gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Botulinum Neurotoxin for the Treatment of Migraine and Other Primary Headache Disorders: From Bench to Bedside (2003)

Botulinum toxin type A, a neurotoxin, is effective for treating a variety of disorders of involuntary muscle contraction including cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm. It inhibits neuromuscular signaling by blocking the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. The biological effects of the toxin are transient, with normal neuronal signaling returning within approximately 3 to 6 months postinjection. Recent clinical findings suggest that botulinum toxin type A may inhibit pain associated with migraine and other types of headache. However, the mechanism by which this toxin inhibits pain is not fully understood and is under investigation. Research findings suggest that botulinum toxin type A inhibits the release of neurotransmitters from nociceptive nerve terminals and, in this way, may possess an analgesic effect. A number of retrospective open-label chart reviews and 3 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated that localized injections of botulinum toxin type A significantly reduce the frequency, severity, and disability associated with migraine headaches. Although the majority of patients in these studies experienced no botulinum toxin type A-mediated side effects, a small percentage of patients did report transient minor side effects including blepharoptosis, diplopia, and injection-site weakness. Currently, 4 randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate the efficacy, optimal dosing, and side-effect profile of botulinum toxin type A as a novel treatment for migraine and other types of headache. These studies may provide further evidence that botulinum toxin type A is an effective option for the preventive treatment of migraine.
ChemInform Abstract: Controlling Stereochemistry in Crotyl Additions to Aldehydes with Crotylmolybdenum Complexes. (1989)

Abstract The racemic crotylmolybdenum complex (I) reacts with 2 equiv. or an excess of benzaldehyde (II) to form the homoallylic alcohols (III) with predominance of the syn‐diastereomers due to kinetic resolution.
A Bond-Fluctuation Mechanism for Stochastic Switching in Wired Molecules (2003)

Stochastic on-off conductivity switching observed in phenylene-ethynylene oligomers has been explained in terms of changes in ring conformations, or electron localization, or both. We report the observation of stochastic on-off switching in the simplest of wired molecules: octanedithiol, decanedithiol, and dodecanedithiol bonded on an Au(111) surface. Stochastic switching was observed even when a top gold contact was pressed on by a conducting atomic force microscope tip at constant force. The rate of switching increased substantially at 60 degrees C, a temperature at which these films are commonly annealed. Because such switching in alkanethiols is unlikely to be caused by internal molecular electronic changes and cannot be fully accounted for by breaking of the top contact, we argue that the cause is the well-known mobility of molecules tethered to gold via a thiol linkage.
Application of a Novel Neural Approach to 3D Gaze Tracking: Vergence Eye-Movements in Autostereograms (2004)

Vergence eye-movements occur not only in real environ-\nments, but also in virtual 3D environments. Autostere-\nograms can cover large visual angles without requiring\nvergence beyond natural parameters and are thus well-\nsuited for the investigation of vergence movements in\nvirtual 3D images. We developed an anaglyph-based\n3D calibration procedure and used a\nparametrized self-\norganizing map\n(PSOM) to approximate the 3D gaze\npoint from a subject's binocular eye-movement data.\nBesides analyzing the general pattern of vergence eye-\nmovements in autostereogram images, the present study\nexamined the in∞uence of image granularity on these\nmovements. Unlike previous research on random-dot\nstereograms, we found substantially overshooting con-\nvergence eye-movements, especially for medium gran-\nularities. Moreover, divergence movements were com-\npleted more quickly for coarse than for Øne granularities.\nResults are discussed in the context of granularity eÆects\non autostereogram perception and the dissociation be-\ntween convergence and divergence eye-movements.
p120, a p120-related protein (p100), and the cadherin/catenin complex. (1995)

Cadherins and catenins play an important role in cell-cell adhesion. Two of the catenins, beta and gamma, are members of a group of proteins that contains a repeating amino acid motif originally described for the Drosophila segment polarity gene armadillo. Another member of this group is a 120-kD protein termed p120, originally identified as a substrate of the tyrosine kinase pp60src. In this paper, we show that endothelial and epithelial cells express p120 and p100, a 100-kD, p120-related protein. Peptide sequencing of p100 establishes it as highly related to p120. p120 and p100 both appear associated with the cadherin/catenin complex, but independent p120/catenin and p100/catenin complexes can be isolated. This association is shown by coimmunoprecipitation of cadherins and catenins with an anti-p120/p100 antibody, and of p120/p100 with cadherin or catenin antibodies. Immunocytochemical analysis with a p120-specific antibody reveals junctional colocalization of p120 and beta-catenin in epithelial cells. Catenins and p120/p100 also colocalize in endothelial and epithelial cells in culture and in tissue sections. The cellular content of p120/p100 and beta-catenin is similar in MDCK cells, but only approximately 20% of the p120/p100 pool associates with the cadherin/catenin complex. Our data provide further evidence for interactions among the different arm proteins and suggest that p120/p100 may participate in regulating the function of cadherins and, thereby, other processes influenced by cell-cell adhesion.
The Commonly Used PI3-Kinase Probe LY294002 Is an Inhibitor of BET Bromodomains (2013)

A commonly used small-molecule probe in cell-signaling research is the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. Quantitative chemoproteomic profiling shows that LY294002 and LY303511, a close analogue devoid of PI3K activity, inhibit the BET bromodomain proteins BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4 that comprise a family of targets structurally unrelated to PI3K. Both compounds competitively inhibit acetyl-lysine binding of the first but not the second bromodomain of BET proteins in cell extracts. X-ray crystallography shows that the chromen-4-one scaffold represents a new bromodomain pharmacophore and establishes LY294002 as a dual kinase and BET-bromodomain inhibitor, whereas LY303511 exhibits anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects similar to the recently discovered BET inhibitors.
Delineating and quantifying depositional facies patterns in carbonate reservoirs: Insight from modern analogs (2010)

Modern carbonate settings have long been used as analogs for interpreting various environments of deposition in subsurface data sets based on well-log and core data and have provided examples of how these environments can be interrelated within a larger context. This study focuses on carbonate sands in the Exuma Islands part of the Great Bahama Bank to show how modern settings can be better used for reservoir analogs by emphasizing visualization and quantification techniques that conceptually delineate aspects of potential grainstone reservoir distribution and heterogeneity. Along the windward margin of the Exumas, the association of tidal deltas, channels, and islands forms an exploration-scale linear belt of mostly ooid sand, approximately 5–10 km (3.1–6 mi) wide and 170 km (106 mi) long, paralleling the platform margin but set back from the platform edge. The distribution of carbonate sands in the Exumas was assessed with a digital elevation model and satellite imagery. By selecting different water-depth intervals, parts of the sand belt were highlighted for visual analysis and extracted for measurements of size and shape. For example, 37% of the sand belt comprises shallowest sands in which the largest areas, greater than 100,000 m2 (1.07 million ft2), are highly sinuous and maintain connectivity. The sand belt was also subdivided into various depositional settings; flood-tidal delta lobes comprise 85% of the sand belt. Tidal channels and islands add further heterogeneity to the sand belt. Channels average about 3 km (1.8 mi) in length and have regular but locally variable spacing. A representative island shows how the syndepositional topography of Holocene ridges develops complexly around antecedent Pleistocene topography.
Palmitoylation and ubiquitination regulate exit of the Wnt signaling protein LRP6 from the endoplasmic reticulum (2008)

Canonical Wnt signaling is initiated by binding of Wnt proteins to members of the Frizzled family and subsequent complex formation with lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5/6 (LRP5/6). Here, we show that LRP6 is palmitoylated on a juxtamembranous cysteine and that palmitoylation is required for exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We propose that palmitoylation serves to tilt the long, 23-residue transmembrane domain of LRP6 with respect to the plane of membrane to prevent a hydrophobic mismatch and subsequent recognition by the ER quality control. In support of this model, a palmitoylation-deficient LRP6 mutant could be rescued from ER retention by deletion of two to four residues in the transmembrane domain. Importantly, we found that palmitoylation-deficient LRP6 was retained in the ER by a completely novel monoubiquitination-dependent ER retention mechanism. Mutation of a specific lysine indeed abolished ubiquitination of palmitoylation-deficient LRP6 and led to a rescue from ER retention. Finally, at the cell surface, we found that interplay between palmitoylation and ubiquitination was necessary for efficient Wnt signaling.
Reconfigurable caches and their application to media processing (2000)

High performance general-purpose processors are increasingly being used for a variety of application domains - scientific, engineering, databases, and more recently, media processing. It is therefore important to ensure that architectural features that use a significant fraction of the on-chip transistors are applicable across these different domains. For example, current processor designs often devote the largest fraction of on-chip transistors (up to 80%) to caches. Many workloads, however, do not make effective use of large caches; e.g., media processing workloads which often have streaming data access patterns and large working sets.
Impact of adhesion molecules of the selectin family on liver microcirculation at reperfusion following cold ischemia (1996)

We investigated the role of adhesion molecules in the early phase of reperfusion following cold ischemia. Livers of male Lewis rats were preserved for 0 h (group A) or 24 h in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution without additives (group B) or in UW solution with anti-ICAM-1 antibody (group C) or anti-E-selectin-1, SLe(x) and SLe(a) antibodies (group D). The livers were then reperfused with diluted rat whole blood (DWB; groups A and B). DWB containing anti-ICAM-1 and LFA-1 antibodies (group C) or DWB containing anti-L-selectin, SLe(x) and SLe(a) antibodies (group D). The reperfusion was performed at 37 degrees C for 1 h at 5 cm H2O of perfusion pressure. During reperfusion, hepatic microcirculation was assessed by monitoring portal and peripheral tissue blood flow. Bile production was significantly reduced in group B livers compared with those in group A. Anti-ICAM-1 and LFA-1 antibodies failed to improve hepatic microcirculation, whereas anti-LECAM-1, SLe(x) and SLe(a) antibodies significantly improved the microcirculation. Bile production in group C and D livers was comparable to that in group B livers. Preservation for 24 h significantly increased the release of TNF-alpha from 0.207 to 43.7 pg/g per hour during reperfusion. Monoclonal antibodies to the adhesion molecules did not suppress the release of TNF-alpha in groups C and D. Histological examination demonstrated a lack of leukocyte infiltration or thrombus in hetapic microvessels. The extent of hepatocyte necrosis did not differ among groups B, C, and D. We conclude that the microcirculatory disturbance in the early phase of reperfusion occurs as a result of the tethering of leukocytes through the interaction of the selectin family and their ligands, and that the ICAM-1-LFA-1 pathway is not involved in this step. The lack of improvement in bile production with antibodies to the selectin family and their ligands strongly suggests that other mechanisms participate in the deterioration of hepatic function.
A Seamless Mode Transfer Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller For Thermoelectric Generator Applications (2008)

A boost-cascaded-with-buck converter-based power conditioning system employing a seamless mode transfer maximum power point tracking controller is proposed to maximize energy production of a thermoelectric generator while balancing a vehicle battery, alternator output power, and vehicle load. When a vehicle battery is fully charged, the proposed controller switches to a power matching mode seamlessly by a dual loop control system, which detects the input and output voltages and currents of the boost-cascaded-with-buck converter, and adjusts the commands accordingly. Both voltage and current loops are designed in a frequency domain using small signal models to ensure stable operation. A mode selection and voltage and current commands are determined by a digital signal processor-based controller. The experimental results with a dynamic source and load steps are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Fiber optic probes for biomedical optical spectroscopy (2003)

Fiber optic probes are a key element for biomedical spectroscopic sensing. We review the use of fiber optic probes for optical spectroscopy, focusing on applications in turbid media, such as tissue. The design of probes for reflectance, polarized reflectance, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy is illustrated. We cover universal design principles as well as technologies for beam deflecting and reshaping.
Association of BAFF/BLyS overexpression and altered B cell differentiation with Sjögren’s syndrome (2002)

BAFF (BLyS, TALL-1, THANK, zTNF4) is a member of the TNF superfamily that specifically regulates B lymphocyte proliferation and survival. Mice transgenic (Tg) for BAFF develop an autoimmune condition similar to systemic lupus erythematosus. We now demonstrate that BAFF Tg mice, as they age, develop a secondary pathology reminiscent of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), which is manifested by severe sialadenitis, decreased saliva production, and destruction of submaxillary glands. In humans, SS also correlates with elevated levels of circulating BAFF, as well as a dramatic upregulation of BAFF expression in inflamed salivary glands. A likely explanation for disease in BAFF Tg mice is excessive survival signals to autoreactive B cells, possibly as they pass through a critical tolerance checkpoint while maturing in the spleen. The marginal zone (MZ) B cell compartment, one of the enlarged B cell subsets in the spleen of BAFF Tg mice, is a potential reservoir of autoreactive B cells. Interestingly, B cells with an MZ-like phenotype infiltrate the salivary glands of BAFF Tg mice, suggesting that cells of this compartment potentially participate in tissue damage in SS and possibly other autoimmune diseases. We conclude that altered B cell differentiation and tolerance induced by excess BAFF may be central to SS pathogenesis.
Physiotherapy scenario development: A new approach (2011)

Purpose: To identify and outline an approach to simulation and scenario development that is appropriate for cardiorespiratory physiotherapy simulation. Method: A review of the literature was undertaken to identify appropriate articles. Following this, a format for writing simulation scenarios was developed and trialled, and twenty-one third-year physiotherapy students and the trial facilitator were then asked to provide feedback. Results: Fifteen of twenty-one students responded to the request for feedback. Students reported that the format of the scenarios provided a good learning experience, helping to build their assessment, treatment and note writing skills. The facilitator also reported that the simulated experience was a good progression from classroom to clinical learning. Conclusion: This is the first identified article outlining a method for developing physiotherapy simulation scenario development. The process appears to have been appropriate for cardiorespiratory physiotherapy simulation.
Traffic Optimization in Multi-layered WANs Using SDN (2014)

Wide area networks (WAN) forward traffic through a mix of packet and optical data planes, composed by a variety of devices from different vendors. Multiple forwarding technologies and encapsulation methods are used for each data plane (e.g. IP, MPLS, ATM, SONET, Wavelength Switching). Despite standards defined, the control planes of these devices are usually not interoperable, and different technologies are used to manage each forwarding segment independently (e.g. Open Flow, TL-1, GMPLS). The result is lack of coordination between layers and inefficient resource usage. In this paper we discuss the design and implementation of a system that uses unmodified Open Flow to optimize network utilization across layers, enabling practical bandwidth virtualization. We discuss strategies for scalable traffic monitoring and to minimize losses on route updates across layers. A prototype of the system was built using a traditional circuit reservation application and an unmodified SDN controller, and its evaluation was performed on a multi-vendor test bed.
Intramuscular Administration of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus 2 α-1 Antitrypsin (rAAV-SERPINA1) Vectors in a Nonhuman Primate Model: Safety and Immunologic Aspects (2002)

We performed a series of studies in baboons to evaluate the safety of intramuscular administration of rAAV vector expressing the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) gene (SERPINA1) in a nonhuman primate model. Initial experiments performed with an rAAV vector expressing the human SERPINA1 gene (at doses of up to 5 x 10(12) vector genomes/kg) resulted in the generation of anti-human AAT antibodies, which correlated with a loss of detectable transgene expression. Subsequent studies made use of the baboon SERPINA1 gene tagged with a short (10-amino-acid) c-myc tag. When animals were sacrificed, 4 months after vector injection, transduced myofibers showed efficient transgene expression without detectable humoral immune responses. Mild inflammation was observed in and near the sites of injection in some vector- and saline-injected animals, but serum creatine kinase (CK) values were normal in nearly every case. Real-time PCR was also performed 4 months after injection on gonadal tissue to evaluate the risk of germline transmission. No vector sequences were detected in the gonadal tissues from these animals. These studies indicate that the risks of immune reaction and germline transmission after intramuscular injection of rAAV-SERPINA1 in nonhuman primates are relatively low within the range of vector doses studied.
Factors affecting the expression of foreign proteins inEscherichia coli (1987)

A variety of factors affect the expression of foreign proteins inEscherichia coli. These include: promoter strength, efficiency of ribosome binding, stability of the foreign protein inE. coli, location of the foreign protein inE. coli, the codons used to encode the foreign protein, the metabolic state of the cell, and the location, stability and copy number of the foreign gene. This paper contains a critical review of these factors with the idea that a detailed understanding of them is the key to the development of strategies for the efficient large-scale production of foreign proteins inE. coli.
Urinary and Sexual Function After Radical Prostatectomy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer (2000)

Our study suggests that radical prostatectomy is associated with significant erectile dysfunction and some decline in urinary function. These results may be particularly helpful to community-based physicians and their patients with prostate cancer who face difficult treatment decisions.
Cruz: Application-Transparent Distributed Checkpoint-Restart on Standard Operating Systems (2005)

We present a new distributed checkpoint-restart mechanism, Cruz, that works without requiring application, library, or base kernel modifications. This mechanism provides comprehensive support for checkpointing and restoring application state, both at user level and within the OS. Our implementation builds on Zap, a process migration mechanism, implemented as a Linux kernel module, which operates by interposing a thin layer between applications and the OS. In particular, we enable support for networked applications by adding migratable IP and MAC addresses, and checkpoint-restart of socket buffer state, socket options, and TCP state. We leverage this capability to devise a novel method for coordinated checkpoint-restart that is simpler than prior approaches. For instance, it eliminates the need to flush communication channels by exploiting the packet re-transmission behavior of TCP and existing OS support for packet filtering. Our experiments show that the overhead of coordinating checkpoint-restart is negligible, demonstrating the scalability of this approach.
Pomegranate flower improves cardiac lipid metabolism in a diabetic rat model: role of lowering circulating lipids (2005)

Excess triglyceride (TG) accumulation and increased fatty acid (FA) oxidation in the diabetic heart contribute to cardiac dysfunction. Punica granatum flower (PGF) is a traditional antidiabetic medicine. Here, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of action of PGF extract on abnormal cardiac lipid metabolism both in vivo and in vitro. Long-term oral administration of PGF extract (500 mg kg(-1)) reduced cardiac TG content, accompanied by a decrease in plasma levels of TG and total cholesterol in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, indicating improvement by PGF extract of abnormal cardiac TG accumulation and hyperlipidemia in this diabetic model. Treatment of ZDF rats with PGF extract lowered plasma FA levels. Furthermore, the treatment suppressed cardiac overexpression of mRNAs encoding for FA transport protein, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, acyl-CoA oxidase and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase alpha2, and restored downregulated cardiac acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA expression in ZDF rats, whereas it showed little effect in Zucker lean rats. The results suggest that PGF extract inhibits increased cardiac FA uptake and oxidation in the diabetic condition. PGF extract and its component oleanolic acid enhanced PPAR-alpha luciferase reporter gene activity in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, and this effect was completely suppressed by a selective PPAR-alpha antagonist MK-886, consistent with the presence of PPAR-alpha activator activity in the extract and this component. Our findings suggest that PGF extract improves abnormal cardiac lipid metabolism in ZDF rats by activating PPAR-alpha and thereby lowering circulating lipid and inhibiting its cardiac uptake.