gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties of single electrospun drug-encapsulated nanofibres (2006)

The mechanical and structural properties of a surface play an important role in determining the morphology of attached cells, and ultimately their cellular functions. As such, mechanical and structural integrity are important design parameters for a tissue scaffold. Electrospun fibrous meshes are widely used in tissue engineering. When in contact with electrospun scaffolds, cells see the individual micro- or nanofibres as their immediate microenvironment. In this study, tensile testing of single electrospun nanofibres composed of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), and its copolymer, poly(caprolactone-co-ethyl ethylene phosphate) (PCLEEP), revealed a size effect in the Young's modulus, E, and tensile strength, σ(T). Both strength and stiffness increase as the fibre diameter decreases from bulk (∼5 μm) into the nanometre region (200-300 nm). In particular, E and σ(T) of individual PCL nanofibres were at least two-fold and an order of magnitude higher than that of PCL film, respectively. PCL films were observed to have more pronounced crystallographic texture than the nanofibres; however no difference in crystalline fraction, perfection, or texture was detected among the various fibres. When drugs were encapsulated into single PCLEEP fibres, mechanical properties were enhanced with 1-20 wt% of loaded retinoic acid, but weakened by 10-20 wt% of encapsulated bovine serum albumin. This understanding of the effect of size and drug and protein encapsulation on the mechanical properties of electrospun fibres may help in the optimization of tissue scaffold design that combines biochemical and biomechanical cues for tissue regeneration.
Expression and Secondary Structure Determination by NMR Methods of the Major House Dust Mite Allergen Der p 2 (1997)

There exists a strong correlation between asthma and sensitization to indoor allergens. This study reports on the secondary structure of the major house dust mite allergen Der p 2, determined using heteronuclear NMR methods. The DNA was subcloned from the yeast expression vector pSAY1 into the high yield bacterial expression vector pET21a, resulting in yields of 50 mg/liter. The recombinant protein was shown to have immunoreactivity comparable with that of the natural mite protein using competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a modified monoclonal radioallergosorbent test (RAST). The secondary structure was determined by examining chemical shifts, short and long range NOESYs, JHN-HA coupling constants, and amide exchange rates. From these data, it is clear that Der p 2 is composed of beta-sheets and random coil. Based on long range distance constraints, a number of beta-strands were aligned into two three-stranded, anti-parallel beta-sheets.
Distinct Patterns of Multiple Sclerosis Pathology Indicates Heterogeneity in Pathogenesis (1996)

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The hallmark of its pathology is the demyelinated plaque with reactive glial scar formation. However, a detailed analysis of the patterns of demyelination, oligodendroglia cell pathology and the reaction of other tissue components suggests that the pathogenesis of myelin destruction in this disease may be heterogeneous. In this review we present a new classification scheme of lesional activity on the basis of the molecular composition of myelin degradation products in macrophages. When these criteria are used, different patterns of demyelination can be distinguished, including demyelination with relative preservation of oligodendrocytes, myelin destruction with concomitant and complete destruction of oligodendrocytes or primary destruction or disturbance of myelinating cells with secondary demyelination. Furthermore, in some cases a primary selective demyelination may be followed by a secondary oligodendrocyte loss in the established lesions. Finally, some extraordinarily severe conditions may result in destructive lesions with loss of myelin, oligodendrocytes, axons and astrocytes. This heterogeneity of plaque pathology is discussed in the context of recent experimental models of inflammatory demyelination, which show that different immunological pathways may lead to the formation of demyelinated plaques that reveal the diverse structural aspects described above. Our data indicate, that the demyelinated plaques of multiple sclerosis may reflect a common pathological end point of a variety of different immunological mechanisms of myelin destruction in this disease.
Turbulence degradation and mitigation performance for handheld weapon ID (2012)

Atmospheric turbulence can severely limit the range performance of state-of-the-art large aperture imaging sensor systems, specifically those intended for long range ground to ground target identification. Simple and cost-effective mitigation solutions which operate in real-time are desired. Software-based post-processing techniques are attractive as they lend themselves to easy implementation and integration into the back-end of existing sensor systems. Recently, various post-processing algorithms to mitigate turbulence have been developed and implemented in real-time hardware. To determine their utility in Army-relevant tactical scenarios, an assessment of the impact of the post processing on observer performance is required. In this paper, we test a set of representative turbulence mitigation algorithms on field collected data of human targets carrying various handheld objects in varying turbulence conditions. We use a controlled human perception test to assess handheld weapon identification performance before and after turbulence mitigation post-processing. In addition, novel image analysis tools are implemented to estimate turbulence strength from the scene. Results of this assessment will lead to recommendations on cost-effective turbulence mitigation strategies suitable for future sensor systems.
Direct Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms Contribute to Attenuation of Experimental Allograft Arteriosclerosis by Statins (2003)

Clinically achievable levels of an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor attenuate GAD in murine heart transplants, diminish host inflammatory cell recruitment, and do not alter cholesterol levels. These results indicate that statins can affect arterial biology and inflammation independently of their effects on cholesterol metabolism.
Direct Involvement of Orexinergic Systems in the Activation of the Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway and Related Behaviors Induced by Morphine (2006)

In this study, we investigated the role of orexinergic systems in dopamine-related behaviors induced by the mu-opioid receptor agonist morphine in rodents. Extensive coexpression of tyrosine hydroxylase with orexin receptors was observed in the mouse ventral tegmental area (VTA). The levels of dopamine and its major metabolites in the nucleus accumbens were markedly increased by the microinjection of orexin A and orexin B into the VTA. The subcutaneous morphine-induced place preference and hyperlocomotion observed in wild-type mice were abolished in mice that lacked the prepro-orexin gene. An intra-VTA injection of a selective orexin receptor antagonist SB334867A [1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-[1.5]naphthyridin-4-yl urea] significantly suppressed the morphine-induced place preference in rats. Furthermore, the increased level of dialysate dopamine produced by morphine in the mouse brain was significantly decreased by deletion of the prepro-orexin gene. These findings provide new evidence that orexin-containing neurons in the VTA are directly implicated in the rewarding effect and hyperlocomotion induced by morphine through activation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in rodents.
Distinctive Features of Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis Determine Their Functionality during De novo Tumor Development (2007)

Blood and lymphatic vasculature are essential components of all organs, responsible for maintaining organ fluid dynamics and tissue homeostasis. Although both vessel systems are composed of similar lineages of endothelial cells whose crude functions include fluid and cell transport, each system also possesses distinctive physiologic properties, enabling their distinctive functions in tissues. The role of hematogenous vasculature and development of angiogenic blood vessels during cancer development is well established; however, the role of lymphangiogenesis and structural/functional alterations occurring within lymphatic vessels during cancer development are incompletely understood. To assess premalignant versus malignant alterations in blood and lymphatic vasculature associated with squamous epithelial skin carcinogenesis, we assessed architectural and functional features of both vascular systems using a mouse model of de novo carcinoma development. We report that, as vasculature acquires angiogenic and/or lymphangiogenic properties, angiogenic blood vessels become leaky in premalignant tissue and at peripheries of carcinomas, where enlarged lymphatic capillaries efficiently drain increased tissue fluid, thereby maintaining tissue hemodynamics. In contrast, central regions of carcinomas exhibit elevated tissue fluid levels, compressed lymphatic lumina, and decreased vascular leakage, thus indicating impaired hemodynamics within solid tumors. Together, these data support the notion that therapeutic delivery of anticancer agents is best realized in premalignant tissues and/or at the peripheries of solid tumors where hemodynamic forces support drug delivery. Strategies to normalize intratumoral hemodynamics would therefore enhance therapeutic delivery to otherwise poorly accessible central regions of solid tumors.
Reduction Chemistry of Aryl- and Alkyl-Substituted Bis(imino)pyridine Iron Dihalide Compounds: Molecular and Electronic Structures of [(PDI)2Fe] Derivatives (2008)

Sodium amalgam reduction of the aryl-substituted bis(imino)pyridine iron dibromide complex, ((Et)PDI)FeBr2 ((Et)PDI = 2,6-(2,6-Et2-C6H3N=CMe)2C5H3N), under a dinitrogen atmosphere in pentane furnished the bis(chelate)iron compound, ((Et)PDI)2Fe. Characterization by X-ray crystallography established a distorted four-coordinate iron center with two kappa2-bis(imino)pyridine ligands. Reducing the steric demands of the imine substituent to either a less sterically encumbered aryl ring (e.g., C6H4-4-OMe) or an alkyl group (e.g., Cy, iPr, cis-myrtanyl) also yielded bis(chelate) compounds from sodium amalgam reduction of the corresponding dihalide. Characterization of the compounds with smaller imine substituents by X-ray diffraction established six-coordinate, pseudo-octahedral compounds. In one case, a neutral bis(chelate)iron compound was prepared by reduction of the corresponding iron dication, [(PDI)2Fe]2+, providing chemical confirmation of electrochemically generated species that were previously reported as too reducing to isolate. Magnetic measurements, metrical parameters from X-ray structures, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and open-shell, broken symmetry DFT calculations were used to establish the electronic structure of both types (four- and six-coordinate) of neutral bis(chelate) compounds. The experimentally observed S = 1 compounds are best described as having high-spin ferrous (S(Fe) = 2) centers antiferromagnetically coupled to two bis(imino)pyridine radical anions. Thus, the two-electron reduction of the diamagnetic, low-spin complex [(PDI)2Fe]2+ to [(PDI)2Fe] is ligand-based with a concomitant spin change at iron.
Effect of Protonation on the Electronic Properties of DNA Base Pairs:  Applications for Molecular Electronics (2007)

Protonation of DNA basepairs is a reversible phenomenon that can be controlled by tuning the pH of the system. Under mild acidic conditions, the hydrogen-bonding pattern of the DNA basepairs undergoes a change. We study the effect of protonation on the electronic properties of the DNA basepairs to probe for possible molecular electronics applications. We find that, under mild acidic pH conditions, the A:T basepair shows excellent rectification behavior that is, however, absent in the G:C basepair. The mechanism of rectification has been discussed using a simple chemical potential model. We also consider the noncanonical A:A basepair and find that it can be used as efficient pH dependent molecular switch. The switching action in the A:A basepair is explained in the light of pi-pi interactions, which lead to efficient delocalization over the entire basepair.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ Opening of Epoxy Alcohols: A Convenient Alternative to the Isolation of Unstable Epoxy Alcohols. (1987)

Abstract The allylic alcohols (I) undergo asymmetric epoxidation, yielding the epoxy alcohols (II).
Diabetic Nephropathy in Hypertransfused Patients With β-Thalassemia: The role of oxidative stress (1998)

Early development and an accelerated course of diabetic nephropathy in iron-loaded patients with beta-thalassemia are observed. These findings may be attributed to high oxidative stress in these patients, which is secondary to iron-derived free radicals and to the patients' diminished antioxidant reserves.
Electric Well Logging of Hawaiian Basaltic Aquifers (1970)

ABSTRACT An extensive program of electric well logging has been conducted in Hawaii during the past three years to determine the applicability of this tool to the volcanic environment which exists in Hawaii. Electric well logging techniques were found to be useful in Hawaiian basaltic aquifers; however interpretation of both spontaneous potential logs and resistivity logs varies from the conventional interpretation of electric logs in sediments. The interpretation of fluid conductivity logs in Hawaii follows conventional water well techniques. The analysis of spontaneous potential and resistivity well logging in basalts, which constitute most of the Hawaiian aquifers, poses problems because of the relatively uniform composition of the basalts and the complex relation of porosity to resistivity in basaltic aquifers, and because logging usually is performed in water‐filled boreholes. Spontaneous potentials are thought to result primarily from fluid flow rather than from electrochemical potential, and positive SPs generally indicate zones with flow from the aquifers into the well, and negative SPs generally indicate zones with little flow or flow from the well into the aquifer. Resistivity logs indicate the location, number, individual thickness, and total thicknesses of permeable and less permeable formations, and are useful as indicators of water‐yielding zones. High resistivities generally are indicative of dense impermeable basalts and low resistivities are indicative of porous permeable zones most likely to contribute water to the borehole. Both resistivity and spontaneous potential logs provide a direct measurement of depth to water, depth of casing, and depth of hole.
<title>Erbium:ytterbium planar waveguide laser in ion-exchanged glass</title> (1997)

Erbium-ytterbium co-doped is an attractive system for short, efficient lasers and amplifiers operating in the 1.5 micron band. Co-doping permits a cooperative cross-relaxation process to transfer energy from excited ytterbium ions to the erbium system. This process can be used as a transfer energy from excited ytterbium ions to the erbium system. This process can be used as a pumping mechanism at 980 nanometers to significantly increase the absorbed pump power.Efficient energy transfer between the ytterbium and erbium ions enables the operation of compact laser devices with low erbium concentration, thus avoiding parasitic effects. The material parameters of a co-doped glass, including the cross-relaxation coefficient, are measured. A rate equation analysis of the co-doped system is developed, and approximate analytic expressions are derived for the lasing threshold, slope efficiency, and maximum output power. Short, ion-exchanged, waveguide lasers are fabricated in co-doped erbium-ytterbium glass. Lasing is achieved around 1537 nanometers with a launch power threshold and slope efficiency of approximately 15 milliwatts and 5.5 percent, respectively.
Improving performance by branch reordering (1998)

The conditional branch has long been considered an expensive operation. The relative cost of conditional branches has increased as recently designed machines are now relying on deeper pipelines and higher multiple issue. Reducing the number of conditional branches executed can often result in a substantial performance benefit. This paper describes a code-improving transformation to reorder sequences of conditional branches. First, sequences of branches that can be reordered are detected in the control flow. Second, profiling information is collected to predict the probability that each branch will transfer control out of the sequence. Third, the cost of performing each conditional branch is estimated. Fourth, the most beneficial ordering of the branches based on the estimated probability and cost is selected. The most beneficial ordering often included the insertion of additional conditional branches that did not previously exist in the sequence. Finally, the control flow is restructured to refflect the new ordering. The results of applying the transformation were significant reductions in the dynamic number of instructions and branches, as well as decreases in execution time.
Gefitinib-Sensitizing EGFR Mutations in Lung Cancer Activate Anti-Apoptotic Pathways (2004)

Gefitinib (Iressa, Astra Zeneca Pharmaceuticals) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and induces dramatic clinical responses in nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) with activating mutations within the EGFR kinase domain. We report that these mutant EGFRs selectively activate Akt and signal transduction and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways, which promote cell survival, but have no effect on extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling, which induces proliferation. NSCLC cells expressing mutant EGFRs underwent extensive apoptosis after small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of the mutant EGFR or treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of Akt and STAT signaling and were relatively resistant to apoptosis induced by conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, mutant EGFRs selectively transduce survival signals on which NSCLCs become dependent; inhibition of those signals by gefitinib may contribute to the drug's efficacy.
PROLACTIN RECEPTORS IN THE RAT KIDNEY (1980)

Specific binding of 125I-labelled ovine prolactin iodinated by a lactoperoxidase method was demonstrated in crude membrane preparations of kidneys and adrenals of male Sprague-Dawley rats and livers from female rats. Membrane preparations derived from the 100,000 g fractions of tissue homogenates contained most of the specific prolactin binding. Kinetic and affinity characteristics of prolactin binding to kidney membranes were examined in detail. Maximal specific binding occurred after incubation for 30 h at room temperature. Scatchard analysis indicated that prolactin binding to kidney membranes was of high affinity (dissociation constant = 1.4 x 10(-10) mol/l) and similar to that for liver membranes, although kidney membranes from male rats bound approximately sixfold less prolactin/mg membrane protein than did liver membranes from female rats. Specific prolactin binding was demonstrated in both renal medulla and cortex. Autoradiography showed maximal prolactin binding activity in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule and faint activity in the tubular cells throughout the nephron. Specificity of uptake by proximal tubular cells was indicated by the gross reduction in prolactin activity when excess ovine prolactin was administered simultaneously. The demonstration of specific binding sites for prolactin localized primarily in the proximal tubules was consistent with renal action of prolactin, predominantly on sodium metabolism.
Human Infection withEhrlichia canis, a Leukocytic Rickettsia (1987)

RICKETTSIA that are pathogenic for humans include five main antigenic groups that cause, respectively, typhus, spotted fever, scrub typhus, Q fever, and trench fever.1 There is also a group of intraleukocytic parasites that infect humans and a variety of wild and domestic animals. These organisms constitute the genus ehrlichia of the family Rickettsiaceae.2 The human pathogen in this genus, E. sennetsu, was isolated in Japan in 1954 from a patient with an infectious mononucleosis–like syndrome.3 Sennetsu rickettsiosis was subsequently described in Japan and Malaysia.4 We now report a human infection caused by E. canis. The clinical symptoms of . . .
Silicon carbide for power devices (2002)

An overview of the status of SiC technology for power devices is discussed. 4H-SiC is the most desirable SiC polytype for power devices because of its superior electron transport properties. Micropipe defect densities in 4H-SiC have been dramatically reduced, with 0.8 cm/sup -2/ being demonstrated on a 35 mm wafer. Interface trap densities of 1/spl times/10/sup 11/ cm/sup -2/ eV/sup -1/ at the oxide/SiC interface have been achieved, resulting in a high SiC NMOSFET channel mobility of 72 cm/sup 2//V-sec. Device lifetimes for SiC n-channel MOSFETs have are projected to be 5 years at 350/spl deg/C, and time dependent dielectric breakdown of oxides on p-type SiC have lifetimes >700 years at 2 MV/cm and 350/spl deg/C. Sheet resistivities of <10 k/spl Omega//sq. and p-type contact resistivities less than 10/sup -5/ /spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ have been obtained using high temperature Al/sup +/ ion implantation, and the first SiC CMOS circuits have been demonstrated using this technology. Power MOSFETs in 4H-SiC have been demonstrated to have specific on-resistances lower than equivalent Si devices, and blocking voltages as high as 800 V have been achieved. The highest power devices to date are 4.2 kW, 700 V 4H-SiC npnp thyristors, and their speed is very high, with a t/sub rr/=105 nsecs and maximum operating frequency of 250 kHz.
The pharmacokinetic profiles of oral mesalazine formulations and mesalazine pro‐drugs used in the management of ulcerative colitis (2002)

: The systemic exposure to 5ASA, as measured by urinary excretion of total 5ASA, and the faecal excretion of total 5ASA is comparable for all oral mesalazine formulations and pro-drugs. Thus, selection of a mesalazine therapy for the treatment of ulcerative colitis should be based on other factors such as efficacy, dose-response, toxicity of the parent compound and its metabolites, compliance issues related to dose forms and dosing schedules, and costs.
Modern Aspects of Cutaneous Neurogenic Inflammation (2003)

Recent findings have shed new light on the role of peripheral nerves in the skin and established a modern concept of cutaneous neurobiology. Closely related monodirectional and/or bidirectional pathways exist in which the central and peripheral nervous system, the endocrine and immune system, and almost all skin cells are involved. Information is emerging about the factors involved in these immunomodulatory mechanisms, which are defined as neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, neurotrophins, and neurohormones. The interaction between peripheral nerves and the immune system is mediated by different types of cutaneous nerve fibers that release neuromediators and activate specific receptors on target cells in the skin such as keratinocytes, mast cells, Langerhans cells, microvascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and infiltrating immune cells. These interactions influence a variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic functions including cellular development, growth, differentiation, immunity, vasoregulation, leukocyte recruitment, pruritus, and wound healing. A variety of mechanisms lead to the termination of cellular responses to released neuropeptides under physiologic circumstances. Herein, we highlight some of the recent advances of neurocutaneous biology and discuss the role of nerves in mediating cutaneous inflammation. Understanding the mechanisms and the factors controlling neuromediators and their receptors and degrading enzymes will lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of cutaneous diseases.