gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of exosome‐like vesicles released from human tracheobronchial ciliated epithelium: a possible role in innate defense (2009)

Airway mucus forms the structural basis of the local innate immune defense mechanism. It is an integrated, active, viscoelastic gel matrix evolved to protect the exposed lung from physical, chemical, and pathological erosion. Exosomes are biologically active vesicles secreted by different cell types including epithelial, hematopoietic, and some tumor cells. They are also present in some biological fluids such as serum, urine, breast milk, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that exosome-like vesicles with antiviral properties are present in human tracheobronchial epithelial (HTBE) cell culture secretions. These vesicles have been isolated by differential centrifugation and are characterized further by mass spectrometry, flow cytometry, immunoblotting, electron microscopy, and light-scattering methods. HTBE vesicles exhibited characteristic exosomal size (30-100 nm) and morphology (cup-shaped) with a buoyant density in sucrose of 1.12-1.18 g/ml. Biochemical characterization further revealed typical surface, cytoskeletal, and cytoplasmic proteins characteristic of exosomes, including the multivesicular and late endosomal membrane markers Tsg101 and CD63. The presence of RNA was also observed. The epithelial mucins MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16 also contributed to the vesicles' structure. Notably, alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid was associated with these mucin molecules and subsequent functional analysis showed that these vesicles have a neutralizing effect on human influenza virus, which is known to bind sialic acid. Taken together, these findings suggest that airway epithelial cells release exosome-like vesicles and that these structures may be involved in diverse physiological processes in airway biology, including innate mucosal defense.
Modulation Contrast Microscope (1975)

A new microscope imaging system, modulation contrast, has been devised that reveals phase gradients; the image intensity is proportional to the first derivative of the optical density in the object. The modulator, a special filter, is placed in the Fourier plane, a plane conjugate with a slit aperture. The image of the slit aperture is registered within a gray region of the modulator; on one side of the gray region is a region of low transmittance and on the other side, a region of maximum transmittance. The modulator processes opposite gradients to produce opposite intensities, creating an optical shadowing effect. The dark region may be outside the optical system when the gray region is offset to the edge of the Fourier plane, to achieve maximum resolution. Modulation contrast is directional and capable of optical sectioning, revealing details without obscuring effects of structures above and below the plane of focus. The imaging theory of microscope optics has been extended to include effects of phase gradients. Phase gradients distribute the zero order across the Fourier plane. Intensity of the gradient's image is controlled by the zero order of the gradient diffraction pattern.
Common Buckwheat-based EST Primers in the Genome of other Species of <i>Fagopyrum</i> (1970)

If the EST primers designed for one species can be used in related species, then the cost involvedin developing markers for DNA fingerprinting, genetic relationship studies, mapping, etc. forother species is significantly reduced. We tested the applicability of 17 EST primers developedfrom common buckwheat in other wild and cultivated Fagopyrum species. A total of 18accessions consisting of 4 subspecies and 2 species were used. Sequences of 93 cDNA cloneswere used to design primers using Primer3. Amplification products were different in bandintensity. In most of the cases, the bands of F. homotropicum were with high intensity. Allprimers showed single band except in Accession C9022. Three primers 23, 31 and 69 producedvery clear singe band. All primers amplified the genomic DNA of F. homotropicum (2x). Eightprimers amplified the DNA of all accessions. Results indicated that the transferability of ESTmarkers developed for common buckwheat decreased with an increase in genetic distancebetween them.Key words: Common buckwheat; EST markers; Fagopyrum species; transferabilityDOI: 10.3126/narj.v7i0.1863Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.7 2006 pp.27-36
A soft exosuit for patients with stroke: Feasibility study with a mobile off-board actuation unit (2015)

In this paper, we present the first application of a soft exosuit to assist walking after stroke. The exosuit combines textile garments with cable driven actuators and is lighter and more compliant as compared to traditional rigid exoskeletons. By avoiding the use of rigid elements, exosuits offer greater comfort, facilitate donning/doffing, and do not impose kinematic restrictions on the wearer - all while retaining the ability to generate significant moments at target joints during walking. The stroke-specific exosuit adapted from previous exosuit designs provides unilateral assistance to the paretic limb during walking. This paper describes stroke-specific design considerations, the design of the textile components, the development of a research-focused, mobile off-board actuation unit capable of testing the exosuit in a variety of walking conditions, a real-time gait detection and control algorithm, and proof-of-principle data validating the use of the exosuit in the chronic stroke population. Ultimately, we demonstrate reliable tracking of poststroke gait, appropriate timing of assistive forces, and improvements in key gait metrics. These preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility and promise of exosuits for poststroke gait assistance and training. Future work will involve the creation of a portable, body-worn system based on the specifications obtained from such feasibility studies that will enable community-based rehabilitation.
Miniature optical coherence tomography system based on silicon photonics (2008)

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a promising medical imaging technique. It has found applications in many fields of medicine and has a large potential for the optical biopsy of tumours. One of the technological challenges impairing faster adoption of OCT is the relative complexity of the optical instrumentation required, which translates into expensive and bulky setups. In this paper we report an implementation of Time Domain OCT (TD-OCT) based on a silicon photonic platform. The devices are fabricated using Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) wafers, on which rib waveguides are defined. While most of the components needed are well-known in this technology, a fast delay line with sufficient scanning range is a specific requirement of TD-OCT. In the system reported, this was obtained making use of the thermo-optical effect of silicon. By modulating the thermal resistance of the waveguide to the substrate, it is possible to establish a trade-off between maximum working frequency and power dissipation. Within this trade-off, the systems obtained can be operated in the kHz range, and they achieve temperature shifts corresponding to scanning ranges of over 2mm. Though the current implementation still requires external sources and detectors to be coupled to the Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC), future work will include three-dimensional integration of these components onto the substrate. With the potential to include the read-out and driving electronics on the same die, the reported approach can yield extremely compact and low-cost TD-OCT systems, enabling a wealth of new applications, including gastrointestinal pills with optical biopsy capabilities.
Different changes in transmembrane potential of cultured cells after ouabain-inhibited active Na+/K+-transport. (1981)

The inhibition of (Na+/K+) activated membrane ATPase by cardiac glycosides is electrophysiologically detectable in terms of a reduction of the transmembrane potential (TMP) of cells. Two hours after incubation in medium with 10(-4) mole/l ouabain added, the TMP of cells were measured by means of glass microelectrodes. Compared with untreated controls, HeLa and FL-cells, human embryo cells, skin fibroblasts, leukocytes, and exudate macrophages without exception showed a TMP reduction typical of the particular cell kind. Primary cultures of human embryo cells and skin fibroblasts revealed the highest sensitivity (approx. 60% TMP reduction), while lesser and relatively low sensitivities were observed for permanent cells (approx. 30% TMP reduction) and white blood cells (approx. 20% TMP reduction), respectively. Unlike the above, the ovarian tumor cells showed inter-individually varied reactions within the range of TMP changes from - 55% to + 33%. The majority of malignant tumours, in particular, exhibited only a weak reaction in the ouabain test or no reaction at all. On the other hand, ovarian cysts or other clinically benign tumors showed the normal ouabain effect. The experimental results obtained for the ovarian tumors are believed to demonstrate a defect of one or several transport enzymes, which effect is associated with the malignancy of cells and may be used as a functional in vitro marker for malignancy in the field of cell physiology.
Optimized design for realizing a large and uniform 2-D spot array (2010)

In this paper we derive an optimal analytical solution for a phase only optical mask generating a two-dimensional (2-D) array of spots with uniform energy (i.e., the integral over the shape of each spot). In previous methods the constraint while generating a 2-D array of spots was the uniformity in the peak value of each spot. In the presented approach the improved performance is obtained by applying mathematical optimization, while the constraints are set to have equal energetic content in each one of the spots.
High‐molar‐mass polypropene with tunable elastic properties by hafnocene/borate catalysts (2006)

Abstract Elastic polypropene has gained growing industrial and academic interest as a thermoplastic elastomer. In this study, “ rac ”‐ and “ meso ”‐dimethylsilyl(3‐benzylindenyl)(2‐methylindenyl)hafnium dichloride complexes (Hfr and Hfm, respectively), activated with [NHMe 2 Ph][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ]/triisobutyl aluminum, were used in propene polymerization. Using these catalyst systems, we obtained polymers with high molar masses, up to 550 kg/mol, and moderate isotacticities between 34 and 52%. By varying the polymerization conditions, we could modify the polymer microstructure and molar mass. 13 C NMR was used to calculate the polymer pentad sequence distributions. The crystalline parts of the polymers were analyzed with the differential scanning calorimetry successive self‐nucleation and annealing (SSA) technique. The SSA thermograms revealed that Hfr produced polypropene with a more uniform lamellar structure than Hfm. The mechanical properties were tested with dynamic mechanical analysis creep‐recovery tests. In the series, the polymers with the lowest isotacticities and therefore lowest crystallinities showed the best elastic properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4743–4751, 2006
Application of continuous extended scanning techniques to the simultaneous detection of Raman scattering and photoluminescence from calcium disilicates using visible and near‐infrared excitation (1995)

Abstract A novel method of data acquisition is described for spectrographs employing charge‐coupled device (CCD) detection. The technique, called continuous extended (CE) scanning, allows data collection over the full spectral range of the spectrograph, rather than a limited window determined by the wavelength, spectral dispersion, spectrograph focal length and detector dimensions. The CE method removes the need to sacrifice resolution for spectral range or the need to record and splice many spectral segments to reproduce a full‐range spectrum. The advantages of this method are discussed and the capability is demonstrated with respect to several calcium disilicate minerals, recently shown to exhibit intriguing behaviour under near‐infrared (NIR) excitation, including intense photoluminescence. Data obtained using both visible (514.5 nm) and NIR (779.1 nm) excitation are presented and the results are briefly discussed in the light of recent Fourier transform Raman studies using 1064.1 nm excitation.
Blinded Comparison of Repetitive-Sequence PCR and Multilocus Sequence Typing for Genotyping Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from a Children's Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri (2006)

We performed a blinded study to compare repetitive-sequence PCR and multilocus sequence typing for genotyping hospital- and community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The MRSA strains that were sequence type 8 (ST8), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive clustered separately from those that were ST5 and SCCmec type II.
Constitutive and induced expression of APO-1, a new member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, in normal and neoplastic cells. (1993)

Tissue distribution, in vitro expression, and reaction upon cytokine-induced activation suggest that APO-1 might not only transmit apoptotic signals but might play a more general role in growth control.
The effect of PGG-β-glucan on neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo (2006)

The beta-glucans are long-chain polymers of glucose in beta-(1,3)(1,6) linkages, which comprise the fungal cell wall and stimulate cells of the innate immune system. Previous in vitro studies have shown the ability of beta-glucan to increase the chemotactic capacity of human neutrophils. The current study examined an in vivo correlate of that observation by testing the hypothesis that systemic beta-glucan treatment would result in enhanced migration of neutrophils into a site of inflammation and improve antimicrobial function. A model of acute inflammation was used in which polyvinyl alcohol sponges were implanted subcutaneously into the dorsum of rats. Animals treated with beta-glucan showed a 66 +/- 6% and 186 +/- 42% increase in wound cell number recovered 6 and 18 h postwounding, respectively. Increased migration did not correlate with increased chemoattractant content of wound fluid, alterations in neutrophil-induced loss of endothelial barrier function, or changes in neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells. Systemic administration of SB203580 abrogated the enhanced migration by beta-glucan without altering normal cellular entry into the wound. Studies also showed a priming effect for chemotaxis and respiratory burst in circulating neutrophils isolated from beta-glucan-treated animals. Heightened neutrophil function took place without cytokine elicitation. Furthermore, beta-glucan treatment resulted in a 169 +/- 28% increase in neutrophil number and a 60 +/- 9% decrease in bacterial load in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Escherichia coli pneumonic animals. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that beta-glucan directly affects the chemotactic capacity of circulating neutrophils through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism and potentiates antimicrobial host defense.
Duplication of the tuf gene: a new insight into the phylogeny of eubacteria (1989)

The conservation and duplication of the tuf gene encoding the elongation factor EF-Tu were used to define phylogenetic relationships among eubacteria. When the tufA gene of Escherichia coli was used as a probe in hybridization experiments, duplicate tuf genes were found in gram-negative bacteria from three major phyla: purple bacteria, bacteroides, and cyanobacteria. Only a single copy of tuf was found in gram-positive bacteria, including mycobacteria and mycoplasmas. Gram-positive clostridia were found to carry two copies of tuf.
(Leveled) Fully Homomorphic Encryption without Bootstrapping (2014)

We present a novel approach to fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) that dramatically improves performance and bases security on weaker assumptions. A central conceptual contribution in our work is a new way of constructing leveled, fully homomorphic encryption schemes (capable of evaluating arbitrary polynomial-size circuits of a-priori bounded depth), without Gentry’s bootstrapping procedure. Specifically, we offer a choice of FHE schemes based on the learning with error (LWE) or Ring LWE (RLWE) problems that have 2 λ security against known attacks. We construct the following. (1) A leveled FHE scheme that can evaluate depth- L arithmetic circuits (composed of fan-in 2 gates) using O ( λ . L 3) per-gate computation, quasilinear in the security parameter. Security is based on RLWE for an approximation factor exponential in L . This construction does not use the bootstrapping procedure. (2) A leveled FHE scheme that can evaluate depth- L arithmetic circuits (composed of fan-in 2 gates) using O ( λ 2) per-gate computation, which is independent of L . Security is based on RLWE for quasipolynomial factors. This construction uses bootstrapping as an optimization. We obtain similar results for LWE, but with worse performance. All previous (leveled) FHE schemes required a per-gate computation of Ω ( λ 3.5), and all of them relied on subexponential hardness assumptions. We introduce a number of further optimizations to our scheme based on the Ring LWE assumption. As an example, for circuits of large width (e.g., where a constant fraction of levels have width Ω ( λ )), we can reduce the per-gate computation of the bootstrapped version to O ( λ ), independent of L , by batching the bootstrapping operation. At the core of our construction is a new approach for managing the noise in lattice-based ciphertexts, significantly extending the techniques of Brakerski and Vaikuntanathan [2011b].
Block in Nuclear Localization of period Protein by a Second Clock Mutation, timeless (1994)

In wild-type Drosophila, the period protein (PER) is found in nuclei of the eyes and brain, and PER immunoreactivity oscillates with a circadian rhythm. The studies described here indicate that the nuclear localization of PER is blocked by timeless (tim), a second chromosome mutation that, like per null mutations, abolishes circadian rhythms. PER fusion proteins without a conserved domain (PAS) and some flanking sequences are nuclear in tim mutants. This suggests that a segment of PER inhibits nuclear localization in tim mutants. The tim gene may have a role in establishing rhythms of PER abundance and nuclear localization in wild-type flies.
Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis of the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Modulates Its Association with the TrkA Receptor (2003)

The generation of biologically active proteins by regulated intramembrane proteolysis is a highly conserved mechanism in cell signaling. Presenilin-dependent gamma-secretase activity is responsible for the intramembrane proteolysis of selected type I membrane proteins, including beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. A small fraction of intracellular domains derived from both APP and Notch translocates to and appears to function in the nucleus, suggesting a generic role for gamma-secretase cleavage in nuclear signaling. Here we show that the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) undergoes presenilin-dependent intramembrane proteolysis to yield the soluble p75-intracellular domain. The p75NTR is a multifunctional type I membrane protein that promotes neurotrophin-induced neuronal survival and differentiation by forming a heteromeric co-receptor complex with the Trk receptors. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage of p75NTR occurs at a position located in the middle of the transmembrane (TM) domain, which is reminiscent of the amyloid beta-peptide 40 (Abeta40) cleavage of APP and is topologically distinct from the major TM cleavage site of Notch 1. Size exclusion chromatography and co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that TrkA forms a molecular complex together with either full-length p75 or membrane-tethered C-terminal fragments. The p75-ICD was not recruited into the TrkA-containing high molecular weight complex, indicating that gamma-secretase-mediated removal of the p75 TM domain may perturb the interaction with TrkA. Independent of the possible nuclear function, our studies suggest that gamma-secretase-mediated p75NTR proteolysis plays a role in the formation/disassembly of the p75-TrkA receptor complex by regulating the availability of the p75 TM domain that is required for this interaction.
Capsaicin in the study of pain (1993)

Actions of capsaicin sensory receptors, J. Szolscayi the membrane actions of capsaicin, R. Docherty and S.J. Bevan reiniferatoxin - an ultrapotent capsaicin analogue, P.M. Blumberg et al structural requirements for capsaicin agonists and antagonists, C.S.J. Walpole and R. Wrigglesworth the capsaicin receptor, I.F. James et al capsaicin-induced degeneration in rat brain and retina, S. Ritter and I.T. Dinh regenerative responses of sensory neurons to capsaicin-induced damage, J. Winter et al the pharmacological modulation of neurotransmitter release, C.A. Maggi capsaicin-sensitive nerves in the control of vascular effector mechanism, P. Holzer capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves in the airways - implications for protective reflexes and disease, J. Lundberg capsaicin nociception and pain, A. Dray and A. Dickenson clinical applications of capsaicin and its analogues, E. Campbell et al.
A Fully Integrated High-Throughput Screening Methodology for the Discovery of New Polyolefin Catalysts:  Discovery of a New Class of High Temperature Single-Site Group (IV) Copolymerization Catalysts (2003)

For the first time, new catalysts for olefin polymerization have been discovered through the application of fully integrated high-throughput primary and secondary screening techniques supported by rapid polymer characterization methods. Microscale 1-octene primary screening polymerization experiments combining arrays of ligands with reactive metal complexes M(CH(2)Ph)(4) (M = Zr, Hf) and multiple activation conditions represent a new high-throughput technique for discovering novel group (IV) polymerization catalysts. The primary screening methods described here have been validated using a commercially relevant polyolefin catalyst, and implemented rapidly to discover the new amide-ether based hafnium catalyst [eta(2)-(N,O)[bond](2-MeO[bond]C(6)H(4))(2,4,6-Me(3)C(6)H(2))N]Hf(CH(2)Ph)(3) (1), which is capable of polymerizing 1-octene to high conversion. The molecular structure of 1 has been determined by X-ray diffraction. Larger scale secondary screening experiments performed on a focused 96-member amine-ether library demonstrated the versatile high temperature ethylene-1-octene copolymerization capabilities of this catalyst class, and led to significant performance improvements over the initial primary screening discovery. Conventional one gallon batch reactor copolymerizations performed using selected amide-ether hafnium compounds confirmed the performance features of this new catalyst class, serving to fully validate the experimental results from the high-throughput approaches described herein.
Piezoelectric field effect transistor (PEFET) usingIn 0.2 Ga 0.8 As/Al 0.35 Ga 0.65 As/In 0.2 Ga 0.8 As/GaAs strainedlayer structure on (111)B GaAs substrate (1994)

A novel electronic device using a two dimensional electron gas produced by the strain-induced electric field in a [111] growth-axis In0.2Ga0.8As/Al0.35Ga0.65As/In0.2Ga0.8As/GaAs strained layer structure without modulation doping is reported. Two dimensional electron gas densities greater than 1011 cm-2 were observed both at room temperaure and 77°K. A field effect transistor using this strain-layer structure was fabricated successfully.