gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical synthesis, characterization and activity of RK-1, a novel ?-defensin-related peptide (2000)

The 32-residue peptide, RK-1, a novel kidney-derived three disulfide-bonded member of the antimicrobial alpha-defensin family, was synthesized by the continuous flow Fmoc-solid phase method. The crude, cleaved and S-reduced linear peptide was both efficiently folded and oxidized in an acidic solution of aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide. Following purification of the resulting product, it was shown by a variety of analytical techniques, including matrix assisted laser desorption time of flight mass spectrometry, to possess a very high degree of purity. The disulfide bond pairing of the synthetic peptide was determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and confirmed to be a Cys1-Cys6, Cys2-Cys4, Cys3-Cys5 arrangement similar to other mammalian alpha-defensin peptides. The synthetic RK-1 was also shown to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli type strain NCTC 10418.
ElasTraS (2013)

A database management system (DBMS) serving a cloud platform must handle large numbers of application databases (or tenants ) that are characterized by diverse schemas, varying footprints, and unpredictable load patterns. Scaling out using clusters of commodity servers and sharing resources among tenants (i.e., multitenancy ) are important features of such systems. Moreover, when deployed on a pay-per-use infrastructure, minimizing the system's operating cost while ensuring good performance is also an important goal. Traditional DBMSs were not designed for such scenarios and hence do not possess the mentioned features critical for DBMSs in the cloud. We present ElasTraS, which combines three design principles to build an elastically-scalable multitenant DBMS for transaction processing workloads. These design principles are gleaned from a careful analysis of the years of research in building scalable key-value stores and decades of research in high performance transaction processing systems. ElasTraS scales to thousands of tenants, effectively consolidates tenants with small footprints while scaling-out large tenants across multiple servers in a cluster. ElasTraS also supports low-latency multistep ACID transactions , is fault-tolerant, self-managing, and highly available to support mission critical applications. ElasTraS leverages Albatross, a low overhead on-demand live database migration technique, for elastic load balancing by adding more servers during high load and consolidating to fewer servers during usage troughs. This elastic scaling minimizes the operating cost and ensures good performance even in the presence of unpredictable changes to the workload. We elucidate the design principles, explain the architecture, describe a prototype implementation, present the detailed design and implementation of Albatross, and experimentally evaluate the implementation using a variety of transaction processing workloads. On a cluster of 20 commodity servers, our prototype serves thousands of tenants and serves more than 1 billion transactions per day while migrating tenant databases with minimal overhead to allow lightweight elastic scaling. Using a cluster of 30 commodity servers, ElasTraS can scale-out a terabyte TPC-C database serving an aggregate throughput of approximately one quarter of a million TPC-C transactions per minute.
New horizons for inorganic solid state ion conductors (2018)

This critical review presents the state of the art research progress, proposes strategies to improve the conductivity of solid electrolytes, discusses the chemical and electrochemical stabilities, and uncovers future perspectives for solid state batteries.
Microfluidics at the crossroad with point-of-care diagnostics (2007)

Microfluidic devices have been long advertised as a key candidate to revolutionize point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Recent advances in this field have addressed some of the most important issues, which limited the deployment of microfluidic devices outside of clinical laboratories. This contribution discusses important technical and economic constraints that microfluidic products must overcome to be adopted by healthcare systems. Two sets of technologies are described which comply with the constraints of the POC environment. As such, these technologies illustrate a possible route for the development of microfluidic devices, which could fulfil the needs of clinicians for disease staging and monitoring.
Potential Therapeutic Levels of Glucagon-Like Peptide I Achieved in Humans by a Buccal Tablet (1996)

Therapeutic plasma levels of GLP-I in humans were achieved after a single buccal tablet. No increased degradation of GLP-I was found in the buccal mucosa compared to subcutaneous tissue. This alternative treatment form may be feasible in in the future for NIDDM.
A revised nomenclature for transcribed human endogenous retroviral loci (2011)

The naming system will be employed by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for naming transcribed human ERV loci. We hope that the system will contribute to clarifying a certain aspect of a sometimes confusing nomenclature for human endogenous retroviruses. The presented system may also be employed for naming transcribed loci of human non-ERV repeat loci.
Safety and Tolerability of Multiple Ascending Doses of PRX002/RG7935, an Anti–α-Synuclein Monoclonal Antibody, in Patients With Parkinson Disease (2018)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02157714.
Megakaryocyte pathology and bone marrow fibrosis: the lysyl oxidase connection (2012)

Megakaryocytes (MKs), the platelet precursors, are capable of accumulating DNA greater than a diploid content as part of their cell cycle. MKs have been recognized as mediating fibrosis in a subset of hematologic malignancies, including acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and a subset of myeloproliferative neoplasms. The mechanisms responsible for fibrosis remain only partially understood. Past studies highlighted the role of growth factors in such pathologies, and recently, the protein lysyl oxidase (LOX) has been implicated in proliferation of MKs, ploidy and deposition of fibers. LOX was initially characterized as a protein responsible for the intermolecular cross-linking of elastin and collagen, and in recent years it has been identified as regulator of various pathologies, such as cancer and inflammation. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the contribution of MKs to the progression of myelofibrosis, highlighting the newly identified role of LOX.
Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in primary murine adipocytes (2000)

The transfer of genes into primary murine adipocytes using an adenovirus system has been developed. A recombinant adenovirus was constructed (expressing green fluorescent protein [GFP] under the control of the strong cytomegalovirus [CMV] promoter and a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the weak adipocyte promoter keratinocyte lipid-binding protein [KLBP/FABP5]) and incubated with primary adipocytes from C57BL/6J mice. Analysis of infected cells by confocal microscopy detected GFP expression in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of adipocytes with a 64% efficiency of infection. To demonstrate the applicability of this method in the study of gene regulation, adenovirus-infected adipocytes exhibited significant levels of luciferase activity even from a weak promoter. TPA treatment of infected adipocytes increased luciferase activity, consistent with previous studies indicating that the KLBP/FABP5 gene is up-regulated by phorbol esters. These results provide an efficient, convenient, and sensitive method to transiently infect primary murine adipocytes, facilitating protein expression or permitting analysis of reporter gene activity from both viral and endogenous promoters.
Analysis of ECG from pole-zero models (1992)

A complete solution to the fundamental problem of ECG analysis, viz., delineation of the signal into its component waves, is proposed from a system theoretic point of view. The discrete cosine transform of a bell shaped biphasic function is approximated mathematically by a system function with two poles and two zeros, i.e., of order (2, 2). Using this concept as the basis, a pole-zero model of suitable order is derived from the discrete cosine transform (DCT) of the given signal using Steiglitz-McBride method. This model is expanded into a unique set of partial fractions each of order (2, 2), and a biphasic function is recovered from each one of these fractions in the inverse process. Each of the P and T waves usually requires only one biphasic function, while the QRS complex needs two or at most three such fractions. A one-to-one relationship between the pole pattern in the z-plane and component wave pattern in the time signal is established. Results of analysis of continuous strips of ECG show that the delineated component waves are in excellent agreement with the original waves both qualitatively and quantitatively. The method is robust for the analysis of signals with artifacts of various kinds, independent of the sampling rate used, and is free from ad hoc back and forth search procedures.
Electricity Pooling Markets with Strategic Producers Possessing Asymmetric Information I: Elastic Demand (2014)

In the restructured electricity industry, electricity pooling markets are an oligopoly with strategic producers possessing private information (private production cost function). We focus on pooling markets where aggregate demand is represented by a non-strategic agent. We consider demand to be elastic. We propose a market mechanism that has the following features. (F1) It is individually rational. (F2) It is budget balanced. (F3) It is price efficient, that is, at equilibrium the price of electricity is equal to the marginal cost of production. (F4) The energy production profile corresponding to every non-zero Nash equilibrium of the game induced by the mechanism is a solution of the corresponding centralized problem where the objective is the maximization of the sum of the producers' and consumers' utilities. We identify some open problems associated with our approach to electricity pooling markets.
Frequent novel DNA copy number increase in squamous cell head and neck tumors. (1995)

We have undertaken a study of DNA copy number changes in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas to identify novel DNA copy number changes and to determine the significance of previous findings of cytogenetic alterations in cultured cells. Comparative genomic hybridization was performed on genomic DNA extracted from ten tumors. A novel copy number gain on chromosome 3q26-27 and a loss of chromosome 3p were found at high frequency (> or = 50% of tumors). Many other novel chromosomal copy number changes were identified but occurred at a lower frequency. In addition, our data confirm that DNA copy number changes that frequently occur in cultured cells, such as loss of chromosome 3p, also occur in tumors. Frequently altered loci may encode oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes involved in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenesis.
Faith in a 'Post-secular' Society (2006)

As someone who had never accepted the catechism that we lived in a secular world, it is with a wry sense of 'I told you so' that I read that we no longer do. Yet the 'post' in post-secular is a tricky little word, which is useful for public discourse because it is utterly vague. It simply means after, and so can imply anything you want it to. For some it is decidedly 'anti' and conjures up the rise of fundamentalism, while for others it indicates an emerging new kind of faith, which is deeply imprinted by the secular phase we were meant to be in before we entered the after stage whatever that means. In either case, it most assuredly is not the death knell of faith.
Determination of the optical properties of turbid media from a single Monte Carlo simulation (1996)

We describe a fast, accurate method for determination of the optical coefficients of 'semi-infinite' and 'infinite' turbid media. For the particular case of time-resolved reflectance from a biological medium, we show that a single Monte Carlo simulation can be used to fit the data and to derive the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients. Tests with independent Monte Carlo simulations showed that the errors in the deduced absorption and reduced scattering coefficients are smaller than 1% and 2%, respectively.
A Hydrogen Peroxide-Inactivated Virus Vaccine Elicits Humoral and Cellular Immunity and Protects against Lethal West Nile Virus Infection in Aged Mice (2012)

West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging pathogen that is now the leading cause of mosquito-borne and epidemic encephalitis in the United States. In humans, a small percentage of infected individuals develop severe neuroinvasive disease, with the greatest relative risk being in the elderly and immunocompromised, two populations that are difficult to immunize effectively with vaccines. While inactivated and subunit-based veterinary vaccines against WNV exist, currently there is no vaccine or therapy available to prevent or treat human disease. Here, we describe the generation and preclinical efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-inactivated WNV Kunjin strain (WNV-KUNV) vaccine as a candidate for further development. Both young and aged mice vaccinated with H(2)O(2)-inactivated WNV-KUNV produced robust adaptive B and T cell immune responses and were protected against stringent and lethal intracranial challenge with a heterologous virulent North American WNV strain. Our studies suggest that the H(2)O(2)-inactivated WNV-KUNV vaccine is safe and immunogenic and may be suitable for protection against WNV infection in vulnerable populations.
Inhibition of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway but not the MEK/ERK Pathway Attenuates Laminin-Mediated Small Cell Lung Cancer Cellular Survival and Resistance to Imatinib Mesylate or Chemotherapy (2005)

The fact that small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is commonly incurable despite being initially responsive to chemotherapy, combined with disappointing results from a recent SCLC clinical trial with imatinib, has intensified efforts to identify mechanisms of SCLC resistance. Adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) is one mechanism that can increase therapeutic resistance in SCLC cells. To address whether adhesion to ECM increases resistance through modulation of signaling pathways, a series of SCLC cell lines were plated on various ECM components, and activation of two signaling pathways that promote cellular survival, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK) pathway, was assessed. Although differential activation was observed, adhesion to laminin increased Akt activation, increased cellular survival after serum starvation, and caused the cells to assume a flattened, epithelial morphology. Inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway (LY294002, rapamycin) but not the MEK/ERK pathway (U0126) abrogated laminin-mediated survival. SCLC cells plated on laminin were not only resistant to serum starvation-induced apoptosis but were also resistant to apoptosis caused by imatinib. Combining imatinib with LY294002 or rapamycin but not U0126 caused greater than additive increases in apoptosis compared with apoptosis caused by the inhibitor or imatinib alone. Similar results were observed when adenoviruses expressing mutant Akt were combined with imatinib, or when LY294002 was combined with cisplatin or etoposide. These studies identify laminin-mediated activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as a mechanism of cellular survival and therapeutic resistance in SCLC cells and suggest that inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is one strategy to overcome SCLC resistance mediated by ECM.
A cost-benefit approach to soil conservation (1996)

The research presented here used cost-benefit analysis to investigate the nature and severity of soil degradation problems in Central American and the Caribbean and to assess the cost-effectiveness of proposed solutions. Because soil degradation problems tend to be site specific, the analysis is rooted in caste studies, and because conservation programs stand or fall on the participation of farmers, the main focus of the study was in the profitability of the measures and the deterrents to their adoption form the point of view of the farmers. To assist in building local analytical capacity, local teams were formed which carried out most of the case study work.
Interactive digital photomontage (2004)

We describe an interactive, computer-assisted framework for combining parts of a set of photographs into a single composite picture, a process we call "digital photomontage." Our framework makes use of two techniques primarily: graph-cut optimization, to choose good seams within the constituent images so that they can be combined as seamlessly as possible; and gradient-domain fusion, a process based on Poisson equations, to further reduce any remaining visible artifacts in the composite. Also central to the framework is a suite of interactive tools that allow the user to specify a variety of high-level image objectives, either globally across the image, or locally through a painting-style interface. Image objectives are applied independently at each pixel location and generally involve a function of the pixel values (such as "maximum contrast") drawn from that same location in the set of source images. Typically, a user applies a series of image objectives iteratively in order to create a finished composite. The power of this framework lies in its generality; we show how it can be used for a wide variety of applications, including "selective composites" (for instance, group photos in which everyone looks their best), relighting, extended depth of field, panoramic stitching, clean-plate production, stroboscopic visualization of movement, and time-lapse mosaics.
Long non-coding RNA-LET can indicate metastasis and a poor prognosis: a meta-analysis. (2016)

lncRNA-LET may serve as a common molecular marker for metastasis and prognosis in human cancers.
Applying a Numerical Simulation Technique to the Design of WDM-Pumped Raman Amplifiers, and Methods for the Automatic Determination of Pump Powers (2004)

In the design of Raman amplifiers, it is necessary, with such characteristics as pump wavelength, pump power, signal power given, to arrive at a numerical prediction of the corresponding output signal power, Raman gain, noise figure, multipath interference, etc. Further, if the values for pump wavelength and pump power that are required to obtain the various target characteristics can be obtained, the efficiency with which the Raman amplifier can be designed is significantly increased. This paper first describes the numerical simulator used to estimate amplifier characteristics. It then proposes a Raman amplifier structure that gradually increases the number of pump wavelengths, and applies the numerical simulator to its design. Finally it discusses a technique for predicting the pump power to be applied in order to obtain the desired values of output signal power and Raman gain. ABSTRACT
Antisense inhibition of human miRNAs and indications for an involvement of miRNA in cell growth and apoptosis (2005)

Of the over 200 identified mammalian microRNAs (miRNAs), only a few have known biological activity. To gain a better understanding of the role that miRNAs play in specific cellular pathways, we utilized antisense molecules to inhibit miRNA activity. We used miRNA inhibitors targeting miR-23, 21, 15a, 16 and 19a to test efficacy of antisense molecules in reducing miRNA activity on reporter genes bearing miRNA-binding sites. The miRNA inhibitors de-repressed reporter gene activity when a miRNA-binding site was cloned into its 3'-untranslated region. We employed a library of miRNA inhibitors to screen for miRNA involved in cell growth and apoptosis. In HeLa cells, we found that inhibition of miR-95, 124, 125, 133, 134, 144, 150, 152, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193, 204, 211, 218, 220, 296 and 299 caused a decrease in cell growth and that inhibition of miR-21 and miR-24 had a profound increase in cell growth. On the other hand, inhibition of miR-7, 19a, 23, 24, 134, 140, 150, 192 and 193 down-regulated cell growth, and miR-107, 132, 155, 181, 191, 194, 203, 215 and 301 increased cell growth in lung carcinoma cells, A549. We also identified miRNA that when inhibited increased the level of apoptosis (miR-1d, 7, 148, 204, 210, 216 and 296) and one miRNA that decreased apoptosis (miR-214) in HeLa cells. From these screens, we conclude that miRNA-mediated regulation has a complexity of cellular outcomes and that miRNAs can be mediators of regulation of cell growth and apoptosis pathways.
History, Advances, and Challenges in Liquid Flow and Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Microchannels: A Critical Review (2012)

As the scale of devices becomes small, thermal control and heat dissipation from these devices can be effectively accomplished through the implementation of microchannel passages. The small passages provide a high surface area to volume ratio that enables higher heat transfer rates. High performance microchannel heat exchangers are also attractive in applications where space and/or weight constraints dictate the size of a heat exchanger or where performance enhancement is desired. This survey article provides a historical perspective of the progress made in understanding the underlying mechanisms in single-phase liquid flow and two-phase flow boiling processes and their use in high heat flux removal applications. Future research directions for (i) further enhancing the single-phase heat transfer performance and (ii) enabling practical implementation of flow boiling in microchannel heat exchangers are outlined.
Targeting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR): a new approach to treating cancer (2004)

mTOR is a downstream mediator in the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, which plays a critical role in regulating basic cellular functions. These include cell proliferation, survival, mobility and angiogenesis. Rapamycin and its analogues (CCI-779, RAD001 and AP23573) have specific antagonistic action on the function of mTOR. This leads to inhibition of the downstream signalling elements and results in the cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. This group of drugs may have a place in Oncology for the treatment of cancers, which occur as a result of increased activity of the PI3 kinase/Akt/m-TOR pathway. The basic structure of the pathway was reviewed in this article, together with results of the clinical studies targeting mTOR for cancer therapy. This is an exciting area for development and poses many challenges to researchers.
Through-the-Scope Double Colonic Stenting in the Management of Inoperable Proximal Malignant Colonic Obstruction: a Pilot Study (2004)

Placement of these new self-expanding through-the-scope double colonic stents for the management of inoperable proximal malignant colonic obstruction is a feasible, effective, and safe form of palliative treatment for the prevention of stent migration and tumor ingrowth.
Modulation of inflammation and response to dexamethasone by Annexin 1 in antigen‐induced arthritis (2004)

Anx-1 exerts endogenous antiinflammatory effects on AIA via the regulation of cytokine gene expression, and also mediates the antiinflammatory actions of dexamethasone in AIA.