gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Effective Method for the Preparation of ω-Bromoalkanols from α,ω-Diols (1985)

Pure ω-bromoalkanols 2 (n = 2-12), not contaminated by any dibromoalkanes or unreacted diols 1, were prepared in good yields by refluxing a mixture of diols 1, aqueous (48%) hydrogen bromide, and benzene using a Dean-Stark water separator.
Hydrophobic Anchoring of Monolayer-Protected Gold Nanoclusters to Carbon Nanotubes (2003)

Creating hybrid nanostructures consisting of disparate nanoscale blocks is of interest for exploring new types of quantum device architectures. Here, we demonstrate the novel anchoring of monolayer-protected gold nanoclusters of 1−3 nm diameter to sidewalls of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via hydrophobic interactions between octanethiols capping the nanoclusters and acetone-activated CNT surfaces. Such molecularly interlinked hybrid nanoblocks are attractive for building biocompatible nanodevices.
Why FRET over genomics? (1999)

Genetic information is being uncovered quickly and in vast amounts through the largely automated sequencing of genomes from all kinds of organisms. As this information becomes available, enormous challenges are emerging on three levels: first, functions will have to be assigned to individual gene products; second, factors that influence the expression level of these gene products will have to be identified; and third, allelic variants that act alone or in combination to give rise to complex traits will have to be characterized. Because of the sheer size of genomes, methods that can streamline or automate these processes are highly desirable. Fluorescence is an attractive readout for such high-throughput tasks because of the availability of equipment designed to detect light-emitting compounds with great speed and high capacity. The following is an overview of the achievements and potential of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) as applied in three areas of genomics: the identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, the detection of protein-protein interactions, and the genomewide analysis of regulatory sequences.
Heteroimmunization with isolated human ova (1981)

Rabbit antiserum raised against isolated human ova produced an intense immunofluorescence and a precipitate on the outer surface of human and porcine zonae pellucidae. The antiserum reacted with none of 22 human tissues nor with any of 4 body fluid components by immunofluorescence or immunodiffusion analysis, but the antiserum agglutinated AB erythrocytes after absorption with O erythrocytes. The anti-zona activity was achieved by higher titres for human than for porcine zonae. Immunofluorescence on porcine zonae was completely abolished by absorption with porcine ova, whereas a weak but definite fluorescence remained on human zonae. These findings indicate that the human zona pellucida consists of at least three distinct components; (1) a specific antigen(s) shared by human and porcine zonae, (2) an antigen(s) specific to human zonae, and (3) a non-specific antigen(s) associated with the blood group substances.
Cooperation of multiple signaling pathways in CD40-regulated gene expression in B lymphocytes (2002)

CD40/CD40L interaction is essential for multiple biological events in T dependent humoral immune responses, including B cell survival and proliferation, germinal center and memory B cell formation, and antibody isotype switching and affinity maturation. By using high-density microarrays, we examined gene expression in primary mouse B lymphocytes after multiple time points of CD40L stimulation. In addition to genes involved in cell survival and growth, which are also induced by other mitogens such as lipopolysaccharide, CD40L specifically activated genes involved in germinal center formation and T cell costimulatory molecules that facilitate T dependent humoral immunity. Next, by examining the roles of individual CD40-activated signal transduction pathways, we dissected the overall CD40-mediated response into genes independently regulated by the individual pathways or collectively by all pathways. We also found that gene down-regulation is a significant part of the overall response and that the p38 pathway plays an important role in this process, whereas the NF-kappa B pathway is important for the up-regulation of primary response genes. Our finding of overlapping independent control of gene expression modules by different pathways suggests, in principle, that distinct biological behaviors that depend on distinct gene expression subsets can be manipulated by targeting specific signaling pathways.
The role of AMP kinase in diabetes. (2007)

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by abnormal metabolism of glucose and fat, due in part to resistance to the actions of insulin in peripheral tissues. If untreated it leads to several complications such as blindness, kidney failure, neuropathy and amputations. The benefit of exercise in diabetic patients is well known and recent research indicates that AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a major role in this exercise related effect. AMPK is considered as a master switch regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. The AMPK is an enzyme that works as a fuel gauge, being activated in conditions of high energy phosphate depletion. AMPK is also activated robustly by skeletal muscle contraction and myocardial ischaemia, and is involved in the stimulation of glucose transport and fatty acid oxidation produced by these stimuli. In liver, activation of AMPK results in enhanced fatty acid oxidation and decreased production of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. The two leading diabetic drugs namely, metformin and rosiglitazone, show their metabolic effects partially through AMPK. These data, along with evidence from studies showing that chemical activation of AMPK in vivo with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) improves blood glucose concentrations and lipid profiles, make this enzyme an attractive pharmacological target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders.
Microfluidic synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystals for magnetic resonance imaging (2013)

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are of significant interest in areas such as drug delivery, hyperthermic treatment, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and selective separation of biological fluids. For all these applications there is a recognised need for improved synthetic methods that are capable of yielding SPIONs of uniform size, geometry and stoichiometry. Microfluidic reactors offer an attractive route to nanoparticle synthesis due to the superior control they provide over reaction conditions and particle properties relative to traditional bulk methods. In 2002 Edel et al.1 proposed the use of microfluidic reactors for nanoparticle synthesis due to the high levels of control they provide over key reaction parameters such as temperature, reagent concentrations and reaction time. Since that report a diversity of metal, metal oxide, compound semiconductor and organic nanomaterials have been successfully synthesised in microfluidic systems. Most reports of nanoparticle synthesis in microreactors have involved single-phase mode of operation, in which continuous streams of miscible fluids are manoeuvred through microscale channels where nucleation and growth take place. Such reactors, however, are poorly suited to the synthesis of SPIONs due to their high susceptibility to fouling. An alternative approach is to use droplet-based reactors in which an immiscible liquid is injected alongside the reaction mixture, causing the latter to spontaneously divide into a series of near identical droplets. In this thesis microfluidic synthesis of SPIONs in a controlled and reproducible manner is described. This work is focussed on improving the microfluidic methods for controlled synthesis of SPIONs and utilise the produced nanoparticles directly as contrast enhancers in MR imaging. The droplet based reactions were initially performed on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic devices, however on such devices, low throughput was obtained. To overcome fabrication difficulty and to increase throughput, droplet-based synthesis was performed on the capillary-based reactor.
Current Status of Veterinary Vaccines (2007)

The major goals of veterinary vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of companion animals, increase production of livestock in a cost-effective manner, and prevent animal-to-human transmission from both domestic animals and wildlife. These diverse aims have led to different approaches to the development of veterinary vaccines from crude but effective whole-pathogen preparations to molecularly defined subunit vaccines, genetically engineered organisms or chimeras, vectored antigen formulations, and naked DNA injections. The final successful outcome of vaccine research and development is the generation of a product that will be available in the marketplace or that will be used in the field to achieve desired outcomes. As detailed in this review, successful veterinary vaccines have been produced against viral, bacterial, protozoal, and multicellular pathogens, which in many ways have led the field in the application and adaptation of novel technologies. These veterinary vaccines have had, and continue to have, a major impact not only on animal health and production but also on human health through increasing safe food supplies and preventing animal-to-human transmission of infectious diseases. The continued interaction between animals and human researchers and health professionals will be of major importance for adapting new technologies, providing animal models of disease, and confronting new and emerging infectious diseases.
[Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: international guidelines for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment]. (2000)

Recently, international guidelines for the diagnosis and management of diabetic polyneuropathy were issued. The aim of this initiative was to develop simple and practical guidelines for general practitioners and hospital physicians in day-to-day practice. Regular assessment of peripheral nerve function can be performed in diabetic patients using simple diagnostic tools. In such a way, patients will become more aware of the risks associated with diabetic neuropathy. Early detection of neuropathy and other risk factors for the development of foot ulcers may lead to avoidance of amputations. The guidelines emphasize foot care education of diabetic patients with or without neuropathy and early referral of patients with ulcerations to specialised outpatient foot clinic.
Insulin Receptor Signaling Is Augmented by Antisense Inhibition of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase LAR (1995)

Considerable evidence has shown that most physiologic responses to insulin require activation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor. Biochemical studies have also supported the hypothesis that receptor kinase activity can be modulated by cellular protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases), which have not yet been identified. To test the hypothesis that the transmembrane PTPase LAR can modulate insulin receptor signaling in vivo, antisense RNA expression was used to specifically suppress LAR protein levels by 63% in the rat hepatoma cell line, McA-RH7777. Hormone-dependent autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor was increased by approximately 150% in the antisense-expressing cells at all insulin concentrations tested. This increase in autophosphorylation was paralleled by a 35% increase in insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity. Reduced LAR levels did not alter non-hormone-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation nor basal insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and kinase activity. Most significantly, reduced LAR levels resulted in a 350% increase in insulin-dependent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. These studies provide unique in vivo evidence that LAR is involved in the modulation of insulin receptor signaling in intact cells.
Prediction of peptides binding to MHC class I and II alleles by temporal motif mining (2013)

Temporal motif mining using partial periodic patterns can capture information about the sequences well enough to predict the binding of the peptides and is comparable to state of the art methods in the literature. Unlike neural networks or matrix based predictors, our proposed method does not depend on peptide length and can work with both short and long fragments. This advantage allows better use of the available training data and the prediction of peptides of uncommon lengths.
Antibiotic therapy of cholera in children. (1967)

In a controlled trial of the effects of oral antibiotics in treating cholera in children in Dacca, East Pakistan, tetracycline was the most effective of 4 antibiotics tested in reducing stool volume, intravenous fluid requirement, and the duration of diarrhoea and positive stool culture. Increasing the duration of tetracycline therapy from 2 to 4 days, or increasing the total dose administered, resulted in shorter duration of positive culture, but did not affect stool volume or duration of diarrhoea. Only 1% of the children receiving tetracycline had diarrhoea for more than 4 days. Tetracycline was significantly more effective than intravenous fluid therapy alone, regardless of severity of disease.Chloramphenicol, while also effective, was inferior to tetracycline. Streptomycin and paromomycin exerted little or no effect on the course of illness or duration of positive culture. Therapeutic failures with these drugs were not due to the development of bacterial resistance.From these findings, tetracycline appears to be the drug of choice against Vibrio cholerae infection in children. Oral therapy for 48 hours is effective clinically, but is associated with 20% bacteriological relapses when the drug is discontinued; it is not known whether extending the therapy for a week or more would eliminate such relapses.
Current Thoughts on the Aetiology of Ocular Changes during Contact Lens Wear (1985)

: Contact lenses are known to produce changes to the ocular tissues, and this review attempts to give a comprehensive assemblage of the knowledge on the aetiology of such changes. To achieve this result, the changes are categorized by structure and function, and discussed according to the temporal nature of occurrence where appropriate. Although assessment of the importance of a particular tissue change is difficult, this overview enables some degree of judgement to be made on the aetiology of the major side‐effects of contact lens wear. This gives a basis on which to modify aspects of contact lens wear to ultimately increase the success rate.
B-Cell Gene Therapy for Tolerance Induction: Host but Not Donor B-Cell Derived IL-10 is Necessary for Tolerance (2011)

Genetically modified B cells are excellent tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in multiple models of autoimmunity. However, the mechanisms of action are still not completely understood. In our models, we generate antigen-specific tolerogenic B cells by transducing naïve or primed B cells with an antigen-immunoglobulin G (peptide-IgG) construct. In order to be transduced, B cells require activation with mitogens such as LPS. We and others have found that LPS stimulation of B cells upregulates the production of IL-10, a key cytokine for maintaining immune tolerance. In the current study, we defined the role of B-cell produced IL-10 in tolerance induction by using IL-10 deficient B cells as donor APCs. We found that peptide-IgG transduced IL-10 KO B cells have the same effects as wt B cells in tolerance induction in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Moreover, we demonstrated that the tolerogenic effect of peptide-IgG B cells was completely abrogated in anti-IL-10 receptor antibody treated recipients. Taken together, our results suggest that tolerance induced by peptide-IgG B-cell gene therapy requires IL-10 from the host but not donor B cells. These data shed important insights into the mechanisms of tolerance induction mediated by B-cell gene therapy.
Dihexadecyl phosphate, vesicle-stabilized and in situ generated mixed cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide semiconductor particles: preparation and utilization for photosensitized charge separation and hydrogen generation (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDihexadecyl phosphate, vesicle-stabilized and in situ generated mixed cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide semiconductor particles: preparation and utilization for photosensitized charge separation and hydrogen generationHyeong Chan Youn, Subhash Baral, and Janos H. FendlerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 22, 6320–6327Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100333a029https://doi.org/10.1021/j100333a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1080Altmetric-Citations230LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
ANTI-IL-6 receptor antibody therapy reduced serum matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3 in rheumatoid arthritis (2001)

ANTI-IL-6 receptor antibody therapy reduced serum matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3 in rheumatoid arthritis Norihiro Nishimoto, Yasunori Okada, Ken-ichi Obata, Sayako Matsui, Hideko Nakahara and Kazuyuki Yoshizaki Department of Health Sciences, School of Health and Sports Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Department of Pathology, Keio University, Tokyo and Fuji Chemical Industries, Ltd., Toyama, Japan
Varicella-zoster infection in adult cancer patients. A population study (1988)

• In a retrospective review of varicella-zoster (V-Z) infections In adult cancer patients, 766 episodes of V-Z infection were studied among 740 patients seen at a large comprehensive cancer center from 1972 to 1980. The highest risk of infection was present among patients with lymphoma and leukemia. The risk of dissemination of V-Z Infection was significantly associated with the presence of active tumor at the time of infection. The site of the primary tumor correlated with the site of subsequent zoster infection among patients with breast cancer, cancer of the respiratory tract, and gynecologic cancer. Pain attributable to V-Z Infection was present in a large majority of episodes. The median time from the completion of therapy to the onset of infection was seven months for patients receiving radiotherapy and less than one month for those receiving chemotherapy. Various attributes of this study group were compared with those of previously studied cancer and noncancer populations. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>1988;148:1561-1566)
Janus and Ternary Particles Generated by Microfluidic Synthesis:  Design, Synthesis, and Self-Assembly (2006)

This paper reports a microfluidic method for fast continuous synthesis of Janus particles and three-phase particles with narrow size distribution. Synthesis of particles included emulsification of monomer liquids and in-situ photoinitiated polymerization of multiphase droplets. We show the strategy for precise control over the structure of Janus particles and their structure-dependent assembly in clusters. We demonstrate an asymmetric chemical modification of the surface of JPs by conjugating them with protein molecules. The Janus and ternary particles were synthesized from largely immiscible liquids and had a sharp interface between the constituent phases.
Reducing wasted development time via continuous testing (2005)

Testing is often performed frequently during development to ensure software reliability by catching regression errors quickly. However, stopping frequently to test also wastes time by holding up development progress. User studies on real development projects indicate that these two sources of wasted time account for 10-15% of development time. These measurements use a novel technique for computing the wasted extra development time incurred by a delay in discovering a regression error. We present a model of developer behavior that infers developer beliefs from developer behavior, and that predicts developer behavior in new environments - in particular, when changing testing methodologies or tools to reduce wasted time. Changing test ordering or reporting reduces wasted time by 4-41% in our case study. Changing the frequency with which tests are run can reduce wasted time by 31-82% (but developers cannot know the ideal frequency except after the fact). We introduce and evaluate a new technique, continuous testing, that uses spare CPU resources to continuously run tests in the background, providing rapid feedback about test failures as as source code is edited. Continuous testing reduced wasted time by 92-98%, a substantial improvement over the other approaches. We have integrated continuous testing into two development environments, and are beginning user studies to evaluate its efficacy. We believe it has the potential to reduce the cost and improve the efficacy of testing and, as a result, to improve the reliability of delivered systems.
Retinoid-related orphan receptor γt is a potential therapeutic target for controlling inflammatory autoimmunity (2007)

Retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORgamma t) is a member of the nuclear receptor family that is specifically expressed in T cell compartments. RORgamma t regulates the development of T cells in the thymus and the differentiation of effector T cells in the periphery. During T cell development, RORgamma t enhances CD4(+)CD8(+) double positive thymocyte survival by upregulating Bcl-x(L). In the periphery, RORgamma t regulates IL-17 production and dictates the differentiation of pro-inflammatory T helper 17 (T(H)17) cells that play a critical role in inflammatory conditions and autoimmunity. RORgamma t-deficient T cells fail to differentiate into T(H)17 cells, whereas forced expression of RORgamma t is sufficient to induce naive T cells to produce IL-17. T(H)17 cells are believed to be the major inflammatory cells in autoimmune diseases. Therefore, inhibition of RORgamma t activity could potentially alleviate the symptoms associated with the T(H)17-dependent inflammatory autoimmune diseases. RORgamma t is thus potentially an excellent therapeutic target for the intervention of inflammatory autoimmunity.
A large animal model of spinal muscular atrophy and correction of phenotype (2014)

High SMN levels are critical in postnatal motoneurons, and reduction of SMN results in an SMA phenotype that is SMN dependent. Importantly, clinically relevant biomarkers including CMAP and MUNE are responsive to SMN restoration, and abrogation of phenotype can be achieved even after symptom onset.