gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Combat vehicle classification using machine learning</title> (1999)

Machine Learning (ML) is the computational study of algorithms that improve performance based on experience learned from examples. Since machine learning technique provides new learning methodologies capable of dealing with the complexities of input signals (imagery), pattern recognition investigates the applicability of modern machine learning methods to develop recognition systems with learning capabilities. This paper introduces two machine learning techniques-Algorithm Quasi-optimal (AQ) and Decision Tree (DT) as the classifiers for undertaking pattern recognition task. Both learn the 2D signal introduced from MSTAR SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery database consisting of three classes of combat vehicles-BMP- 2, BTR-70, and T-72 tank. 67 images drawn from the database with similar aspect (+/- 15 degrees) are used for training the classifiers while unseen 47 images are used for testing. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) method and whitening transformation are used to reduce the dimensionality of input vector from 465 extracted features down to 30 features. We report three experimental results-(1) DT to learn from the original 465 features without using PCA, (2) DT algorithm with the use of PCA for reducing input dimensionality, and (3) AQ algorithm to learn the input features with PCA. The results show that the AQ has better performance than DT in terms of faster learning and higher recognition accuracy when the PCA and whitening transformation are applied.
Biochemical determinants of tumor sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil: Ultrasensitive methods for the determination of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridylate, 2′-deoxyuridylate, and thymidylate synthetase (1979)

Techniques have been developed to measure FdUMP, the active metabolite of 5-FUra; thymidylate synthetase (TMP synthase; 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.45), the target enzyme for this antimetabolite; and dUMP, the substrate that competes with FdUMP for binding to TMP synthetase. As little as 0.02 pmol of FdUMP can be quantitated with a competitive ligand binding assay by using homogeneous Lactobacillus casei/MTX TMP synthetase as a binding protein. A new binding assay for TMP synthetase allows detection of 0.005 pmol of enzyme. The quantitative enzymatic conversion of dUMP to [methyl-(14)C]-TMP using 5,10-methylene[(14)C]tetrahydrofolate by pure L. casei TMP synthetase is used as an assay for dUMP with a sensitivity of 10 pmol. Cultured CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic leukemia cells formed high levels of FdUMP (2.6 nmol per 10(9) cells) within 11 hr after exposure to 30 muM 5-FUra. Tumor cell TMP synthetase levels dropped, and then free FdUMP appeared. The intracellular dUMP pool was low (2-5 nmol per 10(9) cells) in logarithmically growing cultures of several tumor cell lines but expanded rapidly in CCRF-CEM cells on exposure to 5-FUra after enzyme levels decreased. The levels of dUMP found after exposure to 5-FUra are sufficient to severely retard inhibition of TMP synthetase by FdUMP.The methods described are sufficiently sensitive to allow these biochemical parameters of 5-FUra action to be measured in cell culture or in needle biopsy samples of human tumors.
Theory of lipid monolayers comprised of mixtures of flexible and stiff amphiphiles in athermal solvents: Fluid phase coexistence (1996)

Statistical thermodynamic theory developed recently to study self-assembled fluid monolayer films of short diblock copolymeric surfactants at the oil/water interface is applied to spread monolayers comprised of mixtures of amphiphiles that differ only in the flexibility of their chains. Although the oil and water solvents are assumed to be athermal for the two blocks of the amphiphiles, we predict large positive deviations from the ideal free energy of mixing that result in phase separation for sufficiently long chains. Pressure–composition phase diagrams and representative pressure–area isotherms are predicted for monolayer films over a range of chain lengths. By comparing predicted structural properties to the contributions to the mixing free energy, we explore the physical origins of the demixing, and consider its implications for experimental systems such as cholesterol/lipid mixtures in monolayers and bilayers.
Proteomic analysis and identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for invasive ovarian cancer (2002)

Epithelial ovarian cancer kills almost 16 000 women each year in part due to late stage of presentation and lack of reliable biomarkers for disease detection. CA-125, the currently accepted serum marker, alone lacks the sensitivity for early stage diagnosis, as only 50% of early stage cases are detected with this marker. Although more early stage cases may be detected by lysophosphatidic acid, this marker is also elevated in other cancers. One major objective of the NCI-FDA Tissue Proteomics Initiative has been to combine the technique of laser capture microdissection (LCM) of epithelial tumor cells in human tissue specimens with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) to identify proteins that may serve as invasive ovarian cancer-specific biomarkers for early detection and/or new therapeutic targets. We performed 2-D PAGE on lysates from five microdissected ovarian tumors (three invasive ovarian cancers and two noninvasive, low malignant potential (LMP) ovarian tumors). We then compared silver stained 2-D gels created from microdissected lysates with SYPRO-Ruby stained 2-D PAGE profiles of the patient-matched undissected bulk tumor lysates from all five patients. Twenty-three proteins were consistently differentially expressed between both the LMP and three invasive ovarian tumors in the limited study set. Thirteen were uniquely present in all three of the invasive ovarian cancer cases and absent or underexpressed in the two LMP cases. Ten were uniquely present in the LMP cases but absent or underexpressed in all invasive ovarian cancer cases. Credentialing and preliminary target validation of the mass spectrometry identified proteins cut from the Ruby-red stained gels was performed by LCM coupled Western blot and reverse-phase array technology in a study set of six cases (the aforementioned five cases used in the 2-D PAGE profiling component of the study plus one additional LMP case). The analysis revealed that the 52 kDa FK506 binding protein, Rho G-protein dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI), and glyoxalase I are found to be uniquely overexpressed in invasive human ovarian cancer when compared to the LMP form of this cancer. The direct comparison of LCM generated proteomic profiles of invasive vs. LMP ovarian cancer may more directly generate important markers for early detection and/or therapeutic targets unique to the invasive phenotype.
Inherited Disorders of Renal Magnesium Handling (2000)

The genetic basis and cellular defects of a number of primary magnesium wasting diseases have been elucidated over the past decade. This review correlates the clinical pathophysiology with the primary defect and secondary changes in cellular electrolyte transport. The described disorders include (1) hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia, an earlyonset, autosomal-recessive disease segregating with chromosome 9q12-22.2; (2) autosomal-dominant hypomagnesemia caused by isolated renal magnesium wasting, mapped to chromosome 11q23; (3) hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis, a recessive condition caused by a mutation of the claudin 16 gene (3q27) coding for a tight junctional protein that regulates paracellular Mg(2+) transport in the loop of Henle; (4) autosomal-dominant hypoparathyroidism, a variably hypomagnesemic disorder caused by inactivating mutations of the extracellular Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-sensing receptor, CASR: gene, at 3q13.3-21 (a significant association between common polymorphisms of the CASR: and extracellular Mg(2+) concentration has been demonstrated in a healthy adult population); and (5) Gitelman syndrome, a recessive form of hypomagnesemia caused by mutations in the distal tubular NaCl cotransporter gene, SLC12A3, at 16q13. The basis for renal magnesium wasting in this disease is not known. These inherited conditions affect different nephron segments and different cell types and lead to variable but increasingly distinguishable phenotypic presentations. No doubt, there are in the general population other disorders that have not yet been identified or characterized. The continued use of molecular techniques to probe the constitutive and congenital disturbances of magnesium metabolism will increase the understanding of cellular magnesium transport and provide new insights into the way these diseases are diagnosed and managed.
Stress effects in silicon oxidation—simulation and experiments (1990)

Oxidation is a key step in the manufacture of silicon integrated circuits. Thermally grown oxides constitute the gates of MOS transistors, the dielectric in trench capacitors, and the isolation between devices. The growth of oxide on nonplanar surfaces generates significant stress, which retards the growth rate and reduces the thickness grown at silicon corners or nitride mask edges. This dissertation describes a computer program developed to predict oxide shapes on nonplanar surfaces, and new experiments carried out to characterize the stress-dependent models.
The computer program, incorporated in the process simulator SUPREM-IV, uses finite elements to analyze the diffusion of oxidant and the flow of oxide. Grids are generated automatically as the oxide grows and changes shape. The stress in the oxide is calculated and fed back into the growth and flow coefficients, and the feedback loop is solved self-consistently. This allows the calculation of horn and cusp development at silicon corners, as well as conventional isolation features such as the bird's beak.
The stress-dependent models used in SUPREM-IV are based on planar oxidation experiments. Annealing experiments on low temperature oxides showed a logarithmic decay of density with time, consistent with a viscosity model of the Eyring type. Two-step oxidation experiments, where a pre-stressed layer is reoxidized, were carried out for thin and thick films. History effects were found in both cases, showing stress dependences in both the linear and parabolic growth coefficients. Numerical values of the stress-dependent coefficients were derived by fitting the cylinder oxidation data of Kao et al.
The Heart in Human Dystrophinopathies (2003)

Dystrophinopathies are due to mutations in the dystrophin gene on chromosome Xp21.1 and comprise the allelic entities Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) and X-linked dilative cardiomyopathy (XLDCM). In all three entities, the heart is affected to various degrees, depending on the stage of the disease and the type of the mutation (cardiac involvement, CI). The pathoanatomic evidence of CI in dystrophinopathies is the replacement of myocardium by connective tissue or fat. In DMD/BMD, the left ventricular posterobasal and lateral walls are most extensively affected, sparing the right ventricle and the atrium. Degree and dynamics of CI vary among the three entities. In DMD/BMD, CI usually remains subclinical in the early stages of the disease. Typical initial manifestations of CI in DMD/BMD are sinus tachycardia, tall R1 in V1, prominent Q in I, aVL, V6 or in II, III, and aVF, increased QT dispersion and possibly autonomic dysfunction. Initially, echocardiography is normal or shows regional wall motion abnormalities in areas of fibrosis. With spreading of fibrosis, left ventricular dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmias additionally occur. In the final stages of the disease, systolic function may lead to heart failure and sudden death. Subclinical or clinical CI is present in about 90% of the DMD/BMD patients but is the cause of death in only 20% of the DMD and 50% of the BMD patients. XLDCM is a rapidly progressive, almost exclusively myocardial disorder, starting in teenage males as heart failure due to dilative cardiomyopathy (CMP), leading to death from intractable heart failure within 1-2 years after diagnosis. Therapy of arrhythmias and CMP in all three disorders follows the established cardiological recommendations. Due to its protective effect, ACE inhibitors are recommended already at the early stages of the disease. Beta-blockers may be an additional option if indicated.
Molecular modifications of hemoglobin (1982)

There are two major limitations on the use of acellular hemoglobin solutions in vivo: rapid renal clearance and increased oxygen affinity. A series of chemical modifications of hemoglobin are presented in an attempt to address these problems. Reactions of hemoglobin with phosphorylated sugars and gluteraldehyde under a number of conditions, resulted in either hemoglobin denaturation or production of multiple hemoglobin polymers. In contrast, phosphorylated cyclic nucleotides upon ring opening with sodium periodate resulted in high-yield crosslinking of hemoglobin to exclusively form species with a molecular weight of 68,000. Because yield of modified hemoglobin increased with degree of phosphorylation of the cyclic nucleotide, this reaction is most consistent with formation of a crosslinked product within the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate pocket. Resultant oxygen affinities of such modified hemoglobins were variable and believed to be due to residual nonspecific sodium periodate oxidation. Affinity difunctional crosslinking agents like the phosphorylated dialdehydes seem useful in overcoming the major limitations of unmodified hemoglobin while maintaining basic hemoglobin structure.
Novel sources and detectors for coherent tunable narrow-band terahertz radiation in free space (1996)

A novel scheme for the optical generation and coherent detection of tunable narrow-band far-infrared radiation in free space is described. This technique involves the optical heterodyning of two linearly chirped broadband pulses to produce a quasi-sinusoidal intensity modulation at tunable terahertz frequencies. The frequency content of the narrow-band terahertz radiation produced by mixing chirped optical pulses in a nonlinear optoelectronic device such as a photoconducting dipole antenna can be tailored simply by controlling the phase modulation of the optical pulses and the delay between them. An optoelectronic terahertz beam system composed of a tunable narrow-band Hertzian dipole emitter and a synchronously gated tunable dipole detector is presented. The performance of this system as a potentially powerful tool for far-infrared pump–probe spectroscopy and the limitations produced by cubic phase modulation in the chirped optical pulses are discussed.
Netrin-1 Regulates Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytokine Production and Inflammation through UNC5B Receptor and Protects Kidney against Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury (2010)

Overwhelming evidence suggests that ischemia-reperfusion injury of the kidney is an inflammatory disease mediated by innate and adoptive immune systems. The neuronal guidance molecule netrin-1 was shown to modulate inflammatory responses. Given that ischemic kidney is particularly prone to reperfusion-elicited inflammation, we sought to determine the function of netrin-1 and its receptor UNC5B in ischemia-reperfusion-induced inflammation. Renal ischemia-reperfusion caused a rapid decrease in serum netrin-1 levels. Administration of recombinant netrin-1 before or after renal ischemia-reperfusion reduced kidney injury, apoptosis, monocyte and neutrophil infiltration, and cytokine (IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha) and chemokine (MCP-1, macrophage-derived cytokine, monokine-induced IFN-gamma, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, and chemokine with 6 cysteines) production. Analysis for different netrin-1 receptors on leukocytes showed very high expression of UNC5B but not UNC5C, UNC5D, neogenin, or deleted in colorectal cancer. Expression of UNC5A was low. Neutralization of UNC5B receptor reduced netrin-1-mediated protection against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, and it increased monocyte and neutrophil infiltration, as well as serum and renal cytokine and chemokine production, with increased kidney injury and renal tubular cell apoptosis. Finally, investigation into netrin-1's effect on CD4 T cell stimulation showed suppression of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and TNF-alpha) production in vitro. Our studies demonstrate that netrin-1 acting through UNC5B receptor reduces renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and its associated renal inflammation.
System Performance Objectives and Acceptance Testing of the Public Television Satellite Interconnection System (1979)

A tutorial explanation of a satellite television transmission system is first given, including the general theory of operation, the determination of the figure of merit (G/T) of a ground terminal, and a general discussion of wideband FM transmission as it relates to satellite transmission. The application of this theory is then shown as it relates to the Public Broadcasting Satellite Interconnection System (PBSIS). Various terminal configurations are discussed. The testing of the system is explained and related to the overall activity of designing and installing the system. Finally, a brief discussion is offered of some special facets and problems of the system.
The Mycobacterium leprae antigen 85 complex gene family: identification of the genes for the 85A, 85C, and related MPT51 proteins (1993)

The genes for two novel members (designated 85A and 85C) of the Mycobacterium leprae antigen 85 complex family of proteins and the gene for the closely related M. leprae MPT51 protein were isolated. The complete DNA sequence of the M. leprae 85C gene and partial sequences of the 85A and MPT51 genes are presented. As in M. tuberculosis, the M. leprae 85A, 85C, and previously identified 85B component genes are not closely linked on the genome. However, the MPT51 genes of both species localize close to the respective 85A component genes. Like the 85B component, the M. leprae 85A-MPT51 and 85C antigens are recognized by T cells from healthy contacts and leprosy patients.
Automatic recording agent for digital video server (2000)

We propose and evaluate the performance of a number of methods for automatic recording of TV programs for digital video servers, which estimate the user's preference over TV programs based on her/his past viewing behavior and automatically record a selected number of TV programs believed to be of interest to the user. Our methods combine the so-called content-based filtering and social (or collaborative) filtering methods and are based on a certain class of on-line learning algorithms known as the `specialist' algorithms, recently developed in the field of computational learning theory. We empirically evaluated the performance of content-based part of the proposed methods using preference data on TV programs consisting of scores given by people on actual TV programs. The results are largely encouraging and indicate in particular that our methods are practical in terms of both the precision in predicting the user's preference and computational complexity.
AttenuatedSalmonellaengineered to produce human cytokine LIGHT inhibit tumor growth (2007)

Intravenously administered bacteria reportedly accumulate in tumors. Furthermore, systemic administration of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium has little or no significant side-effects in humans. Consequently, we engineered such bacteria to improve their oncolytic activity by stably inserting a gene encoding LIGHT, a cytokine known to promote tumor rejection. Unlike control bacteria, attenuated S. typhimurium expressing LIGHT inhibited growth of primary tumors, as well as the dissemination of pulmonary metastases, in various mouse tumor models employing murine carcinoma cell lines in immunocompetent mice. Antitumor activity was achieved without significant toxicity and was associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells and dependent on the LIGHT receptors, herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), and lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTbetaR). These findings provide evidence that nonvirulent bacteria can be exploited as targeting vehicles for local generation of therapeutic proteins in tumors.
Methotrexate analog. 32. Chain extension, .alpha.-carboxyl deletion, and .gamma. carboxyl replacement by sulfonate and phosphate. Effect on enzyme binding and cell-growth inhibition (1988)

Analogues of methotrexate (MTX) and aminopterin (AMT) with aminophosphonoalkanoic, aminoalkanesulfonic, and aminoalkanephosphonic acid side chains in place of glutamate were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) from mouse liver. The aminophosphonoalkanoic acid analogues were also tested as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from L1210 murine leukemia cells and as inhibitors of the growth of MTX-sensitive (L1210) and MTX-resistant (L1210/R81) cells in culture. The optimal number of CH2 groups in aminophosphonoalkanoic acid analogues of AMT was found to be two for both enzyme inhibition and cell growth inhibition but was especially critical for activity against FPGS. Deletion of the alpha-carboxyl also led to diminished anti-FPGS activity in comparison with previously studied homocysteic acid and 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid analogues. In the aminoalkanesulfonic acid analogues of MTX without an alpha-carboxyl, anti-FPGS activity was low and showed minimal variation as the number of CH2 groups between the carboxamide and sulfonate moieties was changed from one to four. In similar aminoalkanephosphonic acid analogues of MTX, anti-FPGS activity was also low, was comparable for two and three CH2 groups between the carboxamide and phosphonate moieties, and was diminished by monoesterification of the phosphonate group. These effects demonstrate that the alpha-carboxyl group of folate analogues is involved in binding to the active site of FPGS, and that an alpha-carboxyl group should be retained as part of the structure of FPGS inhibitors.
IL-1 Receptors Mediate Persistent, but Not Acute, Airway Hyperreactivity to Ozone in Guinea Pigs (2008)

Ozone exposure in the lab and environment causes airway hyperreactivity lasting at least 3 days in humans and animals. In guinea pigs 1 day after ozone exposure, airway hyperreactivity is mediated by eosinophils that block neuronal M(2) muscarinic receptor function, thus increasing acetylcholine release from airway parasympathetic nerves. However, mechanisms of ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity change over time, so that depleting eosinophils 3 days after ozone makes airway hyperreactivity worse rather than better. Ozone exposure increases IL-1beta in bone marrow, which may contribute to acute and chronic airway hyperreactivity. To test whether IL-1beta mediates ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity 1 and 3 days after ozone exposure, guinea pigs were pretreated with an IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra, 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) 30 minutes before exposure to filtered air or to ozone (2 ppm, 4 h). One or three days after exposure, airway reactivity was measured in anesthetized guinea pigs. The IL-1 receptor antagonist prevented ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity 3 days, but not 1 day, after ozone exposure. Ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity was vagally mediated, since bronchoconstriction induced by intravenous acetylcholine was not changed by ozone. The IL-1 receptor antagonist selectively prevented ozone-induced reduction of eosinophils around nerves and prevented ozone-induced deposition of extracellular eosinophil major basic protein in airways. These data demonstrate that IL-1 mediates ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity at 3 days, but not 1 day, after ozone exposure. Furthermore, preventing hyperreactivity was accompanied by decreased eosinophil major basic protein deposition within the lung, suggesting that IL-1 affects eosinophil activation 3 days after ozone exposure.