gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia. (1991)

Several behavioral studies have shown that developmental dyslexics do poorly in tests requiring rapid visual processing. In primates fast, low-contrast visual information is carried by the magnocellular subdivision of the visual pathway, and slow, high-contrast information is carried by the parvocellular division. In this study, we found that dyslexic subjects showed diminished visually evoked potentials to rapid, low-contrast stimuli but normal responses to slow or high-contrast stimuli. The abnormalities in the dyslexic subjects' evoked potentials were consistent with a defect in the magnocellular pathway at the level of visual area 1 or earlier. We then compared the lateral geniculate nuclei from five dyslexic brains to five control brains and found abnormalities in the magnocellular, but not the parvocellular, layers. Studies using auditory and somatosensory tests have shown that dyslexics do poorly in these modalities only when the tests require rapid discriminations. We therefore hypothesize that many cortical systems are similarly divided into a fast and a slow subdivision and that dyslexia specifically affects the fast subdivisions.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the snake toxin echistatin (1991)

The 1H-NMR spectrum of the snake toxin echistatin has been assigned using homonuclear two-dimensional methods. Consideration of the NOE patterns, coupling constants and putative hydrogen bonds enabled two regular features of secondary structure to be deduced: a beta-sheet/turn between residues 8 and 13 and a small anti-parallel beta-sheet and bulge linking residues 16-20 with residues 30-33. The recognition region of the protein containing the residues RGD lies in a loop joining the two strands of the beta-sheet. The beta-bulge and the loop containing the RGD sequence undergo pH-dependent conformational interconversion, modulated by the side chain of Asp29.
The NTR module: Domains of netrins, secreted frizzled related proteins, and type I procollagen C‐proteinase enhancer protein are homologous with tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (1999)

Using homology search, structure prediction, and structural characterization methods we show that the C-terminal domains of (1) netrins, (2) complement proteins C3, C4, C5, (3) secreted frizzled-related proteins, and (4) type I procollagen C-proteinase enhancer proteins (PCOLCEs) are homologous with the N-terminal domains of (5) tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The proteins harboring this netrin module (NTR module) fulfill diverse biological roles ranging from axon guidance, regulation of Wnt signaling, to the control of the activity of metalloproteases. With the exception of TIMPs, it is not known at present what role the NTR modules play in these processes. In view of the fact that the NTR modules of TIMPs are involved in the inhibition of matrixin-type metalloproteases and that the NTR module of PCOLCEs is involved in the control of the activity of the astacin-type metalloprotease BMP1, it seems possible that interaction with metzincins could be a shared property of NTR modules and could be critical for the biological roles of the host proteins.
The contribution of <i>cis</i>-elements to disease-associated repeat instability: clinical and experimental evidence (2003)

Alterations in the length (instability) of gene-specific microsatellites and minisatellites are associated with at least 35 human diseases. This review will discuss the various cis-elements that contribute to repeat instability, primarily through examination of the most abundant disease-associated repetitive element, trinucleotide repeats. For the purpose of this review, we define cis-elements to include the sequence of the repeat units, the length and purity of the repeat tracts, the sequences flanking the repeat, as well as the surrounding epigenetic environment, including DNA methylation and chromatin structure. Gender-, tissue-, developmental- and locus-specific cis-elements in conjunction with trans-factors may facilitate instability through the processes of DNA replication, repair and/or recombination. Here we review the available human data that supports the involvement of cis-elements in repeat instability with limited reference to model systems. In diverse tissues at different developmental times and at specific loci, repetitive elements display variable levels of instability, suggesting vastly different mechanisms may be responsible for repeat instability amongst the disease loci and between various tissues.
Expression of yeast hexokinase in pancreatic beta cells of transgenic mice reduces blood glucose, enhances insulin secretion, and decreases diabetes. (1992)

It has been proposed that endogenous hexokinases of the pancreatic beta cell control the rate of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and that genetic defects that reduce beta-cell hexokinase activity may lead to diabetes. To test these hypotheses, we have produced transgenic mice that have a 2-fold increase in hexokinase activity specific to the pancreatic beta cell. This increase was sufficient to significantly augment glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of isolated pancreatic islets, increase serum insulin levels in vivo, and lower the blood glucose levels of transgenic mice by 20-50% below control levels. Elevation of hexokinase activity also significantly reduced blood glucose levels of diabetic mice. These results confirm the role of beta-cell hexokinase activity in the regulation of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. They also provide strong support for the proposal that reductions in beta-cell hexokinase activity can produce diabetes.
A review of the various efforts a silicon laser (2003)

The various approaches to a silicon laser are here critically reviewed: bulk Silicon, Silicon nanocrystals, Erbium coupled Silicon nanocrystals, Silicon/Germanium quantum cascade structures, Silicon intracenter recombinations for THz emission. It is predicted a bright future to silicon.
Current-induced switching in a single exchange-biased ferromagnetic layer (2005)

We demonstrate current-induced switching effects in a single exchanged-biased ferromagnetic layer. A nanodomain can be switched within the ferromagnetic layer by a spin-polarized current injected through a point contact. The high resistance of the hysteretic switching is due to the formation of a domain wall between the nanodomain and the rest of the layer. The switching behavior observed in a single layer is a type of spin-transfer torque effect which is the inverse effect of domain-wall magnetoresistance. At room temperature, nonhysteretic switching behavior with a broad switching current density range is observed.
Determining the orientation of proximate mobile devices using their back facing camera (2012)

Proximate mobile devices that are aware of their orientation relative to one another can support novel and natural forms of interaction. In this paper, we present a method to determine the relative orientation of proximate mobile devices using only the backside camera. We implemented this method as a service called Orienteer, which provides mobile device with the orientation of other proximate mobile devices. We demonstrate that orientation information can be used to enable novel and natural interactions by developing two applications that allow the user to push content in the direction of another device to share it and point the device toward another to filter content based on the device's owner. An informal evaluation revealed that interactions built upon orientation information can be natural and compelling to users, but developers and designers need to carefully consider how orientation should be applied effectively.
Phase I clinical trial of CpG oligonucleotide 7909 (PF-03512676) in patients with previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2011)

CpG oligonucleotide 7909 (CpG 7909, PF-03512676), a synthetic 24mer single stranded agonist of TLR9 expressed by B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, is immunomodulatory and can cause activation-induced death of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. We report a phase I study of CpG 7909 in 41 patients with early relapsed CLL. A single intravenous dose of CpG 7909 was well tolerated with no clinical effects and no significant toxicity up to 1.05 mg/kg. Single dose subcutaneous CpG 7909 had a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 0.45 mg/kg with dose limiting toxicity of myalgia and constitutional effects. Multiple weekly subcutaneous doses at the MTD were well tolerated. CpG 7909 administration induced immunologic changes in CLL and non-malignant cells that were dose and route dependent. We conclude that multidose therapy with subcutaneous CpG 7909 (0.45 mg/kg) could be used in future phase II combination clinical trials for CLL.
Selection for Reduced Carbon Isotope Discrimination Increases Aerial Biomass and Grain Yield of Rainfed Bread Wheat (2002)

Genetic gain is characteristically slow when selecting directly for increased grain yield under water‐limited conditions. Genetic increases in grain yield may be achieved through increases in aerial biomass following selection for greater transpiration efficiency (TE as aerial biomass/water transpired). Strong negative correlations between TE and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) suggest that selection of progeny with low Δ may increase TE and aerial biomass under water‐limited conditions. This study investigated how early generation, divergent selection for Δ affected aerial biomass and grain yield among 30 low‐ and 30 high‐Δ, ‘Hartog’‐like, BC 2 F 4:6 progeny and the recurrent, high‐Δ parent Hartog. Lines were evaluated in nine environments varying for seasonal rainfall (235–437 mm) and hence grain yield (1.3–6.2 Mg/ha). Selection for low Δ in early generation progeny was associated with significantly ( P &lt; 0.01) smaller Δ, higher grain yield (+5.8%), aerial biomass (+2.7%), harvest index (+3.3%), and kernel size (+4.8%) in tested lines. Kernel number was the same for low‐ and high‐Δ selected groups. Grain yield advantage of the low Δ group increased with reductions in environment mean yield ( r = −0.89, P &lt; 0.01) and total seasonal rainfall ( r = −0.85, P &lt; 0.01) indicating the benefit of low Δ, and therefore high TE for genetic improvement of grain yield in lower rainfall environments. Narrow‐sense heritability on a single‐plot basis was much greater for Δ ( h 2 = 0.63 ± 0.10) than for either aerial biomass (0.06 ± 0.05) or grain yield (0.14 ± 0.04). Strong genetic correlations between Δ and both aerial biomass ( r g = −0.61 ± 0.14) and grain yield (−0.58 ± 0.12) suggest Δ could be used for indirect selection of these traits in early generations. Selection of low Δ (high TE) families for the advanced stages of multiple‐environment testing should increase the probability of recovering higher‐yielding wheat families for water‐limited environments.
Correlation Techniques of Image Registration (1974)

An extension to the basic concept of correlation detection as a means of image registration is developed. The technique involves linear spatial preprocessing of the inages to be registered prior to the application of a correlation measure. This preprocessing operation utilizes the spatial correlation within each image and greatly improves the detectability of image misregistration. An analysis of the computational aspects of the algorithm is given. Also, results of a computer simulation to evaluate the technique are given.
Extending black domain name list by using co-occurrence relation between DNS queries (2010)

The Botnet threats, such as server attacks or sending of spam email, have been increasing. A method of using a blacklist of domain names has been proposed to find infected hosts. However, not all infected hosts may be found by this method because a blacklist does not cover all black domain names. In this paper, we present a method for finding unknown black domain names and extend the blacklist by using DNS traffic data and the original blacklist of known black domain names. We use co-occurrence relation of two different domain names to find unknown black domain names and extend a blacklist. If a domain name co-occurs with a known black name frequently, we assume that the domain name is also black. We evaluate the proposed method by cross validation, about 91 % of domain names that are in the validation list can be found as top 1 %.
Green and Blue Light Emitting InN/GaN Quantum Wells with Nanosize Structures Grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (2005)

The structural and electrical properties of InN/GaN multiple quantum wells, which were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and electroluminescence measurements. As the quantum well growth time was changed, the wavelength was varied from 451 to 531 nm. In the varied current conditions, the blue LED with the InN MQW structures did not have the wavelength shift. With this result, we can expect that the white LEDs with the InN MQW structures do not show the color temperature changes with the variations of applied currents.
A Vision of Creative Computation in Music Performance. (2011)

Human Computer Music Performance (HCMP) is the integration of computer performers into live popular music. At present, HCMP exists only in very limited forms, due to a lack of understanding of how computer performers might operate in the context of live music and a lack of supporting research and technology. The present work examines recent experimental systems as well as existing music performance practice to envision a future performance practice that involves computers as musicians. The resulting findings provide motivation as well as specific research objectives that will enable new creative practice in music.
Synthesis, structural order and magnetic behavior of self-assembled έ-Co nanocrystal arrays (2001)

The synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles with monodispere size distributions, their self assembly into ordered arrays and their magnetic behavior as a function of structural order (ferrofluids and 2D assemblies) are presented. Magnetic colloids of monodispersed, passivated, cobalt nanocrystals were produced by the rapid pyrolysis of cobalt carbonyl in solution. The size, size distribution (std. dev.<5%) and the shape of the nanocrystals were controlled by varying the surfactant, its concentration, the reaction rate and the reaction temperature. The Co particles are defect-free single crystals with a complex cubic structure related to the beta phase of manganese (/spl epsi/-Co). In the 2D assembly, a collective behavior was observed in the low-field susceptibility measurements where the magnetization of the zero field cooled process increases steadily and the magnetization of the field cooling process is independent the temperature. This was different from the observed behavior in a sample comprised of disordered interacting particles. A strong paramagnetic contribution appears at very low temperatures where the magnetization increases drastically after field cooling the sample. This has been attributed to the Co surfactant-particle interface since no magnetic atomic impurities are present in these samples.
Treatment of a patient with seasonal premenstrual syndrome (1987)

The authors identified a patient who had premenstrual syndrome (late luteal phase dysphoric disorder) only in the fall and winter and was virtually asymptomatic during the spring and summer. On the basis of previous experience with seasonal affective disorder, they treated the patient with bright artificial light, which reversed her symptoms. On subsequent occasions they reversed this treatment effect with oral melatonin administration and found that propranolol and atenolol, beta- antagonists that inhibit the production of melatonin, had a therapeutic effect similar to that of light. They discuss the implications of these findings in relation to the importance of melatonin as a mediator of seasonal rhythms in biology.
Myeloperoxidase: a key regulator of neutrophil oxidant production (1997)

Myeloperoxidase plays a fundamental role in oxidant production by neutrophils. This heme enzyme uses hydrogen peroxide and chloride to catalyze the production of hypochlorous acid, which is the major strong oxidant generated by neutrophils in appreciable amounts. In addition to chlorination, myeloperoxidase displays several other activities. It readily oxidizes thiocyanate to hypothiocyanite, converts a myriad of organic substrates to reactive free radicals, and hydroxylates aromatic compounds. Depending on the concentration of its competing substrates and the conditions of the local environment, myeloperoxidase could substantially affect oxidant production by neutrophils. Superoxide is undoubtedly a physiological substrate for myeloperoxidase. Its interactions with the enzyme are key factors in determining how neutrophils use superoxide to kill pathogens and promote inflammatory tissue damage. Superoxide modulates the chlorination and peroxidation activities of myeloperoxidase. It also reacts with the enzyme to form oxymyeloperoxidase which is catalytically active and hydroxylates phenolic substrates. Myeloperoxidase reacts rapidly with nitric oxide and peroxynitrite so that at sites of inflammation there is a strong possibility that these reactions will impact on oxidative damage caused by neutrophils. Under certain conditions, many substrates of myeloperoxidase act as inhibitors and regulate oxidant production by the enzyme. Given the numerous reactions of myeloperoxidase, all its activities should be considered when assessing the injurious oxidants produced by neutrophils.
Erythrocyte Membrane Is an Alternative Coating to Polyethylene Glycol for Prolonging the Circulation Lifetime of Gold Nanocages for Photothermal Therapy (2014)

Gold nanocages (AuNCs), which have tunable near-infrared (NIR) absorption and intrinsically high photothermal conversion efficiency, have been actively investigated as photothermal conversion agents for photothermal therapy (PTT). The short blood circulation lifetime of AuNCs, however, limits their tumor uptake and thus in vivo applications. Here we show that such a limitation can be overcome by cloaking AuNCs with red blood cell (RBC) membranes, a natural stealth coating. The fusion of RBC membranes over AuNC surface does not alter the unique porous and hollow structures of AuNCs, and the resulting RBC-membrane-coated AuNCs (RBC-AuNCs) exhibit good colloidal stability. Upon NIR laser irradiation, the RBC-AuNCs demonstrate in vitro photothermal effects and selectively ablate cancerous cells within the irradiation zone as do the pristine biopolymer-stealth-coated AuNCs. Moreover, the RBC-AuNCs exhibit significantly enhanced in vivo blood retention and circulation lifetime compared to the biopolymer-stealth-coated counterparts, as demonstrated using a mouse model. With integrated advantages of photothermal effects from AuNCs and long blood circulation lifetime from RBCs, the RBC-AuNCs demonstrate drastically enhanced tumor uptake when administered systematically, and mice that received PPT cancer treatment modulated by RBC-AuNCs achieve 100% survival over a span of 45 days. Taken together, our results indicate that the long circulating RBC-AuNCs may facilitate the in vivo applications of AuNCs, and the RBC-membrane stealth coating technique may pave the way to improved efficacy of PPT modulated by noble metal nanoparticles.
The Mechanism of Photofrin Photobleaching and Its Consequences for Photodynamic Dosimetry (1997)

We report experimental results that support a theory of self-sensitized singlet oxygen-mediated bleaching of the porphyrin photosensitizer Photofrin. Microelectrode measurements of photodynamic oxygen consumption were made near the surface of individual, Photofrin-sensitized EMT6 spheroids during laser irradiation. The progressive decrease in photochemical oxygen consumption with sustained irradiation is consistent with a theory in which bleaching occurs via self-sensitized singlet oxygen reaction with the photosensitizer ground state. A bleaching model based solely on absorbed optical energy density is inconsistent with the data. Photobleaching has a significant effect on calculated photodynamic dose distributions in 500 microns diameter spheroids. Dose distributions corrected for the effects of bleaching produce a new estimate (12.1 +/- 1.2 mM) for the threshold dose of reacting singlet oxygen in this system.
Detection of rare cells at a frequency of one per million by flow cytometry (1993)

In a model study we seeded the pre-B-cell line REH into 250 million peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at frequencies of 10(-4), 10(-5), and 10(-6). By flow cytometry we could detect the REH cells and found a background of about one event per 100 million PBMC. This sensitivity was achieved by removing four sources of false positive events, including nonspecific immunofluorescence, autofluorescence, background particles from previous experiments, and bursts of events during acquisition. To overcome limits to rare event detection imposed by nonspecific staining and autofluorescence, we used positive and negative selection for the REH cells. Another fluorochrome was added to stain the background cells and particles. In order to remove particles and background from previous experiments, a cleaning technique was developed and event bursts were removed from the analysis by developing an algorithm that screens the list-mode data for events that were not Poisson distributed.
Metabolic stability of 2′ 5′oligo (A) and activity of 2′ 5′oligo (A)-dependent endonuclease in extracts of interferon-treated and control HeLa cells (1979)

Extracts of interferon-treated HeLa cells adsorbed to poly(I) . poly(C)-agarose have been used to synthesize 2'5'oligo(A). This oligonucleotide has been characterized by enzymatic digestion with alkaline phosphatase, snake venom phosphodiesterase, T2 ribonuclease and chromatography on DEAE, and PEI-cellulose. The oligonucleotide inhibits protein synthesis in vitro and activates an endonuclease present in extracts of control and interferon-treated cells. The metabolic stability of 2'5'oligo(A) has been investigated in these cell extracts. The oligonucleotide undergoes rapid degradation, particularly in the absence of ATP and of an energy regenerating system. Furthermore, the 2'5'oligo(A)-activated endonuclease reverts to an inactive state under these conditions, but can be reactivated upon further addition of 2'5'oligo(A). A possible role for the degradation of 2'5'oligo(A) in the mechanism of interferon action is discussed.
Beaming Light from a Subwavelength Aperture (2002)

Light usually diffracts in all directions when it emerges from a subwavelength aperture, which puts a lower limit on the size of features that can be used in photonics. This limitation can be overcome by creating a periodic texture on the exit side of a single aperture in a metal film. The transmitted light emerges from the aperture as a beam with a small angular divergence (approximately +/-3 degrees ) whose directionality can be controlled. This finding is especially surprising, considering that the radiating region is mainly confined to an area with lateral dimensions comparable to the wavelength of the light. The device occupies no more than one cubic micrometer and, when combined with enhanced transmission, suggests that a wide range of photonic applications is possible.
Effect of acetoxycycloheximide and of an acetoxycycloheximide-puromycin mixture on cerebral protein synthesis and memory in mice. (1966)

Emotions coordinate our behavior and physiological states during survival-salient events and pleasurable interactions. Even though we are often consciously aware of our current emotional state, such as anger or happiness, the mechanisms giving ...Emotions are often felt in the body, and somatosensory feedback has been proposed to trigger conscious emotional experiences. Here we reveal maps of bodily sensations associated with different emotions using a unique topographical self-report method. In ...