gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Omega-3 fatty acids: a comprehensive review of their role in health and disease (2009)

Omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) are essential fatty acids with diverse biological effects in human health and disease. Reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is a well-established benefit of their intake. Dietary supplementation may also benefit patients with dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, inflammatory diseases, neurological/ neuropsychiatric disorders and eye diseases. Consumption of omega-3 FAs during pregnancy reduces the risk of premature birth and improves intellectual development of the fetus. Fish, fish oils and some vegetable oils are rich sources of omega-3 FAs. According to the UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition guidelines (2004), a healthy adult should consume a minimum of two portions of fish a week to obtain the health benefit. This review outlines the health implications, dietary sources, deficiency states and recommended allowances of omega-3 FAs in relation to human nutrition.
Superhydrophobic Films from Raspberry-like Particles (2005)

We report a robust procedure for preparing superhydrophobic hybrid films on which the advancing contact angle for water is about 165 degrees and the roll-off angle of a 10-muL water droplet is 3 +/- 1 degrees . Dual-size surface roughness, which mimics the surface topology of self-cleaning plant leaves, originates from well-defined silica-based raspberry-like particles that are covalently bonded to an epoxy-based polymer matrix. The roughened surface is chemically modified with a layer of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The robustness and simplicity of this procedure may make widespread applications of so-prepared superhydrophobic films possible.
Amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) associated with lipid molecules: immunoreactivity distinct from that of soluble Aβ (1997)

We previously identified a novel amyloid beta-protein (A beta), that binds to GM1 ganglioside, in brains exhibiting the early pathological changes of AD. In this study, we raised monoclonal antibodies, using membrane fractions containing abundant GM1 ganglioside-bound A beta as antigens. Monoclonal antibody 4396, produced in this study, immunoprecipitates A beta42 in the membrane fractions of brains with diffuse plaques, but does not react with soluble A beta42 or GM1 ganglioside. Furthermore, this antibody recognizes the A beta bound to lipid vesicles containing GM1 ganglioside, and unexpectedly, phosphatidylinositol. In contrast, a control anti-A beta monoclonal antibody does not recognize the A beta bound to these lipid vesicles. These results indicate that A beta associated with lipids has an immunoreactivity distinct from that of soluble A.
AlGaAs/InGaAs DFB Laser by One-Time Selective MOCVD Growth on a Grating Substrate (2004)

A gain-coupled distributed feedback (DFB) laser is realized using a high-density InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum wire (QWR) array formed within a finite area of 6×500 µm by electron beam lithography and one-time selective metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The stable gain-coupled DFB mode is confirmed at 812 and 830 nm from the 360 and 370 nm pitch gratings, respectively. The mode analysis of the actual cross-sectional structure using a finite element method verified that modal gain has a single peak at the Bragg wavelength of the grating.
Synthesis and in Vitro/in Vivo Evaluation of Novel 99mTc(CO)3-Folates (2006)

Novel organometallic 99mTc(I)-folate derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo in order to assess the influence of the overall charge of the radioconjugates and the spacer entity on the affinity and pharmacokinetic profile. Folic acid has been functionalized at the gamma-carboxylate group of the glutamate moiety with (i) a hydrophilic diethoxyethyl spacer bearing a picolylamine monoacetic acid chelate, (ii) a hexyl spacer bearing an iminodiacetic acid chelate, and (iii) a hexyl spacer with a bis(pyridylmethyl)amine chelating system. Coordination of the 99mTc(CO)3-core resulted in neutral complex 21, anionic complex 22, and cationic complex 23 in excellent yields (>90%) at ligand concentrations of 10(-4) M. Complexes 21-23 were HPLC purified for in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the case of 23, separation from the unlabeled folate analogue was incomplete, leading to low specific activity and, hence, significantly inferior in vivo uptake in folate-receptor-positive (FR-positive) organs and tissues (tumors and kidneys). Time dependent in vivo studies were performed in female, athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous FR-positive human KB cell xenografts at 1, 4, and 24 h post injection (p.i.) of the radiotracers. Tumor uptake ranged between 1.9-2.7% ID/g, 4 h p.i. and 1.6-2.2% ID/g, 24 h p.i. for 21 and 22, and 0.9% ID/g, 4 h p.i. and 1.1% ID/g, 24 h p.i. for 23. Blood clearance was fast for all derivatives (< or =0.2% ID/g 1 h p.i.). Significant fractions of radioactivity were found in nontargeted and FR-negative organs and tissues (particularly in the liver and the intestines/intestinal contents) at early time points p.i. Coadministration of folic acid reduced radioactivity in FR-positive tissues and organs to background levels. In conclusion, overall charge and the nature of the spacer entity seemed to have a relatively minor influence on receptor affinity and the in vivo pharmacokinetic profile of the tested radiofolates.
Spontaneous Packaging and Hypothermic Storage of Mammalian Cells with a Cell-Membrane-Mimetic Polymer Hydrogel in a Microchip (2015)

Currently, continuous culture/passage and cryopreservation are two major, well-established methods to provide cultivated mammalian cells for experiments in laboratories. Due to the lack of flexibility, however, both laboratory-oriented methods are unable to meet the need for rapidly growing cell-based applications, which require cell supply in a variety of occasions outside of laboratories. Herein, we report spontaneous packaging and hypothermic storage of mammalian cells under refrigerated (4 °C) and ambient conditions (25 °C) using a cell-membrane-mimetic methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer hydrogel incorporated within a glass microchip. Its capability for hypothermic storage of cells was comparatively evaluated over 16 days. The results reveal that the cytocompatible MPC polymer hydrogel, in combination with the microchip structure, enabled hypothermic storage of cells with quite high viability, high intracellular esterase activity, maintained cell membrane integrity, and small morphological change for more than 1 week at 4 °C and at least 4 days at 25 °C. Furthermore, the stored cells could be released from the hydrogel and exhibited the ability to adhere to a surface and achieve confluence under standard cell culture conditions. Both hypothermic storage conditions are ordinary flexible conditions which can be easily established in places outside of laboratories. Therefore, cell packaging and storage using the hydrogel incorporated within the microchip would be a promising miniature and portable solution for flexible supply and delivery of small amounts of cells from bench to bedside.
Overview of the Primary Structure, Tissue-Distribution, and Functions of Tachykinins and their Receptors (2006)

Tachykinins (TKs) constitute the largest vertebrate brain/gut peptide family. Since discovery of Substance P as a structurally unidentified vasodilatory and contractile compound in 1931, continuous and tremendous advances have been made regarding molecular and functional characterization of TKs and their receptors, revealing diverse molecular species of TK peptides with a C-terminal consensus -Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, not ubiquitous but wide distribution and multiple biological activities of TKs and their receptors in central and peripheral tissues, elaborate and complicated ligand-recognition and multiple functional conformation of receptors, evolutionary aspects of brain/gut peptides, and the implication of TK peptides and receptors in many disorders of current keen interest. Indeed, the tachykinergic systems are now regarded as promising targets of novel clinical agents aimed at a variety of pathological symptoms and processes such as nociception, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuroprotection. In this review, we present an overview of basic knowledge and a buildup of recent advances in extensive fields of the 'tachykinin kingdom' including mammalian non-neuronal TKs, invertebrate salivary gland-specific TKs and TK-related brain/gut peptides (TKRPs). These findings shed new light on (1) the biological and biochemical significance of TKs, (2) evolutionary relationship of the structures and functions between mammalian and non-mammalian TK family peptides and receptors, and (3) the binding mode for the TK family peptides and their receptors and the resultant activation of the complexes that are essential for design and development of leading compounds.
Pre-Clinical Models of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (2015)

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a rare and incurable brain tumor that arises in the brainstem of children predominantly between the ages of 6 and 8. Its intricate morphology and involvement of normal pons tissue precludes surgical resection, and the standard of care today remains fractionated radiation alone. In the past 30 years, there have been no significant advances made in the treatment of DIPG. This is largely because we lack good models of DIPG and therefore have little biological basis for treatment. In recent years, however, due to increased biopsy and acquisition of autopsy specimens, research is beginning to unravel the genetic and epigenetic drivers of DIPG. Insight gleaned from these studies has led to improvements in approaches to both model these tumors in the lab and to potentially treat them in the clinic. This review will detail the initial strides toward modeling DIPG in animals, which included allograft and xenograft rodent models using non-DIPG glioma cells. Important advances in the field came with the development of in vitro cell and in vivo xenograft models derived directly from autopsy material of DIPG patients or from human embryonic stem cells. Finally, we will summarize the progress made in the development of genetically engineered mouse models of DIPG. Cooperation of studies incorporating all of these modeling systems to both investigate the unique mechanisms of gliomagenesis in the brainstem and to test potential novel therapeutic agents in a preclinical setting will result in improvement in treatments for DIPG patients.
Impact of Fever on Outcome in Patients With Stroke and Neurologic Injury (2008)

In the pooled analyses covering 14431 patients with stroke and other brain injuries, fever is consistently associated with worse outcomes across multiple outcome measures.
O-Hydroxyacetamide Carbamates as a Highly Potent and Selective Class of Endocannabinoid Hydrolase Inhibitors (2011)

The two major endocannabinoid transmitters, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are degraded by distinct enzymes in the nervous system, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), respectively. FAAH and MAGL inhibitors cause elevations in brain AEA and 2-AG levels, respectively, and reduce pain, anxiety, and depression in rodents without causing the full spectrum of psychotropic behavioral effects observed with direct cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1) agonists. These findings have inspired the development of several classes of endocannabinoid hydrolase inhibitors, most of which have been optimized to show specificity for either FAAH or MAGL or, in certain cases, equipotent activity for both enzymes. Here, we investigate an unusual class of O-hydroxyacetamide carbamate inhibitors and find that individual compounds from this class can serve as selective FAAH or dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitors in vivo across a dose range (0.125-12.5 mg kg(-1)) suitable for behavioral studies. Competitive and click chemistry activity-based protein profiling confirmed that the O-hydroxyacetamide carbamate SA-57 is remarkably selective for FAAH and MAGL in vivo, targeting only one other enzyme in brain, the additional 2-AG hydrolase ABHD6. These data designate O-hydroxyacetamide carbamates as a versatile chemotype for creating endocannabinoid hydrolase inhibitors that display excellent in vivo activity and tunable selectivity for FAAH-anandamide versus MAGL (and ABHD6)-2-AG pathways.
Dextranases from oral bacteria: inhibition of water-insoluble glucan production and adherence to smooth surfaces by Streptococcus mutans (1975)

The effect of dextranases (EC 3.2.1.11) from the oral isolates Actinomyces israelii and Bacteroides ochraceus on water-insoluble glucan production by the Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5) and sucrose-dependent adherence to smooth glass surfaces by S. mutans was studied. Collection on membrane filters of water-insoluble polysaccharides synthesized from radioactive sucrose was used to demonstrate the marked sensitivity of insoluble glucan formation to the presence of dextranase. Concentrations of A. israelii dextranase as low as 0.002 U/ml inhibited insoluble glucan formation by 60%. Similar results were obtained the the B. ochraceus enzyme. An assay for sucrose-stimulated adherence of S. mutans to smooth surfaces involved attachment of radioactively labeled nongrowing cells to the bottom of glass scintillation vials. This facile and sensitive assay was utilized to demonstrate that sucrose-dependent adherence was affected by low levels of dextranase from either A. israelii or B. ochraceus. Enzyme at 0.005 U/ml reduced adherence of S. mutans by 80%. Treatment of S. mutans cells previously attached to glass with low concentrations of the dextranases resulted in removal of 50% to 60% of the bacteria. The results indicate that dextranase-producing oral bacteria may affect sucrose-dependent colonization of S. mutans on the tooth surface and offer a possible explanation for both the difficulties involved in implanting this bacterium into the human mouth and the limited intraoral transmission of S. mutans from one tooth surface to another.
Deletion of TDP-43 down-regulates Tbc1d1 , a gene linked to obesity, and alters body fat metabolism (2010)

Tat activating regulatory DNA-binding protein (Tardbp or TDP-43), a highly conserved metazoan DNA/RNA binding protein thought to be involved in RNA transcription and splicing, has been linked to the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration and is essential for early embryonic development. However, neither the physiological role of TDP-43 in the adult nor its downstream targets are well defined. To address these questions, we developed conditional Tardbp-KO mice and embryonic stem (ES) cell models. Here, we show that postnatal deletion of Tardbp in mice caused dramatic loss of body fat followed by rapid death. Moreover, conditional Tardbp-KO ES cells failed to proliferate. Importantly, high-throughput DNA sequencing analysis on the transcriptome of ES cells lacking Tardbp revealed a set of downstream targets of TDP-43. We show that Tbc1d1, a gene known to mediate leanness and linked to obesity, is down-regulated in the absence of TDP-43. Collectively, our results establish that TDP-43 is critical for fat metabolism and ES cell survival.
Genetic variation in the enigmatic Altaian Kazakhs of South‐Central Russia: Insights into Turkic population history (2008)

The Altaian Kazakhs, a Turkic speaking group, now reside in the southern part of the Altai Republic in south-central Russia. According to historical accounts, they are one of several ethnic and geographical subdivisions of the Kazakh nomadic group that migrated from China and Western Mongolia into the Altai region during the 19th Century. However, their population history of the Altaian Kazakhs and the genetic relationships with other Kazakh groups and neighboring Turkic-speaking populations is not well understood. To begin elucidating their genetic history, we analyzed the mtDNAs from 237 Altaian Kazakhs through a combination of SNP analysis and HVS1 sequencing. This analysis revealed that their mtDNA gene pool was comprised of roughly equal proportions of East (A-G, M7, M13, Y and Z) and West (H, HV, pre-HV, R, IK, JT, X, U) Eurasian haplogroups, with the haplotypic diversity within haplogroups C, D, H, and U being particularly high. This pattern of diversity likely reflects the complex interactions of the Kazakhs with other Turkic groups, Mongolians, and indigenous Altaians. Overall, these data have important implications for Kazakh population history, the genetic prehistory of the Altai-Sayan region, and the phylogeography of major mitochondrial lineages in Eurasia.
Reactivity of thienopyrroles. Synthesis of isomeric nitro and bromothienopyrroles (1984)

Abstract The preparation of ethyl 2‐bromothieno[2,3‐ b ]pyrrole‐5‐carboxylate, ethyl 2‐bromothieno[3,2‐ b ]pyrrole‐5‐carboxylate, ethyl 2‐nitrothieno[2,3‐ b ]pyrrole‐5‐carboxylate and ethyl 2‐nitrothieno[3,2‐ b ]pyrrole‐5‐carboxylate are described.
Thermoelectric Properties of Bismuth and Silicon Nanowires (2008)

Thermoelectric materials convert temperature differences into electricity and vice versa. Such materials utilize the Seebeck effect for power generation and the Peltier effect for refrigeration. In the Seebeck effect, a temperature gradient across a material causes the diffusion of charged carriers across that gradient, thus creating a voltage difference between the hot and cold ends of the material. Conversely, the Peltier effect explains the fact that when current flows through a material a temperature gradient arises because the charged carriers exchange thermal energy at the contacts. Thermoelectrics perform these functions without moving parts and they do not pollute. This makes them highly reliable and more importantly attractive as renewable energy sources, especially at a time when global warming is a growing concern. However, thermoelectrics find only limited use because of their poor efficiency. The efficiency of a thermoelectric material is determined by the dimensionless figure of merit,ZT = S²σT/κ , where S is the thermoelectric power, defined as the thermoelectric voltage, V, produced per degree temperature difference ΔT , σ is the electrical conductivity, κ is the thermal conductivity, and T is the temperature. To maximize ZT, S must be large so that a small temperature difference can create a large voltage, σ must be large in order to minimize joule heating losses, and κ must be small to reduce heat leakage and maintain a temperature difference. Maximizing ZT is challenging because optimizing one physical parameter often adversely affects another. The best commercially available thermoelectric devices are alloys of Bi2Te3 and have a ZT of 1 which corresponds to a carnot efficiency of ~10%. My research has focused on achieving efficient thermoelectric performance from the single component systems of bismuth and silicon nanowires. Bismuth nanowires are predicted to undergo a semi-metal to semiconductor transition below a size of 50 nm which should increase the thermopower and thus ZT. Limited experimental evidence by other groups has been acquired to support this claim. Through electric field gating measurements and by tuning the nanowire size, we have shown that no such transition occurs. Instead, surface states dominate the electric transport at a size smaller than 50 nm and bismuth remains a semimetal. Bulk silicon is a poor thermoelectric due to its large thermal conductivity. However, silicon nanowires may have a dramatically reduced thermal conductivity. By varying the nanowire size and impurity doping levels, ZT values representing an approximately 100-fold improvement over bulk silicon are achieved over a broad temperature range, including a ZT ~ 1 at 200K. Independent measurements of S, σ, and κ, combined with theory, indicate that the improved efficiency originates from phonon effects. The thermal conductivity is reduced and the thermopower is enhanced. These results are expected to apply to other classes of semiconductor nanomaterials.
Immune System Impairment and Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice Lacking the Dioxin-Binding Ah Receptor (1995)

The aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor (AHR) mediates many carcinogenic and teratogenic effects of environmentally toxic chemicals such as dioxin. An AHR-deficient (Ahr-/-) mouse line was constructed by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Almost half of the mice died shortly after birth, whereas survivors reached maturity and were fertile. The Ahr-/- mice showed decreased accumulation of lymphocytes in the spleen and lymph nodes, but not in the thymus. The livers of Ahr-/- mice were reduced in size by 50 percent and showed bile duct fibrosis Ahr-/- mice were also nonresponsive with regard to dioxin-mediated induction of genes encoding enzymes that catalyze the metabolism of foreign compounds. Thus, the AHR plays an important role in the development of the liver and the immune system.
Activation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1; Definition of Regulatory Domains within the α Subunit (1997)

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a heterodimeric DNA binding complex composed of two basic-helix-loop-helix Per-AHR-ARNT-Sim proteins (HIF-1alpha and -1beta), is a key component of a widely operative transcriptional response activated by hypoxia, cobaltous ions, and iron chelation. To identify regions of HIF-1 subunits responsible for oxygen-regulated activity, we constructed chimeric genes in which portions of coding sequence from HIF-1 genes were either linked to a heterologous DNA binding domain or encoded between such a DNA binding domain and a constitutive activation domain. Sequences from HIF-1alpha but not HIF-1beta conferred oxygen-regulated activity. Two minimal domains within HIF-1alpha (amino acids 549-582 and amino acids 775-826) were defined by deletional analysis, each of which could act independently to convey inducible responses. Both these regions confer transcriptional activation, and in both cases adjacent sequences appeared functionally repressive in transactivation assays. The inducible operation of the first domain, but not the second, involved major changes in the level of the activator fusion protein in transfected cells, inclusion of this sequence being associated with a marked reduction of expressed protein level in normoxic cells, which was relieved by stimulation with hypoxia, cobaltous ions, or iron chelation. These results lead us to propose a dual mechanism of activation in which the operation of an inducible activation domain is amplified by regulation of transcription factor abundance, most likely occurring through changes in protein stability.
Parenteral iron dextran therapy: a review. (1995)

Iron dextran was introduced more than 30 yr ago for the parenteral treatment of iron deficiency anemia that is refractory to oral therapy. Iron dextran is a preparation of ferric hydroxide complexed with a low molecular weight fraction of dextran. Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common nutritional deficiency diseases and occurs worldwide secondary to inadequate dietary iron, usually with excessive gastrointestinal blood losses. Repletion of iron stores is often complicated by intolerance to oral iron supplementation and may require parenteral iron. Parenteral iron can be administered via the intramuscular or intravenous route either directly or as an additive to total parenteral nutrition. Both routes of administration can cause various side effects and a test dose is recommended before therapeutic administration to assess the risk for anaphylaxis. Although the efficacy and safety of parenteral iron dextran have been convincingly demonstrated, supplementation may be contraindicated in the setting of infection.