gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GLUTAMATE LEVELS IN AQUEOUS HUMOR OF PATIENTS WITH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION (2006)

In Brief Purpose: We analyzed the levels of glutamate and other amino acids in aqueous humor of patients with retinal artery occlusion (RAO) to determine whether glutamate is associated with retinal ischemia in RAO. Methods: Aqueous humor samples were obtained from nine RAO patients by paracentesis performed as an emergent therapeutic intervention and from nine cataract patients without other ocular disease who served as controls. Aspartic acid, glutamate, taurine, and alanine concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The glutamate level in aqueous humor of patients with RAO (4.46 ± 1.62 μmol/L) was significantly higher than that in controls (2.98 ± 1.12 μmol/L) (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Elevated glutamate levels in aqueous humor may indicate diffusion of vitreous glutamate released from the damaged retina due to acute retinal ischemia in RAO. An increase in the extracellular glutamate level may play an important role in ischemic retinal damage in RAO. The authors analyzed the levels of glutamate in aqueous humor of patients with retinal artery occlusion (RAO). The leve of glutamate in the aqueous humor was significantly higher than that in controls. The increase of extracellular glutamate level may play an important role in ischemic retinal damage in RAO.
Partial G Protein Activation by Fluorescent Guanine Nucleotide Analogs (1996)

N-methyl-3'-O-anthranoyl (MANT) guanine nucleotide analogs are useful environmentally sensitive fluorescent probes for studying G protein mechanisms. Previously, we showed that MANT fluorescence intensity when bound to G protein was related to the degree of G protein activation where MANT-guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (mGTP gammaS) had the highest fluorescence followed by mGTP and mGDP, respectively (Remmers, A. E., Posner, R., and Neubig, R. R. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 13771-13778). To directly examine G protein conformations with nucleotide triphosphates bound, we synthesized several nonhydrolyzable MANT-labeled guanine nucleotides. The relative maximal fluorescence levels observed upon binding to recombinant myristoylated Goalpha (myrGoalpha) and myrGialpha1 were: mGTPgammaS > MANT-5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate > MANT-guanylyl-(beta,gamma-methylene)-diphosphonate > MANT-guanosine 5'-O-2-(thio)diphosphate. Using protection against tryptic digestion as a measure of the activated conformation, the ability of the MANT guanine nucleotides to maximally activate myrGo alpha correlated with maximal fluorescence. Biphasic dissociation kinetics were observed for all of the MANT guanine nucleotides. The data were consistent with the following model, [formula: see text] where G protein activation (G*-GXP) is determined by a conformational equilibrium between two triphosphate bound states as well as by the balance between binding and hydrolysis of the nucleotide triphosphate. Compared with myrGialpha1, maximal mGTP fluorescence was only 2-fold higher for the myrGialpha1 Q204L mutant, a mutant with greatly reduced GTPase activity, and only 24% that of mGTPgammaS, indicating that partial activation by mGTP was not just due to hydrolysis of mGTP. These results extend our previous conclusion that GTP analogs do not fully activate G protein.
Determinants of Survival in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (1994)

To identify the determinants of survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), we performed a survival analysis on 74 subjects with IPF. The study subjects were on average 64 yr of age (range, 25 to 83 yr), 62% were male, and 29% were never smokers. A tissue diagnosis was made in 67 (91%) of our study subjects. These subjects were followed for a mean period of 4 yr (range, 1.4 to 118.8 months) after the onset of pulmonary symptoms. During the period of observation, 41 subjects died (median survival = 28.2 months) and 33 continue to survive (median follow-up period = 60.9 months). A univariate analysis demonstrated that diminished survival was significantly associated with male gender (hazard ratio = 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-3.85), a higher FEV1/FVC ratio (hazard ratio = 1.82 [per 10% increase in the FEV1/FVC ratio]; 95% CI = 1.21-2.73), a lower percent predicted FVC (hazard ratio = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.60-0.91), a lower percent predicted total lung capacity (TLC) (hazard ratio = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.60-0.94), a lower percent predicted diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) (hazard ratio = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.53-0.89), a higher ILO profusion category on chest radiograph (hazard ratio = 3.52; 95% CI = 1.58-7.87), and an enhanced release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by cultured alveolar macrophages (hazard ratio = 1.32 [per 10 pm/ml of PGE2]; 95% CI = 1.07-1.62).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Regulation of drought tolerance by gene manipulation of 9‐cis‐epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, a key enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (2001)

Abscisic acid (ABA), a plant hormone, is involved in responses to environmental stresses such as drought and high salinity, and is required for stress tolerance. ABA is synthesized de novo in response to dehydration. 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) is thought to be a key enzyme in ABA biosynthesis. Here we demonstrate that the expression of an NCED gene of Arabidopsis, AtNCED3, is induced by drought stress and controls the level of endogenous ABA under drought-stressed conditions. Overexpression of AtNCED3 in transgenic Arabidopsis caused an increase in endogenous ABA level, and promoted transcription of drought- and ABA-inducible genes. Plants overexpressing AtNCED3 showed a reduction in transpiration rate from leaves and an improvement in drought tolerance. By contrast, antisense suppression and disruption of AtNCED3 gave a drought-sensitive phenotype. These results indicate that the expression of AtNCED3 plays a key role in ABA biosynthesis under drought-stressed conditions in Arabidopsis. We improved drought tolerance by gene manipulation of AtNCED3 causing the accumulation of endogenous ABA.
SYNTHESIS OF AROMATIC THIOLS FROM ARYL IODIDES AND THIOUREA BY MEANS OF NICKEL CATALYST (1985)

Abstract Nickel(0) complex, generated in situ from bis(triethylphosphine)nickel(II) chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride, catalyzed the nucleophilic displacement of aryl iodides with thiourea. S-Aryl-isothiuronium salts or aromatic thiols were obtained in good yields after simple work-up procedures.
On-demand multicast routing protocol (2003)

This paper presents a novel multicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc wireless networks. The protocol, termed ODMRP (on-demand multicast routing protocol), is a mesh-based, rather than a conventional tree-based multicast scheme and uses a forwarding group concept (only a subset of nodes forwards the multicast packets via scoped flooding). It applies on-demand procedures to dynamically build routes and maintain multicast group membership. ODMRP is well suited for ad hoc wireless networks with mobile hosts where bandwidth is limited, topology changes frequently, and power is constrained. We evaluate ODMRP's scalability and performance via simulation.
Chemical conversion pathways for carbohydrates (2014)

This review covers general chemical routes used to convert cellulosic biomass into useful platform chemicals with specific focus on aqueous-based processing.
Cellulose synthase interacting protein (2010)

Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on earth. The great abundance of cellulose places it at the forefront as a primary source of biomass for renewable biofuels. However, the knowledge of how plant cells make cellulose remains very rudimentary. Cellulose microfibrils are synthesized at the plasma membrane by hexameric protein complexes, also known as cellulose synthase complexes. The only known components of cellulose synthase complexes are cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins until the recent identification of a novel component. CSI1, which encodes CESA interacting protein 1 (CSI1) in Arabidopsis. CSI1, as the first non-CESA proteins associated with cellulose synthase complexes, opens up many opportunities.
Turbo space-time processing to improve wireless channel capacity (2002)

By deriving a generalized Shannon capacity formula for multiple-input, multiple-output Rayleigh fading channels, and by suggesting a layered space-time architecture concept that attains a tight lower bound on the capacity achievable, Foschini (see Wireless Personal Communications, vol.6, no.3, p.311-35, 1998) has shown a potential enormous increase in the information capacity of a wireless system employing multiple-element antenna arrays at both the transmitter and receiver. This paper includes two important contributions. First, we show that Foschini's lower bound is, in fact, the Shannon bound when the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the space-time processing in each layer is represented by the corresponding "matched filter" bound. This proves the optimality of the layered space-time concept. Second, we present an embodiment of this concept for a coded system operating at a low average SNR and in the presence of possible intersymbol interference. This embodiment utilizes the already advanced space-time filtering, coding and turbo processing techniques to provide yet a practical solution to the processing needed. Performance results are provided for quasistatic Rayleigh fading channels with no channel estimation errors. We see for the first time that the Shannon capacity for wireless communications can be both increased by N times (where N is the number of the antenna elements at the transmitter and receiver) and achieved within about 3 dB in average SNR, about 2 dB of which is a loss due to the practical coding scheme we assume-the layered space-time processing itself is nearly information-lossless!.
Variable patterns of expression of luciferase in transgenic tobacco leaves. (1990)

A carboxyl-terminally modified firefly luciferase, encoded as a gene fusion to the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (which confers kanamycin resistance), was found to be enzymatically active for both enzymes when expressed in bacteria and in transgenic plants. A military-type starlight vision system was used to conveniently analyze the pattern of gene expression in transgenic tobacco plant leaves. Transgenic tobacco plants which expressed luciferase uniformly in all areas of the leaf, and assays for luciferin, demonstrated that luciferin rapidly penetrates all regions of a tobacco leaf in at least two dimensions. Depending on the test gene structure or, presumably, on the transferred DNA (T-DNA) insertional context, other transgenic plants were obtained that expressed luciferase with a wide range of nonuniform patterns from nominally the same cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. For instance, the veins can be dark, while only the interveinal regions of the leaf lamina glow, or only the small capillary veins glow, or only the major veins glow. Local and/or systemic induction in response to wounding was also demonstrated.
From Azides to Nitriles. A Novel Fast Transformation Made Possible by BrF3 (2005)

Various alkyl and aryl azides, readily obtained from halides or alcohols, were transformed into the corresponding nitriles using bromine trifluoride in moderate to good yields. The reaction is general and gives positive results with aliphatic, aromatic, cyclic, and functionalized azides. It can also be applied to the synthesis of optically active nitriles.
Selective Induction of Apoptosis in Mature T Lymphocytes by Variant T Cell Receptor Ligands (1998)

Activation, anergy, and apoptosis are all possible outcomes of T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. The first leads to proliferation and effector function, whereas the others can lead to partial or complete immunological tolerance. Structural variants of immunizing peptide-major histocompatibility complex molecule ligands that induce selective lymphokine secretion or anergy in mature T cells in association with altered intracellular signaling events have been described. Here we describe altered ligands for mature mouse CD4(+) T helper 1 cells that lead to T cell apoptosis by the selective expression of Fas ligand (FasL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) without concomitant IL-2, IL-3, or interferon gamma production. All ligands that stimulated cell death were found to induce FasL and TNF mRNA expression and TCR aggregation ("capping") at the cell surface, but did not elicit a common pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation of the TCR-associated signal transduction chains. Thus, TCR ligands that uniquely trigger T cell apoptosis without inducing cytokines that are normally associated with activation can be identified.
Differentiation of rat neural tissue in a serum-free embryo culture model followed by in vivo transplantation. (2001)

Nerve tissue differentiated to a rather high degree in a two-week in vitro postimplantation embryo culture. Transferrin or albumin, as the only proteins used for serum-free precultivation, significantly improved subsequent differentiation of nerve tissue and mesodermal derivatives in transplants in vivo.
Antitumor Immunization with a Minimal Peptide Epitope (G9–209–2M) Leads to a Functionally Heterogeneous CTL Response (1999)

The goal of experimental clinical protocols using peptide antigen for active vaccination and treatment of patients with metastatic cancer is to induce a vigorous cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against the immunizing antigen, and thereby against tumor cells expressing the antigen. However, the magnitude and breadth of human CTL responses induced by peptide immunization, and in particular against antigens expressed by normal tissues as well as tumors, is not well characterized. This issue was examined by characterizing CTL cloids derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of three patients who received peptide immunization as treatment for metastatic melanoma. All patients received G9-209-2M peptide, a modified epitope of the gp100 melanoma-associated antigen. The results indicated that the CTL response induced by this peptide antigen was highly heterogeneous both in terms of avidity toward the peptide antigen and recognition of tumor cell lines. Furthermore, avidity of each CTL cloid for the native peptide was highly predictive of tumor reactivity. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for peptide vaccination and adoptive tumor immunotherapy.
Intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma: (Bowen's disease of the dorsum of the foot) (1978)

Soundness is one of the well-studied properties of processes; it denotes that a final state can be reached from every state that is reachable from the initial state. Soundness-preserving refinements are important for enabling the compositional design of systems. \nIn this paper we concentrate on refinements of service compositions. We model service compositions using Petri nets, and consider specific pairs of places that belong to different services. Starting from a sound service composition, we show how to check whether such a pair of places can be refined by another sound service composition, so that soundness is preserved through the refinement.
Synthetic nanoparticles camouflaged with biomimetic erythrocyte membranes for reduced reticuloendothelial system uptake (2016)

Suppression of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) uptake is one of the most challenging tasks in nanomedicine. Coating stratagems using polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), have led to great success in this respect. Nevertheless, recent observations of immunological response toward these synthetic polymers have triggered a search for better alternatives. In this work, natural red blood cell (RBC) membranes are camouflaged on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for reducing the RES uptake. In vitro macrophage uptake, in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies demonstrate that the RBC membrane is a superior alternative to the current gold standard PEG for nanoparticle 'stealth'. Furthermore, we systematically investigate the in vivo potential toxicity of RBC membrane-coated nanoparticles by blood biochemistry, whole blood panel examination and histology analysis based on animal models. The combination of synthetic nanoparticles and natural cell membranes embodies a novel and biomimetic nanomaterial design strategy and presents a compelling property of functional materials for a broad range of biomedical applications.
Optimized decision feedback equalization versus optimized orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, for high-speed data transmission over the local cable network (2003)

The ideal near-end crosstalk and thermal noise-limited throughput capabilities of uncoded decision feedback equalized (DFE) and orthogonally frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) PAM digital signals transmitted over nonloaded twisted metallic pairs bundled in a multicore transmission cable are determined. Though OFDM has recently loomed as a possible strong competitor among alternatives to DFE for high-speed data transmission over the digital subscriber loop network, it is revealed to be, at best, of marginal value, even if one allows an infinite number of transmission subchannels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) For the development of electrochemical biosensors (2005)

Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a very attractive material for the development of biosensors because of its capability to provide strong electrocatalytic activity and minimize surface fouling of the sensors. This article reviews our recent developments of oxidase- and dehydrogenase-amperometric biosensors based on the immobilization of CNTs, the co-immobilization of enzymes on the CNTs/Nafion or the CNT/Teflon composite materials, or the attachment of enzymes on the controlled-density aligned CNT-nanoelectrode arrays. The excellent electrocatalytic activities of the CNTs on the redox reactions of hydrogen peroxide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and homocysteine have been demonstrated. Successful applications of the CNT-based biosensors reviewed herein include the low-potential detections of glucose, organophosphorus compounds, and alcohol.
Identification of a receptor required for the anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG (2008)

The anti-inflammatory activity of intravenous Ig (IVIG) results from a minor population of the pooled IgG molecules that contains terminal alpha2,6-sialic acid linkages on their Fc-linked glycans. These anti-inflammatory properties can be recapitulated with a fully recombinant preparation of appropriately sialylated IgG Fc fragments. We now demonstrate that these sialylated Fcs require a specific C-type lectin, SIGN-R1, (specific ICAM-3 grabbing non-integrin-related 1) expressed on macrophages in the splenic marginal zone. Splenectomy, loss of SIGN-R1(+) cells in the splenic marginal zone, blockade of the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of SIGN-R1, or genetic deletion of SIGN-R1 abrogated the anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG or sialylated Fc fragments. Although SIGN-R1 has not previously been shown to bind to sialylated glycans, we demonstrate that it preferentially binds to 2,6-sialylated Fc compared with similarly sialylated, biantennary glycoproteins, thus suggesting that a specific binding site is created by the sialylation of IgG Fc. A human orthologue of SIGN-R1, DC-SIGN, displays a similar binding specificity to SIGN-R1 but differs in its cellular distribution, potentially accounting for some of the species differences observed in IVIG protection. These studies thus identify an antibody receptor specific for sialylated Fc, and present the initial step that is triggered by IVIG to suppress inflammation.
<title>Sequence coding based on the fractal theory of iterated tranformations systems</title> (1993)

A new scheme for sequence coding based on the iterated functions systems theory is presented. The method relies on a 3D approach in which the sequence is adaptively partitioned. Each partition block can be coded either by using the spatial self similarities or by exploiting temporal redundancies. The proposed system shows very good performances when compared to other existing methods.
Double‐Stranded nef RNA Interferes with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication (2002)

RNA interference (RNAi) has been reported to be post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by approximately 500 nucleotide-(nt)-long double-stranded (ds) RNA that specifically targets homologous sequences of messenger RNA. In this report, we describe inhibition of HIV-1 transcription by synthetic dsRNAs constructed with mutated nef genes (nef dsRNAs) derived from long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) using cotransfection of the target gene-expressing plasmid and dsRNA. The effects of nef dsRNAs were examined with luciferase (Luc) reporter which is combined with the HIV-1 (SF2) LTR in persistently HIV-1-infected T cell and macrophage cell lines. At 48 hr, a defective nef dsRNA (556 nt) suppressed Luc activity more potently than did SF2 full-length nef dsRNA (744 nt), suggesting that approximately 500 nt-long nef dsRNA could interfere with the HIV-1 transcription.
Using One-Way Chains to Provide Message Authentication without Shared Secrets (2006)

The objective of this paper is to propose a cryptographic protocol which provides authenticity in the exchange of information between two entities without using any shared secret and by using only one-way chains. Such a protocol may have many applications and may be of interest especially in constrained environments where computational power is limited since one-way chains may be constructed using some of the simplest cryptographic one-way functions. We propose and investigate two approaches based on one-way chains, which we call: delayed message authentication and direct message authentication. Both of them have some shortcomings and a final hybrid approach, which combines their advantages without inheriting their weaknesses, appears to be quite useful and effective
Recent Advances in the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Antisense Phosphorothioates (2006)

Antisense technology has advanced substantially in the past few decades and now is a well-established therapeutic approach in medicinal chemistry, and it may prove to be a valuable tool in the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides are among the most important and promising antisense agents. However, the key drawback lies in their polydiastereomerism, which manifests itself in the different chemical and biological properties of the diastereomeric species. Methodologies towards the stereocontrolled synthesis of antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides have been well investigated in recent years. In this review, the progress in this field is summarized.
Three-dimensional Mapping of the Common Atrial Flutter Circuit in the Right Atrium (1997)

Interindividual variations occur in the right atrial circuit of common atrial flutter, with constant activation through the cavotricuspid isthmus. A variable zone of block forms the posterior limit. Fusion around the SVC can occur, and ascending medial septal activation does not follow a consistent pattern.