gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
E. coliproteolytic activity in milk and casein breakdown (2005)

Previous studies have focused on both LPS and E. coli experimental mastitis and underlined the respective roles of endogenous proteolysis (including plasmin from the blood stream and other proteases from milk leukocytes), as well as the presence of E. coli in a more intricate system. The aim of this study was to assess the role of E. coli in milk proteolysis and especially that of its proteases in casein breakdown. The first part consisted in the incubation of 104 cfu.mL(-1) of the E. coli strain in raw milk at 37 degrees C for 24 h; the same milk was also incubated with 0.04% sodium azide. Several parameters were evaluated: CFU, plasmin activity, gelatinase activity and pH 4.6 insoluble peptides, including the proportion of gamma-CN. The profile of gelatinase activity was determined by zymography and identified by immunoblotting. In the second part of the study, we examined the profile of CN (alphas-, beta- and kappa-CN) breakdown by E. coli lysate. The results suggest that E. coli proteases have a direct effect on CN, and the increase of gamma-CN in inoculated milk may be generated by both plasmin and the gelatinase. Moreover, the gelatinase activity in the inoculated milk was higher after 24 h of incubation.
Phenotypic identification of the genus Enterococcus and differentiation of phylogenetically distinct enterococcal species and species groups (1993)

Journal Article Phenotypic identification of the genus Enterococcus and differentiation of phylogenetically distinct enterococcal species and species groups Get access L.A. Devriese, L.A. Devriese Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Casinoplein 24, B 9000 Gent, Belgium. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. Pot, B. Pot Faculty of Sciences, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.D. Collins M.D. Collins AFRC Institute of Food Research, Reading Laboratory, Reading, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Volume 75, Issue 5, 1 November 1993, Pages 399–408, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02794.x Published: 01 November 1993 Article history Accepted: 19 May 1993 Published: 01 November 1993
Cyclopamine, a steroidal alkaloid, disrupts development of cranial neural crest cells in Xenopus (1995)

Cyclopamine is a steroidal alkaloid which causes limb and craniofacial defects in many vertebrate species. We have used Xenopus laevis as a model system to characterize the defects caused by cyclopamine at the cellular level. The most dramatic consequence of cyclopamine treatment in the Xenopus embryo is a defect in formation of craniofacial cartilage. Much of this cartilage is absent in treated animals. As in avian and mammalian species, Xenopus craniofacial cartilage is derived primarily from cells of the cranial neural crest. Grafting experiments show that development of the cartilaginous derivatives of the cranial neural crest is impaired after cyclopamine treatment, and this is at least partially due to a direct effect on presumptive crest cells. A culture system was used to determine the cellular response to the drug. Cyclopamine did not block the initial emigration of cells from a neural plate explant. However, cell death is seen in treated cultures after 4 days. Trunk neural crest cells and transformed cell lines are resistant to cyclopamine. We therefore conclude that cyclopamine specifically causes death of cranial neural crest cells and that lethality is likely to account for the teratogenic effects of this compound.
Regional Versus Systemic Delivery of Recombinant Vaccinia Virus as Suicide Gene Therapy for Murine Liver Metastases (1999)

Suicide gene therapy using vv with the CD/5-FC system leads to tumor-specific gene expression and improved survival and can result in cure of established liver metastases.
High-Throughput and High-Resolution Flow Cytometry in Molded Microfluidic Devices (2006)

We describe the design, fabrication, and operation of two types of flow cytometers based on microfluidic devices made of a single cast of poly(dimethylsiloxane). The stream of particles or cells injected into the devices is hydrodynamically focused in both transverse and lateral directions, has a uniform velocity, and has adjustable diameter and shape. The cytometry system built around the first microfluidic device has fluorescence detection accuracy comparable with that of a commercial flow cytometer and can analyze as many as 17 000 particles/s. This high-throughput microfluidic device could be used in inexpensive stand-alone cytometers or as a part of integrated microanalysis systems. In the second device, a stream of particles is focused to a flow layer of a submicrometer thickness that allows imaging the particles with a high numerical aperture microscope objective. To take long-exposure, low-light fluorescence images of live cells, the device is placed on a moving stage, which accurately balances the translational motion of particles in the flow. The achieved resolution is comparable to that of still micrographs. This high-resolution device could be used for analysis of morphology and fluorescence distribution in cells in continuous flow.
Current concepts in odontohypophosphatasia form of hypophosphatasia and report of two cases (2016)

This report presents two cases of odontohypophosphatasia, a rare disease which is difficult to be diagnosed, and highlights that the history of premature loss of deciduous and/or permanent teeth, oral manifestation and laboratory tests are crucial for clinical diagnosis.
IP datagram reassembly algorithms (1982)

This RFC describes an alternate approach of dealing with reassembly
which reduces the bookkeeping problem to a minimum, and requires only
one buffer for storage equal in size to the final datagram being
reassembled, which can reassemble a datagram from any number of
fragments arriving in any order with any possible pattern of overlap
and duplication, and which is appropriate for almost any sort of
operating system.
Well-Defined Multivalent Ligands for Hepatocytes Targeting via Asialoglycoprotein Receptor (2016)

Targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to hepatocytes is a particularly attractive strategy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and other liver diseases. The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) is abundantly expressed on hepatocytes and minimally found on extra-hepatic cells, making it an ideal entry gateway for hepatocyte-targeted therapy. Numerous multivalent ligands have been developed to target ASGP-R, among which well-defined multivalent ligands display especially high binding affinity to the receptor. Recently, several gene delivery systems based on such ligands for ASGP-R showed encouraging clinical results, drawing increasing interest in the scientific community and eventually promoting the improvement of current treatment for liver diseases. Here, we review ASGP-R targeting with a special emphasis on well-defined systems and properties such as the linker's length, hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the linker, and the spatial geometry of the scaffold. The present manuscript provides important guidelines for the design of multivalent ligands for ASGP-R.
Bioactive Proteins and Peptides from Food Sources. Applications of Bioprocesses used in Isolation and Recovery (2003)

There are many examples of biologically active food proteins, with physiological significance beyond the pure nutritional requirements that concern available nitrogen for normal growth and maintenance. Moreover, there are many physiologically active peptides, derived by protease activity from various food protein sources; however, relationships between structural properties and functional activities have not been completely elucidated. Many bioactive peptides have in common structural properties that include a relatively short peptide residue length (e.g. 2-9 amino acids), possessing hydrophobic amino acid residues in addition to proline, lysine or arginine groups. Bioactive peptides are also resistant to the action of digestion peptidases. Antihypertensive peptides, known as Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been derived from milk, corn and fish protein sources. Peptides with opioid activities are derived from wheat gluten or casein, following digestion with pepsin. Exorphins, or opioid peptides derived from food proteins such as wheat and milk (e.g. exogenous sources) have similar structure to endogenous opioid peptides, with a tyrosine residue located at the amino terminal or bioactive site. Immunomodulatory peptides derived from tryptic hydrolysates of rice and soybean proteins act to stimulate superoxide anions (reactive oxygen species-ROS), which triggers non-specific immune defense systems. Antioxidant properties that prevent peroxidation of essential fatty acids have also been shown for peptides derived from milk proteins. The addition of a Leu or Pro residue to the N-terminus of a His-His, dipeptide will enhance antioxidant activity and facilitate further synergy with non-peptide antioxidants (e.g. BHT). We also show herein, that the tryptic digests of casein yielding caseinophosphopeptides exhibits both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activity due to both metal ion sequestering and quenching of ROS. The separation and purification of bioactive peptides which will involve development of automated and continuous systems is an important field for Food chemists. Much effort has been given to develop selective column chromatography methods that can replace batch methods of salting out, or using solvent extraction to isolate and purify bioactive peptides. Advances here will enable recovery of bioactive peptides with minimal destruction thus enabling utilization by returning these active peptides to functional food or specific nutraceutical applications.
Developments in the Photochemistry of Diazo Compounds (2009)

This review focuses on photolytic reactions of diazo compounds, namely aryl-diazo alkanes and α-diazo carbonyl compounds, covering their synthetic applications such as Wolff rearrangement, 1,2-shift, X-H insertion, cyclopropanation, hydrogen abstraction and reaction with oxygen as well as physical organic studies, with special relevance to mechanistic considerations. Singlet-triplet gap studies and the solvent influence on the stability and reactivity of carbenes are also covered together in this review to provide a comprehensive interpretation of their reactivity. The mechanism of the synthetically important Wolff rearrangement, which remains to this day open to dicussion, is evaluated in terms of the role of the diazo framework. 1,2-Shift photoinduced reactions, on the other hand, present well established mechanisms due to recent studies that have demonstrated the importance of photoexcited diazo species. The cyclopropanation reaction mechanism, which is used to demonstrate the spin multiplicity nature of a free carbene, is also well established. Contrary to these latter cases, O-H insertion and C-H insertion reactions continue to lack defined mechanisms inspite of recent studies. The few examples of diazo compounds reactions with molecular oxygen and hydrogen abstraction present in the literature are also covered. Keywords: Photochemistry, Diazo Compounds, aryl-diazo alkanes, α-diazo carbonyl compounds, synthetic applications, Wolff rearrangement, cyclopropanation reaction
Nature‐Inspired Boiling Enhancement by Novel Nanostructured Macroporous Surfaces (2008)

Abstract World energy crisis has triggered more attention to energy saving and energy conversion systems. Enhanced surfaces for boiling are among the applications of great interest since they can improve the energy efficiency of heat pumping equipment (i.e., air conditioners, heat pumps, refrigeration machines). Methods that are used to make the state‐of‐the‐art enhanced surfaces are often based on complicated mechanical machine tools, are quite material‐consuming and give limited enhancement of the boiling heat transfer. Here, we present a new approach to fabricate enhanced surfaces by using a simple electrodeposition method with in‐situ grown dynamic gas bubble templates. As a result, a well‐ordered 3D macro‐porous metallic surface layer with nanostructured porosity is obtained. Since the structure is built based on the dynamic bubbles, it is perfect for the bubble generation applications such as nucleate boiling. At heat flux of 1 W cm ‐2 , the heat transfer coefficient is enhanced over 17 times compared to a plain reference surface. It's estimated that such an effective boiling surface would improve the energy efficiency of many heat pumping machines with 10–30%. The extraordinary boiling performance is explained based on the structure characteristics.
A Preferential Inhibition of Impulses in C-fibers of the Rabbit Vagus Nerve by Veratridine, an Activator of Sodium Channels (1991)

In seeking a means to reverse local anesthetic block of peripheral nerve, we examined the actions of veratridine (VTD), an agent known to antagonize competitively the binding of local anesthetics to Na channels. The actions of VTD, a steroidal alkaloid "activator" of voltage-gated Na channels, were studied in the rabbit vagus nerve by two methods. In one, the effects of VTD on compound action potentials (APc) propagating through a "veratrinized" segment (11-mm) of nerve were measured by extracellular recording. Single volleys of impulses were unaffected by VTD, but trains of impulses, triggered by repetitive stimulation, were selectively diminished. This "use-dependent" reduction was greatest for the C-fiber component of the APc, less for B-fibers, and inconsequential for A-fibers. Use-dependent inhibition was enhanced by higher stimulation frequency and by increased VTD concentration, and reversed rapidly when stimulation ceased. If the nerve sheath remained intact, the rate of VTD action was far less than in desheathed nerves, but the effects were the same. In the other experimental system, membrane potentials were measured in the veratrinized region of the nerve by a sucrose-gap method. Repetitive stimulation, particularly of C-fibers, produced a cumulative VTD-induced depolarization (VID) that was sustained over several seconds and during which the C-fiber APc was selectively reduced. We propose that this local, use-dependent VID provides the means to inhibit impulses propagating through the veratrinized region. The preferential effect of VTD on C-fibers suggests its possibilities as a relatively selective agent for block of impulse trains in nociceptive afferents.
Application of electromagnetics formalism to quantum-mechanical electron-wave propagation in semiconductors (1993)

The formalism of electromagnetics can be applied to describe collisionless (ballistic) propagation, reflection, refraction, interference, and diffraction of electron waves in semiconductor crystals. This technique is complementary to applying the formalism of quantum-mechanical solid-state electronics to electromagnetic propagation in periodic dielectric structures as is done in photonic band structure research.
Property control of single walled carbon nanotubes and their devices (2008)

&lt;p&gt;Controlling the properties of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is the major challenge toward their future applications. This dissertation describes several contributions to this chanllenge. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This dissertation begins with the brief review on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), including discovery, structure, properties, challenges, synthesis and applications. The remaining parts can be divided into three sections. They demonstrate the control of SWNT properties as well as their devices by direct synthesis and metal decoration. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two studies are described on the control of SWNT properties by direct synthesis. The first demonstrates the controlled synthesis of SWNTs in terms of their diameter, uniformity, and density by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The approaches employed include using uniform nanoparticles with specific sizes as catalysts to grow different diameter SWNTs, specially small diameter tubes less than 1 nm; using laser irradiation to grow uniform and high quality SWNTs; and changing the gas flow pattern to obtain different density. The second study demonstrates the growth of aligned SWNTs by flow and substrate guidance. Horizontally aligned ultralong nanotubes are synthesized on Si substrate by both high flow and low flow. The guided growth by the quartz substrate is shown by a large variety of metal catalysts to further the understanding of the growth mechanism. Moreover, top gated FETs have been explored for the selective growth of purely semiconducting, horizontally aligned SWNTs grown on quartz by a ethanol/methanol mixture. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The control of SWNT device performance is also described, in particular, the correlation between the SWNT field effect transistor (FET) configuration and its gate dependence response. The effects of FET channel length, nanotube density and diameter on the device performance are demonstrated. A model has been constructed in order to simulate the electronic behavior. An interesting metallic behavior has been observed. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Finally, control of SWNT properties by Palladium decoration after growth is used to manipulate their properties. Moreover, two novel applications including improvement of carbon nanotube film conductivity and catalysis of nanostructure growth are developed.&lt;/p&gt;
Fatigue Prone Steel Bridge Details: Investigation and Recommended Repairs (2004)

Development of fatigue cracking has led to severe structural deficiency in many of the Kansas Department of Transportation’s (KDOT) welded steel bridges. In most circumstances, cracks were found to have developed at the connections of transverse structural members and longitudinal girders due to out-of-plane distortion. Procedures for determination of secondary stresses are not addressed by the current bridge design or rating specifications, since the details subjected to distortion-induced fatigue are often confined to highly localized regions and their corresponding stress fields are difficult to predict using conventional design or analysis approaches. This study presents the application of finite element methods for evaluation of out-of-plane fatigue behavior and recommendation of appropriate retrofit. Through proper modeling of the interaction between longitudinal girders and transverse structural members, causes of distortion-induced cracking were determined and different repair options were assessed. The central focus of the research is the case studies of five KDOT bridges with typical superstructure types and cracking scenarios. To link the global structural behavior under truck loading to the local stress concentration of crack prone details, a two-level finite element modeling approach was employed during the investigations. Both modeling procedures successfully determined the stress magnitude and distribution caused by out-of-plane distortion, and at the same time minimized the computation effort as well. Results obtained from the case studies verified crack severity observed in the field, helped identify potential crack locations, and suggested repair solutions to extend the bridges’ life. The overall repair method proposed for these four bridges is to stiffen the web gaps by welding or bolting the connection plates to girder flanges. The web gap regions should be able to withstand unlimited number of load cycles once the repair is carried out. The repair method proposed for the fifth bridge is to partially cut short the connection plate and reweld the crack. This repair is expected to provide a minimum remaining service life of fifteen years. The finite element modeling procedures used in this research effectively interpreted the out-of-plane fatigue behavior and crack growth characteristics, and provided guidance for future retrofit and field test implementations. The same analytical procedures can be extended to the study of other bridges as an alternative to experimental testing. It is recommended that this approach be included in the future update of AASHTO Guide Specifications for Fatigue Evaluation of Existing Steel Bridges as a method for evaluation of distortion-induced fatigue.
Quality Control in Human In Vitro Fertilization (2005)

The implementation of suitable quality control (QC) is not only required for the accreditation of a human in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratory, but is also fundamental to its success. Several assays have been employed to screen culture media and contact supplies. The suitability of one assay in particular, the mouse embryo assay (MEA), has been questioned over the years. Here we discuss how the conditions of such an assay, together with the stage of embryonic development used, have a profound effect on the outcome of the assay. Furthermore, by assessing embryos at multiple time points during the preimplantation period (rather than simply determining blastocyst formation), together with quantitating key parameters such as blastocyst cell number, it is possible to identify suboptimal components of a culture system. As well as identifying those components that result in outright embryonic demise, under the appropriate conditions the MEA can detect components that lead to impaired development. It is proposed that under the appropriate conditions, the MEA is a useful adjunct to quality control in human IVF, but several assays used in concert are better than a single test.
Cyclodextrins as catalysts for the removal of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells. (1997)

Low concentrations of cyclodextrins (< 1.0 mM) added to serum act catalytically, accelerating the exchange of cholesterol between cells and lipoproteins. J774 macrophages incubated with serum and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (< or = 1 mM) released fivefold more labeled cholesterol than with serum alone. Increased efflux was not accompanied by a change in cell cholesterol mass; thus, cyclodextrin functioned as a cholesterol shuttle, enhancing cholesterol bidirectional flux without changing the equilibrium cholesterol distribution between cells and medium. The addition of phospholipid vesicles to serum and cyclodextrin shifted the equilibrium distribution to favor the medium, producing rapid and extensive depletion of cell cholesterol mass. The combination of serum, phospholipid vesicles, and cyclodextrin also stimulated the rapid clearance of both free and esterified cholesterol from mouse peritoneal macrophages loaded with free and esterified cholesterol. This study: (a) demonstrates that a compound can function as a catalyst to enhance the movement of cholesterol between cells and serum, (b) illustrates the difference between cholesterol exchange and net transport in a cell/serum system, (c) demonstrates how net movement of cholesterol is linked to concentration gradients established by phospholipids, (d) provides a basis for the development of the shuttle/sink model for the first steps in reverse cholesterol transport, (e) validates the model using artificial shuttles (cyclodextrins) and sinks (large unilamellar vesicles), and (f) suggests that cyclodextrin-like cholesterol shuttles might be of pharmacological significance in treating unstable atherosclerotic plaques.
Noninvasive In Vivo Clot Dissolution Without a Thrombolytic Drug (1998)

In vivo arterial clot dissolution can be achieved with intravenous microbubbles and transcutaneous ultrasound delivery alone. This technique has potential for clinical application in patients with acute arterial and venous thrombotic occlusions.