gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Concurrency control in a dynamic search structure (1984)

A design of a data structure and efficient algorithms for concurrent manipulations of a dynamic search structure by independent user processes is presented in this paper. The algorithms include updating data, inserting new elements, and deleting elements. The algorithms support a high level of concurrency. Each of the operations listed above requires only constant amount of locking. In order to make the system even more efficient for the user processes, maintenance processes are introduced. The maintenance processes operate independently in the background to reorganize the data structure and “clean up” after the (more urgent) user processes. A proof of correctness of the algorithms is given and some experimental results and extensions are examined.
Time course EPI of human brain function during task activation (1992)

Using gradient-echo echo-planar MRI, a local signal increase of 4.3 +/- 0.3% is observed in the human brain during task activation, suggesting a local decrease in blood deoxyhemoglobin concentration and an increase in blood oxygenation. Images highlighting areas of signal enhancement temporally correlated to the task are created.
Living bone grafts. (1992)

procedure of the profession. More positively, this offers help to patients who may be abused by practitioners, including unlicensed psychotherapists and practitioners of alternative medicine, who may not be bound by codes of practice or internal disciplinary procedures.
Effects of human soluble BAFF synthesized in Escherichia coli on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes as well as NK cells in mice (2006)

B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF, also called BLyS, TALL-1, zTNF-4, or THANK) is an important survival factor for B lymphocytes. In this study, we injected mouse abdominal cavity with human soluble BAFF (hsBAFF, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 2 mg/kg body mass) synthesized in Escherichia coli. On the 8th day after injection, we investigated the effects of hsBAFF on immune functional activities of splenic B lymphocytes, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells in mice. The results showed that B lymphocyte proliferation significantly increased in hsBAFF-treated groups with dosages of 0.1 mg/kg (p<0.05), 0.5 and 2 mg/kg (p<0.01). We observed a dose-dependent increase of CD4(+) T lymphocyte percentage and significantly higher values in 0.5 and 2 mg/kg hsBAFF-treated groups (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively) compared to control group, but CD8(+) T lymphocyte percentage remained unchanged. The ratio of CD4(+) to CD8(+) T lymphocytes rose with increasing hsBAFF dosage (p<0.05 for 2 mg/kg hsBAFF vs. control). Significantly stronger NK cell activities were found in 0.5 and 2 mg/kg hsBAFF-treated groups (p<0.05). The main finding of this study is that the hsBAFF can enhance immune responses in the body by increasing B lymphocyte and CD4(+) T lymphocyte function as well as elevating NK cell activity.
Development of a two-step neural network-based model to predict construction cost contingency (2014)

An owner’s cost contingency is one of the most important cost elements within a base estimate to account for unpredictable risks and changes in the delivery of construction projects. The accurate estimation of an optimal contingency is critical for the financial success of a project and for ensuring the optimal use of an owner’s funds. Existing methods for estimating contingency are deficient in that the answers they generate are often far from optimal causing problems such as depletion of budgets, disputes, and reduction in work quality. This study proposes a two-step neural network-based method for estimating the optimal contingency for an owner’s funding of transportation construction projects that has the objective of achieving solutions that are closer to the optimum than existing tools. The two-step method is a development of a one-step neural network approach that has been found to perform better than the approach currently adopted by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT). The two-step ANN-based prediction model is shown to generate estimates of contingency that are closer to the optimum than the one-step ANN-based approach. As a consequence, the two-step approach has the potential to improve an owner’s budgetary decisions, reducing the risk of either underutilizing or over committing funds.
Differential regulation of two glucose transporters in adipose cells from diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats. (1989)

At least two genetically distinct glucose transporters (GTs) coexist in adipose cells, one cloned from human hepatoma cells and rat brain (HepG2/brain) and another from rat skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose cells (adipose cell/muscle). Here we demonstrate differential regulation of these two GTs in adipose cells of diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats and compare changes in the expression of each GT with marked alterations in insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity. Adipose cell/muscle GTs detected by immunoblotting with the monoclonal antiserum 1F8 (James, D. E., R. Brown, J. Navarro, and P. F. Pilch. 1988. Nature (Lond.). 333:183-185), which reacts with the protein product of the newly cloned adipose cell/muscle GT cDNA, decrease 87% with diabetes and increase to 8.5-fold diabetic levels with insulin treatment. These changes concur qualitatively with previous detection of GTs by cytochalasin B binding and with insulin-stimulated 3-O-methylglucose transport. Northern blotting reveals that the adipose/muscle GT mRNA decreases 50% with diabetes and increases to 6.8-fold control (13-fold diabetic) levels with insulin treatment. In contrast, GTs detected with antisera to the carboxyl terminus of the HepG2 GT or to the human erythrocyte GT show no significant change with diabetes or insulin treatment. The HepG2/brain GT mRNA is unchanged with diabetes and increases threefold with insulin treatment. These results suggest that (a) altered expression of the adipose cell/muscle GT forms the molecular basis for the dysregulated glucose transport response to insulin characteristic of diabetes, (b) the expression of two types of GTs in rat adipose cells is regulated independently, and (c) alterations in mRNA levels are only part of the mechanism for in vivo regulation of the expression of either GT species.
Purified Capsular Polysaccharide-Induced Immunity to Staphylococcus aureus Infection (1988)

In this study, we determined that immunization with capsular polysaccharide from Staphylococcus aureus could protect mice against nonlethal infections induced by encapsulated staphylococci. We immunized mice with either formalin-killed bacteria or purified capsular polysaccharide (PCP) and challenged them with one of three related S. aureus strains that varied in capsule size. Quantitative cultures of blood and kidney from the animals were performed to evaluate protection. Immunization with whole bacteria protected mice against infection with the homologous strain. Mice immunized with PCP were protected when challenged intravenously with either a highly encapsulated S. aureus strain or a microencapsulated mutant but not with an unencapsulated mutant. Protection correlated with capsular antibody levels in the immunized animals. Immunity to staphylococcal infection could be passively transferred to naive animals by using immune serum. These experiments suggest that the S. aureus capsular polysaccharide merits further study as a potential vaccine candidate for preventing staphylococcal infection.
Medicinal Chemistry of Fetal Hemoglobin Inducers for Treatment of &#946;-Thalassemia (2006)

In this review we summarize the achievements of medicinal chemistry in the field of pharmacological approaches to the therapy of beta-thalassemia using molecules able to stimulate the production of fetal hemoglobin (HbF). We first describe the molecular basis of the pathology and the biochemical rational of using HbF inducers for therapy; we then outlined the in vitro and in vivo experimental systems suitable for screening of such potential drugs, and finally we describe the different classes of compounds with emphasis on their advantages and disadvantages in the treatment. The results of these reviewed studies indicate that: (a) HbF inducers can be grouped in several classes based on their chemical structure and mechanism of action; (b) clinical trials with some of these inducers demonstrate that they are effective in ameliorating the symptoms of beta-thalassemia; (c) a good correlation was found between HbF stimulation in vivo and in vitro indicating that in vitro testing might be predictive of the in vivo response; (d) combined use of different inducers might maximize the effect, both in vitro and in vivo. However, (e) the response to HbF inducers, evaluated in vitro and in vivo, is variable, and some patients might be refractory to HbF induction by certain inducers; in addition, (f) several considerations call for caution, including the fact that most of the inducers exhibit in vitro cytotoxicity, predicting side effects in vivo following prolonged treatments.
Network MIMO: Overcoming Intercell Interference in Indoor Wireless Systems (2007)

Network MIMO is a family of techniques whereby each user in a wireless system is served through all the access points within its range of influence. By tightly coordinating the transmission and reception of signals at multiple access points, network MIMO transcends the limits on spectral efficiency due to intercell interference. Taking prior information- theoretic analyses of Network MIMO to the next level, this paper quantifies the spectral efficiency gains obtainable under realistic propagation and operational conditions. Our study relies on detailed simulations and, for specificity, is conducted within the framework of the IEEE 802.16e Mobile WiMAX system. All the relevant physical-layer functionalities of Mobile WiMAX are accurately replicated. Furthermore, to facilitate the coordination between access points, we postulate an indoor deployment organized around a gigabit-ethernet backhaul. The results confirm that Network MIMO stands to provide a multiple-fold increase in spectral efficiency under such conditions.
Development of an Antibody Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Biosensor for Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens (2012)

With increasing reports on bioterrorism and other bio-threats, rapid and real time detection methods for various pathogens are warranted. Attempts have been made to improve electrochemical biosensor performance by incorporating Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs). The high surface area of CNTs allows both immobilization of antibodies and electrochemical measurements. Salmonella monoclonal antibodies were covalently attached onto CNTs by using diimide activated imidation coupling. CNTs functionalized with antibodies were immobilized onto a glassy carbon electrode and the presence of pathogen was detected by studying the changes in charge transfer resistance and impedance, before and after the formation of antigen-antibody complex. CNTs behave as molecular wires allowing electrical communication between the underlying electrode and the conjugated antigen-antibody complex. Nyquist plots and cyclic voltammograms were studied and comparisons have been made between glassy carbon electrodes as working-electrode by itself, electrodes immobilized with antibodies and after the formation of antigen-antibody complex. Cyclic voltammeter experiments had a potential scan rate of 100 mVs-1, step height of 1.0 mV and applied potential from -1.0 V to 1.0 V. The electrochemical impedance experiments applied a frequency range of 100 kHz -100 mHz with an AC sine wave amplitude of 10 mV. Amplification in the current density was observed for CNTs immobilized on the electrode surface and decrease in current density and increased impedance was observed after the antigens bound specific antibodies. Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) was done to determine the titer of the antibodies and their sensitivity at different dilutions for antigen detection. This technique could be an effective way to sense the formation of antigen-antibody complexes, with the potential to make the detection process rapid as compared to conventional pathogen detection methods.
Delivery of proteins into living cells by reversible membrane permeabilization with streptolysin-O (2001)

The pore-forming toxin streptolysin O (SLO) can be used to reversibly permeabilize adherent and nonadherent cells, allowing delivery of molecules with up to 100 kDa mass to the cytosol. Using FITC-labeled albumin, 10(5)-10(6) molecules were estimated to be entrapped per cell. Repair of toxin lesions depended on Ca(2+)-calmodulin and on intact microtubules, but was not sensitive to actin disruption or to inhibition of protein synthesis. Resealed cells were viable for days and retained the capacity to endocytose and to proliferate. The active domains of large clostridial toxins were introduced into three different cell lines. The domains were derived from Clostridium difficile B-toxin and Clostridium sordelli lethal toxin, which glycosylate small G-proteins, and from Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, which ADP-ribosylates actin. After delivery with SLO, all three toxins disrupted the actin cytoskeleton to cause rounding up of the cells. Glucosylation assays demonstrated that G-proteins Rho and Ras were retained in the permeabilized cells and were modified by the respective toxins. Inactivation of these G-proteins resulted in reduced stimulus-dependent granule secretion, whereas ADP-ribosylation of actin by the C. botulinum C2-toxin resulted in enhanced secretion in cells. The presented method for introducing proteins into living cells should find multifaceted application in cell biology.
Aptamer-Based Multiplexed Proteomic Technology for Biomarker Discovery (2010)

We describe a versatile and powerful tool that allows large-scale comparison of proteome profiles among discrete populations. This unbiased and highly multiplexed search engine will enable the discovery of novel biomarkers in a manner that is unencumbered by our incomplete knowledge of biology, thereby helping to advance the next generation of evidence-based medicine.
Datatrak Automatic Vehicle Location System in Operational Use in the UK (1991)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The Datatrak AVLS and Position Reporting System has now been in commercial use in the United Kingdom for over two years and now covers virtually the whole of England and the industrial areas of Wales and Scotland. All aspects of the system have proved to be extremely reliable and the provision of a high degree of redundancy has contributed to virtually 100% availability at all times.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The system utilises a dedicated low frequency hyperbolic radio system for location and a unique data network for position reporting. Special software has been written to make full use of the position data received.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The demand for the system is growing rapidly in the UK; there is now a wide range of users and several thousand vehicles have been equipped. Some principle applications are described and these show that the cost savings resulting from the use of the system have become an important and significant selling factor.&lt;/div&gt;
Overview of Biological Therapy in Ulcerative Colitis: Current and Future Directions (2015)

The treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) has changed over the last decade. It is extremely important to optimize the therapies which are available nowadays and commonly used in daily clinical practice, as well as to stimulate the search for more powerful drugs for the induction and maintenance of sustained and durable remission, thus preventing further complications. Therefore, it is mandatory to identify the patients' prognostic variables associated with an aggressive clinical course and to test the most potent therapies accordingly. To date, the conventional therapeutic approach based on corticosteroids, salicylates (sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid) or immunosuppressive agents is commonly used as a first step to induce and to maintain remission. However, in recent years, knowledge of new pathogenetic mechanisms of ulcerative colitis have allowed us to find new therapeutic targets leading to the development of new treatments that directly target proinflammatory mediators, such as TNF-alpha, cytokines, membrane migration agents, cellular therapies. The aim of this review is to provide the most significant data regarding the therapeutic role of drugs in UC and to give an overview of biological and experimental drugs that will become available in the near future. In particular, we will analyse the role of these drugs in the treatment of acute flare and maintenance of UC, as well as its importance in mucosal healing and in treating patients at a high risk of relapse.
NADH inhibition and NAD activation of Escherichia coli lipoamide dehydrogenase catalyzing the NADH-lipoamide reaction. (1981)

A unique form of inhibition by NADH and partial reversal by NAD+ has been demonstrated with Escherichia coli lipoamide dehydrogenase. Substrate inhibition by NADH is consistent with its reduction of the active two-electron reduced enzyme intermediate to the inactive four-electron reduced form. NAD+ partially overcomes this inhibition by mass action reversal of this reduction. NAD+ activation is only partial since the presence of both NAD+ and NADH forces the accumulation of two binary enzyme-pyridine nucleotide complexes. These are intermediates in the two-electron to four-electron reduction of the enzyme and thus are not on the catalytic pathway. NAD+ is also shown to inhibit by binding to the oxidized enzyme to give a dead-end complex. From the steady state rate equations, it is apparent that the degree of inhibition will depend on the oxidation-reduction potential for two- to four-electron reduction of the enzyme. Thus, the wide variation in the severity of NADH inhibition between the E. coli and pig heart enzymes is explained by quantitative differences in the basic lipoamide dehydrogenase mechanism. A possible physiological role for this type of inhibition as a mechanism of control in E. coli is discussed.
Imaging of Lymph Flow in Breast Cancer Patients after Microdose Administration of a Near-Infrared Fluorophore: Feasibility Study (2008)

NIR fluorescence imaging of lymph function and LNs is feasible in humans at microdoses that would be needed for future molecular imaging of cancer-positive LNs.
Caprolactam from Renewable Resources: Catalytic Conversion of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural into Caprolactone (2011)

Renewable nylon: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which can be obtained from renewable resources such as D-fructose, was converted into caprolactone with very good overall selectivity in only three steps. The new route involves two hydrogenation steps to obtain 1,6-hexanediol, which was oxidatively cyclized to caprolactone, and then converted into caprolactam.
Optical and electronic properties of Si nanoclusters synthesized in inverse micelles (1999)

Highly crystalline, size-selected silicon (Si) nanocrystals in the size range 2--10 nm were grown in inverse micelles and their optical absorption and photoluminescence (PL) properties were studied. High resolution TEM and electron diffraction results show that these nanocrystals retain their cubic diamond structures down to sizes \ensuremath{\sim}4 nm in diameter, and optical absorption data suggest that this structure and bulklike properties are retained down to the smallest sizes produced (\ensuremath{\sim}1.8 nm diameter containing about 150 Si atoms). High pressure liquid chromatography techniques with on-line optical and electrical diagnostics were developed to purify and separate the clusters into pure, monodisperse populations. The optical absorption revealed features associated with both the indirect and direct band-gap transitions, and these transitions exhibited different quantum confinement effects. The indirect band-gap shifts from 1.1 eV in the bulk to \ensuremath{\sim}2.1 eV for nanocrystals \ensuremath{\sim}2 nm in diameter and the direct transition at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{25}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15})$ blueshifts by 0.4 eV from its 3.4 eV bulk value over the same size range. Tailorable, visible, room temperature PL in the range 700--350 nm (1.8--3.5 eV) was observed from these nanocrystals. The most intense PL was in the violet region of the spectrum (\ensuremath{\sim}365 nm) and is attributed to direct electron-hole recombination. Other less intense PL peaks are attributed to surface state and to indirect band-gap recombination. The results are compared to earlier work on Si clusters grown by other techniques and to the predictions of various model calculations. Currently, the wide variations in the theoretical predictions of the various models along with considerable uncertainties in experimental size determination for clusters less than 3--4 nm, make it difficult to select among competing models.
A new helper phospholipid for gene delivery (2008)

Enhanced gene transfection activity is observed when using a new helper lipid with DOTAP, compared to DOPE.
Synthesis and Binding Properties of Oligonucleotides Covalently Linked to an Acridine Derivative:  New Study of the Influence of the Dye Attachment Site (1996)

2-Methoxy-6-chloro-9-aminoacridine has been coupled via a polymethylene linker to various positions of an oligonucleotide chain: the 3'-position, using a new universal support, the 5'-position, and both 5'- and 3'-positions via a phosphate. The intercalating agent was also linked to the oligonucleotide chain via an internucleotide phosphorothiolate. The mixture of diastereoisomers was obtained as well as each pure Rp and Sp isomer. Finally, the acridine moiety was introduced to the 5-position of the deoxyuridine. The binding properties of these oligonucleotide-acridine conjugates with their DNA counterparts have been studied by absorption spectroscopy.
Granulysin-Induced Apoptosis. I. Involvement of at Least Two Distinct Pathways (1998)

Granulysin is a newly described cytolytic molecule released by CTL and NK cells via granule-mediated exocytosis. It shares homology with saposin-like proteins, including NK-lysin and amoebapores, and has been implicated in the lysis of tumor cells and microbes. In the present study we show that recombinant granulysin alone induces apoptosis of Jurkat cells. This apoptosis is associated with a sixfold increase in the ceramide/sphingomyelin ratio, implicating the activation of sphingomyelinases. Granulysin- and ceramide-induced apoptosis are similar in that they both are only minimally inhibited by the more selective cysteine protease p32 (caspase 3)-like caspase inhibitor N-acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp aldehyde, while they are significantly inhibited by the more general caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-fmk). Nevertheless, while Z-VAD-fmk almost completely inhibits ceramide-induced apoptosis, a Z-VAD-fmk-resistant component was observed using granulysin. Granulysin also causes apoptosis in cells depleted of sphingomyelin by prolonged treatment with the ceramide synthase inhibitor fumonisin B1. These data indicate that granulysin induces target cell death by both ceramide- and caspase-dependent and -independent pathways.