gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring the after‐effects of theta burst magnetic stimulation on the human motor cortex: A functional imaging study (2010)

Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is a protocol of subthreshold repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) inducing changes in cortical excitability. From functional imaging studies with conventional subthreshold rTMS protocols, it remains unclear what type of modulation occurs (direction and dependency to neural activity) and whether putative effects are bound to unspecific changes in cerebral perfusion or require a functional challenge. In a within-subjects (n = 17) repeated measurement design including real TBS and a control session without stimulation, we examined neural activation in a choice-reaction task after application of intermittent TBS, a protocol, which enhances cortical excitability over the left motor cortex (M1). Brain activity was monitored by blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging interleaved with measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) at rest using MR-based perfusion imaging. On a separate day, TMS-induced compound muscle action potentials (cMAPs) amplitude of the right hand was measured after excitatory TBS. Compared to control, a significant decrease in BOLD signal due to right hand motor activity during the choice-reaction task was observed mainly in the stimulated M1 and motor-related remote areas after stimulation. This decrease might represent a facilitating effect, because cMAPs amplitude increased upon TBS compared to control. No changes in rCBF at rest were observed. The data demonstrate that subthreshold intermittent TBS targets both the stimulated cortical area as well as remote areas. The facilitation changing the efficacy of neural signal transmission seems to be reflected by a BOLD signal decrease, whereas the network at rest does not appear to be affected.
Integrated micromachined components for biological analysis systems (2000)

Founded in 1683 in Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill is a leading international academic publisher in the Humanities, Social Sciences, International Law, and Biology. With offices in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, the USA and Asia, Brill today publishes more than 360 journals and 2,000 new books and reference works each year as well as a large number of databases and primary source research collections.
Sacral Neuromodulation is an Effective Treatment for Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: Pro (2012)

No AccessJournal of UrologyOpposing View1 Dec 2012Sacral Neuromodulation is an Effective Treatment for Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: Pro Kenneth M. Peters Kenneth M. PetersKenneth M. Peters More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.072AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Sacral Neuromodulation is an Effective Treatment for Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: Pro." The Journal of Urology, 188(6), pp. 2043–2044 References 1 : Prevalence of pelvic floor dysfunction in patients with interstitial cystitis. Urology2007; 70: 16. Google Scholar 2 : Pelvic floor behavior and interstitial cystitis. Semin Urol1991; 9: 154. Google Scholar 3 : Randomized multicenter clinical trial of myofascial physical therapy in women with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and pelvic floor tenderness. J Urol2012; 187: 2113. Link, Google Scholar 4 : Sacral neuromodulation as a treatment for chronic pelvic pain. J Urol2011; 186: 387. Link, Google Scholar Department of Urology, Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan© 2012 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 188Issue 6December 2012Page: 2043-2044 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2012 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Kenneth M. Peters More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Genes required for mycobacterial growth defined by high density mutagenesis (2003)

Despite over a century of research, tuberculosis remains a leading cause of infectious death worldwide. Faced with increasing rates of drug resistance, the identification of genes that are required for the growth of this organism should provide new targets for the design of antimycobacterial agents. Here, we describe the use of transposon site hybridization (TraSH) to comprehensively identify the genes required by the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, for optimal growth. These genes include those that can be assigned to essential pathways as well as many of unknown function. The genes important for the growth of M. tuberculosis are largely conserved in the degenerate genome of the leprosy bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae, indicating that non-essential functions have been selectively lost since this bacterium diverged from other mycobacteria. In contrast, a surprisingly high proportion of these genes lack identifiable orthologues in other bacteria, suggesting that the minimal gene set required for survival varies greatly between organisms with different evolutionary histories.
Toll-Like Receptors and Prostate Cancer (2014)

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men after lung cancer. Immune responses clearly play a critical role in the tumorigenesis and in the efficacy of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in prostate cancer; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well-known family of pattern recognition receptors that play a key role in host immune system. Recent studies demonstrate that there are links between TLRs and cancer; however, the function and biological importance of TLRs in prostate cancer seems complex. To elucidate the role of TLRs and innate immunity in prostate cancer might provide us with a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this disease. Moreover, utilizing the agonists or antagonists of TLRs might represent a promising new strategy against prostate cancer. In this review, we summarize recent advances on the studies of association between TLR signaling and prostate cancer, TLR polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk, and provide some insights about TLRs as potential targets for prostate cancer immunotherapy.
Cloning and Characterization of the Gene Encoding the Major Protein of the A-type Inclusion Body of Cowpox Virus (1988)

We have mapped and determined the nucleotide sequence of the cowpox virus (CPV) gene coding for the protein of A-type inclusion bodies (ATI). The ATI gene was mapped to the central part of the largest HindIII restriction fragment of the CPV genome. Vaccinia virus (VV) also contained a similar sequence at the equivalent position in its genome, which even under stringent conditions hybridized with the CPV ATI gene. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the upstream region of the coding frame contained a sequence closely resembling the VV late promoter consensus sequence and that the gene encoded a protein of Mr 150,000.
Structure-Activity Relationship Studies: Methods and Ligand Design for G-Protein Coupled Peptide Receptors (2006)

The exchange of information between cells represents an important regulatory mechanism for cellular activities. Such regulation processes mainly occur by hydrophilic compounds, unable to penetrate the cell membrane. Accordingly such signals have to be transmitted into the cell that is performed by transmembrane receptors. The widespread group of G-protein coupled receptors plays a decisive role in extracellular signal recognition and transition into cellular response. The importance of this interaction is evidently shown by the severe diseases that correlate with dysfunction of the interaction between ligand and G-protein coupled receptor. The development of drugs against these diseases needs the comprehension of signal recognition and transition as well as the understanding of intracellular signal pathways. In this review, we describe concepts and methods to identify the structure-activity relationships of G-protein coupled peptide receptors and their successful application. Furthermore we provide an insight into peptide based drug design. Examples are taken from the field of CGRP, orexin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor ligands.
MicroRNA and cancer: Current status and prospective (2006)

Gene expression in normal cells is highly regulated by complex gene regulatory networks. Disruption of these networks may lead to cancer. Recent studies have revealed the existence of an abundant class of small nonprotein-coding regulatory RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs may regulate diverse biological processes including development, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, through suppressing the expression of their target genes. Posttranscriptional silencing of target genes by miRNAs occurs either by cleavage of homologous target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), or by inhibition of target protein synthesis. Computational predictions indicate that 1 miRNA may target on hundreds of genes, and suggest that over 50% of human protein-coding genes might be regulated by miRNAs. MiRNAs are receiving increased attention in cancer genomic research. We are beginning to understand that miRNAs may act as oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes within the molecular architecture of gene regulatory networks, thereby contributing to the development of cancer. MiRNAs may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as serving as potential therapeutic targets or tools.
Embryogenesis induction, callogenesis, and plant regeneration by in vitro culture of tomato isolated microspores and whole anthers (2007)

In this work, some of the different in vitro developmental pathways into which tomato microspores or microsporocytes can be deviated experimentally were explored. The two principal ones are direct embryogenesis from isolated microspores and callus formation from meiocyte-containing anthers. By means of light and electron microscopy, the process of early embryogenesis from isolated microspores and the disruption of normal meiotic development and change of developmental fate towards callus proliferation, morphogenesis, and plant regeneration have been shown. From microspores isolated at the vacuolate stage, embryos can be directly induced, thus avoiding non-androgenic products. In contrast, several different morphogenic events can be triggered in cultures of microsporocyte-containing anthers under adequate conditions, including indirect embryogenesis, adventitious organogenesis, and plant regeneration. Both callus and regenerated plants may be haploid, diploid, and mostly mixoploid. The results demonstrate that both gametophytic and sporophytic calli occur in cultured tomato anthers, and point to an in vitro-induced disturbance of cytokinesis and subsequent fusion of daughter nuclei as a putative cause for mixoploidy and genome doubling during both tetrad compartmentalization and callus proliferation. The potential implications of the different alternative pathways are discussed in the context of their application to the production of doubled-haploid plants in tomato, which is still very poorly developed.
Block copolymers containing silver and iron oxide nanoclusters for electrical and magnetic applications (1996)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1996.
Evidence for the importance of OxPAPC interaction with cysteines in regulating endothelial cell function (2012)

Oxidation products of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine (PAPC), referred to as OxPAPC, and an active component, 1-palmitoyl-2-(5,6-epoxyisoprostane E₂)-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (PEIPC), accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions and regulate over 1,000 genes in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). We previously demonstrated that OxPNB, a biotinylated analog of OxPAPC, covalently binds to a number of proteins in HAEC. The goal of these studies was to gain insight into the binding mechanism and determine whether binding regulates activity. In whole cells, N-acetylcysteine inhibited gene regulation by OxPAPC, and blocking cell cysteines with N-ethylmaleimide strongly inhibited the binding of OxPNB to HAEC proteins. Using MS, we demonstrate that most of the binding of OxPAPC to cysteine is mediated by PEIPC. We also show that OxPNB and PEIPE-NB, the analog of PEIPC, bound to a model protein, H-Ras, at cysteines previously shown to regulate activity in response to 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ₂). This binding was observed with recombinant protein and in cells overexpressing H-Ras. OxPAPC and PEIPC compete with OxPNB for binding to H-Ras. 15dPGJ₂ and OxPAPC increased H-Ras activity at comparable concentrations. Using microarray analysis, we demonstrate a considerable overlap of gene regulation by OxPAPC, PEIPC, and 15dPGJ₂ in HAEC, suggesting that some effects attributed to 15dPGJ₂ may also be regulated by PEIPC because both molecules accumulate in inflammatory sites. Overall, we provide evidence for the importance of OxPAPC-cysteine interactions in regulating HAEC function.
Epigenetic reprogramming induces the expansion of cord blood stem cells (2014)

Cord blood (CB) cells that express CD34 have extensive hematopoietic capacity and rapidly divide ex vivo in the presence of cytokine combinations; however, many of these CB CD34+ cells lose their marrow-repopulating potential. To overcome this decline in function, we treated dividing CB CD34+ cells ex vivo with several histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs). Treatment of CB CD34+ cells with the most active HDACI, valproic acid (VPA), following an initial 16-hour cytokine priming, increased the number of multipotent cells (CD34+CD90+) generated; however, the degree of expansion was substantially greater in the presence of both VPA and cytokines for a full 7 days. Treated CD34+ cells were characterized based on the upregulation of pluripotency genes, increased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, and enhanced expression of CD90, c-Kit (CD117), integrin α6 (CD49f), and CXCR4 (CD184). Furthermore, siRNA-mediated inhibition of pluripotency gene expression reduced the generation of CD34+CD90+ cells by 89%. Compared with CB CD34+ cells, VPA-treated CD34+ cells produced a greater number of SCID-repopulating cells and established multilineage hematopoiesis in primary and secondary immune-deficient recipient mice. These data indicate that dividing CB CD34+ cells can be epigenetically reprogrammed by treatment with VPA so as to generate greater numbers of functional CB stem cells for use as transplantation grafts.
Bacterial Motility and the Bacterial Flagellar Motor (1984)

Many bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems employ the dual RNA–guided DNA endonuclease Cas9 to defend against invading phages and conjugative plasmids by introducing site-specific ...Read More
How to Make a Mint: The Cryptography of Anonymous Electronic Cash (1997)

In the context of electronic cash, the token usually is called an electronic coin.
Association between keratin and vimentin expression, malignant phenotype, and survival in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. (1999)

Pathology observational reports and experimental data suggest that keratin and vimentin intermediate filament (IF) coexpression in breast cancer confers a more aggressive "interconverted" phenotype, expressing both epithelial and mesenchymal markers. In this study, we extended previous observations by measuring the expression of keratin and vimentin, in relation to other selected biomarkers of disease progression, in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Using immunohistochemical analysis of 54 archival, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded invasive breast cancers from a well-defined cohort, we examined relative IF (keratin and vimentin) expression in a semiquantitative fashion and compared these results with other biological markers and survival. By univariate analysis, we found that vimentin expression was inversely associated with keratin expression alone (P = 0.0089) and directly related to histological grade (P = 0.017), nuclear grade (P = 0.027), Ki67 growth fraction (P = 0.024), and epidermal growth factor receptor immunostaining (P = 0.019). The relative expression of keratin and vimentin in approximately similar amounts characterized tumors with the poorest prognosis, as compared with keratin-high/vimentin-negative or keratin-low/vimentin-positive tumors. These latter two groups demonstrated similar Kaplan-Meier survival curves; the former group (keratin and vimentin in approximately similar amounts) demonstrated a poorer survival, with a hazard ratio of 2.1 (95% confidence interval, 0.5-9.6). These data suggest that relative keratin and vimentin IF expression is more indicative of prognosis and tumor phenotype than either IF marker detected independently.
Expression of the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein and Luteinizing Hormone Receptor and Their Regulation by Tumor Necrosis Factor α in Rat Corpora Lutea1 (1999)

Expression of both mRNA and protein of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), in correlation with progesterone (P) production and LH receptor (LHR) mRNA expression, was studied in the corpora lutea (CL) of gonadotropin-induced-pseudopregnant and pregnant rats at various stages of CL development. Immature female rats, 21-22 days old, were injected s.c. with 20 IU eCG to stimulate follicle growth and then with 20 IU hCG 48 h later to induce ovulation. The ovaries were removed at various stages of CL development; either CL were isolated and snap frozen for total RNA analysis, or whole ovaries were fixed in Bouin's fluid for paraffin sectioning. The results of in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and Northern blotting showed that the increase in StAR mRNA and protein expression was well correlated with the increase in serum P concentration. StAR expression was restricted to the luteal cells or theca cells in antral follicles. Both StAR mRNA and protein in the CL of pseudopregnant rats increased steadily on Day 1 and Day 4, reached highest levels on Day 4, and then dropped sharply on Day 8 when luteolysis takes place. LHR mRNA content was high on Day 1 but dropped significantly on Day 2. LHR mRNA increased to high levels on Day 4 and 8 and then declined on Day 12. StAR mRNA and protein levels in the CL of pregnant rats were high during early luteal development (Day 2, 4), increased even further on Day 9, and decreased on Day 13 when luteolysis takes place. It is therefore suggested that the expression of StAR coincides well with the capacity of P production in the CL and that StAR expression can be used as a functional "marker" of CL development. To study the possible effect of cytokines on StAR expression, pseudopregnant rats on Day 5 were injected s.c. with 10 IU hCG plus 20 microg prolactin (PRL), with or without 500 IU tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) 30 min later. TNFalpha significantly inhibited hCG/PRL-induced StAR and LHR mRNA expression at 1 and 3 h post-TNFalpha. It is suggested that the luteolytic effect of TNFalpha may be mediated by its direct inhibition on StAR expression or by an indirect decrease in LHR expression.
Structural Modifications of Thalidomide Produce Analogs with Enhanced Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitory Activity (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTStructural Modifications of Thalidomide Produce Analogs with Enhanced Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitory Activity 1George W. Muller, Laura G. Corral, Mary G. Shire, Hua Wang, Andre Moreira, Gilla Kaplan, and David I. StirlingView Author Information Celgene Corporation, Warren, New Jersey 07059, and Department of Cellular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021 Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 17, 3238–3240Publication Date (Web):August 16, 1996Publication History Received3 May 1996Published online16 August 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://doi.org/10.1021/jm9603328Copyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views2642Altmetric-Citations123LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (134 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Amides,Hydrolysis,Inhibition,Molecular structure,Reaction products Get e-Alerts
Useful Predictors of Outcome in Methadone-Treated Patients (1998)

This study examined the ability of patient and treatment factors to predict outcome in methadone treatment. Participants were opioid-dependent outpatients drawn from a clinical trial comparing the efficacy of three fixed-doses of methadone (50, 20, 0 mg). Multiple regression analyses determined the relative contributions of patient and treatment characteristics to the prediction of three outcomes-retention, opioid use, and cocaine use. For longer retention in treatment, a significant percent of the variance was contributed by older age, being black, more counseling, fewer lifetime months of opioid use, and higher methadone dose. Higher rates of opioid-positive urines during the treatment were predicted by higher early-treatment rates of opioid-positive urines, more lifetime months of cocaine use, fewer days of cocaine use in the month prior to admission, and lower doses of methadone. Higher rates of cocaine-positive urines during treatment were predicted by higher early-treatment rates of cocaine-positive urines, lower doses of methadone, and lower scores on the Addiction Severity Index psychiatric severity score at admission. This study provides further data demonstrating higher doses of methadone improve treatment retention and decrease illicit opioid and cocaine use, and suggest that early intensive monitoring of patients via urine testing can be extremely valuable in identifying patients at risk for continued opioid and cocaine use.
Investigations on Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis in N‐to‐C Direction (Inverse Synthesis) (1997)

Abstract The possibility of peptide assembly in the N‐C direction by using HOBt salts of the amino acid 9‐fluorenylmethyl esters has been investigated. The first amino acid derivative has to be coupled with the N‐terminus to the polymer‐bound trityl linker. Determination of the loading with the first amino acid derivative could be carried out according to the same method as for Fmoc‐amino acids on the resin. Kinetic measurements were made of both the coupling of the amino acid derivatives during chain elongation, and the cleavage of the peptide from the resin. Several C‐terminally modified peptides were synthesized with chain elongation being monitored by UV as it is standard practice in peptide synthesis in the usual direction. Particular attention was paid to racemization that may possibly occur.
The Specificity of Vesicle Trafficking: Coat Proteins and SNAREs (1999)

Anton A. Sanderfoot, Natasha V. Raikhel, The Specificity of Vesicle Trafficking: Coat Proteins and SNAREs, The Plant Cell, Vol. 11, No. 4, Special Review Issue on Plant Cells and Organelles (Apr., 1999), pp. 629-641