gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intracellular processing of the human respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein: amino acid substitutions affecting folding, transport and cleavage (1992)

The intracellular processing and transport of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) glycoprotein was examined by comparing the maturation and stability of wild-type F, uncleaved mutant F and chimeric F glycoproteins expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses to that of F protein expressed by RSV. One of the recombinant viruses, vF317, expressed F protein (F317) that was processed like the RSV F glycoprotein. F317 was synthesized initially as F0, the uncleaved glycosylated precursor of mature F protein, and formed stable oligomeric structures that were maintained following cleavage of F0 to form the disulphide bond-linked F1 and F2 subunits. Most of the newly synthesized F0 expressed by either RSV or by vF317 was sensitive to treatment with endoglycosidase H (Endo H). Following cleavage of F0, F1 was resistant to Endo H, suggesting that conversion to complex-type sugars, which takes place in the medial Golgi apparatus, occurred simultaneously with or immediately prior to cleavage of F0 into F1 and F2. Another recombinant virus, vF313, synthesized only uncleaved F protein (F313) that comigrated with F0. Uncleaved F313 was expressed as a stable glycosylated protein; however, unlike cleaved F317, its oligosaccharides were not modified to complex forms, as determined from its Endo H sensitivity, and uncleaved F313 did not assemble into stable oligomeric structures. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cDNA clones encoding F313 and F317 revealed four predicted amino acid sequence differences, none of which were located at the cleavage site. Expression of chimeric F proteins obtained by restriction fragment exchange between the two cDNA clones indicated that two amino acid changes in the F1 domain, located at amino acid residues 301 (Val to Ala) and 447 (Val to Met), resulted in the expression of uncleaved F protein. A change at either of these two amino acid residues, 301 or 447, resulted in the expression of inefficiently cleaved F protein, defining an additional F protein phenotype. Pulse-chase analyses to examine the association of recombinant F glycoproteins with gradient-purified fractionated membranes or with GRP78-BiP, a protein resident in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which binds to nascent proteins, revealed that uncleaved F protein (F313) is associated with GRP78-BiP in the ER for a longer time than F317, and little if any F313 was transported to the cell surface. In addition, the uncleaved F protein (F313) was not recognized by a panel of F protein-specific monoclonal antibodies in ELISA or indirect immunofluorescence assays, suggesting that F313 was misfolded and, as a result, not transported properly or cleaved.
Bio-Based Sources for Terephthalic Acid (2015)

There is a growing consumer demand for bio-based plastics and chemicals that is being fueled by the public’s attitude toward environmental responsibility. One plastic in particular, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), is the fastest growing bio-based plastic as a result of significant market demand for bio-based PET from the “Plant PET Technology Collaborative” made up of Coca Cola, Ford, Heinz, Nike and Proctor&Gamble. This consortium and other retailers are assisting several pre-commercial enterprises to develop commercial processes for bio-based terephthalic acid. Most of these processes target p-xylene (pX), the petrochemical precursor for terephthalic acid. They include three thermochemical processes, those of Anellotech, Virent and Ensyn, which produce the benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) fraction. Gevo uses a carbohydrate fermentation process to isobutylene which it converts to pX and there are chemical processes including those of Micromidas and Avantium. These latter processes dehydrate carbohydrate feedstocks to furan intermediates from which Micromidas produces pX and Avantium produces 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). FDCA is used to make poly(ethylene furanoate) which has some advantaged properties relative to those of PET. Techno-economic evaluations have shown that some of these companies have achieved economics that are competitive with those of petro-based pX. Most of these have operating pilot facilities and are anticipating scale up to larger production capacity.
Quantitative Mapping of the Spatial Distribution of Nanoparticles in Endo-Lysosomes by Local pH (2016)

Understanding the intracellular distribution and trafficking of nanoparticle drug carriers is necessary to elucidate their mechanisms of drug delivery and is helpful in the rational design of novel nanoparticle drug delivery systems. The traditional immunofluorescence method to study intracellular distribution of nanoparticles using organelle-specific antibodies is laborious and subject to artifacts. As an alternative, we developed a new method that exploits ratiometric fluorescence imaging of a pH-sensitive Lysosensor dye to visualize and quantify the spatial distribution of nanoparticles in the endosomes and lysosomes of live cells. Using this method, we compared the endolysosomal distribution of cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-functionalized micelles to unfunctionalized micelles and found that CPP-functionalized micelles exhibited faster endosome-to-lysosome trafficking than unfunctionalized micelles. Ratiometric fluorescence imaging of pH-sensitive Lysosensor dye allows rapid quantitative mapping of nanoparticle distribution in endolysosomes in live cells while minimizing artifacts caused by extensive sample manipulation typical of alternative approaches. This new method can thus serve as an alternative to traditional immunofluorescence approaches to study the intracellular distribution and trafficking of nanoparticles within endosomes and lysosomes.
RhoA Inactivation by p190RhoGAP Regulates Cell Spreading and Migration by Promoting Membrane Protrusion and Polarity (2001)

The binding of extracellular matrix proteins to integrins triggers rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton by regulating the Rho family of small GTPases. The signaling events that mediate changes in the activity of Rho proteins in response to the extracellular matrix remain largely unknown. We have demonstrated in previous studies that integrin signaling transiently suppresses RhoA activity through stimulation of p190RhoGAP. Here, we investigated the biological significance of adhesion-dependent RhoA inactivation by manipulating p190RhoGAP signaling in Rat1 fibroblasts. The inhibition of RhoA activity that is induced transiently by adhesion was antagonized by expression of dominant negative p190RhoGAP. This resulted in impaired cell spreading on a fibronectin substrate, reduced cell protrusion, and premature assembly of stress fibers. Conversely, overexpression of p190RhoGAP augmented cell spreading. Dominant negative p190RhoGAP elevated RhoA activity in cells on fibronectin and inhibited migration, whereas overexpression of the wild-type GAP decreased RhoA activity, promoted the formation of membrane protrusions, and enhanced motility. Cells expressing dominant negative p190RhoGAP, but not control cells or cells overexpressing the wild-type GAP, were unable to establish polarity in the direction of migration. Taken together, these data demonstrate that integrin-triggered RhoA inhibition by p190RhoGAP enhances spreading and migration by regulating cell protrusion and polarity.
LET-dependent effects of heavy-ion beam irradiation in Arabidopsis thaliana (2008)

We irradiated Arabidopsis thaliana with several kinds of heavy-ion beams to investigate the linear energy transfer (LET)-dependent effects of heavy-ion beam irradiation. First, dry seeds were irradiated with C, N, Ne, Ar, or Fe ions at doses ranging from 5 to 400 Gy to compare the flowering and mutation rates among the ion species. The sensitivity of the flowering and mutation rates to irradiation differed markedly among the ion species. Of the ion species, N (30 keV μm−1) was the most effective at inducing albino plants. Second, we examined the effects of LET on mutation induction. The LET of C, N, Ne, and Ar ion beams was controlled at 30–640 keV μm−1. Regardless of ion species, irradiation with the same LET value resulted in the same flowering rate and mutation rate. Thus, the LET of ion beams seems to be an important factor affecting mutagenesis. We found a 440-bp deletion in the hy (elongated hypocotyl) mutant that was isolated from M2 progeny. These fundamental data on LET-dependence can be used to develop advanced technologies for plant mutagenesis.
Randomized Phase III Trial of Pemetrexed Versus Docetaxel in Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Previously Treated With Chemotherapy (2004)

Treatment with pemetrexed resulted in clinically equivalent efficacy outcomes, but with significantly fewer side effects compared with docetaxel in the second-line treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC and should be considered a standard treatment option for second-line NSCLC when available.
Methylene Sequence Distributions and Number Average Sequence Lengths in Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMethylene Sequence Distributions and Number Average Sequence Lengths in Ethylene-Propylene CopolymersJames C. RandallCite this: Macromolecules 1978, 11, 1, 33–36Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60061a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60061a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views781Altmetric-Citations96LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Circulating immune complexes in serum and in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis (1988)

We studied circulating immune complexes (IC) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with clinically defined multiple sclerosis (MS), in order to establish a correlation with the clinical course of the disease and to investigate the molecular composition of the IC isolated from patients in active phase of the disease. Serum IC levels were found to be significantly increased in patients from the progressive and active relapsing-remittent subgroups with both the CIC-conglutinin and C1q-binding methods. High levels of IC in CSF were detected only in the subgroup consisting of the relapsing-remittent patients in disease exacerbation when IC were determined by the C1q-binding test. No significant increase in serum or in CSF were found using the mRF-I test. The preliminary results of a qualitative investigation on serum IC in MS indicated that they are heterogeneous in nature, their size is mainly of the intermediate type, and they contain IgG, IgM, complement components and beta 2-microglobulins, the latter presenting an observation both new and interesting for studies on serum IC in MS patients.
Enantioselective Intramolecular Michael Addition of Nitronates onto Conjugated Esters: Access to Cyclic γ-Amino Acids with up to Three Stereocenters (2009)

A highly stereoselective synthesis of conformationally constrained cyclic gamma-amino acids has been devised. The key step involves an intramolecular cyclization of a nitronate onto a conjugated ester, promoted by a bifunctional thiourea catalyst. This methodology has been successfully applied to generate a variety of gamma-amino acids, including some containing three contiguous stereocenters, with very high diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity. It is postulated that an interaction that is key to the success of the process is the simultaneous coordination of the thiourea functionality to both the conjugated ester and the nitronate. Finally, the synthetic utility of these compounds is demonstrated in the synthesis of two dipeptides derived from the C- and N-termini.
Typing candidate answers using type coercion (2012)

Many questions explicitly indicate the type of answer required. One popular approach to answering those questions is to develop recognizers to identify instances of common answer types (e.g., countries, animals, and food) and consider only answers on those lists. Such a strategy is poorly suited to answering questions from the Jeopardy!™ television quiz show. Jeopardy! questions have an extremely broad range of types of answers, and the most frequently occurring types cover only a small fraction of all answers. We present an alternative approach to dealing with answer types. We generate candidate answers without regard to type, and for each candidate, we employ a variety of sources and strategies to judge whether the candidate has the desired type. These sources and strategies provide a set of type coercion scores for each candidate answer. We use these scores to give preference to answers with more evidence of having the right type. Our question-answering system is significantly more accurate with type coercion than it is without type coercion; these components have a combined impact of nearly 5% on the accuracy of the IBM Watson™ question-answering system.
Active health monitoring of an aircraft wing with embedded piezoelectric sensor/actuator network: I. Defect detection, localization and growth monitoring (2007)

This work focuses on an ultrasonic guided wave structural health monitoring (SHM) system development for aircraft wing inspection. In part I of the study, a detailed description of a real aluminum wing specimen and some preliminary wave propagation tests on the wing panel are presented. Unfortunately, strong attenuation and scattering impede guided waves for large-area inspection. Nevertheless, small, low-cost and light-weight piezoelectric (PZT) discs were bonded to various parts of the aircraft wing, in a form of relatively sparse arrays, for simulated cracks and corrosion monitoring. The PZT discs take turns generating and receiving ultrasonic guided waves. Pair-wise through-transmission waveforms collected at normal conditions served as baselines, and subsequent signals collected at defected conditions such as rivet cracks or corrosion detected the presence of a defect and its location with a novel correlation analysis based technique called RAPID (reconstruction algorithm for probabilistic inspection of defects). The effectiveness of the algorithm was tested with several case studies in a laboratory environment. It showed good performance for defect detection, size estimation and localization in complex aircraft wing structures.
Cytochromes 1A1/1B1- and Catechol-O-Methyltransferase-Derived Metabolites Mediate Estradiol-Induced Antimitogenesis in Human Cardiac Fibroblast (2005)

We investigated the role of specific cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in the growth inhibitory effects of estradiol in cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) expressing functional estrogen receptors. 3-Methylcholantherene, phenobarbital (broad-spectrum CYP450 inducers), and beta-naphthoflavone (CYP1A1/1A2 inducer) augmented, and 1-aminobenzotriazole (broad-spectrum CYP450 inhibitor) blocked, the inhibitory effects of estradiol on serum-induced CF growth (DNA synthesis, cell number, and collagen synthesis). Neither ketoconazole (3A4 inhibitor) nor furafylline (selective 1A2 inhibitor) altered the antimitogenic effects of estradiol on CF growth. In contrast, ellipticine (selective 1A1 inhibitor), pyrene (selective 1B1 inhibitor), and alpha-naphthoflavone (1A1>1A2 inhibitor) abrogated the antimitogenic effects of estradiol on CF growth. OR486 (COMT inhibitor) also blocked the antimitogenic effects of estradiol in both the presence and absence of the CYP450 inducers. ICI182780 (estrogen receptor antagonist) attenuated the growth inhibitory effects of estradiol, but only at concentrations that inhibit the metabolism of estradiol to hydroxyestradiols (precursors of methoxyestradiols). CFs expressed CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, isozymes that convert estradiol to hydroxyestradiols. Moreover, CFs metabolized estradiol to hydroxyestradiol, and 2-hydroxyestradiol to 2-methoxyestradiol. OR486 and quercetin (COMT inhibitor) blocked the conversion of 2-hydroxyestradiol to 2-methoxyestradiol in CFs. We conclude that the antimitogenic effects of estradiol on CF growth are mediated in part by conversion to hydroxyestradiols via CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, followed by metabolism of hydroxyestradiols to methoxyestradiols by COMT.
Predicting irreversible electroporation-induced tissue damage by means of magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (2017)

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is gaining importance in routine clinical practice for nonthermal ablation of solid tumors. For its success, it is extremely important that the coverage and exposure time of the treated tumor to the electric field is within the specified range. Measurement of electric field distribution during the electroporation treatment can be achieved using magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT). Here, we show improved MREIT-enabled electroporation monitoring of IRE-treated tumors by predicting IRE-ablated tumor areas during IRE of mouse tumors in vivo. The in situ prediction is enabled by coupling MREIT with a corresponding Peleg-Fermi mathematical model to obtain more informative monitoring of IRE tissue ablation by providing cell death probability in the IRE-treated tumors. This technique can potentially be used in electroporation-based clinical applications, such as IRE tissue ablation and electrochemotherapy, to improve and assure the desired treatment outcome.
Modulation of transcriptional activity of the chicken ovalbumin gene promoter in primary cultures of chicken oviduct cells: effects of putative regulatory elements in the 5'-flanking region. (1995)

With primary cultures of chicken oviduct cells, we tested functional roles in the ovalbumin gene transcription of NF-1 like factor binding element, half estrogen-response-element direct repeat, and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter residing in the 5'-flanking region of the chicken ovalbumin gene. The three putative regulatory elements were fused upstream to the chloramphencol acetyltransferase reporter gene driven by the chicken ovalbumin gene promoters, and transient gene expression was measured in primary cultured oviduct cells. The results indicated that neither the NF1 binding element nor the ovalbumin upstream promoter showed any enhancer-like activity. In addition, although the half estrogen response element direct repeat enhanced transcriptional activity of the ovalbumin gene promoter, it completely deprived the ovalbumin promoter of estrogen dependency. We concluded, therefore, that the biological significance of these three putative regulatory elements in the homologous chicken oviduct cell system might be different from those previously reported in heterologous systems.
Recognition of prominent viral epitopes induced by immunization with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 regulatory genes (1997)

Mice immunized with the regulatory genes nef, rev, and tat from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 developed both humoral and cellular immune responses to the gene products Nef, Rev, and Tat. This study demonstrates that it is feasible to induce immune reactions to all of these regulatory gene products. Humoral responses were seen after DNA boosts, while potent T-cell proliferative responses were noted already after a single immunization. A Th1-directed immune response was demonstrated early after immunization. A 3- to 75-fold-stronger T-cell response was seen in animals receiving DNA epidermally compared to that in animals receiving intramuscular injections. Nef, Rev, and Tat putative B- and T-cell epitopes were clearly mapped by using peptides derived from the regulatory proteins and were similar to those which are detected in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Although immunization by the Nef, Rev, and Tat proteins raised high immunoglobulin G titers in serum, the epitope spreading appeared broader after DNA immunization. The combination of all of these regulatory genes together with two genes for structural proteins, the envelope and gag genes, demonstrated that a combined approach is feasible in that reactivities to all antigens persisted or were even augmented. No interference between plasmids was noted.
Irradiation effects on polymers (1991)

The topics covered in this book may be divided into radiation effects on polymers, test methods, radiation processing and other applications of ionizing radiation.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of the Tetracyclic Core of the Bisguanidine Alkaloids Palau'amine and Styloguanidine (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTStereocontrolled Synthesis of the Tetracyclic Core of the Bisguanidine Alkaloids Palau'amine and StyloguanidineLarry E. Overman, Bruce N. Rogers, John E. Tellew, and William C. TrenkleView Author Information Department of Chemistry, 516 Physical Sciences 1 University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 92697-2025 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 30, 7159–7160Publication Date (Web):July 30, 1997Publication History Received23 April 1997Published online30 July 1997Published inissue 1 July 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja9712985https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9712985rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1596Altmetric-Citations79LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Cyclization,Guanidine,Organic compounds,Organic reactions,Organic synthesis Get e-Alerts
Uses of Dextranomer Absorbent Pads After Cryosurgery of Cutaneous Malignancies (1982)

Secretion from wounds after cryosurgery of cutaneous malignancies may be excessive and may constitute a problem in management. It was found possible to collect and quantitate such discharges by use of highly hydrophilic dextranomer beads (Debrisan). They were applied in convenient, small "tea-bag" pads. The amount and duration of postoperative oozing was approximately proportional to the sizes of the lesions and more impressive in sites of sparse subcutaneous tissue. The absorbent pads also proved to be effective and safe for use as postoperative dressings.