gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The amino acid sequence of Clostridium pasteurianum iron protein, a component of nitrogenase. I. Tryptic peptides. (1977)

A total of 25 tryptic peptides was isolated from the S-beta-carboxymethyl derivative of Clostridium pasteurianum iron protein (N2). In order to obtain the various peptides in pure state, a combination of gel permeation, cation and anion exchange column chromatographic methods, as well as various ascending paper chromatographic methods were adopted. Sequence studies of the tryptic peptides were carried out mainly by a modified manual Edman degradation procedure and also by automated analysis, carboxypeptidase digestion, and by hydrazinolysis. Thus, 242 residues (88.6%) out of a total of 273 amino acid residues were sequenced in the present study. The sum of the amino acid residues in the tryptic peptides isolated from iron protein (N2) accounted for the 273 amino acid residues present in the iron protein.
Perspectives on solar distillation: a review (2005)

An investigation has been made to develop a robust solar water purification system for remote areas without potable water or energy. Many stills have been studied, but few are practical due to low efficiency and water yield. A study of the global water supply and existing treatment methods has been made to understand the problem and to develop the design. Further analysis should lead to an apparatus that can supply potable water in remote, water or energy-deprived areas with minimal maintenance and long-term cost. Objectives for simple still design have been identified, as well as drawbacks in current designs. Employing active techniques such as spray evaporation, baffling, vacuum distillation, forced convection, separate chambers and membrane distillation are shown as areas of potential yield improvement.
Vanadate Stimulates Bone Cell Proliferation and Bone Collagen Synthesisin Vitro* (1988)

We recently proposed a hypothesis for the molecular mechanism of the osteogenic action of fluoride in which it stimulates osteoblast proliferation via the inhibition of an osteoblastic acid phosphatase-like phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase activity. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether orthovanadate, a known phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase inhibitor, would mimic fluoride in the stimulation of bone cell proliferation and bone collagen synthesis in vitro. Orthovanadate inhibited the osteoblastic acid phosphatase activity and stimulated bone cell proliferation at the same low concentrations (i.e. 5-15 microM). At the mitogenic doses, orthovanadate also showed a dose-dependent increase in alkaline phosphatase (a marker of mature osteoblasts) in cultured calvarial cells and stimulated bone collagen synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of [3H]proline and the conversion into [3H] hydroxyproline in organ calvaria cultures. Therefore, orthovanadate stimulated bone formation by increasing the number of mature osteoblasts mediated via stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. Orthovanadate was dependent on the presence of a mitogen in cell medium for its mitogenic action in vitro and synergistically potentiated the mitogenic actions on osteoblasts of those growth factors, i.e. insulin, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I, and skeletal growth factor, whose mitogenic action involved tyrosyl protein phosphorylation. However, the interaction between orthovanadate and basic fibroblast growth factor, a growth factor that does not appear to involve tyrosyl protein phosphorylation, on bone cell proliferation was additive. In summary, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of the osteoblastic phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatases can prolong and/or potentiate the mitogenic actions of growth factors, and thereby stimulates cell proliferation.
CH-19 Sweet, Nonpungent Cultivar of Red Pepper, Increased Body Temperature in Mice with Vanilloid Receptors Stimulation by Capsiate. (2001)

We investigated the effect of CH-19 Sweet, a nonpungent cultivar of red pepper, and capsiate, a nonpungent capsaicin analog found in CH-19 Sweet on body temperature in mice. The body temperature was recorded from conscious and unrestrained mice by use of a telemetry system. The body temperature in the mice administered CH-19 Sweet was higher than in the mice administered California-Wandar, which contains no capsiate or capsaicin. The body temperature in the mice administered capsiate was higher than in the mice administered the vehicle. Furthermore, we injected capsazepine, a specific antagonist of vanilloid receptors, into the peritoneal cavity and orally administered capsiate via a stomach tube to mice. The body temperature in the mice pretreated with capsazepine was lower than in the mice injected with the vehicle. This result suggested that capsazepine suppressed the rise in body temperature induced by capsiate administration. In conclusion, CH-19 Sweet increased body temperature, and this effect may be induced by the vanilloid receptors' stimulation of capsiate.
Arousal and physiological toughness: Implications for mental and physical health. (1989)

From W.B. Cannon's identification of adrenaline with "fight or flight" to modern views of stress, negative views of peripheral physiological arousal predominate. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) arousal is associated with anxiety, neuroticism, the Type A personality, cardiovascular disease, and immune system suppression; illness susceptibility is associated with life events requiring adjustments. "Stress control" has become almost synonymous with arousal reduction. A contrary positive view of peripheral arousal follows from studies of subjects exposed to intermittent stressors. Such exposure leads to low SNS arousal base rates, but to strong and responsive challenge- or stress-induced SNS-adrenal-medullary arousal, with resistance to brain catecholamine depletion and with suppression of pituitary adrenal-cortical responses. That pattern of arousal defines physiological toughness and, in interaction with psychological coping, corresponds with positive performance in even complex tasks, with emotional stability, and with immune system enhancement. The toughness concept suggests an opposition between effective short- and long-term coping, with implications for effective therapies and stress-inoculating life-styles.
A Controlled Randomized Study of the Effect of Training With Orthoses on the Incidence of Weight Bearing Induced Back Pain Among Infantry Recruits (2005)

The results of this study do not support the use of orthoses, either custom soft or semirigid biomechanical, as prophylactic treatment for weight bearing-induced back pain. Custom soft orthoses had a higher utilization rate than the semirigid biomechanical or simple shoe inserts. The pretraining physical fitness and sports participation of recruits were not related to the incidence of weight bearing-induced back pain.
Detection of influenza virus neuraminidase-specific antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1982)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the titration of antibodies in human sera to influenza virus neuraminidase, employing partially purified N1 neuraminidase. Specificity of the test was demonstrated, and the test was more sensitive than either the conventional neuraminidase inhibition or plaque size reduction tests in detecting anti-neuraminidase antibody.
Enhanced photochemical light utilization and decreased chilling‐induced photoinhibition of photosystem II in cotton overexpressing genes encoding chloroplast‐targeted antioxidant enzymes (2001)

The aim of this study was to determine whether increases in stromal superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) via transformation could reduce photosystem (PS) II photoinhibition at low temperature for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants and to determine by what mechanism this protection may be realized. During 3-h exposures of lincomycin-treated leaf discs to 10 degrees C and a photon flux density of 500 &mgr;mol m-2 s-1, all transgenic plants exhibited significantly greater PSII activity and O2 evolution than did wild-type plants. Also, the rate constant of PSII photoinactivation was significantly lower for all transgenic plants than for wild-type plants. No significant differences existed between genotypes in non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence and the regulated component of the thermal dissipation of excitation energy. The relationship between changes in variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and the time-dependent averaged excessive light exposure was similar for all genotypes. This observation excluded the possibility that differences in PSII photodamage were due to improvements in the direct protection of PSII from active oxygen by antioxidant enzyme overproduction. Similar decreases in Fv/Fm during the stress treatment for all genotypes when leaves were pre-treated with 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) suggested that the effect of overproduction involved events downstream of PSII in the electron transfer pathway. Since all transgenic plants exhibited a significantly higher photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence during the chilling treatment, we concluded that, under the conditions used in this study, the enhancement of the protection of PSII from photodamage by increasing the stromal antioxidant enzyme activity in cotton leaves was due to the maintenance of a higher rate of electron transport and, consequently, a lower reduction state of QA.
Information Sharing in Credit Markets (1993)

ABSTRACT We present a model with adverse selection where information sharing between lenders arises endogenously. Lenders' incentives to share information about borrowers are positively related to the mobility and heterogeneity of borrowers, to the size of the credit market, and to advances in information technology; such incentives are instead reduced by the fear of competition from potential entrants. In addition, information sharing increases the volume of lending when adverse selection is so severe that safe borrowers drop out of the market. These predictions are supported by international and historical evidence in the context of the consumer credit market.
Resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection conferred by transduction of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with ribozyme, antisense, or polymeric trans-activation response element constructs. (1995)

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were transduced with a number of recombinant retroviruses including RRz2, an LNL6-based virus with a ribozyme targeted to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tat gene transcript inserted within the 3' region of the neomycin-resistance gene; RASH5, and LNHL-based virus containing an antisense sequence to the 5' leader region of HIV-1 downstream of the human cytomegalovirus promoter; and R20TAR, an LXSN-based virus with 20 tandem copies of the HIV-1 trans-activation response element sequence driven by the Moloney murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat. After G418 selection, transduced PBLs were challenged with the HIV-1 laboratory strain IIIB and a primary clinical isolate of HIV-1, 82H. Results showed that PBLs from different donors could be transduced and that this conferred resistance to HIV-1 infection. For each of the constructs, a reduction of approximately 70% in p24 antigen level relative to the corresponding control-vector-transduced PBLs was observed. Molecular analyses showed constitutive expression of all the transduced genes from the retroviral long terminal repeat, but no detectable transcript was seen from the internal human cytomegalovirus transcript was seen from the internal human cytomegalovirus promoter for the antisense construct. Transduction of, and consequent transgene expression in, PBLs did not impact on the surface expression of either CD4+/CD8+ (measured by flow cytometry) or on cell doubling time (examined by [3H]thymidine uptake). These results indicate the potential utility of these anti-HIV-1 gene therapeutic agents and show the preclinical value of this PBL assay system.
Chetomin induces degradation of XIAP and enhances TRAIL sensitivity in urogenital cancer cells (2010)

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is one of the most promising anti-cancer agents, but some tumor types develop resistance to TRAIL. Here, we report that chetomin, an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factors, is a potent enhancer of TRAIL-induced apoptosis. TRAIL or chetomin alone weakly induced apoptosis, but the combination of chetomin and TRAIL synergistically induced apoptosis in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. The combination of chetomin and TRAIL induces the activation of caspase-3, -8, -9 and -10. Among the apoptotic factors related to the TRAIL pathway, chetomin markedly decreased the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) protein levels in a dose-dependent manner, but other IAP family members, TRAIL receptors and Bcl-2 family members were not altered by chetomin. Using XIAP siRNA instead of chetomin, down-regulation of XIAP sensitized PC-3 cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Conversely, transient transfection of XIAP reduced the apoptotic response to combined treatment with chetomin and TRAIL. Treatment with chetomin induced a rapid decrease in XIAP protein levels but had no effect on XIAP mRNA levels. Since chetomin-mediated XIAP down-regulation was completely prevented by proteasome inhibitors, it was suggested that chetomin induces the degradation of the XIAP protein in a proteasome-dependent manner. Additionally, chetomin also sensitized renal cancer Caki-1 cells and bladder cancer UM-UC-3 cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via down-regulation of XIAP. Co-treatment of chetomin and TRAIL did not enhance apoptosis in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Taken together, these findings suggest that TRAIL and chetomin synergistically induce apoptosis in human urogenital cancer cells through a mechanism that involves XIAP down-regulation by chetomin.
Aortic and Hepatic Enhancement and Tumor-to-Liver Contrast: Analysis of the Effect of Different Concentrations of Contrast Material at Multi–Detector Row Helical CT (2002)

In the arterial phase, administration of a higher concentration of contrast material is effective for a significantly higher TLC.
The Cervicovaginal Microbiota-Host Interaction Modulates Chlamydia trachomatis Infection (2019)

The mechanism(s) by which <i>Lactobacillus</i>-dominated cervicovaginal microbiota provide a barrier to <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> infection remain(s) unknown. Here we evaluate the impact of different <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp. identified via culture-independent metataxonomic analysis of <i>C. trachomatis</i>-infected women on <i>C. trachomatis</i> infection in a three-dimensional (3D) cervical epithelium model. <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp. that specifically produce d(-) lactic acid were associated with long-term protection against <i>C. trachomatis</i> infection, consistent with reduced protection associated with <i>Lactobacillus iners</i>, which does not produce this isoform, and with decreased epithelial cell proliferation, consistent with the observed prolonged protective effect. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that epigenetic modifications involving histone deacetylase-controlled pathways are integral to the cross talk between host and microbiota. These results highlight a fundamental mechanism whereby the cervicovaginal microbiota modulates host functions to protect against <i>C. trachomatis</i> infection.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> The vaginal microbiota is believed to protect women against <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>, the etiologic agent of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) in developed countries. The mechanism underlying this protection has remained elusive. Here, we reveal the comprehensive strategy by which the cervicovaginal microbiota modulates host functions to protect against chlamydial infection, thereby providing a novel conceptual mechanistic understanding. Major implications of this work are that (i) the impact of the vaginal microbiota on the epithelium should be considered in future studies of chlamydial infection and other STIs and (ii) a fundamental understanding of the cervicovaginal microbiota's role in protection against STIs may enable the development of novel microbiome-based therapeutic strategies to protect women from infection and improve vaginal and cervical health.
Fast algorithms for complex matrix multiplication using surrogates (1989)

Novel fast algorithms for multiplying square complex matrices are presented. The algorithms are based on concepts from fast methods of complex multiplication in which a surrogate is used for the square root of minus one. Previous methods imposed the structure of a finite ring or field on the problem. The novel algorithms also use a surrogate, but do not require the imposed structure and its inherent rounding. The number of real matrix multiplications required can be reduced from four to two for even dimension, and to 2+1/N/sup 2/ for odd dimension N. The disadvantage of the algorithms is the imposition of a requirement on the structure of one of the two complex matrices being multiplied. The 2*2 case of the algorithm can be adapted to computing Givens rotations, resulting in a 17% savings in real matrix multiplications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Area-coded effective medium structures, a new type of grating design (2005)

We propose a new way to design gratings with desired diffraction properties by using subwavelength feature sizes perpendicular to the ordinary superwavelength grating period. This is different from well-known one-dimensional binary-blazed gratings that use a structuring along the grating period and thus opens new flexibility in generating arbitrary effective-index distributions in the direction of the grating period. Since the subwavelength features form contiguous areas, they are called area-coded effective medium structures (ACES). Compared with well-known binary subwavelength structures in two-dimensional arrangements consisting of pillars, ACES are more stable and have comparable efficiency properties. As an example we show how to design in principle a four-level area-coded effective medium grating, compare the efficiency of ACES with binary-blazed and échelette gratings, and optimize the subwavelength period of ACES.
Detailed Phenotypic and Molecular Analyses of Genetically Modified Mice Generated by CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Editing (2015)

The bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 system has been adapted for use as a genome editing tool. While several recent reports have indicated that successful genome editing of mice can be achieved, detailed phenotypic and molecular analyses of the mutant animals are limited. Following pronuclear micro-injection of fertilized eggs with either wild-type Cas9 or the nickase mutant (D10A) and single or paired guide RNA (sgRNA) for targeting of the tyrosinase (Tyr) gene, we assessed genome editing in mice using rapid phenotypic readouts (eye and coat color). Mutant mice with insertions or deletions (indels) in Tyr were efficiently generated without detectable off-target cleavage events. Gene correction of a single nucleotide by homologous recombination (HR) could only occur when the sgRNA recognition sites in the donor DNA were modified. Gene repair did not occur if the donor DNA was not modified because Cas9 catalytic activity was completely inhibited. Our results indicate that allelic mosaicism can occur following -Cas9-mediated editing in mice and appears to correlate with sgRNA cleavage efficiency at the single-cell stage. We also show that larger than expected deletions may be overlooked based on the screening strategy employed. An unbiased analysis of all the deleted nucleotides in our experiments revealed that the highest frequencies of nucleotide deletions were clustered around the predicted Cas9 cleavage sites, with slightly broader distributions than expected. Finally, additional analysis of founder mice and their offspring indicate that their general health, fertility, and the transmission of genetic changes were not compromised. These results provide the foundation to interpret and predict the diverse outcomes following CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing experiments in mice.
The gamma subunit of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Mutations in the carboxyl-terminal region restore energy coupling to the amino-terminal mutant gamma Met-23–>Lys. (1993)

The gamma subunit mutations, gamma Met-23-->Lys or Arg, in the Escherichia coli ATP synthase were previously reported to cause dramatically inefficient energy coupling between ATPase catalysis and H+ translocation (Shin, K., Nakamoto, R.K., Maeda, M., and Futai, M. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 20835-20839). In this paper, we report that second-site mutations in the gamma subunit can suppress the effects of gamma Met-23-->Lys. By screening randomly mutagenized uncG (gamma Met-23-->Lys), eight mutations in the carboxyl-terminal region were identified; strains carrying gamma Arg-242-->Cys, gamma Gln-269-->Arg, gamma Ala-270-->Val, gamma Ile-272-->Thr, gamma Thr-273-->Ser, gamma Glu-278-->Gly, gamma Ile-279-->Thr, or gamma Val-280-->Ala in combination with gamma Met-23-->Lys were able to grow by oxidative phosphorylation. H+ pumping assayed in membranes prepared from double mutation strains demonstrated that efficient ATP-dependent H+ transport was restored. Interestingly, the single mutations, gamma Gln-269-->Arg or gamma Thr-273-->Ser, caused reduced growth by oxidative phosphorylation; however, when these mutations were in combination with gamma Met-23-->Lys, growth was substantially increased. Furthermore, strains carrying gamma Met-23-->Lys, gamma Gln-269-->Arg, or gamma Thr-273-->Ser as single mutations were temperature sensitive, whereas, strains with the double mutations, gamma Met-23-->Lys/gamma Gln-269-->Arg or gamma Met-23-->Lys/gamma Thr-273-->Ser, were thermally stable. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that gamma Met-23, gamma Arg-242, and the region between gamma Gln-269 to gamma Val-280 are close to each other and interact to mediate efficient energy coupling.
Neuregulin expression, function, and signaling in human ovarian cancer cells. (2002)

With NRG expression in the majority of ovarian carcinomas and cell lines, there is the potential for autocrine regulation of cell growth. Interfering with ligand-receptor interactions by receptor blocking antibodies suggests erbB3 is primarily involved in NRG-1beta-induced proliferation, with erbB4 having a more complex role.