gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cross‐talk to the genes for Bacillus anthracis capsule synthesis by atxA, the gene encoding the frans‐activator of anthrax toxin synthesis (1997)

The two major virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis are the tripartite toxin and the polyglutamate capsule, which are encoded by genes on the large plasmids, pXO1 and pXO2, respectively. The genes atxA, located on pXO1, and acpA, located on pXO2, encode positive trans-acting proteins that are involved in bicarbonate-mediated regulation of toxin and capsule production, respectively. A derivative strain cured of pXO1 produced less capsular substance than the parent strain harbouring both pXO1 and pXO2, and electroporation of the strain cured of pXO1 with a plasmid containing the cloned atxA gene resulted in an increased level of capsule production. An acpA-null mutant was complemented by not only acpA but also the atxA gene. The cap region, which is essential for encapsulation, contains three genes capB, capC, and capA, arranged in that order. The atxA gene stimulated capsule synthesis from the cloned cap region. Transcriptional analysis of cap by RNA slot-blot hybridization and primer-extension analysis revealed that atxA activated expression of cap in trans at the transcriptional level. These results indicate that cross-talk occurs, in which the pXO1-located gene, atxA, activates transcription of the cap region genes located on pXO2. We identified two major apparent transcriptional start sites, designated P1 and P2, located at positions 731 bp and 625 bp, respectively, upstream of the translation-initiation codon of capB. Transcription initiated from P1 and P2 was activated by both atxA and acpA, and activation appeared to be stimulated by bicarbonate. Deletion analysis of the upstream region of the cap promoter revealed that activation by both atxA and acpA required a DNA segment of 70 bp extending upstream of the P1 site. These results suggest that cross-talk by atxA to the genes encoding capsule synthesis is caused by the interaction of the atxA gene product with a regulatory sequence upstream of cap.
Regulatory Pathways Controlling the Endovascular Invasive Trophoblast Cell Lineage (2012)

Hemochorial placentation is characterized by trophoblast-directed uterine spiral artery remodeling. The rat and human both possess hemochorial placentation and exhibit remarkable similarities regarding the depth of trophoblast invasion and the extent of uterine vascular modification. In vitro and in vivo research methodologies have been established using the rat as an animal model to investigate the extravillous/invasive trophoblast lineage. With these research approaches, two signaling pathways controlling the differentiation and invasion of the trophoblast cell lineage have been identified: i) hypoxia/hypoxia inducible factor and ii) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/Fos like antigen 1. Dissection of these pathways has facilitated identification of fundamental regulators of the invasive trophoblast cell lineage.
Expression of Activated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Predicts Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in and Angiogenic Phenotype of Human Gastric Cancer (2005)

Abstract Purpose: Angiogenic behavior is a critical aspect of cancer biology and subject to regulation by multiple molecular pathways. Because the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) transcription factor regulates multiple genes important to angiogenesis, we sought to determine whether Stat3 expression is related to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and microvessel density (MVD) in gastric cancer and whether these factors predict survival in gastric cancer patients. Experimental Design: The expression of Stat3 and VEGF was determined by immunohistochemistry using archival tissues from 86 cases of resected human gastric cancer and confirmed by Western blot analysis. Angiogenic phenotype was determined by CD34 staining and microvessel counting. Results: Stat3 expression correlated with VEGF expression and MVD. In univariate survival analyses, Stat3 expression (P = 0.013) and MVD (P = 0.036) were associated with inferior survival. However, when Stat3 expression, VEGF expression, MVD, stage, completeness of resection, Lauren's histologic classification, and age were entered into a Cox proportional hazards model, only strong Stat3 expression (P = 0.049) and advanced stage (P &amp;lt; 0.01) were independently prognostic of poor survival. Furthermore, genetically enforced alterations of activated Stat3 expression led to altered VEGF expression and angiogenic potential in human gastric cancer cells. Conclusion: Dysregulated Stat3 activation may play an important role in VEGF overexpression and elevated angiogenic phenotype in gastric cancer and contribute to gastric cancer development and progression.
Cotton plants expressing CYP6AE14 double-stranded RNA show enhanced resistance to bollworms (2010)

RNA interference (RNAi) plays an important role in regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. Previously, we generated Arabidopsis and tobacco plants expressing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting a cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) P450 gene, CYP6AE14. Bollworms fed on transgenic dsCYP6AE14 plants showed suppressed CYP6AE14 expression and reduced growth on gossypol-containing diet (Mao et al., in Nat Biotechnol 25: 1307-1313, 2007). Here we report generation and analysis of dsRNA-expressing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants. Bollworm larvae reared on T2 plants of the ds6-3 line exhibited drastically retarded growth, and the transgenic plants were less damaged by bollworms than the control. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the CYP6AE14 expression level was reduced in the larvae as early as 4 h after feeding on the transgenic plants; accordingly, the CYP6AE14 protein level dropped. These results demonstrated that transgenic cotton plants expressing dsCYP6AE14 acquired enhanced resistance to cotton bollworms, and that RNAi technology can be used for engineering insect-proof cotton cultivar.
Different steroids co-regulate long-term expansion versus terminal differentiation in primary human erythroid progenitors (2004)

Outgrowth, long-term self-renewal, and terminal maturation of human erythroid progenitors derived from umbilical cord blood in serum-free medium can be modulated by steroid hormones. Homogeneous erythroid cultures, as characterized by flow cytometry and dependence on a specific mixture of physiologic proliferation factors, were obtained within 8 days from a starting population of mature and immature mononuclear cells. Due to previous results in mouse and chicken erythroblasts, the proliferation-promoting effect of glucocorticoids was not unexpected. Surprisingly, however, androgen had a positive effect on the sustained expansion of human female but not male erythroid progenitors. Under optimal conditions, sustained proliferation of erythroid progenitors resulted in a more than 10(9)-fold expansion within 60 days. Terminal erythroid maturation was significantly improved by adding human serum and thyroid hormone (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine [T3]) to the differentiation medium. This resulted in highly synchronous differentiation of the cells toward enucleated erythrocytes within 6 days, accompanied by massive size decrease and hemoglobin accumulation to levels comparable to those in peripheral blood erythrocytes. Thus, obviously, different ligand-activated nuclear hormone receptors massively influence the decision between self-renewal and terminal maturation in the human erythroid compartment.
FRET studies with Factor X mutants provide insight into the topography of the membrane-bound Factor X/Xa (2007)

FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) studies have shown that the vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteases bind to membrane surfaces perpendicularly, positioning their active sites above the membrane surfaces. To investigate whether EGF (epidermal growth factor) domains of these proteases play a spacer function in this model of the membrane interaction, we used FRET to measure the distance between the donor fluorescein dye in the active sites of Fl-FPR (fluorescein-D-Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethane)-inhibited fXa (activated Factor Xa) and its N-terminal EGF deletion mutant (fXa-desEGF1), and the acceptor OR (octadecylrhodamine) dye incorporated into phospholipid vesicles composed of 80% phosphatidylcholine and 20% phosphatidylserine. The average distance of closest approach (L) between fluorescein in the active site and OR at the vesicle surface was determined to be 56+/-1 A (1 A=0.1 nm) and 63+/-1 A for fXa-desEGF1 compared with 72+/-2 A and 75+/-1 A for fXa, in the absence and presence of fVa (activated Factor V) respectively, assuming kappa2=2/3. In comparison, an L value of 95+/-6 A was obtained for a S195C mutant of fXa in the absence of fVa in which fluorescein was attached directly to Cys(195) of fXa. These results suggest that (i) EGF1 plays a spacer function in holding the active site of fXa above the membrane surface, (ii) the average distance between fluorescein attached to Fl-FPR in the active site of fXa and OR at the vesicle surface may not reflect the actual distance of the active-site residue relative to the membrane surface, and (iii) fVa alters the orientation and/or the height of residue 195 above the membrane surface.
Epidermal growth factor and its receptor as prognostic indicators in Chinese patients with pancreatic cancer. (1999)

The expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) was studied immunohistochemically in fifty-seven Chinese patients with primary invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the pancreas. The frequency of expression of EGF and EGFR was 73.7% and 68.4%, respectively. The frequency of their co-expression was 61.4%. No significant relationships were seen between the expression of EGF and its receptor and the patients' age, gender, site of the tumor, stage, and grade. Positive co-expression of EGF and EGFR was significantly associated with the poor prognosis. The median survival of the EGF(-)EGFR(-) group for 17.2 months was longer than that of the EGF(+)EGFR(+) group for 9.7 months (p = 0.02), as well as that of the other groups of EGR(+)EGFR(-), EGF(-)EGFR(+), and EGF(+)EGFR(+) for 9.9 month (p = 0.03). These results suggested that EGF and EGFR were frequently expressed in Chinese patients with IDC of the pancreas. Their co-expression may be a useful prognostic indicator for pancreatic cancer.
Promoter analysis of the DHCR24 (3β-hydroxysterol Δ24-reductase) gene: characterization of SREBP (sterol-regulatoryelement-binding protein)-mediated activation (2012)

DHCR24 (3β-hydroxysterol Δ(24)-reductase) catalyses the reduction of the C-24 double bond of sterol intermediates during cholesterol biosynthesis. DHCR24 has also been involved in cell growth, senescence and cellular response to oncogenic and oxidative stress. Despite its important roles, little is known about the transcriptional mechanisms controlling DHCR24 gene expression. We analysed the proximal promoter region and the cholesterol-mediated regulation of DHCR24. A putative SRE (sterol-regulatory element) at -98/-90 bp of the transcription start site was identified. Other putative regulatory elements commonly found in SREBP (SRE-binding protein)-targeted genes were also identified. Sterol responsiveness was analysed by luciferase reporter assays of approximately 1 kb 5'-flanking region of the human DHCR24 gene in HepG2 and SK-N-MC cells. EMSAs (electrophoretic mobility-shift assays) and ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) assays demonstrated cholesterol-dependent recruitment and binding of SREBPs to the putative SRE. Given the presence of several CACCC-boxes in the DHCR24 proximal promoter, we assessed the role of KLF5 (Krüppel-like factor 5) in androgen-regulated DHCR24 expression. DHT (dihydrotestosterone) increased DHCR24 expression synergistically with lovastatin. However, DHT was unable to activate the DHCR24 proximal promoter, whereas KLF5 did, indicating that this mechanism is not involved in the androgen-induced stimulation of DHCR24 expression. The results of the present study allow the elucidation of the mechanism of regulation of the DHCR24 gene by cholesterol availability and identification of other putative cis-acting elements which may be relevant for the regulation of DHCR24 expression.
Simultaneous Determination of Glucose and Ethanol of Takju by Biosensor using Dual Cathode Electrode (1996)

A biosensor was prepared with dual cathode electrode and immobilized enzyme membrane. A nylon net was used for the immobilization of glucose oxidase and alcohol oxidase. The immobilized enzymes were placed on the surface of the electrode which was prepared with one anode and two cathodes as an oxygen electrode. The determination of components by the biosensor was based on the consumption of dissolved oxygen. The optimum condition of this system was 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.5 at . Glucose and ethanol in takju were simultaneously determined by the biosensor. Comparing with UV-spectrophotometer and gas chromatograph for cross checking, there was a good correlation between the biosensor and the conventional methods. Biosensor with dual cathode electrode required no clarification or pretreatments. It was used for simultaneous determination of glucose and ethanol during the fermentation of takju.
Endothelin Antagonism and Interleukin-6 Inhibition Attenuate the Proatherogenic Effects of C-Reactive Protein (2002)

CRP actively promotes a proatherosclerotic and proinflammatory phenotype. These effects are mediated, in part, via the production of ET-1 and IL-6 and are attenuated by mixed ET(A/B) receptor antagonism and IL-6 inhibition. Bosentan may be useful in decreasing CRP-mediated vascular disease.
Racial background is a determinant of average warfarin dose required to maintain the INR between 2.0 and 3.0 (1999)

Warfarin is a commonly used prophylactic agent for the prevention of thromboembolic disease. We hypothesized that racial background influenced warfarin dosage, and tested this by recording the international normalized ratio (INR) in 867 patients aged 40-90 routinely passing through our Anticoagulation Service whose target INR was 2-3. Mean (95% confidence interval) dose was 4.1 (4.0-4.2) mg/d in 737 Caucasians, 5.5 (4.9-6.1) mg/d in 72 Asians, and 6.7 (5. 8-7.6) mg/d in 58 Afro-Caribbeans (P < 0.05) between each group). In a subgroup of 302 (41 Asians, 22 Afro-Caribbeans, 239 Caucasians), body mass index did not influence warfarin use. Despite small numbers, we conclude that racial background, but not body mass index, is a determinant of warfarin dosage. The reasons for this could be genetic, cultural (diet related), or both.
Giardiasis and Cryptosporidiosis - Recent Literature with a Focus on Nitazoxanide (2015)

Nitazoxanide is a Food and Drug Administration approved Thiazolide to treat parasitic infections such as giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Since nitazoxanide is available as a liquid suspension, this medication is uniquely suited for the treatment of children. However, there has been a paucity of published studies since its approval. We completed a systematic literature search using a variety of sources including PubMed to identify studies reporting the impact of nitazoxanide in treating parasitic infections in children ages 1 to 11 years. A similar search was conducted on other available treatment for parasitic infection. In total, 28 publications were found to meet the criteria above for nitazoxanide. A similar number of papers were identified to address other therapy commonly used regardless of product information on approved use. Despite the ease of administration and superiority of nitazoxanide to other Non FDA approved therapies for the treatment of Giardia or Cryptosporidium among children, this medication continues to be underutilized. These data indicated the need for additional clinical studies to raise awareness.
A mechanistic study of the photochemically initiated oxidative addition of isopropyl iodide to dimethyl(1,10-phenanthroline)platinum(II) (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA mechanistic study of the photochemically initiated oxidative addition of isopropyl iodide to dimethyl(1,10-phenanthroline)platinum(II)Ross H. Hill and Richard J. PuddephattCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 5, 1218–1225Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00291a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00291a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views626Altmetric-Citations76LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
[RANTES expression on human bronchial epithelial cells]. (1995)

Viral infection induces airway inflammation. It is possible that bronchial epithelium derived chemokine contributes to the migration and accumulation of inflammatory cells in the airway viral infection. We infected bronchial epithelial cells with influenza virus and analysed mRNA expression and production of RANTES. The expression of mRNA and the production of RANTES were detected in infected cells using RT-PCR method and ELISA.
Effect of estrogens and antiestrogens on growth of human breast cancer cells in athymic nude mice. (1985)

Endocrine therapy with estrogen deprivation or with antiestrogens results in tumor regression in a subset of patients with advanced breast cancer. To better understand the mechanisms by which estrogens and antiestrogens modulate breast cancer growth in vivo, we have studied the effects of endocrine manipulation on the development and growth of tumors derived from cultured human breast cancer cells in the athymic nude mouse. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were inoculated into 6-week-old female BALB/c athymic nude mice. Tumor growth did not occur in ovariectomized mice. Cells remained viable, however, since estrogen supplementation more than 30 days later resulted in tumor formation. Minimal tumor growth was observed in intact female nude mice which have low circulating estrogen levels. Tumor development and growth in ovariectomized or intact mice supplemented with 17 beta-estradiol in the form of a s.c. pellet were dose dependent; growth rates increased with estrogen doses ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 mg. Antiestrogen treatment with either tamoxifen or LY156758 caused transient stimulation of tumor growth, followed by a prolonged stationary phase. Growth resumed with estrogen supplementation. Treatment of mice bearing established MCF-7 tumors with estrogen withdrawal (removal of estrogen pellet) resulted in cessation of tumor growth, but not in tumor regression. Growth inhibition was also observed with antiestrogens and was dose dependent. However, tumor regression did not occur, even in mice treated with high doses of tamoxifen (serum concentration of 1.0 microM) for as long as 60 days. Tumor growth was restored in these mice with estrogen replenishment. Tumor cells also remained viable histologically despite prolonged (1 month) estrogen deprivation or antiestrogen therapy, although the mitotic index was markedly reduced. Similar observations were made with mice inoculated with the hormone-responsive ZR75-1 human breast cancer cells, but not with hormone-independent MDA-231 cells which were not influenced by estrogen or antiestrogen treatment. In summary, development and growth of MCF-7 and ZR75-1 tumors in nude mice are estrogen dependent. Endocrine therapy by estrogen deprivation or antiestrogen treatment inhibits tumor cell proliferation in nude mice, but does not cause tumor regression or loss of cell viability.
Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis. (1974)

Provides a unified, comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of both statistical and descriptive methods for pattern recognition. The topics treated include Bayesian decision theory, supervised and unsupervised learning, nonparametric techniques, discriminant analysis, clustering, preprosessing of pictorial data, spatial filtering, shape description techniques, perspective transformations, projective invariants, linguistic procedures, and artificial intelligence techniques for scene analysis.
Isolated and contiguous glycerol kinase gene disorders: A review (2000)

Glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD) is an X-linked recessive disorder. There are two types. an isolated form and a complex form. We review the clinical, biochemical and molecular genetic features of GKD. The clinical and biochemical phenotype of isolated GKD may vary from a life-threatening childhood metabolic crisis to asymptomatic adult 'pseudohypertriglyceridaemia', resulting from hyperglycerolaemia. To date 38 patients from 24 families with isolated GKD have been reported. At least 7 of these patients had a metabolic crisis during a catabolic condition. The complex GKD is an Xp21 contiguous gene syndrome involving the glycerol kinase locus together with the adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) or Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) loci or both. Clinical features of a patient with complex GKD depend on the loci that are involved. Approximately 100 patients from 78 families with a complex GKD have been reported. Seventeen patients with complex GKD (AHC-GKD-DMD or AHC-GKD) died in the neonatal period or early childhood because of unrecognized or inappropriate management of adrenal dysfunction. Since the outcome of the crisis in GKD is highly dependent on the physicians' knowledge of the disease, we devised an algorithmic approach to the diagnosis. From molecular genetic investigations of isolated GKD, 7 missense mutations, 2 splice site mutations, I nonsense mutation, 1 Alu Sx insertion and 2 small deletions were reported for isolated GKD in 13 unrelated families. In 4 families consisting of more than one patient with the same biochemical and genetic defect, the phenotypic variability of the isolated GKD was remarkable. The clinical variability in isolated GKD cannot be explained by biochemical or by molecular heterogeneity. Isolated GKD patients showed a tendency towards hypoglycaemia with hyperketonaemia; whether the clinical symptoms of GKD are caused by dysfunction of gluconeogenesis and/or ketolysis needs to be investigated further.
Treatment of micropapillary serous ovarian carcinoma (the aggressive variant of serous borderline tumors) (2002)

Ovarian serous borderline tumors recently were categorized into benign and malignant types. A subset of these tumors, termed “micropapillary serous carcinoma (MPSC),” is reported to behave in a manner similar to low‐grade carcinoma. In this issue of Cancer , Bristow et al. report their experience with 26 patients with recurrent MPSC. See also pages 677–80 and pages 791–800.