gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The absolute energy positions of conduction and valence bands of selected semiconducting minerals (2000)

The absolute energy positions of conduction and valence band edges were compiled for about 50 each semiconducting metal oxide and metal sulfide minerals. The relationships between energy levels at mineral semiconductor-electrolyte interfaces and the activities of these minerals as a catalyst or photocatalyst in aqueous redox reactions are reviewed. The compilation of band edge energies is based on experimental flatband potential data and complementary empirical calculations from electronegativities of constituent elements. Whereas most metal oxide semiconductors have valence band edges 1 to 3 eV below the H2O oxidation potential (relative to absolute vacuum scale), energies for conduction band edges are close to, or lower than, the H2O reduction potential. These oxide minerals are strong photo-oxidation catalysts in aqueous solutions, but are limited in their reducing power. Non-transition metal sulfides generally have higher conduction and valence band edge energies than metal oxides; therefore, valence band holes in non-transition metal sulfides are less oxidizing, but conduction band electrons are exceedingly reducing. Most transition-metal sulfides, however, are characterized by small band gaps (<1 eV) and band edges situated within or close to the H2O stability potentials. Hence, both the oxidizing power of the valence band holes and the reducing power of the conduction band electrons are lower than those of non-transition metal sulfides.
Proxy Key Re-encapsulation Mechanism for Group Communications. (2008)

Many practical applications use hybrid encryption mechanism to deal with large plaintext messages or real-time communication since the performance of the public key encryption scheme is poor. The key encapsulation is a crucial part in hybrid encryption mechanism, which allows a sender to generate a random session key and distribute it to recipient. In this paper we present a proxy key re-encapsulation scheme for group communication. The proxy in our scheme is allowed to transform the encapsulated message corresponding to group A’s public key into one that can be decapsulated by the member in group B. It can be used in cases when a group users need to perform sensitive operation without holding the necessary secret key.
Development of Cotton Fruit. III. Amino Acid Accumulation in Protein and Nonprotein Nitrogen Fractions of Cottonseed1 (1976)

This study was conducted to determine the metabolic events occurring during cottonseed development as revealed by N and amino acid compositions of both the whole seed and the free amino acid pool. Flowers on field grown cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants were tagged the day of anthesis, and bolls were sampled at intervals between 10 days after bloom and maturity. Developing seed were analyzed for both total N and nonprotein N (NPN). While total N was accumulated by the seed throughout development, NPN increased until 21 days after anthesis and then declined. At boll opening, only about 1% of the total N was in the NPN fraction. Amino acid compositions of the seed and the NPN fraction were also determined. In juvenile seed tissue, over 50% of the NPN was accounted for by asparagine. Other amino acids prominent in this free amino acid pool of young cottonseed were, in descending order, glutamine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and arginine. At maturity, asparagine and glutamic acid each accounted for about 15% of the NPN. Gamma‐amino butyric acid and ethanolamine were also observed in the NPN fraction. Significant shifts in total amino acid distribution were seen to occur during the fourth week of seed development. The amino acid profile of cottonseed after the fifth week of development closely approximated that of mature seed.
A Genetic Screen for Ribosomal DNA Silencing Defects Identifies Multiple DNA Replication and Chromatin-Modulating Factors (1999)

Transcriptional silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs at several genetic loci, including the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Silencing at telomeres (telomere position effect [TPE]) and the cryptic mating-type loci (HML and HMR) depends on the silent information regulator genes, SIR1, SIR2, SIR3, and SIR4. However, silencing of polymerase II-transcribed reporter genes integrated within the rDNA locus (rDNA silencing) requires only SIR2. The mechanism of rDNA silencing is therefore distinct from TPE and HM silencing. Few genes other than SIR2 have so far been linked to the rDNA silencing process. To identify additional non-Sir factors that affect rDNA silencing, we performed a genetic screen designed to isolate mutations which alter the expression of reporter genes integrated within the rDNA. We isolated two classes of mutants: those with a loss of rDNA silencing (lrs) phenotype and those with an increased rDNA silencing (irs) phenotype. Using transposon mutagenesis, lrs mutants were found in 11 different genes, and irs mutants were found in 22 different genes. Surprisingly, we did not isolate any genes involved in rRNA transcription. Instead, multiple genes associated with DNA replication and modulation of chromatin structure were isolated. We describe these two gene classes, and two previously uncharacterized genes, LRS4 and IRS4. Further characterization of the lrs and irs mutants revealed that many had alterations in rDNA chromatin structure. Several lrs mutants, including those in the cdc17 and rfc1 genes, caused lengthened telomeres, consistent with the hypothesis that telomere length modulates rDNA silencing. Mutations in the HDB (RPD3) histone deacetylase complex paradoxically increased rDNA silencing by a SIR2-dependent, SIR3-independent mechanism. Mutations in rpd3 also restored mating competence selectively to sir3Delta MATalpha strains, suggesting restoration of silencing at HMR in a sir3 mutant background.
In vitro model of penetration and intracellular growth of Listeria monocytogenes in the human enterocyte-like cell line Caco-2 (1987)

Penetration and replication of Listeria monocytogenes within intestinal epithelial cells were studied by infecting the human enterocyte-like cell line Caco-2. Entry was due to directed phagocytosis, as suggested by the inhibiting effect of cytochalasin D on bacterial entry and by electron microscopy showing bacteria inside membrane-limiting vacuoles at the early stage of infection. Only bacteria from pathogenic species (L. monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii) were able to induce their own phagocytosis by Caco-2 cells, as opposed to Listeria seeligeri, Listeria welshimeri, and Listeria innocua. L. monocytogenes multiplied readily within Caco-2 cells, with an apparent generation time of about 90 min. Listeriolysin O was found to be a major factor promoting intracellular growth of L. monocytogenes. After being internalized at the same rate as that of its hemolytic revertant strain, a nonhemolytic mutant from L. monocytogenes failed to replicate significantly within Caco-2 cells. Electron microscopic study demonstrated that bacteria from the nonhemolytic mutant remained inside phagosomes during cellular infection, whereas hemolytic bacteria from L. monocytogenes were released free within the cytoplasm. This indicates that disruption of vacuole membranes by listeriolysin O-producing strains of L. monocytogenes might be a key mechanism allowing bacteria to escape from phagosomes and to multiply unrestricted within cell cytoplasm.
A new type of allyl- and prop-2-ynyl-manganese species: generation and reactions with electrophiles (1997)

Tetrabutylmanganese ate complex ‘Bu4MnLi2’ reacts with allylic and prop-2-ynylic bromides to generate the corresponding allyl- and prop-2-ynyl-manganese species which further react with electrophiles such as aldehydes, ketones, epoxide and chlorosilanes to afford the corresponding allylated and prop-2-ynylated and/or allenylated products in high yields.
RF/wireless interconnect for inter- and intra-chip communications (2001)

Recent studies showed that conventional approaches being used to solve problems imposed by hard-wired metal interconnects will eventually encounter fundamental limits and may impede the advance of future ultralarge-scale integrated circuits (ULSls). To surpass these fundamental limits, we introduce a novel RF/wireless interconnect concept for future inter- and intra-ULSI communications. Unlike the traditional "passive" metal interconnect, the "active" RF/wireless interconnect is based on low loss and dispersion-free microwave signal transmission, near-field capacitive coupling, and modem multiple-access algorithms. In this paper we address issues relevant to the signal channeling of the RF/wireless interconnect and discuss its advantages in speed, signal integrity, and channel reconfiguration. The electronic overhead required in the RF/wireless-interconnect system and its compatibility with the future ULSI and MCM (multi-chip-module) will be discussed as well.
Inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. 6. trans-6-[2-(2-N-heteroaryl-3,5-disubstituted-pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl/ethenyl]tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-ones (1992)

A series of N-heteroaryl-substituted mevalonolactones were prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase both in vitro and in vivo, and to lower plasma cholesterol in a hypercholesterolemic dog model. The goal of the strategy employed was to design an inhibitor which possessed the pharmacological properties of lovastatin (1), and the physicochemical properties (increased hydrophilicity) of pravastatin (2). Two compounds 20a and 20b, were more potent than lovastatin at inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis both in vitro and in vivo. In terms of plasma cholesterol lowering, 20a was much more efficacious than lovastatin. In addition to possessing increased biological activity, these compounds are significantly less lipophilic than lovastatin, in fact, 20b has a CLOGP value comparable to pravastatin.
Plasma beta-endorphin levels in post-traumatic stress disorder: a preliminary report on response to exercise-induced stress (1992)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with changes in endogenous opioid peptide function. To test this hypothesis, 10 male Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD and 8 age-matched male controls underwent a standard grade-incremented exercise treadmill stress test. Plasma beta-endorphin measurements were obtained at rest and following maximal exercise. Resting plasma beta-endorphin levels were comparable between groups. Post-exercise plasma beta-endorphin levels were significantly higher than resting levels in the PTSD patients only (P less than 0.05). These pilot data suggest a differential alteration in plasma beta-endorphin response to exercise in PTSD.
Structure imaging of commensurate GexSi1−x/Si(100) interfaces and superlattices (1985)

High resolution electron microscopy is used to study interfacial quality in commensurate GexSi1−x systems grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Structure images of interfaces have been obtained, yielding atomic-scale information about sharpness and smoothness. From careful consideration of image contrast mechanisms at the interface, it is shown that variations in germanium concentration as low as about 5% may be detected under optimum conditions. Single interfaces of GexSi1−x exhibit no detectable diffusion of germanium into the silicon substrate and are locally sharp, but are not constrained to a single atomic plane. Interfacial quality is retained in a commensurate twenty-period 75-Å Ge0.4Si0.6/250-Å Si(100) superlattice. The techniques described here are also applicable to other compositional phase boundaries such as in III-V heterostructures.
Lung Cancer Screening (2012)

The National Lung Screening Trial, the first large randomized controlled trial using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) showed that persons undergoing three annual screening examinations with LDCT had a 20% relative reduction in lung cancer mortality as compared with those screening with annual chest X-rays. Much discussion has been made on the practical application of study results in clinical practice or mass screening. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) formed a task force for lung cancer screening and surveillance in the United States and Canada to translate the landmark work of the NLST into workable clinical guidelines for screening at-risk patients. AATS lung cancer screening guidelines, which advocate annual lung cancer screening with LDCT for high risk groups for lung cancer, were published in a peer-reviewed journal in July, 2012. As primary care physicians in Korea, we need to know the contents and context of AATS guidelines. Afterwards, in real practice, we should take Korean lung cancer epidemiology, medical environments, personal risk factors, and preferences of patients into consideration while advising patients to take the optimal screening for lung cancer.
Designing expert systems for real-time diagnosis of self-correcting networks (1988)

The authors discuss design issues that they have encountered during an investigation of expert systems for network management that they believe to be generic to the real-time diagnosis of self-correcting networks. By real-time they mean that the diagnostic system must keep pace with a dynamic process, that is, the flow of alarms from intelligent network elements. The objective is to present the operator with a set of recommended actions rather than large volumes of raw alarm data. They outline the general requirements of such a system and then suggest how each can be addressed using an expert-system approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Visual object recognition with supervised learning (2003)

A component-based approach to visual object recognition rooted in supervised learning allows for a vision system that is more robust against changes in an object's pose or illumination. Learning figures prominently in the study of visual systems from the viewpoints of visual neuroscience and computer vision. Whereas visual neuroscience concentrates on mechanisms that let the cortex adapt its circuitry and learn a new task, computer vision aims at devising effectively trainable systems. Vision systems that learn and adapt are one of the most important trends in computer vision research. They might offer the only solution to developing robust, reusable vision systems.
Identification of a unique isoform of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase by monoclonal antibody (1988)

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (EC 4.4.1.14) is a key enzyme regulating ethylene biosynthesis in higher plants. A monoclonal antibody (mAb T20C) that immunoprecipitates the ACC synthase activity from tomato pericarp tissue extracts revealed that mAb T20C immunodecorates an approximately 67-kDa polypeptide. On isoelectric focusing gels, ACC synthase activity in cell-free preparations was resolved into three distinct activity peaks with pI values 5.3, 7, and 9. mAb T20C specifically recognized the pI 7 form of the enzyme on electrophoretic transfer (Western) blots. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, the eluted pI 7 form was confirmed to migrate as a polypeptide of 67 kDa. The 67-kDa pI 7 isoform is a previously undescribed form of ACC synthase.
Viagra falls: Pharmaceuticals in rivers and municipal tap water (2001)

A number of forces and trends confront America's educational institutions. None are as pervasive and encompassing as the issue of diversity which implies change in the daily operation of these universities. The change that must occur includes, but is not limited to, new policies that recognize and respect the tremendous ethnic and social diversity both on and off campus. Helping to fuel these changes are minority students on White campuses who are expected to participate in mainstream activities at the same time that they are encountering barriers and attitudes which stand in their way of doing so. This conflict exacerbates the attrition rate for minority students. This article address issues of diversity and change relative to minority students on predominantly White campuses. It provides insight for educational personnel on issues of diversity and change, ethnic identity development and development of minority student leaders in the broad collegial settings. By empowering minority leaders and organizations, institutions strengthen their ability to recruit, develop and retain minority students.
Fine-tuning in Ca2+ homeostasis underlies progression of cardiomyopathy in myocytes derived from genetically modified embryonic stem cells (2005)

Mutations of genes encoding contractile proteins are responsible for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. Understanding the process of differentiation of cardiomyocytes carrying a mutated protein is a crucial step towards potential treatments of inherited cardiac disorders. Embryonic Stem (ES) cells which faithfully recapitulate in vitro the process of cardiac cell differentiation can be genetically modified to incorporate a mutation mimicking a cardiomyopathy. ES cell lines engineered to express a wild-type (MLC2vGFP) or a mutated form (R58QMLC2vGFP) of ventricular myosin light chain 2 (MLC2v) fused to GFP were differentiated into cardiomyocytes within embryoid bodies (EBs). Visualization of GFP combined with sarcomeric actinin immunofluorescence of EBs revealed that mutated MLC2v dramatically prevented myofibrillogenesis. Cardiomyocytes expressing wild-type MLC2v featured spontaneous Ca(2+) spiking, but not those harboring the mutation. Expression of cardiac transcription factors Mef2c, GATAs, myocardin and Nkx2.5 was not affected by cell expression of mutated MLC2v. A dramatic decrease in expression of mRNAs encoding alpha-actin, MLC2a and MLC2v was observed in R58QMLC2vGFP EBs. This event was attributed to a failure of Mef2c to translocate into the nucleus, a Ca(2+)-dependent process. Expression in mutated cells of a constitutively active Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-dependent kinase II or treating EBs with ionomycin fully restored translocation of Mef2c into the nucleus and expression of mRNAs encoding sarcomeric proteins partially rescued contractile activity of EBs. Alteration of Ca(2+) homeostasis in mutated cardioblasts affects the transcriptional program of cardiac cell differentiation leading to a defect in myofibrillogenesis, and, in turn, in contractility. Genetically modified ES cells provide a unique cell model to determine abnormalities in Ca(2+) homeostasis underlying progression of human cardiomyopathies.
A Study of the Antigenic Relationship between Human Measles Virus and Canine Distemper Virus (1965)

Summary The antigenic relationship between human measles virus and canine distemper virus has been analysed. Neutralization titrations of antisera produced by dogs in response to homologous and heterologous inoculation producedures indicated that the capsids of the viruses have similar antigens, but that there is no common identical antigen. Adsorption of antibody onto, and elution from, preparations of purified virus indicated that at least part of the antibody produced during the heterologous secondary response comprises antibody molecules that can react with both viruses.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) for Benign Indications Using Umbilical Cord Blood Units (UCB) That Were Depleted of Plasma, but Not of Red Blood Cells. (2005)

Abstract Background: UCB is an attractive unrelated source for HSCT of benign indications such as hemoglobinapathies, genetic diseases and metabolic disorders, because of less stringent HLA matching requirements, lower incidence and severity of GvHD, and ready availability of a physical inventory; however, unlike BMT or PSCT, cell dosage is a critical factor in success of UCB HSCT. The red cell depletion (RCD) techniques that are widely used by UCB banks incur significant nucleated cell loss after processing. One method of minimizing cell loss during processing is to deplete plasma, but not the red blood cells (PD). A large racially diverse PD UCB inventory of 18,000 units is now available on stem cell registries. We now report our observations of using unrelated PD UCB HSCT for benign indications. Hypothesis: Usage of unrelated PD UCB for HSCT of benign indications will result in acceptable clinical outcome for myeloid (ANC 500) and platelet engraftment, overall survival (OS), and transplant related mortality (TRM). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 28 patients with benign disorders who were transplanted with PD UCB in 15 centers and 7 countries, with 13 thalassemias, 5 SAA, 5 WAS, 2 SCID, 1 sickle cell disease, 1 osteopetrosis and 1 metabolic disorder. Results: The median age of patients was 3.7 years old (range 03–27 years old); median weight 16.0 kg (range 4.5–43 kg); male 57%. Transplant characteristics indicated a median # HLA ABDR matches of 4.0 (5 6/6; 7 5/6; 12 4/6; 3 3/6; 1NA); median pre-freeze TNC dose 7.7 x 107/kg; median post-thaw TNC dose as reported by TC 7.7 x 107/kg; median pre-freeze CD34 dose 3.1 x 105/kg; transplants performed outside of U.S. 68%; double unit transplant 13%; non-myeloablative 6%. The median time to engraftment for ANC 500 (n=21), platelet 20K (n=20), and 50K (n=18) are 14.5 days (range 11–41 days), 47.0 days (range 13–82 days), and 55.0 days (range 21–96 days) respectively. The unadjusted cumulative incidence (C.I.) of ANC500 and platelet 20K and 50K engraftment are 89±7%, 89±7%, and 87±8% respectively. The incidence of reported grade II–IV acute GVHD was 33%, and none had grade III–IV acute GVHD. 50% developed limited chronic GVHD (7/14), and so far only one patient was reported to have extensive chronic GVHD. With a median follow-up of 356 days (range 93–1,100 days), the Kaplan-Meier estimates of 1-year TRM, OS and disease-free survival were 11±6%, 89±6% and 89±6% respectively. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that HSCT using unrelated PD UCB can be performed safely and effectively in patients with benign disorders. Further study of HSCT using unrelated PD UCB in patients with non-malignant hematological disorders is warranted.
The Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide Donors on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Formation of Inflammatory Mediators in Macrophages (2009)

The role of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) in inflammation is controversial, with both pro- and antiinflammatory effects documented. Many studies have used simple sulfide salts as the source of H(2)S, which give a rapid bolus of H(2)S in aqueous solutions and thus do not accurately reflect the enzymatic generation of H(2)S. We therefore compared the effects of sodium hydrosulfide and a novel slow-releasing H(2)S donor (GYY4137) on the release of pro- and antiinflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated murine RAW264.7 macrophages. For the first time, we show that GYY4137 significantly and concentration-dependently inhibits LPS-induced release of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, nitric oxide (*NO), and PGE(2) but increased the synthesis of the antiinflammatory chemokine IL-10 through NF-kappaB/ATF-2/HSP-27-dependent pathways. In contrast, NaHS elicited a biphasic effect on proinflammatory mediators and, at high concentrations, increased the synthesis of IL-1beta, IL-6, NO, PGE(2) and TNF-alpha. This study clearly shows that the effects of H(2)S on the inflammatory process are complex and dependent not only on H(2)S concentration but also on the rate of H(2)S generation. This study may also explain some of the apparent discrepancies in the literature regarding the pro- versus antiinflammatory role of H(2)S.