gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ambient endotoxin concentrations in PM10 from Southern California. (2004)

Concentrations of endotoxin in urban air pollution have not previously been extensively characterized. We measured 24-hr levels of PM10 (particulate matter < 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter) and the associated endotoxin component once every 6 weeks for 1 year in 13 communities in Southern California. All the samples collected had detectable PM10 and endotoxin levels. The geometric mean PM10 was 34.6 microg/m3 [geometric SD (GSD), 2.1; range, 3.0-135]. By volume, the endotoxin geometric mean was 0.44 endotoxin units (EU)/m3 (GSD, 3.1; range, 0.03-5.44). Per unit material collected, the geometric mean of endotoxin collected was 13.6 EU/mg (GSD, 3.2; range, 0.7-96.8). No correlation was found between endotoxin concentrations and other ambient pollutants concurrently measured [ozone, nitrogen dioxide, total acids, or PM2.5 (particulate matter < 2.5 micro m in aerodynamic diameter]. PM10 and endotoxin concentrations were significantly correlated, most strongly in summer. Samples collected in more rural and agricultural areas had lower PM10 and mid-range endotoxin levels. The high desert and mountain communities had lower PM10 levels but endotoxin levels comparable with or higher than the rural agricultural sites. By volume, endotoxin levels were highest at sites downwind of Los Angeles, California, which were also the locations of highest PM10. Endotoxin concentrations measured in this study were all < 5.5 EU/m3, which is lower than recognized thresholds for acute adverse health effects for occupational exposures but in the same range as indoor household concentrations. This study provides the first extensive characterization of endotoxin concentration across a large metropolitan area in relation to PM10 and other pollutant monitoring, and supports the need for studies of the role of endotoxin in childhood asthma in urban settings.
New Antioxidant Drugs for Neonatal Brain Injury (2015)

The brain injury concept covers a lot of heterogeneity in terms of aetiology involving multiple factors, genetic, hemodynamic, metabolic, nutritional, endocrinological, toxic, and infectious mechanisms, acting in antenatal or postnatal period. Increased vulnerability of the immature brain to oxidative stress is documented because of the limited capacity of antioxidant enzymes and the high free radicals (FRs) generation in rapidly growing tissue. FRs impair transmembrane enzyme Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity resulting in persistent membrane depolarization and excessive release of FR and excitatory aminoacid glutamate. Besides being neurotoxic, glutamate is also toxic to oligodendroglia, via FR effects. Neuronal cells die of oxidative stress. Excess of free iron and deficient iron/binding metabolising capacity are additional features favouring oxidative stress in newborn. Each step in the oxidative injury cascade has become a potential target for neuroprotective intervention. The administration of antioxidants for suspected or proven brain injury is still not accepted for clinical use due to uncertain beneficial effects when treatments are started after resuscitation of an asphyxiated newborn. The challenge for the future is the early identification of high-risk babies to target a safe and not toxic antioxidant therapy in combination with standard therapies to prevent brain injury and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment.
Parsing clothing in fashion photographs (2012)

In this paper we demonstrate an effective method for parsing clothing in fashion photographs, an extremely challenging problem due to the large number of possible garment items, variations in configuration, garment appearance, layering, and occlusion. In addition, we provide a large novel dataset and tools for labeling garment items, to enable future research on clothing estimation. Finally, we present intriguing initial results on using clothing estimates to improve pose identification, and demonstrate a prototype application for pose-independent visual garment retrieval.
Molecular cloning of a human monoclonal antibody reactive to ganglioside GM3 antigen on human cancers. (1993)

In this study we report the characterization of a human monoclonal antibody (HuMab), L612, that reacts with ganglioside GM3 and has therapeutic application for the treatment of human neoplasms, particularly melanoma. A permanent IgM-secreting Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-cell line L612 was established. L612 HuMab bound specifically to neoplastic cell lines in culture and in tissue biopsy specimens such as melanoma, colon, breast, and lung cancer. The antibody did not bind to normal cells or biopsy tissue. HuMab L612 showed the highest reactivity to melanoma cells, particularly to those with high concentrations of GM3. Immunostaining on high-performance thin-layer chromatography plates demonstrated that L612 HuMab bound to GM3 purified from melanoma cells. Removal of the sialic acid from GM3 abolished antibody binding. HuMab L612 also reacted to GM4 purified from egg yolk, indicating that it recognizes an NeuAc alpha 2-3 galactose antigen determinant. HuMab L612 heavy and light chains were sequenced and determined to belong to the mu heavy chain variable subgroup III and kappa chain variable subgroup IV families, respectively. The studies indicate that the L612 HuMab has significant therapeutic potential for a wide variety of human cancers.
A novel mammalian wnt gene, WNT8B, shows brain-restricted expression in early development, with sharply delimited expression boundaries in the developing forebrain (1998)

Our current knowledge of mammalian forebrain development is meagre. The comparatively few relevant anatomical landmarks are, however, being supplemented by gene expression studies which are able to identify subsets of anatomical structures. We previously described cloning, subchromosomal localization and preliminary structural characterization of the human WNT8B gene, the first mammalian Wnt8b gene to be reported. Wnt genes encode intercellular signalling molecules which play a variety of critical roles in early development, including, in several cases, a presumed role in brain development. In the current report we present the full-length cDNA sequence and genomic organization of the human Wnt8b gene and report studies of expression of the Wnt8b gene in human and mouse embryos. The human and mouse expression patterns appeared identical and were restricted to the developing brain, with the great majority of expression being found in the developing forebrain. In the latter case expression was confined to the germinative neuroepithelium of three sharply delimited regions: the dorsomedial wall of the telencephalic ventricles (which includes the developing hippocampus), a discrete region of the dorsal thalamus and the mammillary and retromammillary regions of the posterior hypothalamus. Expression in the developing hippocampus may suggest a role for WNT8B in patterning of this region and subchromosomal localization of the human gene to 10q24 may suggest it as a candidate gene for partial epilepsy in families where the disease has been linked to markers in this region.
Foam elastomer dressings in surgery. (1981)

A wound dressing prepared from silicone which is catalysed by a gas-producing activatory is described. The resultant foam elastomer is soft, comfortable and easy to prepare, and can be removed, cleaned and reinserted by the patient with minimal instruction and formality. It promises to be a highly cost-effective dressing, with a particularly wide range of potential applications.
Magnetically Excited Plasma Oxynitridation of Si at Room Temperature (1995)

Good electrical quality Si oxynitride was successfully grown at room temperature using magnetically excited ( N 2 + Ar) plasma. Si oxynitride, probably Si\SubtN\SubtO, was grown only when Ar was mixed with N 2 , while SiO\Subt was solely formed with N 2 only. At the top surface of the grown film with mixed gas, SiO\Subt was always grown due to residual oxygen in N 2 gas, so that the SiO\Subt/Si\Subt N 2 O structure was always obtained. Good capacitance-voltage characteristics were obtained although the growth rate was somewhat low. The ( N 2 + Ar) plasma treatment after deposition of Si\SubsN\Subf powder on Si was also discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTION OF AZIDES TO PRIMARY AMINES BY A GENERAL METHOD USING THE STAUDINGER REACTION (1983)

Abstract Azide werden mit Triphenylphosphjn (II) zu den Phosphiniminen (III) kondensiert, die zu den Aminen (IV) und Phosphinoxid (V) hydrolysieren.
Multiple functional domains of Tat, thetrans-activator of HIV-1, defined by mutational analysis (1989)

The tat gene of HIV-1 is a potent trans-activator of gene expression from the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR). To define the functionally important regions of the product of the tat gene (Tat) of HIV-1, deletion, linker insertion and single amino acid substitution mutants within the Tat coding region of strain SF2 were constructed. The effect of these mutations on trans-activation was assessed by measuring the expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene linked to the HIV-LTR. These studies have revealed that four different domains of the protein that map within the N-terminal 56 amino acid region are essential for Tat function. In addition to the essential domains, an auxiliary domain that enhances the activity of the essential region has also been mapped between amino acid residues 58 and 66. One of the essential domains maps in the N-terminal 20 amino acid region. The other three essential domains are highly conserved among the various strains of HIV-1 and HIV-2 as well as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Of the conserved domains, one contains seven Cys residues and single amino acid substitutions for several Cys residues indicate that they are essential for Tat function. The second conserved domain contains a Lys X Leu Gly Ile X Tyr motif in which the Lys residue is essential for trans-activation and the other residues are partially essential. The third conserved domain is strongly basic and appears to play a dual role. Mutants lacking this domain are deficient in trans-activation and in efficient targeting of Tat to the nucleus and nucleolus. The combination of the four essential domains and the auxiliary domain contribute to the near full activity observed with the 101 amino acid Tat protein.
<title>Lippmann volume holographic filters for Rayleigh line rejection in Raman spectroscopy</title> (1991)

Raman spectroscopy, a chemical analysis method with potential use in clinical studies, environmental sensing, and process monitoring, may be revolutionized by the integration of Lippmann volume holographic filters. Holographic filters of this type are being produced by Physical Optics Corporation and are referred to as Raman Holographic Edge (RHE) filters. RHE filters effectively remove the Rayleigh line to within 250 wavenumbers. The addition of the RHE filter will help create a new compact portable Raman spectrometer for university, industrial, and biomedical applications.
Janus Kinase Inhibition with Tofacitinib: Changing the Face of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment (2013)

The advent of anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) therapy has changed the way of treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, primary and secondary failure are relatively frequent with all anti-TNF agents, which are available only as parenteral agents. Tofacitinib is an oral janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor that inhibits JAK family kinase members, in particular JAK1 and JAK3, achieving a broad limitation of inflammation by interfering with several cytokine receptors. It first proved its efficacy as an immunosuppressive regimen after renal transplantation, and was recently approved by the FDA for rheumatoid arthritis. First data in IBD are promising, especially in ulcerative colitis. Ongoing clinical trials in both UC and Crohn's disease (CD) are needed to further explore its efficacy in CD and to better assess its safety profile.
An α-N-Acetylgalactosaminylation at the Threonine Residue of a Defined Peptide Sequence Creates the Oncofetal Peptide Epitope in Human Fibronectin (1989)

The monoclonal antibody FDC-6 defines a structure specific to oncofetal fibronectins (onf-FN) isolated from fetal and malignant cells and tissues. The absence of this structure is characteristic of normal fibronectin (nor-FN) isolated from plasma and adult normal tissue (Matsuura, H., and Hakomori, S. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 82, 6517-6521). The minimum structure required for FDC-6 reactivity was determined to be Val-Thr-His-Pro-Gly-Tyr (VTHPGY) with alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine (alpha-GalNAc) at Thr, although alpha-GalNAc per se is not involved in the FDC-6 epitope (Matsuura, H., Takio, K., Titani, K., Greene, T., Levery, S. B., Salyan, M. E. K., and Hakomori, S. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 3314-3322). Thus, a single glycosylation on the normally occurring peptide of FN may induce conformational changes in the peptide to form the specific oncofetal epitope recognized by FDC-6 antibody. The FDC-6-nonreactive synthetic peptide containing the VTHPGY sequence was converted into FDC-6-reactive form on incubation with alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and UDP-[3H]GalNAc in the homogenate of hepatoma cell HUH-7, human fetal fibroblast cell line WI-38, or human epidermoid carcinoma cell line A431. Such a conversion did not take place when the same enzyme fraction of normal adult tissue was incubated with the VTHPGY peptide under the same conditions. Thus, the occurrence of alpha-GalNAc transferase recognizing the VTHPGY peptide sequence (UDP-GalNAc:VTHPGY alpha-GalNAc transferase) is specific for fetal and cancer tissues, and absent in normal adult tissues. However, a similar alpha-GalNAc transferase activity capable of transferring the GalNAc residue to other Ser or Thr hydroxyl groups of nor-FN, and presumably located at the type III connecting segment region, was detectable in homogenate of various normal tissues. Such enzyme activity was determined with the use of enzymatically de-O-glycosylated nor-FN. Thus, the enzymatic basis of FDC-6 epitope formation is a subtle change in the substrate specificity of alpha-GalNAc transferase. The normal enzyme is incapable of transferring alpha-GalNAc from UDP-GalNAc to the Thr residue of the VTHPGY sequence, but is capable of transferring alpha-GalNAc to other Ser or Thr residues of FN. In contrast, alpha-GalNAc transferase of fetal and cancer tissues may have broader specificity and the capability to transfer GalNAc to Thr or Ser residues, including those of the VTHPGY sequence.
The Role of the Central Nervous System in Septic Shock (1968)

Simmons, Richard L. Capt., MC; Ducker, Thomas B. Capt., MC; Martin, Arthur M. Jr. Capt., MC; Anderson, Robert W. Capt., MC; Noyes, Howard E. Ph.D. Author Information
From the syndrome of Charcot, Marie and Tooth to disorders of peripheral myelin proteins (1995)

The description of the peroneal muscular atrophy syndrome in 1886 by Charcot, Marie and Tooth was followed by an era of nosological confusion. This was partly clarified by the advent of nerve conduction studies and the definition of the most common, but heterogeneous, disorders underlying this syndrome, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSN) types I and II. The classification of HMSN is now changing as a result of the identification of underlying mutations in genes encoding myelin proteins. Abnormalities of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP-22) account for dominantly inherited HMSN type I in approximately 90% of families. The commonest genetic defect is a duplication of this gene and the surrounding region of chromosome 17, although point mutations also occur. A deletion of the same region causes hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies. Point mutations of the P0 gene cause HMSN I in a small number of families. The X-linked type of HMSN is associated with defects of the connexin 32 gene, which encodes a gap junction protein. These molecular genetic advances can be translated into clinical practice, leading to improved diagnosis and genetic counselling.
The meaning of leisure: conceptual differences between Americans and Koreans (2001)

Considering the importance of diversifying the concept of leisure and expanding our scope of understanding beyond cultural borders, this study examines the conceptual differences between American and Korean understandings of the term. The results revealed that there is a significant relationship between the concept of leisure and nationality. For Americans, work relation and affect were more highly related to leisure. Perceived freedom was a better indicator for what leisure means to Koreans.
Type 3 Deiodinase Deficiency Causes Spatial and Temporal Alterations in Brain T3 Signaling that Are Dissociated from Serum Thyroid Hormone Levels (2010)

The type 3 deiodinase (D3) is an enzyme that inactivates thyroid hormones (TH) and is highly expressed during development and in the central nervous system. D3-deficient (D3KO) mice develop markedly elevated serum T(3) level in the perinatal period. In adulthood, circulating T(4) and T(3) levels are reduced due to functional deficits in the thyroid axis and peripheral tissues (i.e. liver) show evidence of decreased TH action. Given the importance of TH for brain development, we aimed to assess TH action in the brain of D3KO mice at different developmental stages and determine to what extent it correlates with serum TH parameters. We used a transgenic mouse model (FINDT3) that expresses the reporter gene β-galactosidase (β-gal) in the central nervous system as a readout of local TH availability. Together with experiments determining expression levels of TH-regulated genes, our results show that after a state of thyrotoxicosis in early development, most regions of the D3KO brain show evidence of decreased TH action at weaning age. However, later in adulthood and in old age, the brain again manifests a thyrotoxic state, despite reduced serum TH levels. These region-specific changes in brain TH status during the life span of the animal provide novel insight into the important role of the D3 in the developing and adult brain. Our results suggest that, even if serum concentrations of TH are normal or low, impaired D3 activity may result in excessive TH action in multiple brain regions, with potential consequences of altered neural function that may be of clinical relevance to neurological and neuroendocrine disorders.
A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge. (1997)

How do people know as much as they do with as little information as they get? The problem takes many forms; learning vocabulary from text is an especially dramatic and convenient case for research. A new general theory of acquired similarity and knowledge representation, latent semantic analysis (LSA), is presented and used to successfully simulate such learning and several other psycholinguistic phenomena. By inducing global knowledge indirectly from local co-occurrence data in a large body of representative text, LSA acquired knowledge about the full vocabulary of English at a comparable rate to schoolchildren. LSA uses no prior linguistic or perceptual similarity knowledge; it is based solely on a general mathematical learning method that achieves powerful inductive effects by extracting the right number of dimensions (e.g., 300) to represent objects and contexts. Relations to other theories, phenomena, and problems are sketched.
Identification and analysis of a novel member of the ubiquitin family expressed in dendritic cells and mature B cells (1997)

Using a cDNA subtraction technique, a novel member of the ubiquitin family was isolated from human dendritic cells. This gene encodes a diubiquitin protein containing tandem head to tail ubiquitin-like domains, with the conservation of key functional residues. Expression of this 777-bp mRNA was restricted to dendritic cells and B cells, with strong expression in mature B cells. Southern blot analysis indicated that a single copy of this gene is present. In situ hybridization on tonsillar tissue showed expression in epithelial cells and isolated cells within the germinal center. With respect to an expressed-sequence tag (EST) this cDNA could be localized to the major histocompatibility complex class I region of chromosome 6. Comparative analysis and the expression pattern of this gene suggests a function in antigen processing and presentation.
Insights into the evolution of Yersinia pestis through whole-genome comparison with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (2004)

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is a highly uniform clone that diverged recently from the enteric pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Despite their close genetic relationship, they differ radically in their pathogenicity and transmission. Here, we report the complete genomic sequence of Y. pseudotuberculosis IP32953 and its use for detailed genome comparisons with available Y. pestis sequences. Analyses of identified differences across a panel of Yersinia isolates from around the world reveal 32 Y. pestis chromosomal genes that, together with the two Y. pestis-specific plasmids, to our knowledge, represent the only new genetic material in Y. pestis acquired since the the divergence from Y. pseudotuberculosis. In contrast, 149 other pseudogenes (doubling the previous estimate) and 317 genes absent from Y. pestis were detected, indicating that as many as 13% of Y. pseudotuberculosis genes no longer function in Y. pestis. Extensive insertion sequence-mediated genome rearrangements and reductive evolution through massive gene loss, resulting in elimination and modification of preexisting gene expression pathways, appear to be more important than acquisition of genes in the evolution of Y. pestis. These results provide a sobering example of how a highly virulent epidemic clone can suddenly emerge from a less virulent, closely related progenitor.
Human umbilical cord blood serum can replace fetal bovine serum in the culture of mesenchymal stem cells (2006)

The potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to differentiate into different cell types has opened up the possibility of using these cells clinically to treat a variety of disorders. In this study we describe the use of human umbilical cord blood serum (CBS) as a replacement for fetal bovine serum (FBS) for culturing MSC from different sources. MSC from human and swine bone marrow and human umbilical cord blood were cultured in the presence of DMEM/F12 containing either FBS or CBS. Human MSC cultured in presence of FBS or CBS showed typical fibroblast-like morphology, which is characteristic of MSC. 99% of the cells cultured in FBS had a CD73+/CD105+/CD45- phenotype compared to 96% of cells cultured in CBS. Cells cultured in CBS had a significantly higher cell count as compared to cells cultured in FBS. Swine Bone Marrow MSC cultured in the presence of FBS and CBS were morphologically and phenotypically similar. Human umbilical cord blood serum supports the growth of MSC. While no significant differences were observed in the MSC numbers in swine cells cultured in the presence of FBS or CBS, human cells showed a greater proliferation potential in the presence of CBS as compared to FBS. Therefore, CBS can be used as an effective substitute to FBS for developing clinically useful protocols for culturing MSC.
Iron Oxide Chemistry. From Molecular Clusters to Extended Solid Networks (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Evidence for in Situ Catalyst Modification during the Pd-Catalyzed Conversion of Aryl Triflates to Aryl Fluorides (2011)

A mechanistic investigation of the Pd-catalyzed conversion of aryl triflates to fluorides is presented. Studies reveal that C-F reductive elimination from a LPd(II)(aryl)F complex (L = t-BuBrettPhos or RockPhos) does not occur when the aryl group is electron rich. Evidence is presented that a modified phosphine, generated in situ, serves as the actual supporting ligand during catalysis with such substrates. A preliminary study of the reactivity of a LPd(II)(aryl)F complex based on this modified ligand is reported.