gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
LinLogBef File Format for HDR Image (2007)

A file format suitable for storing a full-color high dynamic range image should allow for keeping image information with an accuracy exceeding color visual threshold. Plane use of a floatingpoint encoding results in too large files, while the Extended Range format produces more compact files. However, there is still an opportunity for a better result.This paper suggests file format that not only provides files smaller than Extended Range format and meets the accuracy requirement, but also allows for a trade off between data precision and file size. The format design is based on a coordinate system convenient for brightness, contrast and dynamic range editing which preserves chromatic coordinates.
An introduction to inertial navigation (2021)

Until recently the weight and size of inertial sensors has prohibited their use in domains such as human motion capture. Recent improvements in the performance of small and lightweight micro-machined electromechanical systems (MEMS) inertial sensors have made the application of inertial techniques to such problems possible. This has resulted in an increased interest in the topic of inertial navigation, however current introductions to the subject fail to sufficiently describe the error characteristics of inertial systems. We introduce inertial navigation, focusing on strapdown systems based on MEMS devices. A combination of measurement and simulation is used to explore the error characteristics of such systems. For a simple inertial navigation system (INS) based on the Xsens Mtx inertial measurement unit (IMU), we show that the average error in position grows to over 150 m after 60 seconds of operation. The propagation of orientation errors caused by noise perturbing gyroscope signals is identified as the critical cause of such drift. By simulation we examine the significance of individual noise processes perturbing the gyroscope signals, identifying white noise as the process which contributes most to the overall drift of the system. Sensor fusion and domain specific constraints can be used to reduce drift in INSs. For an example INS we show that sensor fusion using magnetometers can reduce the average error in position obtained by the system after 60 seconds from over 150 m to around 5 m. We conclude that whilst MEMS IMU technology is rapidly improving, it is not yet possible to build a MEMS based INS which gives sub-meter position accuracy for more than one minute of operation.
Electromagnetic bandgap power/ground planes for wideband suppression of ground bounce noise and radiated emission in high-speed circuits (2005)

A power/ground planes design for efficiently eliminating the ground bounce noise (GBN) in high-speed digital circuits is proposed by using low-period coplanar electromagnetic bandgap (LPC-EBG) structure. Keeping solid for the ground plane and designing an LPC-EBG pattern on the power plane, the proposed structure omnidirectionally behaves highly efficiently in suppression of GBN (over 50 dB) within the broad-band frequency range (over 4 GHz). In addition, the proposed designs suppress radiated emission (or electromagnetic interference) caused by the GBN within the stopband. These extinctive behaviors of low radiation and broad-band suppression of the GBN is demonstrated numerically and experimentally. Good agreements are seen. The impact of the LPC-EBG power plane on the signal integrity for the signals referring to the power plane is investigated. Two possible solutions, differential signals and an embedded LPC-EBG power plane concept, are suggested and discussed to reduce the impact.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Dendrimers with a Hydrophilic Interior as Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery (2005)

Novel polyester-co-polyether dendrimers consisting of a hydrophilic core were synthesized by a combination of convergent and divergent syntheses. The core was synthesized from biocompatible moieties, butanetetracarboxylic acid and aspartic acid, and the dendrons from PEO (poly(ethylene oxide)), dihydroxybenzoic acid or gallic acid, and PEG monomethacrylate. The dendrimers, Den-1-(G 2) (second generation dendrimer-1) and Den-2-(G 2) (second generation dendrimer-2) consisting of 16 and 24 allyl surface groups, respectively, were obtained by coupling the dendrons to the core. The dendrimer (Den-1-(G 2)-OH) with hydroxyl groups at the surface was synthesized by oxidation of the allyl functional groups of Den-1-(G 2), which was divergently coupled to the dendrons to obtain the third generation dendrimer Den-1-(G 3) consisting of 32 surface groups. The modifications in surface groups and generation of dendrimers were shown to influence the shape of dendrimers in the AFM studies. The aggregation as well as self-assembly of dendrimers was observed at high concentration in water by light scattering studies; however, it was reduced on dilution and in the presence of sodium chloride. Dendrimers demonstrated good ability to encapsulate the guest molecule, with loading of 15.80 and 6.47% w/w for rhodamine and beta-carotene, respectively. UV spectroscopy proved the absence of any pi-pi complexation between the dendrimer and encapsulated compounds. (1)H NMR and FTIR studies showed that the physical entrapment and/or hydrogen bonding by PEO in the interior and branch of the dendrimer are the mechanisms of encapsulation. The release of the encapsulated compounds was found to be slow and sustained, suggesting that these dendrimers can serve as potential drug delivery vehicles.
Measurement of gap length in esophageal atresia: a simple predictor of outcome. (1996)

This classification, which is based on easily measurable criteria, provides a useful method to predict morbidity, long-term outcome, and health costs associated with EA and TEF surgery.
Biotechnological Production and Application of Hyaluronan (2010)

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides formed from repetitions of a disaccharide unit composed of one aminosugar and one uronic acid residue. Among these, hyaluronic acid (HA) ([D-glucuronic acid (1--3) N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (1--4)] n ) (figure This macromolecule is most frequently referred to as hyaluronan, because of the many different forms the molecule can assume in physiological conditions (i.e. the acid form, HA, and the salts, such as sodium hyaluronate)
Elevated expression of interleukin‐7 receptor in inflamed joints mediates interleukin‐7–induced immune activation in rheumatoid arthritis (2009)

Our data suggest that enhanced expression of IL-7Ralpha and IL-7 in RA patients contributes significantly to the joint inflammation by activating T cells, B cells, and macrophages. The inhibition of IL-7R-mediated immune activation by soluble hIL-7Ralpha further indicates an important role of IL-7Ralpha in inflammatory responses in RA, suggesting IL-7Ralpha as a therapeutic target for immunotherapy in RA.
The effect of a modified β-cyclodextrin, SBE4-β-CD, on the aqueous stability and ocular absorption of pilocarpine (1994)

In the present study, the effects of a novel, modified beta-cyclodextrin derivative (SBE4-beta-CD; a variably substituted sulfobutyl ether of beta-cyclodextrin with an average degree of substitution of four) on the aqueous stability of pilocarpine and on its ocular absorption in albino rabbits were studied. For stability reasons, commercial pilocarpine eyedrops are formulated at pH 4-5, a pH range where pilocarpine (pKa approximately 7) is almost completely ionized. As shown in the present and past studies, increasing the pH of the pilocarpine solution from 4.5 to 7.0 increases the ocular absorption of pilocarpine. SBE4-beta-CD increased the aqueous stability of pilocarpine (0.36 mM) at pH 7.0 (4 degrees C, projected values from Arrhenius data at 25 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 50 degrees C); in the absence of SBE4-beta CD, t90% was 236 days. In the presence of 1 mM and 25 mM of SBE4-beta-CD, t90% was 382 days and 2054 days, respectively suggesting that indeed, pilocarpine does interact with SBE4-beta-CD. SBE4-beta-CD did not damage the corneal epithelium in vitro and was well-tolerated by the rabbit eye in vivo. Coadministered SBE4-beta-CD did not significantly affect the miotic response of pilocarpine solutions at pH values of 4.5 or 7.0 when the molar ratio of SBE4-beta-CD to pilocarpine was between 0.2:1-7:1. The effect of the coadministered SBE4-beta-CD on the miotic response of pilocarpine solutions was also compared to that of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) which has recently been suggested to increase ocular bioavailability of pilocarpine in rabbits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Serotonergic Agents and Alcoholism Treatment: A Simulation (2003)

Genotype at 5-HTTLPR may influence relative reward of drinking alcohol while a person is under pharmacological treatment for alcoholism. Alternatively, 5-HTTLPR genotype may influence pathways of alcohol craving. Clinical studies should examine these hypotheses.
Antitumoral Effects of Calcitriol in Basal Cell Carcinomas Involve Inhibition of Hedgehog Signaling and Induction of Vitamin D Receptor Signaling and Differentiation (2011)

Activation of the Hedgehog (Hh)-signaling pathway due to deficiency in the Hh receptor Patched1 (Ptch) is the pivotal defect leading to formation of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Recent reports provided evidence of Ptch-dependent secretion of vitamin D(3)-related compound, which functions as an endogenous inhibitor of Hh signaling by repressing the activity of the signal transduction partner of Ptch, Smoothened (Smo). This suggests that Ptch-deficient tumor cells are devoid of this substance, which in turn results in activation of Hh-signaling. Here, we show that the application of the physiologically active form of vitamin D(3), calcitriol, inhibits proliferation and growth of BCC of Ptch mutant mice in vitro and in vivo. This is accompanied by the activation of the vitamin D receptor (Vdr) and induction of BCC differentiation. In addition, calcitriol inhibits Hh signaling at the level of Smo in a Vdr-independent manner. The concomitant antiproliferative effects on BCC growth are stronger than those of the Hh-specific inhibitor cyclopamine, even though the latter more efficiently inhibits Hh signaling. Taken together, we show that exogenous supply of calcitriol controls the activity of 2 independent pathways, Hh and Vdr signaling, which are relevant to tumorigenesis and tumor treatment. These data suggest that calcitriol could be a therapeutic option in the treatment of BCC, the most common tumor in humans.
Use of the Vacuum‐Assisted Closure Device in Enhancing Closure of a Massive Skull Defect (2004)

Use of the vacuum-assisted closure device is a safe, reliable adjunct in the closure of large cranial defects with exposed dura and offers a novel reconstructive option for complex defects of the head and neck.
Genetic regulation of glycogen biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: in vitro effects of cyclic AMP and guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate and analysis of in vivo transcripts (1989)

Glycogen accumulation in Escherichia coli is inversely related to the growth rate and occurs most actively when cells enter the stationary phase. The levels of the three biosynthetic enzymes undergo corresponding changes under these conditions, suggesting that genetic control of enzyme biosynthesis may account for at least part of the regulation (J. Preiss, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 38:419-458, 1984). We have begun to explore the molecular basis of this control by identifying factors which affect the expression of the glycogen genes and by determining the 5'-flanking regions required to mediate the regulatory effects. The in vitro coupled transcription-translation of two of the biosynthetic genes, glgC (ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase) and glgA (glycogen synthase), was enhanced up to 26- and 10-fold, respectively, by cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cAMP receptor protein (CRP). Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate stimulated the expression of these genes 3.6- and 1.8-fold, respectively. The expression of glgB (glycogen branching enzyme) was affected weakly or negligibly by the above-mentioned compounds. Assays which measured the in vitro formation of the first dipeptide of glgC showed that a restriction fragment which contained 0.5 kilobases of DNA upstream from the initiation codon supported cAMP-CRP-activated expression. Sequence-specific binding of cAMP-CRP to a 243-base-pair restriction fragment from the region upstream from glgC was observed by virtue of the altered electrophoretic mobility of the bound DNA. S1 nuclease protection analysis identified 5' termini of four in vivo transcripts within 0.5 kilobases of the glgC coding region. The relative concentrations of transcripts were higher in the early stationary phase than in the exponential phase. Two mutants which overproduced the biosynthesis enzymes accumulated elevated levels of specific transcripts. The 5' termini of three of the transcripts were mapped to a high resolution. Their upstream sequences showed weak similarity to the E. coli consensus promoter. These results suggest complex transcriptional regulation of the glycogen biosynthesis genes involving multiple promoter sites and direct control of gene expression by at least two global regulatory systems.
Costimulation by CD48 and B7-1 induces immunity against poorly immunogenic tumors. (1996)

Genetic modification of many types of mouse tumors to express the B7-1 or B7-2 molecules, natural ligands for the T cell-costimulatory molecule CD28, increases their immunogenicity. However, even after transfection with the B7-1 and/or B7-2 genes, poorly immunogenic tumors fail to elicit and efficient immune response. We report here that two such tumors, the Ag104A sarcoma and the K1735-M2 melanoma, become immunogenic after transfection of the genes encoding murine B7-1 together with CD48, which is the natural ligand for CD2. Tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes were readily generated and were effective for adoptive immunotherapy of metastasis induced by wild-type Ag104A sarcoma cells. A similar approach may be useful for developing therapy for other poorly immunogenic tumors, including those in humans.
Fast Content-Based Packet Handling for Intrusion Detection (2001)

It is becoming increasingly common for network devices to handle packets based on the contents of packet payloads. Example applications include intrusion detection, firewalls, web proxies, and layer seven switches. This paper analyzes the problem of intrusion detection and its reliance on fast string matching in packets. We show that the problem can be restructured to allow the use of more efficient string matching algorithms that operate on sets of patterns in parallel. We then introduce and analyze a new string matching algorithm that has average-case performance that is better than the best theoretical algorithm (Aho-Corasick) and much better than the currently deployed algorithm (multiple iterations of Boyer-Moore). Finally, we implement these algorithms in the popular intrusion detection platform Snort and analyze their relative performance on actual packet traces. Our results provide lessons on the structuring of content-based handlers, string matching algorithms in general, and the importance of performance to security.
Analysis of a bacterial hygromycin B resistance gene by transcriptional and translational fusions and by DNA sequencing (1983)

We have characterized hygromycin B and apramycin resistance genes from an E. coli plasmid. We have localized the coding and control regions of these genes by deletion of DNA fragments from plasmids containing the genes. It was found that polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 33,000 and 31,500 daltons are encoded by the apramycin resistance gene and polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 42,500 and 41,500 daltons are encoded by the hygromycin B resistance gene. DNA sequence analysis identified a typical promoter sequence upstream of the genes. Deletion of this promoter eliminated both resistance phenotypes, and hygromycin B resistance could be restored by substitution of a promoter from a foreign gene. The region known to be necessary for hygromycin B resistance contained an open reading frame large enough to encode the hygromycin B resistance gene product. This open reading frame was fused with the amino terminus of beta-galactosidase. This hybrid gene conferred hygromycin resistance to E. coli, and expression of resistance was under IPTG control.
Developing a Common Language for Tumor Response to Immunotherapy: Immune-Related Response Criteria Using Unidimensional Measurements (2013)

irRC using the unidimensional measurements provided highly concordant response assessment compared with the bidimensional irRC, with less measurement variability. The use of unidimensional irRC is proposed to assess response to immunotherapy in solid tumors, given its simplicity, higher reproducibility, and high concordance with the bidimensional irRC.
Monitoring Vocal Fold Abduction through Vocal Fold Contact Area (1988)

A number of commercial devices for measuring the transverse electrical conductance of the thyroid cartilage produce waveforms that can be useful for monitoring movements within the larynx during voice production, especially movements that are closely related to the time-variation of the contact between the vocal folds as they vibrate. This paper compares the various approaches that can be used to apply such a device, usually referred to as an electroglottograph, to the problem of monitoring the time-variation of vocal fold abduction and adduction during voiced speech. One method, in which a measure of relative vocal fold abduction is derived from the duty cycle of the linear-phase high pass filtered electroglottograph waveform, is developed in detail.
Condition based failure rate modeling for electric network components (2009)

This paper presents methodologies to estimate electric network component failure rates. A component is made of subcomponents and the failure of each subcomponent is feature dependent. Features are measurable or observable inputs, which can affect the life of one or more subcomponents. Failure statistics are usually available in the electric power industry for the component and its subcomponents. This paper shows how to use the failure statistics to obtain the failure rate of a particular component according to its real conditions. An illustrative example is given to demonstrate how the proposed methodologies are applied for failure rate estimation of power circuit breakers. The methodologies can be used for condition-based reliability analysis for electric power networks, in order to obtain an optimized maintenance strategy.
Procalcitonin as an Acute Phase Marker (2001)

Procalcitonin is a 14-kDa protein encoded by the Calc-1 gene along with calcitonin and katacalcin. The function and regulation of this protein are quite different from those of the other gene products. Blood concentrations of procalcitonin are increased in systemic inflammation, especially when this is caused by bacterial infection. Studies of its behaviour in patients with bacterial sepsis have led to the proposal that it may be a useful marker of systemic bacterial infection, with greater specificity and sensitivity than acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein.
Cross-Protective Efficacy of a ProphylacticLeishmania donovaniDNA Vaccine against Visceral and Cutaneous Murine Leishmaniasis (2005)

ABSTRACT The fucose-mannose ligand (FML) complex of Leishmania donovani is a promising vaccine candidate against murine and canine visceral leishmaniasis, and its main component is a 36-kDa nucleoside hydrolase (NH36). In this study, we tested the immune response and protection induced by the purified FML, the recombinant NH36 (rNH36), and NH36 DNA vaccines against the agents of visceral ( L. chagasi ) and cutaneous ( L. mexicana ) leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Mice developed weak humoral response to the vaccines alone, except for those immunized with FML. However, all three vaccine groups presented elevated immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG1, and IgG2a levels after infection with L. chagasi , whereas no differences were observed between vaccine and control groups after infection with L. mexicana . A strong intradermal reaction to L. donovani and L. mexicana antigens was observed in mice immunized with rNH36 or FML, whereas mice immunized with NH36 DNA only reacted against L. donovani antigens. Experimental infection of immunized mice demonstrated that FML and rNH36 induced significant protection against L. chagasi infection with reductions in parasite loads of 79%. FML also conferred partial protection against L. mexicana infection. The best protection was observed in mice immunized with the VR1012-NH36 DNA vaccine, which induced an 88% reduction in L. chagasi parasite load and a 65% reduction in L. mexicana lesion size. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis indicated the DNA vaccine induced a two- to fivefold increase in gamma interferon-producing CD4 + T cells, indicating a Th1-type immune response. Our results showed that the NH36 DNA vaccine induced a strong immunoprotection against visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, suggesting that this DNA vaccine represents a very good candidate for use against several Leishmania species.
Antifibrin-urokinase complex (1986)

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and pro-urokinase have been compared favourably to streptokinase and urokinase on account of localization of fibrinolytic activity to the site of the clot. It is also clear that there is still room for improvement. The strategy we utilize to increase the selectivity of urokinase for fibrin is to couple the enzyme to an agent that targets it to fibrin, namely a fibrin specific monoclonal antibody.
Protein kinase C-δ modulates apoptosis induced by hyperglycemia in adult ventricular myocytes (2002)

We evaluated the direct effect of hyperglycemia on apoptosis of adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVM) in vitro. Hyperglycemia (16.5 mM) for 24 h increased apoptosis by greater than threefold (48.2 +/- 4.4%, by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling method) compared with baseline (14.7 +/- 2.5%). Hyperosmolarity with mannitol (11.0 mM) in the presence of 5.5 mM glucose also increased apoptosis by approximately twofold of baseline. Both glucose and mannitol treatment resulted in the membrane translocation of protein kinase C (PKC)-delta, and the activation of PKC-delta was confirmed by immune complex kinase assay. PKC-delta-specific translocation inhibitor peptide (deltaV1-1) attenuated only apoptosis induced by hyperglycemia but not by mannitol. A PKC-epsilon-specific translocation inhibitor peptide (epsilonV1-1) affected neither type of apoptosis. Moderate overexpression of PKC-delta by adenovirus gene transfer prevented the antiapoptotic effect of deltaV1-1. Furthermore, deltaV1-1 attenuated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by glucose. Taken together, our results indicate that increased ROS production regulated by PKC-delta is in part responsible for the induction of apoptosis by hyperglycemia and that apoptosis by hyperglycemia is mechanistically different from that by hyperosmolarity.