gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Parkinsonism With Levodopa (1969)

Some turn this sickness yet might take, Even yet. But he: "What drug can make A wither'd palsy cease to shake?" "The Two Voices" —Tennyson 1833 FOR MORE than a century, the treatment of parkinsonism has relied on a variety of compounds whose limited therapeutic efficacy depend upon their central parasympatholytic effects. The shortcomings of these agents, notably their inability to completely reverse the signs and symptoms or materially alter the progressive disabling nature of the disorder and the high incidence of disturbing side effects, are well appreciated. Under the most optimal circumstances, the best that can be expected from their judicious administration is a 20% reduction in the severity of symptoms with a modest improvement of functional capacity. The demonstration within the past decade of the presence of dopamine in the brain localized chiefly in the striatum and substantia nigra<sup>1,2</sup>and the subsequent discovery of its depletion
Nanoparticle−Target Interactions Parallel Antibody−Protein Interactions (2009)

Magnetic particles can act as magnetic relaxation switches (MRSw's) when they bind to target analytes, and switch between their dispersed and aggregated states resulting in changes in the spin-spin relaxation time (T(2)) of their surrounding water protons. Both nanoparticles (NPs, 10-100 nm) and micrometer-sized particles (MPs) have been employed as MRSw's, to sense drugs, metabolites, oligonucleotides, proteins, bacteria, and mammalian cells. To better understand how NPs or MPs interact with targets, we employed as a molecular recognition system the reaction between the Tag peptide of the influenza virus hemagglutinin and a monoclonal antibody to that peptide (anti-Tag). To obtain targets of different size and valency, we attached the Tag peptide to BSA (M(w)= 65000 Daltons, diameter = 8 nm) and to Latex spheres (diameter = 900 nm). To obtain magnetic probes of very different sizes, anti-Tag was conjugated to 40 nm NPs and 1 microm MPs. MP and NP probes reacted with Tag peptide targets in a manner similar to antibody/antigen reactions in solution, exhibiting so-called Prozone effects. MPs detected all types of targets with higher sensitivity than NPs with targets of higher valency being better detected than those of lower valency. The Tag/anti Tag recognition system can be used to synthesize combinations of molecular targets and magnetic probes, to more fully understand the aggregation reaction that occurs when probes bind targets in solution and the ensuing changes in water relaxation times that result.
Receptor-specific agglutination tests for detection of bacteria that bind globoseries glycolipids (1987)

Specific binding to the globoseries of glycolipid receptors explains the adherence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to host cells. The minimal receptor disaccharide Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta [galactose alpha (1----4)galactose beta] is recognized by most attaching clinical isolates. However, wild-type isolates can express adhesins with several different receptor specificities. Bioassays do not permit separate analysis of each receptor specificity, since the target cells contain multiple potentially receptor-active molecules. In this study, bacterial adhesins were analyzed by using receptors immobilized into latex beads in one of two ways. In one way, di- and trisaccharides were covalently linked via a spacer arm to latex beads coupled with bovine serum albumin. In the other way, receptor-active glycolipids were coated onto the bovine serum albumin-latex beads. The latex beads were subsequently used for agglutination by using type strains with known receptor specificity. The composition was optimized regarding receptor structure and size of latex beads. Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta was as active as the trisaccharide derivative Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta 1----3glucose or Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta 1----3glucosamine. Among the natural glycolipids tested, globotetraosylceramide was the most active. Subsequently, the sensitivity and specificity of the Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta-latex and globotetraosylceramide-latex reagents were compared for 733 E. coli urinary isolates. Hemagglutination of human erythrocytes was used as the positive standard. No significant difference in the specificity or sensitivity of the latex reagents was found; the sensitivity ranged from 86%, when isolates agglutinating human erythrocytes of blood groups P1 and p were included, to 93%, when those isolates agglutinating erythrocytes of blood group p were excluded. These reagents provide tools for bacterial identification in patients with urinary tract infection.
Immunochemical characterization of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate kinase from rat brain (1986)

Affinity-purified antibodies were used to identify a protein of molecular mass 45 kDa (45 kDa protein) in rat brain cytosol as phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) kinase. Antibodies were raised in rabbits by immunization with the purified 45 kDa protein. Anti-(45 kDa protein) immunoglobulins were isolated by affinity chromatography of the antiserum on a solid immunosorbent, which was prepared by coupling a soluble rat brain fraction, the DEAE-cellulose pool containing 10-15% 45 kDa protein, to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The purified IgGs were specific for the 45 kDa protein as judged by immunoblot and by immunoprecipitation. The purified anti-(45 kDa protein) IgGs inhibited the enzyme activity of partially purified PtdIns4P kinase, whereas preimmune IgGs were ineffective. Immunoprecipitation of the 45 kDa protein from the partially purified enzyme preparation with the purified IgGs resulted in a concomitant decrease in the amount of 45 kDa protein and in PtdIns4P kinase activity. The amount of 45 kDa protein remaining in the supernatant and the activity of PtdIns4P kinase correlated with a coefficient of r = 0.87. The evidence presented lends further support for the notion that the catalytic activity of PtdIns4P kinase in rat brain cytosol resides in a 45 kDa protein.
The MYC Oncogene as a Cancer Drug Target (2003)

The universal deregulation of c-myc gene expression in tumor cells suggests that this oncogene represents an attractive target for cancer therapeutic purposes. The same applies to the N-myc gene, which has a more restricted tissue specificity. Translocation (e.g., c-myc in Burkitt's lymphoma), or amplification (e.g., N-myc in neuroblastoma) of myc genes has been causally linked to tumor formation. Furthermore, the c-myc promoter integrates diverse mitogenic signalling cascades, which are constitutively activated in tumor cells, and translates them into expression of the c-MYC transcription factor, which promotes cell proliferation by regulating the expression of numerous target genes. Recent experimental data suggest, that even a brief inhibition of c-myc expression may be sufficient to permanently stop tumor growth and induce regression of tumors. Attempts to identify specific inhibitors of c-MYC/MAX dimerization have yielded promising results. In addition, downstream-target genes of c-MYC represent attractive targets for tumor therapy. Tumor cells expressing c-MYC at elevated levels are sensitized to treatment with DNA-damaging drugs. In mice and presumably also in human patients, the successful treatment of c-myc-induced tumors with conventional chemotherapy depends on the presence of functional p53. Therefore, restoration of this pathway, which is commonly lost in cancer cells, may enhance therapy of c-myc-induced tumors. These and other recent developments, which address the use of myc genes as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment, are discussed in this review.
Preparing for life after work. (1992)

1. For retirement to be fulfilling and satisfying, hopes and dreams must be designed in early and middle adult life. Long before retirement, the adult must practice healthy living with the future in mind. 2. Saving and investing wisely is important and requires discipline and risk. A regular savings plan should start in the 30s and continue carefully throughout 2, 3 and 4 decades. 3. The transition to retirement is facilitated if interests are planned and friendships for retirement are cultivated in adult life. One of the best ways to prepare for retirement is to live the kind of life expected in retirement.
Universal Set of Scalable Dynamically Corrected Gates for Quantum Error Correction with Always-on Qubit Couplings (2013)

We construct a universal set of high fidelity quantum gates to be used on a sparse bipartite lattice with always-on Ising couplings. The gates are based on dynamical decoupling sequences using shaped pulses, they protect against low-frequency phase noise, and can be run in parallel on non-neighboring qubits. This makes them suitable for implementing quantum error correction with low-density parity check codes like the surface codes and their finite-rate generalizations. We illustrate the construction by simulating the quantum Zeno effect with the [[4, 2, 2]] toric code on a spin chain.
Imaging of Myeloperoxidase in Mice by Using Novel Amplifiable Paramagnetic Substrates (2006)

Human and mouse myeloperoxidase activity in myeloperoxidase implants and inflamed tissues can be visualized and reported in vivo by using myeloperoxidase-sensitive "smart" molecular imaging probes.
Human transforming growth factor beta2 in a tetragonal crystal form (2018)

Transforming growth factor β is a disulfide-linked dimeric cytokine that occurs in three highly related isoforms (TGFβ1-TGFβ3) engaged in signaling functions through binding of cognate TGFβ receptors. To regulate this pathway, the cytokines are biosynthesized as inactive pro-TGFβs with an N-terminal latency-associated protein preceding the mature moieties. Due to their pleiotropic implications in physiology and pathology, TGFβs are privileged objects of in vitro studies. However, such studies have long been limited by the lack of efficient human recombinant expression systems of native, glycosylated, and homogenous proteins. Here, we developed pro-TGFβ2 production systems based on human Expi293F cells, which yielded >2 mg of pure histidine- or Strep-tagged protein per liter of cell culture. We assayed this material biophysically and in crystallization assays and obtained a different crystal form of mature TGFβ2, which adopted a conformation deviating from previous structures, with a distinct dimeric conformation that would require significant rearrangement for binding of TGFβ receptors. This new conformation may be reversibly adopted by a certain fraction of the mature TGβ2 population and represent a hitherto undescribed additional level of activity regulation of the mature growth factor once the latency-associated protein has been separated.
Mechanism of hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of the human osteosarcoma cell line HS-Os-1 (2003)

In our previous study, we examined radiation-induced ROS formation, oxidative DNA damage, early apoptotic changes, and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction in the human osteosarcoma cell line HS-Os-1, which was established from an osteoblastic tumor that arose in the left humerus of an 11-year-old girl and was already morphologically characterized in vitro and in vivo. We found that ROS formation and oxidative DNA damage were scarcely seen after irradiation of up to 30 Gy in these cells; that mitochondrial membrane potential was preserved; and that apoptotic changes were not demonstrated despite the relatively high-dose irradiation of 30 Gy. Based on these results, the radioresistance of the human osteosarcoma cell line HS-Os-1, was considered to arise, at least in part, from the low level of ROS formation following irradiation, which in turn may have resulted from the strong scavenging ability of the cells for free radicals, including hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effect of exogenous hydrogen peroxide, which causes a potent oxidative stress and has been demonstrated to be a potent apoptosis-inducer in many kinds of cells. We found that addition of 1 or 10 mM hydrogen peroxide induced ROS formation, oxidative DNA damage, dysfunction of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and early apoptotic changes in the human osteosarcoma cell line HS-Os-1. We therefore concluded that intracellular ROS formation is involved in the hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of HS-Os-1 cells.
Effect of Varying Dosages and Adjuvants on Antibody Response in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) Immunized With the Porcine Zona Pellucida Mr = 55,000 Glycoprotein (ZP3) (1989)

Using the porcine zona pellucida Mr = 55,000 (ZP3) glycoprotein as immunogen, the effect of varying ZP3 dosages (50 micrograms, 25 micrograms, 5 micrograms) or adjuvants (200 micrograms ZP3 with either Freund's, A1[OH]3, or a muramyl dipeptide analog [MDP] on antibody response was evaluated in female squirrel monkeys. Although the dosage range investigated did result in dose-dependent titration profiles, antisera from all dosage groups demonstrated in vitro contraceptive potential. MDP was as effective an adjuvant as Freund's in eliciting high titers of antibodies demonstrating contraceptive potential. A1(OH)3 was not an effective adjuvant in this system. Fertility data, utilizing those monkeys in the dosage study, suggested that an RIA titer greater than 40% binding was necessary to prevent pregnancy. We conclude that in the squirrel monkey system, a 50 micrograms dosage of ZP3 should be adequate for inhibiting fertility and that MDP would serve as a satisfactory alternative adjuvant for Freund's.
Deep Learning-Based Technology in Responses to the Joint Call for Proposals on Video Compression With Capability Beyond HEVC (2019)

Deep learning has achieved great success in the past decade, especially in the fields of computer vision and image processing. After witnessing such success, video coding experts are motivated to consider whether deep learning can also benefit video coding, and if so, they seek to discover why and how. Indeed, a number of research studies have been conducted to explore deep learning for image and video coding, which has been an active and fast-growing research area especially since the year 2015. These prior arts can be divided into two categories: new coding schemes that are built solely upon deep networks (deep schemes), and deep network-based coding tools that are embedded into traditional coding schemes (deep tools). Moreover, in the responses to the joint call for proposals on video compression with capability beyond High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), a number of deep tools have been proposed, and some of them are further studied for the upcoming Versatile Video Coding (VVC). In this paper, we summarize the ongoing efforts in the Joint Video Experts Team about the proposed deep tools, and we discuss several promising tools in much detail, including neural network-based intra prediction, convolutional neural network (CNN) based in-loop filtering, and CNN-based block-adaptive-resolution coding. A series of experimental results are provided to demonstrate the capability of these tools in achieving higher compression efficiency than the VVC or HEVC anchor. These results shed light on the promising direction of deep learning-based future video coding, towards which a lot of open problems call for further study.
Emerging telecommunications needs of the card industry (1984)

THE CARD INDUSTRY offers a wide range of payment system products and services, including credit and charge cards, automatic-teller machine networks, interchange networks, debit card systems, authorization and processing services, and point-of-sale equipment. The trend in the industry is to extend automation in the forms of both on-line and off-line transactional systems to a vastly increased number of points of sale and to personal terminals in business and home locations. To this end, the industry is increasingly interested in interchange among proprietary and industry networks, traffic concentration and other facilities sharing arrangements, conversion of voice traffic to data traffic, use of cable television and other local-loop bypass options, integration of public packet-switched networks with private networks, and enhanced transactional security and authentication.
Cell volume change through water efflux impacts cell stiffness and stem cell fate (2017)

Cells alter their mechanical properties in response to their local microenvironment; this plays a role in determining cell function and can even influence stem cell fate. Here, we identify a robust and unified relationship between cell stiffness and cell volume. As a cell spreads on a substrate, its volume decreases, while its stiffness concomitantly increases. We find that both cortical and cytoplasmic cell stiffness scale with volume for numerous perturbations, including varying substrate stiffness, cell spread area, and external osmotic pressure. The reduction of cell volume is a result of water efflux, which leads to a corresponding increase in intracellular molecular crowding. Furthermore, we find that changes in cell volume, and hence stiffness, alter stem-cell differentiation, regardless of the method by which these are induced. These observations reveal a surprising, previously unidentified relationship between cell stiffness and cell volume that strongly influences cell biology.
Expression levels of hsc70 and hsp60 are developmentally regulated during B‐cell maturation and not associated to childhood c‐ALL at presentation or relapse (2003)

Abstract: Heat shock proteins are potent regulators of apoptosis, and so they may also be involved in normal cellular differentiation and cancerogenesis. We used quantitative two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis for determining whether either the constitutive chaperonic heat shock cognate protein 70 (hsc70) or heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) contribute to B‐cell differentiation and leukemogenesis. We compared the expression of these hsps in normal peripheral blood (PB) CD19 + B‐cells, in pediatric bone marrow (BM) CD19 + CD10 + B‐cell precursors (BCPs) from normal donors, and in BCPs from common acute lymphoblastic leukemia (c‐ALL) patients at diagnosis and at relapse. We found that the mean levels of hsc70 in c‐ALL BCPs at initial presentation and at relapse failed to differ significantly. Likewise, they failed to differ significantly from the level in high‐expressing normal BM BCPs or from that in low‐expressing PB B‐cells. Mean levels of hsp60 expression in c‐ALL BCPs at initial presentation and at relapse were similar and not distinguishable from that in normal BM BCPs, however, elevated (by a factor of 2–3) compared with that in PB B‐cells. Hsc70 and Hsp60 expressions were increased (by a factor of 2 of mean levels) in populations of normal BM BCPs as compared with populations of PB B‐cells. Thus, no abnormal levels of hsc70 and hsp60 were detectable in populations of pediatric c‐ALL BCPs neither at diagnosis nor at relapse. In contrast, our data were in support of developmentally regulated levels of hsc70 and hsp60 expression during B‐cell ontogenesis.
Thielavia aegyptiaca, a new thermotolerant ascomycete from Egyptian soils (1990)

Thielavia aegyptiaca spec. nov., isolated from cultivated soil in Egypt, is described and illustrated. It is characterized by dark, fusiform, bi-apiculate ascospores, with single, subapical, conspicuous germ-pores. Its optimum growth is between 30°C and 40°C.
Does B Cell Receptor Signaling in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Cells Differ from That in Other B Cell Types? (2014)

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is an incurable malignancy of mature B cells. CLL is important clinically in Western countries because of its commonality and because of the significant morbidity and mortality associated with the progressive form of this incurable disease. The B cell receptor (BCR) expressed on the malignant cells in CLL contributes to disease pathogenesis by providing signals for survival and proliferation, and the signal transduction pathway initiated by engagement of this receptor is now the target of several therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to outline current understanding of the BCR signal cascade in normal B cells and then question whether this understanding applies to CLL cells. In particular, this review studies the phenomenon of anergy in CLL cells, and whether certain adaptations allow the cells to overcome anergy and allow full BCR signaling to take place. Finally, this review analyzes how BCR signals can be therapeutically targeted for the treatment of CLL.
Somatic hypermutation of the B cell receptor genesB29(Igβ, CD79b) andmb1(Igα, CD79a) (2003)

Somatic hypermutation (SHM), coupled to selection by antigen, generates high-affinity antibodies during germinal center (GC) B cell maturation. SHM is known to affect Bcl6, four additional oncogenes in diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and the CD95Fas gene and is regarded as a major mechanism of B cell tumorigenesis. We find that mutations in the genes encoding the B cell receptor (BCR) accessory proteins B29 (Igbeta, CD79b) and mb1 (Igalpha, CD79a) occur as often as Ig genes in a broad spectrum of GC- and post-GC-derived malignant B cell lines, as well as in normal peripheral B cells. These B29 and mb1 mutations are typical SHM consisting largely of single nucleotide substitutions targeted to hotspots. The B29 and mb1 mutations appear at frequencies similar to those of other non-Ig genes but lower than Ig genes. The distribution of mb1 mutations followed the characteristic pattern found in Ig and most non-Ig genes. In contrast, B29 mutations displayed a bimodal distribution resembling the CD95Fas gene, in which promoter distal mutations conferred resistance to apoptosis. Distal B29 mutations in the cytoplasmic domain may contribute to B cell survival by limiting BCR signaling. B29 and mb1 are mutated in a much broader spectrum of GC-derived B cells than any other known somatically hypermutated non-Ig gene. This may be caused by the common cis-acting regulatory sequences that control the requisite coexpression of the B29, mb1, and Ig chains in the BCR.
Room temperature pulsed operation of 1.5 mu m GaInAsP/InP vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (1992)

Room-temperature pulsed operation of a GaInAsP/InP vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diode (VCSELD) with an emission wavelength near 1.55 mu m is reported. A double heterostructure with a 34-pair GaInAsP ( lambda /sub g/=1.4 mu m)/InP distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) was grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The measured reflectivity of the semiconductor DBR is over 97% and threshold current is 260 mA for a 40- mu m phi device with a 0.88- mu m-thick active layer. Threshold current density is as low as 21 kA/cm/sup 2/ at room temperature.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cancer Statistics, 2002 (2002)

Every year the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival, using National Cancer Institute (NCI) incidence and National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) mortality data. Incidence and death rates are age adjusted to the 1970 US standard population. It is estimated that 1,284,900 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed and 555,500 people will die from cancer in the United States in the year 2002. From 1992 to 1998, cancer death rates declined in males and females, while cancer incidence rates decreased among males and increased slightly among females. Most notably, African-American men showed the largest decline for both incidence and mortality. Nevertheless, African Americans still carry the highest burden of cancer with later-stage cancer diagnosis and poorer survival compared with whites. Despite the continued decline in cancer death rates, the total number of recorded cancer deaths in the United States continues to increase slightly due to the aging and expanding population.