gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Oligosaccharide Units of the Xyloglucans in the Cell Walls of Bulbs of Onion, Garlic and their Hybrid (1994)

Xyloglucans were isolated from the 24% KOH-soluble fraction of the cell walls of bulbs of onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum) and their hybrid. The polysaccharides yielded single peaks upon gel filtration with average molecular weights of 65,000 for onion, 55,000 for garlic and 82,000 for the hybrid. Compositional analysis of the oligosaccharide units after digestion with an endo-1,4-beta-glucanase from Streptomyces indicated that the polysaccharides were constructed of four kinds of repeating oligosaccharide unit, namely, a decasaccharide (glucose/xylose/galactose/fucose, 4 : 3: 2 : 1), a nonasaccharide (glucose/xylose/galactose/fucose, 4 : 3 : 1 : 1), an octasaccharide (glucose/xylose/galactose, 4 : 3 : 1), and a heptasaccharide (glucose/xylose, 4 : 3). The xyloglucan from the hybrid contained highly fucosylated units that resembled those from onion rather than from garlic. The analysis also revealed that the xyloglucans from Allium species contain highly substituted xylosyl residues with fucosyl-galactosyl residues, suggesting that these monocotyledonous plants resemble dicotyledons in the structural features of their xyloglucans.
Transmission electron microscopy studies of regrown GaN Ohmic contacts on patterned substrates for metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor applications (2007)

Contact selected area regrowth of GaN was performed by metal organic chemical vapor deposition using a silicon nitride dielectric hard mask to define plasma etched recesses and to define source-drain regions. A low temperature regrowth process at 750–850°C was adopted to limit lateral overgrowth. High resolution electron microscopy images and selected area diffraction confirmed the regrowth selectivity and revealed that the low temperature regrown GaN is epitaxial and has a wurtzite crystal structure. I-V characteristics of the fabricated metal oxidesemiconductor field effect transistor show enhancement mode operation.
Differential Influences of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor on Th17 Mediated Responses in vitro and in vivo (2013)

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has been attributed with anti-inflammatory effects in the development of pathological immune responses leading to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) via the induction of regulatory T cells. In agreement with previously published findings, we find that TCDD administration confers protection from EAE, however, this immuno-modulatory effect was not the consequence of de novo Treg generation, but the inhibition of Th17 cell differentiation. Systemic application of FICZ at the time of immunization also reduced EAE pathology albeit to a lesser degree than TCDD. In vitro Th17 differentiation in the presence of AhR agonists, including TCDD, promoted IL-17 and IL-22 expression, but did not induce Treg differentiation. AhR affinity influenced the amounts of IL-17 and IL-22 protein that was secreted by Th17 cells, but did not seem to affect susceptibility to EAE in vivo. Making use of conditional AhR-deficient mice, we show that the anti-inflammatory effect of TCDD depends on AhR activation in both T cells and dendritic cells, further emphasising the ability of TCDD to interfere with T effector cell differentiation in vivo. The dichotomy between the in vivo and in vitro effects of AhR reveals the complexity of the AhR pathway, which has the capacity of affecting different AhR-expressing cell types involved in mounting immune responses, thus participating in defining their outcome.
Enseñar a aprender a pensar en los centros educativos (2006)

El autentico protagonismo de los centros educativos
tiene que dirigirse a ayudar a pensar a sus alumnos y a
ensenarlos a aprender, es decir, el docente tiene que
ensenar estrategias de aprendizaje y debe promover el
esfuerzo del estudiante para facilitar la construccion de
esquemas y el aprendizaje permanente.
El profesor debe utilizar cualquier situacion de
aprendizaje para ensenar dichas estrategias de
aprendizaje, incluso en las situaciones de evaluacion;
por lo tanto, en este trabajo se sugiere que en las
evaluaciones de los alumnos y alumnas se tenga en
cuenta la metacognicion como factor fundamental en el
aprendizaje y la ensenanza
Three‐Dimensional Micro‐Computed Tomographic Imaging of Alveolar Bone in Experimental Bone Loss or Repair (2007)

The developed methods allow for highly accurate and reproducible static measurements of tooth-supporting alveolar bone following preclinical situations of bone destruction or regeneration. Future investigations should focus on using in vivo micro-CT imaging for real-time assessments of alveolar bone changes.
Ambient intelligence and wearable computing: Sensors on the body, in the home, and beyond (2009)

Ambient intelligence has a history of focusing on technologies that are integrated into a person's environment. However, ambient intelligence can be found on a person's body as well. In this thematic issue we examine the role of wearable computing in the field of ambient intelligence. In this article we provide an overview of the field of wearable computing and discuss its relationship to the fields of smart environments and ambient intelligence. In addition, we introduce the papers presented in the thematic issue highlighting a number of research projects which are defining the state of the art in wearable computing and ambient intelligence.
Heterogeneous Solution NMR Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (2014)

A novel variant of an iridium-based organometallic catalyst was synthesized and used to enhance the NMR signals of pyridine in a heterogeneous phase by immobilization on polymer microbead solid supports. Upon administration of parahydrogen (pH2) gas to a methanol mixture containing the HET-SABRE catalyst particles and the pyridine, up to fivefold enhancements were observed in the (1)H NMR spectra after sample transfer to high field (9.4 T). Importantly, enhancements were not due to any residual catalyst molecules in solution, thus supporting the true heterogeneity of the SABRE process. Further significant improvements may be expected by systematic optimization of experimental parameters. Moreover, the heterogeneous catalyst is easy to separate and recycle, thus opening a door to future potential applications varying from spectroscopic studies of catalysis, to imaging metabolites in the body without concern of contamination from expensive and potentially toxic metal catalysts or accompanying organic molecules.
Photoinitiated Crosslinking and Grafting of Methylmethacrylate Using N,N-Dimethyl Amino Functional Polystyrene Block Copolymers (2004)

Monodisperse poly(N,N-dimethyl-4-vinylphenethylamine)-block-polystyrene was synthesized via anionic living polymerization carried out at -78 °C under a pressure of 10-6 torr using cumyl potassium as the initiator. Subsequent photoinduced radical polymerization of styrene through side chain-functional N,N-dimethyl amino groups yielded a crosslinked polymer and a brush type block-graft copolymer to a lesser extent. Upon irradiation at a wavelength of 350 nm, macroradicals were generated via hydrogen abstraction from amino side-chain groups by the excited benzophenone. The block-graft copolymer was characterized by 1H-NMR, IR, and GPC analysis.
Controllable Synthesis of Hollow Hierarchical Palladium Nanostructures with Enhanced Activity for Proton/Hydrogen Sensing (2007)

The hollow Pd nanostructures were fabricated using Co nanoparticles as sacrificial templates to obtain two geometries, namely, raspberry-like and nanotube-like hierarchical architectures. These hollow nanostructures are extensively characterized by TEM, XRD, HRTEM, SEM, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Particularly, hollow raspberry-like Pd nanostructure exhibit enhanced activity for proton/hydrogen sensing compared to solid Pd nanoparticles (diameter ca. 3 nm), Pd microparticles (diameter 1−1.5 μm), and a planar 3 mm diameter Pd electrode. It is the contribution of the hollow nanostructure and the presence of the smaller nanoparticles on its shell that allow the weakly capped structure to produce this stronger and more specific stable response.
The molecular structure of the left-handed Z-DNA double helix at 1.0-Å atomic resolution (1989)

The structure of d(CGCGCG) crystallized in the presence of magnesium and sodium ions alone is compared to that of the spermine form of the molecule.The very high resolution nature of these structure determinations allows the first true examination of an oligonucleotide structure in fine detail.The values of bond distances and angles are compared to those derived from small molecule crystal structures.In addition, the interactions of cations and polyamines with the Z-DNA helix are analyzed.In particular, multiple cationic charges appear to offer enhanced stabilization for the Z-DNA conformation.The location of spermine molecules along the edge of the deep groove and also spanning the entrance to the groove emphasizes the importance of polyamines for stabilizing this left-handed structure.On averaging, we obtained very similar structural parameters for the two different structures with standard deviations generally smaller than the deviations of the crystallographic model from ideal values.This indicates a high degree of accuracy of the two structures, which have been refined using different data and different refinement methods.The derived bond lengths and angles may thus be more representative of this polymeric DNA structure than those derived from mono-and dinucleotide structures at a similar accuracy.The idea of DNA polymorphism is now a generally accepted phenomenon.What was once thought to be a stable and rather uniform molecule has been shown to exist in many different conformations.To date the most extreme differences are seen in Z-DNA.This was originally demonstrated from a single crystal x-ray diffraction study of the hexanucleoside pentaphosphate d(CpGpCpGpCpG) (abbreviated d(CGCG CG) or simply d(CG)3) (1).This crystal form, with both
Recovery from Neurological Deficits Following Biotin Treatment in a Biotinidase Km Variant (1993)

A 15-year-old boy suffered from progressive bilateral optic neuropathy of acute onset at the age of 10 years. Subsequently he developed spastic paraparesis and a predominantly motor type neuro-axonal neuropathy in all limbs. The basic error has been elucidated to be due to an unusual biotinidase Km variant with biphasic enzyme kinetics causing systemic biotin depletion and consequent multiple biotin-dependent carboxylase deficiency. After daily oral substitution with 10 mg biotin metabolic derangements subsided rapidly. Follow-up studies over one year after substitution with biotin demonstrated remarkable recovery from part of the previously present neuro-ophthalmological, motor and cognitive deficits. The previously extinguished flash-evoked visual potentials now showed clear responses after six months of substitution with biotin. In contrast with reports in literature, these findings indicated that neurological damage associated with biotinidase deficiency, rather than being permanent, is to some extent reversible.
Phantom Glucose Calibration Models from Simulated Noninvasive Human Near-Infrared Spectra (1998)

The validity of published reports claiming to have successfully measured in vivo blood glucose from noninvasive near-infrared spectra collected in a time-dependent manner is challenged on the basis of results obtained from a phantom glucose spectral data set. An in vitro model is used to simulate noninvasive human near-IR spectra. The phantom glucose data set is created by purposely omitting glucose in these modeled samples. Glucose values are then assigned to successive phantom glucose spectra, and multivariate calibration models are generated for glucose based on partial-least squares regression. As expected, calibration models are incapable of predicting glucose values when the glucose assignments are made randomly. Apparently functional models are obtained, however, when glucose assignments are made in a nonrandom, time-dependent manner. Prediction errors from these nonrandom models are essentially identical to those published by other as evidence of successful noninvasive blood glucose measurements. Chance temporal correlations between assigned glucose concentrations and some uncontrolled experimental parameter are responsible for this apparent model functionality.
<title>VaMoRs-P: an advanced platform for visual autonomous road vehicle guidance</title> (1995)

A sedan Mercedes 500 SEL has been equipped with active bifocal vision systems. Road and object recognition is performed both in a look-ahead and in a look-back region; this allows to servo-maintain an internal representation of the entire situation around in the vehicle using the 4D approach to dynamic machine vision. Obstacles are detected and tracked both in the forward and in the backward viewing range up to about 100 meters distance; up to 5 objects may be tracked in parallel in each hemisphere. A fixation type viewing direction control with the capability of saccadic shifts for attention focusing has been developed. The overall system comprises about 5 dozen transputers T-222 (16-bit, for image processing and communication) and T-800 (32-bit, for number crunching and knowledge processing) plus a PC as transputer host. A description of the parallel processing architecture is given allowing frequent data driven bottom-up and model driven top-down integration steps for efficient and robust object tracking (4D approach).
Practical Asymmetric Synthesis of an Endothelin Receptor Antagonist (1999)

An efficient, practical, asymmetric synthesis of the endothelin receptor antagonist 1 is reported. The key pyridine-fused cyclopentane ring bearing three consecutive chiral centers was constructed by first an auxiliary induced asymmetric conjugate addition of the bottom aryllithium from 19 to an unsaturated ester 21 in high diastereoselectivity. After a highly diastereoselective addition of the top aryl Grignard reagent to the aldehyde 22, the alcohol product then underwent a stereospecific intramolecular alkylation of the ester enolate by the phosphate of the alcohol, resulting in the desired trans−trans relative stereochemistry on the cyclopentane ring. The two key chiral centers that set the chirality of the molecule were both induced from cis-1-amino-2-indanol-derived chiral auxiliaries, one in the conjugate addition reaction, the other in setting the chiral center of the bottom side chain via chiral alkylation of an enolate. Oxidation of the primary alcohol to the carboxylic acid in the bottom side chain was carried out with the newly developed TEMPO/bleach-catalyzed oxidation by sodium chlorite (NaClO2) or chromium oxide catalyzed oxidation by periodic acid. The overall process has been run successfully to make multikilograms of the drug in high purity.
Wet-Developable Organic Anti-Reflective Coatings For Implant Layer Applications (2004)

Bottom anti-reflective coatings (BARCs) have been widely used in conjunction with photoresists in the manufacture of semiconductors during the photolithography step of the process. The primary benefits of BARCs in photolithography are focus/exposure latitude improvement, enhanced critical dimension (CD) control, elimination of reflective notching, and protection of DUV resist from substrate poisoning. In the past, BARCs have mainly been used in critical layers such as gate and contact layers. As integrated circuit feature sizes continue to shrink, the application of a BARC in implant layers becomes more desirable because the tolerances of reflective notching and CD variations caused by wafer topography are getting smaller. Wet-developable BARCs have been developed specifically for implant layer applications. The feasibility of using traditional dry-etch BARCs is very questionable because they introduce more process complexity and more defectivity and potentially cause unnecessary substrate damage. This paper will review the difficult challenges of producing implant lithography layers and discuss wet-developable BARC design criteria and requirements. This paper will also discuss the performance of wet-developable BARCs used in implant layer lithography and the technical challenges of the process.
Synthesis of human erythropoietin in vivo in the oviduct of laying hens by localized in vivo gene transfer using electroporation (1998)

In order to synthesize human erythropoietin protein in the oviduct of laying hens, localized in vivo gene transfer was attempted by using electroporation. In Experiment 1, transcriptional activities were compared by using four viral and cellular promoters, i.e., the 1.35-kbp long ovalbumin promoter, SV40 early promoter, Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat (RSV LTR), and the miw promoter, which is a hybrid of RSV LTR and chicken beta-actin promoter. These promoters were fused immediately upstream to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. The results of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity showed that the miw promoter was the strongest, followed by SV40, RSV LTR, and the ovalbumin promoter in decreasing order. The intensity of the miw promoter was 250 times as high as that of the ovalbumin promoter. In Experiment 2, plasmid DNA containing the human erythropoietin gene, driven either by the ovalbumin promoter or the miw promoter, was transfected in vivo, and the production of human erythropoietin protein was detected by ELISA. The results indicated that the synthesis of human erythropoietin protein was attained in the chicken oviduct, and its concentration was higher when driven by the miw promoter than the ovalbumin promoter.
Modulation of the Ni FUSI workfunction by Yb doping: from midgap to n-type band-edge (2006)

The key result in this work is the experimental demonstration that adding Yb to Ni FUSI allows for tuning the work function (WF) from midgap (NiSi ~4.72 eV) to n-type band-edge (~4.22 eV) on thin SiON, maintaining same EOT. In addition, we did not observe any interface adhesion issues found in other reports when WF is modulated by dopants such as As or Sb. We also show that reliability is similar to Ni FUSI. This is a promising technique for nFET gate electrode formation and enables dual gate CMOS technologies for 45 nm and beyond in a manufacturable way
Current-voltage characteristics of the helium field-ion microscope (1963)

Abstract The characteristic variation of ion current with applied voltage in a helium field-ion microscope is reported. Current—voltage characteristics have been measured as functions of emitter radius, operating temperature and helium pressure, and also for emitters of various metals. Practical implications of the results are mentioned and the observed behaviour is compared with the existing theory of field ionization. Experimental findings support general aspects of the theory but there are several disagreements in detail. In particular the theory fails to account for the observed magnitude of the ion current at high fields and its variation with voltage and emitter radius.
Reduced Numatrin/B23/Nucleophosmin Labeling in Apoptotic Jurkat T-lymphoblasts (1995)

Jurkat T-lymphoblasts were induced to undergo apoptosis by treatment with either EGTA (5 mM/24 h) or a high concentration of lovastatin (100 microM/48 h) to identify proteins that exhibited coordinate regulation between the two treatments and thus provide candidate proteins in the common apoptotic induction pathway. A pure population of apoptotic cells, as determined by morphology, "DNA laddering," and flow cytometry, was obtained by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Cells of increased buoyant density were clearly apoptotic by all criteria. Following this gradient centrifugation, the cells were labeled with [35S]methionine/cysteine, and lysates were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Surprisingly, the two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns generated from the apoptotic cells did not differ dramatically from that of control cells. Thus, apoptotic Jurkat cells are able to synthesize new proteins and do not exhibit extensive proteolysis. Subsequent quantitative analysis revealed that only five proteins exhibited decreases in turnover that were common to the two treatments. No increases in protein turnover were able to be confirmed across the replicate experiments. One of the proteins that showed decreased labeling by both apoptotic inductions was an abundant nuclear protein with a pI of 5.1 and M(r) 40,000. This protein was identified as numatrin/B23/nucleophosmin (NPM) based on internal amino acid sequence, and this identity was confirmed by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. NPM is implicated in a range of diverse cellular functions, but its role in apoptosis is unclear.
Management of otitis media using Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guidelines☆☆☆★ (1998)

Increased costs of managing otitis media and its complications may result from delays in diagnosis and treatment. The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research developed guidelines to assist in the management of chronic otitis media with effusion. We examined the medical care adherence to Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guidelines in 59 consecutive patients referred because of chronic otitis media with effusion and recurrent acute otitis media. Patient history and examination data were collected prospectively. In the group with chronic otitis media with effusion, the rate of adherence to Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guidelines was 0%; in those with recurrent acute otitis media, adherence was 5%. Delayed referral occurred in 34% of patients; 25% of patients were referred early. The average duration of effusion in patients with chronic otitis media with effusion was 5.2 months; the duration of recurrent acute otitis media immediately before referral was 9.3 months. Eighteen patients (47%) in the chronic otitis media with effusion group had a history of recurrent chronic otitis media with effusion spanning an average of 22.7 months. On referral, hearing loss was discovered in 92% of all patients, and in 69% the tympanogram was flat. The complication and sequelae rate was 49.1%, and speech delay was the most frequent at 16.9%. We conclude that in our study patients there is a significant referral delay, long history of chronic otitis media with effusion in patients before referral, high rate of hearing loss, and high complication rate. Continued efforts should be directed toward improving education of all clinicians so that diagnostic tools and timely otolaryngologic referral are better used. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:437-43.)
Biologically potent analogues of salmon calcitonin which do not contain an N-terminal disulfide-bridged ring structure (1987)

The disulfide bridge formed between the cysteine residues at positions 1 and 7 of salmon calcitonin (sCT) is not required for biological activity. The analogues [Ala1,7]sCT,[AcmCys1,7]sCT and [AmcCys1,Ala7]sCT (AcmC = S-acetamido-methylcysteine) are linear sequences which retain full hypocalcemic activity in the intact rat and ability to activate adenylate cyclase of rat renal membranes. The secondary structure of these peptides in aqueous solution in the presence or absence of lipid is not greatly perturbed by the opening of the disulfide ring. In contrast with salmon calcitonin, substitution of Cys by AcmCys in human calcitonin results in greatly reduced hypocalcemic activity but no loss in the ability of the peptide to activate renal adenylate cyclase. Thus in vitro activation of adenylate cyclase by human calcitonin analogues is not always correlated with in vivo hypocalcemic potency.