gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
pGD vectors: versatile tools for the expression of green and red fluorescent protein fusions in agroinfiltrated plant leaves (2002)

We have constructed a matched set of binary vectors designated pGD, pGDG and pGDR for the expression and co-localization of native proteins and GFP or DsRed fusions in large numbers of plant cells. The utility of these vectors following agroinfiltration into leaves has been demonstrated with four genes from Sonchus yellow net virus, a plant nucleorhabdovirus, and with a nucleolar marker protein. Of the three SYNV proteins tested, sc4 gave identical localization patterns at the cell wall and nucleus when fused to GFP or DsRed. However, some differences in expression patterns were observed depending on whether DsRed or GFP was the fusion partner. In this regard, the DsRed:P fusion showed a similar pattern of localization to GFP:P, but localized foci appeared in the nucleus and near the periphery of the nucleus. Nevertheless, the viral nucleocapsid protein, expressed as a GFP:N fusion, co-localized with DsRed:P in a subnuclear locale in agreement with our previous observations (Goodin et al., 2001). This locale appears to be distinct from the nucleolus as indicated by co-expression of the N protein, DsRed:P and a nucleolar marker AtFib1 fused to GFP. The SYNV M protein, which is believed to be particularly prone to oligomerization, was detectable only as a GFP fusion. Our results indicate that agroinfiltration with bacteria containing the pGD vectors is extremely useful for transient expression of several proteins in a high proportion of the cells of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The GFP and DsRed elements incorporated into the pGD system should greatly increase the ease of visualizing co-localization and interactions of proteins in a variety of experimental dicotyledonous hosts.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Recruited into Wounded Skin and Contribute to Wound Repair by Transdifferentiation into Multiple Skin Cell Type (2008)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate not only into mesenchymal lineage cells but also into various other cell lineages. As MSCs can easily be isolated from bone marrow, they can be used in various tissue engineering strategies. In this study, we assessed whether MSCs can differentiate into multiple skin cell types including keratinocytes and contribute to wound repair. First, we found keratin 14-positive cells, presumed to be keratinocytes that transdifferentiated from MSCs in vitro. Next, we assessed whether MSCs can transdifferentiate into multiple skin cell types in vivo. At sites of mouse wounds that had been i.v. injected with MSCs derived from GFP transgenic mice, we detected GFP-positive cells associated with specific markers for keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and pericytes. Because MSCs are predominantly located in bone marrow, we investigated the main MSC recruitment mechanism. MSCs expressed several chemokine receptors; especially CCR7, which is a receptor of SLC/CCL21, that enhanced MSC migration. Finally, MSC-injected mice underwent rapid wound repaired. Furthermore, intradermal injection of SLC/CCL21 increased the migration of MSCs, which resulted in an even greater acceleration of wound repair. Taken together, we have demonstrated that MSCs contribute to wound repair via processes involving MSCs differentiation various cell components of the skin.
Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture (2001)

This document specifies the architecture for Multiprotocol Label
Switching (MPLS). [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Solid-Phase Oligosaccharide Synthesis and Combinatorial Carbohydrate Libraries (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolid-Phase Oligosaccharide Synthesis and Combinatorial Carbohydrate LibrariesPeter H. Seeberger and Wilm-Christian HaaseView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 12, 4349–4394Publication Date (Web):November 3, 2000Publication History Received12 April 2000Published online3 November 2000Published inissue 1 December 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr9903104https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9903104research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5590Altmetric-Citations416LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Carbohydrates,Oligosaccharides,Organic polymers,Post-translational modification,Solid phase synthesis Get e-Alerts
Phosphine-mediated one-pot thiol–ene “click” approach to polymer–protein conjugates (2009)

We employ water-soluble organic phosphines as key reagents in a one-pot synthetic protocol where a (poly)peptide disulfide bridge is first reduced followed by subsequent reaction of the two thiols in situ with poly(monomethoxy ethylene glycol)(meth)acrylates (p(mPEG)(M)A); we use salmon calcitonin (sCT) as a disulfide bridge-containing peptide, which contains a disulfide bridge-Cys1-Cys7-that can be reduced to give two sulfhydryl units available for thiol functionalisation; bioactivity is retained.
Electrostatics and Color:  Massive Electrostatic Perturbation of Chromophores by Ion Cluster Ligands (2006)

The SASAPOS protocol, a general reaction sequence allowing complete exchange of various neutral ligands X in organic, elementorganic, and inorganic systems by cationic ligands L+, has been applied to a variety of pentafluorophenyl-substituted dyes of the general formula C6F5-X=Y-D (X, Y = N, CH; D = donor substituted arene), yielding the corresponding polycationically substituted dyes. The perturbation of the chromophores by the massive electrostatic effects introduced via the SASAPOS method led to bathochromic shifts of the absorption maxima of up 140 nm, 7600 cm-1, respectively. A strong dependency of the specific shifts on the nature of the connecting pi linker -X=Y- (N vs CH) has been detected by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. Additionally, the effects of resubstitution of cationic ligands L+ by OH and O- have been studied.
Miedo y consumo:el encerramiento habitacional en México y Madrid (2004)

El paisaje, la funcionalidad y la conectividad urbana se vieron transformados a finales del siglo XX, con el surgimiento de nuevas estructuras, en donde la vivienda se presenta como parte de unas mini ciudades fortificadas y que son resultado de diversas fuerzas economico-culturales del capitalismo actual. Especificamente planteamos la hipotesis de que los desarrollos habitacionales para las clases altas en la Ciudad de Mexico y Madrid, en los cuales los agentes inmobiliarios promueven el aislamiento y exclusividad, responden al miedo y al consumo. A partir de lo anterior, el presente trabajo aborda el urbanismo cerrado y traza sus vinculos con la cultura del marketing, el manejo de la imagen y la inseguridad que caracteriza a las ciudades de hoy en dia, y que lleva a las comunidades a vivir en casas aisladas, calles cerradas y comunidades amuralladas.
Mobile positioning using wireless networks: possibilities and fundamental limitations based on available wireless network measurements (2005)

Positioning in wireless networks is mainly used for safety, gaming, and commercial services. It is expected to increase in popularity when emergency call services become mandatory as well as with the advent of more advanced location-based services and mobile gaming. In this article, we discuss and illustrate the possibilities and fundamental limitations associated with mobile positioning based on available wireless network measurements. The possibilities include a sensor fusion approach and model-based filtering, while the fundamental limitations provide hard bounds on the accuracy of position estimates, given the information in the measurements in the most favorable situation. The focus of this article is to illustrate the relation between performance requirements, such as those stated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and the available measurements. Specific issues on accuracy limitation in each measurement, such as synchronization and multipath problems, are briefly commented upon. A geometrical example, as well as a realistic example adopted from a cell planning tool, are used for illustration.
Flow cytometric analysis of proliferation associated nuclear antigens using washless staining of unfixed cells (1992)

The expression of different proliferation associated nuclear antigens was analyzed using a washless double-staining method and flow cytometry. It is a simple and rapid two-step procedure which can be performed on low cell numbers. A series of hematopoietic cell lines and fresh lymphoma cells were tested and the methodology was found to be applicable to a number of nuclear antigens (PCNA, Ki-67, p105, MPM-2, fibrillarin). For PCNA, the detectability was dependent on the type of antibody used. The immunofluorescence pattern observed by microscopy was altered for antigens stained by the washless technique in comparison with the pattern obtained with fixed cells. With the washless method, detailed cell cycle analysis could be obtained by dual parameter analysis of PCNA and Ki-67.
The DNA damage response pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma (2006)

Nearly 45% of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) are characterized by amplification of chromosomal band 11q13, which occurs by breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle mechanism. The first step in this cycle involves loss of distal 11q. Consequently, critical genes involved in the DNA damage response pathway, MRE11A, ATM, H2AFX and CHEK1 are lost in the step preceding 11q13 amplification. We hypothesized that this loss on distal 11q may lead to a diminished DNA damage response in OSCC. Characterization of OSCC using fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed partial loss of MRE11A, ATM, H2AFX and CHEK1 in all cell lines with 11q13 amplification and in additional cell lines without 11q13 amplification. Quantitative microsatellite analysis and loss of heterozygosity studies confirmed this loss. Quantitative PCR and immunoblotting revealed reductions in RNA and protein expression of MRE11A, ATM and H2AX. All cell lines with distal 11q loss exhibited aberrant gamma-H2AX foci and increased chromosomal instability to ionizing radiation. Surprisingly, distal 11q loss also correlated with reduced sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Although the literature attributes poor prognosis in OSCC to 11q13 gene amplification, our results suggest that distal 11q deletions may be equally if not more significant.We observed an upregulation of the ATR-CHEK1 pathway in a subset of OSCC with loss of the G1 cell cycle checkpoint. We hypothesized that this upregulation protects OSCC from premature chromatin condensation or mitotic catastrophe (cell death) by enhancing the S phase and G2 phase checkpoints. In OSCC, we observed a gain in ATR gene copy number; whereas CHEK1 is partially lost at the gene level. However, we observed that both ATR and CHEK1 are overexpressed in a subset of OSCC with loss of the G1 cell cycle checkpoint. Inhibition of ATR or CHEK1 with caffeine or with the respective siRNAs results in an increased susceptibility of OSCC to DNA damaging agents. Thus, inhibition of the ATR-CHEK1 pathway in OSCC may aid the current therapeutic modalities used in the treatment of OSCC. The public health significance of our studies involves the development and use of distal 11q loss and ATR-CHEK1 upregulation as biomarkers for OSCC.
Determination of Tissue O2 Tensions by Hollow Visceral Tonometers: Effect of Breathing Enriched O2 Mixtures* (1964)

possible to obtain corresponding samples of ve- nous blood draining the organ to compare tissue and blood gas tensions under various experimental conditions.
Coupled Phase Diagram/Thermodynamic Analysis of the Nine Common‐Ion Binary Systems Involving the Carbonates and Sulfates of Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium (1990)

The thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams of the nine common‐ion binary systems of alkali carbonates and sulfates have been critically evaluated by the technique of computer‐assisted simultaneous optimization. Coefficients of series expansions for the excess thermodynamic properties of all phases have been found which can be used to reproduce the thermodynamic properties and to calculate the phase diagrams within experimental error limits. Henrian activity coefficients of dilute solid solutions and Gibbs energies of formation of compounds have also been determined. The resultant calculated thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams are self‐consistent, and represent the best estimates which can be made based on currently available data. A consistent set of values for the thermodynamic properties of the pure salts has also been adopted, and some thermodynamic properties of the pure alkali carbonates and sulfates have been revised.
[Biology of papillomavirus II infections. Their role in the carcinogenesis of the cervix]. (1998)

The association of human papillomaviruses (HPV), i.e., papillomavirus type 16, with cervical dysplasias and carcinomas is now well established. Additional agents such as sexual behaviour, immunity deficiency, sociodemographic factors, microbiological agents..., are however implicated in the multistage progression from viral infection to cancer. And inactivation of tumor suppressor gene products (p53, p105Rb), oncogene activation (c-myc, c-ras), aneuploidy, karyotypic abnormalities are key events in the tumor progression. Numerous aspects of the biology of human papillomavirus, i.e. natural history, epidemiology, nature and mechanisms of the immune response are under active investigation. Screening strategies of HPV infections (cytology, HPV DNA detection and HPV antibody detection) demonstrated their efficacy in many countries, while prophylaxy and treatment of these infections by vaccines are still under development.
Calcium and growth factor pathways of c-fos transcriptional activation require distinct upstream regulatory sequences. (1988)

Transcription of the c-fos proto-oncogene is rapidly induced in the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line by a wide variety of stimuli, including polypeptide growth factors, phorbol esters, and calcium ion fluxes. We have mapped the upstream sequence requirements for this activation in PC12 cells by analysis of promoter deletion mutants in a transient expression assay. Two distinct pathways of c-fos induction are defined that differ in their requirement for cis-acting DNA sequences. Calcium activation of c-fos transcription is dependent on a DNA element located approximately 60 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. This region is highly conserved between human, mouse, and chicken c-fos genes and contains a sequence that resembles the consensus for a cyclic AMP response element. The dyad symmetry element at position -300, which is necessary for serum responsiveness of c-fos, appears to be unimportant for calcium activation of the gene. The dyad symmetry element is, however, an essential cis-acting sequence for c-fos inducibility by nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate. Studies in vivo and in vitro with various mutants of the dyad symmetry element indicate that c-fos activation by polypeptide growth factors and 12-O-tetradecanoyl activation by polypeptide growth factors and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate is mediated by a common transcription factor, and that this factor is identical to the previously described serum response factor. In vitro DNA-binding assays suggest that the quantity of serum response factor-binding activity remains unchanged during c-fos transcriptional activation.
Postprandial stimulation of insulin release by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Effect of a specific glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor antagonist in the rat. (1996)

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a 42-amino acid peptide produced by K cells of the mammalian proximal small intestine and is a potent stimulant of insulin release in the presence of hyperglycemia. However, its relative physiological importance as a postprandial insulinotropic agent is unknown. Using LGIPR2 cells stably transfected with rat GIP receptor cDNA, GIP (1-42) stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by GIP (7-30)-NH2. Competition binding assays using stably transfected L293 cells demonstrated an IC50 for GIP receptor binding of 7 nmol/liter for GIP (1-42) and 200 nmol/liter for GIP (7-30)-NH2, whereas glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) binding to its receptor on ++betaTC3 cells was minimally displaced by GIP (7-30)-NH2. In fasted anesthetized rats, GIP (1-42) stimulated insulin release in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect abolished by the concomitant intraperitoneal administration of GIP (7-30)-NH2 (100 nmol/ kg). In contrast, glucose-, GLP-1-, and arginine-stimulated insulin release were not affected by GIP (7-30)-NH2. In separate experiments, GIP (7-30)-NH2 (100 nmol/kg) reduced postprandial insulin release in conscious rats by 72%. It is concluded that GIP (7-30)-NH2 is a GIP-specific receptor antagonist and that GIP plays a dominant role in mediating postprandial insulin release.
Bridging Extended Nerve Defects with an Artifcial Nerve Graft Containing Schwann Cells Pre-Seeded on Polyglactin Filaments (2007)

A 24 mm long bioartificial nerve graft (BNG) was created to bridge extended peripheral nerve defects of the rat sciatic nerve. In our previous studies, an identical graft had demonstrated good results over nerve gaps of up to 15 mm. The BNG device comprised a collagen-I tube filled with ten Schwann-cell-seeded polyglactin filaments and 10(6) isogenic Schwann cells suspended in Matrigel which were implanted in 27 rats (group I). Schwann-cell-free grafts (27 rats) and nerve autografts (18 rats) served as controls. Functional recovery was followed over a period of six months using walking track analysis. Terminal analyses of graft efficacy included neurophysiology, muscle weight, and histological assessment of the implants and the distal nerve stumps. In 17/27 cases, axonal regeneration into the distal nerve stump could be detected across the BNG, but all animals in group I and II failed to regain motor function of the hindlimb upon completion of the experiment. Axon diameter and axonal density in the graft and distal nerve stump were greater in group I than in group II. Although Schwann cells had a significant positive effect on axonal regeneration, either granuloma formation or the amount of the inserted foreign material may have impaired nerve regeneration by acting as a physical impediment to nerve regeneration or negatively effecting cell function.
Alpher, Bethe und Gamow (1980)

Im Gegensatz zu der Scherzarbeit „Bemerkung zur Quantentheorie der Nullpunktstemperatur“ war die Arbeit „Der Ursprung der chemischen Elemente“, die im Jahre 1948 publiziert wurde, völlig ernst gemeint. Sie schlug den Neutroneneinfang als Ursache der Bildung von chemischen Elementen vor. Lediglich die Namen der Autoren hatten einen etwas sonderbaren Klang. Uberlicherweise wird daher die Arbeit als αβγ -Arbeit zitiert. Die erwähnte Theorie wurde von Alpher unter der Leitung von Gamow entwickelt.
Complement (2001)

Complement is part of the innate immune system and underlies one of the main effector mechanisms of antibody-mediated immunity. It has three overarching physiologic activities (Table 1): defending against pyogenic bacterial infection, bridging innate and adaptive immunity, and disposing of immune complexes and the products of inflammatory injury. In this review, each of these activities will be placed in a clinical context.Complement was first identified as a heat-labile principle in serum that “complemented” antibodies in the killing of bacteria. We now know that complement is a system of more than 30 proteins in plasma and on cell surfaces. Complement . . .
Impairment of function in aging neutrophils is associated with apoptosis (1993)

Neutrophil apoptosis or programmed cell death permits neutrophil recognition and ingestion by macrophages and represents a mechanism capable of promoting resolution of inflammation. The consequences of apoptosis for neutrophil function are the subject of these investigations. A direct relationship between apoptosis and loss of cytoskeletal functions, phagocytosis, degranulation, and respiratory burst was demonstrated by counterflow centrifugation of neutrophils (aged for 24 h in culture) into fractions with varying proportions of apoptosis. Apoptotic neutrophils displayed a loss of background functions: ability to spread and change shape and random migration. They also showed a reduced ability to respond to deliberate stimulation with the receptor-dependent stimulus, FMLP, by undergoing shape change, chemotaxis, degranulation, and respiratory burst, and showed an inability to phagocytose opsonized zymosan. Loss of FMLP binding to apoptotic neutrophils was demonstrated by analysis of FML[3H]P binding and by autoradiography. Superoxide anion production, but not shape change or degranulation response, to the receptor-independent stimulus, PMA, was preserved in apoptotic neutrophils, implying some retention of intracellular signaling pathways relevant to superoxide production. Apoptosis thus marks a loss of neutrophil functional responsiveness and defines the cell as effectively "isolated" from its external milieu. Neutrophil apoptosis may represent an important event in the control of inflammation, marking the neutrophil both for disposal and as a cell with profound loss of its capacity to generate and release histotoxic products on external stimulation.