gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of the Ischemic Penumbra Using pH-Weighted MRI (2006)

The classic definition of the ischemic penumbra is a hypoperfused region in which metabolism is impaired, but still sufficient to maintain cellular polarization. Perfusion- and diffusion-weighted MRI (PWI, DWI) can identify regions of reduced perfusion and cellular depolarization, respectively, but it often remains unclear whether a PWI-DWI mismatch corresponds to benign oligemia or a true penumbra. We hypothesized that pH-weighted MRI (pHWI) can subdivide the PWI-DWI mismatch into these regions. Twenty-one rats underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion and ischemic evolution over the first 3.5 h post-occlusion was studied using multiparametric MRI. End point was the stroke area defined by T(2)-hyperintensity at 24 h. In the acute phase, areas of reduced pH were always larger than or equal to DWI deficits and smaller than or equal to PWI deficits. Group analysis showed that pHWI deficits during this phase coincided with the resulting infarct area at endpoint. Final infarcts were smaller than PWI deficits (range 65% to 90%, depending on the severity of the occlusion) and much larger than acute DWI deficits. These data suggest that the outer boundary of the hypoperfused area showing a decrease in pH without DWI abnormality may correspond to the outer boundary of the ischemic penumbra, while the hypoperfused region at normal pH may correspond to benign oligemia. These first results show that pHWI can provide information complementary to PWI and DWI in the delineation of ischemic tissue.
Wavelet Phase Synchronization Analysis of Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation (2010)

The dynamic relationship between beat-to-beat mean arterial blood pressure (ABP) fluctuations and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) variations have been intensively studied. The experimentally observed low coherence in the low-frequency band has previously indicated that the assumptions of linearity and/or stationarity, the preconditions of the linear transfer function analysis, are not valid in that frequency region. Latka et al. [M. Latka, M. Turalska, M. Glaubic-Latka, W. Kolodziej, D. Latka, and B. J. J. West, "Phase dynamics in cerebral autoregulation," Amer. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., vol. 289 pp. H2272-H2279, Jul. 2005] used a wavelet phase synchronization method to identify the instantaneous phase difference between ABP and CBFV, and low values of synchronization index were found in the low-frequency range, seeming to provide further evidence that the cerebral autoregulation system is nonstationary. Here, we focus on another possible factor corresponding for this low synchronization index-unmeasured variability. We demonstrate analytically and with a physiologically based cerebral hemodynamic model that, in the case of multiple inputs, the phase difference between one input, ABP, and the output, CBFV, will be distorted by an additional input, end-tidal CO(2) (P(ETCO(2))), and no longer accurately represent the true ABP-CBFV system phase shift. We also prove that this phase distortion can be corrected if the transfer functions for ABP-CBFV and P(ETCO(2))-CBFV are known or can be estimated. A significantly increased value of synchronization index in the low-frequency band is found by using the CO(2) correction term with experimental data on 13 subjects. This essentially indicates that the lack of synchronization between ABP and CBFV previously identified by Latka et al. [M. Latka, M. Turalska, M. Glaubic-Latka, W. Kolodziej, D. Latka, and B. J. J. West, "Phase dynamics in cerebral autoregulation," Amer. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., vol. 289, pp. H2272-H2279, Jul. 2005] can be partly attributed to unmeasured variability.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBONYLATION OF ACETYLENE COMPOUNDS. 1. CARBONYLATION OF TERTIARY ACETYLENIC C ALCOHOLS (1980)

Abstract Die Carbonylierung der ungesättigten Alkohole (I) mit CO und Wasser über Palladiumschwarz und Iodwasserstoff in Benzol wird untersucht.
Single-Reaction Genomic Amplification Accelerates Sequencing and Vaccine Production for Classical and Swine Origin Human Influenza A Viruses (2009)

Pandemic influenza A viruses that emerge from animal reservoirs are inevitable. Therefore, rapid genomic analysis and creation of vaccines are vital. We developed a multisegment reverse transcription-PCR (M-RTPCR) approach that simultaneously amplifies eight genomic RNA segments, irrespective of virus subtype. M-RTPCR amplicons can be used for high-throughput sequencing and/or cloned into modified reverse-genetics plasmids via regions of sequence identity. We used these procedures to rescue a contemporary H3N2 virus and a swine origin H1N1 virus directly from human swab specimens. Together, M-RTPCR and the modified reverse-genetics plasmids that we designed streamline the creation of vaccine seed stocks (9 to 12 days).
Experimental granulomatous colitis in mice is abrogated by induction of TGF-beta-mediated oral tolerance. (1996)

In previous studies we showed that a chronic colitis associated with a Th1 T cell response can be induced by the rectal administration of the haptenizing reagent 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). We report here that oral administration of haptenized colonic proteins (HCP) before rectal administration of TNBS effectively suppresses the ability of the latter to induce colitis. This suppression (oral tolerance) appears to be due to the generation of mucosal T cells producing TGF-beta and Th2-type cytokines after oral HCP administration. Peyer's patch and lamina propria CD4+ T cells from HCP-fed animals stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 had a 5-10-fold increase in their production of TGF-beta and secreted increased amounts of IL-4 and IL-10 but lower levels of IFN-gamma in comparison to T cells from ovalbumin-fed control animals. In addition, the colons of HCP-fed mice showed strikingly increased TGF-beta but decreased IL-12 expression by immunohistochemical studies and isolated mononuclear cells from HCP-fed animals secreted less IL-12 heterodimer. Finally, and most importantly, the suppressive effect of orally administered HCP was abrogated by the concomitant systemic administration of anti-TGF-beta or rIL-12 suggesting a reciprocal relationship between IL-12 and TGF-beta on tolerance induction in TNBS-induced colitis. In parallel studies we demonstrated that TNBS-induced colitis can be transferred to naive recipient animals with purified CD4+ T cells from the colon of TNBS-treated animals and that such animals develop lethal pancolitis when exposed to very low doses of TNBS. Feeding of HCP suppressed this sensitivity to TNBS, indicating that oral feeding can suppress the response of pre-committed T cells in vivo. These studies suggest for the first time that TGF-beta production can abrogate experimental granulomatous colitis even after such colitis is established, and thus, that regulation of TGF-beta levels may have relevance to the treatment of human inflammatory bowel disease.
Preliminary Results from a Phase I Study of Revlimid® (Lenalidomide) in Combination with Vidaza® (Azacitidine) in Patients with Advanced Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS). (2007)

Abstract Background: Early MDS becomes more advanced as immature myeloid cells proliferate, angiogenesis increases, genetic lesions accumulate, and tumor suppressor genes become inactivated through hypermethylation. Progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) may be prevented by targeting these defects through combination therapy, using an immunomodulatory, anti-angiogenic agent, lenalidomide (LEN), and a hypomethylating drug, azacitidine (AZA). Methods: We conducted a multicenter, Phase I trial in patients (pts) with advanced MDS (IPSS score ≥1.5, or FAB or WHO classification with ≥5% myeloblasts) starting in 6/06, with results reported through 7/07. Pts were enrolled using a “3+3” design (See Table), and could not receive LEN or AZA previously. Cycles lasted 28 days, to a maximum of 7 cycles of therapy. The primary endpoint was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs, defined as Grade 3/4 non-hematologic toxicity or &amp;gt;50% neutrophil (ANC) or platelet (plt) drop without recovery by Day 56) of the combination. A secondary endpoint was response as defined by the Modified International Working Group. Dose Level AZA Schedule LEN Schedule 1 75 mg/m2 SC days 1–5 5 mg PO days 1–14 2 75 mg/m2 SC days 1–5 5 mg PO days 1–21 3 75 mg/m2 SC days 1–5 10 mg PO days 1–21 4 50 mg/m2 SC days 1–5, 8–12 5 mg PO days 1–14 5 50 mg/m2 SC days 1–5, 8–12 5 mg PO days 1–21 6 50 mg/m2 SC days 1–5, 8–12 10 mg PO days 1–21 Results: Seven patients have been enrolled, 6 are evaluable for toxicity data. Median age was 64 years (range 52–70), 1 pt was female, and median follow-up is 5.5 months (range 1.5–13). All pts had RAEB-2; IPSS scores were 1.5 (4), 2.0 (2), and 3.0 (1), with IPSS cytogenetic risk categories of poor (1), intermediate (1), and good (5). No pt had a del (5q) lesion. Median time from MDS diagnosis was 3.5 wks (range 2–106). No DLTs occurred in Dose Levels 1 or 2, and MTD has not yet been reached. Grade 1/2 non-hematologic toxicities (n=6) included fatigue (4), injection site reaction (6), rash (3), pruritis (3), constipation or diarrhea (6), dizziness (1), and mucositis (1). Grade 3/4 non-hematologic toxicities included febrile neutropenia (1). Median ANC drop was 16.4% and plt drop was 10.4%. Although one patient was delayed 1 week in starting cycle 2 for neutropenia, there were no dose-reductions for toxicities. Four pts are evaluable for response: 2 had a complete response, 1 an erythroid response, and 1 progressive disease. Conclusions: The combination of LEN and AZA is well-tolerated and early results suggest efficacy in advanced MDS. Responses and toxicity data from higher Dose Levels will be presented.
A Survey of Tracking Technologies for Virtual Environments (2001)

The tracking technologies employed span a variety of engineering fields that include optics, electromagnetics, electronics, and mechanics. This multi-disciplinary combination often makes it challenging to understand the working principle of a given tracking system. To facilitate understanding, we propose a top-down taxonomy on the technology that emphasizes the underlying physical principles of operation and the types of measurements involved. We chose such taxonomy because it allows summarizing a large body of work in a manner that we hope will stimulate going beyond the applications and the requirements for tracking and learning more about the various underlying technologies themselves. We also hope it will stimulate the generation of new ideas to the tracking problem.
Modeling of simultaneous switching noise in high speed systems (2001)

Simultaneous switching noise (SSN) has become a major bottleneck in high speed digital design. For future systems, modeling SSN can be complex: due to the thousands of interconnects that need to be analyzed. This is because a system level modeling approach is necessary that combines the chip, package and board level interactions. This paper presents an efficient method to model the SSN for high speed systems by developing circuit models for the planes and interconnections that can be combined using superposition theory. This approximation is valid at frequencies where skin effect is dominant. Simulation results are compared with the measurements on a test vehicle, verifying the validity of the method. In addition a system has been simulated to compute SSN, showing the application of this method for complex systems.
The Potential of Alkaline Phosphatase as a Treatment for Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury (2014)

Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with a high attributable mortality and an increased risk of developing chronic kidney failure in survivors. As a successful therapy is, as yet, unavailable, a pharmacological treatment option is clearly warranted. Recently, two small phase II clinical trials demonstrated beneficial renal effects of bovine-derived alkaline phosphatase administration in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated AKI. The rationale behind the renal protective effects remains to be fully elucidated, but is likely to be related to dephosphorylation and thereby detoxification of detrimental molecules involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated AKI. A potent candidate target molecule might be endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) from the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, which is associated with the development of sepsis and becomes nontoxic after being dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase. Another target of alkaline phosphatase could be adenosine triphosphate, a proinflammatory mediator released during cellular stress, which can be converted by alkaline phosphatase into the tissue-protective and anti-inflammatory molecule adenosine. Human recombinant alkaline phosphatase, a recently developed replacement for bovine-derived alkaline phosphatase, has shown promising results in the preclinical phase. As its safety and tolerability were recently confirmed in a phase I clinical trial, the renal protective effect of human recombinant alkaline phosphatase in sepsis-associated AKI shall be investigated in a multicenter phase II clinical trial starting at the end of this year.
Motion estimation using a computation-constrained criterion (2002)

One of the most memory-intensive and power consuming operations in videoconferencing is motion estimation. We review several motion-estimation strategies that employ block matching criteria with low computational complexity. We also introduce a matching criterion that explicitly incorporates the computation load of the host processor. This modified cost function can lead to very low computation complexity for the motion-estimation process. Performance comparisons using the various matching criteria within a H.263 video coder are presented.
Core Particles of Hepatitis B Virus and Ground Squirrel Hepatitis Virus I. Relationship Between Hepatitis B Core Antigen- and Ground Squirrel Hepatitis Core Antigen-Associated Polypeptides by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Tryptic Peptide Mapping (1982)

The relationships among the core antigen polypeptides of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV) were studied using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and tryptic peptide mapping. The major core antigen polypeptides of liver-derived HBV (p22) and GSHV (p20.5) shared 56% of the spots in their peptide maps. Comparison of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) p19 or ground squirrel hepatitis core antigen (GSHcAg) p16.5 with their respective major polypeptides indicated that these components probably resulted from cleavage of the major polypeptide of each virus. Other polypeptides smaller than the major component of each virus were often faint on polyacrylamide gels and probably resulted from the cleavage or degradation of components larger than p22 of HBcAg or p20.5 of GSHcAg, since their peptide maps contained spots unique to these high-molecular-weight components. p26 of GSHcAg and p27.5 of HBcAg shared approximately two-thirds of the spots on their peptide maps with those of their respective major core polypeptides. Furthermore, p37.5 of GSHcAg and p40 of HBcAg shared about 60% homology with their respective major polypeptides, and also shared many of the spots that were unique to p26 of GSHcAg or p27.5 of HBcAg but were not found in the peptide map of their respective core antigen polypeptides. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis bands larger than 40,000 daltons were variably present, and peptide mapping indicated that these were aggregates of various smaller core antigen-associated polypeptides. The results suggest that p40 of HBcAg and p37.5 of GSHcAg are the largest unique polypeptides in these core particles, and that they are encoded for by the genome of each virus. That a subset of the spots unique to p40 or p37.5 was also found in p27.5 of HBcAg or p26 of GSHcAg, respectively, as compared to the major core polypeptides, also suggests that p27.5 and p26 are unique proteins encoded by the genome of each virus. It is proposed that the core antigen gene of each virus is larger than that which would encode the major polypeptide of each virus, and that the genetic organizations of the core genes of HBV and GSHV are very similar.
Androgen receptor splice variant 7 in castration‐resistant prostate cancer: Clinical considerations (2016)

Constitutively-active ligand-independent splice variants of the androgen receptor are an adaptive response by prostate cancer cells to escape androgen deprivation therapy and novel androgen receptor-directed treatments. Androgen receptor splice variant 7 is the most common splice variant detected in clinical biospecimens, and emerging data now suggest that the presence of tumoral androgen receptor splice variant 7 might be indicative of primary and acquired resistance to next-generation androgen pathway inhibitors, such as abiraterone and enzalutamide. At the same time, taxane chemotherapy might retain its efficacy regardless of androgen receptor splice variant 7 status, thus suggesting the potential for a predictive biomarker guiding treatment selection in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Herein, we review the preclinical data elucidating the structure and function of androgen receptor splice variant 7, we describe the existing clinical data using this biomarker in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, and we highlight potential therapeutic strategies to target androgen receptor splice variant 7-expressing prostate cancer.
Spectra of Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen in the Extreme Ultraviolet (1922)

Spectroscopy of Extreme Ultraviolet.---A method which has been developed of coating films with an emulsion suitable for work in this region is described in detail, and also an oil-cooled discharge tube of the internal capillary type which will stand an input of 2.25 KW and thus reduce the time of exposure and consequent fogging of the films from 10 to 100 fold. Transparency of oxygen, nitrogen and air between 500 and 1,800 \AA{}. was investigated. In a vacuum spectrograph with a grating of 50 cm. radius these gases were found to transmit light of from 1100 to 1225 \AA{}. even when at a pressure of 3 cm. At around 1 mm. spectrum lines were photographed from 800 to 1,800 \AA{}. and with oxygen at 0.001 mm., the spectrum was photographed to 430 \AA{}. These gases, then, are not as opaque to light in this region of the spectrum as has been generally supposed.Spectrum of discharge through hydrogen, 1,220 to 885 \AA{}. The ultraviolet limit is the same for both continuous and disruptive discharges. Four spectrograms are reproduced and the wave-lengths are given for 90 lines below 1,059 \AA{}., presumably due to hydrogen, as a continuous stream of pure gas was supplied. The resonance line was found superimposed in the fourth order on the ${\mathrm{H}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ line; hence its wavelength is 1,215.68 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.03 \AA{}. This coincidence confirms the Bohr formula for this line, which is the first of the Lyman series.Spectrum of Discharge through Nitrogen, 1,750 to 835 \AA{}.---The continuous discharge gives chiefly the band spectrum of nitrogen, which is extended to 1,026 \AA{}., the wave-lengths of 19 bands below 1,385 \AA{}A. being given. The wave-lengths of 50 new lines obtained with the disruptive discharge are also given and four spectrograms are reproduced.Spectrum of Discharge through Oxygen, 1,863 to 507 \AA{}.---Wave-lengths of about 100 new lines obtained with a disruptive discharge are given and six spectrograms are reproduced. When mercury vapor was present about 15 additional lines extending to 433 \AA{}. were obtained.Explanation of fluorescence observed around aluminum spark in air by Lenard in 1910, to a distance of 4 cm., may depend on the transparency of air to light of wave-length 1,000 to 1,400 \AA{}.
A Bit-by-Bit Re-Writable Eflash in a Generic 65 nm Logic Process for Moderate-Density Nonvolatile Memory Applications (2014)

Embedded nonvolatile memory (eNVM) is considered to be a critical building block in future system-on-chip and microprocessor systems. Various eNVM technologies have been explored for high-density applications including dual-poly embedded flash (eflash), FeRAM, STT-MRAM, and RRAM. On the other end of the spectrum, logic-compatible eNVM such as e-fuse, anti-fuse, and single-poly eflash memories have been considered for moderate-density low-cost applications. In particular, single-poly eflash memory has been gaining momentum as it can be implemented in a generic logic process while supporting multiple program-erase cycles. One key challenge for single-poly eflash is enabling bit-by-bit re-write operation without a boosted bitline voltage as this could cause disturbance issues in the unselected wordlines. In this work, we present details of a bit-by-bit re-writable eflash memory implemented in a generic 65 nm logic process which addresses this key challenge. The proposed 6 T eflash memory cell can improve the overall cell endurance by eliminating redundant program/erase cycles while preventing disturbance issues in the unselected wordlines. We also provide details of special high voltage circuits such as a voltage-doubler based charge pump circuit and a multistory high-voltage switch, for generating a reliable high-voltage output without causing damage to the standard logic transistors.
SOCS Proteins: Negative Regulators of Cytokine Signaling (2001)

Cytokines regulate the growth and differentiation of cells by binding to cell-surface receptors and activating intracellular signal transduction cascades such as the JAK-STAT pathway. Cytokine signaling is negatively regulated with respect to both magnitude and duration, and it is now clear that the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins (SOCS1-SOCS7 and CIS) contributes significantly to this process. Transcripts encoding CIS, SOCS1, SOCS2, and SOCS3 are upregulated in response to cytokine stimulation, and the corresponding SOCS proteins inhibit cytokine-induced signaling pathways. SOCS proteins therefore form part of a classical negative feedback circuit. SOCS family members modulate signaling by several mechanisms, which include inactivation of the Janus kinases (JAKs), blocking access of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) to receptor binding sites, and ubiquitination of signaling proteins and their subsequent targeting to the proteasome. Gene targeting has been used to generate mice lacking socs1, socs2, or socs3, in order to elucidate the physiological function of these SOCS family members. The analysis of socs1(-/-) mice has revealed that SOCS1 plays a key role in the negative regulation of interferon-gamma signaling and in T cell differentiation. Socs2(-/-) mice are 30%-40% larger than wild-type mice, demonstrating that SOCS2 is a critical regulator of postnatal growth. Additionally, the study of embryos lacking socs3 has revealed that SOCS3 is an important regulator of fetal liver hematopoiesis. The biological role of other SOCS proteins remains to be determined.