gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulin G is the main protective antibody in mouse vaginal secretions after vaginal immunization with attenuated herpes simplex virus type 2 (1997)

We investigated the protective role of antibodies in vaginal secretions of mice that were immune to vaginal challenge with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Unfractionated vaginal immunoglobulins from immune and nonimmune mice and affinity-purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) and secretory IgA (S-IgA) from immune secretions were adjusted to their concentrations in vivo. Wild-type HSV-2 was incubated in the immunoglobulin preparations for 15 min in vitro, followed by inoculation into vaginae of nonimmune mice. HSV-2 was neutralized by unfractionated antibody and purified IgG from immune secretions but not by unfractionated nonimmune antibody or by purified immune S-IgA. The protective effect of IgG in vivo was investigated by passively transferring purified serum IgG from immune and nonimmune donors to nonimmune recipients before vaginal challenge infection. Immune IgG significantly reduced the percentage of vaginal epithelium infected, concentrations of shed virus protein in the vaginal lumen, and illness scores, even though the viral antibody titers in serum and vaginal secretions of recipient mice at the time of challenge were only 29 and 8%, respectively, of those in actively immunized mice. Additionally, removal of vaginal secretions from immune mice 10 min before vaginal challenge with HSV-2 significantly increased the concentration of shed virus protein in the vaginal lumen after challenge. Collectively, the data indicate that IgG antibody in vaginal secretions of immune mice provides early protection against vaginal challenge infection, probably by neutralizing virus in the vaginal lumen. In contrast, S-IgA antibody contributed relatively little to immune protection of the vagina.
Integrins: roles in cancer development and as treatment targets (2004)

The integrin family of cell adhesion proteins promotes the attachment and migration of cells on the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Through signals transduced upon integrin ligation by ECM proteins or immunoglobulin superfamily molecules, this family of proteins plays key roles in regulating tumour growth and metastasis as well as tumour angiogenesis. Several integrins play key roles in promoting tumour angiogenesis and tumour metastasis. Antagonists of several integrins (alpha5beta1, alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5) are now under evaluation in clinical trials to determine their potential as therapeutics for cancer and other diseases.
Effect of Tolterodine on the Anticoagulant Actions and Pharmacokinetics of Single-dose Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers (2011)

This randomized, double-blind, crossover study investigated the potential effects of tolterodine ((R)-N,N-diisopropyl-3-(2-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-3-phenylpropanamine, CAS 124937-51-5), an antimuscarinic agent for the treatment of the overactive bladder, on the anticoagulant actions and pharmacokinetics of single-dose warfarin (CAS 81-81-2) in 20 healthy male volunteers. In terms of study design, volunteers randomly received oral tolterodine L-tartrate (2 mg twice daily) or matching placebo for 7 days, with a single oral dose of warfarin (25 mg) administered on day 4 of each treatment period. R-(+)- and S-(-)-warfarin pharmacokinetics were estimated from plasma levels measured up to 96 h post-dose, in conjunction with assessment of prothrombin time and factor VII activity. Pharmacokinetics of tolterodine and its active 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite ((R)-N,N-diisopropyl-3-(2-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-3-phenylpropanamine; 5-HM), in the presence and absence of warfarin, were also determined. Relative to placebo, tolterodine had no discernible effect on the anticoagulant actions of warfarin. Point estimates of the tolterodine: placebo ratios for prothrombin time and factor VII activity were 1.00 (90% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91-1.10) and 0.91 (90% CI: 0.83-0.99), respectively, consistent with equivalence. No clinically significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of R-(+)- and S-(-)-warfarin were noted. Serum concentration-time profiles and the pharmacokinetics of tolterodine and 5-HM were similar in the presence and absence of warfarin. There were no safety concerns. These findings indicate that co-administration of tolterodine and warfarin is safe and well tolerated, with no clinically significant pharmacodynamic or kinetic interaction in healthy volunteers.
Electro-optical frequency division and stable microwave synthesis (2014)

Optical frequency division by using frequency combs has revolutionized time keeping and the generation of stable microwave signals. We demonstrate optical frequency division and microwave generation by using a tunable electrical oscillator to create dual combs through phase modulation of two optical signals that have a stable difference frequency. Phase-locked control of the electrical oscillator by means of optical frequency division produces stable microwaves. Our approach transposes the oscillator and frequency reference of a conventional microwave frequency synthesizer. In this way, the oscillator experiences large phase noise reduction relative to the frequency reference. The electro-optical approach additionally relaxes the need for highly linear photodetection of the comb mode spacing. As well as simplicity, the technique is also tunable and scalable to higher division ratios.
Density, Viscosity, and Solubility of CO2 in Aqueous Solutions of 2-Amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (2002)

The densities and viscosities of aqueous solutions of 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (AHPD) were measured over the temperature range from (303.15 to 343.15) K and at the AHPD concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25) mass %. The solubilities of carbon dioxide in aqueous AHPD solutions were also measured at (313.15, 323.15, and 333.15) K over partial pressures of carbon dioxide ranging from (1 to 2000) kPa. The concentrations of aqueous AHPD solutions were (10 and 20) mass %. The thermodynamic characteristics of aqueous AHPD solution as a potential CO2 absorbent were identified through measurements of these three key properties.
Biomass Converting Enzymes as Industrial Biocatalysts for Fuels and Chemicals: Recent Developments (2012)

The economic utilization of abundant lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for the production of fuel and chemicals would represent a profound shift in industrial carbon utilization, allowing sustainable resources to substitute for, and compete with, petroleum based products. In order to exploit biomass as a source material for production of renewable compounds, it must first be broken down into constituent compounds, such as sugars, that can be more easily converted in chemical and biological processes. Lignocellulose is, unfortunately, a heterogeneous and recalcitrant material which is highly resistant to depolymerization. Many microorganisms have evolved repertoires of enzyme activities which act in tandem to decompose the various components of lignocellulosic biomass. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of these enzymes, with particular regard to those activities deemed likely to be applicable in commercialized biomass utilization processes.
Cloning of the late genes in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae—A review (1995)

Research on the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway in fungi has focused on the identification of the specific sterol structure required for normal membrane structure and function and for completion of the cell cycle. The pathway and its end product are also the targets for a number of antifungal drugs. Identification of essential steps in ergo-sterol biosynthesis could provide new targets for the development of novel therapeutic agents. Nine of the eleven genes in the portion of the pathway committed exclusively to ergosterol biosynthesis have been cloned, and their essentiality for aerobic growth has been determined. The first three genes, ERG9 (squalene synthase), ERG1 (squalene epoxidase), and ERG7 (lanosterol synthase), have been cloned and found to be essential for aerobic viability since their absence would result in the cell being unable to synthesize a sterol molecule. The remaining eight genes encode enzymes which metabolize the first sterol, lanosterol, to ultimately form ergosterol. The two earliest genes, ERG11 (lanosterol demethylase) and ERG24 (C-14 reductase), have been cloned and found to be essential for aerobic growth but are suppressed by mutations in the C-5 desaturase (ERG3) gene and fen1 and fen2 mutations, respectively. The remaining cloned genes, ERG6 (C-24 methylase), ERG2 (D8AE7 isomerase), ERG3 (C-5 desaturase), and ERG4 (C-24(28) reductase), have been found to be nonessential. The remaining genes not yet cloned are the C-4 demethylase and the C-22 desaturase (ERG5).
Novel nanocomposites from spider silk–silica fusion (chimeric) proteins (2006)

Silica skeletal architectures in diatoms are characterized by remarkable morphological and nanostructural details. Silk proteins from spiders and silkworms form strong and intricate self-assembling fibrous biomaterials in nature. We combined the features of silk with biosilica through the design, synthesis, and characterization of a novel family of chimeric proteins for subsequent use in model materials forming reactions. The domains from the major ampullate spidroin 1 (MaSp1) protein of Nephila clavipes spider dragline silk provide control over structural and morphological details because it can be self-assembled through diverse processing methods including film casting and fiber electrospinning. Biosilica nanostructures in diatoms are formed in aqueous ambient conditions at neutral pH and low temperatures. The R5 peptide derived from the silaffin protein of Cylindrotheca fusiformis induces and regulates silica precipitation in the chimeric protein designs under similar ambient conditions. Whereas mineralization reactions performed in the presence of R5 peptide alone form silica particles with a size distribution of 0.5-10 microm in diameter, reactions performed in the presence of the new fusion proteins generate nanocomposite materials containing silica particles with a narrower size distribution of 0.5-2 microm in diameter. Furthermore, we demonstrate that composite morphology and structure could be regulated by controlling processing conditions to produce films and fibers. These results suggest that the chimeric protein provides new options for processing and control over silica particle sizes, important benefits for biomedical and specialty materials, particularly in light of the all aqueous processing and the nanocomposite features of these new materials.
Relation of baseline microbial parameters to future periodontal attachment loss (1991)

The relationship between the level of subgingival species at baseline and subsequent attachment loss in a subject was examined. 38 subjects (14-71 years) with prior evidence of periodontal destruction were monitored 2x for pocket depth and attachment level at 6 sites per tooth at baseline and 2 months. A subject was considered to exhibit new attachment loss if 1 or more sites increased 3 mm or more in attachment level in 2 months. Subgingival plaque samples were taken at the baseline visit from the mesial aspect of each tooth (28 sites) using Gracey curettes. Samples were dispersed, diluted and plated on Trypticase soy agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood. After 7 days of anaerobic incubation, the colonies were lifted onto nylon filters, lysed and the DNA fixed to the filters. Digoxygenin-labeled DNA probes were used to enumerate 14 subgingival species. 17 of 38 subjects (44.7%) exhibited new attachment loss in 2 months. The % of the total viable count of each species was averaged for each subject. The species enumerated and the mean % of the total cultivable microbiota averaged across the active and inactive subjects were as follows; B gingivalis 2.3, 1.2; W. recta 1.3, 0.6; B. intermedius I 2.5, 2.0; B. forsythus 1.5, 1.2; A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype a 1.1, 0.8; F. nucleatum ss vincentii 1.1, 1.0; S. intermedius 2.0, 1.9; P. micros 1.5, 1.5; B. intermedius II 1.6, 1.7; A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b 0.4, 0.6; S. sanguis I 1.8, 2.1; S. sanguis II 2.7, 3.0; V. parvula 3.9, 4.2; C. ochracea 0.9, 1.8.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Monoclonal antibodies against ovarian carcinoma-associated antigens, raised by immunization with cyst fluids. (1989)

Intrasplenic immunization with ovarian tumour derived cyst fluids was used to generate monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against human ovarian carcinomas. Seven Mabs were characterized immunocytochemically using indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA) on frozen sections of gynaecologic tumours (n = 85), non-gynaecologic tumours (n = 50), normal human tissues (n = 66), and on 8 ovarian carcinoma cell lines. The Mabs reacted with 67-96% of 49 ovarian carcinoma tissues tested. Although 6 out of 7 Mabs showed slight cross reactivity with some endometrial, cervical, and oviductal carcinomas, little reactivity with non-gynaecologic tumours or normal tissues was found. Based on immunoelectronmicroscopy, all the antigenic determinants defined by the Mabs appeared to be associated with the tumour cell membrane. Among the seven Mabs, OV-TL 16 (IgG1 subclass) and OV-TL 23 (IgM class) reacted positively with 96% and 82% of the ovarian carcinomas respectively. Staining of 100% of the ovarian carcinomas examined (n = 49) could be achieved by combining OV-TL 16 with 23, as also by other combinations of the Mabs. It is concluded that a panel of these newly developed Mabs may be suitable for diagnostic purposes in histopathology.
Experimental analysis of mode switching techniques in pen-based user interfaces (2005)

Inking and gesturing are two central tasks in pen-based user interfaces. Switching between modes for entry of uninterpreted ink and entry of gestures is required by many pen-based user interfaces. Without an appropriate mode switching technique, pen-based interactions in such situations may be inefficient and cumbersome. In this paper, we investigate five techniques for switching between ink and gesture modes in pen interfaces, including a pen-pressure based mode switching technique that allows implicit mode transition. A quantitative experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance of these techniques. The results suggest that pressing a button with the non-preferred hand offers the fastest performance, while the technique of holding the pen still is significantly slower and more prone to error than the other techniques. Pressure, while promising, did not perform as well as the non-preferred hand button with our current implementation.
Adoptive Transfer of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma: Intent-to-Treat Analysis and Efficacy after Failure to Prior Immunotherapies (2013)

Adoptive transfer of TIL can yield durable and complete responses in patients with refractory melanoma, even when other immunotherapies have failed.
FGF‐21/FGF‐21 receptor interaction and activation is determined by βKlotho (2007)

Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) is a metabolic regulator that can influence glucose and lipid control in diabetic rodents and primates. We demonstrate that betaKlotho is an integral part of an activated FGF-21-betaKlotho-FGF receptor (FGFR) complex thus a critical subunit of the FGF-21 receptor. Cells lacking betaKlotho did not respond to FGF-21; the introduction of betaKlotho to these cells conferred FGF-21-responsiveness and recapitulated the entire scope of FGF-21 signaling observed in naturally responsive cells. Interestingly, FGF-21-mediated effects are heparin independent suggesting that betaKlotho plays a role in FGF-21 activity similar to the one played by heparin in the signaling of conventional FGFs. Moreover, in addition to conferring specificity for FGF-21, betaKlotho appears to support FGF-19 activity and mediates the receptor selectivity profile of FGF-19. All together, these results indicate that betaKlotho and FGFRs form the cognate FGF-21 receptor complex, mediating FGF-21 cellular specificity and physiological effects.
Ordering and Melting of Block Copolymer Spherical Domains in 2 and 3 Dimensions (2003)

We observe that a 2-D single crystalline layer of spherical diblock copolymer domains templated by lateral substrate topology melts via a continuous defect generation process, similar to that predicted by Kosterlitz, Thouless, Halperin, Nelson, and Young. The layer of spheres is allowed to order (or disorder) by annealing for 72 h at a given temperature, T, that corresponds to a given χNmin, where χ is the temperature-dependent Flory−Huggins parameter and Nmin is the number of mers in the minority block. The structure of the layer is revealed by imaging the ion beam etched film using scanning force microscopy. If χNmin > 9, the film is polycrystalline and the system appears to be kinetically trapped. For 9 > χNmin > 7.4, we observe that the film is a single crystal with quasi-long-range order and few defects, as expected for the 2-D crystal. As T is increased further (χNmin is decreased), we observe that defects are generated, predominantly dislocation pairs and other dislocation clusters with no long-range strain field. Increasing numbers of free dislocations are observed as χNmin is decreased further. This dislocation unbinding produces a hexatic phase which has quasi-long-range orientational order but only short-range translational order. At still higher T (χNmin = 7.2), the dislocations unbind into +60° and −60° free disclinations to form an isotropic 2-D liquid of block copolymer micelles. This hexatic to liquid transition occurs at a χNmin below that corresponding to the bulk lattice disordering−ordering transition as measured by small-angle X-ray scattering.
Deletion of the Extracellular Membrane-Distal Cytokine Receptor Homology Module of Mpl Results in Constitutive Cell Growth and Loss of Thrombopoietin Binding (1999)

The thrombopoietin receptor, Mpl, is a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily. The extracellular domain of Mpl contains two copies of the cytokine receptor homology module (CRM). Mpl is encoded by c-mpl, the cellular homologue of the oncogene v-mpl. The oncogenic potential of v-mpl may arise from deletion of all but the 43 most membrane-proximal amino acids of the extracellular domain of the wild-type receptor. To test the hypothesis that the extracellular domain of Mpl plays a role in controlling receptor activity, we created mutants of murine Mpl in which the membrane-distal CRM was either deleted or replaced by the membrane-proximal CRM. Introduction of these mutant receptors into factor-dependent BaF3 cells led to constitutive cell growth in the absence of growth factor. Both mutant receptors failed to bind 125I-Tpo. These results suggest that the membrane-distal CRM of Mpl acts as a brake on cell proliferation and that this region is required for ligand binding.
Boride Cathodes (1951)

The thermionic emission properties of the borides of the alkaline-earth and rare-earth metals and thorium have been investigated. These compounds all have the same formula MB6 and the same crystal structure consisting of a three-dimensional boron framework in whose interlattice spaces the metal atoms are embedded. The valence electrons of the metal atoms are not accepted by the B6 complex, thus giving rise to the presence of free electrons which impart a metallic character to these compounds. This, together with the strong bonds between the boron atoms in the framework, produces a series of compounds which have high electrical conductivities and high thermal and chemical stabilities—ideal properties for a cathode material. When this structure is heated to a sufficiently high temperature, the metal atoms at the surface evaporate away. They are, however, immediately replaced by diffusion of metal atoms from the underlying cells. The boron frame work does not evaporate but remains intact. This process gives a mechanism for constantly maintaining an active cathode surface. Thermionic emission measurements made on these materials show the rare-earth metal borides to be superior to the others. The highest emission was obtained from lanthanum boride. Its emission constants for the Dushman equation were φ=2.66 volts and A=29 amps/cm2/degK2. This is higher than the emission normally obtained from thoria. Lanthanum boride has a relatively low evaporation rate corresponding to a latent heat of evaporation of 169 kilocalories per mole. If the hexaborides are operated at high temperature in contact with the refractory metals, boron diffuses into their metal lattices forming interstitial boron alloys with them. When this occurs, the boron framework which holds the alkaline-earth or rare-earth metal atoms collapses, permitting the latter to evaporate. However, the hexaboride cathodes may be operated at high temperatures in contact with tantalum carbide or graphite. Lanthanum boride cathodes are especially useful in applications where high current densities are required. They are also suitable for high voltage applications because they stand up well under positive ion bombardment. Since they are atmospherically stable and activate easily, they have found wide use in experimental demountable systems.
Analysing gene expression data from DNA microarrays to identify candidate genes (2001)

Microarray data analysis can be divided into two tasks: grouping of genes to discover broad patterns of biological behaviour, and filtering of genes to identify specific genes of interest. Whereas the gene-grouping task is largely addressed by cluster analysis, the gene-filtering task relies primarily on hypothesis testing. This review article surveys analytical methods for the gene-filtering task. Various types of data analysis are discussed for four basic types of experimental protocols: a comparison of two biological samples; a comparison of two biological conditions; each represented by a set of replicate samples; a comparison of multiple biological conditions; and analysis of covariate information.