gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Expert Systems (1996)

Preface 1. Multivariate Probability. Probability Distributions Marginalization Conditionals Continuation Posterior Distributions Expectation Classifying Probability Distributions A Limitation 2. Construction Sequences. Multiplying Conditionals DAGs and Belief Nets Bubble Graphs Other Graphical Representations 3. Propagation in Join Trees. Variable-by-Variable Summing Out The Elementary Architecture The Shafer-Shenoy Architecture The Lauritzen-Spiegelhalter Architecture The Aalborg Architecture Collect and Distribute Scope and Alternatives 4. Resources and References. Meetings Software Books Review Articles Other Sources Index.
Text-to-speech conversion with neural networks: a recurrent TDNN approach (1997)

This paper describes the design of a neural network that performs the phonetic-to-acoustic mapping in a speech synthesis system.The use of a time-domain neural network architecture limits discontinuities that occur at phone boundaries.Recurrent data input also helps smooth the output parameter tracks.Independent testing has demonstrated that the voice quality produced by this system compares favorably with speech from existing commercial text-to-speech systems.
Development of VHH Antibodies against Dengue Virus Type 2 NS1 and Comparison with Monoclonal Antibodies for Use in Immunological Diagnosis (2014)

The possibility of using variable domain heavy-chain antibodies (VHH antibodies) as diagnostic tools for dengue virus (DENV) type 2 NS1 protein was investigated and compared with the use of conventional monoclonal antibodies. After successful expression of DENV type 2 NS1 protein, the genes of VHH antibodies against NS1 protein were biopanned from a non-immune llama library by phage display. VHH antibodies were then expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. Simultaneously, monoclonal antibodies were obtained by the conventional route. Sequence analysis of the VHH antibodies revealed novel and long complementarity determining regions 3 (CDR3). Epitope mapping was performed via a phage display peptide library using purified VHH and monoclonal antibodies as targets. Interestingly, the same region of NS1, which comprises amino acids 224HWPKPHTLW232, was conserved for both kinds of antibodies displaying the consensus motif histidine-tryptophan-tryptophan or tryptophan-proline-tryptophan. The two types of antibodies were used to prepare rapid diagnostic kits based on immunochromatographic assay. The VHH antibody immobilized rapid diagnostic kit showed better sensitivity and specificity than the monoclonal antibody immobilized rapid diagnostic kit, which might be due to the long CDR3 regions of the VHH antibodies and their ability to bind to the pocket and cleft of the targeted antigen. This demonstrates that VHH antibodies are likely to be an option for developing point-of-care tests against DENV infection.
Mechanically strong and highly conductive graphene aerogel and its use as electrodes for electrochemical power sources (2011)

Mechanically strong and electrically conductive graphene aerogels can be prepared by either supercritical drying or freeze drying of hydrogel precursors synthesized from reduction of graphene oxide with L-ascorbic acid, and the resulting graphene aerogels possess the specific capacitance of 128 F g−1 with superior rate performance.
Molecular devices: Caroviologens as an approach to molecular wires—synthesis and incorporation into vesicle membranes (1986)

Molecular wires, which would allow electron flow to take place between different components, are important elements in the design of molecular devices. An approach to such species would be molecules possessing an electron-conducting conjugated chain, terminal electroactive polar groups, and a length sufficient to span a lipid membrane. To this end, bispyridinium polyenes of different lengths have been synthesized and their incorporation into the bilayer membrane of sodium dihexadecyl phosphate vesicles has been studied. Since they combine the features of carotenoids and of viologens, they may be termed caroviologens. Vesicles containing the caroviologen whose length approximately corresponds to the thickness of the sodium dihexadecyl phosphate bilayer display temperature-dependent changes of its absorption spectrum reflecting the gel → liquid-crystal phase transition of the membrane. The data agree with a structural model in which the caroviologens of sufficient length span the bilayer membrane, the pyridinium sites being close to the negatively charged outer and inner surfaces of the sodium dihexadecyl phosphate vesicles and the polyene chain crossing the lipidic interior of the membrane. These membranes may now be tested in processes in which the caroviologen would function as a continuous, transmembrane electron channel—i.e., as a molecular wire. Various further developments may be envisaged along these lines.
Friendship and Postmodern Utopianism (2013)

Believers insist that the ghost of utopianism returned to Europe in May 1968, and that it has been haunting the ruins of ‘the political’ ever since. This paper is written in the spirit of belief. It has two claims: first, and incidentally, that utopianism—namely, a politics of alternatives poised at the limits of thought and being, epistemology and ontology—is both expedient and inevitable in regard to a terrain where, à la Foucault, power is everywhere, ‘immanent to the social field, distributed through the brains and bodies of citizens’; and second, and here is the crux of my argument, the movement in our time from nihilism to utopianism has required a careful renegotiation with ideas of community, communication, sociability, conatus. This process, most apparent within contemporary postmodernism, I would like to call, after Derrida, the politics of friendship. The rest of this paper is an attempt to describe the restless itinerary of such a politics, which entails, in the main, postmodernism’s departure from the cult of the hybrid subject toward a non-communitarian understanding of community.
Sak, a murine protein-serine/threonine kinase that is related to the Drosophila polo kinase and involved in cell proliferation. (1994)

We have isolated murine cDNAs encoding two isoforms of a putative protein-serine/threonine kinase, designated Sak-a and Sak-b, which differ in their noncatalytic C-terminal ends. The kinase domain of Sak is related to the catalytic domains of the Drosophila polo, Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC5, and murine Snk and Plk kinases, a family of proteins for which a role in controlling cell proliferation has been established (polo, CDC5) or implicated (Snk, Plk). Northern and in situ RNA analyses of Sak gene expression in mouse embryos and adult tissues revealed that expression was associated with mitotic and meiotic cell division. In addition, during embryogenesis, Sak expression was prominent in the respiratory and olfactory mucosa. The pattern of Sak expression and its sequence homology with the polo gene family suggest that the Sak kinase may play a role in cell proliferation. In support of this, cell growth was suppressed by expression of a Sak-a-antisense fragment in CHO cells.
Temporal Placement of a Nap for Alertness: Contributions of Circadian Phase and Prior Wakefulness (1987)

Napping can enhance alertness during sustained wakefulness, but the importance of the temporal placement of the nap between days and within the circadian cycle remains controversial. To resolve these issues, a between-groups study was conducted with 41 healthy, young adults permitted a 2-h nap at one of five times during a 56-h period otherwise devoid of sleep. Naps were placed 12 h apart, near the circadian peak (P) or trough (T), and were preceded by 6, 18, 30, 42, or 54 h of wakefulness. Visual reaction time (RT) performance, Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) ratings, and sublingual temperature were assessed every few hours throughout the 56 h, which took place in an environment free of time cues. All groups displayed a circadian-modulated decline in RT measures and increases in SSS functions as sleep loss progressed. A nap placed at any time in the protocol improved RT performance, particularly in the lapse domain, but not SSS ratings. Comparisons within groups of circadian temperature cycles for the first versus second day of the protocol indicated that early naps (P6, T18, P30) tended to prevent the mean drop in temperature across days. The earlier naps (P6, T18) yielded more robust and longer lasting RT performance benefits, which extended beyond 24 h after the naps, despite the fact that they were comprised of lighter sleep than later naps. Circadian placement of naps (P vs. T) did not affect the results on any parameter. In terms of temporal placement, therefore, napping prior to a night of sleep loss is more important for meeting subsequent performance demands than is the circadian placement of the nap. SSS ratings suggest that the napper is not aware of these performance benefits. Because the longest lasting RT gains followed early naps, which were composed of less deep sleep than later naps, napping during prolonged sleep loss may serve to prevent sleepiness more readily than it permits recovery from it.
Restriction of Neuroblastoma to the Prostate Gland In Transgenic Mice (1991)

Male transgenic mice that carry a construct containing 5'-flanking sequences of the gp91-phox gene linked to the early region of the simian virus 40 (SV40) genome reproducibly develop tumors arising from the prostate gland. As gp91-phox is expressed exclusively in terminally differentiating hematopoietic cells of the myelomonocytic lineage, the induction of tumors arising from the prostate gland was unexpected. These lesions appear to be due to a novel transcription signal that was generated during the construction of the transgene. Surprisingly, the histopathological and biochemical properties of the tumor are diagnostic of neuroblastoma rather than of adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland. Tumors produce SV40 T antigen and isoforms of neural cell adhesion molecule characteristic of neuronal cells, and they occur in a testosterone-independent manner. Microscopic examination of prostate glands from young transgenic mice reveals the presence of small lesions arising outside of the prostate gland epithelium, which is consistent with the diagnosis of neuroblastoma and further distinguishes this tumor from prostatic adenocarcinoma. Prostate gland tumors occur in all male animals of susceptible lines carrying the gp91-phox promoter/SV40 early-region transgene. However, variability in the time at which gross tumors appear and the presence of cells expressing T antigen prior to tumorigenesis suggest that somatic events in addition to T-antigen production are required for the development of a malignancy. The extraordinary restriction of the site of tumorigenesis in these animals indicates the presence in the prostate gland of a novel, tissue-specific neuroectodermal cell of origin. These transgenic animals provide a model system for the study of neuroectodermal malignancies.
Consequences of long-term hormone replacement therapy (2000)

The use of oestrogens in the longer term is an area of considerable current scientific and clinical debate. The extra-reproductive range of oestrogen actions is broad, with these steroid hormones and their receptors (ERs) being intimately involved in the normal function of, inter alia, the adult female skeleton, the cardiovascular system and the brain. Desirable as the restoration of normal circulating oestrogen may be after menopause, HRT use is compromised by the engagement of the reproductive sites of breast and uterus. This may cause concern to patient and physician alike due to the consequent imposition of cyclical bleeding and risk of breast malignancy. In the individual patient, therefore, a balance of risk against benefit has to be struck so that the patient may be precisely advised of the type and duration of oestrogen replacement which may be indicated in her own case. The advent of selective oestrogen receptor modulation with its ability to delete adverse effects in breast and endometrium, is a substantial pharmacological and clinical advance.
Purification and characterization of two components of botulinum C2 toxin (1980)

Two dissimilar proteins, designated as components I and II, of botulinum C2 toxin elaborated by strain 92-13 were purified to a homogeneous state. The molecular weights determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis were 55,000 for component I and 105,000 for component II. Whereas each component showed no or feeble toxicity even after being treated with trypsin, the toxicity was elicited when these two components were mixed and trypsinized. The toxicity of the mixture of components I and II at a ratio of 1:2.5 on a protein basis was 2.2 X 10(4) mouse intraperitoneal 50% lethal doses per mg of protein and increased by 2,000 times or more when treated with trypsin. These results indicate that the molecular characteristics of botulinum C2 toxin differ from those of the toxin of Clostridium botulinum types A through F in that C2 toxin is constructed with two separate protein components, which are not covalently held together, and that its toxicity is elicited by cooperation of the two components.
Technology Tomorrow: The Next Trillion: Anticipating and Enabling Game-Changing Recoveries (2006)

Editor's note: This is the second installment of a yearlong series designed to stimulate discussion in research and development. The Technology Tomorrow articles will be published every other month and vary in emphasis, covering topics as broad as R&amp;D industry trends and as focused as improving reservoir recovery factors. This series is one of several actions being taken by the SPE R&amp;D Advisory Committee to encourage R&amp;D development and discussion. The target audience is the entire readership of JPT. We hope to create a forum that sparks discourse and ideas, including ideas that may not be in the current mainstream of thought. Comments on the articles are welcome. Please send any questions, comments, or ideas to vik.rao@halliburton.com. By any measure of efficiency, globally reported expected ultimate recoveries (EURs) have been less than impressive. The often-quoted industry average of 35% recovery (for conventional crude oil) sets a useful benchmark for the future, and raises the question, "Can we double it for the next trillion?" As we look ahead to April 2007, the date of the first SPE R&amp;D Conference, one might ponder several related questions: How high can the industry stretch EURs? What are the major impediments to achieving them? Do R&amp;D programs have a role to play, or does the spontaneous technology boom in the industry coupled with free-market dynamics signal the end of organized R&amp;D? A quick look at global oil resources, their acknowledged uncertainties not withstanding, calls for some perspective on this issue (Fig. 1). In 2005, global consumption had depleted only one out of seven barrels of conventional oil initially in place (and a fraction of nonconventional), a point perhaps overlooked by peak-oil advocates (Deffeyes, 2005; Tertzakian, 2006). A 10% incremental recovery translates to about 1.4 trillion bbl of recoverable resources, roughly an additional 50-year supply of global crude consumption at current rates. The gains in gas reserves could be equally rewarding. The point is not so much to argue for the veracity or the feasibility of these figures. Instead, the intent is to highlight vast possibilities in the context of twin questions: How can R&amp;D shape the energy future, and how should the desired future outlook govern present-day R&amp;D? Intent matters! The industry has no choice but to articulate its own anticipations for the future regarding trillions of barrels of recoverable resources. The recovery standards of the past century certainly cannot be the basis going forward.
Gene for staphylococcal protein A. (1983)

The gene for protein A from Staphylococcus aureus was cloned into pBR322 in Escherichia coli. An immunoassay was used to detect production of the protein. Protein A produced in E. coli was found in the periplasmic space and was purified and concentrated by IgG-Sepharose affinity chromatography. DNA sequence assay of the gene revealed a region with the general features of a prokaryotic signal peptide and a fifth structural region homologous to the four repetitive regions found earlier by amino acid sequence determination of the mature protein. Upstream from the structural gene there is a possible promoter region and a ribosomal binding sequence typical of gram-positive bacteria. The initiation codon is TTG.
Production of interleukin-6 in human osteoblasts and human bone marrow stromal cells: evidence that induction by interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha is not regulated by ovarian steroids. (1995)

Studies in murine models of osteoporosis have suggested the hypothesis that ovarian steroids may control osteoclastic bone remodeling by limiting the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) from osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells. To investigate this hypothesis in a human model, we have examined 12 separate strains of normal human osteoblasts (HOB) and 11 separate strains of human bone marrow stromal cells (HBMSC) and determined whether ovarian steroids regulate the induction of IL-6 by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or IL-1 + TNF. Treatment with IL-1, TNF or IL-1 + TNF resulted in the induction of IL-6 from both cell types with IL-1 + TNF inducing a synergistic induction of IL-6 in HOB (24- to 324-fold) and HBMSC (35-288 fold). Addition of 17 beta-estradiol or progesterone did not significantly alter IL-6 messenger RNA or protein levels in either HOB or HBMSC cultures stimulated with IL-1, TNF or IL-1 + TNF. Cultures incubated up to 96 h with the steroids did not affect IL-6 expression. Furthermore ovarian steroids did not affect IL-6 production in either HBMSC cultures representative of preosteoblasts or HOB cultures representative of highly differentiated osteoblasts. Specific chloramphenicol acetyl transferase assays and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction studies also demonstrated that the lack of an estrogen effect was not due to the failure of HOB to express functional estrogen receptors. Therefore, we conclude that the regulation of human osteoclastic bone remodeling by ovarian steroids does not occur through the direct regulation of IL-6 gene transcription or protein secretion in either early stages of osteoblast differentiation or the differentiated osteoblast.
Flat mirror optics to study extra-solar terrestrial planets from space (1999)

NASA is planning the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) mission to nd and study Earth-like planets of other stars. Its goal is to detect directly their thermal radiation, and it will have the spectroscopic sensitivity to nd strong atmospheric features, such as atmospheric water vapor (indicating oceans) and chemical signs of life, like Earth's biogenically-generated ozone. The TPF con guration currently under study is similar to ground based interferometers, with an array of afocal telescopes relaying beams to a central interferometric station where destructive interference of the starlight allows detection of the much fainter planetary signal. In this paper we consider a di erent implementation strategy which fully exploits the space environment. The primary optical elements are simply free ying at mirrors made from thin stretched membrane of gossamer weight. The constellation of ats would be viewed by a single wideeld telescope with aperture no bigger than one at, separately orbiting some distance away. Starlight directed from all the at elements into the viewing telescope would be combined at the focal plane by small-scale interferometer optics. At the size envisaged for TPF, four 4-m ats in a 100-m constellation would be viewed by a 4-m telescope several km distant. A more powerful interferometric successor, well suited for detailed atmospheric studies of the most promising planets found by TPF, would have a dozens of 8 m ats re ecting into a single, NGST-sized combining telescope. The use of at primary elements to study extra-solar planets is not limited to interferometry. True imaging telescopes with very large, nearlylled aperture can be made with a primary collector synthesized from many at segments, and the wavefront corrected at a scalloped tertiary mirror.
DNA Electrochemistry with Tethered Methylene Blue (2012)

Methylene blue (MB'), covalently attached to DNA through a flexible C(12) alkyl linker, provides a sensitive redox reporter in DNA electrochemistry measurements. Tethered, intercalated MB' is reduced through DNA-mediated charge transport; the incorporation of a single base mismatch at position 3, 10, or 14 of a 17-mer causes an attenuation of the signal to 62 ± 3% of the well-matched DNA, irrespective of position in the duplex. The redox signal intensity for MB'-DNA is found to be least 3-fold larger than that of Nile blue (NB)-DNA, indicating that MB' is even more strongly coupled to the π-stack. The signal attenuation due to an intervening mismatch does, however, depend on DNA film density and the backfilling agent used to passivate the surface. These results highlight two mechanisms for reduction of MB' on the DNA-modified electrode: reduction mediated by the DNA base pair stack and direct surface reduction of MB' at the electrode. These two mechanisms are distinguished by their rates of electron transfer that differ by 20-fold. The extent of direct reduction at the surface can be controlled by assembly and buffer conditions.
Antigenic and immunogenic properties of totally synthetic peptide-based anti-fertility vaccines (1999)

In this study we describe the results of experiments in which a variety of totally synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) vaccines were assembled and examined for their abilities to elicit antibody responses and induce sterility in mice. It is shown that totally synthetic vaccines consisting of a 15 residue-defined T cell epitope and the 10 residue LHRH epitope not only induced high titers of antibody but also induced sterility. This effect did not appear to correlate with antibody titer, antibody isotype or comparative antibody affinity, but may be related to the length of time for which antibodies are present to exert their influence.
A multiresolution analysis for detection of abnormal lung sounds (2012)

Automated analysis and detection of abnormal lung sound patterns has great potential for improving access to standardized diagnosis of pulmonary diseases, especially in low-resource settings. In the current study, we develop signal processing tools for analysis of paediatric auscultations recorded under non-ideal noisy conditions. The proposed model is based on a biomimetic multi-resolution analysis of the spectro-temporal modulation details in lung sounds. The methodology provides a detailed description of joint spectral and temporal variations in the signal and proves to be more robust than frequency-based techniques in distinguishing crackles and wheezes from normal breathing sounds.
The Matthew Principle: A West Virginia Replication?. (1995)

This study extends and interprets a regression technique used to examine the possible role that socioeconomic status may have in regulating the effects of school and district size on student achievement. The original study (Friedkin & Necochea, 1988), with data from California, confirmed an interaction between size and SES such that large schools benefitted affluent students, whereas small schools benefitted impoverished students. This replication applies the model to a very different state, West Virginia. ...