gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simple Method for Quantitation of Capsaicinoids in Peppers Using Capillary Gas Chromatography (1998)

A rapid, simple, safe, and inexpensive technique for extraction and quantitation of capsaicinoids from peppers is presented. Homogenized pepper tissue was extracted with acetone, and the extract was analyzed via capillary gas chromatography/thermoionic selective detection without need of capsaicinoid derivatization. Six of the eight capsaicinoids were positively identified in pepper extracts using gas chromatography/mass selective detection. Isomers for five of the six capsaicinoids were detected. Different varieties of peppers were analyzed for capsaicinoids, and the capsaicinoid concentrations as well as the corresponding Scoville heat values for the peppers are presented. Keywords: Peppers; capsaicinoids; chemical analysis
Synthesis and Biological Activities of Conformationally Restricted Cyclopentenyl-Glutamate Analogues (2001)

An efficient method for preparing conformationally restricted cyclopentenyl-glutamate analogues in a regioselective and diastereoselective manner has been developed using a formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of dehydroamino acids. Methods for preparing optically active versions of these compounds have also been devised. Of these compounds, (S)-2 is an agonist at the mGlu5 (EC(50) 18 microM) and mGlu2 (EC(50) 45 microM) receptors.
Architectural Extraction In Reverse Engineering by Prototyping: An experiment (2018)

In this workshop proposal we present a prototype approach to help the extraction of architectural information in the re-engineering process. Commonly, the re-engineering life-cycle has been defined as a succession of the following tasks: analysis of requirements, model capture (understanding the system), problem detection, problem analysis, reorganization and change propagation. We have evaluated the benefit of a prototyping approach with a focus on model capture. Although prototyping is a known approach to evaluate the application feasibility, costs, comparison and validation of choices, we focus in this paper on the aspects of prototyping that are helpful for re-engineering.
Peripheral nerve regeneration through a synthetic hydrogel nerve tube (2005)

Axonal regeneration in artificial tubes was similar to that in autografts at 8 and 16 weeks, however, a bimodal distribution of regeneration was observed in 16 week tubes.
Ultra-low capacitance and high speed germanium photodetectors on silicon (2009)

We demonstrate waveguide integrated germanium detectors with capacitance as small as 2.4 fF and directly recorded impulse response as fast as 8.8 ps. Based on such detectors and cascaded silicon microring resonators we also demonstrate a highly scalable wavelength division demultiplexing system that can potentially provide tera-bit/s (Tbps) bandwidth over a small area.
EL PRINCIPIO DE LA HISTORIA DE LOS ANTIGENOS SE REMONTA A 1796 (1990)

EL PRINCIPIO DE LA HISTORIA DE LOS ANTIGENOS SE REMONTA A 1796, VACUNAS Y TOXOIDES (PP.10-11).
Isolation of Three Contiguous Genes,ACR1,ACR2 andACR3, Involved in Resistance to Arsenic Compounds in the YeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1997)

A 4.2 kb region from Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XVI was isolated as a yeast fragment conferring resistance to 7 mM-sodium arsenite (NaAsO2), when put on a multicopy plasmid. Homology searches revealed a cluster of three new open reading frames named ACR1, ACR2 and ACR3. The hypothetical product of the ACR1 gene is similar to the transcriptional regulatory proteins, encoded by YAP1, and YAP2 genes from S. cerevisiae. Disruption of the ACR1 gene conduces to an arsenite and arsenate hypersensitivity phenotype. The ACR2 gene is indispensable for arsenate but not for arsenite resistance. The hypothetical product of the ACR3 gene shows high similarity to the hypothetical membrane protein encoded by Bacillus subtilis ORF1 of the skin element and weak similarity to the ArsB membrane protein of the Staphylococcus aureus arsenical-resistance operon. Overexpression of the ACR3 gene confers an arsenite- but not an arsenate-resistance phenotype. The presence of ACR3 together with ACR2 on a multicopy plasmid expands the resistance phenotype into arsenate. These findings suggest that all three novel genes: ACR1, ACR2 and ACR3 are involved in the arsenical-resistance phenomenon in S. cerevisiae.
Prevention of Symptomatic Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by Intraoperative Cisternal Fibrinolysis Using Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Combined With Continuous Cisternal Drainage (2004)

The efficacy of intraoperative cisternal irrigation using tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) combined with continuous cisternal drainage was assessed for the prevention of symptomatic vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Seventy consecutive patients underwent direct surgery for aneurysm clipping within 48 hours of SAH and had computed tomography (CT) findings classified as Fisher group III or IV with densities of more than 65 Hounsfield units (HU). Fibrinolysis of the cisternal clots was performed during surgery using 1.6 mg tPA in 55 cases or 3.2 mg tPA in 15 cases. If postoperative CT within 24 hours of surgery showed areas with density more than 65 HU, additional tPA (0.8 mg/day) was administered into the cisternal catheter until the high density areas disappeared. The cisternal drainage catheters were left in place until day 14. Additional tPA injection was necessary in four of the 55 patients receiving 1.6 mg tPA. Symptomatic vasospasm occurred in three patients (4.3%) and two patients had low density areas on CT. Permanent deficit (hemiparesis) due to cerebral vasospasm remained in only one patient. Intraoperative cisternal irrigation with tPA combined with cisternal drainage is safe and effective for the prevention of symptomatic vasospasm following SAH.
Modified Topical Photodynamic Therapy of Superficial Skin Tumors, Utilizing Aminolevulinic Acid, Penetration Enhancers, Red Light, and Hypertherntia (1998)

Topical PDT utilizing ALA 20%-EDTA 2%-DMSO 2% as the photosensitizer and VersaLight as the light source is a noninvasive, nearly painless treatment with excellent therapeutic and cosmetic results. Our data show the efficiency of this therapy for patients with certain subtypes of BCC, SCC, and Bowen's disease.
Endoscopic Injection With Fibrin Sealant Versus Epinephrine for Arrest of Peptic Ulcer Bleeding (2002)

fibrin sealant injection is more effective in preventing rebleeding than epinephrine after endoscopic therapy, but this study showed no difference in outcomes with either therapy.
Identification of T-cell determinants in natural immune responses to the Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen (AMA-1) in an adult population exposed to malaria (1996)

AMA-1 of Plasmodium falciparum is a promising candidate antigen in malaria vaccine development. In this study, we have mapped the immunodominant T-cell determinants in this antigen by using synthetic peptides. From the amphipathic scores, 17 putative T-cell determinants were identified. Nine of the 17 peptides complementary to the putative T-cell determinants induced proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Kenyan residents who had lifelong exposure to malaria; none of these peptides induced proliferation of PBMC from donors who were not previously exposed to malaria. This indicates that AMA-1 peptides were stimulating T cells that were previously primed by prior exposure to P. falciparum. Many positive responders showed reactivity to more than one peptide, and some of the potent proliferative T epitopes were found to be localized in the highly conserved regions of AMA-1, suggesting that it may be possible to induce T-cell memory that can recognize different variant forms of the parasite. This information on the natural immune responses against the AMA-1 vaccine antigen in clinically immune adults will be helpful in the development of an AMA-1 antigen-based malaria vaccine and may also guide testing of AMA-1-based vaccine formulations.
The axonal attractant Netrin-1 is an angiogenic factor (2004)

Blood vessels and nerves often follow parallel trajectories, suggesting that distal targets use common cues that induce vascularization and innervation. Netrins are secreted by the floor plate and attract commissural axons toward the midline of the neural tube. Here, we show that Netrin-1 is also a potent vascular mitogen. Netrin-1 stimulates proliferation, induces migration, and promotes adhesion of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells with a specific activity comparable to vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. Our evidence indicates that the netrin receptor, Neogenin, mediates netrin signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells, but suggests that an unidentified receptor mediates the proangiogenic effects of Netrin-1 on endothelial cells. Netrin-1 also stimulates angiogenesis in vivo and augments the response to vascular endothelial growth factor. Thus, we demonstrate that Netrin-1 is a secreted neural guidance cue with the unique ability to attract both blood vessels and axons, and suggest that other cues may also function as vascular endothelial growth factors.
Development of a polyclonal antibody with broad epitope specificity for advanced glycation endproducts and localization of these epitopes in Bruch's membrane of the aging eye. (1999)

A unique anti-AGE antibody was synthesized that recognizes a variety of AGE epitopes including carboxymethyllysine and pentosidine. Its best use might be in broad surveys of the age-dependent accumulation of a large number of AGE epitopes that might not be revealed by antibodies to pentosidine or CML.
Crystal Structure of Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 Reveals Regions Implicated in Dimerization and Autoinhibition (2001)

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute a large family of heparin-binding growth factors with diverse biological activities. FGF9 was originally described as glia-activating factor and is expressed in the nervous system as a potent mitogen for glia cells. Unlike most FGFs, FGF9 forms dimers in solution with a K(d) of 680 nm. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of FGF9 dimerization, the crystal structure of FGF9 was determined at 2.2 A resolution. FGF9 adopts a beta-trefoil fold similar to other FGFs. However, unlike other FGFs, the N- and C-terminal regions outside the beta-trefoil core in FGF9 are ordered and involved in the formation of a 2-fold crystallographic dimer. A significant surface area (>2000 A(2)) is buried in the dimer interface that occludes a major receptor binding site of FGF9. Thus, we propose an autoinhibitory mechanism for FGF9 that is dependent on sequences outside of the beta-trefoil core. Moreover, a model is presented providing a molecular basis for the preferential affinity of FGF9 toward FGFR3.
Non-eosinophilic asthma: importance and possible mechanisms (2002)

There is increasing evidence that inflammatory mechanisms other than eosinophilic inflammation may be involved in producing the final common pathway of enhanced bronchial reactivity and reversible airflow obstruction that characterises asthma. A review of the literature has shown that, at most, only 50% of asthma cases are attributable to eosinophilic airway inflammation. It is hypothesised that a major proportion of asthma is based on neutrophilic airway inflammation, possibly triggered by environmental exposure to bacterial endotoxin, particulate air pollution, and ozone, as well as viral infections. If there are indeed two (or more) subtypes of asthma, and if non-eosinophilic (neutrophil mediated) asthma is relatively common, this would have major consequences for the treatment and prevention of asthma since most treatment and prevention strategies are now almost entirely focused on allergic/eosinophilic asthma and allergen avoidance measures, respectively. It is therefore important to study the aetiology of asthma further, including the underlying inflammatory profiles.
Upregulation of miR-96 Enhances Cellular Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells through FOXO1 (2013)

Aberrant expression of miR-96 in prostate cancer has previously been reported. However, the role and mechanism of action of miR-96 in prostate cancer has not been determined. In this study, the diagnostic and prognostic properties of miR-96 expression levels were investigated by qRT-PCR in two well documented prostate cancer cohorts. The miR-96 expression was found to be significantly higher in prostate cancer patients and correlate with WHO grade, and decreased overall survival time; patients with low levels of miR-96 lived 1.5 years longer than patients with high miR-96 levels. The therapeutic potential was further investigated in vitro, showing that ectopic levels of miR-96 enhances growth and cellular proliferation in prostate cancer cells, implying that miR-96 has oncogenic properties in this setting. We demonstrate that miR-96 expression decreases the transcript and protein levels of FOXO1 by binding to one of two predicted binding sites in the FOXO1 3'UTR sequence. Blocking this binding site completely inhibited the growth enhancement conveyed by miR-96. This finding was corroborated in a large external prostate cancer patient cohort where miR-96 expression inversely correlated to FOXO1 expression. Taken together these findings indicate that miR-96 plays a key role in prostate cancer cellular proliferation and can enhance prostate cancer progression. This knowledge might be utilized for the development of novel therapeutic tools for prostate cancer.
ATP-induced pore formation in the plasma membrane of rat peritoneal mast cells. (1990)

We have investigated the ATP-induced permeabilization of rat peritoneal mast cells using three different techniques: (a) by measuring uptake of fluorescent membrane and DNA marker dyes, (b) by voltage-clamp measurements using the patch-clamp technique, and (c) by measurements of exocytosis in response to entry of Ca2+ and GTP gamma S into permeabilized cells. In the absence of divalent cations cells become highly permeable at ATP concentrations as low as 3 microM. In normal saline containing 1 mM MgCl2 and 2 mM CaCl2, dye uptake and electric conductance are detectable at 100 microM ATP corresponding to 4 microM ATP4-. The permeabilization is half-maximal at an ATP4- concentration of 5-20 microM with a Hill coefficient near 2. The ATP-induced whole-cell conductance at saturating ATP concentrations was 35-70 nS, exhibiting only weak cation selectivity. The activation is very fast with a time constant less than or equal to 65 ms. Pores which are large enough to allow for permeation of substances of 300-900 D are expected to have a unit conductance of approximately 200-400 pS. However, in whole cells as well as outside-out patches, discrete openings and closings of channels could not be observed at a resolution of approximately 40 pS and the single-channel conductance obtained from noise analysis is approximately 2-10 pS. Entry of Ca2+ into cells permeabilized with ATP stimulates exocytosis at low but not at high ATP concentrations indicating loss of an essential intracellular component or components at a high degree of permeabilization. This inactivation is removed when GTP gamma S is provided in the medium and this leads to enhanced exocytosis. The enhancement only occurs at high ATP concentrations. These results strongly suggest that the ATP-induced pores are of variable size and can increase or decrease by very small units.
A CASP-8 Mutation Recognized by Cytolytic T Lymphocytes on a Human Head and Neck Carcinoma (1997)

Of the antigens recognized on human tumors by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes, all those defined thus far have been identified on melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. We report here the identification of an antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. The antigen is encoded by a mutated form of the CASP-8 gene. This gene, also named FLICE or MACH, codes for protease caspase-8, which is required for induction of apoptosis through the Fas receptor and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1. The mutation, which was found in the tumor cells but not in the normal cells of the patient, modifies the stop codon and adds an Alu repeat to the coding region, thereby lengthening the protein by 88 amino acids. The ability of the altered protein to trigger apoptosis appears to be reduced relative to the normal caspase-8. The antigenic peptide is a nonamer presented by HLA-B*3503. The five last amino acids are encoded by the extension of the reading frame caused by the mutation. This, together with previous observations of CDK4 and beta-catenin mutations, suggests that a significant fraction of the point mutations generating a tumor antigen also play a role in the tumoral transformation or progression.
Neuropeptide Y‐induced intracellular Ca2+ increases in vascular smooth muscle cells (1989)

The effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was studied in cultured smooth muscle cells from porcine aorta (PASMC) and compared with the effect of bradykinin (BK) and angiotensin II (ATII) on [Ca2+]i. All peptides induced dose-dependent and transient rises in [Ca2+]i which were not blocked by extracellular EGTA, but the NPY response was different from the others' as follows. First, the [Ca2+]i rise induced by NPY was not as rapid as that induced by BK or ATII. Second, pertussis toxin abolished the [Ca2+]i rise induced by NPY, but not by BK or ATII. Third, following initial treatment with BK, PASMC were able to respond to NPY, but not to ATII. Finally, BK and ATII, but not NPY, significantly increased inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) generation. Although NPY attenuated forskolin-induced accumulation of cyclic AMP, forskolin- and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine-induced alterations in intracellular cyclic AMP did not affect the NPY-induced [Ca2+]i rise. These results suggest that NPY increases [Ca2+]i by a pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP binding protein-involved mechanism which is not mediated by the intracellular messengers such as Ins(1,4,5)P3 and cyclic AMP.
Classifying Human Brain Tumors by Lipid Imaging with Mass Spectrometry (2011)

Brain tissue biopsies are required to histologically diagnose brain tumors, but current approaches are limited by tissue characterization at the time of surgery. Emerging technologies such as mass spectrometry imaging can enable a rapid direct analysis of cancerous tissue based on molecular composition. Here, we illustrate how gliomas can be rapidly classified by desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) imaging, multivariate statistical analysis, and machine learning. DESI-MS imaging was carried out on 36 human glioma samples, including oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma, and oligoastrocytoma, all of different histologic grades and varied tumor cell concentration. Gray and white matter from glial tumors were readily discriminated and detailed diagnostic information could be provided. Classifiers for subtype, grade, and concentration features generated with lipidomic data showed high recognition capability with more than 97% cross-validation. Specimen classification in an independent validation set agreed with expert histopathology diagnosis for 79% of tested features. Together, our findings offer proof of concept that intraoperative examination and classification of brain tissue by mass spectrometry can provide surgeons, pathologists, and oncologists with critical and previously unavailable information to rapidly guide surgical resections that can improve management of patients with malignant brain tumors.
Histone deacetylation in epigenetics: An attractive target for anticancer therapy (2005)

The reversible histone acetylation and deacetylation are epigenetic phenomena that play critical roles in the modulation of chromatin topology and the regulation of gene expression. Aberrant transcription due to altered expression or mutation of genes that encode histone acetyltransferase (HAT) or histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes or their binding partners, has been clearly linked to carcinogenesis. The histone deacetylase inhibitors are a new promising class of anticancer agents (some of which in clinical trials), that inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells in culture and in vivo by inducing cell-cycle arrest, terminal differentiation, and/or apoptosis. This report reviews the chemistry and the biology of HDACs and HDAC inhibitors, laying particular emphasis on agents actually in clinical trials for cancer therapy and on new potential anticancer lead compounds more selective and less toxic.
Cover Picture: A Conjugated Polycarbazole Ring around a Porphyrin (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 28/2006) (2006)

Like the rings of Saturn a fully conjugated cyclododeca‐2,7‐carbazole surrounds a porphyrin template. The macrocycle can be released from the template. The cover shows a single‐molecule STM measurement with the structure of cyclododeca‐2,7‐carbazole in the foreground. The tunneling current is dominated by the conjugated cyclic structure and shows an “electronic hole” in the center. For further details on these molecules and their self‐assembly into columnar stacks see the Communication by K. Müllen et al. on page 4685 ff.
Acute Management of Thermal Injury (1981)

The United States leads industrialized nations in per capita fire deaths. The most recent U.S. statistics are from 1978. Two hundred thousand burn and inhalation injuries, 70,000 hospitalizations, and 12,000 deaths occurred that year [56]. Burn care has traditionally been the general surgeon's responsibility. However, the interest and commitment of plastic and reconstructive surgeons has increased considerably over the past fifteen years. During this time, major advancements have occurred in five areas: assessment, resuscitation, control of burn wound sepsis, wound closure, and burn team management.
Effects of tamoxifen in relation to breast cancer. (1977)

It has been suggested that tamoxifen possesses estrogenic properties which may induce regression of mammary tumors in humans. However, it has been shown that tamoxifen inhibits the estradiol-stimulated changes in immature, ovariectomized, and mature rats. Whereas estradiol stimulates cell division, tamoxifen produces endometrial hypertrophy, even though it has been shown to bind to cytoplasmic estrogen receptors. In vitro experiments with human breast cancer cells have shown that tamoxifen has effects other than that of a simple estrogen antagonist. It is concluded that in addition to its antiestrogneic properties, it may act as a partial or a typical estrogen agonist, which may account for its antitumor activity in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer.
Human antibodies induce arthritis in mice deficient in the low-affinity inhibitory IgG receptor FcγRIIB (2006)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease with a poorly understood pathogenesis. The disease is associated with polyclonal B cell activation and the production of autoantibodies (autoAbs), but there is a longstanding controversy as to whether such Abs contribute to, or are secondary to, the pathogenesis of RA. To address the potential pathogenicity of human RA-associated Abs, we developed a passive transfer model involving mice deficient in the low-affinity inhibitory Fc receptor, FcgammaRIIB. We report that plasma or serum from patients with active RA can induce inflammation and histological lesions in FcgammaRIIB-/- mice consistent with arthritis, and that this pathogenic activity is caused by the immunoglobulin G-rich fraction. Our results suggest that humoral autoimmunity can contribute directly to autoimmune arthritis, and that FcgammaRIIB-/- mice are a promising model to evaluate the arthritogenic potential of human autoAbs.