gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal dissipation and variability in electrical breakdown of carbon nanotube devices (2010)

We study high-field electrical breakdown and heat dissipation from carbon nanotube (CNT) devices on ${\text{SiO}}_{2}$ substrates. The thermal ``footprint'' of a CNT caused by van der Waals interactions with the substrate is revealed through molecular dynamics simulations. Experiments and modeling find the CNT-substrate thermal coupling scales proportionally with CNT diameter and inversely with ${\text{SiO}}_{2}$ surface roughness $(\ensuremath{\sim}d/\ensuremath{\Delta})$. Comparison of diffuse mismatch modeling and data reveals the upper limit of thermal coupling $\ensuremath{\sim}0.4\text{ }\text{W}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\text{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ per unit CNT length at room temperature, ($130\text{ }\text{MW}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\text{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ per unit area), and $\ensuremath{\sim}0.7\text{ }\text{W}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\text{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at $600\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$ for the largest diameter ($\ensuremath{\sim}$3.2 nm) CNTs. We also find semiconducting CNTs can break down prematurely and display more variability due to dynamic shifts in threshold voltage, which metallic CNTs are immune to; this poses a fundamental challenge for selective electrical breakdowns in CNT electronics.
Gamma radiation stabilization of PVC (1984)

Abstract A new class of additives combining heat and radiation stabilization has been shown to prevent the discoloration and associated undesirable hydrogen chloride formation encountered when PVC is exposed to sterilizing doses of gamma radiation. Various mechanisms that lead to the decomposition are described and the free radical processes that cause changes in physical and mechanical properties are discussed. The performance of the new additives demonstrates that rigid PVC can be exposed to high (&gt; 5MRad) radiation with little or no discoloration and loss of physical properties.
Properties of moire´ magnifiers (1998)

Javier Alda Ciudad Universitaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Fisicas Departamento de Optica 28040 Madrid, Spain Abstract. Moire magnification can be observed visually if an array of identical objects is viewed through an array of identical microlenses with a different period. Theoretical analysis and experimental results of the moire image obtained by a moire magnifier are presented. Conditions for erect and inverted moire magnifications are derived and interpreted. Virtual erect images are observed only when the period of the lens array is larger than that of the object array, while inverted images are obtainable in both cases. For equal periods, a uniform field of view results. The relation between the relative size of the periods and the distance between the object and the lens arrays are derived. Expressions for image magnification, orientation and size are deduced. The condition to obtain a demagnified moire pattern is deduced. Rotation of the lens array with respect to the object array results in rotation of the erect and inverted moire patterns in similar and opposite directions, respectively. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. [S0091-3286(98)00611-4]
Reforming health care in The Netherlands. (1994)

Health reforms in The Netherlands have been introduced into a very different environment but with similar aims: efficient, effective, high quality care that addresses the needs of individual patients. Anne-Marie te Maarssen and Richard Janssen outline progress so far.
Printable organic and polymeric semiconducting materials and devices (1999)

Solution-processable organic and polymeric semiconducting materials are active materials used for electronic devices such as thin film field-effect transistors (FETs). These materials are more likely to have practical advantages when coupled with low cost approaches to patterning that are compatible with them. Material requirements for high performance solution based FETs are discussed. Also described are structural, morphological, and processing factors that influence device performance. Finally, methods and schemes of printing workable devices are surveyed.
Comparison of the Structure of Wild-type HtrA Heat Shock Protease and Mutant HtrA Proteins (1995)

The HtrA protease of Escherichia coli, identical with the DegP protease, is a 48-kDa heat shock protein, indispensable for bacterial survival only at temperatures above 42 degrees C. Proteolytic activity of HtrA is inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate, suggesting that HtrA is a serine protease. We have recently found that mutational alteration of serine in position 210 of the mature HtrA or of histidine in position 105 totally eliminated proteolytic activity of HtrA. However, little was known about the consequences of the mutations on HtrA conformation. In this work, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to examine the conformation in aqueous solution of wild-type HtrA and mutant HtrAS210 and HtrAH105 proteins. The spectra were collected at different temperatures in order to gain information also on the thermal stability of the three proteins. The analysis of HtrA protein spectrum, by resolution-enhancement methods, revealed that beta-sheet is the major structural element of the conformation of HtrA. Deconvoluted as well as second derivative spectra of wild-type HtrA and mutant HtrAS210 and HtrAH105 collected at 20 degrees C were identical, indicating no differences in the secondary structure of these proteins. The analysis of spectra obtained at different temperatures revealed a maximum of protein denaturation within 65-70 degrees C for wild-type HtrA as well as for the HtrAS210 and HtrAH105 mutant proteins. However, the thermal denaturation pattern of wild-type HtrA revealed a lower cooperativity in the denaturation process as compared to the mutant proteins which instead behaved similarly. These data suggest that the mutations in HtrA protein induced minor changes in the tertiary structure of the protein (most likely located at the mutation sites). Our results strongly support the idea that Ser210 and His105 may represent two elements of the active-site triad (Ser, His, and Asp), found in most serine proteases. We have also found that in vitro, in the range from 37 to 55 degrees C, the proteolytic activity of HtrA rapidly increased with temperature and that HtrA activity remained unchanged for at least 4 h at 45 degrees C.
Efficient encoding of IEEE 802.11n LDPC codes (2006)

Addressed is the issue of LDPC coding for the emerging IEEE 802.11n standard. An efficient encoding algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is simple and easy to implement. The memory requirement is trivial.
Development and clinical evaluation of automatic fiducial detection for tumor tracking in cine megavoltage images during volumetric modulated arc therapy (2013)

An algorithm for automatic detection of fiducial markers in cine MV images has been developed and tested with five clinical cases. Despite the challenges posed by complex beam aperture shapes, fiducial localization close to the field edge, partial occlusion of fiducials, fast leaf and gantry movement, and inherently low MV image quality, good localization results were achieved in patient images. This work provides a technique for enabling real-time accurate fiducial detection and tumor tracking during VMAT treatments without the use of extra imaging dose.
Protection against Japanese Encephalitis by Inactivated Vaccines (1988)

Encephalitis caused by Japanese encephalitis virus occurs in annual epidemics throughout Asia, making it the principal cause of epidemic viral encephalitis in the world. No currently available vaccine has demonstrated efficacy in preventing this disease in a controlled trial. We performed a placebo-controlled, blinded, randomized trial in a northern Thai province, with two doses of monovalent (Nakayama strain) or bivalent (Nakayama plus Beijing strains) inactivated, purified Japanese encephalitis vaccine made from whole virus derived from mouse brain. We examined the effect of these vaccines on the incidence and severity of Japanese encephalitis and dengue hemorrhagic fever, a disease caused by a closely related flavivirus. Between November 1984 and March 1985, 65,224 children received two doses of monovalent Japanese encephalitis vaccine (n = 21,628), bivalent Japanese encephalitis vaccine (n = 22,080), or tetanus toxoid placebo (n = 21,516), with only minor side effects. The cumulative attack rate for encephalitis due to Japanese encephalitis virus was 51 per 100,000 in the placebo group and 5 per 100,000 in each vaccine group. The efficacy in both vaccine groups combined was 91 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 70 to 97 percent). Attack rates for dengue hemorrhagic fever declined, but not significantly. The severity of cases of dengue was also reduced. We conclude that two doses of inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine, either monovalent or bivalent, protect against encephalitis due to Japanese encephalitis virus and may have a limited beneficial effect on the severity of dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Herbicide Formulations (2000)

Herbicides comprise nearly half of the 5 billion pounds of pesticide active ingredients used worldwide annually. The active ingredient must be formulated with other ingredients to allow mixing, dilution, application, and stability. Liquid commercial formulations for spray foliar application include water-soluble liquids, emulsifiable concentrates, suspension concentrates or "flowables," and gels. Dry formulations that are mixed with water for spray application include wettable powders and water-dispersible granules. Granules are broadcast directly out of the bag. The carrier in liquid formulations is either water or an organic solvent or oil. The general chemical class of the carrier may be deduced based on the solubility characteristics of the active ingredient. Cosolvents may be necessary to optimize solubility and stability. Surfactants are nearly universally present in herbicide formulations or added prior to application. They aid uniform spreading of the spray droplet on the leaf and penetration of its waxy cuticle by the active ingredient. In solvent-based formulations, surfactants permit a stable oil-in-water emulsion to form when diluted with water for actual use. New surfactant systems are currently of intense competitive importance. Other formulation ingredients include pH adjusters, buffers, milling aids, antifoaming agents, acid scavengers, dyes, suspending agents, preservatives, dispersants, emulsifiers, densifiers, antifreeze, and crystal promoters. In highly regulated environments, the other formulation components in pesticides are receiving scrutiny. In the US, the EPA's strategy has been to categorize currently used formulation ingredients into 4 lists based on their toxicology profiles. The ultimate outcome is to have all inert ingredients on List 4, Minimal Risk. List 4 ingredients are generally regarded as safe or have current use patterns that do not pose an unreasonable risk of adverse effect to public health or the environment.
Regulation of Peripherin in Mouse Neuroblastoma and Rat PC 12 Pheochromocytoma Cell Lines (1983)

Peripherin (Formerly the Y protein) is found in the peripheral nervous system. This Triton-insoluble protein is characterized by its isoelectric point (5.6), its apparent molecular weight (56,000 daltons) and its peptide map. Peripherin was also observed in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line, NIE 115, where its expression appeared regulated by the presence of an inducer of morphological differentiation. In order to analyze more precisely this control, the presence of peripherin was investigated in several neuroblastoma cell lines which exhibit different morphological patterns of differentiation and in the rat pheochromocytoma PC 12 cell line. Differentiation of these cells was induced with 1-methylcyclohexane carboxylic acid (CCA) and nerve growth factor (NGF), respectively. Peripherin was found in these different cell lines. Moreover, the cellular amount of peripherin appraised by [35S]-methionine incorporation was significatively increased in differentiated cells. In contrast, other cytoskeletal components did not undergo a similar raise. The level at which the control of the peripherin content takes place was studied in a cell-free translation system. Poly(A)-rich RNAs extracted from growing or differentiated NIE 115 cells directed the synthesis of similar amounts of peripherin in a reticulocyte lysate. In contrast, polysomes prepared from differentiated cells and the corresponding polysomal RNA programmed in vitro the synthesis of twice more peripherin than polysomes or polysomal RNA from growth-phase cells. Since peripherin synthesis is enhanced 5 times in living cells, it seems probable that the cellular amount of peripherin is controlled partly at the translational level and partly at the turn-over level.
Illumination cones for recognition under variable lighting: faces (2002)

Due to illumination variability, the same object can appear dramatically different even when viewed in fixed pose. To handle this variability, an object recognition system must employ a representation that is either invariant to, or models this variability. This paper presents an appearance-based method for modeling the variability due to illumination in the images of objects. The method differs from past appearance-based methods, however, in that a small set of training images is used to generate a representation-the illumination cone-which models the complete set of images of an object with Lambertian reflectance map under an arbitrary combination of point light sources at infinity. This method is both an implementation and extension (an extension in that it models cast shadows) of the illumination cone representation proposed in Belhumeur and Kriegman (1996). The method is tested on a database of 660 images of 10 faces, and the results exceed those of popular existing methods.
[Directed mutagenesis]. (1982)

Methods for generating mutations in preselected genes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are reviewed. Directed mutagenesis is based on mutagenic treatment of genome fragments in vitro instead of a whole genome in vivo. The cloning methods make it possible to perform directed mutagenesis even using conventional nonspecific mutagens. Methods have been elaborated for selective modification of specific sequences in cloned genes, based on the specific DNA recognition properties of restriction endonucleases and complementary poly- and oligonucleotides. Chemically synthesized oligonucleotides may be used for constructing mutant genes containing any base substitutions, small insertions and deletions.
High-breakdown-voltage MESFET with a low-temperature-grown GaAs passivation layer and overlapping gate structure (1992)

GaAs MESFETs were fabricated using a low-temperature-grown (LTG) high-resistivity GaAs layer to passivate the doped channel between the gate and source and between the gate and the drain. The gate was fabricated such that the source and drain edges of the metal gate overlapped the LTG GaAs passivation layer. The electric fields at the edges of the gate were reduced by this special combination of LTG GaAs passivation and gate geometry, resulting in a gate-drain breakdown voltage of 42 V. This value is over 60% higher than that of similar MESFETs fabricated without the gate overlap.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Antiviral Nucleoside Drug Delivery via Amino Acid Phosphoramidates (1999)

Stable and water soluble amino acid phosphomonoester amidates of AZT were synthesized and shown to have potent anti-HIV-1 activity. Intracellular and cell extract metabolism studies revealed that these compounds are likely to be enzymatically converted to the corresponding monophosphates. In addition, we have shown that the half life and tissue distribution of a phosphoramidate of AZT is 5 and 10-fold greater, respectively, than AZT.
Preparation and Photoactivation of Caged Fluorophores and Caged Proteins Using a New Class of Heterobifunctional, Photocleavable Cross-Linking Reagents (1998)

The design, synthesis, and spectroscopic and chemical properties of four members of a new class of heterobifunctional photocleavable (caged) cross-linking reagents were described. One of the two reactive groups of the cross-linker reacted with amino groups to form the corresponding photolabile carbamates. Amino group containing compounds or proteins caged with these reagents can be coupled through the thiol reactive oxirane group of the cross-linker to a different biomolecule or to a thiol-derivatized surface. The 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrophenyl photoisomerization group of the reagent was physically and chemically isolated from the cross-linking functionality, and the high extinction coefficient and red-shifted action spectrum of this chromophore make it suitable for photoactivation applications of caged compounds on surfaces or in living cells. The bifunctional, photocleavable cross-linking reagents were used to prepare a thiol reactive caged rhodamine 110. The new reagents and conjugation procedures described may be used as part of a general procedure to cage the activity of proteins by physically masking binding sites.
Destination: Stent (2010)

Magnetic nanoparticles carrying a therapeutic agent can be specifically targeted to stents to prevent re-occlusion of blood vessels.
The Effects of Indocyanine Green Dye-Enhanced Photocoagulation on the Blood Flow in the Choriocapillaris and the Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) (2000)

Abstract Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of vision loss in patients aged 65 years and older in the United States. In the majority of cases, the loss of central vision is secondary to exudative changes and fibrovascular scarring following choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Prompt laser treatment is recommended [Asrani et al., 1996; Macular Photocoagulation Study Group, 1993; Schneider et al, 1998]. However, direct laser treatment to the entire subfoveal lesion is almost invariably associated with immediate loss of central vision. Loss of central vision may be due to direct damage to foveal photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium or from damage to the nerve fiber layer serving foveal function [Han et al., 1988].
Impaired Expression of the Thrombopoietin Receptor by Platelets from Patients with Polycythemia Vera (1998)

Reduced expression of the thrombopoietin receptor MpI is characteristic of polycythemia vera and idiopathic myelofibrosis. The abnormality appears to distinguish polycythemia vera from other-forms of erythrocytosis.
Regulation of localization and activity of the microtubule depolymerase MCAK (2011)

Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK) is a potent microtubule depolymerizing and catastrophe-inducing factor, which uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to destabilize microtubule ends. MCAK is localized to inner centromeres, kinetochores and spindle poles of mitotic cells, and is also present in the cytoplasm. Both in interphase and in mitosis, MCAK can specifically accumulate at the growing microtubule ends. Here we discuss the mechanisms, which modulate subcellular localization and activity of MCAK through the interaction with the End Binding (EB) proteins and phosphorylation.
Expanding complexity in myotonic dystrophy (1998)

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a highly variable multisystemic disease belonging to the rather special class of trinucleotide expansion disorders. DM results from dynamic expansion of a perfect (CTG)n repeat situated in a gene-dense region on chromosome 19q. Based on findings in patient materials or cellular and animal models, many mechanisms for the causes and consequences of repeat expansion have been proposed; however, none of them has enjoyed prolonged support. There is now circumstantial evidence that long (CTG)n repeats may affect the expression of any of at least three genes, myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK), DMR-N9 (gene 59), and a DM-associated homeodomain protein (DMAHP). Furthermore, the new findings suggest that DM is not a simple gene-dosage or gain-or-loss-of-function disorder but that entirely new pathological pathways at the DNA, RNA, or protein level may play a role in its manifestation.
Oligonucleotide immobilization on micropatterned streptavidin surfaces (2000)

We describe a simple procedure for photolithographic patterning of streptavidin on silicon substrates. Long wavelength UV (365 nm) light was used to direct the covalent attachment of photoactivatable biotin onto silylated silicon wafers. Fluorescently labeled streptavidin was found to bind only in areas exposed to the light. We used this procedure to selectively pattern streptavidin inside microwells etched in silicon, and we investigated the binding characteristics of biotinylated oligonucleotides of lengths, n = 16, 54 and 99 bases. The binding curves were found to fit the functional form of the Langmuir isotherm, with binding saturation proportional to n(-3/4).
HMGB1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Neuropathic Pain (2013)

Neuropathic pain, which is intolerable and persistent, arises as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system and can be debilitating for the affected patients. Accumulating evidence from animal studies has revealed the potential molecular basis for neuropathic pain, resulting in many promising therapeutic targets. While efforts at drug discovery have been made, conventional pharmacotherapy, including the use of opioid analgesics, is still insufficient for the relief of neuropathic pain. Therefore, novel target molecules that may lead to the development of promising analgesics are eagerly anticipated for improved treatment of neuropathic pain. In various insults such as sepsis and ischemia, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is released extracellularly to induce inflammation. HMGB1 was originally identified as a ubiquitous nuclear protein, but emerging evidence has suggested that HMGB1 also plays a role in neuroinflammation as a pro-inflammatory mediator. These findings suggest that HMGB1 may be involved in the pathology of neuropathic pain. In fact, some reports demonstrate an involvement of HMGB1 in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain in experimental animals. Here, we overview the characteristics of HMGB1 as a pro-inflammatory mediator and show the promise of HMGB1 as a therapeutic target for neuropathic pain.