gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polychloroaromatic compounds. Part I. Oxidation of pentachloropyridine and its NN-disubstituted amino-derivatives with peroxyacids (1968)

Oxidation of NN-disubstituted 2-aminotetrachloropyridines with peroxyacids yields the corresponding NNO-trisubstituted hydroxylamines and not the expected N-oxides. These hydroxylamines eliminate the NN-disubstituted amino-group when warmed in solvents or when irradiated, and form polychloro-2-pyridones. The influence of substituents on this rearrangement and its mechanism are discussed. The NN-disubstituted 4-aminopyridines rearrange only under forcing conditions to hydroxylamines which do not, however, undergo fragmentation when heated.
The effect of vacuum‐assisted closure therapy on the pig femoral artery vasomotor responses (2004)

Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) is frequently used to treat wound infections. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of VAC therapy on blood vessels. Vasodilatation and vasoconstriction were studied in isolated ring segments of the pig femoral artery after continuous VAC therapy of an inguinal wound for 12 hours. Vasoconstriction induced by endothelin-1 (ET-1), which is mainly an endothelin type A receptor agonist (Emax = 181 +/- 2% of potassium), and the endothelin type B receptor agonist, sarafotoxin 6c (Emax = 30 +/- 1%), were significantly increased after VAC therapy (ET-1; 325 +/- 3% and sarafotoxin 6c; 69 +/- 1%). The norepinephrine-, phenylephrine-, and angiotensin II-induced vasoconstrictions were not affected by VAC therapy. Acetylcholine induced an endothelium-dependent dilatation that was enhanced after VAC therapy (Rmax = 38 +/- 1% of norepinephrine-preconstriction after sham and 47 +/- 1% after VAC therapy, p < 0.05). The dilatory response was mediated by nitric oxide (Rmax = 39 +/- 1%), prostaglandins (5 +/- 1%) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (16 +/- 1%), which were all significantly increased after VAC therapy. In conclusion, VAC therapy for 12 hours enhances an endothelin type A and type B receptor-mediated vasoconstriction. This may be compensated for by a more efficacious endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. No spontaneous bleeding, perforation, dissection, or other macroscopic change could be observed in the arteries exposed to VAC therapy.
Amino acid and phenotypic changes in dengue 2 virus associated with escape from neutralisation by IgM antibody (2001)

Two dengue 2-specific IgM monoclonal antibodies (MAb) recognised spatially unrelated epitopes on the envelope (E) protein of dengue 2 virus, which were also recognised by serum from 20 and 50%, respectively, of patients with a primary dengue 2 infection. Dengue 2 virus populations escaping neutralisation by MAb 6B2 (representing the majority population of dengue 2-specific IgM MAbs ) had a deduced amino acid change (G-S) in the pre-Membrane (prM) protein at position 15 and a second in the E protein at E311 (E-G). The change in the E protein was adjacent to the only other epitopes on dengue 2 virus (E307, E383-385) involved in neutralisation that have been identified but that were recognised by IgG antibodies. Dengue 2 virus escaping neutralisation by IgM MAb 10F2, representing the minority population of dengue 2-specific IgM MAbs, had the same deduced amino acid change (G-S) at prM15 as the 6B2 neutralisation escape mutant dengue 2 virus population and four deduced amino acid changes in the E protein (E69, T-I, in the glycosylation motif; E71, E-D; E112, S-G; E124, I-N), which may be close enough to each other to form a single epitope and a fifth at E402 (F-L) in a region of the E protein of TBE virus essential for the low pH-induced E protein dimer-trimer transition. The 10F2 neutralisation escape mutant, but not the 6B2 one, had lost its ability to cause fusion from within Aedes albopictus mosquito cells and was inactivated more rapidly than the 6B2 neutralisation escape mutant and wild type viruses at 42 degrees C. Dengue 2 viruses passaged in BHK cells in the absence of a selecting antibody, shared a common amino acid (S) at E53, which differed from both wild type and neutralisation escape mutant virus populations at this position (P) and may have been responsible for a significant reduction in the ability of these "passage control" virus populations to be neutralised by both 6B2 and 10F2 antibodies.
Multi-site cooperative data stream analysis (2006)

System S is a large-scale distributed streaming data analysis environment. Ultimately, we envision that there will be multiple sites running the System S software, each with their own administration and goals. However, cooperation between these sites can frequently be of mutual benefit. We are designing the framework to support numerous sites that can work both independently and in cooperative fashions, with a variety of interaction models such as peer-to-peer or federated. Depending on the degree of site autonomy and the relationships between any given pair of sites, the sites would be able to share data, perform processing on behalf of one another, or even take over tasks of a failed site. Interoperability is complicated by the degree of site autonomy as well as differences in execution environments and security policies. This paper surveys System S, describes its models for site interoperability, and discusses particular design issues such as site failover and heterogeneity.
Electrical Isolation Requirements in Power-Over-Ethernet (PoE) Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) (2006)

Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) is becoming a popular way to deliver power to all types of end-point networking and peripheral equipment. Examples of equipment receiving power through Ethernet cable include wireless access points, surveillance cameras and voice-over-Internet (VOIP) telephones. There has been a lot written about the intricacies of the designing the 48 V power control circuits in the power sourcing equipment (PSE) and in the powered devices (PD). However, little has been said about how properly power both the 48 V sent from the PSE to the PD and the internal circuits of the PSE. The PoE standard, IEEE 802.af3, requires a high degree of electrical isolation between anything attached to the Ethernet cable and any circuitry sending and receiving transmissions over that cable. This paper starts by exploring the electrical isolation requirements of the PoE standard. It explains them in straightforward terms familiar to power supply and power system engineers. The paper then describes several power architectures for the equipment in the PSE that meet the PoE requirements. The conclusion is that there in no one right way to power PSE equipment and each equipment designer must understand the requirements and tradeoffs of their equipment in order to make the best choice.
Aerosol treatment with MNEI suppresses bacterial proliferation in a model of chronicPseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection (2004)

Neutrophil elastase is present at high levels in airway fluid of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), and is responsible for considerable inflammatory damage. Human monocyte/neutrophil elastase inhibitor (MNEI), a 42-kDa serpin protein, is an effective inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase-3, related proteases released from inflammatory neutrophils. We hypothesized that recombinant MNEI would reduce inflammatory damage and enhance bacterial clearance from the lung in an animal model of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. In vitro studies showed that MNEI causes dose-dependent inhibition of the activity of rat neutrophil elastase. Recombinant MNEI was administered daily by aerosolization to rats previously inoculated with agar beads containing P. aeruginosa to initiate chronic infection. Administered MNEI was partially recovered in lavage fluid of treated rats as a 66-kDa complex with protease indicative of in vivo inhibition of elastase or a related protease. Aerosol treatment with MNEI significantly decreased the extent of inflammatory injury, quantified as the histopathology score. MNEI, which had no bactericidal effect on P. aeruginosa in vitro, significantly enhanced clearance of bacteria from infected rat lungs. The reduction of histopathology scores and enhancement of bacterial killing were evident 6 hr after a single aerosol treatment with MNEI. These findings indicate an important function of MNEI in protecting innate antimicrobial defense. Similar results were previously obtained for aerosolized prolastin (alpha1-antitrypsin), indicating that enhanced bacterial clearance by MNEI is due to inhibition of neutrophil protease. These findings demonstrate the value of this nonantibiotic protease inhibitor as an adjunct for the treatment and prevention of the infection component of CF lung disease.
Effects of Administration of Galactooligosaccharides on the Human Faecal Microflora, Stool Weight and Abdominal Sensation (1990)

The effect of changing the human intestinal microflora by administration of Oligomate-50, which contains 52 per cent galactooligosaccharides and is produced from lactose by the action of β-D-galactosidase (produced by Aspergillus oryzae and Streptococcus thermophillus), was investigated. Oligomate-50 (0,4.8,9.6 or 19.2 g/d) was given orally for 7 d to 12 volunteers in a single-blind cross-over study. Each dose included 0, 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 g of galactooligosaccharides, respectively. Bifidobacteria were greatly increased following ingestion of galactooligosaccharides and a linear relation was found (P < 005) between the amount of galactooligosaccharides ingested and the number of bifidobacteria per gram of faeces. Lactobacilli were also slightly increased. The ratio of the number of bifidobacteria to the total number of bacteria was significantly increased from 0.26 ±0.12 to 0.48 ±0.19 by galactooligosaccharides ingestion. Stool weight and stool frequency after ingestion did not change significantly and no sign of diarrhoea was observed when 10.0 g of galactooligosaccharides was ingested. The results of this study show that galactooligosaccharides are a superior growth-promoting factor for bifidobacteria, and, moreover, have the ability to increase the multiplication of lactobacilli in the human intestinal microflora.
An Orthotopic Lung Tumor Model for Image-Guided Microirradiation in Rats (2010)

The purpose of this study was to develop a rat orthotopic lung tumor model with a solitary intrapulmonary nodule to study the effects of high-dose radiation. A549-Luc non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells were implanted into nude rats in the intercostal space between ribs 5 and 6 of the right lung. Bioluminescence and microcomputed tomography (CT) imaging were performed after implantation to confirm the presence of a solitary tumor and to monitor tumor growth. A device using image guidance for localization was developed to facilitate high-precision irradiation in small animals. A pilot irradiation study was performed, and response was assessed by bioluminescence imaging and immunohistochemistry. Radiation response was confirmed through serial bioluminescence imaging, and the strength of the bioluminescence signal was observed to be inversely proportional to dose. Response was also observed by the monoclonal antibody bavituximab, which binds to exposed lipid phosphatidylserine (PS) on tumor vessels. The ability to (1) reproducibly generate solitary tumor nodules in the rat lung, (2) identify and monitor tumor growth by bioluminescence imaging and CT imaging, (3) accurately target these tumors using high doses of radiation, and (4) demonstrate and quantify radiation response using bioluminescence imaging provides significant opportunity to probe the biological mechanisms of high-dose irradiation in preclinical settings.
A large cystic tumor with bile duct communication originating around the hepatic hilum. (2010)

Biliary cystic tumors are rare neoplasms occurring in the liver and less frequently in the extrahepatic biliary system. Recently, biliary cystic tumors in the liver are thought to be divided into a biliary mucinous cystic neoplasm and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct. We report a case of a large cystic tumor originating around the hepatic hilum which had luminal communication with the bile duct. A 74 year-old-woman underwent abdominal ultrasonography for a routine checkup. It revealed a large cystic tumor in the liver. CT scan and MRI showed a multilocular cystic tumor about 12 cm in diameter with a mural nodule occupying the medial and anterior segment of the liver. Intraoperative cholangiography showed a communication between the cystic tumor and the bile duct. Central bisegmentectomy of the liver and extrahepatic bile duct resection was performed. A papillary tumor existed in the common hepatic duct and was connected with the cystic tumor in the liver. The tumor was mostly composed of noninvasive papillary adenocarcinoma with adenoma components, and was associated with focal microinvasion of adenocarcinoma. Ovarian-like stroma was not observed. This lesion was diagnosed as a cystic variant of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct. The patient is alive with no recurrence for 18 months since the surgery.
Reasoning about the Semantic Web using Answer Set Programming (2003)

Abstract. The paper discusses some innovative aspects related to the integration of a framework based on Answer Set Programming in an Information Retrieval Agent, namely, the Global Search Agent. In order to improve the original system effectiveness, the GSA2 system introduces a new internal architecture based on a message-passing framework and on an ontology description formalism (WOLF, Web OntoLogy Framework), conceived in order to describe and make reasoning on “facts about the web and the user”. The role of a central intelligence is played by a reasoning system based on Answer Set Programming; it makes the Agent able to take independent decisions. The high expressive power of Answer Set Programming allows to describe, program and plan behaviors of the Agent easily and quickly, and to experiment with any (even future) Information Retrieval strategy. Both the System Architecture and WOLF are very general and reusable, and constitute a very good and interesting example of actual exploiting of Answer Set Programming for real applications. 1
Macrophage-active colony-stimulating factors enhance human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in bone marrow stem cells [see comments] (1991)

Abstract To define the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in hematopoietic stem cells and virus production by their progeny, we performed kinetic studies infecting bone marrow (BM) stem cells and culturing them in the presence of hematopoietic growth factors. CD34-positive (CD34+), CD4-negative (CD4-) BM cells were isolated and infected in vitro with the monocytotropic HIV-1JR-FL strain or the laboratory-maintained HTLV-IIIB strain at a high multiplicity of infection. The cells were susceptible to productive infection only with HIV-1JR-FL, and virus production as measured by p24 protein release was markedly increased (more than fivefold) in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-3 (IL-3). Macrophage CSF (M-CSF) was less stimulatory and granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) had no effect on virus production. Virus production coincided with proliferation of mononuclear phagocytes but was not related to granulocytic proliferation in G-CSF-treated BM cultures. Although peak virus production from GM-CSF-treated macrophages occurred 2 to 3 weeks after infection, peak virus production in infected stem cells was observed 5 to 6 weeks after. Enhancement in virus production had a more rapid onset when CD34+/CD4- cells were cultured in the presence of both GM-CSF and IL-3 for 7 or 14 days. Under these conditions there was a 10-fold enhancement in virus production after 7 days of preincubation and a 50-fold enhancement after 14 days. These data indicate that while the stem cell compartment may be susceptible to infection with a monocytotropic HIV-1 strain, productive and sustained infection is realized only after macrophage differentiation. The lack of effect of G-CSF on virus production is likely because of the limited effect of this hematopoietin on mononuclear phagocyte generation and function.
Pharmacological Mechanisms of Opioid Analgesics (1993)

The description of multiple classes of opioid receptors has had a major impact on our understanding of the mechanisms of analgesia. Three major classes of opioid receptors have been defined: mu, kappa, and delta. The mu receptors have been further subclassified into two distinct subtypes (mu 1 and mu 2), as have the delta receptors (delta 1 and delta 2). Kappa receptors have been subdivided into kappa 1, kappa 2, or kappa 3 subtypes. All of these subtypes modulate pain perception, with the exception of the kappa 2 receptor, which has not been adequately examined. Supraspinal systems have been described for mu 1, kappa 3, and delta 2 receptors while mu 2, kappa 1, and delta 1 receptors modulate pain at the spinal level. In addition to their ability to act independently, the various systems also interact synergistically with each other. Thus, the relief of pain involves the complex interaction of at least six receptor systems. This review discusses the implications of opiate receptor multiplicity on the control of pain.
Extrarenal Production of Calcitriol in Normal and Uremic Humans* (1991)

We have previously reported low serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] and increased 1,25-(OH)2D3 production after the administration of 25-hydryoxyvitamin D (25OHD) to anephric humans. Since normal alveolar macrophages are known to synthesize 1,25-(OH)2D3 when stimulated with gamma-interferon or lipopolysaccharide, we determined whether macrophages derived from peripheral blood monocytes could be an extrarenal source of 1,25-(OH)2D3. Our results demonstrated that macrophages from normal individuals synthesize 1,25-(OH)2D3. The apparent Km for 25OHD3 was 6.6 +/- 0.5 nM and the maximum velocity was 47.4 +/- 13.7 fmol 1,25-(OH)2D3/h.microgram DNA. The activity of this enzyme was reduced 37.2 +/- 3.1% by physiological concentrations (96 pmol/L) of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the incubation medium. Normal macrophages further hydroxylated 1,25-(OH)2D3 to more polar metabolites, and this catabolic activity was significantly enhanced by physiological concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3. In chronic renal failure, peripheral macrophages exhibited an enhanced 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity (8.2 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.2 +/- 0.5 fmol 1,25-(OH)2D3/microgram DNA.h in controls) and a decreased capacity to degrade 1,25-(OH)2D3. Exogenous 1,25-(OH)2D3, in physiological concentrations, reduced 1,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis to a degree (23.6 +/- 8.5%) comparable to that observed in normal cells. 1,25-(OH)2D3 production by macrophages did not correlate with the severity of hyperparathyroidism. Moreover, human PTH-(1-34) in supraphysiological concentrations (20,000 and 100,000 ng/L) did not stimulate the 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity of macrophages from either normal or uremic subjects. These results demonstrate that 1) normal peripheral macrophages metabolize 25OHD3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3; 2) macrophages in uremia display higher rates of 1,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis and lower rates of catabolism than normal macrophages; and 3) 1,25-(OH)2D3 deficiency, but not hyperparathyroidism, may play a role in the stimulation of 1,25-(OH)2D3 production by macrophages in chronic renal failure.
Polymer microfabrication methods for microfluidic analytical applications (2000)

A growing number of microsystem technology (MST) applications, particularly in the field of microfluidics with its applications in the life sciences, have a need for novel fabrication methods which account for substrates other than silicon or glass. We present in this paper an overview of existing polymer microfabrication technologies for microfluidic applications, namely replication methods such as hot embossing, injection molding and casting, and the technologies necessary to fabricate the molding masters. In addition, techniques such as laser ablation and layering techniques are examined. Methods for bonding and dicing of polymer materials, which are necessary for complete systems, are evaluated.
Development of Mammalian Serum Albumin Affinity Purification Media by Peptide Phage Display (2002)

Several phage isolates that bind specifically to human serum albumin (HSA) were isolated from disulfide-constrained cyclic peptide phage-display libraries. The majority of corresponding synthetic peptides bind with micromolar affinity to HSA in low salt at pH 6.2, as determined by fluorescence anisotropy. One of the highest affinity peptides, DX-236, also bound well to several mammalian serum albumins (SA). Immobilized DX-236 quantitatively captures HSA from human serum; mild conditions (100 mM Tris, pH 9.1) allow release of HSA. The DX-236 affinity column bound HSA from human serum with a greater specificity than does Cibacron Blue agarose beads. In addition to its likely utility in HSA and other mammalian SA purifications, this peptide media may be useful in the proteomics and medical research markets for selective removal of mammalian albumin from serum prior to mass spectrometric and other analyses.
Screening for endometrial cancer (2003)

Routine screening for endometrial carcinoma is currently not justified. Postmenopausal women need to be educated about the importance of seeking attention if any vaginal bleeding occurs. All postmenopausal bleeding requires review and appropriate investigation. Women taking tamoxifen have a higher risk of endometrial cancer and should report any bleeding or spotting; however, ultrasound screening is not recommended for asymptomatic women taking tamoxifen. Families with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer have a higher risk of endometrial cancer and require counselling about this risk. A Pap test is not a screening test for endometrial cancer, but the incidental finding of endometrial cells on a Pap smear in a postmenopausal woman requires investigation.
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Stimulates Fibronectin Matrix Assembly Through a Rho-Dependent Signal Pathway (1999)

Fibronectin matrix assembly is a cell-dependent process mediated by cell surface binding sites for the 70-kD N-terminal portion of fibronectin. We have shown that Rho-dependent cytoskeleton reorganization induced by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) or the microtubule-disrupting agent nocodazole increases fibronectin binding (Zhang et al, Mol Biol Cell 8:1415, 1997). Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid implicated in mitogenesis and cytoskeletal remodelling. Both LPA and S1P are present in increased amounts in serum as compared with plasma as a result of platelet activation. Addition of S1P to human osteosarcoma MG63 cells or human foreskin fibroblasts increased cell-mediated binding and assembly of fibronectin. MG63 cells expressed the Edg-2 and Edg-4 G-protein–coupled receptors for bioactive lipids, whereas foreskin fibroblasts expressed Edg-2, Edg-3, and Edg-4. The stimulatory effect of S1P on the binding of fibronectin or the N-terminal 70-kD fragment of fibronectin was dynamic and due to increases in both the number and affinity of binding sites. The stimulation of 70-kD fragment binding by nanomolar S1P, like stimulation of binding by LPA or nocodazole, was blocked by inactivation of Rho with C3 exotoxin but not by pertussis toxin-mediated inactivation of Gi. These results indicate a common signal pathway leading to control of cellular fibronectin matrix assembly by bioactive lipids generated during blood coagulation.
Building Storage Networks (2000)

From the Publisher:
Develop and design successful storage systems using this in-depth resource, now in a completely revised second edition. Covering everything from basic fundamentals - such as I/O components and file systems to emerging topics such as i-SCSI and DAFS - this book delivers the background information and technical know-how to implement large-capacity, high-availability storage networks throughout your enterprise. Filled with diagrams and easy-to-understand explanations, this book will help you identify and apply network storage technology to best meet the needs of your organization.--BOOK JACKET.