gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Handbook of Commercial Catalysts: Heterogeneous Catalysts (2000)

ACETOXYLATION Ethylene + Acetic Acid a Vinyl Acetate Butadiene + Acetic Acid a 1,4 Diacetoxy-2-Butene a 1,4 Butanediol a Tetrahydrofuran Propylene + Acetic Acid a Allyl Acetate a Allyl Alcohol ALKYLATION Introduction Alkylation of Benzene and Toluene Alkylation of Phenols Higher Alkylphenols Alkylation of Polynuclear Aromatics Alkylation of Aromatic Amines Transalkylation and Disproportionation Lower Aliphatic Amines by Alkylation of Ammonia (Amination) AMMONOLYSIS Phenol + Ammonia a Aniline Meta-Cresol + Ammonia a Meta-Toludine Diethylene Glycol + Ammonia a Morpholine AMMOXIDATION Propylene a Acrylonitrile Methane a HCN Isobutylene a Methacrylonitrile Aromatic Methyl Compounds a Nitriles CARBONYLATION Carboxylation of Olefins to Carboxylic Acids Carbon Monoxide + Chlorine a Phosgene DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS 1-Phenylethanol a Styrene DEHYDROCHLORINATION C10 - C13 Chloridea Linear Olefins DEHYDROGENATION Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene Styrene Derivatives from Other Alkyl Aromatics Dehydrogenation of Lower Alkanes Alcohols to Aldehydes or Ketones Three Other Dehydrogenations EXPOXIDATION Ethylbenzene a Propylene Oxide + Styrene HYDRATION Ethylene a Ethanol Propylene a Isopropyl Alcohol N-ButenesaSec-Butanol Acrylonitrile a Alkylamide HYDROCHLORINATION Alkenes Alcohols HYDROGENATION General Background Hydrogenation of Aromatic Rings Hydrogenation of Heterocyclic Compounds Hydrogenation of Aliphatic Unsaturates Hydrogenation of Nitriles to Amines Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics Hydrogenation of Haloaromatics Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds Hydrogenation of Resins, Rosins, and Waxes Selective Hydrogenation of Fats and Oils Miscellaneous Hydrogenations HYDROGENOLYSIS Natural Fatty Acids and Fatty Esters a Fatty Alcohols Dimethylterephthalate a 1,4 Dimethylolcyclohexane Toluene a Benzene (Hydroalkylation) Methyl and Dimethyl Napthalene ISOMERIZATION Meta-Xylene a Para and Ortho-Xylene OXIDATION (INORGANIC) Sulfur Dioxide a Sulfur Trioxide a Sulfuric Acid Ammonia a Nitric Oxide a Nitrogen Dioxide a Nitric Acid Hydfrogen Sulfide a Sulfur OXIDATION (ORGANICS) General Ethylene a Ethylene Oxide Propene a Acrolein Propene a Acrolein a Acrylic Acid Butane or Benzene a Maleic Anhydride Ortho-Xylene or Naphthalene a Phthalic Anhydride Anthracene a Anthraquinone Methanol a Formaldehyde Isobutylene or Tert-Butyl Alcohol a Methacrolein a Methacrylic Acid OXYCHLORINATION Ethylene a 1,2 Dichloroethane a Vinyl Chloride PETROLEUM REFINING Catalytic Reforming Hydroprocessing (General) Hydrotreating Hydrocracking Isomerization Oligomerization (Polymer Gasoline Production) Fluid Catalytic Cracking Oxygenates SYNTHESIS GAS AND ITS PRODUCTS Historical Background Modern Synthesis Gas Production High and Low Temperature Shift Conversion (CO + H2O a H2 + CO2) Naphtha Steam Reforming Methanol Synthesis (Carbon Monoxide + Hydrogen a Methanol) Pure Carbon Monoxide from Synthesis Gas and Its Uses Pure Hydrogen from Synthesis Gases and Its Uses Ammonia Synthesis (Nitrogen + Hydrogen a Ammonia) Appendix
The Putative Proteinase Maturation Protein A of Streptococcus pneumoniae Is a Conserved Surface Protein with Potential To Elicit Protective Immune Responses (2000)

Surface-exposed proteins often play an important role in the interaction between pathogenic bacteria and their host. We isolated a pool of hydrophobic, surface-associated proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The opsonophagocytic activity of hyperimmune serum raised against this protein fraction was high and species specific. Moreover, the opsonophagocytic activity was independent of the capsular type and chromosomal genotype of the pneumococcus. Since the opsonophagocytic activity is presumed to correlate with in vivo protection, these data indicate that the protein fraction has the potential to elicit species-specific immune protection with cross-protection against various pneumococcal strains. Individual proteins in the extract were purified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Antibodies raised against three distinct proteins contributed to the opsonophagocytic activity of the serum. The proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Two proteins were the previously characterized pneumococcal surface protein A and oligopeptide-binding lipoprotein AmiA. The third protein was the recently identified putative proteinase maturation protein A (PpmA), which showed homology to members of the family of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that PpmA was associated with the pneumococcal surface. In addition, PpmA was shown to elicit species-specific opsonophagocytic antibodies that were cross-reactive with various pneumococcal strains. This antibody cross-reactivity was in line with the limited sequence variation of ppmA. The importance of PpmA in pneumococcal pathogenesis was demonstrated in a mouse pneumonia model. Pneumococcal ppmA-deficient mutants showed reduced virulence. The properties of PpmA reported here indicate its potential for inclusion in multicomponent protein vaccines.
HDAC4 integrates PTH and sympathetic signaling in osteoblasts (2014)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the sympathetic tone promote Rankl expression in osteoblasts and osteoclast differentiation by enhancing cyclic adenosine monophosphate production through an unidentified transcription factor for PTH and through ATF4 for the sympathetic tone. How two extracellular cues using the same second messenger in the same cell elicit different transcriptional events is unknown. In this paper, we show that PTH favors Rankl expression by triggering the ubiquitination of HDAC4, a class II histone deacetylase, via Smurf2. HDAC4 degradation releases MEF2c, which transactivates the Rankl promoter. Conversely, sympathetic signaling in osteoblasts favors the accumulation of HDAC4 in the nucleus and its association with ATF4. In this context, HDAC4 increases Rankl expression. Because of its ability to differentially connect two extracellular cues to the genome of osteoblasts, HDAC4 is a critical regulator of osteoclast differentiation.
Fast MRI data acquisition using multiple detectors (1988)

We present a novel imaging procedure using multiple receiver coils. This circumvents the sequential acquisition of signals required by conventional imaging strategies. The advantage of this technique over existing subsecond imaging techniques is that (a) contrast can be maintained and (b) there is no magnetic field gradient switching involved.
Synthesis and radiolabeling of heterocyclic food mutagens. (1986)

The imidazoquinoline and imidazoquinoxaline food mutagens found in cooked meat are being synthesized by unambiguous methods that allow for the preparation of sufficient quantities of material for biological studies. These methods avoid difficult separations of regioisomeric mixtures of products and are designed to allow incorporation of specific high level tritium labeling.
Amelioration of adriamycin and daunorubicin myocardial toxicity by adenosine. (1981)

Primary cultures of rat myocardial cells were used to investigate the dose and time-dependent cellular enzyme release induced by either Adriamycin or daunorubicin, Concentrations of either anthracycline (1.8 or 18 microM) produced significant release of creatine phosphokinase and lactic dehydrogenase from myocardial cells within 24 hr of exposure without a detectable decrease in cell viability. Preincubation of the myocardial cells with varying concentrations of adenosine (10 microM to 1 mM) for 24 hr prior to the addition of anthracycline decreased or prevented drug-induced enzyme release. Other putative myocardial protectants, i.e., N-acetyl-L-cysteine, alpha-tocopherol, or carnitine, were ineffective in preventing anthracycline-induced enzyme release. Although adenosine was an effective myocardial protectant, it had no significant effect on cellular uptake of daunorubicin, nor did adenosine adversely affect the oncolytic activity of daunorubicin against L1210 leukemia cells in vitro. Anthramycin, another oncolytic agent having reported cardiotoxic effects, was also tested in the in vitro system. With this drug, however, no enzyme release was detected at less than lethal doses nor did adenosine have any protective potential against the toxicity of anthramycin. Finally, Adriamycin caused no significant lactic dehydrogenase release when incubated at 1.8 or 18 microM with H9c2 cells, a cell line having primarily skeletal muscle characteristics. This result suggests a specific toxicity of anthracyclines for myocardial but not skeletal muscle cells.
Interferon-γ Release Assays for Diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Renal Dialysis Patients (2008)

Positive IFN-gamma assay results were more closely associated with recent TB exposure than were positive TST results. QFT-G and ELISPOT might offer a better method for detecting TB infection in ESRD patients.
Mixotrophic cyanobacteria and microalgae as distinctive biological agents for organic pollutant degradation (2012)

Millions of natural and synthetic organic chemical substances are present in both soil and aquatic environments. Toxicity and/or persistence determine the polluting principle of these substances. The biological responses to these pollutants include accumulation and degradation. The responses of environments with organic pollutants are perceptible from the dwindling degradative abilities of microorganisms. Among different biological members, cyanobacteria and microalgae are highly adaptive through many eons, and can grow autotrophically, heterotrophically or mixotrophically. Mixotrophy in cyanobacteria and microalgae can provide many competitive advantages over bacteria and fungi in degrading organic pollutants. Laboratory culturing of strict phototrophic algae has limited the realization of their potential as bioremediation agents. In the natural assemblages, mixotrophic algae can contribute to sequestration of carbon, which is otherwise emitted as carbon dioxide to the atmosphere under heterotrophic conditions by other organisms. Molecular methods and metabolic and genomic information will help not only in identification and selection of mixotrophic species of cyanobacteria and microalgae with capabilities to degrade organic pollutants but also in monitoring the efficiency of remediation efforts under the field conditions. These organisms are relatively easier for genetic engineering with desirable traits. This review presents a new premise from the literature that mixotrophic algae and cyanobacteria are distinctive bioremediation agents with capabilities to sequester carbon in the environment.
Genetic Analysis of Israel Acute Paralysis Virus: Distinct Clusters Are Circulating in the United States (2008)

Israel acute paralysis virus (IAPV) is associated with colony collapse disorder of honey bees. Nonetheless, its role in the pathogenesis of the disorder and its geographic distribution are unclear. Here, we report phylogenetic analysis of IAPV obtained from bees in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Israel and the establishment of diagnostic real-time PCR assays for IAPV detection. Our data indicate the existence of at least three distinct IAPV lineages, two of them circulating in the United States. Analysis of representatives from each proposed lineage suggested the possibility of recombination events and revealed differences in coding sequences that may have implications for virulence.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and myocardial infarction (1998)

In prospective studies, increased levels of cardiolipin-biding antibodies and autoantibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) have been observed in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). These findings suggest that antiphospholipid antibodies may contribute to the development of MI. The 'oxidative-modification hypothesis' in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic heart disease is based on the oxidation of LDL, its accumulation into arterial wall, and the development of chronic inflammation in the atheroma. Evidence of enhanced lipid peroxidation and its association with antiphospholipid antibodies has been recently reported in SLE patients. There is also epidemiological data showing a remarkably increased risk of MI in SLE. In this review, the role of different types of antiphospholipid antibodies in the development of atherosclerotic heart disease is evaluated with particular attention to their potential pathogenic mechanisms and the possibilities in the prevention of MI associated with antiphospholipid antibodies.
Formation of virus-like particles when the polyprotein gene (segment A) of infectious bursal disease virus is expressed in insect cells. (1999)

The baculovirus expression vector system was used to examine the expression of the full-length infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) segment A cDNA, which encodes the structural proteins in a polyprotein precursor that is autocatalytically cleaved to VPX, VP3, and VP4. No VP2 was observed in lysates of recombinant baculovirus infected cells indicating the lack of processing of VPX to VP2 in this system. Virus-like particles (VLP) were purified from the infected insect cells, and on negative staining electron microscopy, looked very similar to authentic IBDV particles in shape and size, suggesting that processing of VPX to VP2 is not necessary for capsid assembly.
Extensive Rearrangement of the Arabidopsis Mitochondrial Genome Elicits Cellular Conditions for Thermotolerance (2010)

Three nuclear genes involved in plant mitochondrial recombination surveillance have been previously identified. Simultaneous disruption of two of these genes, MutS Homolog1 (MSH1) and RECA3, results in extensive rearrangement of the mitochondrial genome and dramatic changes in plant growth. We have capitalized on these changes in mitochondrial genome organization to understand the role mitochondria play in plant cellular and developmental processes. Transcript profiling of the double mutants grown under normal conditions revealed differential regulation of numerous nuclear genes involved in stress responses together with increased levels of polyadenylated mitochondrial transcripts. We show that extensive rearrangement of the mitochondrial genome in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) directly elicits physiological stress responses in plants, with msh1 recA3 double mutants exhibiting enhanced thermotolerance. Likewise, we show that mitochondrial transcriptional changes are associated with genome recombination, so that differential gene modulation is accomplished, at least in part, through altered gene copy number.
Characterization of a Potent and Selective Endothelin-B Receptor Antagonist, IRL 2500 (1995)

IRL 2500 [N-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-N-methyl-(D)-(4-phenylphenyl)-alany l-L- tryptophan] inhibited the binding of [125I]-endothelin-1 (ET-1) to human ETB (IC50 1.3 +/- 0.2 nM) and ETA (IC50 94 +/- 3 nM) receptors expressed in transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In in vitro studies, IRL 2500 inhibited the sarafotoxin S6c (STX6c)-mediated contraction of the dog saphenous vein (pKb 7.77) and the STX6c-induced relaxation of the preconstricted rabbit mesenteric artery (pKb 6.92). In the anesthetized rat, IRL 2500 (10 mg/kg, i.v.) inhibited the initial transient decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) induced by the ETB-selective agonist IRL 1620 (0.5 nmol/kg, i.v.). IRL 2500 also attenuated the IRL 1620-mediated increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) in the anesthetized rat. Therefore, IRL 2500 is a potent and selective ETB receptor antagonist that can be used to delineate ET responses mediated by the ETB receptor.
Functional Role for Cannabinoids in Respiratory Stability During Sleep SLEEP-RELATED BREATHING DISORDERS (2002)

CANNABIS PRODUCES WELL-RECOGNIZED BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS AND TWO TYPES OF G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (CB1 AND CB2) HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED WHICH BIND THE ACTIVE COMPONENTS OF CANNABIS.1 Still, the functional roles of endogenous ligands for CB1 and CB2 receptors remain poorly defined.2 Early observations suggest a potent neuromodulatory role for these endocannabinoids, including alterations in sleep/wake behaviors3-5 and cardiovascular control.6,7 Cannabinoid receptors interact with opiate, GABA, dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin systems,8 all of which influence level of arousal and autonomic regulation. Of particular interest to us was the fact that activation of serotonin (5-HT) receptors within the peripheral nervous system can lead to significant autonomic perturbations, especially during sleep. For example, stimulating peripheral 5-HT subtype 3 (5HT3) receptors exacerbates apnea expression in sleeping rats,9 whereas blockade of 5-HT3 receptors suppresses sleep apnea in rats10,11 and bulldogs.12 By altering serotonin receptor function, endocannabinoids also may impact sleep/wake and autonomic behaviors. In this respect, the published findings are not fully consistent because the serotonin/cannabinoid interaction appears to be receptor subtype specific. For example, some investigators report that serotonin-related behaviors are enhanced by cannabinoids,13 while others find that serotonin-mediated responses are attenuated in a dose-dependent manner.14,15 The availability of specific cannabinoid receptor agonists and endogenous fatty acid amide ligands allowed us to examine the role of cannabinoids in determining autonomic stability during sleep. We used the rat model of sleep related breathing disorder to monitor the impact of CB1 receptor agonist ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9THC) and endogenous fatty acid amide cis-9octadecenoamide (oleamide) on respiratory stability during sleep. Involvement of serotonin receptor systems in the cannabinoid effects was examined by testing the ability of ∆9THC and oleamide to block serotonin-induced exacerbation of sleep-related apnea.9
Sulfenylation and Halogenation of Di-and Trianions Derived from Substituted Glutarimides (1977)

Abstract In a program designed to synthesize and evaluate glutethimide derivatives 1 for antiprogestational activity1 we required a general method for introducing a variety of substituents at C-5. Traditional methods for functionalizing an α carbon of glutarimide derivatives involve (1) cyclization of an appropriately substituted acyclic precursor2, (2) imide bromination followed by SN2 delivery of the desired substituent3, or (3) generation of the dianion of the imide with an alkali amide in liquid ammonia and reaction with an electrophile4. The utilization of an intermediate dianion was prompted, in large measure, by limitations imposed by the first two methods, i.e., the large number of synthetic operations re-quired to prepare a series of highly functionalized acyclic precursors and the paucity of nucleophiles capable of displacing bromide without concomitant side reactions.
The a-Kinase–Anchoring Protein Akap95 Is a Multivalent Protein with a Key Role in Chromatin Condensation at Mitosis (1999)

Protein kinase A (PKA) and the nuclear A-kinase-anchoring protein AKAP95 have previously been shown to localize in separate compartments in interphase but associate at mitosis. We demonstrate here a role for the mitotic AKAP95-PKA complex. In HeLa cells, AKAP95 is associated with the nuclear matrix in interphase and redistributes mostly into a chromatin fraction at mitosis. In a cytosolic extract derived from mitotic cells, AKAP95 recruits the RIIalpha regulatory subunit of PKA onto chromatin. Intranuclear immunoblocking of AKAP95 inhibits chromosome condensation at mitosis and in mitotic extract in a PKA-independent manner. Immunodepletion of AKAP95 from the extract or immunoblocking of AKAP95 at metaphase induces premature chromatin decondensation. Condensation is restored in vitro by a recombinant AKAP95 fragment comprising the 306-carboxy-terminal amino acids of the protein. Maintenance of condensed chromatin requires PKA binding to chromatin-associated AKAP95 and cAMP signaling through PKA. Chromatin-associated AKAP95 interacts with Eg7, the human homologue of Xenopus pEg7, a component of the 13S condensin complex. Moreover, immunoblocking nuclear AKAP95 inhibits the recruitment of Eg7 to chromatin in vitro. We propose that AKAP95 is a multivalent molecule that in addition to anchoring a cAMP/PKA-signaling complex onto chromosomes, plays a role in regulating chromosome structure at mitosis.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat activates non—N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate excitatory amino acid receptors and causes neurotoxicity (1995)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protein Tat is known to be released from HIV-1-infected cells. We show that micromolar concentrations of Tat depolarized young rat and adult human neurons. In addition, Tat, at similar concentrations, was toxic to human fetal neurons in culture. Tat-induced responses were insensitive to the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin, suggesting a direct effect of Tat on neurons. Tat-induced depolarizations and cytotoxicity were blocked by the excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenate. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate had little effect on Tat-induced depolarizations but did provide protection from Tat neurotoxicity. These results suggest that Tat, released from HIV-1-infected cells, may be an important mediator of neurotoxicity observed in HIV-1 encephalopathy.
Arabinosylcytosine Induces Fetal Hemoglobin in Baboons by Perturbing Erythroid Cell Differentiation Kinetics (1984)

Arabinosylcytosine, a compound that inhibits DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells, stimulates fetal hemoglobin in adult baboons and produces significant perturbations in the pools of erythroid progenitors. It appears that changes in the kinetics of erythroid cell differentiation rather than direct action on the gamma genes underlie stimulation of fetal hemoglobin in the adult animals in vivo. These results also suggest that chemotherapeutic agents selected for their low carcinogenic or mutagenic potential could be used for therapeutic induction of fetal hemoglobin in patients with sickle cell anemia.
Bronze-2 Gene of Maize: Reconstruction of a Wild-Type Allele and Analysis of Transcription and Splicing (1990)

Juliana Nash, Kenneth R. Luehrsen, Virginia Walbot, Bronze-2 Gene of Maize: Reconstruction of a Wild-Type Allele and Analysis of Transcription and Splicing, The Plant Cell, Vol. 2, No. 11 (Nov., 1990), pp. 1039-1049
Utilizing Chimeric Antigen Receptors to Direct Natural Killer Cell Activity (2015)

Natural killer (NK) cells represent an attractive lymphocyte population for cancer immunotherapy due to their ability to lyse tumor targets without prior sensitization and without need for human leukocyte antigens-matching. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are able to enhance lymphocyte targeting and activation toward diverse malignancies. CARs consist of an external recognition domain (typically a small chain variable fragment) directed at a specific tumor antigen that is linked with one or more intracellular signaling domains that mediate lymphocyte activation. Most CAR studies have focused on their expression in T cells. However, use of CARs in NK cells is starting to gain traction because they provide a method to redirect these cells more specifically to target refractory cancers. CAR-mediated anti-tumor activity has been demonstrated using NK cell lines, as well as NK cells isolated from peripheral blood, and NK cells produced from human pluripotent stem cells. This review will outline the CAR constructs that have been reported in NK cells with a focus on comparing the use of different signaling domains in combination with other co-activating domains.
Clinical Application Of A Magneto-optical Disk Image Filing System A Prototype Of Ct Image Management System (2005)

We propose the utilization of portable magneto optical disks for image filing. The main problems in PACS are the need