gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Rifampin on the Plasma Concentration and the Clinical Effect of Haloperidol Concomitantly Administered to Schizophrenic Patients (1996)

We assessed the changes of plasma haloperidol concentrations and clinical responses repeatedly up to 4 weeks after coadministration or discontinuation of rifampin in 12 schizophrenic patients taking haloperidol alone (group I) and 5 patients taking haloperidol and antituberculotic drugs (group II). After coadministration of rifampin in group I, daily trough haloperidol concentrations rapidly decreased and reached 63% of baseline level by day 3, 41.3% by day 7, and 30% by day 28. On the other hand, after discontinuation of rifampin in group II, plasma haloperidol concentration increased to 140.7% of baseline level by day 3, 228.7% by day 7, and 329% by day 28. In this study, a 30% or greater change in the clinical rating scale was considered a positive clinical response of the drug interaction. Using this criterion, 50% of the group I subjects responded according to the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) total score, and 25% responded according to the BPRS subscale for psychiatric symptoms. No positive responses were observed in group II patients. These results strongly suggest that rifampin interacts with the clinical effects as well as the plasma concentrations of coadministered haloperidol, and careful monitoring should be considered when coadministration or discontinuation of rifampin is needed in a schizophrenic patient taking haloperidol.
Spiral readout gradients for the reduction of motion artifacts in chemical shift imaging (2004)

A motion artifact reduction method for proton chemical shift imaging (CSI) is presented. The method uses spiral-based readout gradients for data acquisition. A characteristic of spiral-based readout gradients is that data are repeatedly sampled at the kxy origin. These data points are used to estimate and correct for motion-induced phase variations. Both phantom and in vivo spectra reconstructed using the new motion artifact reduction algorithm showed significant signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvements as compared to uncorrected data.
Isolation of Developmentally Regulated Genes from Toxoplasma gondii by a Gene Trap with the Positive and Negative Selectable Marker Hypoxanthine-Xanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase (1998)

Within its intermediate host, Toxoplasma gondii switches between two forms: a rapidly replicating tachyzoite and an encysted bradyzoite. Bradyzoites persist within the host throughout its life, hidden from antimicrobial agents and the immune system. The signals that mediate switching are poorly understood. A gene trap was employed to isolate genes whose expression is up-regulated early in the switching of bradyzoites via the negative and positive selectable marker hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HXGPRT). T. gondii was transfected with promoterless HXGPRT and negatively selected with 6-thioxanthine to inhibit the growth of tachyzoites expressing HXGPRT. The surviving tachyzoites were then induced for in vitro bradyzoite formation and treated with mycophenolic acid and xanthine to positively select for parasites in which the construct had integrated downstream of a bradyzoite-specific gene. Strains were checked for their ability to differentiate by using Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (a bradyzoite-specific lectin) and a monoclonal antibody against P36 (a bradyzoite-specific surface antigen). After differentiation, all gene-trapped clones had Dolichos immunofluorescence and all but one expressed P36. The sequences flanking the insertion site of this P36-negative strain were homologous to the Toxoplasma family of surface antigens, strongly suggesting that P36 is encoded by the disruptive gene. Genetic mapping and complementation of the P36-negative strain further indicated that the disrupted gene is P36. Reverse transcriptase PCR and S1 nuclease digestion were used to compare mRNA levels during the tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages. The presumptive P36 gene does not appear to regulate its mRNA levels between the two stages, indicating a posttranscriptional mechanism of regulation for early bradyzoite-specific genes.
Spatial patterns of foliar stable carbon isotope compositions of C 3 plant species in the Loess Plateau of China (2006)

Abstract The spatial pattern of foliar stable carbon isotope compositions (δ 13 C) of dominant species and their relationships with environmental factors in seven sites, Yangling, Yongshou, Tongchuan, Fuxian, Ansai, Mizhi and Shenmu, standing from south to north in the Loess Plateau of China, was studied. The results showed that in the 121 C 3 plant samples collected from the Loess Plateau, the foliar δ 13 C value ranged from −22.66‰ to −30.70‰, averaging −27.04‰. The foliar δ 13 C value varied significantly ( P &lt;0.01) among the seven sites, and the average δ 13 C value increased by about 1.69‰ from Yangling in the south to Shenmu in the north as climatic drought increased. There was a significant difference in foliar δ 13 C value among three life‐forms categorized from all the plant samples in the Loess Plateau ( P &lt;0.001). The trees (−26.74‰) and shrubs (−26.68‰) had similar mean δ 13 C values, both significantly ( P &lt;0.05) higher than the mean δ 13 C value of herbages (−27.69‰). It was shown that the trees and shrubs had higher WUEs and employed more conservative water‐use patterns to survive drier habitats in the Loess Plateau. Of all the C 3 species in the Loess Plateau, the foliar δ 13 C values were significantly and negatively correlated with the mean annual rainfall ( P &lt;0.001) and mean annual temperature ( P &lt;0.05), while being significantly and positively correlated with the latitude ( P &lt;0.001) and the annual solar radiation ( P &lt;0.01). In general, the foliar δ 13 C values increased as the latitude and solar radiation increased and the rainfall and temperature decreased. The annual rainfall as the main influencing factor could explain 13.3% of the spatial variations in foliar δ 13 C value. A 100 mm increment in annual rainfall would result in a decrease by 0.88‰ in foliar δ 13 C values.
Neuronal Hyperexcitability and Reduction of GABAA-Receptor Expression in the Surround of Cerebral Photothrombosis (1996)

Changes of neuronal excitability and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA)-receptor expression were studied in the surround of photothrombotic infarcts, which were produced in the sensorimotor cortex of the rat by using the rose bengal technique. In a first series of experiments, multiunit recordings were performed on anesthetized animals 2-3 mm lateral from the lesion. Mean discharge frequency was considerably higher in recordings from lesioned animals (> 100 Hz in the first postlesional week) compared with control animals (mean, 15 Hz). These alterations were already present after 1 day but were most pronounced 3 to 7 days after lesion induction. Thereafter the hyperexcitability declined again, although it remained visible up to 4 months. In a second series of experiments, the GABAA-receptor expression was studied autoradiographically. This revealed a reduction of GABAA receptors in widespread brain areas ipsilateral to the lesion. The reduction was most pronounced in the first days after lesion induction and declined with longer intervals. It is concluded that cortical infarction due to photothrombosis leads to a long-lasting and widespread reduction of GABAA-receptor expression in the surround of the lesion, which is associated with an increased neuronal excitability. Such alterations may be responsible for epileptic seizures that can be observed in some patients after stroke and may contribute to neurologic deficits after stroke.
A Lip Sync Expert Is All You Need for Speech to Lip Generation In the Wild (2020)

In this work, we investigate the problem of lip-syncing a talking face video of an arbitrary identity to match a target speech segment. Current works excel at producing accurate lip movements on a static image or videos of specific people seen during the training phase. However, they fail to accurately morph the lip movements of arbitrary identities in dynamic, unconstrained talking face videos, resulting in significant parts of the video being out-of-sync with the new audio. We identify key reasons pertaining to this and hence resolve them by learning from a powerful lip-sync discriminator. Next, we propose new, rigorous evaluation benchmarks and metrics to accurately measure lip synchronization in unconstrained videos. Extensive quantitative evaluations on our challenging benchmarks show that the lip-sync accuracy of the videos generated by our Wav2Lip model is almost as good as real synced videos. We provide a demo video clearly showing the substantial impact of our Wav2Lip model, and also publicly release the code, models, and evaluation benchmarks on our website.
A green gem in the treasure state (2009)

The article describes a project conducted by researchers at the Western Transportation Institute (WTI) at Montana State University (MSU) into 100% fly ash concrete made with glass aggregate. Fly ash used is a Class C fly ash from the Corette Power Plant in Billings, Mont. Recycled pulverized glass of mixed color was used. Tests were carried out on two mix designs and then the material was used for load bearing beams by MacArthur, Means and Wells (MMW) Architects. 3 refs., 2 tabs., 6 photos.
Reflectance and Illumination Recovery in the Wild (2015)

The appearance of an object in an image encodes invaluable information about that object and the surrounding scene. Inferring object reflectance and scene illumination from an image would help us decode this information: reflectance can reveal important properties about the materials composing an object; the illumination can tell us, for instance, whether the scene is indoors or outdoors. Recovering reflectance and illumination from a single image in the real world, however, is a difficult task. Real scenes illuminate objects from every visible direction and real objects vary greatly in reflectance behavior. In addition, the image formation process introduces ambiguities, like color constancy, that make reversing the process ill-posed. To address this problem, we propose a Bayesian framework for joint reflectance and illumination inference in the real world. We develop a reflectance model and priors that precisely capture the space of real-world object reflectance and a flexible illumination model that can represent real-world illumination with priors that combat the deleterious effects of image formation. We analyze the performance of our approach on a set of synthetic data and demonstrate results on real-world scenes. These contributions enable reliable reflectance and illumination inference in the real world.
The increased sensitivity of neurons with elevated glucocerebroside to neurotoxic agents can be reversed by imiglucerase (2000)

We have recently demonstrated that incubation of cultured rat hippocampal neurons with conduritol beta-epoxide (CBE), an inhibitor of glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme defective in Gaucher disease, results in changes in intracellular morphology and in functional calcium stores. Changes in levels of functional calcium stores are directly related to neuronal cell death. We now show that neurons incubated with either CBE or a non-hydrolysable analogue of GlcCer (glucosylthioceramide), are more sensitive to the toxic effects of high concentrations of glutamate and of a variety of metabolic inhibitors. A linear relationship exists between level of accumulation of GlcCer and the extent of neuronal cell death. The deleterious effects of elevated GlcCer levels can be completely reversed by addition of human glucocerebrosidase (imiglucerase) to the culture medium. Imiglucerase is internalized to lysosomes, where it presumably degrades excess GlcCer. This suggests that the limited success of enzyme replacement therapy in neuronopathic forms of Gaucher disease is not due to lack of efficacy of glucocerebroside in degrading GlcCer in neurons of the central nervous system, and adds impetus to attempts to develop ways to efficiently deliver glucocerebrosidase to the brains of neurologically compromised Gaucher disease patients.
Tumor-dependent increased plasma nitrate concentrations as an indication of the antitumor effect of flavone-8-acetic acid and analogues in mice. (1991)

The antitumor agent flavone-8-acetic acid (FAA) is remarkable because it induces hemorrhagic necrosis, altered tumor blood flow, and cytokine synthesis. We show here that FAA and structurally related analogues increase plasma nitrite plus nitrate (NO2-/NO3-) levels in mice. Dose-dependent increases in plasma NO2-/NO3- concentrations, which reached maximum levels at 12 h, were found following administration of FAA. Furthermore, the presence of a palpable s.c. Colon 38 tumor significantly enhanced the response. Tumor-dependent increases were also observed with the active FAA analogues xanthenone-4-acetic acid, 5-methyl XAA, and 5,6-dimethyl XAA, while the inactive analogue 8-methyl XAA failed to increase plasma NO2-/NO3- concentrations substantially above basal levels. Increased plasma NO2-/NO3- levels were also observed in response to endotoxin (100 micrograms/mouse) and to recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (4 to 16 micrograms/mouse). NO2-/NO3- levels may signify nitric oxide production as a result of stimulation of the L-arginine-dependent pathway in activated macrophages. The tumor dependence of the response may reflect the immunological stimulus imposed by tumor implantation. A clear relationship was found between increased plasma NO2-/NO3- levels and tumor growth delays induced by FAA and xanthenone-4-acetic acid analogues. It is suggested that nitric oxide may contribute to tumor cell death by two mechanisms, alteration of blood flow contributing to tumor ischemia and direct tumor cell killing. Plasma NO2-/NO3- concentrations may be a sensitive indication of the antitumor response to this class of compounds.
[11C]Carbon monoxide in the palladium-mediated synthesis of 11C-labelled ketones (1997)

[11C]Carbon monoxide has been used in the palladium-mediated synthesis of [carbonyl-11C]ketones. Methyl iodide, vinylic and arylic halides and trifluoromethanesulfonates (triflates) have been coupled with tin reagents with insertion of [11C]carbon monoxide at very low concentrations (10–100 nmol [11C]CO in a total volume of 10 ml). The labelled products are obtained in 36–62% isolated decay-corrected radiochemical yields within 30 min of the end of radionuclide production. In order to use [11C]carbon monoxide efficiently, a gas handling system has been developed which allows the radioactive gas to recirculate through the reaction media. The reactions are performed using a one pot procedure. The best results are achieved with mixed tin reagents containing an unsaturated transferable substituent and Pd(AsPh3)4. In a typical experiment starting from 25 GBq of [11C]carbon dioxide, 4.2 GBq (47%) of [carbonyl-11C]acetophenone 1 is obtained 30 min after the end of radionuclide production. The specific radioactivity of 1 is 91 GBq µmol-1. [carbonyl-13C]Benzophenone 6 has been synthesised using the same approach to verify the position of the label.
Consumer Protection Provisions Prohibiting “Deceptive Practices” and “False Advertising”: Proper Vehicles for the Protection of Intellectual Property (1991)

What role should 349 and 350 of the New York General Business Law play in the protection of intellectual property?They were enacted to protect consumers against "deceptive practices" and "false advertising."Are these provisions, nevertheless, appropriate vehicles for businesses to fight passing-off by competitors, and
BDNF Val66Met variant and age of onset in schizophrenia (2007)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been advanced as a candidate gene for schizophrenia by virtue of its effects on neurotransmitter systems that are dysregulated in psychiatric disorder and its involvement in the response to antipsychotic drugs. The extensively examined BDNF gene Val66Met (or rs6265) variant has been associated with schizophrenia, and studies have linked this polymorphism to brain morphology, cognitive function, and psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia. Moreover the BDNF Val66Met variant has been reported to be associated with age of onset in schizophrenia. Genotyping of African-American subjects with schizophrenia for five BDNF coding region single nucleotide polymorphisms revealed variance only at the Val66Met allele. The results of statistical analyses indicate a relationship between the BDNF Val66Met genotype and the ages of first psychiatric hospitalization and first schizophrenia symptoms.
Seeded region growing (1994)

We present here a new algorithm for segmentation of intensity images which is robust, rapid, and free of tuning parameters. The method, however, requires the input of a number of seeds, either individual pixels or regions, which will control the formation of regions into which the image will be segmented. In this correspondence, we present the algorithm, discuss briefly its properties, and suggest two ways in which it can be employed, namely, by using manual seed selection or by automated procedures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Longchain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and blood vessel function (2001)

The cardiovascular health benefits of longchain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been reported to exert at several different cellular control mechanisms. These include, effects on lipoprotein metabolism, haemostatic function, platelet/vessel wall interactions, anti-arrhythmic actions and also inhibition of proliferation of smooth muscle cells and therefore growth of the atherosclerotic plaque. Fish oil feeding has also been found to result in moderate reductions in blood pressure and to modify vascular neuroeffector mechanisms. The majority of such cardiovascular benefits of n-3 PUFAs are likely to be mediated in the vascular wall and at the vascular endothelium level, since this monolayer of cells plays a central role in the regulation and maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis and function. While these processes include endothelium-derived vasorelaxant and vasoconstrictor compounds, the vascular endothelium also plays host to many receptors, binding proteins, transporters and signalling mechanisms. Accordingly, endothelial dysfunction, which underlies many cardiovascular disease conditions, can trigger acute vascular events including vasospasm, thrombosis or restenosis leading to ischaemia. The longchain n-3 PUFAs have been reported to possess several properties that may positively influence vascular function. These include favourable mediator profiles (nitric oxide, eicosanoids) that influence vascular reactivity, change in vascular tone via actions on selective ion channels, and maintenance of vascular integrity. In addition to direct effects on contractility, n-3 PUFAs may affect vascular function, and the process of atherogenesis, via inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation at the gene expression level, and by modifying expression of inflammatory cytokinesis and adhesion molecules. Collectively, these properties are consistent with pleiotropic actions of longchain n-3 PUFAs, and may explain the beneficial cardiovascular protection of this family of fatty acids that have been clearly evident through epidemiological data as well from more recent large-scale clinical trials.
A three‐dimensional resist shape simulator and its application to submicron VLSI process (1988)

Abstract A three‐dimensional photoresist shape simulator has been developed for the submicron process. Using this simulator, it is possible to analyze and optimize the photoresist process using an arbitrary projector, photoresist, and developer. In this technique, considering the man‐machine interface, the three‐dimensional shape of the photoresist can be shown in a colorgraphic VDT and plotter. Comparing the result of the threedimensional simulation using the contact hole pattern with that of the two‐dimensional simulation, a discrepancy occurs in the dimension less than 1 μm between the two techniques, and it has been found that threedimensional simulation is necessary when the width and depth of the pattern are in the same order. Using the three‐dimensional simulation, a resolution of 0.5 μm cannot be achieved when the wavelength of the light source is 435.8 μm, the numerical aperture of the projection lens N.A. is 0.28, and the coherency s̀ is 0.7. However, such a resolution can be achieved by using the wavelength of the light source of 435.8 nm, N.A. of 0.42, and s̀ of 0.5.
Requirement for Integrase during Reverse Transcription of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and the Effect of Cysteine Mutations of Integrase on Its Interactions with Reverse Transcriptase (2004)

Retroviral integrase catalyzes the essential step of integrating a double-stranded DNA copy of the viral genome into a host cell chromosome. Mutational studies have revealed that integrase is involved in additional steps of viral replication, but the mechanism for the pleiotropic effect is not well characterized. Since Cys residues generally play crucial roles in protein structure and function, we introduced Cys-to-Ser substitutions at positions 56, 65, and 130 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase to determine their effects on integration activity and viral replication. None of the substitutions significantly affected the enzymatic activities in vitro. When introduced into the NL4-3 molecular clone of HIV-1, mutant viruses encoding Cys mutations at positions 56 and 65 of integrase replicated similarly to the wild-type virus in CD4(+)-T-cell lines, whereas the C130S-containing virus was noninfectious. The entry and postintegration steps of the viral life cycle for all mutant viruses were normal, and all had particle-associated reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. However, early reverse-transcribed DNA products were absent in the lysate of cells infected with the C130S mutant virus, indicating that the mutation abolished the ability of the virus to initiate endogenous reverse transcription. Coimmunoprecipitation using purified integrase and RT showed that the C-terminal domain of wild-type HIV-1 integrase interacted with RT. The interaction between integrase and RT was not affected in the presence of a reducing or alkylating agent, suggesting that the interaction did not involve a disulfide linkage. The C130S substitution within the core region may disrupt the protein recognition interface of the C-terminal domain and abolish its ability to interact with RT. Our results indicate that integrase plays an important role during the reverse-transcription step of the viral life cycle, possibly through physical interactions with RT.
Reactions of methyl 3‐hydroxythiophene‐2‐carboxylate. Part 4. Synthesis of methyl 5‐azolyl‐3‐hydroxythiophene‐2‐carboxylates (1987)

Abstract The indirect introduction of an azolyl group in position 5 of compound 1 by an easy two‐step procedure taking place at room temperature is described. A similar procedure yields the 4‐chloro derivatives of these 5‐azolyl compounds. The same method is applied for the introduction of a 5‐azido group and from the 5‐azido compounds, 5‐ v ‐triazolyl derivatives are obtained by a known method.