gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cortisol Decreases Bone Formation by Inhibiting Periosteal Cell Proliferation* (1984)

We tested the hypothesis that the inhibitory effect of cortisol on bone growth is primarily on the periosteum. Fetal rat calvaria were maintained in organ culture, labeled with radioactive proline or thymidine, and then dissected to separate periosteum from the osteoblast-rich central bone. There was a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of thymidine incorporation into DNA in the periosteum which was significant at 24 h. These observations were further supported by decreases in the dry weight and DNA content of the periosteum at 96 h. Incorporation of thymidine and proline into the central bone were decreased only at 96 h. Pulse-chase studies using a high concentration of cortisol (10(-6) M) indicated that increased cell attrition may also play a role in the inhibitory effect of cortisol. We propose that the primary effect of cortisol on bone growth is an inhibition of proliferation of the periosteal cells which give rise to osteoblasts. The subsequent decrease in the incorporation of proline into the central bone may be the consequence of this inhibition.
Acridinone/Amine(carbazole)-Based Bipolar Molecules: Efficient Hosts for Fluorescent and Phosphorescent Emitters (2009)

Three acridinone-based molecules ADBP, ACBP, and DABP were synthesized, and their application to the OLED devices was investigated. When used as the host for either the deep blue singlet or the green triplet emitter in OLED devices, the bipolar molecules ADBP and ACBP demonstrated superior performance compared to either DABP or commonly used host CBP, remarkably lowering the drive voltage and improving efficiencies.
On the multiple-query optimization problem (1990)

The complexity of the multiple-query optimization problem in database management systems is examined. It is shown that the problem is NP-hard. Then the authors examine the performance of a heuristic algorithm to solve the multiple-query optimization problem and suggest some heuristics for query ordering which improve the efficiency of the algorithm considerably. Some experimental results on the performance of various heuristics are also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Smartphone-based crowdsourcing for network monitoring: Opportunities, challenges, and a case study (2014)

Smartphone-based crowdsourcing fosters the rise of radically novel systems and applications in the context of network monitoring. This article discusses the most significant opportunities offered by this approach, and the major challenges that have to be faced. Our experience in building a smartphone-based crowdsourcing system, Portolan, is also included to provide a practical background to the discussion and to demonstrate the possible benefits.
Coanda Effect Test Bench (CoETB) — Design enhancement of the CoandaJLT craft (2011)

This paper presents the improved design of a Coanda Effect Test Bench (CoETB) and its experimental data. The CoETB is primarily setup to investigate the authors' hypothesis that a steerable Coanda effect can be used for flight directional control. The design is currently based on the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (U.A.V) manufactured by GFS Projects Limited or known as the GFS-UAV. The CoETB experiment results showed variation of lift resulted by varying the Coanda curve profile angle. The authors presents the works in setting up the CoETB and its experimental results is discussed in this paper.
Stochastic assembly of sublithographic nanoscale interfaces (2003)

We describe a technique for addressing individual nanoscale wires with microscale control wires without using lithographic-scale processing to define nanoscale dimensions. Such a scheme is necessary to exploit sublithographic nanoscale storage and computational devices. Our technique uses modulation doping to address individual nanowires and self-assembly to organize them into nanoscale-pitch decoder arrays. We show that if coded nanowires are chosen at random from a sufficiently large population, we can ensure that a large fraction of the selected nanowires have unique addresses. For example, we show that N lines can be uniquely addressed over 99% of the time using no more than /spl lceil/2.2log/sub 2/(N)/spl rceil/+11 address wires. We further show a hybrid decoder scheme that only needs to address N=O(W/sub litho-pitch//W/sub nano-pitch/) wires at a time through this stochastic scheme; as a result, the number of unique codes required for the nanowires does not grow with decoder size. We give an O(N/sup 2/) procedure to discover the addresses which are present. We also demonstrate schemes that tolerate the misalignment of nanowires which can occur during the self-assembly process.
Motion-compensated 3-D subband coding of video (1999)

This paper describes a video coding system based on motion-compensated three-dimensional (3-D) subband/wavelet coding (MC-3DSBC), which can overcome the limits of both 3-D SBC and MC prediction-based coding. In this new system, spatio-temporal subbands are generated by MC temporal analysis and a spatial wavelet transform, and then encoded by 3-D subband-finite state scalar quantization (3DSB-FSSQ). The rate allocation from the GOP level to each class of subbands is optimized by utilizing the structural property of MC-3DSBC that additive superposition approximately holds for both rate and distortion. The proposed video coding system is applied to several test video clips. Its performance exceeds that of both a known MPEG-1 implementation and a similar subband MC predictive coder while maintaining modest computational complexity and memory size.
IPsec-Network Address Translation (NAT) Compatibility Requirements (2004)

This document describes known incompatibilities between Network Address Translation (NAT) and IPsec, and describes the requirements for addressing them.Perhaps the most common use of IPsec is in providing virtual private networking capabilities.One very popular use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) is to provide telecommuter access to the corporate Intranet.Today, NATs are widely deployed in home gateways, as well as in other locations likely to be used by telecommuters, such as hotels.The result is that IPsec-NAT incompatibilities have become a major barrier in the deployment of IPsec in one of its principal uses.
Levels of Endothelial, Neutrophil and Platelet-Specific Factors in Sickle Cell Anemia Patients during Hydroxyurea Therapy (1999)

It has been shown that the clinical course of sickle cell (SS) patients can be ameliorated by administration of hydroxyurea (HU). Induction of hemoglobin F (HbF) is thought to be the mechanism responsible for clinical improvement in some patients. However, HU has a variable effect on HbF production and there exists no good correlation between the extent of HbF increase and clinical response. On the other hand, the degree of adherence of SS to vascular endothelium and neutrophil counts correlate well with clinical severity. Being a cytotoxic drug, used in myeloproliferative diseases, HU may alter proliferation among various cell lines. Moreover, HU has been reported to reduce red blood cell (RBC) adhesion receptor expression in young SS individuals and induces changes in endothelial cells in vitro. It should be conceived that in addition to its effects on HbF production, HU may change the clinical symptoms of SS patients by affecting the degree of adherence of different blood cells, by influencing the activity of endothelium as well as the activity of white blood cells (WBC) and platelets. To analyze whether several of the determinants of adhesion are modulated by HU treatment we studied the levels of endothelial activity (soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1, (sVCAM-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), fibronectin, neutrophil activity (sL-selectin, sIL-6 receptor-alpha, myeloperoxidase) and platelet activity (von Willebrand factor) in relation to clinical symptoms, hematological data and HbF levels in 8 SS patients before and during 5 months of HU therapy. Steady state sVCAM-1 levels are increased compared to normal controls and a significant decrease is noted during HU treatment, suggesting a decrease in the interactions between RBC and vascular endothelium. The IL-8 levels are comparable to those in normal controls and remain unaffected by HU therapy. Intercurrent infection and crises reveal striking increases in IL-8 which are accompanied by leukocytosis, but otherwise the IL-8 levels do not correlate with hematological data. HU has no demonstrable effect on fibronectin or soluble neutrophil adhesion molecules, but the levels of myeloperoxidase decrease significantly while WBC counts do not, implying a reduction in neutrophil activity which may help attenuate the propagation phase of a vasoocclusive crisis.
Credit Risk, Credit Scoring, and the Performance of Home Mortgages (1996)

This article examines the ways institutions involved in mortgage lending assess credit risk and how credit risk relates to loan performance. An increasingly prominent tool used to facilitate the assessment of credit risk in mortgage lending is credit scoring based on credit history and other pertinent data, and the article presents new information about the distribution of credit scores across population groups and how credit scores relate to the performance of loans. In addition, this article takes a special look at the performance of loans made through nontraditional underwriting practices and &amp;amp;amp;quot;affordable&amp;amp;amp;quot; home lending programs.
Transport and Kinetic Processes Underlying Biomolecular Interactions in the BIACORE Optical Biosensor (2002)

The transport and kinetic processes describing biomolecular interactions in the BIACORE optical biosensor have been studied with the help of a mathematical model. In comparison to previous models, the model presented here couples, for the first time, transport phenomena in the flow channel with hindered diffusive transport and reactions inside the hydrogel. Simulated experiments based on this model, and two simpler models extant in the literature, are used to identify cases under which the detailed model is essential for accurate prediction of kinetic parameters. It is shown that this model can substantially improve the accuracy of kinetic parameter estimation when transport limitations in the flow channel and/or the hydrogel significantly influence the observed instrument response curves. The model can extend the range of the instrument's applicability to higher concentrations of immobilized species within the hydrogel. It can also be used for accurate design of experiments with the purpose of minimizing errors in the estimation of the kinetic parameters.
Purines XIV.. Reactivity of 8‐bromo‐3,9‐dimethylxanthine towards some nucleophilic reagents (1998)

Abstract The reactivity of 8‐bromo‐3,9‐dimethylxanthine ( 6 ) towards a variety of nucleophilic reagents has been investigated. Nucleophilic displacements take place easily with aliphatic mercaptans and aliphatic alcohols, whereas aliphatic amines required more severe conditions. Prolonged heating of 6 with amines causes a new type of rearrangement from 3,9‐ to 3,7‐dimethylxanthines due to a 1,3‐sigmatropic shift of the N(9)‐methyl group.
Pi: a path identification mechanism to defend against DDoS attacks (2004)

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks continue to plague the Internet. Defense against these attacks is complicated by spoofed source IP addresses, which make it difficult to determine a packet's true origin. We propose Pi (short for path identifier), a new packet marking approach in which a path fingerprint is embedded in each packet, enabling a victim to identify packets traversing the same paths through the Internet on a per packet basis, regardless of source IP address spoofing. Pi features many unique properties. It is a per-packet deterministic mechanism: each packet traveling along the same path carries the same identifier This allows the victim to take a proactive role in defending against a DDoS attack by using the Pi mark to filter out packets matching the attackers' identifiers on a per packet basis. The Pi scheme performs well under large-scale DDoS attacks consisting of thousands of attackers, and is effective even when only half the routers in the Internet participate in packet marking. Pi marking and filtering are both extremely lightweight and require negligible state. We use traceroute maps of real Internet topologies (e.g. CAIDA's Skitter (2000) and Burch and Cheswick's Internet Map (1999, 2002)) to simulate DDoS attacks and validate our design.
Accelerating multimedia with enhanced microprocessors (1995)

A minimalistic set of multimedia introductions introduced into PA-RISC microprocessors implements SUID-MIMD parallelism with insignificant changes to the underlying microprocessor. Thus, a software video decoder attains MPEG video and audio decompression and playback at real-time rates of 30 frames per second, on an entry-level workstation. Our general-purpose parallel subword instructions can accelerate a variety of multimedia programs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the MDM2–p53 Protein–Protein Interaction (MDM2 Inhibitors) in Clinical Trials for Cancer Treatment (2014)

Design of small-molecule inhibitors (MDM2 inhibitors) to block the MDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction has been pursued as a new cancer therapeutic strategy. In recent years, potent, selective, and efficacious MDM2 inhibitors have been successfully obtained and seven such compounds have been advanced into early phase clinical trials for the treatment of human cancers. Here, we review the design, synthesis, properties, preclinical, and clinical studies of these clinical-stage MDM2 inhibitors.
Auditory Cortex Phase Locking to Amplitude-Modulated Cochlear Implant Pulse Trains (2008)

Cochlear implant speech processors transmit temporal features of sound as amplitude modulation of constant-rate electrical pulse trains. This study evaluated the central representation of amplitude modulation in the form of phase-locked firing of neurons in the auditory cortex. Anesthetized pigmented guinea pigs were implanted with cochlear electrode arrays. Stimuli were 254 pulse/s (pps) trains of biphasic electrical pulses, sinusoidally modulated with frequencies of 10-64 Hz and modulation depths of -40 to -5 dB re 100% (i.e., 1-56.2% modulation). Single- and multiunit activity was recorded from multi-site silicon-substrate probes. The maximum frequency for significant phase locking (limiting modulation frequency) was >or=60 Hz for 42% of recording sites, whereas phase locking to pulses of unmodulated pulse trains rarely exceeded 30 pps. The strength of phase locking to frequencies >or=40 Hz often varied nonmonotonically with modulation depth, commonly peaking at modulation depths around -15 to -10 dB. Cortical phase locking coded modulation frequency reliably, whereas a putative rate code for frequency was confounded by rate changes with modulation depth. Group delay computed from the slope of mean phase versus modulation frequency tended to increase with decreasing limiting modulation frequency. Neurons in cortical extragranular layers had lower limiting modulation frequencies than did neurons in thalamic afferent layers. Those observations suggest that the low-pass characteristic of cortical phase locking results from intracortical filtering mechanisms. The results show that cortical neurons can phase lock to modulated electrical pulse trains across the range of modulation frequencies and depths presented by cochlear implant speech processors.
Passive Protection of Mice against Group A Streptococcal Pharyngeal Infection by Lipoteichoic Acid (1994)

Previous studies have shown that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of group A streptococci plays a central role in the adherence of these organisms to epithelial cells. In this study, intranasal instillation of purified LTA but not deacylated LTA in mice blocked colonization and prevented death after intranasal challenge infection with group A streptococci. Bacteria pretreated with rabbit antisera against LTA also failed to colonize or infect mice after intranasal challenge. In vitro studies showed that LTA and M protein inhibited adherence of type 24 streptococci to mouse pharyngeal cells. Passive intranasal administration of purified type 24 M protein protected mice from death after challenge infection with type 24 streptococci but had no significant effect on pharyngeal colonization. Surface LTA and M protein may mediate adherence of streptococci to mouse pharyngeal cells, and blocking adherence with LTA prevents colonization and infection in this animal model.
Expression of the precore region of an avian hepatitis B virus is not required for viral replication (1987)

The core-antigen-coding region of all hepadnaviruses is preceded by a short, in-phase open reading frame termed precore whose expression can give rise to core-antigen-related polypeptides. To explore the functional significance of precore expression in vivo, we introduced a frameshift mutation into this region of the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) genome and examined the phenotype of this mutant DNA by intrahepatic inoculation into newborn ducklings. Animals receiving mutant DNA developed DHBV infection, as judged by the presence in hepatocytes of characteristic viral replicative intermediates; molecular cloning and DNA sequencing confirmed that the original mutation was present in the progeny genomes. Infection could be efficiently transmitted to susceptible ducklings by percutaneous inoculation with serum from mutant-infected animals, indicating that infectious progeny virus was generated. These findings indicate that expression of the precore region of DHBV is not essential for genomic replication, core particle morphogenesis, or intrahepatic viral spread.
Sequence‐specific determination of protein and peptide concentrations by absorbance at 205 nm (2013)

Quantitative studies in molecular and structural biology generally require accurate and precise determination of protein concentrations, preferably via a method that is both quick and straightforward to perform. The measurement of ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm has proven especially useful, since the molar absorptivity (extinction coefficient) at 280 nm can be predicted directly from a protein sequence. This method, however, is only applicable to proteins that contain tryptophan or tyrosine residues. Absorbance at 205 nm, among other wavelengths, has been used as an alternative, although generally using absorptivity values that have to be uniquely calibrated for each protein, or otherwise only roughly estimated. Here, we propose and validate a method for predicting the molar absorptivity of a protein or peptide at 205 nm directly from its amino acid sequence, allowing one to accurately determine the concentrations of proteins that do not contain tyrosine or tryptophan residues. This method is simple to implement, requires no calibration, and should be suitable for a wide range of proteins and peptides.
The Release of Iron by Sertoli Cells in Culture (1988)

In seminiferous tubules, iron transport from the blood to the abluminal germinal cells must occur through the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. We investigated the release of previously accumulated iron by cultured Sertoli cells. We found that Sertoli cells contain easily releasable and less easily releasable iron pools. Iron is released in a low molecular weight form (molecular weight less than 30,000). A high concentration of this low molecular weight iron in the medium reduces further iron release by Sertoli cells, whereas the addition of more medium or fresh medium increases further iron release. Apotransferrin stimulates the release of iron in a dose-dependent manner by chelating the low molecular weight iron. Rat and human apotransferrin are completely competitive in this respect. Diethylenetriamine penta acetic acid (DTPA), an extracellular iron chelator, and apotransferrin compete for iron binding and stimulation of iron release, indicating that no binding or uptake of the chelator by the cells is required. Desferrioxamine (DFO), an intracellular iron chelator, on the other hand, increases iron release more drastically, and apotransferrin cannot compete with it for iron. The addition of extracellular iron also increases the amount of 59Fe in the medium, probably by reducing the re-uptake of 59Fe. This is also demonstrated with primaquine, which blocks endocytosis and increases the amount of 59Fe in the medium. The presence of germinal cells also stimulates the release of iron by Sertoli cells. When cocultured, the germinal cells internalize iron as it is release by Sertoli cells.
The value of progesterone receptor assays in the management of advanced breast cancer (1980)

Estrogen and progesterone receptor determinations were performed on 518 specimens at the Surgical Research Laboratory of the Maimonides Medical Center. Of these, 41% were ERP and PgRP positive; 17% were ERP positive and PgRP negative; 38% were ERP negative and PgRP negative, and 3.9% were ERP negative, PgRP positive. Sixty-two patients with advanced breast cancer were treated with either an endocrine ablative procedure or with antihormonal therapy. In the two treatment groups the overall response rate when both receptors were positive was 79%, with a higher percentage of responders in the endocrine ablative group (88% vs. 69%). In addition, a greater duration of response was achieved in those patients treated with endocrine ablation. The overall predictability of response was achieved in those patients treated with endocrine ablation. The overall predictability of response or failure to hormonal therapy is 91% if the progesterone receptor alone is utilized to select treatment and an endocrine ablative procedure is performed. The predictability of response based on the estrogen receptors presence or absence is 70%.
Feasibility and correlates of arsenic trioxide combined with ascorbic acid-mediated depletion of intracellular glutathione for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. (2002)

Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) invariably relapse with chemotherapy-resistant disease, underscoring the need for new agents that bypass these resistance mechanisms. We have reported that ascorbic acid (AA) enhances the activity of arsenic trioxide (As(2)0(3)) against drug-resistant MM in vitro by depleting intracellular glutathione (GSH). These data led us to open a National Cancer Institute/Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program-sponsored Phase I/II trial of As(2)0(3) + AA for relapsed/refractory MM. We now present the completed Phase I component of this trial. The primary objective of the trial's Phase I component was to assess whether the addition of AA affected the well-described toxicity profile of As(2)0(3) alone. Correlative studies were undertaken of As(2)0(3) and AA pharmacokinetics, the ability of AA to deplete intracellular GSH in vivo, and the development of arsenic resistance. Six patients with stage IIIA relapsed/refractory myeloma were studied. We found that 0.25 mg/kg/day As(2)O(3) + 1,000 mg/day AA could be given for 25 days (over a 35-day period) without dose-limiting toxicity. One episode of grade 3 hematological toxicity (leukopenia) and no grade 3 nonhematological toxicities (in particular, cardiac) were observed. The coadministration of AA did not alter the pharmacokinetics of As(2)0(3), and elevated AA levels were associated with decreased intracellular GSH. Serial in vitro studies demonstrated continued sensitivity of patient myeloma cells to As(2)0(3) + AA. Two patients (both with thalidomide-refractory disease) had partial responses; four patients had stable disease. In conclusion, we have found that As(2)0(3) + AA has acceptable toxicity and that there is promising evidence of activity in refractory/relapsed myeloma.