gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computer-Assisted Interview of Patients With Functional Headache (1972)

A computer-based, self-administered, interactive questionnaire has been designed for interview and diagnosis of patients with functional headaches. Patients respond on a simple keyboard to a sequence of questions on a cathode-ray oscilloscope. The system selects pertinent questions depending on the patient's individual responses. The questionnaire included clinical symptoms, neurological manifestations, prior treatment, emotional factors, and personality problems. Upon completion, a computer-generated printed summary is presented for the clinical record. The system utilizes the acquired data to differentiate between common, classical, and cluster migraine, muscle contraction, and other types of headache. Computer diagnoses agreed with those of the physician in 36 of 50 patients. The automated interview saves physician's time, offers a data base for research, and provides a diagnostic aid for patients with functional headaches.
Equilibrium binding of nicotinamide nucleotides to lactate dehydrogenases (1973)

1. No discontinuities were observed during the continuous titration with NADH of the lactate dehydrogenases of ox muscle, pig heart, pig muscle, rabbit muscle, dogfish muscle or lobster tail muscle. The binding was monitored by either the enhanced fluorescence of bound NADH or the quenched fluorescence of the protein. A single macroscopic dissociation constant, independent of protein concentration, could be used to describe the binding to each enzyme, and there was no need to postulate the involvement of molecular relaxation effects. 2. The affinity for NADH decreases only threefold between pH6 and 8.5. Above pH9 the affinity decreases more rapidly with increasing pH and is consistent with a group of about pK9.5 facilitating binding. Muscle enzymes bind NADH more weakly than does the pig heart enzyme. 3. Increasing temperature and increasing concentrations of ethanol both weaken NADH binding. 4. NADH binding is weakened by increasing ionic strength. NaCl is more effective than similar ionic strengths derived from sodium phosphate or sodium pyrophosphate. 5. Commercial NAD(+) quenches the protein fluorescence of the heart and muscle isoenzymes. Highly purified NAD(+) does not, and its binding was monitored by competition for the NADH-binding sites. A single macroscopic dissociation constant is sufficient to describe NAD(+) binding at the concentrations tested. The dissociation constant is about 0.3mm and is not sensitive to changed ionic strength and to changed pH in the range pH6-8.5.
PCR Detection of a Newly Emerged Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 Pathogen in Pure Cultures and Seeded Waters from the Gulf of Mexico (2003)

This study describes the optimization of PCR parameters and testing of a wide number of microbial species to establish a highly specific and sensitive PCR-based method of detection of a newly emerged pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 strain in pure cultures and seeded waters from the Gulf of Mexico (gulf water). The selected open reading frame 8 (ORF8) DNA-specific oligonucleotide primers tested were found to specifically amplify all 35 pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 pandemic isolates, whereas these primers were not found to detectably amplify two strains of V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 that were isolated prior to the 1996 outbreaks, 122 non-O3:K6 strains of V. parahaemolyticus, 198 non-V. parahaemolyticus spp., or 16 non-Vibrio bacterial spp. The minimum level of detection by the PCR method was 1 pg of purified genomic DNA or 10(2) ORF8-positive V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 cells in 100 ml of water. The effectiveness of this method for the detection of ORF8-positive isolates in environmental samples was tested in gulf water seeded with 10-fold serial dilutions of this pathogen. A detection level of 10(3) cells per 100 ml of gulf water was achieved. Also, the applicability of this methodology was tested by the detection of this pathogen in gulf water incubated at various temperatures for 28 days. This PCR approach can potentially be used to monitor with high specificity and well within the required range of sensitivity the occurrence and distribution of this newly emerged pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 strain in coastal, marine, and ship ballast waters. Early detection of V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 will help increase seafood safety and decrease the risk of infectious outbreaks caused by this pathogen.
Antibiotic Treatment of Escherichia coli O157 Infection and the Risk of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Minnesota (2011)

Individuals infected with O157 infection presenting with a more severe illness were at an increased risk of developing HUS. The use of bactericidal antibiotics, particularly β-lactams, to treat O157 infection was associated with the subsequent development of HUS.
Virus sterilization in platelet concentrates with psoralen and ultraviolet A light in the presence of quenchers (1992)

The virucidal and functional effect of the treatment of platelet concentrates (PCs) with long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA) and the psoralen derivative 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (AMT) was studied. Cell-free vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was completely inactivated (greater than or equal to 6.5 log10) on treatment of PCs with 25 micrograms per mL (85 microM) of AMT and with 20.7 J per cm2 (30 min) of UVA in the presence of air, or with 82.8 J per cm2 (2 hours) of UVA under conditions of reduced oxygen tension. When treatment was in air, the extent and rate of platelet aggregation in response to collagen measured after overnight storage were reduced to about 70 and 50 percent of control values, respectively; however, aggregation responses were similar to those of controls when PCs were treated under reduced oxygen tension. As a means of eliminating the necessity of oxygen depletion during AMT and UVA treatment, we examined the effects of the addition of quenchers of reactive oxygen species. The presence of 2 mM (2 mmol/L) mannitol during treatment of PCs with 25 micrograms per mL of AMT and 20.7 J per cm2 of UVA in air significantly improved the aggregation response and other in vitro indicators of platelet function and had little or no effect on VSV inactivation. Less benefit was observed with the other quenchers examined. Thus, the nucleic acid specificity of psoralen photoinactivation under reduced oxygen conditions may also be attainable when selected free radical scavengers such as mannitol are present during treatment in air.
In Vitro Synthesized Small Interfering RNAs Elicit RNA Interference in African Trypanosomes (2005)

RNA interference (RNAi) describes an epigenetic gene silencing reaction by which gene-specific double-stranded RNA acts as a trigger to induce the ribonucleolytic degradation of homologous transcripts. RNAi in African trypanosomes has been shown to be involved in regulating the transcript abundance of retroposons, and the process currently represents the method of choice in gene function studies of the parasite. However, little is known concerning the mechanistic and structural aspects of the processing reaction. This is in part due to the absence of a trypanosome-specific RNAi in vitro system. Here we demonstrate that both the Dicer and the RNA-induced silencing complex steps of the RNAi reaction pathway can be monitored in vitro using cell-free trypanosome extracts. The two in vitro activities and the generated small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are characterized by features known from other organisms, and we demonstrate that chemically as well as enzymatically synthesized siRNAs are functional in the parasite. Thus, the transfection of synthetic siRNAs can be used to rapidly monitor gene knockdown phenotypes in Trypanosoma brucei, which should be helpful in genome-wide, RNAi-based screening experiments.
MEDock: a web server for efficient prediction of ligand binding sites based on a novel optimization algorithm (2005)

The prediction of ligand binding sites is an essential part of the drug discovery process. Knowing the location of binding sites greatly facilitates the search for hits, the lead optimization process, the design of site-directed mutagenesis experiments and the hunt for structural features that influence the selectivity of binding in order to minimize the drug's adverse effects. However, docking is still the rate-limiting step for such predictions; consequently, much more efficient algorithms are required. In this article, the design of the MEDock web server is described. The goal of this sever is to provide an efficient utility for predicting ligand binding sites. The MEDock web server incorporates a global search strategy that exploits the maximum entropy property of the Gaussian probability distribution in the context of information theory. As a result of the global search strategy, the optimization algorithm incorporated in MEDock is significantly superior when dealing with very rugged energy landscapes, which usually have insurmountable barriers. This article describes four different benchmark cases that span a diverse set of different types of ligand binding interactions. These benchmarks were compared with the use of the Lamarckian genetic algorithm (LGA), which is the major workhorse of the well-known AutoDock program. These results demonstrate that MEDock consistently converged to the correct binding modes with significantly smaller numbers of energy evaluations than the LGA required. When judged by a threshold of the number of energy evaluations consumed in the docking simulation, MEDock also greatly elevates the rate of accurate predictions for all benchmark cases. MEDock is available at http://medock.csie.ntu.edu.tw/ and http://bioinfo.mc.ntu.edu.tw/medock/.
국어와 영어에서 수-자질의 (비)해석성과 원거리 결속 습득 (11권 1호) (2003)

This paper explores the reflexive binding and its acquisition, focusing particularly on the long-distance anaphoric relations in Korean and English. By doing so, we assume basically that the number-feature of Korean nominals can be uninterpretable, such that it activates the reflexive pronoun to participate in the operation of Agree with the subject in the higher clause, yielding long-distance binding relations, whereas that of English is interpretable which is always subject to local binding. This analysis is supported by the evidence that in Korean, the concepts of many and much are not distinguishable, and the plural suffix marker -tul is easily deleted, which is well accounted for by Chomsky(2000) and Lasnik(2001) in the sense that the uninterpretable feature are erased by Agree in the narrow syntax or by simply deleting it in the PF interface. It has been argued that the possibility of long-distance binding relies on the precise value of number feature which is contained in the reflexive pronoun. The errors that are made by L2 learners are thus attributed to the assumption that they fail to recognize the value of number feature of the target language. If this is on the right track, then the next task concerning the reflexive binding is to pursue the approach where L2 learners are not only exposed to the facts observed in binding relations, but guided to understand the overall values of nominals in the target languages, including person, number, and gender.
Testosterone reduces neuronal secretion of Alzheimer's β-amyloid peptides (2000)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the age-related deposition of beta-amyloid (Abeta) 40/42 peptide aggregates in vulnerable brain regions. Multiple levels of evidence implicate a central role for Abeta in the pathophysiology of AD. Abeta peptides are generated by the regulated cleavage of an approximately 700-aa Abeta precursor protein (betaAPP). Full-length betaAPP can undergo proteolytic cleavage either within the Abeta domain to generate secreted sbetaAPPalpha or at the N- and C-terminal domain(s) of Abeta to generate amyloidogenic Abeta peptides. Several epidemiological studies have reported that estrogen replacement therapy protects against the development of AD in postmenopausal women. We previously reported that treating cultured neurons with 17beta-estradiol reduced the secretion of Abeta40/42 peptides, suggesting that estrogen replacement therapy may protect women against the development of AD by regulating betaAPP metabolism. Increasing evidence indicates that testosterone, especially bioavailable testosterone, decreases with age in older men and in postmenopausal women. We report here that treatment with testosterone increases the secretion of the nonamyloidogenic APP fragment, sbetaAPPalpha, and decreases the secretion of Abeta peptides from N2a cells and rat primary cerebrocortical neurons. These results raise the possibility that testosterone supplementation in elderly men may be protective in the treatment of AD.
Temperature dependence of thermal expansion and elastic constants of single crystals of ZrB2 and the suitability of ZrB2 as a substrate for GaN film (2002)

Coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) and elastic constants of single crystals of ZrB2 have been determined in the temperature ranges from room temperature to 1073 K and from room temperature to 1373 K, respectively. The elastic constants of ZrB2 are best characterized by the large value of the Young modulus (as high as 500 GPa) and the small values of the Poisson ratio (0.13–0.15), indicating the high stiffness and hardness and the brittleness, respectively. The values of CTE along the a- and c-axis directions are 6.66×10−6 and 6.93×10−6 K−1, respectively, when averaged over the temperature range from room temperature to 1073 K. The CTE value along the a-axis direction of ZrB2 is only moderately larger than the corresponding value for GaN. This together with the small lattice mismatch along the a-axis direction between ZrB2 and GaN in the heteroepitaxial orientation relationship of (0001)GaN//(0001)ZrB2 and 〈112̄0〉GaN//〈112̄0〉ZrB2 indicate that only a small compressive stress develops in the GaN thin-film crystal grown on the (0001) surface of the ZrB2 substrate. The stresses developed in the GaN thin-film crystal are evaluated with the values of CTE and elastic constants of ZrB2 determined in the present study. The evaluation verifies the suitability of ZrB2 as a substrate for heteroepitaxial growth of GaN.
Soybean disease management (1998)

Average soybean yields in Missouri increased slightly in the last decade primarily because of newer varieties with greater yield potential and more disease resistance.Unfortunately, yields are still reduced by diseases because no soybean variety has resistance to every disease.Diseases reduced soybean yields in Missouri by 15 percent in 1989, 6.7 percent in 1992 and 8.2 percent in 1995.This guide briefly describes the most serious soybean diseases in Missouri and outlines appropriate disease control strategies.
Essential Role of Phosphorylation of MCM2 by Cdc7/Dbf4 in the Initiation of DNA Replication in Mammalian Cells (2006)

We report the identification of Cdc7/Dbf4 phosphorylation sites in human MCM2 and the determination of the role of Cdc7/Dbf4 phosphorylation of MCM2 in the initiation of DNA replication. Using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and high-speed automated cell-imaging analyses with antibodies specific against MCM2 and Cdc7/Dbf4 phosphorylated MCM2, we show that the chromatin recruitment and phosphorylation of MCM2 are regulated during the cell cycle in HeLa cells. Chromatin-bound MCM2 is phosphorylated by Cdc7/Dbf4 during G1/S, which coincides with the initiation of DNA replication. Moreover, we show that baculovirus-expressed purified MCM2-7 complex and its phosphomimetic MCM2E-7 complex display higher ATPase activity when compared with the nonphosphorylatable MCM2A-7 complex in vitro. Furthermore, suppression of MCM2 expression in HeLa cells by siRNA results in the inhibition of DNA replication. The inhibition can be rescued by the coexpression of wild type MCM2 or MCM2E but not MCM2A. Taken together, these results indicate that Cdc7/Dbf4 phosphorylation of MCM2 is essential for the initiation of DNA replication in mammalian cells.
Polarized Light Examination and Photography of the Skin (1991)

Light reflected from skin has two components: regular reflectance, or "glare" arising from the surface, and light backscattered from within the tissue. The regular reflectance contains the visual cues related to surface texture, whereas the backscattered component contains the cues related to pigmentation, erythema, infiltrates, vessels, and other intracutaneous structures. Unlike the backscattered component, regular reflectance preserves the plane of polarization of polarized incident light. Thus, viewing skin through a linear polarizer, under linearly polarized illumination, separates the two components of tissue reflectance. Thirty patients were examined and photographed in this manner. When the planes of polarization are parallel, images with enhanced surface detail are obtained. When the planes are orthogonal, wrinkles and surface detail disappear, and an enhanced view of vasculature and pigmented lesions is obtained. Simple, clinically useful techniques are presented.
Ordered Macroporous Silica by Ice Templating (2005)

Ordered macroporous silica, a silica gel microhoneycomb (SMH), has been prepared through a method which uses micrometer-sized ice crystals as a template. Template ice crystals, which have a continuous rod shape, a polygonal cross section, and ordered diameters, were grown inside precursor silica hydrogels under a condition where the pseudo-steady-state growth of them continues. Besides their ordered macroporosity, micro-/mesopores develop inside the honeycomb walls through the freeze-drying of SMHs soaked in tert-butyl alcohol. SMHs have straight and polygonal macroporous voids, which are created and retained through the formation and removal of the ice crystals. Micromorphology including macropore size and wall thickness, micro-/mesoporosity inside the honeycomb walls, and thermal stability of SMHs were investigated in detail through scanning electron microscopy observation, nitrogen adsorption−desorption measurements, and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the macropore size of the SMHs can be controlled by changing the immersion rate into a cold bath and the freezing temperature without changing the micro-/mesoporosity of their honeycomb walls. It was also found that the thickness of the honeycomb walls was affected by the SiO2 concentration and the macropore size. On the other hand, the porosity of the honeycomb walls could be controlled to be microporous as well as mesoporous by hydrothermal treatment of as-prepared SMHs in basic aqueous solutions. Moreover, it was found that SMHs with developed mesopores showed a higher stability against heat treatment.
c‐kit gene mutations in intracranial germinomas (2004)

Gain-of-function mutations of the c-kit gene and the expression of phosphorylated KIT are found in most gastrointestinal stromal tumors and mastocytosis. Further, almost all gonadal seminomas/dysgerminomas exhibit KIT membranous staining, and several reports have clarified that some (10-25%) have a c-kit gene mutation. But, whether intracranial germinomas also have a c-kit gene mutation remains unsolved. To elucidate the presence, frequency, and location of c-kit gene mutations in intracranial germinomas, we analyzed five mutational hot spots (exons 9, 10, 11, 13, and 17) in the c-kit genomic DNA of 16 germinomas using polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. We found c-kit gene mutations at exon 11 (W557C) or 17 (D816V, D820V, and N822Y) in four germinomas (25.0%), although no statistically significant difference in any clinicopathological factor was found between patients with or without mutations. These results are similar to those seen in gonadal seminoma/dysgerminoma patients, and confirm that intracranial germinomas are exact counterparts of gonadal seminomas/dysgerminomas, as would be expected on histological and immunohistochemical grounds. Moreover, molecular targeting drugs such as imatinib mesylate (STI571), which is a selective inhibitor of KIT, might be promising agents for the treatment of intracranial germinomas with c-kit gene mutations.
Neutralization of IL-10 increases lethality in endotoxemia. Cooperative effects of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and tumor necrosis factor (1995)

The overzealous production of pro-inflammatory cytokines during endotoxemia can result in shock, multiorgan dysfunction, and even death. The extent of tissue injury that occurs in endotoxemia is determined not only by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but also by the expression of endogenous counter-regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10. In this study, we defined the role of endogenously-produced IL-10 in a murine model of endotoxemia. Initial studies indicated that LPS administration to mice i.p. induces a significant time-dependent increase in plasma IL-10. Passive immunization with anti-IL-10 serum before LPS administration resulted in substantial increases in endotoxin-induced lethality. Furthermore, the inhibition of IL-10 bioactivity in vivo resulted in a greater and more sustained increase in plasma TNF and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) levels, as compared with control animals, which was accompanied by early increases in lung polymorphonuclear leukocyte influx and lung capillary leak. Finally, anti-IL-10-mediated lethality was significantly abrogated by concomitant treatment with anti-MIP-2 serum and/or sTNFR:Fc alone or in combination. These observations indicate that TNF and MIP-2 are important cytokine mediators during endotoxemia, and endogenously produced IL-10 is instrumental in down-regulating the overzealous production of both TNF and MIP-2 that occurs in response to systemic endotoxin exposure.
Small Interfering RNAs Mediate Sequence-Independent Gene Suppression and Induce Immune Activation by Signaling through Toll-Like Receptor 3 (2004)

Small interfering (si) and short hairpin (sh) RNAs induce robust degradation of homologous mRNAs, making them a potent tool to achieve gene silencing in mammalian cells. Silencing by siRNAs is used widely because it is considered highly specific for the targeted gene, although a recent report suggests that siRNA also induce signaling through the type I IFN system. When human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) or keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines or human primary dendritic cells or macrophages were transfected with siRNA or shRNAs, suppression of nontargeted mRNA expression was detected. Additionally, siRNA and shRNA, independent of their sequences, initiated immune activation, including IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha production and increased HLA-DR expression, in transfected macrophages and dendritic cells. The siRNAs induced low, but significant, levels of IFN-beta in HEK293 and HaCaT cells. Secretion of these cytokines increased tremendously when HEK293 cells overexpressed Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), and the increased secretion of IFN-beta was inhibited by coexpression of an inhibitor of TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-beta, the TLR3 adaptor protein linked to IFN regulatory factor 3 signaling. Although siRNA and shRNA knockdown of genes represents a new and powerful tool, it is not without nonspecific effects, which we demonstrate are mediated in part by signaling through TLR3.