboratories showed that these agonists hinder the initiation phase, but not the late phase of the inflammatory process. Furthermore, in the same experimental model, we recently also observed that activation of PPAR $\delta$ exerted an anti-inflammatory effect. Despite the fact that exclusive dependence of these effects on PPARs has been questioned, the bulk of evidence suggests that all three PPAR subtypes, PPAR $\alpha, \delta, \gamma$, play a significant role in controlling inflammatory responses. Whether these subtypes act via a common mechanism or are independent of each other remains to be elucidated. However, due to the intensity of research efforts in this area, it is anticipated that these efforts will result in the development of PPAR ligands as therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Similar embryotoxic effects of sera from infertile patients and exogenous interferon-gamma on long-term in-vitro development of mouse embryos (1999)

Circulating embryotoxic factors could be responsible for reproductive failures observed in patients suffering from recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) and endometriosis. The mouse bioassay has been widely used to detect such factors, since sera from these patients inhibit early embryonic development. This bioassay consists in the in-vitro culture of two-cell mouse embryos in the presence of different sera up to the blastocyst stage (72 h of culture). In the present study experiments were performed over long culture times (3-7 days), from two-cell to spreading stages, to determine the in-vitro effect of sera obtained from RSA or endometriosis patients, as well as the effect of interferon (INF)-gamma on embryo development. An embryotoxicity cut-off value of 45% blastocyst formation was established using control sera. When development to the blastocyst stage was considered only 25% of RSA and 20% of endometriosis sera were embryotoxic. However, all RSA sera significantly inhibited hatching (P < 0.05) and spreading stages (P < 0.01). IFN-gamma (10 micrograms/ml) (P < 0.001) did not impair early embryo development, but significantly inhibited blastocyst spreading. These observations suggest that culture to advanced embryonic stages increases the sensitivity of the bioassay and that IFN-gamma alters in-vitro peri-implantation mouse embryo development.
Mutagenic Analysis of a Receptor Contact Site on Interleukin-2: Preparation of an IL-2 Analog with Increased Potency (1994)

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a 133 amino acid alpha-helical protein secreted by activated T-cells. Combinatorial cassette mutagenesis was used to investigate the functional role of a continuous five amino acid region of IL-2 suspected to interact with the intermediate-affinity IL-2 receptor. A limited random library of IL-2 mutants was constructed in which residues 17-21 (Leu-Leu-Leu-Asp-Leu) were simultaneously mutated. The proteins were produced in an Escherichia coli expression system and screened in a biological assay for their ability to mediate the proliferation of a murine IL-2-dependent cell line. From the over 2600 clones examined, only 42 exhibited significant activity, confirming the functional importance of this region. Selected clones were purified and further characterized by biological and receptor binding assays. Viewed in the context of the recently revised 2.5-A crystal structure for IL-2, these results suggest the following conclusions: both Asp20 and Leu21, as shown by their sensitivity to mutation, are the functionally more important residues in this region, but for different reasons. Asp20 is solvent-accessible and likely plays a direct receptor contact role as previous studies have indicated. Leu21, in contrast, is completely buried in the hydrophobic core of the protein. Substitutions at this position, even a conservative Leu-->Val substitution, were found to perturb the precise hydrophobic packing arrangements that are critical for activity, resulting in a significant loss of function. In addition, one of the analogs identified in the screen was found to be 2-3 times more potent than the wild-type protein.
Polystyrene Nanoparticles with Anionically Polymerized Polybutadiene Brushes (2004)

Model hairy nanoparticles of highly cross-linked polystyrene (PS) cores and linear polybutadiene (PBd) brushes were synthesized. The PS cores were obtained using conventional microemulsion polymerization. The linear PBd brushes were synthesized using surface initiated living anionic polymerization. The PS core nanoparticles of 44 ± 12 nm in diameter (volume weight average) were first lithinated using a combination of butyllithium and N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylethylenediamine. Butadiene was subsequently polymerized at the surface of the particles. Two series of samples were synthesized with different degrees of polymerization (N) and grafting densities (σ). In the first series, while σ was constant at ∼0.14 chains/nm2 (∼500 chains per particle), N changed from 37, 74, 139, to 198. Accordingly, the Mw of brushes changed from 2.0, 4.0, 7.5, to 10.7 kg/mol. In the second series, the weight ratio between PS and PBd was fixed at PS/PBd ≅ 5/2 (σN was constant in this case) and σ varied from 0.15 to 0.08 chains/nm2 and lower. On the basis of the atomic force microscope (AFM) results, it was found that these hairy particles appeared to obtain better dispersion in PBd matrix as N of grafted chains was increased in the first series. More pronounced changes were observed, such as severe aggregation of particles, when σ decreased from relatively high to low with fixed total weight of brushes in the second series. The results were explained using theoretical calculations for grafted planes in contact with a chemically identical melt. In the system of grafted particles with short brushes (N < P, P is the degree of polymerization of the melt) studied in this paper, it was realized that the parameter σ can represent the surface characteristics of the particles and be correlated to the dispersion of particles. A higher σ value corresponds to better dispersion. The properties of cured rubber samples containing hairy particles were also examined using a rubber process analyzer (RPA) and a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). RPA results are consistent with the morphological changes observed with AFM in terms of the “Payne effect”. DMA results show that the glass transition temperatures, associated with the core and brushes, shift when the morphology changes. The AFM, RPA, and DMA results prove the strong correlation among the nanostructure of brushes, the microscopic dispersion of particles, and macroscopic properties of nanocomposites.
CRISPR RNA binding and DNA target recognition by purified Cascade complexes from Escherichia coli (2014)

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and their associated Cas proteins comprise a prokaryotic RNA-guided adaptive immune system that interferes with mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids and phages. The type I-E CRISPR interference complex Cascade from Escherichia coli is composed of five different Cas proteins and a 61-nt-long guide RNA (crRNA). crRNAs contain a unique 32-nt spacer flanked by a repeat-derived 5' handle (8 nt) and a 3' handle (21 nt). The spacer part of crRNA directs Cascade to DNA targets. Here, we show that the E. coli Cascade can be expressed and purified from cells lacking crRNAs and loaded in vitro with synthetic crRNAs, which direct it to targets complementary to crRNA spacer. The deletion of even one nucleotide from the crRNA 5' handle disrupted its binding to Cascade and target DNA recognition. In contrast, crRNA variants with just a single nucleotide downstream of the spacer part bound Cascade and the resulting ribonucleotide complex containing a 41-nt-long crRNA specifically recognized DNA targets. Thus, the E. coli Cascade-crRNA system exhibits significant flexibility suggesting that this complex can be engineered for applications in genome editing and opening the way for incorporation of site-specific labels in crRNA.
괴테 텍스트의 냉소주의 코드 -『베르테르』와 『파우스트』를 중심으로 (2011)

Die Bedeutung eines kunstlerischen Textes liegt nicht fur alle Zeiten fest. Der labyrinthische Diskurs unserer modernen Komplexitatserfahrungen verlangt stets nach dem Wandel von Perspektiven und nach neuen Theorien, die auf die jeweiligen transformierten Bedurfnislagen zuruckgehen. Jede kritische Beschaftigung mit Goethe erfordert daher eine auserst flexible Blickrichtung, weil ein groser Teil der Deutungsmodelle um Goethe fast inkommensurabel ist. Von daher soll die vorliegende Arbeit Goethes Texte Die Leiden des jungen Werther und Faust nicht mehr auf die ``Allgemeine-Code``, die an die ``Werte-Ontologie`` gebunden sind, sondern auf die besondere Code in bezug auf ``Zynismus`` neu erschliessen. Wie bei Peter Sloterdijks Betrachtung ist das aufgeklarte falsche demonstriert werden kann, soll die zynische Code das modernisierte ungluckliche Bewusstsein sein, an dem Aufklarung zugleich erfolgreich und vergeblich gearbeitet hat.Dabei lasst sich die zentrale Stellung des Zynismus als umfassendes gesellschafts- und vernunfkritisches Potential begreifen. In diesem Sinne bietet die vorliegende Studie einige Ansatzpunkte( ``Wahnsinn``, ``Langsamkeit``, ``Hyperrealitat``, ``Thanatos``, ``Knecht``, etc.), die verhullte Struktur von Goethes Asthetik - hiermit last sich die ``Anti-Zentrismus`` in Goethes Denkweg ermitteln - durch eine heuristische Sicht aufzudecken. In der Tat soll jede kulturelle institutionalisierte Disziplin die Programmatik umkreisen, nach der die Domestizierung der gegenaufklarerischen Energie(nun Zynische-Code) vollbracht werden kann. Die aufklarerischen Automomieanspruche richten sich nicht nur gegen die angsterregenden Abhangigkeiten von der auseren Natur, sondern auch gegen die Abhangigkeiten von der inneren Natur (Begehren, Leidenschaft, etc.). Die Disziplinierung dieser mit der ``Differenz`` umgehenden Ethik fuhrte jedoch dazu, dass sie als fremder und bedrohlicher Zwang erfahren wurden. So war dieaufklarerische Vernunft zwar in der Lage, einzelne Furchtkomplexe aufzulosen, erhohte aber auf der anderen Seite das unheimliche Angstpotential im Menschen. Das ist Dialektik der Aufklarung, wie sie auch in den Die Leiden des jungen Werther und Faust vorgefuhrt wird.
Robust transforms for channel estimator in clustered OFDM for high rate wireless data (2002)

Clustered OFDM can provide in-band diversity gain for wideband wireless channels. It is a promising technique for high-rate wireless packet data access, such as mobile multimedia communications. Due to smaller size of each cluster for clustered OFDM than for classical(non-clustered) OFDM, edge effects can be very large. We present new transforms for channel estimators in clustered OFDM systems. The new transforms are independent of the channel delay profiles and can effectively mitigate the edge effects. Computer simulation shows that the performance of clustered OFDM with the estimator using the new transforms is very close to the performance with the optimum estimator that depends on the channel delay profile. For the typical-urban or hilly-terrain delay profiles, clustered OFDM using the new transform based estimator is almost as good as classical OFDM with transmitter diversity.
DNA Vaccination Controls Her-2+ Tumors that Are Refractory to Targeted Therapies (2008)

Her-2/neu(+) tumor cells refractory to antibody or receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors are emerging in treated patients. To investigate if drug resistant tumors can be controlled by active vaccination, gefitinib and antibody sensitivity of four neu(+) BALB/c mouse mammary tumor lines were compared. Significant differences in cell proliferation and Akt phosphorylation were observed. Treatment-induced drug resistance was associated with increased chromosomal aberrations as shown by spectral karyotyping analysis, suggesting changes beyond neu signaling pathways. When mice were immunized with pneuTM encoding the extracellular and transmembrane domains of neu, antibody and T-cell responses were induced, and both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tumor cells were rejected. In T-cell-depleted mice, drug-sensitive tumors were still rejected by vaccination, but drug-refractory tumors survived in some mice, indicating their resistance to anti-neu antibodies. To further test if T cells alone can mediate tumor rejection, mice were immunized with pcytneu encoding full-length cytoplasmic neu that is rapidly degraded by the proteasome to activate CD8 T cells without inducing antibody response. All test tumors were rejected in pcytneu-immunized mice, regardless of their sensitivity to gefitinib or antibody. Therefore, cytotoxic T lymphocytes activated by the complete repertoire of neu epitopes were effective against all test tumors. These results warrant Her-2 vaccination whether tumor cells are sensitive or resistant to Her-2-targeted drugs or antibody therapy.
Phosphorylation of voltage‐gated ion channels in rat olfactory receptor neurons (2001)

In olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), ligand-odorant receptor interactions cause G protein-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase and a subsequent increase in concentration of the intracellular messenger cAMP. Odorant-evoked elevation in cAMP is thought to directly activate a cation-selective cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, which causes external Ca2+ influx, leading to membrane depolarization and the generation of action potentials. Our data show that in freshly dissociated rat ORNs, odorant-induced elevation in cAMP also activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which is then able to phosphorylate various protein targets in the olfactory signal transduction pathway, specifically voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. The presence of PKI (PKA inhibitor peptide) blocked the modulatory action of cAMP on voltage-gated ion channels. By modulating the input/output properties of the sensory neurons, this mechanism could take part in the complex adaptation process in odorant perception. In addition, we found modulation of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channel currents by 5-hydroxytryptamine and the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393. These findings suggest that in situ ORNs might also be a target for efferent modulation.
Olefin Metathesis-Active Ruthenium Complexes Bearing a Nucleophilic Carbene Ligand (1999)

The reaction of [Cp*RuCl]4 (1; Cp* = η5-C5Me5) with the carbene ligand 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IMes) affords a coordinatively unsaturated Cp*Ru(IMes)Cl (3) complex in 86% isolated yield. Solution calorimetric results in this system provide information concerning the electron donor properties of the carbene ligand, which are very similar to those of PCy3. Structural information from single-crystal X-ray studies for complex 3 allows the determination of steric parameters associated with this ligand. The thermochemical information is used to predict the magnitude of the enthalpic driving force behind substitution reactions involving RuCl2(C(H)Ph)(PCy3)2 (1) and the carbene ligand, IMes, affording the RuCl2(C(H)Ph)(PCy3)(IMes) (6) complex in high yield. A similar mixed carbene/phosphine ruthenium complex, RuCl2(C(H)Ph)(PPh3)(IMes), can also be isolated from RuCl2(C(H)Ph)(PPh3)2 and the IMes ligand. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study has been performed on 6. The thermal stability of these mixed phosphine/carbene ruthenium carbene complexes has been studied at 60 °C in toluene. Their catalytic activity has been evaluated for the ring closing metathesis of diethyldiallylmalonate.
Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia (1982)

Recently, a renaissance of interest in "negative symptoms," eg, affective flattening or impoverishment of speech and language, has occurred. Although some investigators believe that these symptoms are important indicators of outcome, of response to treatment, and perhaps of a distinct, underlying pathologic process, research on the negative-symptom syndrome in schizophrenia has been handicapped because no standard instrument existed to assess it. This investigation reports on the developed Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. When symptoms are defined by objective behavioral indices, they have excellent interrater reliability. Furthermore, the five symptom complexes defined by the scale (affective flattening, alogia, avolition, anhedonia, and attentional impairment) have good internal consistency, which indicates that the conceptual organization of the scale is also cohesive.