gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Observation of different modes of cathodic arc attachment to HID electrodes in a model lamp (2002)

Electrodes made of pure and doped tungsten are operated in a special model lamp with a DC current of 1-10 A in argon or xenon atmosphere within the pressure range of 0.1-1 MPa. Cylindrical electrodes with different designs are investigated with regard to the mode of cathodic arc attachment. Three modes are observed: a diffuse mode, a spot mode and a super-spot mode. The major difference between the diffuse and the spot mode is the current density, which is low in the case of the diffuse mode and high in the spot mode. The diffuse mode is favoured by high current, low pressure and weak cooling of the electrode, the spot mode by the opposite conditions. In a transition region the cathode changes statistically between these modes. Whereas the global electrode temperature and the cathode fall of the diffuse and the spot mode differ slightly, the super-spot mode is associated with a significantly decreased global electrode temperature and cathode fall at similar parameters. SEM pictures show that the surface structure of the electrodes has wide influence on the mode of cathodic arc attachment. Due to the significant difference between the super-spot mode and the two other modes this paper is concentrated on the comparison between the spot and the diffuse mode.
Climate-related increase in the prevalence of urolithiasis in the United States (2008)

An unanticipated result of global warming is the likely northward expansion of the present-day southeastern U.S. kidney stone "belt." The fraction of the U.S. population living in high-risk zones for nephrolithiasis will grow from 40% in 2000 to 56% by 2050, and to 70% by 2095. Predictions based on a climate model of intermediate severity warming (SRESa1b) indicate a climate-related increase of 1.6-2.2 million lifetime cases of nephrolithiasis by 2050, representing up to a 30% increase in some climate divisions. Nationwide, the cost increase associated with this rise in nephrolithiasis would be $0.9-1.3 billion annually (year-2000 dollars), representing a 25% increase over current expenditures. The impact of these changes will be geographically concentrated, depending on the precise relationship between temperature and stone risk. Stone risk may abruptly increase at a threshold temperature (nonlinear model) or increase steadily with temperature change (linear model) or some combination thereof. The linear model predicts increases by 2050 that are concentrated in California, Texas, Florida, and the Eastern Seaboard; the nonlinear model predicts concentration in a geographic band stretching from Kansas to Kentucky and Northern California, immediately south of the threshold isotherm.
Dystonia: clinical features, genetics, and treatment (2002)

The recent mapping of additional dystonia gene loci, the identification of novel dystonia genes, and the characterization of proteins encoded by these genes have enhanced our understanding of various forms and aspects of the dystonias and have opened up new avenues for research. Treatment options include both medical and surgical therapies, with deep brain simulation being the most recent development.
Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply (2005)

The purpose of this report is to determine whether the land resources of the United States are capable of producing a sustainable supply of biomass sufficient to displace 30% or more of the country's present petroleum consumption.
Hype and virtue (2007)

In this paper, we question whether hypervisors are really acting as a disruptive force in OS research, instead arguing that they have so far changed very little at a technical level. Essentially, we have retained the conventional Unix-like OS interface and added a new ABI based on PC hardware which is highly unsuitable for most purposes. Despite commercial excitement, focus on hypervisor design may be leading OS research astray. However, adopting a different approach to virtualization and recognizing its value to academic research holds the prospect of opening up kernel research to new directions.
Discovery of Nigri/nox and Panto/pox site-specific recombinase systems facilitates advanced genome engineering (2016)

Precise genome engineering is instrumental for biomedical research and holds great promise for future therapeutic applications. Site-specific recombinases (SSRs) are valuable tools for genome engineering due to their exceptional ability to mediate precise excision, integration and inversion of genomic DNA in living systems. The ever-increasing complexity of genome manipulations and the desire to understand the DNA-binding specificity of these enzymes are driving efforts to identify novel SSR systems with unique properties. Here, we describe two novel tyrosine site-specific recombination systems designated Nigri/nox and Panto/pox. Nigri originates from Vibrio nigripulchritudo (plasmid VIBNI_pA) and recombines its target site nox with high efficiency and high target-site selectivity, without recombining target sites of the well established SSRs Cre, Dre, Vika and VCre. Panto, derived from Pantoea sp. aB, is less specific and in addition to its native target site, pox also recombines the target site for Dre recombinase, called rox. This relaxed specificity allowed the identification of residues that are involved in target site selectivity, thereby advancing our understanding of how SSRs recognize their respective DNA targets.
The discovery of GDC-0941: A potent, selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of class I PI3 kinase for the treatment of cancer (2008)

LB-146 Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) is an important target in cancer due to the deregulation of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in a wide variety of tumours. The consequences of deregulation of this pathway include tumour progression, proliferation, survival, growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. PI3K signalling is negatively regulated by the dual phosphatase PTEN, and this is one of the most commonly mutated proteins in human malignancy. In addition, persistent signalling through the PI3K/Akt pathway has been shown to be a major mechanism of resistance to therapy. Hence, PI3K, and in particular the p110α subunit of PI3K, is a highly promising candidate for cancer treatment. This poster describes our medicinal chemistry efforts to optimize a series of thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines that demonstrate potent inhibition of PI3K p110α, culminating in the discovery of GDC-0941. The structure of GDC-0941 will be disclosed. This compound is a potent ATP-competitive PI3 kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 nM against the PI3K p110α subunit, and shows potent growth inhibitory activity in vitro in a range of human tumour cell lines. GDC-0941 is efficacious in xenograft models following oral administration, and is currently being evaluated in human clinical trials for the treatment of cancer.
Glomerular activin A overexpression is linked to fibrosis in anti-Thy1 glomerulonephritis (2005)

Taken together, the results of this study link overexpression of activin A to glomerular matrix protein expansion in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that activin A acts as pro-fibrotic cytokine in renal disease.
Effect of Fluorocarbon and Hydrocarbon Chain Lengths in Hybrid Surfactants for Supercritical CO2 (2015)

Hybrid surfactants containing both fluorocarbon (FC) and hydrocarbon (HC) chains have recently been shown to solubilize water and form elongated reversed micelles in supercritical CO2. To clarify the most effective FC and HC chain lengths, the aggregation behavior and interfacial properties of hybrid surfactants FCm-HCn (FC length m/HC length n = 4/2, 4/4, 6/2, 6/4, 6/5, 6/6, and 6/8) were examined in W/CO2 mixtures as functions of pressure, temperature, and water-to-surfactant molar ratio (W0). The solubilizing power of hybrid surfactants for W/CO2 microemulsions was strongly affected by not only the FC length but also by that of the HC. Although the surfactants having short FC and/or HC tails (namely, m/n = 4/2, 4/4, and 6/2) did not dissolve in supercritical CO2 (even at ∼17 mM, ≤400 bar, temperature ≤ 75 °C, and W0 = 0-40), the other hybrid surfactants were able to yield transparent single-phase W/CO2 mixtures identified as microemulsions. The solubilizing power of FC6-HCm surfactants reached a maximum (W0 ∼ 80 at 45 °C and 350 bar) with a hydrocarbon length, m, of 4. The W0 value of 80 is the highest for a HC-FC hybrid surfactant, matching the highest value reported for a FC surfactant which contained more FC groups. High-pressure small-angle neutron scattering measurements from FCm-HCn/D2O/CO2 microemulsions were consistent with growth of the microemulsion droplets with increasing W0. In addition, not only spherical reversed micelles but also nonspherical assemblies (rodlike or ellipsoidal) were found for the systems with FC6-HCn (n = 4-6). At fixed surfactant concentration and W0 (17 mM and W0 = 20), the longest reversed micelles were obtained for FC6-HC6 where a mean aspect ratio of 6.3 was calculated for the aqueous cores.
Energy‐Absorbing Hybrid Composites Based on Alternate Carbon‐Nanotube and Inorganic Layers (2009)

Hybrid materials with aligned carbon nanotubes intercalating naturally layered compounds (see upper figures) are fabricated using general metal-ion intercalation and in situ growth. As indicated by SEM images (lower figures), they exhibit periodic and hierarchical structures. The ability to control their composition resulted in some samples possessing excellent mechanical properties, such as high energy absorption during compression. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Efetividade do exercício físico em ambiente ocupacional para controle da dor cervical, lombar e do ombro: uma revisão sistemática (2009)

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: As disfunções musculoesqueléticas representam um problema de saúde mundial. Dentre o conjunto de medidas para controle dessas alterações está a prática de exercício físico em ambiente ocupacional que pode ser realizada no próprio setor de trabalho ou em ambientes à parte, mas dentro da empresa. Entretanto, há controvérsias quanto à efetividade e à forma de aplicação desse tipo de intervenção. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a efetividade e fornecer evidências a respeito da prática de exercício físico no ambiente ocupacional para o controle da dor musculoesquelética. MÉTODOS: As seguintes bases bibliográficas foram consultadas: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, PEDro e Web of Science. Dois revisores independentes selecionaram os estudos pertinentes, e as eventuais discordâncias foram solucionadas por consenso. Foram incluídos no estudo os ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados que realizaram intervenção no local de trabalho envolvendo exercício e avaliaram a dor musculoesquelética. A escala PEDro, que tem pontuação de 0-10, foi utilizada para avaliação da qualidade dos estudos incluídos nesta revisão. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: A busca eletrônica resultou em um total de 8680 referências publicadas em inglês. Ao final do processo de seleção, 18 estudos foram incluídos. Forte evidência foi encontrada para a efetividade do exercício físico no controle de dor cervical em trabalhadores que realizavam atividades em escritórios ou setores administrativos, descritos como sedentários enquanto evidência moderada foi encontrada para a região lombar daqueles que realizavam atividades envolvendo manuseio de pacientes ou materiais na indústria, desde que os treinamentos fossem aplicados por períodos superiores a dez semanas, incluíssem exercícios realizados com algum tipo de resistência e fossem supervisionados. Nenhum estudo avaliando trabalhadores sedentários relatou resultados positivos para o controle da dor musculoesquelética em ombros. Novos estudos randomizados controlados (RCTs) são necessários para avaliar, dentre outros aspectos, o efeito comparado de treinos leves e pesados para ombros.
Progressive lineage analysis by cell sorting and culture identiﬁes FLK1+VEcadherin+ cells at a diverging point of endothelial and hemopoietic lineages (1998)

Totipotent murine ES cells have an enormous potential for the study of cell specification. Here we demonstrate that ES cells can differentiate to hemopoietic cells through the proximal lateral mesoderm, merely upon culturing in type IV collagen-coated dishes. Separation of the Flk1+ mesoderm from other cell lineages was critical for hemopoietic cell differentiation, whereas formation of the embryoid body was not. Since the two-dimensionally spreading cells can be monitored easily in real time, this culture system will greatly facilitate the study of the mechanisms involved in the cell specification to mesoderm, endothelial, and hemopoietic cells. In the culture of ES cells, however, lineages and stages of differentiating cells can only be defined by their own characteristics. We showed that a combination of monoclonal antibodies against E-cadherin, Flk1/KDR, PDGF receptor(alpha), VE-cadherin, CD45 and Ter119 was sufficient to define most intermediate stages during differentiation of ES cells to blood cells. Using this culture system and surface markers, we determined the following order for blood cell differentiation: ES cell (E-cadherin+Flk1-PDGFRalpha-), proximal lateral mesoderm (E-cadherin-Flk1+VE-cadherin-), progenitor with hemoangiogenic potential (Flk1+VE-cadherin+CD45-), hemopoietic progenitor (CD45+c-Kit+) and mature blood cells (c-Kit-CD45+ or Ter119+), though direct differentiation of blood cells from the Flk1+VE-cadherin- stage cannot be ruled out. Not only the VE-cadherin+CD45- population generated from ES cells but also those directly sorted from the yolk sac of 9.5 dpc embryos have a potential to give rise to hemopoietic cells. Progenitors with hemoangiogenic potential were identified in both the Flk1+VE-cadherin- and Flk1+VE-cadherin+ populations by the single cell deposition experiment. This line of evidence implicates Flk1+VE-cadherin+ cells as a diverging point of hemopoietic and endothelial cell lineages.
Use of D gene segments with irregular spacers in terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT)+/+and TdT−/−mice carrying a human Ig heavy chain transgenic minilocus (1998)

D gene segments with irregular spacers (DIR) are D gene segments that are specific to higher primates. Their use is controversial because of their G+C-rich long sequences. In the human, it has always been tempting to assume that a complementarity-determining region 3 sequence has been added by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT) activity and is not derived from DIR recombination. Herein, we examine the use of human DIR gene segments by cross-breeding the human Ig heavy chain minilocus pHC1 transgenic mice and TdT-deficient mice. In the absence of TdT and with a defined set of human D gene segments, it is relatively easy to demonstrate that DIR2 is used to form human Ig heavy chains, contributing to 7% of the human heavy chain rearrangements. VHDJH rearrangements (where H is heavy chain) in the minilocus TdT-/- mice use small portions of DIR2 located throughout the coding sequence. These results constitute the strongest evidence to date that DIR gene segments are used to form human antibodies. Additionally, we show that direct and inverted DIR2JH and VHDIR2 rearrangements occur in the minilocus transgenic mice. During these rearrangements, DM2 3' signal sequence and a new DIR2 5' signal sequence are used. These rearrangements generally follow the 12/23 recombination rule. Our results at the VHDJH, DJH, and VHD levels indicate that DIR2 is used to form human heavy chains in transgenic mice. The rearrangement of this gene segment likely involves, however, other mechanisms in addition to the classical VHDJH recombination.
The Treatment of Colorectal Carcinoma With Monoclonal Antibodies - The Importance of KRAS Mutation Analysis and EGFR Status (2009)

Activating mutations of the KRAS gene are biomarkers for resistance to cetuximab or panitumumab. Thus, anti-EGFR therapies are approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma only on condition that the mutation state of the KRAS gene is determined first, because the combination of chemotherapy with anti-EGFR is expected to increase the response rate only in patients with the wild-type KRAS gene.
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Requirement of the chlB gene product for the formation of molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide (1991)

The chlorate-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli are affected in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor and show pleiotropic loss of the activities of those enzymes which require the cofactor. The molybdenum cofactor in all molybdoenzymes other than nitrogenase is a complex of the metal with a unique pterin termed molybdopterin. The molybdenum cofactor in a number of E. coli enzymes has been shown to contain GMP in addition to the metal-molybdopterin complex, with the GMP appended in pyrophosphate linkage to the terminal phosphate ester on the molybdopterin side chain. In this paper, we have examined the biochemistry of the chlB mutant and show that the gene product of the chlB locus is essential for the addition of the GMP moiety to form molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide, a step which occurs late in the cofactor biosynthetic pathway in E. coli. Sensitive techniques were developed for the identification of fluorescent derivatives of molybdopterin and of molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide in extracts of E. coli cells. Wild type cells were shown to contain both molybdopterin and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide, while cells of chlB mutants were found to contain elevated levels of molybdopterin but no detectable molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide.
Compositional and doping superlattices in III-V semiconductors (1983)

Abstract The unusual electrical and optical properties of three important types of semiconductor superlattices are reviewed. The artificial structures which were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) consist of a periodic sequence of ultrathin crystalline layers of alternating composition (Al x Ga1-x As/GaAs or Ga x In1-x As/GaAs y Sb1-y ) or of alternating doping (n-GaAs/p-GaAs). The electronic energy bands in these superlattives are split into quasi-two-dimensional subbands whose spacing and width can be tailored by appropriate choice of the design parameters of the structure. After a brief outline of the electronic properties of compositional superlattices, we discuss the unique properties of GaAs doping superlattices in detail. The space charge induced band edge modulation in doping superlattices leads to an indirect energy gap in real space. As a consequence, the electrons and holes are spatially separated and their recombination lifetimes are strongly enhanced, i.e. non-equilibrium free-carrier distributions can be metastable. This implies the unique possibility of tuning the carrier concentration in a given superlattice sample over a wide range. Tuning the carrier concentration, in turn, is associated with a strong variation of the effective energy gap, of the absorption coefficient, and of the two-dimensional subband structure. Experimental results on GaAs doping superlattices demonstrate the tunability of electron and hole conduction by selective electrodes and by photoexcitation, the optical tunability of the absorption coefficient, and the electrical and optical tunability of the luminescence. The two-dimensional subband structure and its tunability was observed by resonant Raman scattering and by Shubnikov-de-Haas measurements.
Dimerization of leucine zippers analyzed by random selection (1993)

The leucine zipper is a coiled coil that mediates specific dimerization of bZIP DNA-binding domains. A hydrophobic spine involving the conserved leucines runs down the coiled-coil and is thought to stabilize the dimer. We used the method of random selection to further define the primary sequence requirements for homodimer formation and heterodimer formation with Fos. When positions on either side of the hydrophobic spine of GCN4 are diversified to include the corresponding residues of Jun, a large percentage of the resulting sequences form homodimers, and a large percentage form heterodimers with Fos. Basic residues were preferred, but not essential, at position e of zippers which heterodimerize with Fos. When random sequences containing 5 heptad repeat of leucines are subject to a selection for homodimer formation, a diverse set of sequences is isolated. Certain residues are preferred at each position in the heptad repeat, although no essential primary sequence determinants could be identified. No pair of residues not involving the conserved leucines could be identified which strongly promotes homodimerization. These results suggest that factors determining leucine zipper dimerization are complex, with numerous interactions contributing to the association.
Microfabricated elastomeric stencils for micropatterning cell cultures (2000)

Here we present an inexpensive method to fabricate microscopic cellular cultures, which does not require any surface modification of the substrate prior to cell seeding. The method utilizes a reusable elastomeric stencil (i.e., a membrane containing thru holes) which seals spontaneously against the surface. The stencil is applied to the cell-culture substrate before seeding. During seeding, the stencil prevents the substrate from being exposed to the cell suspension except on the hole areas. After cells are allowed to attach and the stencil is peeled off, cellular islands with a shape similar to the holes remain on the cell-culture substrate. This solvent-free method can be combined with a wide range of substrates (including biocompatible polymers, homogeneous or nonplanar surfaces, microelectronic chips, and gels), biomolecules, and virtually any adherent cell type.