gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-core ARROW-type diode laser: novel high-power, single-mode device, and effective master oscillator for flared antiguided MOPA's (1995)

A novel type of strong-index-guided laser structure for achieving coherent, high-power (/spl sim/1 W) reliable operation is proposed, analyzed, and demonstrated for the first time. The three-core antiresonant-reflective-optical waveguide (ARROW) laser combines the relatively large fabrication tolerances of single-core ARROW-type devices with the excellent intermodal-discrimination properties of small-element-number (<10) resonant antiguided arrays (i.e., resonant optical-waveguide (ROW) devices.) Thus, the three-core ARROW device should prove a more practical device to fabricate than large element (>10) ROW arrays, which are known to have tight fabrication tolerances. For single-spatial-mode selectivity the device relies both on ARROW-type (lateral) reflectors and interelement loss. The effect of interelement loss on the resonant in-phase mode and the unwanted nonresonant modes is calculated, and the results are used to design optimal structures. For structures of index step, /spl Delta/n, of 0.1; element/interelement width ratio of 5; 500 cm/sup -1/ interelement-loss coefficient; and 7.5-/spl mu/m-wide individual elements, intermodal discrimination /spl ges/5 cm/sup -1/ is obtained over a relatively large range in /spl Delta/n: /spl sim/0.01. Above-threshold analysis shows that, due to strong index guiding, the structures are virtually immune to gain spatial hole burning. The central-lobe energy content is 65-70%, and the emitting aperture is 25 /spl mu/m, which should provide 1 W CW reliable single-mode power from devices with oxide-free facets. Preliminary experimental results are obtained from Al-free 0.98-/spl mu/m emitting structures: diffraction-limited beam operation up to 30/spl times/ threshold and 0.55 W peak pulsed output power. Finally it is shown that three-core ARROW devices used as integrated master oscillators (MO's) for flared antiguided master-oscillator power amplifiers (MOPA's), provide uniform MOPA near-field intensity profiles, thus opening the way to achieving 3-5 W CW diffraction-limited power from stable, flared MOPA's.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Novel PAX6 Binding Sites in the Human Genome and the Role of Repetitive Elements in the Evolution of Gene Regulation (2002)

Pax6 is a critical transcription factor in the development of the eye, pancreas, and central nervous system. It is composed of two DNA-binding domains, the paired domain (PD), which has two helix-turn-helix (HTH) motifs, and the homeodomain (HD), made up from another HTH motif. Each HTH motif can bind to DNA separately or in combination with the others. We identified three novel binding sites that are specific for the PD and HD domains of human PAX6 from single-copy human genomic DNA libraries using cyclic amplification of protein binding sequences (CAPBS) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). One of the binding sites was found within sequences of repetitive Alu elements. However, most of the Alu sequences were unable to bind to PAX6 because of a small number of mismatches (mostly in CpG dinucleotide hot spots) in the consensus Alu sequences. PAX6 binding Alu elements are found primarily in old and intermediate-aged Alu subfamilies. These data along with our previously identified B1-type Pax6 binding site showed that evolutionarily conserved Pax6 has target sites that are disparate in primates and rodents. This difference indicates that human and mouse Pax6-regulated gene networks may have evolved through these lineage-specific repeat elements.
Necrosis correlates with high vascular density and focal macrophage infiltration in invasive carcinoma of the breast (1999)

Necrosis is a common feature of invasive carcinoma of the breast and is caused by chronic ischaemia leading to infarction. Although necrosis was previously assumed to be due to a generally poor blood supply in the tumour, in this study we show that it is present in tumours with focal areas of high vascular density situated away from the actual sites of necrosis. This may account, in part, for the previous observation that necrosis is linked to poor prognosis in this disease. Highly angiogenic tumours often display blood vessel shunting from one tumour area to another, which further exacerbates ischaemia and the formation of tumour necrosis. We have recently demonstrated that high focal microphage infiltration into breast tumours is significantly associated with increased tumour angiogenesis and poor prognosis and that the macrophages accumulate in poorly vascularized, hypoxic areas within breast tumours. In order to investigate the interactions of macrophages with chronic ischaemia (as reflected by the presence of necrosis) and angiogenesis in breast tumours, we quantified the levels of these three biological parameters in a series of 109 consecutive invasive breast carcinomas. We found that the degree of tumour necrosis was correlated with both microphage infiltration (Mann-Whitney U, P-value = 0.0009; chi-square, P-value = 0.01) and angiogenesis (Mann-Whitney U P-value = 0.0008, chi square P-value = 0.03). It was also observed that necrosis was a feature of tumours possessing an aggressive phenotype, i.e. high tumour grade (chi-square, P-value < 0.001), larger size (Mann-Whitney U, P-value = 0.003) and low oestrogen receptor status (Mann-Whitney U, P-value = 0.008; chi-square, P-value < 0.008). We suggest, therefore, that aggressive tumours rapidly outgrow their vascular supply in certain areas, leading to areas of prolonged hypoxia within the tumour and, subsequently, to necrosis. This, in turn, may attract macrophages into the tumour, which then contribute to the angiogenic process, giving rise to an association between high levels of angiogenesis and extensive necrosis.
Synthesis of Polymer Brushes Using Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (2003)

Abstract Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a robust method for the preparation of well‐defined (co)polymers. This process has also enabled the preparation of a wide range of polymer brushes where (co)polymers are covalently attached to either curved or flat surfaces. In this review, the general methodology for the synthesis of polymer brushes from flat surfaces, polymers and colloids is summarized focusing on reports using ATRP. Additionally, the morphology of ultrathin films from polymer brushes is discussed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and other techniques to confirm the formation of nanoscale structure and organization. Formation of polymer brushes by ATRP. magnified image Formation of polymer brushes by ATRP.
CD36: a class B scavenger receptor involved in angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and lipid metabolism (2001)

Multiligand receptorsCD36, identified more than a quarter of a century ago as a platelet integral membrane glycoprotein (glycoprotein IV), was until recently best known as a receptor for thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1).TSP-1 is found in ECMs and platelet α granules, and it participates in cell attachment, motility, and proliferation, as well as in modulation of protease activity, TGF-β activation, neurite outgrowth, and angiogenesis (1).Initially, this receptor-ligand pair was shown to mediate interactions between platelets and monocytes, tumor cells, and matrix.Since then, CD36 has been implicated in multiple biological processes that define it as a multiligand scavenger receptor (see ref. 2 for review).These ligands appear remarkably diverse: In addition to TSP-1, they include long-chain fatty acids, modified LDL, retinal photoreceptor outer segments, Plasmodium falciparum malaria-parasitized erythrocytes, sickle erythrocytes, anionic phospholipids, apoptotic cells, and collagens I and IV.The biology of CD36 can be broadly divided in terms of functions that it mediates with or without TSP-1, but it is probable that it acts in concert with other proteins, such as fatty acid-binding proteins, caveola-associated proteins, integrins, cytoskeletal proteins, and signaling molecules, to effect its diverse functions.
Protein-Modulated DNA Electron Transfer (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTProtein-Modulated DNA Electron TransferScott R. Rajski, Sanjay Kumar, Richard J. Roberts, and Jacqueline K. BartonView Author Information The Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125 New England Biolabs, 32 Tozer Road Beverly, Massachusetts 01915 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 23, 5615–5616Publication Date (Web):May 25, 1999Publication History Received11 January 1999Published online25 May 1999Published inissue 1 June 1999https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9900813Copyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views450Altmetric-Citations97LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (56 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Charge transfer,Genetics,Irradiation,Monomers,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Developmental stage‐specific contribution of LGR5+ cells to basal and luminal epithelial lineages in the postnatal mammary gland (2012)

The leucine-rich repeat-containing heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) has been identified as a marker of cycling stem cells in several epithelial tissues, including small intestine, colon, stomach and hair follicle. To investigate whether LGR5 also marks mammary epithelial stem cells, we performed in situ lineage-tracing studies and mammary gland reconstitutions with LGR5-expressing mammary epithelial cells. Interestingly, the LGR5 progeny population in mammary epithelium switches from the luminal to the myoepithelial compartment during the first 12 days of postnatal development, likely reflecting local changes in Wnt signalling. Together, our findings point to a stage-specific contribution of LGR5-expressing cells to luminal and basal epithelial lineages during postnatal mammary gland development.
The Sterile Inflammatory Response (2010)

The acute inflammatory response is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it plays a key role in initial host defense, particularly against many infections. On the other hand, its aim is imprecise, and as a consequence, when it is drawn into battle, it can cause collateral damage in tissues. In situations where the inciting stimulus is sterile, the cost-benefit ratio may be high; because of this, sterile inflammation underlies the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Although there have been major advances in our understanding of how microbes trigger inflammation, much less has been learned about this process in sterile situations. This review focuses on a subset of the many sterile stimuli that can induce inflammation-specifically dead cells and a variety of irritant particles, including crystals, minerals, and protein aggregates. Although this subset of stimuli is structurally very diverse and might appear to be unrelated, there is accumulating evidence that the innate immune system may recognize them in similar ways and stimulate the sterile inflammatory response via common pathways. Here we review established and emerging data about these responses.
Design and fabrication of array format SPR chips in microstructure monolayers detection (2003)

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been used in biosensing techniques since the 1980s. Optical coupling to surface plasmon resonance is evidenced by attenuated total reflection method. SPR sensors characterize the thickness and index of refraction changes of ultrathin films at noble metal surfaces. A SPR chip can be a disposable component for the SPR sensing system. The array format SPR chip performs as a parallel detection platform to various biomolecules immobilized on sensor surface. With the advantages of high sensitivity and label free sample preparation of SPR techniques, array format SPR chip holds a strong capability in real time imaging system. In this research, we demonstrate the design and fabrication of array format SPR chip. A 50 nm gold layer is thermally evaporated on substrate. We use alkanethiols group to build highly organized microstructures on gold surface after evaporation The self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers spontaneously form highly organized monolayers on gold surface and immobilize biomolecules on gold surfaces. The final parallel detection goal is reached by SPR imaging system. A SPR imaging system consists of HeNe laser source, array format SPR chip, and photodetector. SPR imaging investigates in-situ measurement and provides high spatial resolution in micro scale biosensing.
A modeling of the retention characteristics of non-volatile memories embedded with metallic nanoparticles (2009)

In this paper, three dimensional calculations of the potential distribution inside previously fabricated non-volatile memory (NVM) devices consisting of platinum nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> matrix were performed to examine whether the barrier for tunneling is seriously affected by the discharge of one electron from one of the metallic NPs. To do this, the Poisson equation inside the device was numerically solved and the device was simulated by a standard finite elements method with the assumption that the NPs are spherical and approximately arranged in a simple square lattice. First order tetrahedral elements have been used while, by exploiting the problem symmetries and using 80,000 unknowns, the expected discretization error is less than 1%. A band diagram was constructed from the potential calculations. Results show that when all four spheres in the unit cell are charged, the potential on the spheres is 0.14 eV, and when one sphere discharges, this value changes by 45 meV. The calculations also show that the barrier changes by approximately 1%, hence, almost constant. This leads theoretically to an exponential decrease in the charge and an exponential increase in the number of neutral NPs. Calculations of the transmission coefficient agree well with the decay constant T.
Pharmacological inhibition of Rho-kinase (ROCK) signaling enhances cisplatin resistance in neuroblastoma cells (2010)

The role of the RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway in cell survival remains a very controversial issue, with its activation being pro-apoptotic in many cell types and anti-apoptotic in others. To test if ROCK inhibition contributes to tumor cell survival or death following chemotherapy, we treated cisplatin damaged neuroblastoma cells with a pharmacological ROCK inhibitor (Y27632) or sham, and monitored cell survival, accumulation of a chemoresistant phenotype, and in vivo tumor formation. Additionally, we assayed if ROCK inhibition altered the expression of genes known to be involved in cisplatin resistance. Our studies indicate that ROCK inhibition results in increased cell survival, acquired chemoresistance, and enhanced tumor survival following cisplatin cytotoxicity, due in part to altered expression of cisplatin resistance genes. These findings suggest that ROCK inhibition in combination with cisplatin chemotherapy may lead to enhanced tumor chemoresistance in neuroblastoma.
Effect of Short-Term, High-Dose Retinol on Dark Adaptation in Aging and Early Age-Related Maculopathy (2006)

A short-term, high-dose course of retinol increased the rate of rod-mediated dark adaptation in older adults who were in the early phases of ARM or were exhibiting normal retinal aging. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that depositions and other structural changes in the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane in aging and early ARM cause a localized retinoid deficiency.
Epitaxial Growth of Diamond Films on Si(111) at Room Temperature by Mass-Selected Low-Energy C + Beams (1989)

Diamond films ( approximately 0.7 micrometer thick) have been epitaxially grown on Si(111) substrates at room temperature with mass-selected 120-electronvolt C(+) ions. The diamond reflections observed in x-ray diffraction are well localized at their predicted positions, indicating that (i) the diamond(111) and (220) planes are parallel to the Si(111) and (220), respectively; (ii) the diamond rotational spread around its (111) normal is approximately 1.7 degrees ; and (iii) the mosaic block size is approximately 150 A. The film growth is discussed in terms of subplantation-a shallow subsurface implantation model. This discovery is an important step toward diamond semiconductor devices.
Punch Grafting versus Suction Blister Epidermal Grafting in the Treatment of Stable Lip Vitiligo (2008)

BACKGROUND Among surgical methods, punch skin grafting (PSG) and suction blister epidermal grafting (SBEG) are simple, inexpensive, and effective treatment methods for resistant lip vitiligo cases, but there is a lack of comparison between these procedures for lip vitiligo. OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the outcome following PSG and SBEG in stable lip vitiligo. METHODS Eighteen patients with stable lip vitiligo were randomly selected. Eight patients were included in PSG group and 10 patients in SBEG. All patients were kept on PUVA-SOL (psoralen+ultraviolet A therapy of solar origin) treatment after grafting. The results were evaluated after a follow-up period of 6 months. RESULTS At the end of 6 months of grafting in PSG group, two patients had a repigmentation of 50% to 75%, one had 75% to 90%, and three had 90% to 100% in the recipient site in lip. In SBEG group, one patient had repigmentation of 50% to 75%, three had 75% to 90%, and two had 90% to 100%. The color match was statistically significant in PSG when compared to SBEG. In the recipient site, cobblestone appearance was the predominant complication in PSG whereas hyperpigmentation and thickening of grafts were common in SBEG. In the donor site, superficial scarring and hypopigmentation were the common findings in PSG group whereas hyperpigmentation was the main problem in SBEG group. CONCLUSIONS Although both the procedures are effective in lip vitiligo, PSG gives a better color match than SBEG.
Human Rad50 Is Physically Associated with Human Mre11: Identification of a Conserved Multiprotein Complex Implicated in Recombinational DNA Repair (1996)

In this report, we describe the identification and molecular characterization of a human RAD50 homolog, hRAD50. hRAD50 was included in a collection of cDNAs which were isolated by a direct cDNA selection strategy focused on the chromosomal interval spanning 5q23 to 5q31. Alterations of the 5q23-q31 interval are frequently observed in myelodysplasia and myeloid leukemia. This strategy was thus undertaken to create a detailed genetic map of that region. Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD50 (ScRAD50) is one of three yeast RAD52 epistasis group members (ScRAD50, ScMRE11, and ScXRS2) in which mutations eliminate meiotic recombination but confer a hyperrecombinational phenotype in mitotic cells. The yeast Rad50, Mre11, and Xrs2 proteins appear to act in a multiprotein complex, consistent with the observation that the corresponding mutants confer essentially identical phenotypes. In this report, we demonstrate that the human Rad50 and Mre11 proteins are stably associated in a protein complex which may include three other proteins. hRAD50 is expressed in all tissues examined, but mRNA levels are significantly higher in the testis. Other human RAD52 epistasis group homologs exhibit this expression pattern, suggesting the involvement of human RAD52 epistasis group proteins in meiotic recombination. Human RAD52 epistasis group proteins are highly conserved and act in protein complexes that are analogous to those of their yeast counterparts. These findings indicate that the function of the RAD52 epistasis group is conserved in human cells.
Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Two Promising Oxy-Fuel Power Cycles for CO2 Capture (2008)

Since the Kyoto conference, there is a broad consensus that the human emission of greenhouse gases, mainly CO2, has to be reduced. In the power generation sector, there are three main alternatives that are currently studied worldwide. Among them oxy-fuel cycles with internal combustion with pure oxygen are a very promising technology. Within the European project ENCAP (enhanced CO2 capture) the benchmarking of a number of novel power cycles with CO2 capture was carried out. Within the category oxy-fuel cycles, the Graz Cycle and the semiclosed oxy-fuel combustion combined cycle (SCOC-CC) both achieved a net efficiency of nearly 50%. In a second step, a qualitative comparison of the critical components was performed according to their technical maturity. In contrast to the Graz Cycle, the study authors claimed that no major technical barriers would exist for the SCOC-CC. In this work, the ENCAP study is repeated for the SCOC-CC and for a modified Graz Cycle variant as presented at the ASME IGTI Conference 2006. Both oxy-fuel cycles are thermodynamically investigated based on common assumptions agreed upon with the industry in previous work. The calculations showed that the high-temperature turbine of the SCOC-CC plant needs a much higher cooling flow supply due to the less favorable properties of the working fluid. A layout of the main components of both cycles is further presented, which shows that both cycles rely on the new designs of the high-temperature turbine and the compressors. The SCOC-CC compressor needs more stages due to a lower rotational speed but has a more favorable operating temperature. In general, all turbomachines of both cycles show similar technical challenges and are regarded as feasible.