gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elevated serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II and IGF binding protein-2 in patients with colorectal cancer (2000)

This study explored the relationships of serum insulin-like growth factors, IGF-I and IGF-II, and their binding proteins (IGFBP)-2 and IGFBP-3, with key clinicopathological parameters in 92 patients with colorectal cancer (cases). Comparisons were made with 57 individuals who had a normal colonoscopy (controls). Serial changes were examined in 27 cases. As IGF-related peptides are age- and sex-dependent, absolute concentrations were converted to standard deviation scores (SDS). Mean IGF-II SDS were elevated in Dukes A (n = 12, P< 0.001) and Dukes B (n = 25, P< 0.001) cases compared with controls, but not in advanced disease. Compared with controls, mean IGFBP-2 SDS were significantly elevated in patients with Dukes B (P< 0.001), Dukes C (n = 13, P< 0.001) and advanced disease (n = 42, P< 0.0001), with a significant trend from early to advanced disease (one-way ANOVA, P< 0.001). Furthermore, IGFBP-2 SDS were positively related to tumour size (P = 0.01) and fell significantly in patients following curative resection (P = 0.04), suggesting that circulating levels reflect tumour load. We tested the potential tumour marker characteristics of IGFBP-2 SDS against three endpoints: metastasis alone; local pelvic recurrence alone; and metastasis and recurrence combined. The sensitivities for IGFBP-2 alone (>/= + 2SD) were modest at 55%, 46%, and 52%, but in combination with CEA, increased substantially to 90%, 77% and 86%, respectively. We conclude that the serum IGF-II and IGFBP-2 profiles may provide insights into underlying biological mechanisms, and that serum IGFBP-2 may have an adjunct role in cancer surveillance in patients with colorectal cancer.
TAK1 inhibitor NG25 enhances doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells (2016)

Doxorubicin (Dox, Adriamycin) has been widely used in breast cancer treatment. But its severe cardio-toxic side effects limited the clinical use. Dox treatment can induce DNA damage and other accompanying effects in cancer cells, and subsequently activates nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway which has a strong pro-survival role in different types of malignancy. We hypothesize that blocking NF-κB pathway may sensitize breast cancer cells to Dox chemotherapy. TGFβ-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) is a key intracellular molecule participating in genotoxic stresses-induced NF-κB activation. Targeting TAK1 as a strategy to enhance cancer treatment efficacy has been studied in several malignancies. We showed that NG25, a synthesized TAK1 inhibitor, greatly enhanced Dox treatment efficacy in a panel of breast cancer cell lines. In this pre-clinical study, we found that NG25 partially blocked Dox-induced p38 phosphorylation and IκBα degradation and enhanced Dox-induced cytotoxic effects and apoptosis in all breast cancer cell lines tested. Taken together, we provided clear evidence that NG25 sensitizes the breast cancer cells to Dox treatment in vitro. This combination may be an effective and feasible therapeutic option maximizing Dox efficacy and meanwhile minimizing Dox side effects in treating breast cancer.
From Functional Core/Shell Nanoparticles Prepared via Layer-by-Layer Deposition to Empty Nanospheres (2004)

The adsorption (wrapping) of polyelectrolytes onto (around) oppositely charged nanospheres is a problem in colloid science (stabilization, surface functionalization), biology (DNA-histone complex) and in theoretical physics. Here we report that gold nanoparticles can easily be coated using Layer-by-Layer (LbL) deposition as the sole method. The resulting core/shell nanoparticles are so well stabilized that they can be centrifuged and redispersed without agitation or use of ultrasound. At an average recovery of about 95% of particles per layer, at least 20 layers can be deposited with a minimum of particle aggregation. Thus LbL opens a new and general route for the functionalization of nanoparticles even in aqueous media limiting the risk of ligand exchange reactions. In the case of gold colloids, the core can be gently dissolved resulting in empty (hollow?) nanospheres.
Genetic Reconstitution of Functional Acetylcholine Receptor Channels in Mouse Fibroblasts (1987)

Foreign genes can be stably integrated into the genome of a cell by means of DNA-mediated gene transfer techniques, and large quantities of homogenous cells that continuously express these gene products can then be isolated. Such an expression system can be used to study the functional consequences of introducing specific mutations into genes and to study the expressed protein in the absence of cellular components with which it is normally in contact. All four Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunit complementary DNA's were introduced into the genome of a mouse fibroblast cell by DNA-mediated gene transfer. A clonal cell line that stably produced high concentrations of correctly assembled cell surface AChR's and formed proper ligand-gated ion channels was isolated. With this new expression system, recombinant DNA, biochemical, pharmacological, and electrophysiological techniques were combined to study Torpedo AChR's in a single intact system. The physiological and pharmacological profiles of Torpedo AChR's expressed in mouse fibroblast cells differ in some details from those described earlier, and may provide a more accurate reflection of the properties of this receptor in its natural environment.
New nonlinear optical crystal: Cesium lithium borate (1995)

A new nonlinear optical crystal CsLiB6O10 (CLBO), is described that can be grown from either stoichiometric melt or from solution. A large, high quality single crystal with dimensions of 14×11×11 cm3 was obtained by the top-seeded Kyropoulos method. Fourth harmonic and fifth harmonic generations of the 1.064 μm Nd:YAG laser radiation with type-I phase matching were realized in the CLBO crystal. Output pulse energies obtained were 110 mJ at 266 nm and 35 mJ at 213 nm.
Status of dosimetry for 252Cf medical neutron sources (1973)

The author presents a review of the parameters of 252Cf medical neutron sources. A comparison of 252Cf absorbed dose deterioration is made and the evaluation of data and sources of error are discussed.
Immunotherapy of tumor metastasis via gene therapy. (1994)

Active cellular immunotherapy of cancer, via gene-modified tumor cells, may develop to an effective treatment modality. Here we discuss some of the cytokines used in gene transfer, the importance of MHC class I expression on tumor cells used as vaccines, the relevance of experimental tumor systems to human tumors, and the use of live versus irradiated vaccines. Possible methods for effective gene transfer and possible protocols for immunotherapy studies are presented. Our studies in two highly metastatic murine tumors, the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) and the B16 melanoma, and immune mechanisms involved in immunotherapy of metastasis are summarized.
Antitumor effects of inhibitors of arachidonic acid cascade on experimentally induced intestinal tumors (1987)

The antitumor action of inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (indomethacin) and lipoxygenase activity (nordihydroguaiaretic acid) of arachidonic acid cascade was investigated in the chemically induced large bowel tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats. Indomethacin treatment completely prevented the carcinogenic effect of methylazoxymethanol. Thus, no tumors were found in the 14 rat test group, compared with 13 of 14 tumor-bearing rats in the untreated control group. Although nordihydroguaiaretic acid treatment does not abolish prostaglandin synthesis, it does reduce the effect of the carcinogen and tumors were found in only five of 14 treated rats. From this study it can be postulated that not only is reduction in prostaglandin formation responsible for the inhibition of tumor growth, but also leukotrienes may play some role.
High Resolution Organic Vapor Jet Printing of Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Diode Arrays. (2013)

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are widely used in mobile devices due to their thin form factor, wide color gamut, and high efficiency. The introduction of OLEDs into televisions and monitors has been slowed, in part, by the difficulty of patterning organic thin films over large areas at micron-scale resolutions. A practical patterning technology must also be compatible with efficient device architectures, such as phosphorescent OLEDs (PHOLEDs). Organic vapor jet printing (OVJP) is an approach for depositing and patterning the emissive layers of OLED displays in a scalable manner. An inert carrier gas is used to mix organic vapor from multiple material sources. The vapor mixture is then distributed to a Si micronozzle array that collimates it into multiple jets to deposit well-defined thin film features onto a chilled substrate. This technique is capable of printing features smaller than 20 μm and arrays of 100 μm wide multicolor PHOLED segments. An experimentally validated deposition model predicts that full color (red-green-blue) pixel pitches of 150 μm are obtainable without cross-contamination of dopants between adjacent sub pixels. Green PHOLEDs with an external quantum efficiency of 8.0±0.7%, comparable to that achieved with standard techniques, were fabricated with OVJP. Since the micronozzle array is fabricated using standard Si processing techniques, this approach is readily scalable. Based on the performance of the laboratory system, a production OVJP tool has the potential to print a full color OLED emissive layer onto Gen 8 (4 m2) substrate in as little as 250s.
Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and soluble RAGE (sRAGE): cardiovascular implications (2009)

Disorders of glucose metabolism are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) complications, including coronary, peripheral and cerebral arterial disease, that account for the majority of morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). These associations between glucose and CVD risk extend continuously well below the glycaemic thresholds established for the diagnosis of diabetes, including significantly increased risk associated with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and even high normal glucose concentrations. While these epidemiological observations have established a clear association between cardiovascular disease and dysglycaemia and suggest a direct causal link, the mechanisms by which hyperglycaemia may contribute to the development, progression and instability of atherosclerosis remain unclear. A number of recent advances in the realm of vascular biology have identified several novel, plausible pathways that might link hyperglycaemia with atherosclerosis, individually or in aggregate. Key among them are the interaction between advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), which exists as a trans-membrane signalling receptor and as a circulating form, soluble RAGE (sRAGE). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the present understanding of RAGE and sRAGE, their plausible role linking perturbed glucose metabolism with the development, progression and instability of atherosclerosis, and the potential therapeutic implications of modulation of this biological system.
Mast Cell-Associated TNF Promotes Dendritic Cell Migration (2006)

Mast cells represent a potential source of TNF, a mediator which can enhance dendritic cell (DC) migration. Although the importance of mast cell-associated TNF in regulating DC migration in vivo is not clear, mast cells and mast cell-derived TNF can contribute to the expression of certain models of contact hypersensitivity (CHS). We found that CHS to FITC was significantly impaired in mast cell-deficient Kit(W-sh/W-sh) or TNF(-/)(-) mice. The reduced expression of CHS in Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice was fully repaired by local transfer of wild-type bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMCs), but was only partially repaired by transfer of TNF(-/)(-) BMCMCs. Thus, mast cells, and mast cell-derived TNF, were required for optimal expression of CHS to FITC. We found that the migration of FITC-bearing skin DCs into draining lymph nodes (LNs) 24 h after epicutaneous administration of FITC in naive mice was significantly reduced in mast cell-deficient or TNF(-/)(-) mice, but levels of DC migration in these mutant mice increased to greater than wild-type levels by 48 h after FITC sensitization. Mast cell-deficient or TNF(-/)(-) mice also exhibited significantly reduced migration of airway DCs to local LNs at 24 h after intranasal challenge with FITC-OVA. Migration of FITC-bearing DCs to LNs draining the skin or airways 24 h after sensitization was repaired in Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice which had been engrafted with wild-type but not TNF(-/)(-) BMCMCs. Our findings indicate that mast cell-associated TNF can contribute significantly to the initial stages of FITC-induced migration of cutaneous or airway DCs.
LONGITUDINAL COHORT ANALYSIS OF LETHAL PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION IN TRANSGENIC MICE (1998)

Prostate cancer in transgenic mice mimics heterogeneic tumor progression in human prostate cancer, providing a uniquely relevant pre-clinical model. Tumor detection by MRI and palpation are valid surrogate measures of tumor progression in this model.
Transforming growth factor‐β signaling in cancer invasion and metastasis (2007)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family members are polypeptides with dual tumor suppressive and oncogenic effects. They signal through serine/threonine kinase receptor complexes, which phosphorylate cytoplasmic mediators, the Smads. Upon phosphorylation, Smads translocate to the nucleus and associate with transcriptional coactivators or corepressors, and regulate the transcriptional activation of various TGF-beta responsive genes. In addition, TGF-beta activates cellular mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, which crosstalk with Smad signaling and regulate growth, survival and motility of cells. During tumorigenesis, malignantly transformed cells often lose the response to the tumor suppressive effects of TGF-beta, which, in turn, starts to act as an autocrine tumor promoting factor by enhancing cancer invasion and metastasis. In this review, we summarize current view on the role of TGF-beta signaling in tumorigenesis, with emphasis on cancer invasion and metastasis. On the basis of these recent observations, we discuss new therapeutic strategies targeting TGF-beta signaling at distinct levels as a basis for inhibiting tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis.
The early history of Smalltalk (1993)

Most ideas come from previous ideas. The sixties, particularly in the ARPA community, gave rise to a host of notions about “human-computer symbiosis” through interactive time-shared computers, graphics screens and pointing devices. Advanced computer languages were invented to simulate complex systems such as oil refineries and semi-intelligent behavior. The soon to follow paradigm shift of modern personal computing, overlapping window interfaces, and object-oriented design came from seeing the work of the sixties as something more than a “better old thing”. That is, more than a better way: to do mainframe computing; for end-users to invoke functionality; to make data structures more abstract. Instead the promise of exponential growth in computing/$/volume demanded that the sixties be regarded as “almost a new thing” and to find out what the actual “new things” might be. For example, one would compute with a handheld “Dynabook” in a way that would not be possible on a shared mainframe; millions of potential users meant that the user interface would have to become a learning environment along the lines of Montessori and Bruner; and needs for large scope, reduction in complexity, and end-user literacy would require that data and control structures be done away with in favor of a more biological scheme of protected universal cells interacting only through messages that could mimic any desired behavior.
Plasma Fluorination of Chemically Derived Graphene Sheets and Subsequent Modification With Butylamine (2009)

We describe a facile and scalable surface treatment for the functionalization of the graphene sheets (GSs). The approach consists of a surface plasma treatment of GSs by first covalently attaching fluorine and then exposing the obtained fluorinated graphene sheets (F-GSs) to a polymerization initiator such as butylamine at room temperature. Infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have been used to demonstrate that both the fluorination of the GSs and the subsequent attachment of the amino groups to the GSs thorough the elimination of the fluorine atoms have been obtained. The successful dispersion of graphene nanosheets in organic solvents is extremely useful for their use as additives in polymer-based composites and other functional applications.
Introduction (1984)

In 1981, thirty-five years after it was first produced, John Huston's almost legendary Second World War documentary about psychologically crippled veterans, Let There Be Light (1945), received its first commercial public showing. Originally suppressed by the US Defense Department, which feared its possible pacifistic influence, interest in it and its reputation were kept alive by film critics (most notably James Agee, who even included it on his best films list of 1946). Unfortunately time had not dealt too well with Let There Be Light, and most contemporary film critics found it ingenuous and naive to the point of simplemindedness.1
Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2003, featuring cancer among U.S. Hispanic/Latino populations (2006)

The lower cancer rates observed in Latino immigrants could be sustained by maintenance of healthy behaviors. Some infection-related cancers in Latinos could be controlled by evidence-based interventions. Affordable, culturally sensitive, linguistically appropriate, and timely access to cancer information, prevention, screening, and treatment are important in Latino outreach and community networks.
Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 reverses inflammation and expression of COX-2 and interleukin 6 in rat adjuvant arthritis. (1996)

Prostaglandins formed by the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes are important mediators of inflammation in arthritis. The contribution of the inducible COX-2 enzyme to inflammation in rat adjuvant arthritis was evaluated by characterization of COX-2 expression in normal and arthritic paws and by pharmacological inhibition of COX-2 activity. The injection of adjuvant induced a marked edema of the hind footpads with coincident local production of PGE2. PG production was associated with upregulation of COX-2 mRNA and protein in the affected paws. In contrast, the level of COX-1 mRNA was unaffected by adjuvant injection. TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNAs were also increased in the inflamed paws as was IL-6 protein in the serum. Therapeutic administration of a selective COX-2 inhibitor, SC-58125, rapidly reversed paw edema and reduced the level of PGE2 in paw tissue to baseline. Interestingly, treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor also reduced the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein in the paw. Serum IL-6 and paw IL-6 mRNA levels were also reduced to near normal levels by SC-58125. Furthermore, inhibition of COX-2 resulted in a reduction of the inflammatory cell infiltrate and decreased inflammation of the synovium. Notably, the antiinflammatory effects of SC-58125 were indistinguishable from the effects observed for indomethacin. These results suggest that COX-2 plays a prominent role in the inflammation associated with adjuvant arthritis and that COX-2 derived PGs upregulate COX-2 and IL-6 expression at inflammatory sites.
Interleukin 2 stimulation of p70 S6 kinase activity is inhibited by the immunosuppressant rapamycin. (1992)

Binding of interleukin 2 (IL-2) to its receptor generates intracellular signals, including the activation of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases. In this study the activation of the serine/threonine-specific ribosomal protein S6 kinases in response to IL-2 was analyzed in the murine T-cell line CTLL-20, a model system of IL-2-dependent proliferation. Two major classes of S6 kinases have been characterized: the 90-kDa (rsk) family and the 70-kDa family. In response to the addition of recombinant IL-2, total S6 kinase activity was increased. This S6 kinase activity could not be immunoprecipitated by an antiserum specific for S6 kinases of the 90-kDa family, exhibited a chromatographic behavior characteristic of 70-kDa S6 kinases, and was recognized by a 70-kDa S6 kinase-specific antiserum. Thus, IL-2 binding to its receptor induces specific activation of the 70-kDa family of S6 kinases. Rapamycin, a macrolide immunosuppressant that inhibits IL-2-dependent proliferation, inhibited IL-2-stimulated 70-kDa S6 kinase activity subsequent to early increases in tyrosine kinase activity. These findings imply that the targets of rapamycin include molecules involved in the activation of 70-kDa S6 kinases. These observations further suggest that S6 kinases of the 70-kDa family participate in signal transmission pathways subsequent to IL-2 binding to its receptor.
Histological Substrate of Atrial Biopsies in Patients With Lone Atrial Fibrillation (1997)

Abnormal atrial histology was uniformly found in multiple biopsy specimens in all patients with LAF. It was compatible with a diagnosis of myocarditis in 66% of patients (active in 25%) and of noninflammatory localized cardiomyopathy in 17% and was represented by patchy fibrosis in 17%. The cause of the pathological changes, which were found only in atrial septal biopsies but not in biventricular biopsies, in 75% of patients remains unknown.
CrescendoNet: A New Deep Convolutional Neural Network with Ensemble Behavior (2018)

We introduce a new deep convolutional neural network, CrescendoNet, by stacking simple building blocks without residual connections. Each Crescendo block contains independent convolution paths with increased depths. The numbers of convolution layers and parameters are only increased linearly in Crescendo blocks. In experiments, CrescendoNet with only 15 layers outperforms almost all networks without residual connections on benchmark datasets, CIFAR10, CIFAR100, and SVHN. Given sufficient amount of data as in SVHN dataset, CrescendoNet with 15 layers and 4.1M parameters can match the performance of DenseNet-BC with 250 layers and 15.3M parameters. CrescendoNet provides a new way to construct high performance deep convolutional neural networks with simple network architecture. Moreover, by investigating a various combination of subnetworks in CrescendoNet, we note that the high performance of CrescendoNet may come from its implicit ensemble behavior, which gives CrescendoNet an anytime classification property. Furthermore, the independence between paths in CrescendoNet allows us to introduce a new path-wise training procedure, which can reduce the memory needed for training.
The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016 (2016)

Three out of four of the jobs worldwide are water-dependent. In fact, water shortages and lack of access may limit economic growth in the years to come, according to the 2016 United Nations World Water Development Report, Water and Jobs, which was launched on 22 March, World Water Day, in Geneva. From its collection, through various uses, to its ultimate return to the natural environment, water is a key factor in the development of job opportunities either directly related to its management (supply, infrastructure, wastewater treatment, etc.) or in economic sectors that are heavily water-dependent such as agriculture, fishing, power, industry and health. Furthermore, good access to drinking water and sanitation promotes an educated and healthy workforce, which constitutes an essential factor for sustained economic growth. In its analysis of the economic impact of access to water, the report cites numerous studies that show a positive correlation between investments in the water sector and economic growth. It also highlights the key role of water in the transition to a green economy.