gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of the Src Family Tyrosine Kinases in Mammary Tumorigenesis (1995)

Although previous studies have shown that a large proportion of human breast cancers possess elevated c-Src kinase activity its role in mammary tumorigenesis is not well defined. Polyoma virus middle T antigen is known to activate members of Src family kinases (c-Src and eYes). Indeed, mammary gland specific expression of middle T antigen in transgenic mice is known to result in induction of mammary tumors. To test the role played by c-Src and c-Yes activation in mammary tumorigenesis we interbred transgenic mice expressing the middle T antigen with mice lacking either functional c-Src or c-Yes. Mice expressing middle T antigen in the absence of functional c-Src failed to develop mammary tumors while absence of c-Yes did not have any effect. This observation suggests that activation of c-Src kinase plays an important role in mammary tumorigenesis while c-Yes is dispensable for this process. Activation of the RTK Neu is known to play an important role in breast cancer. Since c-Src tyrosine kinases appear to play a pivotal role in mammary tumorigenesis, 1 investigated whether the Src family members are involved in Neu mediated signaling and tumorigenesis. In vitro kinase assays revealed that c-Src and c-Yes kinase activities were elevated in Neu induced mammary tumors while Fyn kinase activity was not. The increase in kinase activity correlated with the ability of c-Src and c-Yes to associate with tyrosine phosphorylated Neu in vivo. This in vivo interaction is likely due to the ability of c-Src and c-Yes SH2 domains to directly associate with phosphorylated tyrosine(s) on Neu. Although other members of erbB family also play a role in breast cancer, my results suggest that among the RTKs that are known to activate c-Src (EGFR and Neu), c-Src and c-Yes interact only with Neu and not EGFR. These observations suggest that Src family kinases are involved in Neu mediated signaling and tumorigenesis and also suggest that Neu plays a role in EGF mediated activation of c-Src. Although both c-Src and c-Yes are activated by Neu and middle T antigen, only c-Src is required for middle T mediated tumorigenesis. Indeed c-Src associates with a novel protein, p89, in transformed epithelial cells while c-Yes does not. Future identification of p89 will enable us to understand the mechanism by which c-Src transforms mammary epithelium.
Pressure tuning of thermal lensing for high-power scaling (1999)

A new concept is introduced whereby thermal stresses generated through the pumping process are canceled by an applied force. By use of a Nd:YVO(4) disk laser as a model system, significant reduction of thermal lensing and deformation is demonstrated as a function of applied pressure, and the output power (19 W TEM(00)) is limited only by the available pump power.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in severe angina pectoris (1982)

The pain-relieving effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) was studied in 10 male patients with angina pectoris of functional class III or IV. All patients had been stabilized on long-term maximal oral treatment for at least six months. The effects of the TENS treatment were measured by means of repeated bicycle ergometer tests. All patients had an increased working capacity (16–85%) and decreased ST depression and reduced recovery time during TENS. No adverse effects were observed.
A 3.5mV Input, 82% Peak Efficiency Boost Converter with Loss-Optimized MPPT and 50mV Integrated Cold-Start for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting (2019)

This paper presents a fully-autonomous singleinductor boost converter architecture suitable for thermal energy harvesting from human body heat using thermoelectric generators (TEG). A loss-optimized maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme improves the end-to-end power efficiency at low voltages from the TEG and enables the converter to operate at an input voltage as low as 3.5 mV. The boost converter achieves above 75% efficiency across a matched input voltage range of 15 mV to 100 mV with a peak efficiency of 82%. The proposed converter is implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology and can self-start at 50 mV using an on-chip cold-start mechanism.
Measurement and Mapping of Elastic Anisotropy of Solids Using a Leaky SAW Excited by an Interdigital Transducer (1985)

Abstmt-Methods of measuring the acoustic properties of solids using acoustic beams in a liquid generated by interdigital transducers (IDT) are described. An IDT can radiate acoustic waves into a liquid in oblique directions with respect to the substrate, and the wave fronts can be arbitrarily controlled by designing the IDT shape. When the acoustic beam is incident on the solid sample-water interface near the Rayleigh angle, the reflection field is equal to the superposed fields of the specular reflection and the reradiation from the leaky surface acoustic wave (SAW) excited on the sample. One normal IDT pair on a piezoelectric substrate is used to measure the acoustic properties of a solid sample. The velocity and the attenuation of the leaky SAW on the sample can be obtained by measuring the trailing field due to the reradiation. A new method for focusing the beam from an IDT and mapping a leaky SAW velocity on a solid sample surface is shown. An interdigital electrode is divided into several sections, each of which is positioned to form a one-dimensional Fresnelphase-plate interdigital transducer (FPP IDT) on a piezoelectric substrate. It has been found that the FPP IDT generates a converging beam onto a focal plane, and the present system is suitable for measuring the two-dimensional variation of the leaky SAW phase velocity on a sample surface. T
Asymmetric Aldol Additions:  Use of Titanium Tetrachloride and (−)-Sparteine for the Soft Enolization of N-Acyl Oxazolidinones, Oxazolidinethiones, and Thiazolidinethiones (2001)

Asymmetric aldol additions using chlorotitanium enolates of N-acyloxazolidinone, oxazolidinethione, and thiazolidinethione propionates proceed with high diastereoselectivity for the Evans or non-Evans syn product depending on the nature and amount of the base used. With 1 equiv of titanium tetrachloride and 2 equiv of (-)-sparteine as the base or 1 equiv of (-)-sparteine and 1 equiv of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, selectivities of 97:3 to > 99:1 were obtained for the Evans syn aldol products using N-propionyl oxazolidinones, oxazolidinethiones, and thiazolidinethiones. The non-Evans syn aldol adducts are available with the oxazolidinethione and thiazolidinethiones by altering the Lewis acid/amine base ratios. The change in facial selectivity in the aldol additions is proposed to be a result of switching of mechanistic pathways between chelated and nonchelated transition states. The auxiliaries can be reductively removed or cleaved by nucleophilic acyl substitution. Iterative aldol sequences with high diastereoselectivity can also be accomplished.
A Synthetic Antithrombin III Binding Pentasaccharide Is Now a Drug! What Comes Next? (2004)

Heparin is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan isolated from animal organs that has been used clinically as an antithrombotic agent since the 1940s. In the early 1980s it was discovered that a unique pentasaccharide domain in some heparin chains activates antithrombin III (AT-III), a serine protease inhibitor that blocks thrombin and factor Xa in the coagulation cascade. Sanofi-Synthélabo and Organon developed a synthetic analogue of this pentasaccharide. The resulting antithrombotic drug arixtra, which went on the market in the USA and Europe in 2002, shows superior antithrombotic activity and brings about AT-III-mediated activity against factor Xa exclusively. Structure-based design has subsequently led to analogues with longer-lasting activity, such as idraparinux, as well as novel conjugates and long oligosaccharides with specific anti-Xa and antithrombin activities. The new drug candidates are more selective in their mode of action than heparin and less likely to induce thrombocytopenia.
Selective Antitumor Effect of Novel Protease-Mediated Photodynamic Agent (2006)

A new approach to selective photodynamic therapy (PDT) was developed by designing chlorin e6 (Ce6)-containing macromolecules, which are sensitive to tumor-associated proteases. The agents are nontoxic in their native state but become fluorescent and produce singlet oxygen on protease conversion. Coupled with optimized delivery systems, we show that (a) the agents efficiently accumulate in tumors due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect, (b) the agents are locally activated by proteases, (c) local drug concentrations can be measured by quantitative fluorescence tomography, and (d) light-treated tumors show reduced growth. A single low dose of PDT (0.125 mg Ce6 equivalent/kg) was sufficient to suppress tumor growth by >50%. Activatable singlet oxygen generation agents provide increased efficacy with reduced toxicity, and it could become a powerful PDT.
In vitro and In vivo Radiation Sensitization of Human Tumor Cells by a Novel Checkpoint Kinase Inhibitor, AZD7762 (2010)

AZD7762 effectively enhanced the radiosensitivity of mutated p53 tumor cell lines and HT29 xenografts and was without untoward toxicity when administered alone or in combination with radiation. The results of this study support combining AZD7762 with radiation in clinical trials.
Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor expression in a mouse model of retinal neovascularization. (1995)

Neovascular diseases of the retina are a major cause of blindness worldwide. Hypoxia is thought to be a common precursor to neovascularization in many retinal diseases, but the factors involved in the hypoxic neovascular response have not been fully identified. To investigate the role of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) in retinal neovascularization, the expression of VEGF/VPF mRNA and protein were studied in a mouse model of proliferative retinopathy. RNA (Northern) blot analysis revealed that retinal VEGF/VPF mRNA expression increased 3-fold between 6 and 12 hr of relative retinal hypoxia and remained elevated during the development of neovascularization. In situ hybridization localized VEGF/VPF mRNA to cells bodies in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. Immunohistochemical confocal microscopy demonstrated that VEGF/VPF protein levels increase with a time course similar to that of the mRNA. The cells in the inner nuclear layer of the retina that produce VEGF/VPF were identified morphologically as Müller cells. These data suggest that VEGF/VPF expression in the retina plays a central role in the development of retinal ischemia-induced ocular neovascularization.
A Novel Approach for Plant Leaf Image Segmentation using Fuzzy Clustering (2012)

In this paper we propose an algorithm based on fuzzy threshold and clustering segmentation for different plant analysis. Segmentation of the plant from background objects is a challenging task for different plant leaf recognition and classification. Before applying the proposed method preprocessing technique like image conversion, noise reduction by median filter, morphological operation and finally wavelet transformation has to be processed. The proposed method provides good results based on fuzzy threshold and clustering techniques for detection of most homogeneity region in plant leaf images. The relative performance of the conventional and proposed methods is evaluated using Variation of Information, Energy, Entropy and Evaluation Time. It proves that the proposed method gives suitable results for efficient classification and recognition.
Structural and Functional Diversity of CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE)-Like Genes from the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera rostochiensis (2009)

Plant CLAVATA3/ESR-related (CLE) peptides have diverse roles in plant growth and development. Here, we report the isolation and functional characterization of five new CLE genes from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Unlike typical plant CLE peptides that contain a single CLE motif, four of the five Gr-CLE genes encode CLE proteins with multiple CLE motifs. These Gr-CLE genes were found to be specifically expressed within the dorsal esophageal gland cell of nematode parasitic stages, suggesting a role for their encoded proteins in plant parasitism. Overexpression phenotypes of Gr-CLE genes in Arabidopsis mimicked those of plant CLE genes, and Gr-CLE proteins could rescue the Arabidopsis clv3-2 mutant phenotype when expressed within meristems. A short root phenotype was observed when synthetic GrCLE peptides were exogenously applied to roots of Arabidopsis or potato similar to the overexpression of Gr-CLE genes in Arabidopsis and potato hairy roots. These results reveal that G. rostochiensis CLE proteins with either single or multiple CLE motifs function similarly to plant CLE proteins and that CLE signaling components are conserved in both Arabidopsis and potato roots. Furthermore, our results provide evidence to suggest that the evolution of multiple CLE motifs may be an important mechanism for generating functional diversity in nematode CLE proteins to facilitate parasitism.
Monoclonal antibodies to human cytomegalovirus: three surface membrane proteins with unique immunological and electrophoretic properties specify cross-reactive determinants (1982)

Seventy-seven clones of hybridomas selected for reactivity by immunofluorescence with human cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected cells were produced by fusing mouse myeloma cells with the spleen cells of mice immunized with CMV strain AD169. The clones were classified into seven groups on the basis of the electrophoretic properties of the polypeptides immune precipitated from extracts of CMV-infected cells. Studies on the three groups of monoclonal antibodies directed against CMV surface membrane antigens showed the following. Clones in each group were differentiated by immunoglobulin subclass, neutralizing activity, and reactivity with the antigenic domains of proteins exposed on the surface membranes of intact CMV-infected cells. Monoclonal antibodies in each group precipitated one slowly migrating protein and multiple faster migrating forms which shared antigenic determinants. The first group of monoclonal antibodies precipitated four glycosylated polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 130,000, 110,000, 100,000, and 60,000. Monoclonal antibody CH51 of this group neutralized infectious virus but failed to react with antigenic domains on the surfaces of infected cells. The second group of monoclonal antibodies precipitated four polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of approximately 66,000, 55,000, 50,000, and 46,000. Monoclonal antibodies CH65 and CH134 in this group had neutralizing activity and reacted with antigenic domains of proteins exposed on the surface of CMV-infected cells. The third group of monoclonal antibodies precipitated four polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 49,000, 48,000, 34,000, and 25,000. Serological analysis of 15 naturally occurring CMV strains with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to surface membrane proteins showed that the antigenic determinants reactive with the antibodies tested were conserved in all of the strains. Monoclonal antibodies to surface membrane proteins on CMV-infected cells may prove to be valuable reagents for identification of virus isolates.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cell cycle control: Vpr is cytostatic and mediates G2 accumulation by a mechanism which differs from DNA damage checkpoint control (1996)

Vpr is a 96-amino-acid protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that prevents proliferation of infected cells. We have established a system for infection of 100% of a T-cell population with HIV and use this system to show that within the context of HIV-1 infection, Vpr is primarily cytostatic rather than cytotoxic. Vpr acts upstream of dephosphorylation of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase, and causes infected cells to accumulate in the G2 stage of the cell cycle. However, some HIV-1 infected cells increase in ploidy and size, accumulating DNA to an 8N level. Furthermore, the mechanism of the Vpr mitotic block is qualitatively different from that of G2 DNA damage checkpoint control.
A soft hydrogel contact lens with an encapsulated sensor for tear glucose monitoring (2012)

We report a hydrogel-based contact lens with an encapsulated glucose sensor. The sensor is fabricated on a flexible transparent parylene film. The parylene-based sensor is then encased inside a soft contact lens made of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (polyHEMA) hydrogel. We test the glucose sensor with different concentrations of glucose and interfering chemicals found in tear film, such as ascorbic acid. The rapid response, good linearity and repeatability demonstrate the basic functionality of this soft contact lens.
The role of tenascin C in cardiovascular disease (2011)

The extracellular matrix protein tenascin C (TnC) is expressed in a variety of embryonic tissues, but its expression in adult arteries is co-incident with sites of vascular disease. TnC expression has been linked to the development and complications of intimal hyperplasia, pulmonary artery hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. This review identifies the growing collection of evidence linking TnC with cardiovascular disease development. The transient upregulation of this extracellular matrix protein at sites of vascular disease could provide a means to target TnC in the development of diagnostics and new therapies. Studies in TnC-deficient mice have implicated this protein in the development of intimal hyperplasia. Further animal and human studies are required to thoroughly assess the role of TnC in some of the other pathologies it has been linked with, such as atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension. Large population studies are also warranted to clarify the diagnostic value of this extracellular matrix protein in cardiovascular disease, for example by targeting its expression using radiolabelled antibodies or measuring circulating concentrations of TnC.
New RSFQ circuits (Josephson junction digital devices) (1993)

Several novel circuits of the rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) family of Josephson-junction digital devices have been designed, fabricated using a 2.5- mu m 1000-A/cm/sup 2/ Nb trilayer technology, and tested at low frequencies. Numerical simulation and measurements have shown that these circuits have considerably wider parameter margins, due to application of several novel design methods. The authors have also carried out an experiment to measure the rate of errors in a simple RSFQ circuit including an inverter, confluence buffer, and Josephson transmission line. Near the middle of the parameter window at 4.2 K, the error probability was definitely lower than 3*10/sup -15/ per logic operation, despite experimentation with rudimentary shielding and filtering.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Functional erythropoietin receptor of the cells with neural characteristics. Comparison with receptor properties of erythroid cells (1993)

Radioiodinated erythropoietin (Epo) was bound specifically to the cells of two non-erythroid clonal lines, PC12 and SN6, which expressed neuronal characteristics. The binding was time-, cell number-, and dose-dependent and was reversible. Although the cloned Epo receptor from PC12 cells (derived from rat adrenal medulla) was identical to that from rat erythroid cells, significant differences in the ligand binding properties between two cell lineages were found; 1) PC12 cells had a single class of binding sites with very low affinity (Kd = 16 nM), whereas erythroid cells had two classes of binding sites with different affinities (Kd = 95 pM for high affinity sites and 1.9 nM for low affinity sites), and 2) cross-linking experiments revealed one cross-linked product of 105 kDa for PC12 cells and two products of 140 and 120 kDa for erythroid cells. Taken together with additional results, the presence of a putative accessory protein(s) that may alter the ligand binding affinity through interaction with Epo receptor is discussed. The binding of Epo to PC12 cells caused a rapid increase in the cytosolic concentration of free calcium. The presence of EGTA had no effect on the Epo binding but completely inhibited the calcium increase, indicating that Epo stimulated the calcium influx from outside of the cells. The addition of Epo to the culture media of PC12 cells elevated the intracellular concentrations of monoamines.
Microwave-Assisted Shape-Controlled Bulk Synthesis of Ag and Fe Nanorods in Poly(ethylene glycol) Solutions (2007)

Bulk syntheses of silver (Ag) and iron (Fe) nanorods using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) under microwave irradiation conditions are reported. Favorable conditions to make Ag nanorods were established and can be extended to make Fe nanorods with uniform size and shape. The nanorods formation depended upon the concentration of PEG used in the reaction with Ag salt. The obtained Ag and Fe nanorods were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and UV–visible spectroscopy. Ag and Fe nanorods crystallized in face centered cubic symmetry. The method uses no surfactant or reducing agent and is greener in nature which could open a myriad of applications.
Neurotrophic Factor Artemin Promotes Invasiveness and Neurotrophic Function of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma In Vivo and In Vitro (2014)

Artemin could promote invasiveness and neurotrophic function of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, Artemin could be used as a new therapeutic target of pancreatic carcinoma.
Clinical Flow Cytometric Reticulocyte Analysis (1990)

The flow cytometric (FCM) analysis of reticulocytes in a clinical laboratory can be accomplished using acridine orange (AO), thiazole orange (TO), auramine O, thioflavin T, pyronin Y, dimethyl-oxacarbocyanine or transferrin receptor assays. AO and TO are vital stains, show good correlation with microscopic reticulocyte determinations and, when compared to each other, give an excellent correlation. The coefficient of variation is below 5% and batch analysis on blood samples stored for 96 h further reduces manpower needs. Finally we have used the mean fluorescent intensity of TO as a reticulocyte maturity index (RMI). In bone marrow transplant patients, the RMI has been the earliest indicator of marrow engraphment. Using the RMI we have been able to define three patterns of engraphment: early, delayed and failed. Although a variety of standards will be required, the clinical FCM reticulocyte analysis promises to be the preferred and accepted method in the clinical laboratory.
[Total synthesis of nordihydroguaiaretic acid]. (1997)

beta-Keto ester(5) was obtained from vanilin through etherification, oxidation and condensation with acetoacetic ester, (5) on oxidative coupling reaction by NaOEt/I2 produced dimer (6) in high yield. Acid catalyzed cyclodehydration of (6) gave the furan derivative(7), and by a series of selective hydrogenation nordihydroguaiaretic acid, furoguaiacin dimethyl ether and dihydroguaiaretic acid dimethyl ether were synthesized.
Bloch Oscillations of Path-Entangled Photons (2010)

We show that when photons in N-particle path-entangled |N,0)+|0,N) or N00N states undergo Bloch oscillations, they exhibit a periodic transition between spatially bunched and antibunched states. The period of the bunching-antibunching oscillation is N times faster than the period of the oscillation of the photon density, manifesting the unique coherence properties of N00N states. The transition occurs even when the photons are well separated in space.
980-nm picosecond fiber laser (2003)

A mode-locked Yb/sup 3+/ fiber laser operating at 980 nm is reported. Using a semiconductor saturable-absorber mirror in a laser incorporating a grating-pair dispersive delay line, we obtain reliable self-starting 1.6-ps pulse operation.