gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Manufacturing glass-fiber reinforcement for grinding wheels (1996)

By analyzing the manufacturing process for organic grinding wheels, some character-istics of the reinforcing glass fiber disc added during the fabrication of these wheels are determined. The toughening mechanisms at work in a fiber glass reinforced grind-ing wheel are analyzed. The stresses inside a grinding wheel in use are determined. Different designs for a reinforcing glass fiber disc are then presented and discussed. One design is chosen and the plans for a prototype machine that will manufacture a reinforcement disc with the chosen design are presented. The different tasks and the issues associated with the manufacturing process are discussed. Finally, an economic and material feasibility analysis is made to determine the possibility of eliminating the current reinforcement supplier.
Transplantation Monitoring by Plasma DNA Sequencing (2011)

Over the past 15 years, there has been increasing interest in the use of cell-free nucleic acids in plasma for molecular diagnostics, especially for cancer detection and prenatal diagnosis. In 1998, Lo et al. showed that donor-derived DNA sequences could be detected in the plasma of transplant recipients (1). This group further showed that different transplanted organs—e.g., the heart, liver, and kidney—appeared to release different amounts of DNA into the plasma, probably relating to the size of the organ (2). Furthermore, details in the design of the molecular assay have been shown to have important implications for detecting circulating donor-derived DNA. For example, the use of a detection target, DYS14 (1,3), which is a member of a multicopy Y chromosome–specific gene, TSPY1 3 (testis specific protein, Y-linked 1), has produced a higher sensitivity in detecting circulating donor-derived DNA than when the single-copy gene SRY (sex-determining region Y) is used (2).

As cell death is generally accepted to be an important reason for the release of DNA into the plasma, Lo et al. further hypothesized that the measurement of donor-derived DNA in the plasma of transplant recipients might be used for monitoring graft rejection (1). This hypothesis has subsequently been shown to be correct by a number of independent workers (4),(5). The usefulness of this strategy depends, however, on the ability to design molecular assays that allow the detection of donor-specific DNA sequences. Most workers in this field have thus far used …
Cytopathogenic Agent Resembling Human Salivary Gland Virus Recovered from Tissue Cultures of Human Adenoids (1956)

Smith (1) recovered a cytopathogenic virus from a human salivary gland demonstrating intranuclear inclusions characteristic of the human salivary gland virus. Subsequently, Weller(2) isolated a similar virus from a liver biopsy from an infant with a clinical diagnosis of cytomegalic inclusion disease. During the course of studies in this laboratory of the presence of adenoidal-pharyngeal-conjunctival (APC) viruses(3-5) in human adenoids, 3 strains of an intranuclear inclusion body-producing virus were isolated from adenoid tissue cultures in which the fibroblasts underwent spontaneous degeneration. This report describes some of the properties of the virus, the development of a complement fixation .test, and the serological relationship of this yirus to the strains isolated by Smith and Weller.Materials and methods. Adenoids were obtained from children undergoing tonsillectomy-adenoidectomy at the Children's Hospital, Washington, D.C., and the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health. Roller tube cultures of adenoids and em'bryonic tissues were prepared as described previously(3). Trypsin-dispersed cultures of human fibroblasts were prepared from embryonic skin-muscle, using a modification of the Youngner procedure(6). These cells were maintained in serial passage by Microbiological Associates Inc., Bethesda, Md., from whom the majority of cultures were obtained. The cells were grown directly on glass in stationary 'tubes and 32 oz. bottles, using a growth medium consisting of 10% to 20% human serum in Eagle's basal medium (7). Prior to inoculation, the cultures were washed four times with Eagle's medium and changed to a maintenance medium consisting of 5% horse serum in Eagle's medium; tube and bottle culttures received 1.0 and 40.0 ml respectively.
Effects of oxygen and mixing on red cells stored in plastic bags at +4 degrees C. (1987)

When red cells are stored in plastic (PVC) containers the penetration of blood gases--O2 entering into and CO2 escaping out of the blood units--influences the red cell metabolism; ATP and energy charge are better maintained at anaerobic storage. When sedimented cells are stored unmixed, the blood gas diffusion is markedly restricted and the concentration of metabolites is rapidly increasing. This leads to disturbed metabolism, increased microvesiculation and decreased erythrocyte fluidity. In a blood transfusion service producing blood components, this is likely to have an important impact on the quality of the red cells. It seems advisable to store red cells in a sufficiently large volume of a suspension medium (such as the SAGM solution) and apply mixing during storage.
Activation of carbon dioxide with aluminum porphyrin and reaction with epoxide. Studies on (tetraphenylporphinato)aluminum alkoxide having a long oxyalkylene chain as the alkoxide group (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTActivation of carbon dioxide with aluminum porphyrin and reaction with epoxide. Studies on (tetraphenylporphinato)aluminum alkoxide having a long oxyalkylene chain as the alkoxide groupTakuzo Aida and Shohei InoueCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 5, 1304–1309Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00343a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00343a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2184Altmetric-Citations282LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
STAT inhibitors for cancer therapy (2013)

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) proteins are a family of cytoplasmic transcription factors consisting of 7 members, STAT1 to STAT6, including STAT5a and STAT5b. STAT proteins are thought to be ideal targets for anti-cancer therapy since cancer cells are more dependent on the STAT activity than their normal counterparts. Inhibitors targeting STAT3 and STAT5 have been developed. These included peptidomimetics, small molecule inhibitors and oligonucleotides. This review summarized advances in preclinical and clinical development of these compounds.
Exploiting both local and global constraints for multi-span statistical language modeling (2002)

A new framework is proposed to integrate the various constraints, both local and global, that are present in the language. Local constraints are captured via n-gram language modeling, while global constraints are taken into account through the use of latent semantic analysis. An integrative formulation is derived for the combination of these two paradigms, resulting in several families of multi-span language models for large vocabulary speech recognition. Because of the inherent complementarity in the two types of constraints, the performance of the integrated language models, as measured by the perplexity, compares favorably with the corresponding n-gram performance.
An Anti-H5N1 Influenza Virus FcDART Antibody Is a Highly Efficacious Therapeutic Agent and Prophylactic against H5N1 Influenza Virus Infection (2015)

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses are associated with severe disease in humans and are a pandemic threat. A vaccine is available, but other approaches are required for patients that typically respond poorly to vaccination, such as the elderly and the immunocompromised. The variability of the virus means that such an approach must be broad spectrum. To achieve this, we developed two antibodies that neutralize H5N1 influenza viruses. In mice, these antibodies provided complete protection against a spectrum of H5N1 influenza viruses at a single low dose. We then combined the two antibodies into a single molecule, FcDART, which combined the broad-spectrum activity and protective efficacy of both antibodies. This treatment provides a novel and effective therapeutic agent or prophylactic with activity against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses.
Separated caches and buses for multiprocessor system (2002)

The proposed scheme exploits the concept of shared cache and private cache technique. The caches are separated as shared block caches and private block caches instead of using only private caches or shared cache in the multiprocessor system. Shared block caches are working in semi-critical section (a data item can be read by two or more processors but can be written only by one processor at a time). Both shared and private block caches have their own buses. The simulation results obtained are compared with the pure private cache schemes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Testing metrics for password creation policies by attacking large sets of revealed passwords (2010)

In this paper we attempt to determine the effectiveness of using entropy, as defined in NIST SP800-63, as a measurement of the security provided by various password creation policies. This is accomplished by modeling the success rate of current password cracking techniques against real user passwords. These data sets were collected from several different websites, the largest one containing over 32 million passwords. This focus on actual attack methodologies and real user passwords quite possibly makes this one of the largest studies on password security to date. In addition we examine what these results mean for standard password creation policies, such as minimum password length, and character set requirements.
[Local injection treatment with botulinum toxin A in severe arm and leg spasticity]. (1993)

In patients with predominantly focal spasticity, oral antispastic drugs are relatively ineffective or cause unwanted side effects of central origin. Therefore we treated patients disabled by focal spasticity with local injections of Botulinum-Toxin A (Porton Products BOTOX). Efficacy, dosage, side-effects and injection technique were examined. 11 patients (mean age 48 years) with severe focal spasticity of the flexor muscles of the hand and arm (5 patients), the adductor muscles of the legs (5) or the plantar flexors of the foot (1) due to multiple sclerosis, cervical myelopathy or stroke-related hemi-paresis were treated with BOTOX. Rating scales, including Ashford spasticity scale, pain scale and a hygienic rating scale, were used to evaluate the efficacy. 25 to 30 ng (1000-1200 MU Porton) were injected in the flexor group of the hand or arm and 42 to 50 ng (1680-2000 MU Porton) BOTOX in the adductor group of one leg. 10 of the patients showed an improvement of at least one point on the scales for spasticity, pain and hygiene. Effects could be observed after 4-7 days and lasted for 6-13 weeks. There were no unwanted side-effects. We conclude that BOTOX is an alternative to the systemic application of antispastic drugs. Focal spasticity and pain can be successfully reduced and hygienic care is facilitated.
Intracellular transport of transferrin- and asialoorosomucoid-colloidal gold conjugates to lysosomes after receptor-mediated endocytosis. (1985)

Proteins coupled to colloidal gold particles have been widely used to visualize the uptake and intracellular transport of specific ligands by receptor-mediated endocytosis. The intracellular route of lysosome-directed ligands such as asialoglycoproteins (ASGP) are apparently unaltered by conjugation to gold, but the pathway of transferrin, a ligand that normally recycles to the cell surface, was reported to be altered by conjugation to 15-20 nm gold. In this study, we sought to determine whether a smaller transferrin-gold probe would recycle, and whether it might enter the same endosomal and lysosomal compartments as does a larger, lysosome-directed ASGP gold probe by visualizing their simultaneous uptake in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. In the same cells, endocytosis of fluid-phase protein was followed using the soluble tracer native ferritin; lysosomal compartments were identified by acid phosphatase cytochemistry; and cell surfaces were labeled with ruthenium red or cationized ferritin. During the first 10 min of uptake at 37 degrees C, specific receptor-bound ferrotransferrin (FeTf)-8 nm gold and asialoorosomucoid (ASOR)-20 nm gold were clustered together in coated pits and entered the same coated vesicles, smooth vesicles, and tubules in the peripheral cytoplasm. At later times, however, transferrin-gold did not return to the cell surface; unlike native transferrin, this gold probe accompanied ASOR-gold into multivesicular bodies (MVB). The MVBs that contained probes were at first devoid of acid phosphatase activity, but at 30 min, enzyme activity was detected in a few MVBs. Native ferritin was present, along with gold probes, in all compartments of the endocytic pathway. We conclude that the normal intracellular pathway of transferrin is altered by its association with a colloidal gold particle.
Notch signaling controls the balance of ciliated and secretory cell fates in developing airways (2009)

Although there is accumulated evidence of a role for Notch in the developing lung, it is still unclear how disruption of Notch signaling affects lung progenitor cell fate and differentiation events in the airway epithelium. To address this issue, we inactivated Notch signaling conditionally in the endoderm using a Shh-Cre deleter mouse line and mice carrying floxed alleles of the Pofut1 gene, which encodes an O-fucosyltransferase essential for Notch-ligand binding. We also took the same conditional approach to inactivate expression of Rbpjk, which encodes the transcriptional effector of canonical Notch signaling. Strikingly, these mutants showed an almost identical lung phenotype characterized by an absence of secretory Clara cells without evidence of cell death, and showed airways populated essentially by ciliated cells, with an increase in neuroendocrine cells. This phenotype could be further replicated in cultured wild-type lungs by disrupting Notch signaling with a gamma-secretase inhibitor. Our data suggest that Notch acts when commitment to a ciliated or non-ciliated cell fate occurs in proximal progenitors, silencing the ciliated program in the cells that will continue to expand and differentiate into secretory cells. This mechanism may be crucial to define the balance of differentiated cell profiles in different generations of the developing airways. It might also be relevant to mediate the metaplastic changes in the respiratory epithelium that occur in pathological conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution, and Toxicity of Folic Acid-Coated Antiretroviral Nanoformulations (2014)

The drug delivery platform for folic acid (FA)-coated nanoformulated ritonavir (RTV)-boosted atazanavir (FA-nanoATV/r) using poloxamer 407 was developed to enhance cell and tissue targeting for a range of antiretroviral drugs. Such formulations would serve to extend the drug half-life while improving the pharmacokinetic profile and biodistribution to reservoirs of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To this end, we now report enhanced pharmacokinetics and drug biodistribution with limited local and systemic toxicities of this novel nanoformulation. The use of FA as a targeting ligand for nanoATV/r resulted in plasma and tissue drug concentrations up to 200-fold higher compared to equimolar doses of native drug. In addition, ATV and RTV concentrations in plasma from mice on a folate-deficient diet were up to 23-fold higher for mice administered FA-nanoATV/r than for mice on a normal diet. Compared to earlier nanoATV/r formulations, FA-nanoATV/r resulted in enhanced and sustained plasma and tissue ATV concentrations. In a drug interaction study, ATV plasma and tissue concentrations were up to 5-fold higher in mice treated with FA-nanoATV/r than in mice treated with FA-nanoATV alone. As observed in mice, enhanced and sustained plasma concentrations of ATV were observed in monkeys. NanoATV/r was associated with transient local inflammation at the site of injection. There were no systemic adverse reactions associated with up to 10 weeks of chronic exposure of mice or monkeys to FA-nanoATV/r.
Intriguing Absorption Band Behavior of IR Reflectance Spectra of Silicon Dioxide on Silicon (1988)

Infrared reflectance spectra of a thermally grown 30-nm SiO 2 film on a Si wafer were measured as a function of incident angle and polarization. Spectra measured with s-polarized light resemble the published extinction coefficient for SiO 2 . The p-polarized spectra show significant distortions at all incident angles. Bands change in frequency and intensity and can even invert as the incident angle increases beyond the Brewster angle of the Si substrate. Spectral simulations using the classical electromagnetic equations reproduce these distortions.
BLAST+: architecture and applications (2009)

The new BLAST command-line applications, compared to the current BLAST tools, demonstrate substantial speed improvements for long queries as well as chromosome length database sequences. We have also improved the user interface of the command-line applications.
Three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone characterized from brains of one species. (1994)

Most vertebrate species have more than one form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in their brains, but it is not clear whether each form has a distinct function. We report that sea bream (Sparus aurata) brains have three forms of GnRH, one of which is described herein and is called sea bream GnRH (sbGnRH). The primary structures of two forms were determined by Edman degradation and mass spectral analysis. The amino acid sequence of sbGnRH is pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Ser-Pro-Gly-NH2. The second peptide is identical to a form originally isolated from chicken brains (cGnRH-II): pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-His-Gly-Trp-Tyr-Pro-Gly-NH2. cGnRH-II is the most ancient form of GnRH identified to date in jawed fish and the most prevalent form throughout the vertebrates. The third form of GnRH has previously been identified as salmon GnRH by cDNA studies and is confirmed here by chromatographic and immunological studies. Phylogenetic distribution of GnRH peptides suggests sbGnRH arose in the perch-like fish as a gene duplication of the existing cGnRH-II or salmon GnRH genes. All three identified GnRH peptides were synthesized and shown to release gonadotropin in vivo in the sea bream. The dominant form of GnRH stored in the pituitary was sbGnRH. Not only was the content of sbGnRH 500-fold greater than that of salmon GnRH but also cGnRH-II was not detected in the pituitary. The latter evidence suggests that sbGnRH is the endogenous releaser of gonadotropin II.
Plasmid‐encoded protein: The principal factor in the “metabolic burden” associated with recombinant bacteria (1990)

Experimental elucidation of the metabolic load placed on bacteria by the expression of foreign protein is presented. The host/vector system is Escherichia coli RR1/pBR329 (amp(r), cam(r), and let(r)). Plasmid content results, which indicate that the plasmid copy number monotonically increases with decreasing growth rate, are consistent with the literature on ColE1-like plasmids. More significantly, we have experimentally quantified the reduction in growth rate brought about by the expression of chloramphenicol-acetyl-transferase (CAT) and beta-lactamase. Results indicate a nearly linear decrease in growth rate with increasing foreign protein content. Also, the change in growth rate due to foreign protein expression depends on the growth rate of the cells. The observed linear relationship is media independent and, to our knowledge, previously undocumented. Furthermore, the induction of CAT, mediated by the presence of chloramphenicol, is shown to occur only at low growth rates, which further increases the metabolic load.Results are vdelineated with the aid of a structured kinetic model representing the metabolism of recombinant E. coli. In this article, several previous hypotheses and model predictions are justified and validated. This work provides an important step in the development of comprehensive, methabolically-structured, kinetic models capable of prediciting optimal conditions for maximizing product yield.
Medical Applications of Single-Chain Antibodies (1993)

A single-chain antibody or single-chain Fv (sFv) incorporates the complete antibody binding site in a single polypeptide chain of minimal size, with an approximate molecular weight of 26,000. In antibodies, the antigen combining site is part of the Fv region, which is composed of the VH and VL variable domains on separate heavy and light chains. Efforts over nearly two decades have indicated that Fv fragments can only rarely be prepared from IgG and IgA antibodies by proteolytic dissection. Beginning in 1988, single-chain analogues of Fv fragments and their fusion proteins have been reliably generated by antibody engineering methods. The first step involves obtaining the genes encoding VH and VL domains with desired binding properties; these V genes may be isolated from a specific hybridoma cell line, selected from a combinatorial V-gene library, or made by V gene synthesis. The single-chain Fv is formed by connecting the component V genes with an oligonucleotide that encodes an appropriately designed linker peptide, such as (Gly4-Ser)3. The linker bridges the C-terminus of the first V region and N-terminus of the second, ordered as either VH-linker-VL or VL-linker-VH. In principle, the sFv binding site can faithfully replicate both the affinity and specificity of its parent antibody combining site, as demonstrated in our model studies with the 26-10 anti-digoxin sFv. Furthermore, the sFv remains stable at low concentrations that promote VH and VL dissociation from the Fv heterodimer, resulting in loss of Fv binding. Intravenously administered sFv proteins exhibit accelerated biodistribution and exceptionally fast clearance compared to IgG or Fab. These pharmacokinetic properties allow rapid imaging by sFv, which therefore may be labeled with a short-lived isotope such as Tc-99m. Expression of a single gene product from fused sFv and effector genes facilitates immunotargeting of the effector protein, as shown for single-chain Fv toxin fusion proteins.
Adipose-derived stem cells differentiate to keratocytes in vitro. (2010)

ADSC cultured under keratocyte-differentiation conditions express corneal-specific matrix components. Expression of these unique keratocyte products suggests that ADSC can adopt a keratocyte phenotype and therefore have potential for use in corneal cell therapy and tissue engineering.