gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lysosomal compromise and brain dysfunction: examining the role of neuroaxonal dystrophy (2010)

Lysosomal diseases are a family of over 50 disorders caused by defects in proteins critical for normal function of the endosomal/lysosomal system and characterized by complex pathogenic cascades involving progressive dysfunction of many organ systems, most notably the brain. Evidence suggests that compromise in lysosomal function is highly varied and leads to changes in multiple substrate processing and endosomal signalling, in calcium homoeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and in autophagocytosis and proteasome function. Neurons are highly vulnerable and show abnormalities in perikarya, dendrites and axons, often in ways seemingly unrelated to the primary lysosomal defect. A notable example is NAD (neuroaxonal dystrophy), which is characterized by formation of focal enlargements (spheroids) containing diverse organelles and other components consistent with compromise of retrograde axonal transport. Although neurons may be universally susceptible to NAD, GABAergic neurons, particularly Purkinje cells, appear most vulnerable and ataxia and related features of cerebellar dysfunction are a common outcome. As NAD is found early in disease and thus may be a contributor to Purkinje cell dysfunction and death, understanding its link to lysosomal compromise could lead to therapies designed to prevent its occurrence and thereby ameliorate cerebellar dysfunction.
Detection of group A Streptococcus in tonsils from pediatric patients reveals high rate of asymptomatic streptococcal carriage (2012)

The tissue collected was normally discarded tissue and no patient identifiers were collected. Thus, no subjects were formally enrolled.
Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Dysregulations in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2018)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction and restricted-repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Strong inflammation states are associated with ASD. This inflammatory condition is often linked to immune system dysfunction. Several cell types are enrolled to trigger and sustain these processes. Neuro-inflammation and neuro-immune abnormalities have now been established in ASD as key factors in its development and maintenance. In this review, we will explore inflammatory conditions, dysfunctions in neuro-immune cross-talk, and immune system treatments in ASD management.
Two-dimensional image transmission based on the ultrafast optical data format conversion between a temporal signal and a two-dimensional spatial signal (2001)

We have experimentally demonstrated a two-dimensional (2-D) image transmission based on the ultrafast optical data format conversion between a temporal signal and a spatial signal with an ultrashort optical pulse. In the proposed system we adopt a spectral holography technique to transmit a one-dimensional (1-D) spatial signal and use a spatial-domain time-frequency transform to realize a transform between 1-D and 2-D spatial signals. By use of these techniques, a low-optical-loss transmission system can be constructed. To demonstrate a 2-D image transmission with this technique, we achieved experimentally transmission of the alphabet letter T as a 3 x 3 pixel 2-D spatial image.
System Support for Integrated Desktop Video Conferencing (1992)

Desktop computers are increasingly used as communications devices. Advances in digital media are making the integration of video into desktop computers practical, both technically and economically. At the convergence of these technologies is computer-integrated desktop video conferencing. This paper discusses the requirements of integrated desktop video conferencing on a networked set of multimediacapable workstations. Among these requirements are the following: Media-intensive parts of applications should be distributed; a multimedia software platform should provide support for this. Audio and video conferencing require network transparent location and reference of people, media devices, and conferences. The name and remote access reference for a conference must be exportable to client applications. All group support applications that provide remote access require security services. True in any network application, this is more important with live communication streams, such as audio and video. Low latency of an audio connection is more important than synchronization of audio with other timecritical communication, such as video conferencing and user gestures in shared interactive applications. To efficiently support multi-person conferences, multicast networking protocols are essential. A research prototype multimedia platform was evaluated, based on these requirements. This paper presents the lessons learned about system requirements for video conferencing that are not obviously required for single-user multimedia. It also discusses the motivation and requirements for extending the platform to support shared applications not previously considered to have constraints related to time.
Cutting Edge: Complement-Activating Complex of Ficolin and Mannose-Binding Lectin-Associated Serine Protease (2000)

Both ficolins and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) are lectins characterized by the presence of collagen-like and carbohydrate-binding domains in a subunit, although their carbohydrate-binding moieties are quite different. A fibrinogen-like domain is in ficolins, and a carbohydrate recognition domain is in MBL. On binding to pathogens, human MBL activates the complement system via the lectin pathway in association with two types of MBL-associated serine proteases (MASP), MASP-1 and MASP-2 and its truncated form, small MBL-associated protein (sMAP, also called MAp19). We report here that ficolin/P35, a human serum ficolin, was found to copurify with MASPs and sMAP. MASPs that were complexed with ficolin/P35 exhibited proteolytic activities against complement components C4, C2, and C3. The ficolin/P35-MASPs-sMAP complex that was bound to Salmonella typhimurium activated complement. These findings indicate that ficolin/P35 is a second collagenous lectin capable of activating the lectin pathway and thus plays a role in innate immunity.
Assembling DNA into Advanced Materials: From Nanostructured Films to Biosensing and Delivery Systems (2007)

Abstract The past decade has witnessed a rapid expansion in the design and assembly of engineered materials for biological applications. However, such applications place limitations on the molecular building blocks that can be used. Requirements for polymer‐based building blocks include biocompatibility, biodegradability, and stimuli‐responsive behavior. Many traditional polymers used in materials science are limited in at least one of these areas, so new polymers need to be explored. As we outline here, DNA is one such polymer that shows promise in developing the next generation of ‘smart’ materials for biomedical and diagnostic applications.
Real-time Ray Tracing on Programmable Graphics Hardware (2002)

Recently a breakthrough has occurred in graphics hardware: fixed function pipelines have been replaced with programmable vertex and fragment processors. In the near future, the graphics pipeline is likely to evolve into a general programmable stream processor capable of more than simply feed-forward triangle rendering. In this paper, we evaluate these trends in programmability of the graphics pipeline and present how ray tracing can be mapped to graphics hardware. Using our simulator, we analyze the performance of a ray casting implementation on next generation programmable graphics hardware. In addition, we compare the performance difference between non-branching programmable hardware using a multipass implementation and architectures that support branching. We also show how this approach is applicable to other ray tracing algorithms such as Whitted ray tracing, path tracing, and hybrid rendering algorithms. Finally, we demonstrate that ray tracing on graphics hardware could prove to be faster than CPU based implementations as well as competitive with traditional hardware accelerated feed-forward triangle rendering.
Epstein-Barr Virus Small RNAs Potentiate Tumorigenicity of Burkitt Lymphoma Cells Independently of an Effect on Apoptosis (2000)

The tumorigenic potential of the Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cell line Akata is dependent on the restricted latency program of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is characteristically maintained in BL tumors. Within these cells, EBV-mediated inhibition of apoptosis correlates with an up-regulation of BCL-2 levels in concert with a down-regulation in c-MYC expression that occurs under growth-limiting conditions. Here we addressed whether EBV's effects on apoptosis and tumorigenicity are mediated by the EBV small RNAs EBER-1 and EBER-2. Stable expression of the EBERs in EBV-negative Akata BL cells, at levels comparable to those in EBV-positive cells, significantly enhanced the tumorigenic potential of EBV-negative BL cells in SCID mice, but did not fully restore tumorigenicity relative to EBV-positive Akata cells. Furthermore, wild-type or greater levels of EBER expression in EBV-negative Akata cells did not promote BL cell survival. These data therefore suggest that EBV can contribute to BL through at least two avenues: an EBER-dependent mechanism that enhances tumorigenic potential independent of a direct effect on apoptosis, and a second mechanism, mediated by an as-yet-unidentified EBV gene(s), that offsets the proapoptotic consequences of deregulated c-MYC in BL.
Gaze estimation using morphable models (2002)

The paper presents preliminary work on a novel technique for gaze estimation from a single image. The goal is to provide rough estimates of where a person is looking at a monitor. Many applications for human-computer interaction are possible for such a technique. The approach uses the morphable model framework of Jones and Poggio (1998) to model a region around the eyes of a person. After matching this model to an input image of a person's eye region, the resulting model parameters are sent to a neural network which approximates the screen coordinates being viewed. The system is user independent and can handle changes in both head orientation and iris location. Currently the system is not real-time. Future work will focus on improving the speed of the system.
Contrave, a bupropion and naltrexone combination therapy for the potential treatment of obesity. (2009)

Contrave, under development by Orexigen Therapeutics Inc for the potential treatment of obesity, is an oral, sustained-release combination of the dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake antagonist bupropion and the opioid antagonist naltrexone. The proposed dual mechanism of action of the compound involves complementary stimulation of central melanocortin pathways, resulting in increased energy expenditure and reduced appetite. At the time of publication, Contrave was being assessed in phase III clinical trials. Preliminary data demonstrated placebo-subtracted weight losses of 3 to 7% and improvements in obesity-related comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors. The primary adverse effect leading to discontinuation of treatment was nausea. Assuming that the results of the Contrave phase III clinical program reaffirm the efficacy and safety of the drug combination, this agent could be approved and launched to become a market leader in the anti-obesity therapeutic arena.
Animal-Based Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: Scientific and Technical Considerations (2007)

Hyaluronic acid skin filler products derived from an animal source are safe and effective. Successful clinical application should be based on an understanding of the patient's goals and the choice of a hyaluronic acid product with the optimal characteristics.
Universal prediction of individual sequences (1992)

The problem of predicting the next outcome of an individual binary sequence using finite memory is considered. The finite-state predictability of an infinite sequence is defined as the minimum fraction of prediction errors that can be made by any finite-state (FS) predictor. It is proven that this FS predictability can be achieved by universal sequential prediction schemes. An efficient prediction procedure based on the incremental parsing procedure of the Lempel-Ziv data compression algorithm is shown to achieve asymptotically the FS predictability. Some relations between compressibility and predictability are discussed, and the predictability is proposed as an additional measure of the complexity of a sequence.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Is a picture worth a thousand words? A Deep Multi-Modal Fusion Architecture for Product Classification in e-commerce (2016)

Classifying products into categories precisely and efficiently is a major challenge in modern e-commerce. The high traffic of new products uploaded daily and the dynamic nature of the categories raise the need for machine learning models that can reduce the cost and time of human editors. In this paper, we propose a decision level fusion approach for multi-modal product classification using text and image inputs. We train input specific state-of-the-art deep neural networks for each input source, show the potential of forging them together into a multi-modal architecture and train a novel policy network that learns to choose between them. Finally, we demonstrate that our multi-modal network improves the top-1 accuracy % over both networks on a real-world large-scale product classification dataset that we collected fromWalmart.com. While we focus on image-text fusion that characterizes e-commerce domains, our algorithms can be easily applied to other modalities such as audio, video, physical sensors, etc.
Standardized Assay for Clostridium botulinum Toxins (1978)

Abstract To improve the accuracy and precision of the mouse assay for botulinum toxins found in foods and body fluids, a stable reference standard of botulinum toxin has been developed. It contains 100 ng crystalline type A botulinum toxin/ml 0.05M pH 4.2 sodium acetate buffer which contains 3 mg bovine serum albumin and 2 mg gelatin/ml. The albumin and gelatin stabilize the toxin. For distribution to laboratories carrying out the assay, 0.5 ml of the standard is sealed in 1 ml glass vials. The standard reference toxin, used as directed, enables the assayer to establish the response of laboratory mice, under a specific set of conditions, to a definite amount of toxin and to express the toxin content of an unknown in terms of ng toxin/g or ml food or body fluid. The mouse assay by itself is not specific for botulinum toxin, but when used in conjunction with specific antisera for identification and typing, it is the most reliable test available.
Compositional effects on the thermo-optic coefficients of barium borophosphate glasses (2004)

Two series of ternary glasses with compositions of 0.5BaO-xB<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-(0.5-x)P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (Series 1) and (1-x)Ba(PO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>-xB<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (Series 2) have been prepared. Various properties, such as refractive index (n), glass transition temperature (T<sub>g</sub>), thermal expansion coefficient (a) and thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) have been measured to assess the potential of these borophosphate glasses for athermalisation. The results obtained for these glasses can be explained based on the incorporation of BO<sub>3</sub> and BO<sub>4</sub> units into the glass structural network. To achieve athermalisation, a negative dn/dT is required to counter the effect of thermal expansion.
Minireview: The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Mediating the Glucagon Response to Hypoglycemia (2012)

In type 1 diabetes, the impairment of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia increases both its severity and duration. In nondiabetic individuals, hypoglycemia activates the autonomic nervous system, which in turn mediates the majority of the glucagon response to moderate and marked hypoglycemia. The first goal of this minireview is therefore to illustrate and document these autonomic mechanisms. Specifically we describe the hypoglycemic thresholds for activating the three autonomic inputs to the islet (parasympathetic nerves, sympathetic nerves, and adrenal medullary epinephrine) and their magnitudes of activation as glucose falls from euglycemia to near fatal levels. The implication is that their relative contributions to this glucagon response depend on the severity of hypoglycemia. The second goal of this minireview is to discuss known and suspected down-regulation or damage to these mechanisms in diabetes. We address defects in the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and in the islet itself. They are categorized as either functional defects caused by glucose dysregulation or structural defects caused by the autoimmune attack of the islet. In the last section of the minireview, we outline approaches for reversing these defects. Such reversal has both scientific and clinical benefit. Scientifically, one could determine the contribution of these defects to the impairment of glucagon response seen early in type 1 diabetes. Clinically, restoring this glucagon response would allow more aggressive treatment of the chronic hyperglycemia that is linked to the debilitating long-term complications of this disease.
CobB, a New Member of the SIR2 Family of Eucaryotic Regulatory Proteins, Is Required to Compensate for the Lack of Nicotinate Mononucleotide:5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazole Phosphoribosyltransferase Activity in cobT Mutants during Cobalamin Biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium LT2 (1998)

The cobB gene of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 has been isolated and genetically and biochemically characterized. cobB was located by genetic means to the 27-centisome region of the chromosome. Genetic crosses established the gene order to be cobB pepT phoQ, and the direction of cobB transcription was shown to be clockwise. The nucleotide sequence of cobB (711 base pairs) predicted a protein of 237 amino acids length with a molecular mass of 26.3 kDa, a mass consistent with the experimentally determined one of approximately 28 kDa. The cobB gene was defined genetically by deletions (10), insertions (5), and point mutations (15). The precise location of a Tn10d(Tc) element within cobB was established by sequencing. DNA sequence analysis of the region flanking cobB located it 81 base pairs 3' of the potABCD operon, with the potABCD operon and cobB being divergently transcribed. cobB was overexpressed to approximately 30% of the total soluble protein using a T7 overexpression system. In vitro activity assays showed that cell-free extracts enriched for CobB catalyzed the synthesis of the cobalamin biosynthetic intermediate N1-(5-phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl)-5, 6-dimethylbenzimidazole (also known as alpha-ribazole-5'-phosphate) from nicotinate mononucleotide and 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, the reaction known to be catalyzed by the CobT phosphoribosyltransferase enzyme (EC 2.4.2.21) (Trzebiatowski, J. R. and Escalante-Semerena, J. C. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 17662-17667). Computer analysis of the primary amino acid sequence of the CobB protein identified the sequences GAGISAESGIRTFR and YTQNID which are diagnostic of members of the SIR2 family of eucaryotic transcriptional regulators. Possible roles of CobB as a regulator are discussed within the context of the catabolism of propionate, a pathway known to require cobB function (Tsang, A. W. and Escalante-Semerena, J. C. (1996) J. Bacteriol. 178, 7016-7019).
Chitosan film enriched with an antioxidant agent, taurine, in fenestration defects (2000)

A natural polysaccharide, chitosan (poly-N-acetyl glucosaminoglycan), which is a nontoxic and bioabsorbable polymer, has been shown to have hemostatic and antibacterial effects. An amino acid, taurine, is considered to be beneficial for regulating the inflammation process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects of taurine and chitosan in the experimental defects at the vestibular bone of maxillary canine teeth in six dogs. Chitosan films were prepared as delivery system with or without taurine and placed in the randomly chosen defects. Biopsies were performed on the postoperative seventh day and routine histological procedures were performed for light and electron microscopic evaluations. For each group, 30 different microscopic areas were examined and the numbers of macrophages and neutrophils in these areas were counted. The mean numbers of both macrophages and neutrophils were found statistically different between the chitosan film incorporated with taurine and free chitosan groups (p < 0.0001 p > 0.05). In addition to the increase in cell counts in both groups, the cytological alterations were more obvious in the chitosan film group incorporated with taurine. Accordingly, taurine appears to enhance the acceleration effect of chitosan on wound healing at early periods. This effect could be considered beneficial in tissue repair in destructive diseases like periodontitis.
Light Waves in Thin Films and Integrated Optics (1971)

Integrated optics is a far-reaching attempt to apply thin-film technology to optical circuits and devices, and, by using methods of integrated circuitry, to achieve a better and more economical optical system. The specific topics discussed here are physics of light waves in thin films, materials and losses involved, methods of couplings light beam into and out of a thin film, and nonlinear interactions in waveguide structures. The purpose of this paper is to review in some detail the important development of this new and fascinating field, and to caution the reader that the technology involved is difficult because of the smallness and perfection demanded by thin-film optical devices.
Cooperative Signaling between α6β4Integrin and ErbB-2 Receptor Is Required to Promote Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-dependent Invasion (2000)

We previously demonstrated that beta(4) integrin subunit overexpression increases in vitro invasiveness of NIH3T3 cells that have been transformed by ErbB-2 oncogene. We used this model to identify domains within the large beta(4) cytoplasmic domain that are involved in the interaction of alpha(6)beta(4) with ErbB-2, invasion, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation. For this purpose, we expressed deletion mutants of beta(4) that lacked either all or portions of the beta(4) cytoplasmic domain in NIH3T3/ErbB-2 cells. We also used an ecto-domain mutant in which most of the extracellular domain of beta(4) was replaced with a c-Myc tag. These transfectants were examined for their ability to invade Matrigel and their ability to activate PI3K, as well as for the ability of alpha(6)beta(4) to co-immunoprecipitate with ErbB-2. The results obtained revealed that a region of the beta(4) cytoplasmic domain between amino acids 854 and 1183 is critical for the ability of alpha(6)beta(4) integrin to increase invasion. Interestingly, the extracellular domain of beta(4) is not necessary for alpha(6)beta(4) to stimulate invasion. The association of alpha(6)beta(4) with ErbB-2 is dependent upon the beta(4) cytoplasmic domain and can occur in the absence of alpha(6)beta(4) heterodimerization. Finally, we observed strong activation of PI3K with beta(4) wild type and with those beta(4) deletion mutants that were able to stimulate invasion upon the expression in NIH3T3/ErbB-2 cells. In conclusion, our results establish that there is cooperation between alpha(6)beta(4) and ErbB-2 in promoting PI3K-dependent invasion and implicate a specific region of the beta(4) cytoplasmic domain (amino acids 854-1183) in this event.