gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current Thinking on the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis (2002)

This manuscript is a review of new ideas regarding the pathogenesis of peritoneal endometriosis, ovarian endometriosis, and retroperitoneal adenomyosis. Peritoneal endometriosis, the different aspects of which (black, red and white) represent distinctive steps in the evolutionary process, can be explained by the transplantation theory. Red lesions are the most active and most highly vascularized lesions and are considered to be the first stage of peritoneal endometriosis. The retroperitoneal nodule is an adenomyotic nodule whose histopathogenesis is not related to the implantation of regurgitated endometrial cells but to metaplasia of Müllerian remnants located in the rectovaginal septum. Metaplastic changes of Müllerian rests into adenomyotic glands involving the rectovaginal septum and the retroperitoneal space are responsible for the striking proliferation of the smooth muscle, creating an adenomyomatous appearance similar to that of adenomyosis in the endometrium.
Kunitz-type inhibitors in human serum. Identification and characterization. (1987)

Human serum contains small amounts (approximately 0.1 mg/liter) of two protein protease inhibitors of low molecular weight (approximately 6500) and basic isoelectric point (Kunitz-type). They were purified by affinity chromatography on immobilized trypsin and ion-exchange chromatography in the fast protein liquid chromatography system. Their chemical, immunochemical, and functional properties indicate that the purified inhibitors are highly homologous with the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor which is widely distributed in bovids and caprids. Their inhibitory activity toward serine proteases such as plasmin and kallikrein suggests a possible regulatory role in blood clotting and fibrinolysis.
Universal Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation with Only Transversal Gates and Error Correction (2013)

Transversal implementations of encoded unitary gates are highly desirable for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Though transversal gates alone cannot be computationally universal, they can be combined with specially distilled resource states in order to achieve universality. We show that "triorthogonal" stabilizer codes, introduced for state distillation by Bravyi and Haah [Phys. Rev. A 86, 052329 (2012)], admit transversal implementation of the controlled-controlled-Z gate. We then construct a universal set of fault-tolerant gates without state distillation by using only transversal controlled-controlled-Z, transversal Hadamard, and fault-tolerant error correction. We also adapt the distillation procedure of Bravyi and Haah to Toffoli gates, improving on existing Toffoli distillation schemes.
Connective-tissue growth factor modulates WNT signalling and interacts with the WNT receptor complex (2004)

Connective-tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a member of the CCN family of secreted proteins. CCN family members contain four characteristic domains and exhibit multiple activities: they associate with the extracellular matrix, they can mediate cell adhesion, cell migration and chemotaxis, and they can modulate the activities of peptide growth factors. Many of the effects of CTGF are thought to be mediated by binding to integrins, whereas others may be because of its recently identified ability to interact with BMP4 and TGF beta. We demonstrate, using Xenopus embryos, that CTGF also regulates signalling through the Wnt pathway, in accord with its ability to bind to the Wnt co-receptor LDL receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6). This interaction is likely to occur through the C-terminal (CT) domain of CTGF, which is distinct from the BMP- and TGF beta-interacting domain. Our results define new activities of CTGF and add to the variety of routes through which cells regulate growth factor activity in development, disease and tissue homeostasis.
Versatile Supramolecular Nanovalves Reconfigured for Light Activation (2007)

Abstract All autonomous machines share the same requirement—namely, they need some form of energy to perform their operations and nanovalves are no exception. Supramolecular nanovalves constructed from [2]pseudorotaxanes—behaving as dissociatable complexes attached to mesoporous silica which acts as a supporting platform and reservoir—rely on donor‐acceptor and hydrogen bonding interactions between the ring component and the linear component to control the ON and OFF states. The method of operation of these supramolecular nanovalves involves primarily the weakening of these interactions. The [2]pseudorotaxane [BHEEEN ⊂ CBPQT] 4+ [BHEEEN ≡ 1,5‐bis[2‐(2‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy]naphthalene and CBPQT 4+ ≡ cyclobis(paraquat‐ p ‐phenylene)], when this 1:1 complex is tethered on the surface of the mesoporous silica, constitutes the supramolecular nanovalves. The mesoporous silica is charged against a concentration gradient with luminescence probe molecules, e.g., tris(2,2′‐phenylpyridyl)iridium( III ), Ir(ppy) 3 (ppy = 2,2′‐phenylpyridyl), followed by addition of CBPQT·4Cl to form the tethered [2]pseudorotaxanes. This situation corresponds to the OFF state of the supramolecular nanovalves. Their ON state can be initiated by reducing the CBPQT 4+ ring with NaCNBH 3 , thus weakening the complexation and causing dissociation of the CBPQT 4+ ring away from the BHEEEN stalks on the mesoporous silica particles MCM‐41 to bring about ultimately the controlled release of the luminescence probe molecules from the mesoporous silica particles with an average diameter of 600 nm. This kind of functioning supramolecular system can be reconfigured further with built‐in photosensitizers, such as tethered 9‐anthracenecarboxylic acid and tethered [Ru(bpy) 2 (bpy(CH 2 OH) 2 )] 2+ (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine). Upon irradiation with laser light of an appropriate wavelength, the excited photosensitizers transfer electrons to the near‐by CBPQT 4+ rings, reducing them so that they dissociate away from the BHEEEN stalks on the surface of the mesoporous silica particles, leading subsequently to a controlled release of the luminescent probe molecules. This control can be expressed in both a regional and temporal manner by the use of light as the ON/OFF stimulus for the supramolecular nanovalves.
The pH-Rate Profile for the Hydrolysis of a Peptide Bond (1998)

The rate of hydrolysis of N-(phenylacetyl)glycyl-d-valine (PAGV), an acyclic penicillin G analogue, at pH 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 14 has been measured at 37 °C and a pH-rate profile constructed. At each pH, hydrolysis of both the (phenylacetyl)glycyl amide bond and glycyl-d-valine peptide bond was monitored. At pH 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11, the hydrolysis products glycyl-d-valine and d-valine were derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dialdehyde in the presence of cyanide; the resultant 1-cyano-2-substituted-benz[f]isoindole (CBI) derivatives, which are highly fluorescent, were then quantified using reverse-phase HPLC. The hydrolysis reactions were explicitly shown to be first-order in peptide concentration at pH 5 and 9, and all rates were shown to be independent of the buffer concentration. The rates at pH 0, 1, 13, and 14 were measured in 1 M DCl, 0.1 M DCl, 0.1 M NaOD, and 1 M NaOD, respectively, and the hydrolysis products were detected by 1H NMR. The first-order rate constants obtained from the above reactions were fit to the general equation k = kH20 + kH30+[H3O+] + kOH−[OH-] to yield the following results: for hydrolysis of the (phenylacetyl)glycyl bond, kH2O = (9.05 ± 6.36) × 10-11 s-1, kH3O+ = (1.60 ± 1.04) × 10-6 M-1 s-1, and kOH− = (1.11 ± 0.73) × 10-6 M-1 s-1; and for hydrolysis of the glycyl-d-valine bond, kH2O = (8.23 ± 4.33) × 10-11 s-1, kH3O+ = (1.67 ± 0.80) × 10-6 M-1 s-1, and kOH− = (1.16 ± 0.56) × 10-6 M-1 s-1. At pH 7, the hydrolysis of both the (phenylacetyl)glycyl amide bond and glycyl-d-valine peptide bond is dominated by kH2O. The corresponding half-life for (phenylacetyl)glycyl bond hydrolysis is 243 years (with a range of 143−817 years within experimental error), while that for glycyl-d-valine bond hydrolysis is 267 years (with a range of 175−564 years).
Application of adaptive algorithm of solar cell battery charger (2004)

This paper presents the adaptive algorithm to resolve the problem in the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of solar cell battery charger and applies it in the design for MPPT system. Results of the research show that the adaptive algorithm has not only accelerated the calculating speed and strengthen the searching performances, but also has the high tracking precision.
Anti-TCRβ mAb Induces Long-Term Allograft Survival by Reducing Antigen-Reactive T Cells and Sparing Regulatory T Cells (2012)

TCR specific antibodies may modulate the TCR engagement with antigen-MHC complexes, and in turn regulate in vivo T cell responses to alloantigens. Herein, we found that in vivo administration of mAbs specific for mouse TCRβ (H57-597), TCRα or CD3 promptly reduced the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in normal mice, but H57-597 mAb most potently increased the frequency of CD4(+) Foxp3(+) Treg cells. When mice were injected with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) superantigen and H57-597 mAb, the expansion of SEB-reactive Vβ8(+) T cells was completely abrogated while SEB-nonreactive Vβ2(+) T cells remained unaffected. More importantly, transient H57-597 mAb treatment exerted long-lasting effect in preventing T cell responses to alloantigens, and produced long-term cardiac allograft survival (>100 days) in 10 out of 11 recipients. While Treg cells were involved in maintaining donor-specific long-term graft survival, T cell homeostasis recovered over time and immunity was retained against third party allografts. Moreover, transient H57-597 mAb treatment significantly prolonged survival of skin allografts in naïve recipients as well as heart allografts in skin-sensitized recipients. Thus, transient modulation of the TCRβ chain by H57-597 mAb exhibits potent, long-lasting therapeutic effects to control alloimmune responses.
Multi-Material Decomposition Using Statistical Image Reconstruction for Spectral CT (2014)

Spectral computed tomography (CT) provides information on material characterization and quantification because of its ability to separate different basis materials. Dual-energy (DE) CT provides two sets of measurements at two different source energies. In principle, two materials can be accurately decomposed from DECT measurements. However, many clinical and industrial applications require three or more material images. For triple-material decomposition, a third constraint, such as volume conservation, mass conservation or both, is required to solve three sets of unknowns from two sets of measurements. The recently proposed flexible image-domain (ID) multi-material decomposition) method assumes each pixel contains at most three materials out of several possible materials and decomposes a mixture pixel by pixel. We propose a penalized-likelihood (PL) method with edge-preserving regularizers for each material to reconstruct multi-material images using a similar constraint from sinogram data. We develop an optimization transfer method with a series of pixel-wise separable quadratic surrogate (PWSQS) functions to monotonically decrease the complicated PL cost function. The PWSQS algorithm separates pixels to allow simultaneous update of all pixels, but keeps the basis materials coupled to allow faster convergence rate than our previous proposed material- and pixel-wise SQS algorithms. Comparing with the ID method using 2-D fan-beam simulations, the PL method greatly reduced noise, streak and cross-talk artifacts in the reconstructed basis component images, and achieved much smaller root mean square errors.
Harnessing the gut to treat diabetes (2004)

The gut contains one of the largest stem cell populations in the body, yet has been largely overlooked as a source of potentially therapeutic cells. The stem cells reside in the crypts located at the base of the protruding villi, reproduce themselves, and repopulate the gut lining as differentiated cells are sloughed off into the lumen. Some studies have demonstrated that gut stem cells can be isolated and maintained in culture, but the field is currently hampered by the lack of clear markers for these cells. Nevertheless, the relative accessibility of the cells and the similar pathways of differentiation of both intestinal and pancreatic endocrine cells make the gut an attractive potential source of cells to treat diabetes. In particular, it may be possible to recapitulate islet development by the introduction of specific factors to gut stem cells. Alternatively, gut endocrine cells might be coaxed to produce insulin and secrete it into the blood in a meal-responsive manner. Several investigations support the feasibility of both approaches as novel potential therapies for diabetes. Utilizing a patient's own gut cells to re-establish endogenous meal-regulated insulin secretion could represent an attractive approach to ultimately cure diabetes.
Impact of Rantes and MCP-1 Chemokines on In Vivo Basophilic Cell Recruitment in Rat Skin Injection Model and Their Role in Modifying the Protein and mRNA Levels for Histidine Decarboxylase (1997)

RANTES and related molecules, constitute the C-C class of chemokine supergene family and a group of cytokines produced by hematopoietic cells constitute the MCP-1 or C-X-C class. The roles of most of these chemokines are not well known, although members of the C-X-C family are inflammatory agents. Here, we report that intradermal injection of RANTES 10 ng/50 microL subcutaneously in the abdominal skin produced a strong inflammatory reaction, as evidenced by Evans blue dye, greater than FMLP (10(-6) mol/L) (approximately 57%); while MCP-1, 10 ng/50 microL was less effective than FMLP (10(-6) mol/L) (approximately 54%). Moreover, the histologic analysis of the cells stained with Toluidine blue (0.1%) were analyzed at a magnification of x40). RANTES 10 ng/50 microL and LPS produced higher numbers (142 +/- 11 and 193 +/- 21 of cells/200 mm2, respectively) of basophilic cell accumulation in the skin injection sites compared with FMLP (10(-6) mol/L) (127 +/- 14/200 mm2), while MCP-1 10 ng/50 microL was less effective (88 +/- 10/200 mm2). Electron microscopy (x13,800) studies of skin injection sites revealed that RANTES was chemoattractant for mast cells. In a Northern blot analysis from homogeneous tissue biopsy from the intradermal injection sites, RANTES was more potent than MCP-1 in increasing histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA, the sole enzyme responsible for the production of histamine from histidine. Since PGD2 is formed by mast cells on cell activation, we also studied the effect of RANTES and MCP-1 on PGD2 production in inflamed tissue in vivo. RANTES (20, 10, and 5 ng) and MCP-1 (20, 10, and 5 ng) strongly stimulated PGD2, in a dose-dependent manner, with a potency rank order of RANTES (10 ng/mL) approximately two times greater than MCP-1 (10 ng/mL).
Cyclic Phosphates. III. Some General Observations on the Formation and Properties of Five-, Six- and Seven-membered Cyclic Phosphate Esters (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclic Phosphates. III. Some General Observations on the Formation and Properties of Five-, Six- and Seven-membered Cyclic Phosphate EstersH. G. Khorana, G. M. Tener, R. S. Wright, and J. G. MoffattCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2, 430–436Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01559a054https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01559a054research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views840Altmetric-Citations99LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Singleton (2012)

We investigate memory-management in hypervisors and propose Singleton, a KVM-based system-wide page deduplication solution to increase memory usage efficiency. We address the problem of double-caching that occurs in KVM---the same disk blocks are cached at both the host(hypervisor) and the guest(VM) page caches. Singleton's main components are identical-page sharing across guest virtual machines and an implementation of an exclusive-cache for the host and guest page cache hierarchy. We use and improve KSM--Kernel SamePage Merging to identify and share pages across guest virtual machines. We utilize guest memory-snapshots to scrub the host page cache and maintain a single copy of a page across the host and the guests. Singleton operates on a completely black-box assumption---we do not modify the guest or assume anything about its behaviour. We show that conventional operating system cache management techniques are sub-optimal for virtual environments, and how Singleton supplements and improves the existing Linux kernel memory-management mechanisms. Singleton is able to improve the utilization of the host cache by reducing its size(by upto an order of magnitude), and increasing the cache-hit ratio(by factor of 2x). This translates into better VM performance(40% faster I/O). Singleton's unified page deduplication and host cache scrubbing is able to reclaim large amounts of memory and facilitates higher levels of memory overcommitment. The optimizations to page deduplication we have implemented keep the overhead down to less than 20% CPU utilization.
Rising to the pain challenge. (2006)

The 5th Congress of the European Federation of the Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Chapters 2006 took place in Istanbul, Turkey, from September 13 to 16, 2006. This meeting brought together international members from different disciplines, all interested in improving the understanding of pain mechanisms, and the management of acute and chronic pain. This report will focus on some of the highlights from this meeting.
A robust real-coded genetic algorithm using Unimodal Normal Distribution Crossover augmented by Uniform Crossover: effects of self-adaptation of crossover probabilities (1999)

This paper presents a robust real-coded genetic algorithm using the Unimodal Normal Distribution Crossover (UNDX) enhanced by the Uniform Crossover (UX). The UNDX has an advantage, which most other crossover operators do not have, that it can efficiently optimize functions with strong epistasis among parameters. However, the UNDX has a disadvantage that there can be some areas where the UNDX cannot sufficiently generates individuals by using a given initial population. Contrary to this, the UX has an advantage that it can make individuals in areas where the UNDX cannot with the same initial population and has a disadvantage that it cannot efficiently optimize functions with epistasis among parameters. To make use of the advantages of the UNDX and the UX that are complementary to each other, we introduce a mechanism of adapting the operator probabilities according to the characteristics of a given function. Through some experiments, we show the robustness of the proposed method by demonstrating that the proposed method can solve more various functions than a GA using only the UNDX.
SMPL (2015)

We present a learned model of human body shape and pose-dependent shape variation that is more accurate than previous models and is compatible with existing graphics pipelines. Our Skinned Multi-Person Linear model (SMPL) is a skinned vertex-based model that accurately represents a wide variety of body shapes in natural human poses. The parameters of the model are learned from data including the rest pose template, blend weights, pose-dependent blend shapes, identity-dependent blend shapes, and a regressor from vertices to joint locations. Unlike previous models, the pose-dependent blend shapes are a linear function of the elements of the pose rotation matrices. This simple formulation enables training the entire model from a relatively large number of aligned 3D meshes of different people in different poses. We quantitatively evaluate variants of SMPL using linear or dual-quaternion blend skinning and show that both are more accurate than a Blend-SCAPE model trained on the same data. We also extend SMPL to realistically model dynamic soft-tissue deformations. Because it is based on blend skinning, SMPL is compatible with existing rendering engines and we make it available for research purposes.
High-resolution array CGH clarifies events occurring on 8p in carcinogenesis (2008)

The pattern of rearrangements seen on 8p may be a consequence of the high density of potential targets on this chromosome arm, and ARHGEF10 may be a new candidate tumour suppressor gene.
Purification, characterization, and toxicity of the sulfhydryl-activated hemolysin listeriolysin O from Listeria monocytogenes (1987)

We purified and characterized an extracellular hemolysin produced by Listeria monocytogenes. Hemolysin production was greatly enhanced by growing bacteria in resin (Chelex)-treated medium. This hemolysin was separated as a homogeneous protein of 60,000 daltons by using thiol-disulfide exchange affinity chromatography. This protein was a sulfhydryl-activated toxin, termed listeriolysin O, which shared the classical properties of other bacterial sulfhydryl-activated toxins: inhibition by very low amounts of cholesterol; activation by reducing agents and suppression of the lytic activity by oxidation; antigenic cross-reactivity with streptolysin O. However, listeriolysin O differed remarkably from the other sulfhydryl-activated toxins in that its cytolytic activity towards erythrocytes from various animal species was maximum at low pH (approximately 5.5) and was undetectable at pH 7.0. This suggests that the lytic activity of the toxin in host tissues might be better expressed in the acidic microenvironment, including macrophage phagosomes where bacteria presumably replicate. Listeriolysin O was lethal to mice (50% lethal dose of ca. 0.8 microgram) and induced a rapid inflammatory reaction when injected intradermally. These results favor the view that listeriolysin O might play a major role during intracellular replication of L. monocytogenes, ultimately promoting death of infected macrophages.
Nanoporous Films with Low Refractive Index for Large‐Surface Broad‐Band Anti‐Reflection Coatings (2010)

Abstract Nowadays, nanoporous films are widely employed in biochemical applications or in opto‐photonic devices such as displays, solar cells, or light‐guiding systems. In particular, the technological feasibility of nanoporous layers with low refractive indices has recently enabled the development of high‐efficiency anti‐reflection coatings. In this paper, we report on hybrid polymer nanoporous films that can be fabricated in a single coating step with an industrial aqueous‐based method on very large surfaces. Both high transparency and low refractive index are simultaneously achieved over the entire visible spectrum. We eventually demonstrate the potential of such films for broadband AR applications by combining them in a graded‐index multilayer that reduces the surface reflectivity of a polymer substrate from 10% to few ‰. magnified image