gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Chemical Treatments Against Murine Norovirus, Feline Calicivirus, and MS2 Bacteriophage (2009)

Human noroviruses pose an emerging public health threat, and despite stringent control strategies, variant strains continue to spread and cause disease outbreaks. Routinely used chemical sanitizers, such as sodium hypochlorite though effective on food contact surfaces, require high concentrations to cause reduction in enteric viral titers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of trisodium phosphate (TSP) against three human enteric virus surrogates, murine norovirus (MNV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV), and bacteriophage MS2 in comparison to routinely used sanitizers. Three concentrations of TSP (1%, 2%, and 5%) at different contact times (30 sec and 1 min) were evaluated against the surrogate viruses individually inoculated on formica coupons. Our results showed that 5% TSP was effective in obtaining a >or=6 log(10) PFU reduction for MNV-1, FCV, and MS2 after a contact time of only 30 sec or 1 min similar to 10% household bleach (0.6% sodium hypochlorite, 5000 ppm available chlorine) for high titers of FCV and MS2, and with approximately 5 log(10) reduction after either 30 sec or 1 min on low viral titers. However, 2% TSP for 1 min resulted in >or=6 log(10) PFU reduction for FCV and MS2, but only a 1.05 log(10) PFU reduction for MNV-1 at high titers, with similar results after 30 sec. Decreasing TSP levels to 1% reduced FCV by approximately 2.65 log(10) PFU, MS2 by 4.5 log(10) PFU at high titers, and no reduction for MNV-1 after 30-sec or 1 min contact. Glutaraldehyde (2%) reduced FCV and MNV-1 titers by approximately 6 log(10) PFU; however, MS2 was reduced by only 3.22 and 3.74 log(10) PFU after 30 sec and 1 min, respectively, while 70% ethanol was not effective in reducing the three viruses at either high or low titers at both contact times. Alternative control strategies using TSP with short contact times should benefit the food industry in reducing norovirus transmission.
Graphene Field‐Effect Transistor and Its Application for Electronic Sensing (2014)

Graphene, because of its excellent mechanical, electrical, chemical, physical properties, sparked great interest to develop and extend its applications. Particularly, graphene based field-effect transistors (GFETs) present exciting and bright prospects for sensing applications due to their greatly higher sensitivity and stronger selectivity. This Review highlights a selection of important topics pertinent to GFETs and their application in electronic sensors. This article begins with a description of the fabrications and characterizations of GFETs, and then introduces the new developments in physical, chemical, and biological electronic detection using GFETs. Finally, several perspective and current challenges of GFETs development are presented, and some proposals are suggested for further development and exploration.
Synthesis and evaluation of water-soluble polyethylene glycol-paclitaxel conjugate as a paclitaxel prodrug (1996)

Water-soluble paclitaxel may cause less side effects and be less costly to administer in comparison to a taxol formulation using a cremophor EL/alcohol vehicle. In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG; MW 5000) was conjugated to the 2' position of paclitaxel through a spacer succinyl group. PEG-paclitaxel as a non-ionic paclitaxel prodrug was highly water soluble (> 20 mg equiv. paclitaxel/ml). The release of paclitaxel from phosphate-buffered solution was pH dependent. The half-life of PEG-paclitaxel was 7.6, 54 and 311 min at pH 9.0, 7.4 and 6.0, respectively. PEG-paclitaxel inhibited the growth of B16 melanoma cells to an extent similar to that of paclitaxel. In MCA-4 mammary tumor-bearing mice, a single dose of PEG-paclitaxel (40 mg equiv. paclitaxel/kg body weight) significantly delayed tumor growth. The average number of days for the tumor to reach 12 from 8 mm in diameter increased from 6.5 days for control animals to 8.5 days for PEG-paclitaxel-treated animals and 9.4 days for paclitaxel-treated animals. These studies demonstrated that PEG may be used as an effective solubilizing carrier for paclitaxel.
Laser two-photon excited fluorescence detector for microbore liquid chromatography (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLaser two-photon excited fluorescence detector for microbore liquid chromatographyWilliam D. Pfeffer and Edward S. YeungCite this: Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 9, 2103–2105Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00122a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00122a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views44Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The effects on metal corrosion bySerratia marcescensand aPseudomonasSP. (1989)

Corrosion of steel (SIS 1146) by two marine isolates, Serratia marcescens EF190 and a Pseudomonas sp. S9 was investigated by weight loss measurements of metal coupons placed in static batch cultures. Cell suspensions with and without nutrients were compared with cell free extracts of cultures and uninoculated controls. Adhesion of cells to the metal surface was quantified microscopically. Corrosion was inhibited in all the cell suspensions compared to the sterile controls and cell‐free extracts of the cultures. In the starvation cultures, Pseudomonas S9 caused less corrosion than S. marcescens. This difference between the species was not observed in the cell‐free extracts of the two organisms. A mixed starvation culture with equal parts of 5. marcescens and Pseudomonas S9 resulted in a corrosion rate equal to that of S. marcescens cultures. Purified S9 polymer had no effect on the corrosion rate in an S. marcescens starvation suspension. Because the corrosion inhibition was observed only in the presence of bacterial cells it may have been an effect of cells adhering to the metal surface. The lower Eh of growth cultures compared to starvation suspensions and cell‐free extracts does not appear to reduce the corrosion.
A Therapeutic Target for Smoking-Associated Lung Cancer (2010)

A report in this issue of Science Translational Medicine reveals that amplification of the FGFR1 gene-which encodes fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-is a major oncogenic aberration in squamous cell lung cancer. This genetic variation may represent the first relatively high-frequency therapeutic target of smoking-associated lung cancer.
Human Adeno-Associated Virus Type 5 Is Only Distantly Related to Other Known Primate Helper-Dependent Parvoviruses (1999)

We have characterized 95% (4,404 nucleotides) of the genome of adeno-associated virus type 5 (AAV5), including part of the terminal repeats and the terminal resolution site. Our results show that AAV5 is different from all other described AAV serotypes at the nucleotide level and at the amino acid level. The sequence homology to AAV2, AAV3B, AAV4, and AAV6 at the nucleotide level is only between 54 and 56%. The positive strand contains two large open reading frames (ORFs). The left ORF encodes the nonstructural (Rep) proteins, and the right ORF encodes the structural (Cap) proteins. At the amino acid level the identities with the capsid proteins of other AAVs range between 51 and 59%, with a high degree of heterogeneity in regions which are considered to be on the exterior surface of the viral capsid. The overall identity for the nonstructural Rep proteins at the amino acid level is 54.4%. It is lowest at the C-terminal 128 amino acids (10%). There are only two instead of the common three putative Zn fingers in the Rep proteins. The Cap protein data suggest differences in capsid surfaces and raise the possibility of a host range distinct from those of other parvoviruses. This may have important implications for AAV vectors used in gene therapy.
Atlas of individual radiographic features in osteoarthritis. (1995)

Radiographs of the hand, hip and knee were screened for evidence of osteoarthritis (OA). Specific sites selected for screening on the postero-anterior radiographs of the hand included the base of the thumb with distal and proximal interphalangeal joints; these regions were examined for formation of marginal osteophytes, joint space narrowing and subchondral lucency. Sites selected from antero-posterior radiographs of the hip included the acetabular and femoral portions of the joint; these regions were examined for joint space narrowing, subchondral lucency, marginal osteophytes and subchondral sclerosis. Sites selected from antero-posterior weight-bearing radiographs of the knee included distal femora and proximal tibiae including the medial and lateral compartments; these regions were examined for joint space narrowing, marginal osteophytes and subchondral sclerosis. Sites selected from axial views of the patellofemoral joint examined the medial and lateral portions; these regions were examined for joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subluxations and subchondral sclerosis. A set of photographic prints was made from the collection of radiographs. These specific features of OA were graded on each print and a subset of prints was selected that best demonstrated the spectrum of severity for each feature of OA. This resultant atlas is offered as an updated guide to standardize interpretation of radiographs prior to and during clinical trials.
The fate of acrosomal staining during the acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa as revealed by a monoclonal antibody and PNA‐lectin (1986)

A monoclonal anti-human sperm antibody, raised against an acrosomal antigen and indicated to recognize in boar sperm the serine protease, acrosin, stained in human spermatozoa a 50 Kd antigen and several others in the region 24-34 Kd by immunoblotting. The 50 Kd band and the region of 30-34 Kd showed proteolytic activity by zymographic enzyme detection. The fate of the antigen was studied in the acrosome reaction induced by the calcium ionophore A23187. In control incubations 69.5 +/- 14.2% (mean +/- SD) of the spermatozoa had intact acrosomal staining according to indirect immunofluorescence using this antibody whereas in acrosome-reacted samples only 21.0 +/- 2.0% of the sperm were stained. Another marker for the acrosome, peanut agglutinin-lectin (PNA), was used to detect the acrosome with similar results. Acrosome reactions were verified by electron microscopy. The present results indicate that the corresponding antigen, evidently acrosin, and PNA-positive material are liberated during the acrosome reaction which suggests that they are not bound to the inner acrosomal membrane but are components of the acrosomal matrix.
Low Expression of the IL-23/Th17 Pathway in Atopic Dermatitis Compared to Psoriasis (2008)

The classical Th1/Th2 paradigm previously defining atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis has recently been challenged with the discovery of Th17 T cells that synthesize IL-17 and IL-22. Although it is becoming evident that many Th1 diseases including psoriasis have a strong IL-17 signal, the importance of Th17 T cells in AD is still unclear. We examined and compared skin biopsies from AD and psoriasis patients by gene microarray, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. We found a reduced genomic expression of IL-23, IL-17, and IFN-gamma in AD compared with psoriasis. To define the effects of IL-17 and IL-22 on keratinocytes, we performed gene array studies with cytokine-treated keratinocytes. We found lipocalin 2 and numerous other innate defense genes to be selectively induced in keratinocytes by IL-17. IFN-gamma had no effect on antimicrobial gene-expression in keratinocytes. In AD skin lesions, protein and mRNA expression of lipocalin 2 and other innate defense genes (hBD2, elafin, LL37) were reduced compared with psoriasis. Although AD has been framed by the Th1/Th2 paradigm as a Th2 polar disease, we present evidence that the IL-23/Th17 axis is largely absent, perhaps accounting for recurrent skin infections in this disease.
Screening for genomic fragments that are methylated specifically in colorectal carcinoma with a methylated MLH1 promoter (2005)

A subset of colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) is associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) of the genome. Although extensive methylation of CpG islands within the promoter regions of DNA mismatch repair genes such as MLH1 is thought to play a central role in tumorigenesis for MSI-positive sporadic CRCs, it has been obscure whether such aberrant epigenetic regulation occurs more widely and affects other cancer-related genes in vivo. Here, by using methylated CpG island amplification coupled with representational difference analysis (MCA-RDA), we screened genomic fragments that are selectively methylated in CRCs positive for MLH1 methylation, resulting in the identification of hundreds of CpG islands containing genomic fragments. Methylation status of such CpG islands was verified for 28 genomic clones in 8 CRC specimens positive for MLH1 methylation and the corresponding paired normal colon tissue as well as in 8 CRC specimens negative for methylation. Many of the CpG islands were preferentially methylated in the MLH1 methylation-positive CRC specimens, although methylation of some of them was more widespread. These data provide insights into the complex regulation of the methylation status of CpG islands in CRCs positive for MSI and MLH1 methylation.
Catalytic Promiscuity in Dihydroxy-Acid Dehydratase from the Thermoacidophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus (2006)

Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) is one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the branched chain amino acids. Although the enzyme has been purified and characterized in various mesophiles, including bacteria and eukarya, the biochemical properties of DHAD from hyperthermophilic archaea have not yet been reported. In this study we cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified a DHAD homologue from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus, which grows optimally at 80 degrees C and pH 3. The recombinant S. solfataricus DHAD (rSso_DHAD) showed the highest activity on 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate among 17 aldonic acids tested. Interestingly, this enzyme also displayed high activity toward d-gluconate and some other pentonic and hexonic sugar acids. The k(cat)/K(m) values were 140.3 mM(-1) s(-1) for 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate and 20.0 mM(-1) s(-1) for d-gluconate, respectively. A possible evolutionary explanation for substrate promiscuity was provided through amino acid sequence alignments of DHADs and 6-phosphogluconate dehydratases from archaea, bacteria and eukarya.
Cutaneous side-effects in cancer patients treated with the antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody C225 (2001)

C225 is an antibody to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and inhibits growth of various tumour cells. The antibody is currently being used as a therapeutic agent in several clinical trials of patients with carcinomas. Objectives To determine and investigate the cutaneous side-effects in cancer patients treated with C225. Methods We clinically examined 10 patients treated with C225, and performed immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies on skin biopsies. Results The most common cutaneous reaction to C225 therapy was the development of an acneiform follicular eruption, which was most pronounced on the face, chest and upper back and typically manifested a week after the onset of treatment. The consistency of the morphology and timing of the clinical findings in 10 different patients following monotherapy with C225 strongly suggested a direct biological effect of the antibody. Additional dermatological side-effects included focal areas of tender paronychial inflammation of toes and fingers and small aphthous ulcers of the oral mucosa. Serial punch biopsies of chest skin before and after treatment (at 8 days) revealed two main reaction patterns: a superficial dermal inflammatory cell infiltrate surrounding hyperkeratotic and ectatic follicular infundibula, and a suppurative superficial folliculitis. In two biopsies focal intraepidermal acantholysis was found. Microbiological cultures failed to reveal an infectious aetiology. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies on a subset of the biopsies showed an increase in the expression of p27Kip1 in epidermal keratinocytes after treatment with C225. Conclusions Our findings support the concept that p27Kip1 plays a part in the in vivo regulation of follicular and epidermal homeostasis by EGFR.
A new method to select the drought resistance azuki bean germplasm (2006)

大约 120 adzuki [Vigna 尖] 从中国(108accessions ) 和台湾(12 就职) 的细菌原生质就职在 Nakhon Pathom 被评估，泰国，从为耐旱性的 2 月 2 日 to28 2005 年 4 月。在耐旱性和相片氧化抵抗之间的一道重要正相关被观察。因此，为估计 photooxidationresistance 的一种技术应该作为一个参考方法被开发选择 adzukibean 的干旱抵抗的细菌原生质……
Vertebrate intestinal endoderm development (2011)

The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, as well as associated organs. To generate a functional intestine, a series of highly orchestrated developmental processes must occur. In this review, we attempt to cover major events during intestinal development from gastrulation to birth, including endoderm formation, gut tube growth and patterning, intestinal morphogenesis, epithelial reorganization, villus emergence, as well as proliferation and cytodifferentiation. Our discussion includes morphological and anatomical changes during intestinal development as well as molecular mechanisms regulating these processes.
Amino-terminal Myristoylation Induces Cooperative Calcium Binding to Recoverin (1995)

Recoverin, a new member of the EF-hand protein superfamily, serves as a Ca2+ sensor in vision. A myristoyl or related N-acyl group covalently attached to the amino terminus of recoverin enables it to bind to disc membranes when the Ca2+ level is elevated. Ca(2+)-bound recoverin prolongs the lifetime of photoexcited rhodopsin, most likely by blocking its phosphorylation. We report here Ca2+ binding studies of myristoylated and unmyristoylated recombinant recoverin using flow dialysis, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopy. Unmyristoylated recoverin exhibits heterogeneous and uncooperative binding of two Ca2+ with dissociation constants of 0.11 and 6.9 microM. In contrast, two Ca2+ bind cooperatively to myristoylated recoverin with a Hill coefficient of 1.75 and an apparent dissociation constant of 17 microM. Thus, the attached myristoyl group lowers the calcium affinity of the protein and induces cooperativity in Ca2+ binding. One-dimensional 1H and two-dimensional 15N-1H shift correlation NMR spectra of myristoylated recoverin measured as a function of Ca2+ concentration show that a concerted conformational change occurs when two Ca2+ are bound. The Ca2+ binding and NMR data can be fit to a concerted allosteric model in which the two Ca2+ binding sites have different affinities in both the T and R states. The T and R conformational states are defined in terms of the Ca(2+)-myristoyl switch; in the T state, the myristoyl group is sequestered inside the protein, whereas in the R state, the myristoyl group is extruded. Ca2+ binds to the R state at least 10,000-fold more tightly than to T. In this model, the dissociation constants of the two sites in the R state of the myristoylated protein are 0.11 and 6.9 microM, as in unmyristoylated recoverin. The ratio of the unliganded form of T to that of R is estimated to be 400 for myristoylated and < 0.05 for unmyristoylated recoverin. Thus, the attached myristoyl group has two related roles: it shifts the T/R ratio of the unliganded protein more than 8000-fold, and serves as a membrane anchor for the fully liganded protein.
Broad Oxygen Tolerance in the Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans (2000)

This study examined the effects of oxygen tensions ranging from 0 to 90 kPa on the metabolic rate (rate of carbon dioxide production), movement and survivorship of the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans requires oxygen to develop and survive. However, it can maintain a normal metabolic rate at oxygen levels of 3.6 kPa and has near-normal metabolic rates at oxygen levels as low as 2 kPa. The ability to withstand low ambient oxygen levels appears to be a consequence of the small body size of C. elegans, which allows diffusion to supply oxygen readily to the cells without requiring any specialized respiratory or metabolic adaptations. Thus, the small size of this organism pre-adapts C. elegans to living in soil environments that commonly become hypoxic. Movement in C. elegans appears to have a relatively minor metabolic cost. Several developmental stages of C. elegans were able to withstand up to 24 h of anoxia without major mortality. Longer periods of anoxia significantly increased mortality, particularly for eggs. Remarkably, long-term exposure to 100 % oxygen had no effect on the metabolic rate of C. elegans, and populations were able to survive for a least 50 generations in 100 % (90 kPa) oxygen. Such hyperoxic conditions are fatal to most organisms within a short period.
Acetic acid formation in escherichia coli fermentation (1992)

Acetic acid formation in Escherichia coli fermentation has been studied in continuous cultures. Experimental results suggest that the limited capacity of the oxidative metabolism (perhaps the limited capacity of TCA cycle) may be responsible for acetic acid formation. At low growth rates, both anabolic and catabolic requirements may be satisfied by the oxidative metabolism. However, at high growth rates these two demands may exceed the capacity of the oxidative metabolism alone. It is proposed that under these circumstances, E. coli reorganizes the oxidative metabolism to first meet the anabolic requisition and then supply the necessary amount of energy using both the remaining capacity of the oxidative metabolism and acetic acid formation metabolism. Escherichia coli selects acetic acid synthesis as the aerobic energy source because it generates the second largest amount of ATP and NADH(2). According to our proposition, acetic acid formation could be reduced by decreasing the anabolic requirement, i.e., reducing glucose uptake, or by increasing the capacity of the oxidative metabolism. These two approaches were experimentally confirmed by observing reduced acetic acid formation by reducing the glucose uptake with a yeast extract addition and enhancing the capacity of oxidative metabolism with a methionine addition.