gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Development of Diarrhea and the Concentration of SN‐38, an Active Metabolite of CPT‐11, in the Intestine and the Blood Plasma of Athymic Mice Following Intraperitoneal Administration of CPT‐11 (1993)

Severe diarrhea occurred during daily intraperitoneal administration of 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin (CPT-11) at a dose of 50 mg/kg in athymic mouse. Serial determination of CPT-11 and 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), with the use of an on-line solid extraction HPLC system, demonstrated that much higher levels of the compounds are retained in the intestine and the blood plasma after five consecutive daily injections than after a single injection. Histologic examination of the gastrointestinal tract showed hemorrhagic colitis on day 7 and later after five consecutive daily injections of CPT-11. The direct cause of diarrhea associated with CPT-11 administration is considered to be enterocolitis caused by high levels of SN-38 and/or CPT-11 retained for a long period in the intestine.
Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecules (2002)

Carbon monoxide (CO) is generated in living organisms during the degradation of heme by the enzyme heme oxygenase, which exists in constitutive (HO-2 and HO-3) and inducible (HO-1) isoforms. Carbon monoxide gas is known to dilate blood vessels in a manner similar to nitric oxide and has been recently shown to possess antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. We report that a series of transition metal carbonyls, termed here carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CO-RMs), liberate CO to elicit direct biological activities. Specifically, spectrophotometric and NMR analysis revealed that dimanganese decacarbonyl and tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer release CO in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, CO-RMs caused sustained vasodilation in precontracted rat aortic rings, attenuated coronary vasoconstriction in hearts ex vivo, and significantly reduced acute hypertension in vivo. These vascular effects were mimicked by induction of HO-1 after treatment of animals with hemin, which increases endogenously generated CO. Thus, we have identified a novel class of compounds that are useful as prototypes for studying the bioactivity of CO. In the long term, transition metal carbonyls could be utilized for the therapeutic delivery of CO to alleviate vascular- and immuno-related dysfunctions. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
A Performance Study of Iso-Butanol-, Methanol-, and Ethanol-Gasoline Blends Using a Single Cylinder Engine (1993)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The objective of this study was to evaluate iso-butanol (C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;OH) as an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines. Unlike methanol (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OH) and ethanol (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;OH), iso-butanol has not been extensively studied in the past as either a fuel blend candidate with gasoline or straight fuel. The performance of a single cylinder engine (ASTM=CFR) was studied using alcohol-gasoline blends under different input parameters. The engine operating conditions were: three carburetor settings (three different fuel flow rates), spark timings of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, and 25° BTDC, and a range of compression ratios from a minimum of 7.5 to a maximum of 15 in steps of one depending on knock. The fuels tested were alcohol-gasoline blends having 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of iso-butanol, ethanol, and methanol. And also as a baseline fuel, pure gasoline (93 ON) was used. The engine was run at a constant speed of 800 RPM. Torque, power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and thermal efficiency were determined at all the operating conditions. A direct comparison was drawn among the three alcohol blends and pure gasoline.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Increasing alcohol content of the blend resulted in improving the anti-knock quality of the fuel but decreasing the power, and increasing BSFC. Thermal efficiency remained comparably constant within the range of fuel alcohol contents (5-20%). Methanol, ethanol, and iso-butanol showed nearly the same anti-knock effect. Iso-butanol blends resulted in more power, higher thermal efficiency, and lower BSFC than corresponding methanol and ethanol blends. Gasoline showed better results for torque, power, BSFC, and thermal efficiency than any of the blends studied.&lt;/div&gt;
Asymptotic Performance of MMSE Receivers for Large Systems Using Random Matrix Theory (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Random matrix theory is used to derive the limit and asymptotic distribution of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SIR) for a class of suboptimal minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) receivers applied to large random systems with unequal-power users. We prove that the limiting SIR converges to a deterministic value when <emphasis><formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$K$</tex></formula></emphasis> and <emphasis><formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$N$</tex></formula></emphasis> go to infinity with <emphasis><formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\lim K/N =y$</tex></formula></emphasis> being a positive constant, where <emphasis><formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$K$</tex> </formula></emphasis> is the number of users and <emphasis><formula formulatype="inline"> <tex>$N$</tex></formula></emphasis> is the number of degrees of freedom. We also prove that the SIR of each particular user is asymptotically Gaussian for large <emphasis><formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$N$</tex></formula></emphasis> and derive the closed-form expressions of the variance for the SIR variable under real-spreading and complex-spreading channel environments. It is revealed that for a given <emphasis><formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$(K,N)$</tex> </formula></emphasis> pair, under certain mild conditions, the variance of the SIR for complex-spreading channels is half of that for the corresponding real-spreading channels. Since the suboptimal MMSE receiver becomes optimal for the case when the users are equally powered, our results show that the conjecture made by Tse and Zeitouni for the complex-spreading case is not affirmative. We also derive the asymptotic distribution for SIR in decibels which provides better description when <emphasis><formula formulatype="inline"> <tex>$N$</tex></formula></emphasis> is small. Numerical results and computer simulations are provided to evaluate the accuracy of various limiting and asymptotic results obtained in this paper. </para>
Clinical Characteristics of Children With Complicated Pneumonia Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (2002)

The relative frequency of complicated disease in hospitalized children with pneumococcal pneumonia is increasing. Patients with complicated pneumococcal disease were older and significantly more likely to be of white race compared with those patients with uncomplicated disease. Pneumococcal serotype 1 caused significantly more disease in patients with complicated versus uncomplicated pneumonia. Patients with complicated disease were not more likely to be infected with an antibiotic-resistant isolate.
Alefacept, an Immunomodulatory Recombinant LFA-3/IgG1 Fusion Protein, Induces CD16 Signaling and CD2/CD16-Dependent Apoptosis of CD2+ Cells (2002)

Alefacept, an immunomodulatory recombinant fusion protein composed of the first extracellular domain of LFA-3 fused to the human IgG1 hinge, C(H)2, and C(H)3 domains, has recently been shown in phase II and III clinical trials to safely reduce disease expression in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Alefacept modulates the function of and selectively induces apoptosis of CD2(+) human memory-effector T cells in vivo. We have sought to gain further understanding of the mechanisms of action that influence the biological activity of alefacept and may contribute to its efficacy and patient responsiveness. Specifically evaluated is the ability of alefacept to activate intracellular signals mediated via CD2 and/or Fc gamma RIII (CD16). Experimentation using isoforms of alefacept engineered to have amino acid substitutions in the IgG1 C(H)2 domain that impact Fc gamma R binding indicate that alefacept mediates cognate interactions between cells expressing human CD2 and CD16 to activate cells, e.g., increase extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, up-regulate cell surface expression of the activation marker CD25, and induce release of granzyme B. In the systems used, this signaling is shown to require binding to CD2 and CD16 and be mediated through CD16, but not CD2. Experimentation using human CD2-transgenic mice and isoforms of alefacept confirmed the requirement for Fc gamma R binding for detection of the pharmacological effects of alefacept in vivo. Thus alefacept acts as an effector molecule, mediating cognate interactions to activate Fc gamma R(+) cells (e.g., NK cells) to induce apoptosis of sensitive CD2(+) target cells.
A Comb-Drive Actuator Driven by Capacitively-Coupled-Power (2012)

This paper presents a new actuation mechanism to drive comb-drive actuators. An asymmetric configuration of the finger overlap was used to generate capacitive coupling for the actuation mechanism. When the driving voltages were applied on the stators, a voltage would be induced at the rotor due to the capacitive coupling. Then, an electrostatic force would be exerted onto the rotor due to the voltage differences between the stators and the rotor. The actuator's static displacement and resonant frequency were theoretically analyzed. To verify the design, a comb-drive actuator with different initial finger overlaps, i.e., 159.3 μm and 48.9 μm on each side, was fabricated and tested. The results show that the actuator worked well using the proposed actuation mechanism. A static displacement of 41.7 μm and a resonant frequency of 577 Hz were achieved. Using the actuation mechanism, no electrical connection is required between the rotor and the outside power supply. This makes some comb-drive actuators containing heterogeneous structures easy to design and actuate.
Incorporating Independent Living Outcomes Within Rehabilitation Agencies: (1995)

This report shares findings from a survey examining the perceptions of administrators of 45 state rehabilitation agencies and 20 agencies serving the blind and visually impaired regarding the adequacy and appropriateness of their rehabilitation services for older persons. Our findings indicate that despite recent amendments to federal policies, state rehabilitation agency objectives remain predominantly vocational, providing most of their services to younger persons with disabilities. However, administrators are knowledgeable about the rehabililation needs of older persons with disabilities. The authors urge policy makers to modify specific policy and funding mechanisms to support and emphasize independent living outcomes to ensure that more older persons are served in the coming years.
Determinants of Bone Density in 30- to 65-Year-Old Women: A Co-Twin Study (2003)

Several lifestyle and dietary factors, in particular tobacco use, were related to bone mineral density. Effect sizes varied by site. Characterization of determinants of bone mineral density in midlife and thereafter may lead to interventions that could minimize postmenopausal bone loss and reduce osteoporotic fracture risk.
Inefficacy of topical thyroid hormone analogue TriAc in plaque psoriasis: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial (2004)

TriAc in the dosage and formulation studied was safe but no more effective than placebo in treating plaque psoriasis. However, newer thyroid hormone analogues (agonists or antagonists) might be more active and should be further explored in this context.
Antimigraine drugs: new frontiers (2009)

There are many acute care and preventive medications for the treatment of migraine. However, patients may often find that their headaches are not under optimal control. There are several targets that have been looked at and studied for the production of new, more effective medications. There are also effective devices for therapy of migraine. A list of targets will be put forth and a small number of them will be described in greater detail in this paper.
Pulmonary Surfactant Therapy (1993)

In 1959, not long after surfactant had been identified as critical to maintaining lung inflation at low transpulmonary pressures,1,2 Avery and Mead3 reported that saline extracts from the lungs of preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome lacked the low surface tension characteristic of pulmonary surfactant. After several unsuccessful attempts to treat infants with respiratory distress syndrome with aerosolized surfactant,4,5 intratracheal administration of surfactant recovered from the air spaces of mature animal lungs was found to improve lung expansion and ventilation in preterm animals68. The clinical potential of surfactant treatment for respiratory distress syndrome was demonstrated by . . .
Discolouration of dyed fabrics on one side without chemicals (2015)

The subject of this work was the discolouration of one side of dyed cotton fabric using UV-C radiation, testing for fastness to that external radiation agent. This was studied through selection of different dyes used for dyeing cotton fabrics, namely three direct dyes, two vat dyes, seven reactive dyes, one sulphur dye, one azo dye and three mixtures of reactive dyes. The results for colour differences between the original dyed fabric and the fabric discoloured through UV-C radiation treatment show that, in general, the highest values were obtained for the reactive dyes and their mixtures, with the lowest values, in general, for the sulphur, vat and azo dyes, and intermediate values for direct dyes
Design and characterization of structured protein linkers with differing flexibilities (2014)

Engineered fusion proteins containing two or more functional polypeptides joined by a peptide or protein linker are important for many fields of biological research. The separation distance between functional units can impact epitope access and the ability to bind with avidity; thus the availability of a variety of linkers with different lengths and degrees of rigidity would be valuable for protein design efforts. Here, we report a series of designed structured protein linkers incorporating naturally occurring protein domains and compare their properties to commonly used Gly4Ser repeat linkers. When incorporated into the hinge region of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecule, flexible Gly4Ser repeats did not result in detectable extensions of the IgG antigen-binding domains, in contrast to linkers including more rigid domains such as β2-microglobulin, Zn-α2-glycoprotein and tetratricopeptide repeats. This study adds an additional set of linkers with varying lengths and rigidities to the available linker repertoire, which may be useful for the construction of antibodies with enhanced binding properties or other fusion proteins.
Curator: self-managing storage for enterprise clusters (2017)

Modern cluster storage systems perform a variety of background tasks to improve the performance, availability, durability, and cost-efficiency of stored data. For example, cleaners compact fragmented data to generate long sequential runs, tiering services automatically migrate data between solid-state and hard disk drives based on usage, recovery mechanisms replicate data to improve availability and durability in the face of failures, cost saving techniques perform data transformations to reduce the storage costs, and so on.

In this work, we present Curator, a background MapReduce-style execution framework for cluster management tasks, in the context of a distributed storage system used in enterprise clusters. We describe Curator's design and implementation, and evaluate its performance using a handful of relevant metrics. We further report experiences and lessons learned from its five-year construction period, as well as thousands of customer deployments. Finally, we propose a machine learning-based model to identify an efficient execution policy for Curator's management tasks that can adapt to varying workload characteristics.
Polar Coordinates for Space Phasors in Power System Transient and Small-Signal Stability Analysis (2012)

This document describes an alternative approach for the application of space phasors in transient and small-signal stability analysis in power systems. This is done by a transformation into polar coordinates. The resulting equation systems and their embedding in the basic equation systems are shown in comparison to the conventional approaches.
A passive antenna system for data acquisition in scattering applications (2002)

This article describes a passive antenna system based on the modulated scattering technique (MST) implemented in the bistatic configuration. The system uses an array of passive dipoles driven by optical fibers. The array can move and rotate around a square test area and it is possible to measure field-scattered data by cylindrical targets placed inside the test area. Some preliminary experimental results are presented and compared with analytical data. The measurements are in good agreement with theoretical values.
Stabilin-1, a homeostatic scavenger receptor with multiple functions (2006)

The multifunctional scavenger receptor stabilin-1 (STAB1, FEEL-1, CLEVER-1, KIAA0246) was originally identified as the MS-1 antigen, expressed by sinusoidal endothelial cells in human spleen. Extensive histological studies revealed that stabilin-1 is also expressed by tissue macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells in the healthy organism; its expression on both macrophages and different subtypes of endothelial cells is induced during chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis. In vitro induction of stabilin-1 in macrophages requires the presence of glucocorticoids. Stabilin-1 is involved in two intracellular trafficking pathways: receptor mediated endocytosis and recycling; and shuttling between the endosomal compartment and trans-Golgi network (TGN). The latter intracellular pathway of stabilin-1 trafficking is mediated by GGAs, clathrin adaptors that interact with the DDSLL motif in the cytoplasmic tail of stabilin-1. When expressed by alternatively activated macrophages, stabilin-1 mediates the uptake and targeting for degradation of acLDL and SPARC, a regulator of tissue remodeling. Likewise, stabilin-1 in macrophages is involved in intracellular sorting and lysosomal delivery of the novel stabilin- 1-interacting chitinase-like protein (SI-CLP). Indirect evidence suggests that stabilin-1 is involved in adhesion and transmigration in various cell types (including tumor cells, leukocytes, and lymphocytes); however, its rapid recycling and scant level of surface expression argue against its universal role in cell adhesion. In summary, stabilin-1 is a homeostatic receptor which links signals from the extracellular environment to intracellular vesicular processes, creating a potential impact on the macrophage secretion profile.
Pax-6, a murine paired box gene, is expressed in the developing CNS (1991)

A multigene family of paired-box-containing genes (Pax genes) has been identified in the mouse. In this report, we describe the expression pattern of Pax-6 during embryogenesis and the isolation of cDNA clones spanning the entire coding region. The Pax-6 protein consists of 422 amino acids as deduced from the longest open reading frame and contains, in addition to the paired domain, a paired-type homeodomain. Beginning with day 8 of gestation, Pax-6 is expressed in discrete regions of the forebrain and the hindbrain. In the neural tube, expression is mainly confined to mitotic active cells in the ventral ventricular zone along the entire anteroposterior axis starting at day 8.5 of development. Pax-6 is also expressed in the developing eye, the pituitary and the nasal epithelium.
An Alkanesulfonamide “Safety-Catch” Linker for Solid-Phase Synthesis (1999)

An alkanesulfonamide “safety-catch” linker has been developed for tethering carboxylic acids to support. Acylation of the sulfonamide support provides a support-bound N-acylsulfonamide that is stable to both basic and strongly nucleophilic reaction conditions. At the end of a solid-phase synthesis sequence, treatment with iodoacetonitrile provides N-cyanomethyl derivatives that can be cleaved by nucleophiles under mild reaction conditions to release the target compounds. Coupling conditions have been developed to load Boc- and Fmoc-amino acids to the alkanesulfonamide resin with high loading efficiencies and minimal racemization. A number of support-bound amino acids incorporating diverse side-chain functionality have been subjected to a short synthesis sequence, followed by iodoacetonitrile activation and nucleophilic displacement to provide dipeptide products. All 20 of the proteinogenic amino acids, when suitably protected, are compatible with the loading and activation steps. Finally, displacement with various nucleophiles including amines, α-amino acid methyl esters, and α-amino acid coumarin derivatives is demonstrated.
Decreased Hemolysis and Lipid Peroxidation in Blood during Storage in the Presence of Nicotinic Acid (1999)

Abstract Background and Objectives: There is increase in lipid peroxidation with consequent increase in hemolysis when blood is stored in di‐(2‐ethyl hexyl)phthalate (DEHP) plasticized bags. Studies carried out by us and others have indicated the ability of red cells to synthesize NAD + from added nicotinic acid. Apart from the role of NAD + in glycolysis, NADPH is required for reduction of oxidized glutathione to its reduced form by glutathione reductase. Reduced glutathione is an important antioxidant, which protects cell membrane from oxidative damage. Reduced glutathione is also involved in the regeneration of vitamin E, another important membrane antioxidant. In view of these, a study was undertaken to find out the effect of addition of nicotinic acid to the citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose‐adenine (CPDA) solution on lipid peroxidation and integrity of red cells when whole blood is stored in DEHP plasticized bags. Materials and Methods: Blood was collected in Penpol blood storage bags (which is a DEHP plasticized bag) in CPDA solution in the presence and absence of nicotinic acid. Various parameters of lipid peroxidation and membrane stability – level of malondialdehyde (MDA), conjugated dienes, vitamin E, reduced glutathione, plasma Hb and K + , levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) were studied in the blood samples after various periods. Results: Plasma Hb and K + concentrations were significantly lower in the presence of added nicotinic acid both after 28 and 42 days. Concentration of MDA and conjugated dienes was lower and the levels of reduced glutathione and vitamin E higher in the presence of nicotinic acid. ATP levels were not significantly different, but 2,3‐DPG levels were higher. pH of the blood was nearer to 7.0 in the presence of nicotinic acid, while leaching out of DEHP into the blood was significantly lower. Conclusion: Inclusion of nicotinic acid in the CPDA solution has a beneficial effect in that (1) it reduces plasma Hb and K + ; (2) reduces lipid peroxidation and increases antioxidant protection; (3) maintains pH nearer to 7.0, and (4) decreases the leaching out of DEHP into the blood.