gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of a Lactoferrin-Penicillin Combination to Treat β-Lactam-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis (2007)

The efficacy of intramammary (IM) treatments containing penicillin G (PG) alone or a combination of PG and bovine lactoferrin (bLF) was evaluated using a model of experimentally induced chronic bovine mastitis caused by a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus highly resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. First, we confirmed that this strain could cause mastitis and infection could not be cured with PG alone. In a second trial, chronic mastitis was induced in 19 late-lactating cows by injecting a low dose of Staph. aureus through the teat canal of all quarters. After 15 d, cows with stable infections in their 4 quarters had their mammary quarters randomly assigned, within cow, to 1 of 4 IM treatments as follows: 1) citrate buffer, 2) 100,000 IU of PG, (3) 1 g of bLF, or 4) 1 g of bLF + 100,000 IU of PG. Treatments were repeated twice a day for 5 d. A third trial was undertaken to investigate the effect of an extended therapy on chronic mastitis acquired in a previous lactation. One month before dry-off, 20 gravid cows regrouped by dates of calving were infected in their 4 quarters. Once infections were established, cows were dried off abruptly. After calving, aseptic milk samples were collected separately from all quarters for 4 wk to monitor infection. Mammary quarters from enrolled cows were then randomly assigned, within cow, to 1 of 2 treatments as follows: 1) 100,000 IU of PG or 2) 250 mg of bLF + 100,000 IU of PG. Treatments were administered IM twice a day for 7 d. For all trials, milk samples were taken to monitor bacterial concentration and somatic cell count. Bacteriological cure rate was determined using milk samples taken 3 and 4 wk after initiation of treatments. For the second trial, cure rate was null for control quarters, 11.1% for bLF, 9.1% for PG, and 45.5% for the bLF + PG combination. For cows infected in their previous lactation, cure rate was higher for the bLF + PG combination (33.3%) compared with PG alone (12.5%). In conclusion, bLF added to PG is an effective combination (i.e., 3- to 5-times higher cure rate) for the treatment of stable Staph. aureu infections highly resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics.
Determinants of the Clinical Outcomes of Gout During the First Year of Urate-Lowering Therapy (2008)

Clinical benefit early in urate-lowering treatment of gout is difficult to document. We examined data from 1,832 gouty subjects treated with either urate-lowering agents or placebo to identify determinants of gout flare incidence and tophus size during year 1 of treatment. Reductions from pretreatment serum urate levels influenced flare frequency and tophus size, but the effect of urate level on flare incidence was biphasic. Lower urate levels were associated with higher flare incidence early in treatment but lower incidence by one year. The complex relationship between urate-lowering and clinical outcome early in treatment has implications for both clinical and investigative approaches to urate-lowering management.
A single residue in DNA polymerases of the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I family is critical for distinguishing between deoxy- and dideoxyribonucleotides. (1995)

Bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase efficiently incorporates a chain-terminating dideoxynucleotide into DNA, in contrast to the DNA polymerases from Escherichia coli and Thermus aquaticus. The molecular basis for this difference has been determined by constructing active site hybrids of these polymerases. A single hydroxyl group on the polypeptide chain is critical for selectivity. Replacing tyrosine-526 of T7 DNA polymerase with phenylalanine increases discrimination against the four dideoxynucleotides by > 2000-fold, while replacing the phenylalanine at the homologous position in E. coli DNA polymerase I (position 762) or T. aquaticus DNA polymerase (position 667) with tyrosine decreases discrimination against the four dideoxynucleotides 250- to 8000-fold. These mutations allow the engineering of new DNA polymerases with enhanced properties for use in DNA sequence analysis.
Electrospinning of Polymeric Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review (2006)

Interest in electrospinning has recently escalated due to the ability to produce materials with nanoscale properties. Electrospun fibers have been investigated as promising tissue engineering scaffolds since they mimic the nanoscale properties of native extracellular matrix. In this review, we examine electrospinning by providing a brief description of the theory behind the process, examining the effect of changing the process parameters on fiber morphology, and discussing the potential applications and impacts of electrospinning on the field of tissue engineering.
Manipulation and controlled amplification of Brownian motion of microcantilever sensors (2001)

Microcantilevers, such as those used in atomic force microscopy, undergo Brownian motion due to mechanical thermal noise. The root mean square amplitude of the Brownian motion of a cantilever typically ranges from 0.01–0.1 nm, which limits its use in practical applications. Here we describe a technique by which the Brownian amplitude and the Q factor in air and water can be amplified by three and two orders of magnitude, respectively. This technique is similar to a positive feedback oscillator, wherein the Brownian motion of the vibrating cantilever controls the frequency output of the oscillator. This technique can be exploited to improve sensitivity of microcantilever-based chemical and biological sensors, especially for sensors in liquid environments.
Elevated CRAF as a Potential Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to BRAF Inhibition in Melanoma (2008)

Activating BRAF kinase mutations arise in approximately 7% of all human tumors, and preclinical studies have validated the RAF-mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase-ERK signaling cascade as a potentially important therapeutic target in this setting. Selective RAF kinase inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical development, and based on the experience with other kinase-targeted therapeutics, it is expected that clinical responses to these agents, if observed, will lead to the eventual emergence of drug resistance in most cases. Thus, it is important to establish molecular mechanisms underlying such resistance to develop effective therapeutic strategies to overcome or prevent drug resistance. To anticipate potential mechanisms of acquired resistance to RAF inhibitors during the course of treatment, we established drug-resistant clones from a human melanoma-derived cell line harboring the recurrent V600E activating BRAF mutation, which exhibits exquisite sensitivity to AZ628, a selective RAF kinase inhibitor. We determined that elevated CRAF protein levels account for the acquisition of resistance to AZ628 in these cells, associated with a switch from BRAF to CRAF dependency in tumor cells. We also found that elevated CRAF protein levels may similarly contribute to primary insensitivity to RAF inhibition in a subset of BRAF mutant tumor cells. Interestingly, AZ628-resistant cells demonstrating either primary drug insensitivity or acquired drug resistance exhibit exquisite sensitivity to the HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin. Geldanamycin effectively promotes the degradation of CRAF, thereby revealing a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome resistance to RAF inhibition in a subset of BRAF mutant tumors.
A continuous high-throughput bioparticle sorter based on 3D traveling-wave dielectrophoresis (2009)

We present a high throughput (maximum flow rate approximately 10 microl/min or linear velocity approximately 3 mm/s) continuous bio-particle sorter based on 3D traveling-wave dielectrophoresis (twDEP) at an optimum AC frequency of 500 kHz. The high throughput sorting is achieved with a sustained twDEP particle force normal to the continuous through-flow, which is applied over the entire chip by a single 3D electrode array. The design allows continuous fractionation of micron-sized particles into different downstream sub-channels based on differences in their twDEP mobility on both sides of the cross-over. Conventional DEP is integrated upstream to focus the particles into a single levitated queue to allow twDEP sorting by mobility difference and to minimize sedimentation and field-induced lysis. The 3D electrode array design minimizes the offsetting effect of nDEP (negative DEP with particle force towards regions with weak fields) on twDEP such that both forces increase monotonically with voltage to further increase the throughput. Effective focusing and separation of red blood cells from debris-filled heterogeneous samples are demonstrated, as well as size-based separation of poly-dispersed liposome suspensions into two distinct bands at 2.3 to 4.6 microm and 1.5 to 2.7 microm, at the highest throughput recorded in hand-held chips of 6 microl/min.
Mosaic Complementation Demonstrates a Regulatory Role for Myosin VIIa in Actin Dynamics of Stereocilia (2007)

We have developed a bacterial artificial chromosome transgenesis approach that allowed the expression of myosin VIIa from the mouse X chromosome. We demonstrated the complementation of the Myo7a null mutant phenotype producing a fine mosaic of two types of sensory hair cells within inner ear epithelia of hemizygous transgenic females due to X inactivation. Direct comparisons between neighboring auditory hair cells that were different only with respect to myosin VIIa expression revealed that mutant stereocilia are significantly longer than those of their complemented counterparts. Myosin VIIa-deficient hair cells showed an abnormally persistent tip localization of whirlin, a protein directly linked to elongation of stereocilia, in stereocilia. Furthermore, myosin VIIa localized at the tips of all abnormally short stereocilia of mice deficient for either myosin XVa or whirlin. Our results strongly suggest that myosin VIIa regulates the establishment of a setpoint for stereocilium heights, and this novel role may influence their normal staircase-like arrangement within a bundle.
Electro-chemical and biological properties of carbon nanotube based multi-electrode arrays (2007)

A novel class of micro-electrodes was fabricated by synthesizing high density carbon nanotube islands on lithographically defined, passivated titanium nitride conductors on a silicon dioxide substrate. Electrochemical characterization in phosphate buffered saline of these new electrodes reveals superb electrochemical properties marked by featureless rectangular cyclic voltammetry curves corresponding to a DC surface specific capacitance and a volume specific capacitance as high as 10 mF cm(-2) and 10 F cm(-3), respectively. These electrodes are also characterized by a slowly varying impedance magnitude over the range of 1 Hz to 20 kHz. High fidelity extracellular recordings from cultured neurons were performed and analysed to validate the effectiveness of the fabricated electrodes. The enhanced electrochemical properties of the electrodes, their flexible and simple micro-fabrication preparation procedure as well as their bio-compatibility and durability suggest that carbon nanotube electrodes are a promising platform for high resolution capacitive electrochemical applications.
Speech-input multi-target machine translation (2007)

In order to simultaneously translate speech into multiple languages an extension of stochastic finite-state transducers is proposed. In this approach the speech translation model consists of a single network where acoustic models (in the input) and the multilingual model (in the output) are embedded.
Intramural drug delivery by direct injection within the arterial wall: First clinical experience with a novel intracoronary delivery‐infiltrator system (1997)

Local drug delivery at the lesion site in patients with coronary artery disease is being intensively studied to prevent restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the effective penetration of the delivered agents into the vessel wall and delivery time remain considerable problems for all currently existing devices. A unique, new catheter has been invented, the Infiltrator Angioplasty Balloon Catheter (IABC), which has the capability to allow intramural drug delivery by direct injection within the arterial wall. We describe the first clinical experience with this catheter. IABC is an angioplasty catheter with 3 lumens: one for inflating the balloon, one central for the guidewire, and a third for drug delivery. On the surface of the balloon there are 3 longitudinal strips of 6 injection needles, which on inflation stand 0.01" high, and are connected to the drug-delivery lumen. With inflation of the balloon, the needles penetrate the lesion, allowing drug delivery into the media of the vessel wall. We used the IABC in 17 patients (age = 58± 9 years) undergoing coronary angioplasty. All patients were symptomatic, with significant lesions (13 LAD, 3 LCX, 1 RCA) and documented ischemia. Following initial dilatation with a conventional angioplasty balloon (stenosis from 72 ± 8% to 26 ± 14%, P < 0.001), the IABC was used to infiltrate the lesion with 0.4 ml (6,000 IU) of low-molecular-weight heparin (Fraxiparine®). For the delivery, the IABC was inflated to 1–2 atm for 30–45 s, and the heparin was injected by hand in 5 s. Lesion residual stenosis and morphology remained unchanged after IABC use (26 ± 14% to 22 ± 11%, P = NS). In 10 patients, stent placement followed the IABC use. The decision to proceed with stent placement was made after the initial dilatation with the conventional balloon, and it was not influenced by the IABC use. Stent placement greatly improved the final result (for the whole patient group: 22 ± 11% to 5 ± 18%, for the stented patients: 22 ± 13% to −7 ± 10%, P < 0.001 for both). Hospital course was uneventful, with no electrocardiogram changes and normal cardiac enzymes for all patients. We have shown that the use of a unique new catheter (IABC) for intramural drug delivery in human patients undergoing coronary angioplasty is feasible and safe. This catheter is the first of a new generation of catheters and represents a significant step in local drug delivery. It is very promising as a vehicle to modify plaque behavior and potentially influence restenosis after angioplasty. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 41:287–292, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Local estrogen treatment in patients with urogenital symptoms (2003)

Local administration of 25 microg of micronized 17beta-estradiol is an effective and a safe treatment option in the management of women with urogenital complaints.
Altered AP-1/ATF complexes in adenovirus-E1-transformed cells due to EIA-dependent induction of ATF3. (1996)

The adenovirus (Ad) E1A proteins alter the expression level and activity of AP-1/ATF transcription factors. Previously we have shown that in AdE1-transformed cells cJun is hyperphosphorylated in its N-terminal transactivation domain, which parallels enhanced transactivation function. To find out whether the interaction between cJun and other cellular proteins is altered, we have searched for proteins which would physically associate with cJun. In this report we show that in AdE1-transformed cells cJun specifically associates with two proteins of 21 and 23 kD. These proteins are not expressed at detectable levels in the parental cells or in cells transformed by oncogenes other than AdE1. The cJun-associated proteins represent different forms of the bZIP transcription factor ATF3, the human homolog of rat LRF1. The expression of ATF3 is induced in AdE1-transformed cells and is a direct effect of the expression of E1A. Through induction of ATF3 expression and the subsequent formation of cJun/ATF3 heterodimers, E1A alters the repertoire of AP-1/ATF factors and may thereby redirect the corresponding gene-expression program. Since the induction of ATF3 is a function of sequences within the transforming 12S-ElA protein, cJun/ATF3 complexes might be involved in establishing cellular transformation by AdE1A.
Synthesis of soluble aluminium carboxylates directly from aluminium hydroxide (2000)

Water soluble aluminium carboxylates, of use as water based ceramic precursors and as starting materials for the synthesis of other metalloorganic materials, can be prepared in one or two steps from gibbsite [α-Al(OH)3·3H2O] and boehmite [Al(O)(OH)]n. Both starting materials can be used to synthesize aluminium formate [Al(O2CH)3] and aluminium hydroxyformate [Al(OH)(O2CH)2]. These two compounds can be used to synthesize aluminium lactate [Al{O2C(OH)CHCH3}3] and aluminium methoxyacetate [Al(OH)(O2CCH2OCH3)2·H2O]. All of the compounds synthesized were characterized using XRD, TGA, DRIFTS, NMR and wet chemical techniques.
Modulation of Nitrogen Oxide Synthesis In Vivo: NG-Monomethyl-L-Arginine Inhibits Endotoxin-Induced Nitrate/Nitrate Biosynthesis While Promoting Hepatic Damage (1990)

Attempts were made to promote or inhibit nitric oxide (. N = O) synthesis in a murine model of hepatic damage (Corynebacterium parvum followed by lipopolysaccharide; LPS) to determine the role of . N = O in the liver injury. Moderate hepatic damage and increases in circulating NO2-/NO3- levels were detectable after C. parvum alone. Administration of LPS to these mice resulted in severe hepatic damage and acute elevations in circulating nitrogen oxide levels. L-arg had no influence on the C. parvum or LPS-induced changes. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMA) had no effect in the absence of LPS, but when given with LPS, a dose-dependent suppression in plasma NO2-/NO3- levels and an increase in liver injury were seen. The NMA-induced changes were partially reversed by the simultaneous administration of L-arg. These findings suggest a protective role for . N = O in this model.
Flies, Genes, and Learning (2001)

Flies can learn. For the past 25 years, researchers have isolated mutants, engineered mutants with transgenes, and tested likely suspect mutants from other screens for learning ability. There have been notable surprises-conventional second messenger systems co-opted for intricate associative learning tasks, two entirely separate forms of long-term memory, a cell-adhesion molecule that is necessary for short-term memory. The most recent surprise is the mechanistic kinship revealed between learning and addictive drug response behaviors in flies. The flow of new insight is likely to quicken with the completion of the fly genome and the arrival of more selective methods of gene expression.
An AP1-binding site in the c-fos gene can mediate induction by epidermal growth factor and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate. (1989)

We have demonstrated that two sequence elements in the c-fos promoter can mediate the response of the gene to epidermal growth factor and the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The first is the previously described serum response element. The second is a sequence element highly homologous to the consensus binding site for the HeLa cell transcription factor AP1. Although recent reports have shown that fos protein binds to AP1-binding sites through an interaction with AP1 protein and have raised the speculation that fos protein may negatively regulate expression of the c-fos gene via this interaction, we found no role for the AP1 consensus homology in the downregulation of c-fos expression following induction by epidermal growth factor and TPA.
Tuberculosis in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Perspective on the Past Decade (1996)

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection and the leading cause of death in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. Because HIV is spreading in regions with the highest rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, HIV is responsible for an increasing proportion of the world's cases of TB. However, advances in molecular biology, clinical practice, and public health policy during the past 5 years offer reasons for hope. Molecular methods have provided insights into the epidemiology of M. tuberculosis transmission and the mechanisms of drug resistance. Rapid diagnostic tests have been developed to facilitate the diagnosis of TB. Retrospective and prospective studies have shown that TB in the HIV-infected person is highly treatable and often preventable. Moreover, directly observed therapy can decrease rates of treatment failure, relapse, drug resistance, and secondary spread. For two consecutive years, the incidence of TB in the United States has declined. Additional resources are needed, however, to achieve similar gains in the developing world.
Discovery and Mechanistic Characterization of a Novel Selective Nuclear Androgen Receptor Exporter for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer (2010)

Despite the success of medical strategies to reduce androgen levels in the treatment of prostate cancer, this disease invariably relapses to a castrate-resistant state that is generally fatal. Although it had been thought that androgen-insensitive cancers no longer relied on the androgen receptor (AR) for growth and survival, it is now clear that this is not the case. Because relapses are known to occur by many mechanisms that keep the AR functionally active, strategies to block AR accumulation in the nucleus may be therapeutically useful. Here, we report the discovery of a selective nuclear androgen receptor exporter (SNARE) that functions to exclude AR from the nucleus. SNARE-1 binds wild-type and mutant ARs and efficiently inhibits their transactivation activity and ability to induce PSA gene expression. SNARE-1 inhibits the androgen-sensitive growth of LNCaP cells and tumor xenografts. Quantitative subcellular localization studies suggest that SNARE-1 inhibits nuclear translocation of AR, but also facilitates export of nuclear AR that has been translocated by an agonist. Mechanistic studies indicate that SNARE-1 rapidly phosphorylates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Ser(650) of the AR. Additionally, SNARE-1 was found to promote ubiquitination of AR in LNCaP cells. Lastly, SNARE-1 functions as a tissue-selective AR inhibitor, as it fails to phosphorylate p38 MAPK in U2OS bone cells that are stably transfected with AR. In summary, SNARE-1 inhibits AR function by a mechanism that is distinct from clinically available antiandrogens, such that it might inform novel methods to block AR function in androgen-independent prostate cancer.
Painterly rendered portraits from photographs using a knowledge-based approach (2007)

Portrait artists using oils, acrylics or pastels use a specific but open human vision methodology to create a painterly portrait of a live sitter. When they must use a photograph as source, artists augment their process, since photographs have: different focusing - everything is in focus or focused in vertical planes; value clumping - the camera darkens the shadows and lightens the bright areas; as well as color and perspective distortion. In general, artistic methodology attempts the following: from the photograph, the painting must 'simplify, compose and leave out what's irrelevant, emphasizing what's important'. While seemingly a qualitative goal, artists use known techniques such as relying on source tone over color to indirect into a semantic color temperature model, use brush and tonal "sharpness" to create a center of interest, lost and found edges to move the viewers gaze through the image towards the center of interest as well as other techniques to filter and emphasize. Our work attempts to create a knowledge domain of the portrait painter process and incorporate this knowledge into a multi-space parameterized system that can create an array of NPR painterly rendering output by analyzing the photographic-based input which informs the semantic knowledge rules.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclic Dinucleotide Phosphorothioates. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.