gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical trials with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, NSC-409962. (1965)

Summary The compound 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) has unusual physical and chemical properties and is a highly effective anti-cancer agent in animals. Preliminary trials were conducted in 144 patients with various maligmant diseases at several dose levels and schedules. These trials indicated that the following i.v. dose schedules were tolerable and comparable in toxicity: 250 mg/sq m in a single dose, 125 mg/sq m for 3 successive days, and 90 mg/sq m/week for 6 weeks. Hematopoietic toxicity was dose limiting and was delayed and prolonged after drug administration. Reversible minor hepatic and renal toxicity was seen in 26% and 10% of the patients, respectively. Anti-tumor activity was noted in a variety of tumors in man.
Campylobacter jejuniin dairy cows and raw milk (1987)

Twelve herds of dairy cows were examined by rectal swabbing for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni. Ten herds were positive with the incidence of colonized animals ranging from 10 to 72% of those tested. With the exception of the two negative herds where mains water only was consumed, all animals drank from rivers or streams when grazing. There was no relationship between total and coliform counts and the presence of C. jejuni in raw milk. However, milk from one farm that consistently gave positive results had significantly higher Escherichia coli counts than other samples.
p-Hydroxyphenyl, Guaiacyl, and Syringyl Lignins Have Similar Inhibitory Effects on Wall Degradability (1997)

Studies with normal, mutant, and transgenic plants have not clearly established whether the proportion of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) units in lignin directly affects the degradability of cell walls by hydrolytic enzymes. Dehydrogenation polymer−cell wall complexes containing varying ratios of H, G, and S lignins were formed by peroxidase/H2O2-mediated polymerization of p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols into nonlignified walls isolated from cell suspensions of maize (Zea mays L). Lignification substantially reduced the degradability of cell walls by fungal hydrolases, but degradability was not affected by lignin composition. On the basis of these results, we propose that improvements in wall degradability, previously attributed to changes in lignin composition, were in fact due to other associated changes in wall chemistry or ultrastructure. Keywords: Gramineae; Zea mays; cell wall; brown midrib; transgenic; O-methyltransferase; hydroxycinnamyl alcohols; lignin; cellulase; degradability
Gene Transfer Strategies in Animal Transgenesis (2002)

Position effects in animal transgenesis have prevented the reproducible success and limited the initial expectations of this technique in many biotechnological projects. Historically, several strategies have been devised to overcome such position effects, including the progressive addition of regulatory elements belonging to the same or to a heterologous expression domain. An expression domain is thought to contain all regulatory elements that are needed to specifically control the expression of a given gene in time and space. The lack of profound knowledge on the chromatin structure of expression domains of biotechnological interest, such as mammary gland-specific genes, explains why most standard expression vectors have failed to drive high-level, position-independent, and copy-number-dependent expression of transgenes in a reproducible manner. In contrast, the application of artificial chromosome-type constructs to animal transgenesis usually ensures optimal expression levels. YACs, BACs, and PACs have become crucial tools in animal transgenesis, allowing the inclusion of distant key regulatory sequences, previously unknown, that are characteristic for each expression domain. These elements contribute to insulating the artificial chromosome-type constructs from chromosomal position effects and are fundamental in order to guarantee the correct expression of transgenes.
Optimum Array Processing (2002)

Preface. Introduction. Arrays and Spatial Filters. Synthesis of Linear Arrays and Apertures. Planar Arrays and Apertures. Characterization of Space-Time Processes. Optimum Waveform Estimation. Adaptive Beamformers. Parameter Estimation I: Maximum Likelihood. Parameter Estimation II. Detection and Other Topics. Appendix A: Matrix Operations. Appendix B: Array Processing Literature. Appendix C: Notation. Index.
A STUDY ON THE PARAWALKER CONTROLLED BY EMG (1995)

ＡＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＰＡＲＡＷＡＬＫＥＲＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＬＥＤＢＹＥＭＧＡＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＰＡＲＡＷＡＬＫＥＲＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＬＥＤＢＹＥＭＧＷａｎｇＲｅｎｃｈｅｎｇ；ＺｈａｎｇＰｅｉｙｕ；ＺｈａｎｇＪｉｃｈｕａｎ；ＪｉｎＤｅｗｅｎ（Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆ...
Economical wireless optical ratiometric pH sensor (2009)

The development and application of a portable, wireless fluorescence-based optical pH sensor is presented. The design incorporates the MSP430 microcontroller as the control unit, an RF transceiver for wireless communication, digital filters and amplifiers and a USB-based communication module for data transmission. The pH sensor is based on ratiometric fluorescence detection from pH sensitive dye incorporated in a peel-and-stick patch. The ability of the instrument to detect the pH of the solution with contact only between the sensor patch and the solution makes it partially non-invasive. The instrument also has the ability to transmit data wirelessly, enabling its use in processes that entail stringent temperature control and sterility. The use of the microcontroller makes it a reliable, low-cost and low-power device. The luminous intensity of the light source can be digitally controlled to maximize the sensitivity of the instrument. It has a resolution of 0.05 pH. The sensor is accurate and reversible over the pH range of 6.5–9.
Applying summarization techniques for term selection in relevance feedback (2001)

Query-expansion is an effective Relevance Feedback technique for improving performance in Information Retrieval. In general query-expansion methods select terms from the complete contents of relevant documents. One problem with this approach is that expansion terms unrelated to document relevance can be introduced into the modified query due to their presence in the relevant documents and distribution in the document collection. Motivated by the hypothesis that query-expansion terms should only be sought from the most relevant areas of a document, this investigation explores the use of document summaries in query-expansion. The investigation explores the use of both context-independent standard summaries and query-biased summaries. Experimental results using the Okapi BM25 probabilistic retrieval model with the TREC-8 ad hoc retrieval task show that query-expansion using document summaries can be considerably more effective than using full-document expansion. The paper also presents a novel approach to term-selection that separates the choice of relevant documents from the selection of a pool of potential expansion terms. Again, this technique is shown to be more effective that standard methods.
An Interface Model for the Mechanical Interaction between FRP Bars and Concrete (2000)

An interface model for characterizing the interaction between fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) bars and concrete is examined. When the bars have a significant surface structure, the interaction (commonly called bond) can be dominated by a mechanical interlocking. The model provides a macroscopic characterization of the bond behavior within the mathematical framework of elastoplasticity theory. While the bond model has been applied to both steel and FRP bars, the failure mechanisms can be quite different, thus application of the model to the bond of FRP bars merits critical evaluation. Among the important differences is the potential failure of the surface structure of the bar. Calibration and validation results are presented to highlight the potential strengths and weaknesses of the model. The model gives surprisingly accurate predictions of bond strength for four independent experimental studies. Additional experimental data for evaluation of the model are needed, but the initial results indicate the model could potentially be used to evaluate the behavior of structural components reinforced with FRP bars.
Immunochemistry of capsular type polysaccharide and virulence properties of type VI Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci) (1993)

The immunochemistry of capsular type polysaccharide and virulence characteristics of group B streptococci (GBS), type VI, were studied. By high-pressure anion-exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection, as well as by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, both extracellular and cell-bound polysaccharides were found to contain glucose, galactose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid in the molar ratio of 2:2:1, respectively. At variance with all other GBS serotypes described to date (Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, and V), no N-acetylglucosamine was present, whatever the source of the material (secreted or cell bound; reference or clinical isolate). Sialic acid was probably involved in the immunodeterminant structure of this new serotype since cleavage of this sugar from the polysaccharide gave rise to an antigen which reacted very weakly with type VI antiserum and to a precipitation line in immunodiffusion with no identity with the native type VI polysaccharide. By using type VI antiserum and the protein A-gold technique, a large capsule was observed in the type VI GBS reference strain by electron microscopy. All type VI strains examined were lethal for CD-1 mice, the 50% lethal dose after intraperitoneal challenge ranging from 1.0 (+/- 0.9, standard deviation) x 10(5) to 2.5 (+/- 1.5, standard deviation) x 10(5) CFU per mouse. A rabbit antiserum against capsular type polysaccharide exhibited both protective activity for mice injected intraperitoneally with type VI reference strain or with clinical isolates and opsonic activity in a phagocytosis assay.
Functionalized 1,2-Dioxetanes as Potentially Useful Biological and Chemotherapeutic Agents (1984)

Hydroxymethyl-substituted 1,2-dioxetanes (3) have been converted in reasonable yields (10-40%) into the carboxylate-substituted 1,2-dioxetanes (4) by means of the Brewster-Ciotti or Mitsunobu esterification and into the tosylate-substituted 1,2-dioxetanes (5) by means of tosyl chloride in pyridine. The fact that hydroxy-functionalized 1,2-dioxetane can be chemically attached to carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids whit preservation of the dioxetane moiety opens up new opportunities for biomedical applications
Dimethylfumarate Protects from Oxidative Stress by Increasing Glutathione (P02.120) (2012)

Objective: To evaluate the mechanism of action of dimethylfumarate (DMF), a novel oral therapeutic for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Background An oral formulation of DMF (BG00012) proved to be effective in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. DMF is known to have both immunomodulatory and cytoprotective effects: It induces lymphocytopenia and a shift from TH1 to TH2 cytokines and it activates the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) leading to elevated cellular glutathione levels and an increased expression of protective genes. Design/Methods: We investigated the role of DMF in oxidative stress in hippocampal HT22 cells, primary cortical cultures and mouse embryonic fibroblasts of wildtype and Nrf2-knockout mice, measured induction of antioxidant proteins, and determined survival and cytokine productions of splenocytes. Results: DMF protected neuronal cells from oxidative stress by elevating intracellular glutathione levels. Protection was concentration- and time-dependent and took at least 24 hours to develop. Shorter incubation reduced cellular glutathione. DMF increased the expression of NQO1, GCL, Prx1 and xCT, all genes involved in defense against oxidative stress containing an antioxidant-response element in their promoter regions. DMF induced transcription from the GCL promoter and enhanced nuclear localization of Nrf2. In line with this, glutathione elevation was abolished in Nrf2-knockout cells. DMF also protected against inhibition of glutathione synthesis by incubation in cystine-free medium or inhibition of glutamate-cysteine ligase indicating enhanced recycling of glutathione. In mouse splenocytes, DMF reduced the anti-CD3 induced production of IFN-gamma, IL1 and IL2, and elevated the production of IL6 at concentrations that were not detrimental. Conclusions: DMF protects neuronal cells from glutathione depletion by Nrf2 driven induction of antioxidant genes and enhanced glutathione recycling at concentrations that reduce the production of TH1 cytokines and elevate IL6 production in splenocytes. Supported by: Biogen Idec. Disclosure: Dr. Albrecht has received research support from Novartis. Dr. Bouchachia has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kovacs has nothing to disclose. Dr. Henke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zimmermann has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hofstetter has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hartung has received personal compensation for activities with Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Biogen Idec, BioMS, Genzyme Corporation, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis and Teva as a speaker and/or consultant. Dr. Methner has nothing to disclose.
[Biochemical changes in fibromyalgia]. (1996)

Different changes in neurotransmitters were observed in patients with fibromyalgia. The aim of the study was to confirm the diagnosis fibromyalgia by determination of several of these substances. In 60 patients, who met the ACR classification criteria for fibromyalgia and in 20 sex and age matched controls the following estimations were made: serotonin (EIA), somatomedin C (RIA), calcitonin (RIA), prostaglandin E2 (EIA), oxytocin (RIA), ACTH (RIA), substance P (EIA), TSH (LIA), prolactin (LIA). In comparison to healthy controls, patients with fibromyalgia revealed significantly decreased levels of serotonin, somatomedin C, calcitonin, prostaglandin E2 and a significantly increased level of prolactin. No significant differences were found in the levels of ACTH, substance P and TSH. These results suggest that the diagnosis of fibromyalgia can be confirmed by various biochemical parameters, but further investigations must be carried out to value the diagnostic relevance of these findings.
Speed/Accuracy Trade-Offs for Modern Convolutional Object Detectors (2017)

The goal of this paper is to serve as a guide for selecting a detection architecture that achieves the right speed/memory/accuracy balance for a given application and platform. To this end, we investigate various ways to trade accuracy for speed and memory usage in modern convolutional object detection systems. A number of successful systems have been proposed in recent years, but apples-toapples comparisons are difficult due to different base feature extractors (e.g., VGG, Residual Networks), different default image resolutions, as well as different hardware and software platforms. We present a unified implementation of the Faster R-CNN [30], R-FCN [6] and SSD [25] systems, which we view as meta-architectures and trace out the speed/accuracy trade-off curve created by using alternative feature extractors and varying other critical parameters such as image size within each of these meta-architectures. On one extreme end of this spectrum where speed and memory are critical, we present a detector that achieves real time speeds and can be deployed on a mobile device. On the opposite end in which accuracy is critical, we present a detector that achieves state-of-the-art performance measured on the COCO detection task.
Intelligent parking method for truck in presence of fixed and moving obstacles and trailer in presence of fixed obstacles: Advanced Fuzzy logic technologies in industrial applications (2010)

A Fuzzy approach to backward movement control for truck and trailer in a dynamic environment is presented in this paper. The approach is then extended and employed for conditions where obstacles are placed on the truck pathway. In the first case, obstacles are assumed to be fixed, while the second condition includes moving obstacles through which the truck should be directed toward the parking dock. The method is designed in a way to be used in conditions with infinite number of obstacles at arbitrary places. In any case, to find the parking dock, the truck movement must be adapted to that of obstacles. In the present paper, two separate fuzzy controllers are used for directing the truck and trailer: one for finding the target, and the other for avoiding the obstacles. While there is no obstacle around, the target finder controller is in use; and in the cases where the truck gets close to obstacles the obstacle avoider controller is activated. The proposed method is employed for parking a truck model through fixed and moving obstacles.
Arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation (2005)

Recently enacted guidelines and regulations regarding arc flash hazards have focused industry attention on quantifying the dangers of arc flash events in energized low and medium voltage electrical equipment. Since incident energy from an arcing fault is directly proportional to the arc clearing time, reducing the arcing time is very beneficial. It results in reducing the PPE level requirements and limiting both direct and collateral damage to equipment. This paper provides an overview of arc flash hazards, arc flash calculations, and suggest a means of reducing the arc flash hazard level through faster detection and clearing of arc flash electrical faults.
Tachykinins Induce Secretion of Prolactin from Perifused Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells by Interactions with Two Different Binding Sites (1995)

Substance P and the two other mammalian tachykinins, neurokinin A and B, are accepted to have direct regulating effects at the anterior pituitary level. We have examined the effects of substance P (SP) and neurokinin B (NKB), alone and in combination, on prolactin release from cultured anterior pituitary cells grown on collagen-coated micro beads and placed in a perfusion system. Prolactin (Prl) secretion was observed within 25 s after exposure to either secretagogue and reached a maximum within 60-80 s. Furthermore, the prolactin response induced by SP and NKB was dose-dependent. Prl secretion remained constant for up to 4 h when SP or NKB were perifused and then fell gradually towards basal levels. Simultaneous addition of submaximal concentrations of SP and NKB resulted in an additive response compared with the responses of either secretagogue alone. Continuous (8 h) perifusion with SP did not prevent a normal prolactin response by NKB or TRH. These results indicate that the tachykinins, substance P and neurokinin B, release Prl from perifused female rat anterior pituitary cells by interaction with two different receptors, possibly the NK1 and NK3 tachykinin receptor subtypes.
Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is an early biomarker for acute kidney injury in an adult ICU population (2009)

Plasma NGAL is a useful early marker for AKI in a heterogeneous adult ICU population, in which the timing of renal insult is largely unknown. It allows the diagnosis of AKI up to 48 h prior to a clinical diagnosis based on AKI consensus definitions. Additionally, it predicts need for RRT and correlates with AKI severity. Early identification of high risk patients may allow potentially beneficial therapies to be initiated early in the disease process before irreversible injury occurs.
Lymphoid neogenesis in chronic rejection: Evidence for a local humoral alloimmune response (2005)

Recent advances indicate that, in various chronic inflammatory disorders, the activation of the immune system is triggered locally rather than in lymphoid organs. In this study, we have evaluated whether the humoral alloimmune response involved in chronic rejection is elicited within the graft. We used the rat aortic interposition model and microdissected the adventitia of the graft. Over time, the T cell infiltrate shifted toward a B helper phenotype. B lymphocyte clusters were detected and were the site of intense proliferation and apoptosis. Simultaneously, adventitial vascular endothelium acquired a high endothelial venule phenotype. Similar features were evidenced in the interstitium of chronically allografts (hearts and kidneys). Strikingly, ganocultured graft interstitial tissue was found to be the site of production of antibodies directed against donor MHC-I molecules. These findings, therefore, document the appearance of germinal centers in chronically rejected tissues. This lymphoid neogenesis implies that the graft is not only the target of the alloimmune response but also a site where this response actually develops, so as to optimize the communication between the targeted tissue and the immune effectors.
Biomechanical design of the Berkeley lower extremity exoskeleton (BLEEX) (2006)

Wheeled vehicles are often incapable of transporting heavy materials over rough terrain or up staircases. Lower extremity exoskeletons supplement human intelligence with the strength and endurance of a pair of wearable robotic legs that support a payload. This paper summarizes the design and analysis of the Berkeley lower extremity exoskeleton (BLEEX). The anthropomorphically based BLEEX has 7 DOF per leg, four of which are powered by linear hydraulic actuators. The selection of the DOF, critical hardware design aspects, and initial performance measurements of BLEEX are discussed.
Actions of the Protease Inhibitor Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride on Neutrophil Granule Enzyme Secretion and Superoxide Production Induced by fMet-Leu-Phe and Phorbol 12-Myristate-13-Acetate (1989)

The protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride inhibits granule enzyme release and, above 1 mM, superoxide production from rabbit peritoneal neutrophils induced by the chemotactic peptide, fMet-Leu-Phe. At concentrations below 1 mM, it enhances superoxide production. Superoxide generation stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate is increased by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride at all concentrations studied. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride has no effect on the rise in intracellular calcium or the depolarization induced by fMet-Leu-Phe but does decrease the extent of repolarization and abolishes hyperpolarization. It depresses actin polymerization and abolishes cytoplasmic alkalinization caused by fMet-Leu-Phe. The increased phosphorylation induced by phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate in four of the five proteins studied was not affected by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, but the increased phosphorylation of the fifth, a 21-kD protein was enhanced. We conclude that phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride acts on inhibitory and enhancing processes or steps induced by fMet-Leu-Phe which are subsequent to or independent of calcium mobilization and protein kinase C activity.
AN AUTOMATED METHOD FOR EXTENDING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS TO MODEL FUNCTIONS (2010)

Parameter sensitivity analysis is a relatively well-developed field compared with function sensitivity analysis. How sensitive are model conclusions to the choice of functions used in the right-hand side of difference or differential equation models? Most work in this area has been scenario based where alternative functions are tested. This requires knowledge of plausible alternatives and is usually restricted to well-known functions. In this work, a method is proposed for function sensitivity analysis, which it is hoped will provide a starting point for discussion and stimulating further research on this important but neglected topic. The method provides information on the sensitivity of a model's results to changes in the shape of the functions. This is done in an automated way without the need to specify alternative functional forms. The proposed method is illustrated on a small ecosystem model.
Field effect devices (1983)

1. J-FET and MESFET. 2. MOS Fundamentals. 3. MOSFETs: An Introduction. 4. Nonideal MOS. 5. Modern FET Structures.
TIminer: NGS data mining pipeline for cancer immunology and immunotherapy (2017)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.