gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD). Description of a case]. (1992)

The Authors report a case of mixed gonadal dysgenesis (DGM), with a mosaic karyotype consisting of two cell lines, one with 45 chromosomes and monosomic X (50%), the other with 46 chromosomes and one Y dicentric chromosome (50%). The patient presents a male phenotype, hypospadias (3rd degree), left cryptorchidism, hypotrophic right testis, short stature and a gonadal asymmetry.
Allelic Association of the D2 Dopamine Receptor Gene With Receptor-Binding Characteristics in Alcoholism or Gene ism (1991)

The allelic association of the human D2 dopamine receptor gene with the binding characteristics of the D2 dopamine receptor was determined in 66 brains of alcoholic and non-alcoholic subjects. In a blinded experiment, DNA from the cerebral cortex was treated with the restriction endonuclease Taql and probed with a 1.5-kilobase (kb) digest of a clone (lambda hD2G1) of the human D2 dopamine receptor gene. The binding characteristics (Kd [binding affinity] and Bmax [number of binding sites]) of the D2 dopamine receptor were determined in the caudate nuclei of these brains using tritiated spiperone as the ligand. The adjusted Kd was significantly lower in alcoholic than in nonalcoholic subjects. In subjects with the A1 allele, in whom a high association with alcoholism was found, the Bmax was significantly reduced compared with the Bmax of subjects with the A2 allele. Moreover, a progressively reduced Bmax was found in subjects with A2/A2, A1/A2, and A1/A1 alleles, with subjects with A2/A2 having the highest mean values, and subjects with A1/A1, the lowest. The polymorphic pattern of the D2 dopamine receptor gene and its differential expression of receptors suggests the involvement of the dopaminergic system in conferring susceptibility to at least one subtype of severe alcoholism.
Recombinant E-Peptides of Pro-IGF-I Have Mitogenic Activity (1999)

In mammals, the post-translational proteolytic modification of many pro-hormones generates multiple peptides with similar or distinct biological activities. The production of mature insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) involves the cleavage of an E-peptide from pro-IGF-I. Although the IGF-I E-peptides are conserved among vertebrate species, their fate and biological roles have not been identified. To test whether the E-peptides possess any biological activity, three recombinant E-peptides of pro-IGF-I, namely Ea-2-, Ea-3- and Ea-4-peptides of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were produced in vitro with a His-tag expression system and partially purified with an affinity Ni++ column. The mitogenic activity of each E-peptide was determined by (1) the stimulation of total DNA content increase as measured by a fluorometric method and/or (2) stimulation of [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA. Recombinant Ea-4-peptide elicited a dose-related increase in both mitogenic assays in NIH3T3 cells. To further test the specificity of the mitogenic activity of Ea-4-peptide, three other cell lines were used: retroviral transformed human embryonic kidney cells (293GP), human mammary gland tumor cells (MCF-7) and caprine mammary epithelial cells (CMEC). Similar levels of mitogenic activity were observed in all cell lines tested for Ea-4-peptide. Mitogenic activity was also observed with recombinant Ea-2- and Ea-3-peptides when assayed in NIH3T3 cells. These results suggest that E-peptides of rainbow trout pro-IGF-I possess mitogenic activity in heterologous systems.
Skp2 Overexpression Is Highly Representative of Intrinsic Biological Aggressiveness and Independently Associated with Poor Prognosis in Primary Localized Myxofibrosarcomas (2006)

Margin status and intrinsic property of myxofibrosarcomas both affect patient survival. Skp2 overexpression is highly representative of the biological aggressiveness of myxofibrosarcomas and plays an important prognostic role.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS SECOND CIRCUIT (2016)

When you get the dragon out of his cave onto the plain and in the daylight you can count his teeth and claws, and see just what is his strength. But to get him out is only the first step. The next is either to kill him, or to tame him and make him a useful animal. Justice Holmes was not thinking of the antitrust laws when he wrote The Path of the Law; indeed, given his hostility to the substantive provisions of the Sherman Act, one suspects that this is one dragon he would have preferred to see smothered at birth. There is no doubt, of course, that Holmes's social Darwinism blinded him to the economic and social benefits that can be achieved by a soundly administered antitrust policy. But it is equally clear that enforcing the antitrust laws can be very expensive, and that antitrust litigation has grown into a very large dragon indeed. I am therefore pleased to contribute to the efforts of the National Commission for the Review of
Genetic and Biochemical Aspects of Drug Resistance in Malaria Parasites (2004)

Drug resistance is one of the major factors contributing to the resurgence of malaria, especially resistance to the most affordable drugs such as chloroquine and Fansidar, a combination drug of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine. Understanding the mechanisms of such resistance and developing new treatments, including new drugs, are urgently needed. Great progress has been made recently in studying the mechanisms of drug action and drug resistance in malaria parasites, particularly in Plasmodium falciparum. These efforts are highlighted by the demonstration of mutations in the parasite dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase genes conferring resistance to pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, respectively, and by the recent discovery of mutations in the gene coding for a putative transporter, PfCRT, conferring resistance to chloroquine. Mutations in a homologue of a human multiple-drug-resistant gene, pfmdr1, have also been shown to be associated with responses to multiple drugs. However, except in the case of resistance to antifolate drugs, the mechanisms of action and resistance to most drugs currently in use are essentially unknown or are being debated. Additionally, novel mechanisms of resistance exist in different malaria parasites, complicating the process of developing new drugs and treatment strategies. Here we summarise the progress made in drug resistance research in malaria parasites over the past 20 years, emphasising the most recent developments in the genetics of drug resistance.
Relationship between P-T Contitions of Two Phases of Tan-Lu Strike-Slip Shear Zones and Delamination of Orogenic Belts on the Eastern Margin of the Dabie Mountains (2005)

The Tan-Lu fault zone joins the Dabie Mountains on its eastern margin, and offsets the Dabie and Sulu orogenic belts sinistrally for about 500 km. On the basis of calculation of temperature and pressure experienced by the two phases of the fault zone as well as the thermo-chronological information on mylonite from the earlier and later Tan-Lu fault zones on the eastern margin of the Dabie Mountains, this paper discusses the delamination history and uplifting magnitudes of the Dabie Mountains from earlier Jurassic to earlier Cretaceous. From mineral assemblages, mineral deformation and muscovite-chlorite geothermometry calculation, it is known that the temperature experienced by the two phases of Tan-Lu fault zones are between 400℃ and 450℃, and the confining pressures are between 0.25Gpa and 0.36GPa for the earlier shear zones and 0.24-0.39GPa for the late shear zones. According to the geobarometry of Si-in-phengite and by considering shear heating and tectonic over-pressure, it is concluded that the maximum formation depths for the two phases of the ductile shear zones are not more than 12 km. Differential formation depths for the two phases of shear zones are 1-2 km at most. At about 190 Ma and 128 Ma, the Tan-Lu fault zone experienced two phases of cooling events. During this period, the eastern margin of the Dabie Mountains experienced a tectonic calm period and no uplifting. According to information from the Tan-Lu fault zone, the uplifting magnitudes of the Dabie orogenic belts are not more than 12 km during the earlier Cretaceous.
Synthesis of Primary Amines by the Electrophilic Amination of Grignard Reagents with 1,3-Dioxolan-2-one O-Sulfonyloxime (2004)

Primary amines are prepared by the electrophilic amination of Grignard reagents with 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one O-phenylsulfonyloxime and the acidic hydrolysis of the resulting imines. [reaction: see text]
Synthesis of hydroxyl‐terminated polycarbonates of controlled number‐average molecular weight (1982)

Abstract Hydroxyl‐terminated polycarbonates are important starting materials for the synthesis of multiblock copolymers. Earlier papers from our laboratory and elsewhere have demonstrated their utility in siloxane, aryl ether, and ester systems. One synthesis problem that must be addressed is the control of the number‐average molecular weight and hence block size of the polycarbonate oligomeric precursor. The facile phosgene‐hydroxyl reaction is often difficult to monitor precisely. The present article describes a novel, simple, and convenient technique for the synthesis of hydroxyl‐terminated polycarbonates of well‐controlled number‐average molecular weight. The approach involves an in situ blocking of some of the phenolic groups either prior to or during phosgenation. The protecting groups are easily removed after the polymerization is complete. In a practical laboratory experiment the technique does not require any additional step beyond that necessary for the preparation of nonfunctional polycarbonates of controlled molecular weight. The method is demonstrated in this article with the polycarbonate of bisphenol‐A via the use of trimethylchlorosilane, trifluoroacetic anhydride, and trifluoroacetic acid as blocking groups. Ultraviolet, 19 F‐NMR, and 1 H‐NMR measurements as well as vapor‐pressure osmometry were used to characterize the oligomers.
Enhancement by murabutide of the immune response to natural and synthetic hepatitis B surface antigens (1984)

Adjuvant-active murabutide (N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamine-alpha-n-butyl ester), devoid of the side effects of muramyl dipeptide (N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine), was administered in saline with natural and synthetic hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAgs). This derivative enhanced the antibody responses against natural HBsAg. The persistence of high antibody titers was the same in the murabutide-treated group as in the alum-treated group. A synergistic enhancement of the antibody was obtained when both adjuvants were administered together. Cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg, tested by the proliferative response of lymph node cells to the antigen, was also shown to be induced in mice treated with alum-associated murabutide. When administered with natural HBsAg, murabutide produced titers of total antibodies as high as did alum but lower titers of specific immunoglobulin E. High levels of antipeptide antibodies were obtained when a synthetic fragment [HBsAg(99-121)] conjugated to a toxoid carrier was administered with murabutide in saline.
Human umbilical cord Wharton's Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into nerve-like cells. (2005)

MSCs could be isolated from human umbilical cord Wharton's Jelly. They were capable of differentiating into nerve-like cells using Salvia miltiorrhiza or beta-mercaptoethanol. The induced MSCs not only underwent morphologic changes, but also expressed the neuron-related genes and neuronal cell markers. They may represent an alternative source of stem cells for central nervous system cell transplantation.
Computer Assisted 3D Measurements for Micro-Surgery (1997)

A unique measuring tool, the Virtual Tape Measure (VTM), was developed in prototype form to minimize the inaccuracy surgeons encounter when trying to estimate the measurement of structures seen under the operating microscope. Superimposed on a stereo-video image of the surgical field taken through an operating microscope, the VTM is a three-dimensional measuring tool comprising a stereo-computer graphic pointer and a tethering line. The human operator simply places the VTM pointer adjacent two points he wishes to measure on the stereo-video image by controlling a three degrees of freedom (x, y, z-axes) input device. Active liquid shutter glasses must be worn to visualize the pointer and video images in stereo. To test the accuracy of the system, seven subjects used the VTM to measure distances between two dot models placed under the operating microscope. The absolute distance between the two dots ranged from 4 mm to 27 mm in a field of view measuring 20 mm × 30 mm. The distance in depth between the two dots ranged from 0 mm to 19 mm. Overall bias was an overestimation of 0.3 mm with a 95% confidence interval of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. The overall precision, as defined by variance of the error was 0.4 mm with a 95% confidence interval of 0.3 to 0.6 mm. Testing shows the VTM prototype system to be an accurate and reliable tool for measuring small objects with size scales typically encountered under the operating microscope during surgical procedures.
Optimization for Envelope Shaped Operation of Envelope Tracking Power Amplifier (2011)

This paper describes the analysis of an optimized envelope shaping function for the envelope tracking power amplifier (ET PA) and its implementation. The proposed shaping function, which is sweet spot tracking with crest factor reduction, improves the efficiency and output power of the power amplifier (PA), as well as its linearity. For an accurate simulation of the supply modulator, an equivalent model of the PA under the envelope shaping is suggested. To achieve high efficiency and wide bandwidth, the CMOS supply modulator has a hybrid structure of a switching amplifier and a linear amplifier. The fabricated ET PA delivers higher efficiency and better linearity than standalone PA for the wideband code division multiple access and long-term evolution signals.
The fiber-optic gyroscope, a century after Sagnac's experiment: The ultimate rotation-sensing technology? (2014)

Taking advantage of the development of optical-fiber communication technologies, the fiber-optic gyroscope (often abbreviated FOG) started to be investigated in the mid-1970s, opening the way for a fully solid-state rotation sensor. It was firstly seen as dedicated to medium-grade applications ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">°</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">/</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">h</mml:mi> </mml:math> range), but today, it reaches strategic-grade performance ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">°</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">/</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">h</mml:mi> </mml:math> range) and surpasses its well-established competitor, the ring-laser gyroscope, in terms of bias noise and long-term stability. Further progresses remain possible, the challenge being the ultimate inertial navigation performance of one nautical mile per month corresponding to a long-term bias stability of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">°</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">/</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">h</mml:mi> </mml:math> . This paper is also the opportunity to recall the historical context of Sagnac's experiment, the origin of all optical gyros.
Is colic a gastrointestinal disorder? (2002)

Infantile colic is a distinct, although poorly defined, clinical entity. Whereas a general consensus regarding its cause is lacking, it is most likely multifactorial in genesis. Possible causative factors can be divided into two main groups: gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal. Food protein hypersensitivity or allergy is the leading contender in the former group, and disturbances in parental or maternal-child interactions in the latter. In all likelihood, the various factors act in tandem, leading to disturbances in infant gastrointestinal motility that manifests clinically as colic.
Preparation and synthetic use of trimethylsilyl polyphosphate. A new stereoselective aldol-type reaction in the presence of trimethylsilyl polyphosphate (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and synthetic use of trimethylsilyl polyphosphate. A new stereoselective aldol-type reaction in the presence of trimethylsilyl polyphosphateTsuneo Imamoto, Teruyo Matsumoto, Hideki Yokoyama, Masataka Yokoyama, and Keiichi YamaguchiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 6, 1105–1110Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00180a028https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00180a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views993Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
The Vasopressin V1bReceptor Antagonist SSR149415 in the Treatment of Major Depressive and Generalized Anxiety Disorders (2012)

ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT00374166 (Sanofi ID number: DFI5880), NCT00361491 (Sanofi ID number: DFI5879), NCT00358631 (Sanofi ID number: DFI5878), NCT01606384 (Sanofi ID number: PDY5467).
Discovery of Ovarian Cancer Biomarkers in Serum Using NanoLC Electrospray Ionization TOF and FT‐ICR Mass Spectrometry (2004)

Treatment of cancer patients is greatly facilitated by detection of the cancer prior to metastasis. One of the obstacles to early cancer detection is the lack of availability of biomarkers with sufficient specificity. With modem differential proteomic techniques, the potential exists to identify high specificity cancer biomarkers. We have delineated a set of protocols for the isolation and identification of serum biomarkers for ovarian cancer that exist in the low molecular weight serum fraction. After isolation of the low molecular weight fraction by ultrafiltration, the potential biomarkers are separated by reversed phase nano liquid chromatography. Detection via TOF or FT-ICR yields a data set for each sample. We compared stage III/IV ovarian cancer serum with postmenopausal age-matched controls. Using bioinformatics tools developed at Mayo, we normalized each sample for intensity and chromatographic alignment. Normalized data sets are subsequently compared and potential biomarkers identified. Several candidate biomarkers were found. One of these contains the sequence of fibrinopeptide-A known to be elevated in many types of cancer including ovarian cancer. The protocols utilized will be examined and would be applicable to a wide variety of cancers or disease states.
Long term expression of IL-4 in vivo using retroviral-mediated gene transfer (1992)

Th cell subsets regulate immune responses by cell-cell interaction and secretion of cytokines. IL-4 is one of the cytokines secreted by Th cells important for cellular and humoral, particularly IgG1 and IgE responses. To study the role of IL-4 in T cell development and regulation of immune responses in vivo, low IgE-responder C57BL/6 mice were reconstituted with bone marrow cells that had been infected with recombinant retrovirus expressing a high level of IL-4. The reconstituted mice expressed retroviral IL-4 transcripts (9/10) even 8 mo postreconstitution. Physiologically significant levels of IL-4 were detected in the majority of the provirus-positive animals tested (5/8). Ectopic expression of exogenous IL-4 in hematopoietic cells had dramatic effects on T cell development resulting in changes in CD4:CD8 ratios. Moreover, the levels of serum IgG1 and, with antigenic stimulation, IgE were also increased. These results demonstrate that the retrovirus gene transfer system can be used to study the effects of ectopic cytokine gene expression in vivo on Ig isotype regulation and T helper cell subset differentiation.
A COMPARISON OF DYSLEXICS AND NORMALS IN RECALLING LETTER ARRAYS AFTER BRIEF PRESENTATION (1973)

S ummary . The study was designed to examine differences in the performance of dyslexic and normal children in the recall of letter arrays which were presented for varying durations. Thirty‐three dyslexic and 33 normal children aged between 8 and 12 years were recruited for the study. The results show significant differences in the level of performance rather than differences in kind of visual information processing and would support the notion of a developmental lag in visual memory.
Some 3,4-Diphenylcinnolines and Related Compounds (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSome 3,4-Diphenylcinnolines and Related CompoundsC. F. H. Allen and J. A. VanAllanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 12, 5850–5856Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01156a118https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01156a118research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views130Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Total Synthesis of Dimethyl Sulfomycinamate (1996)

Dimethyl sulfomycinamate (1), a methanolysis product from the natural antibiotic sulfomycin I, is synthesized in 11 steps (Scheme 19). The chemistry of various pyridine, thiazole, and oxazole heterocycles and their coupling reactions under palladium catalysis are examined. The key transformations in the synthesis are the selective palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions on doubly activated pyridine 62 and the condensation reaction between bromo ketone 69 and amide 28 to form the oxazole moiety 76. The first preparation of oxazole triflates is described, as are some of their chemical properties.