Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in the Community (2013)

These guidelines have been written to provide a straightforward approach to managing hypertension in the community. We have intended that this brief curriculum and set of recommendations be useful not only for primary care physicians and medical students, but for all professionals who work as hands-on practitioners. We are aware that there is great variability in access to medical care among communities. Even in so-called wealthy countries there are sizable communities in which economic, logistic, and geographic issues put constraints on medical care. And, at the same time, we are been reminded that even in countries with highly limited resources, medical leaders have assigned the highest priority to supporting their colleagues in confronting the growing toll of devastating strokes, cardiovascular events, and kidney failure caused by hypertension. Our goal has been to give sufficient information to enable health care practitioners, wherever they are located, to provide professional care for people with hypertension. All the same, we recognize that it will often not be possible to carry out all of our suggestions for clinical evaluation, tests, and therapies. Indeed, there are situations where the most simple and empirical care for hypertension—simply distributing whatever antihypertensive drugs might be available to people with high blood pressure—is better than doing nothing at all. We hope that we have allowed sufficient flexibility in this statement to enable responsible clinicians to devise workable plans for providing the best possible care for patients with hypertension in their communities. Note: This preferably should be a fasting sample so that a fasting blood glucose level and more accurate lipid profiles can be obtained. Several lifestyle interventions have been shown to reduce blood pressure. Apart from contributing to the treatment of hypertension, these strategies are beneficial in managing most of the other cardiovascular risk factors. In patients with hypertension that is no more severe than stage 1 and is not associated with evidence of abnormal cardiovascular findings or other cardiovascular risks, 6 to 12 months of lifestyle changes can be attempted in the hope that they may be sufficiently effective to make it unnecessary to use medicines. However, it may be prudent to start treatment with drugs sooner if it is clear that the blood pressure is not responding to the lifestyle methods or if other risk factors appear. Also, in practice settings where patients have logistical difficulties in making regular clinic visits, it might be most practical to start drug therapy early. In general, lifestyle changes should be regarded as a complement to drug therapy rather than an alternative. Starting treatment: (see the algorithm in the Figure). Treatment with drugs should be started in patients with blood pressures >140/90 mm Hg in whom lifestyle treatments have not been effective. (Note: As discussed earlier in Section 12 on Nonpharmacologic Treatment, drug treatment can be delayed for some months in patients with stage 1 hypertension who do not have evidence of abnormal cardiovascular findings or other risk factors. In settings where healthcare resources are highly limited, clinicians can consider extending the nondrug observation period in uncomplicated stage 1 hypertensive patients provided there is no evidence for an increase in blood pressure or the appearance of cardiovascular or renal findings). In patients with stage 2 hypertension (blood pressure ≥160/100 mm Hg), drug treatment should be started immediately after diagnosis, usually with a 2-drug combination, without waiting to see the effects of lifestyle changes. Drug treatment can also be started immediately in all hypertensive patients in whom, for logistical or other practical reasons, the practitioner believes it is necessary to achieve more rapid control of blood pressure. The presence of other cardiovascular risk factors should also accelerate the start of hypertension treatment. Note: There is an assumption, unless otherwise stated, that all drugs in a class are similar to each other. We only mention individual agents if they have an important property that is not shared by the others in its class. Table 2 provides a list of commonly used antihypertensive drugs and their doses. Note: Thiazides plus β-blockers are also an effective combination for reducing blood pressure, but since both classes can increase blood glucose concentrations this combination should be used with caution in patients at risk for developing diabetes. The authors of this statement acknowledge that there are insufficient published data from clinical trials in hypertension to create recommendations that are completely evidence-based, and so inevitably some of our recommendations reflect expert opinion and experience. We also should point out that because of the major differences in resources among points of care it is not possible to create a uniform set of guidelines. For this reason we have written a broad statement on the management of hypertension and have not presumed to anticipate the conditions or shortfalls that might exist in particular communities. We expect that experts who are familiar with local circumstances will feel free to use their own judgment in modifying our recommendations and to create practical instructions to help guide front-line practitioners in providing the best care possible. The authors of this statement would welcome comments and suggestions from colleagues. We recognize that in this initial version of the guidelines there will probably be omissions, redundancies, and inaccuracies. Please feel free to get in touch with us either by letters to the Journal or by personal communication. This statement was written under the sponsorship of the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. In addition, the Asia Pacific Society of Hypertension has endorsed these guidelines. The statement was prepared without any external funding. The work and time of the authors was provided by them entirely on a volunteer basis. MAW: Research funding: Medtronics. Consulting: Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novartis, Daichi Sankyo, Takeda, Forest. Speaker: Daiichi Sankyo, Takeda, Forest. ELS: Research Funding: Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canada Research Chairs program of CIHR/Government of Canada, Servier France. Consultant: Servier, Novartis. Speaker: Forest Canada, Pfizer Japan. WBW: Research Funding: National Institutes of Health. Consulting: Safety Committees (DSMB, CEC, Steering Committees); Ardea Biosciences, Inc.; AstraZeneca; Dendreon, Forest Research Institute, Inc.; Roche; St. Jude's Medical, Takeda Global Research, Teva Neuroscience. SM, LHL, JGK, BJM, DLC, JCC, RRJC, ST, AJR, AES, RMT: No conflicts of interest. JMF: Research Funding: Novartis, Medtronic. Consultant: Novartis, Medtronic, Back Beat Hypertension. BLC: Research Funding: NIH and VA. VSR: Consultant: Medtronic, Daiichi-Sankyo, Forest. DK: Research Funding: Medtronic. RT: Research Funding: NIH. Consultant: Medtronic, Janssen, Merck, GSK. JC: Research Funding and Speaker: Servier in relation to ADVANCE trial and Post-trial study. GLB: Research Funding: Takeda. Consultant: Takeda, AbbVie, Daiichi-Sankyo, Novartis, CVRx, Medtronic, Relypsa, Janssen, BMS. JW: Consultant and Speaker: Boehringer-Ingelheim, MSD, Novartis, Omron, Pfizer, Servier, and Takeda. JDB: Research and Consultant: CVRx. DS: Research: Medtronic, CVRx. Consultant: Takeda, UCB, Novartis, Medtronic, CVRx. Speaker: Takeda. SBH: Speaker: Novartis, Servier.