gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Visual Examinations of Fluid Behavior in Porous Media - Part I (1952)

Abstract An exploratory study was made to examine the possibilities of a visual approach in investigations into microscopic mechanisms of fluid behavior in porous media. Appropriate apparatus and techniques were developed so that microscopic phenomena could he recorded on color movie film as well as be observed visually. The observation flow cells in which the fluid behavior studies were made were essentially single-layered matrices of spheres between plates, sometimes all-glass, sometimes all-Lucite and sometimes a combination of the two. The fluids were limited to water and a filtered crude oil. Two flow regimes were observed during the flow of the immiscible liquids: channel flow and slug flow. In the former, transport was effected through stable networks of interconnecting channels; and in the latter, part of the movement took place in the form of slugs. Under certain conditions, flood-front patterns were found to be different depending upon which liquids were the displacing and displaced phases and not depending upon whether the matrix was water-wet glass or oil-wet Lucite. Residual formations of oil and water were observed and are described. Some of the ramifications and significance of the observed phenomena are discussed. Introduction In recent years considerations of microscopic mechanisms of fluid flow in porous media have taken on greater significance. Much needs to be learned before the fundamentals of petroleum technology are completely established. For example, many unanswered questions exist in connection with relative permeability, displacement phenomena, residual fluid formations, flow structure, etc.; and further analytical mathematical formulations are seriously indicated. It is hoped that systematic investigations into the microscopic mechanisms connected with the behavior of fluids in porous media will shed some light on some of the problems extant. Until recently microscopic mechanisms have been considered almost exclusively as speculative hypotheses. Within the past few years, however, the problem has been submitted to a limited number of experimental investigations. Nuss and Whiting made some studies on the pore-space geometry of sandstones and limestones by impregnating cores with an inert plastic and leaching the solid matrices to leave behind plastic models of the pore spaces. Schaefer traced pore spaces microscopically through lengths of limestone cores by cutting away thin sections from the exposed faces normal to the line of view.
Fluoroglycoproteins: ready chemical site-selective incorporation of fluorosugars into proteins (2010)

A tag-and-modify strategy allows the practical synthesis of homogenous fluorinated glyco-amino acids, peptides and proteins carrying a fluorine label in the sugar and allows access to first examples of directly radiolabelled ([(18)F]-glyco)proteins.
Relationship between insulin resistance, incidence of fatty liver and serum ferritin level in adults with simple obesity (2015)

Objective
To explore the relationship of serum ferritin with insluin resistance(IR) and incidence of fatty liver in adults with simple obesity.


Methods
According to body mass index (BMI), 78 adults with simple obesity were divided into three groups, including 34 cases in Ⅰ degree obesity group, 30 cases in Ⅱ degree obesity group and 14 cases in Ⅲ degree obesity group, and 35 adults with simple overweight and 67 healthy adults were also enrolled as control group.The height, weight, waistline, hip circumference, incidence of fatty liver, fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FIN), blood lipids and ferritin(SF) level were tested, and the body mass index (BMI), WHR and IR index (HOMA-IR) were calculated.


Results
When BMI increased, levels of SF, HOMA-IR, FBG, FIN, triglyceride(TG), cholesterol(TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were gradually increased(F=378.92, 12.01, 55.50, 123.96, 90.09, 127.65, 23.81, all P<0.01). However, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was gradually degraded(F=114.56, P<0.01). The incidence of fatty liver had significant differences in Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ degree obesity groups((t=24.872, 7.885, all P<0.01), and with the degree of obesity increased, the rate of fatty liver increased significantly.SF range interquartile and level in fatty liver group was significantly greater than the non fatty liver group, the difference was statistically significant (t=22.99, P<0.01). SF was positively correlated with BMI, WRH, FBG, FIN, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, LDL-C (r=0.863, 0.719, 0.789, 0.703, 0.617, 0.785, 0.717, 0.771, all P<0.01), and negatively correlated with HDL-C(r=-0.530, P<0.01). Multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that BMI, FIN, LDL-C, HOMA-IR were independent risk factors affecting SF(t=4.646, 2.595, -5.073, 6.666, all P<0.01). SF, BMI, FBG, FIN, LDL-C were independent risk factors influencing HOMA-IR(t=6.535, 3.254, 18.827, 61.227, 2.154, all P<0.05).


Conclusion
Simple obesity adults had obvious blood lipid disorders and IR, easy to complicated with fatty liver, the incidence of fatty liver associated with severity of obesity, the overexpression of SF is closely related to it.


Key words: 
Obesity; Ferritin; Insulin resistance
Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Breast Cancer: A Multi-Center Demonstrator. (1997)

Abstract : We describe an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach to computer aided diagnosis of breast cancer from mammographic findings. An ANN has been developed to provide support for the clinical decision to perform breast biopsy. The system is designed to aid in the decision to biopsy those patients who have suspicious mammographic findings. The decision to biopsy can be viewed as a two stage process: 1)the mammographer views the mammogram and determines the presence or absence of image features such as calcifications and masses, 2) the presence and description of these features and the patient's medical history are merged to form a diagnosis. The ANN system is an aid to the second step and is motivated by the large fraction of biopsies that are benign. While mammography is a sensitive procedure for detecting breast cancer, the positive predictive value (PPV) is low. Only 10-34% of women who undergo biopsy for mammographically suspicious nonpalpable lesions actually are found to have malignancy (Kopans 1992) Between 0.5 -2.0% of all mammographic exams result in biopsy; several hundreds of thousands of biopsies are performed on benign lesions each year. The women undergoing biopsy for a benign finding are unnecessarily subjected to the discomfort, expense, potential complications, change in cosmetic appearance, and anxiety that can accompany breast biopsy.
Pulsed Controlled-Release System for Potential Use in Vaccine Delivery (1996)

Biodegradable polymeric devices intended to provide a viable route for single-dose vaccination were developed using controlled-release technology. One of the main challenges in the development of these devices was to overcome several water-mediated inactivation processes that occur in conventional polymeric systems. Our strategy was focused on the prevention of antigen exposure to environmental conditions. For this purpose a microencapsulation process was designed and optimized to provide an inert and insulated environment for the bioactive material inside controlled-release systems. Tetanus toxoid (TT) was used as a model antigen. The systems consist of core-wall microcapsule structures in which the antigenic protein is entrapped into oil-based cores of TT surrounded by outer polymer shells made of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), thus potentially protecting the bioactive material against deleterious conditions. Furthermore, using these microcapsules, pulses of immunochemically detected TT were programmed to release at two different times (3 and 7 weeks), as corroborated by in vitro release studies. The engineering of these specific antigen release properties was possible by careful selection of the copolymer composition and molecular weight. The final formulations were characterized with respect to morphology, structure, size distribution, and amount of immunochemically detected TT encapsulated. The new systems offer the potential to control the manner and timing of delivery. Over 92% of the TT released over a 63 day period from these microcapsules was immunochemically detected.
MHC antigens in human melanomas. (1991)

The distribution of MHC antigens in human melanocytic lesions, i.e. HLA class I and HLA class II antigens is reviewed. HLA class I antigens have a broad distribution, but may be lost during tumor progression. In contrast, HLA class II antigen expression appears with neoplastic transformation. The mode of regulation of HLA antigens in melanoma lesions is complex. Immunohistochemical demonstration of HLA antigen expression in primary melanoma lesions and in locoregional metastases has prognostic relevance. Expression of HLA-DR in primary melanoma lesions is associated with an unfavorable prognosis, as is a decreased expression of HLA-A,B,C antigens in locoregional metastases.
Alternative implementations of hybrid branch predictors (1995)

Very accurate branch prediction is an important requirement for achieving high performance on deeply pipelined, superscalar processors. To improve on the prediction accuracy of current single-scheme branch predictors, hybrid (multiple-scheme) branch predictors have been proposed (McFarling (1993), Chang et al. (1994)). These predictors combined multiple single-scheme predictors into a single predictor. They use a selection mechanism to decide for each branch, which single-scheme predictor to use. The performance of a hybrid predictor depends on its single-scheme predictor components and its selection mechanism. Using known single-scheme predictors and selection mechanisms, this paper identifies the most effective hybrid predictor implementation. In addition, it introduces a new selection mechanism, the 2-level selector, which further improves the performance of the hybrid branch predictor.
Time-varying weathering in texture space (2016)

We present a technique to synthesize time-varying weathered textures. Given a single texture image as input, the degree of weathering at different regions of the input texture is estimated by prevalence analysis of texture patches. This information then allows to gracefully increase or decrease the popularity of weathered patches, simulating the evolution of texture appearance both backward and forward in time. Our method can be applied to a wide variety of different textures since the reaction of the material to weathering effects is physically-oblivious and learned from the input texture itself. The weathering process evolves new structures as well as color variations, providing rich and natural results. In contrast with existing methods, our method does not require any user interaction or assistance. We demonstrate our technique on various textures, and their application to time-varying weathering of 3D scenes. We also extend our method to handle multi-layered textures, weathering transfer, and interactive weathering painting.
An environment-dependent transcriptional network specifies human microglia identity (2017)

Microglia play essential roles in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and influence diverse aspects of neuronal function. However, the transcriptional mechanisms that specify human microglia phenotypes are largely unknown. We examined the transcriptomes and epigenetic landscapes of human microglia isolated from surgically resected brain tissue ex vivo and after transition to an in vitro environment. Transfer to a tissue culture environment resulted in rapid and extensive down-regulation of microglia-specific genes that were induced in primitive mouse macrophages after migration into the fetal brain. Substantial subsets of these genes exhibited altered expression in neurodegenerative and behavioral diseases and were associated with noncoding risk variants. These findings reveal an environment-dependent transcriptional network specifying microglia-specific programs of gene expression and facilitate efforts to understand the roles of microglia in human brain diseases.
Absence of the interstitial cells of Cajal in patients with gastroparesis and correlation with clinical findings (2004)

The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are fundamental in the generation of gastric slow waves. The role of these cells in gastroparesis has not been established. We studied 14 gastroparetic patients (9 diabetic, 4 idiopathic, and 1 postsurgical) for whom standard medical therapy had failed and who had been treated with a gastric electrical stimulator for at least 3 months. All patients had a full-thickness antral gastric wall biopsy at the time of surgery. The biopsy samples were stained with c-kit and scored for the presence of ICCs. Baseline electrogastrogram recordings were obtained for 30 minutes in the fasting state and for 2 hours after a test meal. The patients assessed their total symptom score at baseline and at 3 months. Five patients had almost no ICCs and were compared with nine patients with 20% to normal cell numbers. Both groups did respond symptomatically to gastric electrical stimulation. However, patients with depleted ICCs had significantly more tachygastria and had significantly greater total symptom scores at baseline and after 3 months of gastric electrical stimulation. ICCs are absent in some patients (up to a third) with diabetic or idiopathic gastroparesis, and the absence of these cells is associated with abnormalities of gastric slow waves, worse symptoms, and less improvement with gastric electrical stimulation.
Basic Statistical Methods. (1959)

Statistical analyses involving multiple predictors are generalizations of simpler techniques developed for investigating associations between outcomes and single predictors. Although many of these should be familiar from basic statistics courses, we review some of the key ideas and methods here as background for the methods covered in the rest of the book and to introduce some basic notationKeywordsCoronary Heart DiseaseSystolic Blood PressureOrdinary Little SquareSurvival FunctionCoronary Heart Disease RiskThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Image‐based 3D Modelling: A Review (2006)

Abstract In this paper the main problems and the available solutions are addressed for the generation of 3D models from terrestrial images. Close range photogrammetry has dealt for many years with manual or automatic image measurements for precise 3D modelling. Nowadays 3D scanners are also becoming a standard source for input data in many application areas, but image‐based modelling still remains the most complete, economical, portable, flexible and widely used approach. In this paper the full pipeline is presented for 3D modelling from terrestrial image data, considering the different approaches and analysing all the steps involved.
Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene expression by an antisense oligonucleotide complementary to immediate-early RNA (1996)

ISIS 2922 is a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide that is complementary to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early (IE) RNA and that exhibits potent and specific antiviral activity against CMV in cell culture assays. Specific assay systems were developed to separately characterize the antisense and nonantisense components of the antiviral activity mediated by ISIS 2922. In U373 cells transformed with cDNA encoding the CMV IE 55-kDa (IE55) protein, expression was inhibited at nanomolar concentrations comparable to effective concentrations in antiviral assays. The specificity of inhibition was demonstrated by using control oligonucleotides incorporating progressive base changes to destabilize oligonucleotide-RNA base pairing and by showing a lack of inhibition of the CMV IE72 product expressed from the same promoter. Inhibition of IE55 protein expression correlated with a reduction in mRNA levels consistent with an RNase H-mediated termination event. Studies with virus-infected cells demonstrated that antisense and nonantisense mechanisms contribute to the antiviral activity of ISIS 2922. Base complementarity to target RNA was important for optimal activity in antiviral assays, but base changes affecting parameters other than hybridization affinity also influenced antiviral activity. Sequence-independent inhibition of virus adsorption to host cells by phosphorothioate oligonucleotides was also observed at high concentrations. Therefore, at least three different mechanisms may contribute to the antiviral activity of ISIS 2922 in cell culture: antisense-mediated inhibition of target gene expression; nonantisense, sequence-dependent inhibition of virus replication; and sequence-independent inhibition of virus adsorption to host cells.
Activation of the Nuclear Receptor LXR by Oxysterols Defines a New Hormone Response Pathway (1997)

Accumulation of cholesterol causes both repression of genes controlling cholesterol biosynthesis and cellular uptake and induction of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, which leads to the removal of cholesterol by increased metabolism to bile acids. Here, we report that LXRalpha and LXRbeta, two orphan members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, are activated by 24(S), 25-epoxycholesterol and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol at physiologic concentrations. In addition, we have identified an LXR response element in the promoter region of the rat cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene. Our data provide evidence for a new hormonal signaling pathway that activates transcription in response to oxysterols and suggest that LXRs play a critical role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis.
Nanovlákna na bázi hyaluronanu (2008)

Tato bakalářská práce pojednává o metodách výroby nanovláken, shrnuje a popisuje postupy příprav, poukazuje na jednotlivé výhody a nevýhody postupů a nastiňuje směr vývoje nanovláken. Na rešerši navazuje vlastní experimentální část, která popisuje konkrétní příklad nanovláknění.
DemonstratingW-type entanglement of Dicke states in resonant cavity quantum electrodynamics (2012)

Nonlinearity and entanglement are two important properties by which physical systems can be identified as nonclassical. We study the dynamics of the resonant interaction of up to $N=3$ two-level systems and a single mode of the electromagnetic field sharing a single excitation dynamically. We observe coherent vacuum Rabi oscillations and their nonlinear $\sqrt{N}$ speedup by tracking the populations of all qubits and the resonator in time. We use quantum state tomography to show explicitly that the dynamics generates maximally entangled states of the $W$ class in a time limited only by the collective interaction rate. We use an entanglement witness and the 3-tangle to characterize the state whose fidelity $F=78%$ is limited in our experiments by crosstalk arising during the simultaneous qubit manipulations which is absent in a sequential approach with $F=91%$.
Microbial Growth Inhibition by Alternating Electric Fields (2008)

Weak electric currents generated using conductive electrodes have been shown to increase the efficacy of antibiotics against bacterial biofilms, a phenomenon termed "the bioelectric effect." The purposes of the present study were (i) to find out whether insulated electrodes that generate electric fields without "ohmic" electric currents, and thus are not associated with the formation of metal ions and free radicals, can inhibit the growth of planktonic bacteria and (ii) to define the parameters that are most effective against bacterial growth. The results obtained indicate that electric fields generated using insulated electrodes can inhibit the growth of planktonic Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and that the effect is amplitude and frequency dependent, with a maximum at 10 MHz. The combined effect of the electric field and chloramphenicol was found to be additive. Several possible mechanisms underlying the observed effect, as well as its potential clinical uses, are discussed.
Overcoming Cancer Immune Tolerance and Escape (2009)

Although HER2/neu-targeted cancer vaccines have shown initial promise in the adjuvant setting, a therapeutic vaccine remains elusive due to the tumor escape mechanisms of established cancer. As described by Seavey et al. in this issue of CCR, a Listeria-delivered vaccine may help overcome immune tolerance, leading to an effective therapeutic vaccine.
Wnt but Not BMP Signaling Is Involved in the Inhibitory Action of Sclerostin on BMP-Stimulated Bone Formation (2006)

Sclerostin inhibits BMP-stimulated bone formation but does not affect BMP signaling. Instead, it antagonizes Wnt signaling in osteoblastic cells. High bone mass in sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease may, therefore, result from increased Wnt signaling.
Control of gyroid forming block copolymer templates: effects of an electric field and surface topography (2009)

The control over 10 nm scale porosity derived from self-assembly of copolymers is an extremely promising method for the synthesis of organic–inorganic hybrid materials applied, for example, in solar cells. Here, we report the thin film behaviour of a poly(4-fluorostyrene)-b-poly(D,L-lactide) PFS-b-PLA block copolymer which adopts the bicontinuous gyroid phase in the bulk and may be used to form a porous template suitable for patterning functional materials by selective degradation of the minority PLA domains. The response of the copolymer morphology to DC electric fields is probed at temperatures where the bulk copolymer adopts either the gyroid or the cylindrical phase. At 150 °C electric field alignment results in vertical arrays of cylinders, lamellae, and perforated lamellae while at 180 °C the gyroid phase coexists with a standing perforated lamellar phase. We show that both polymer–substrate interactions and substrate topography are critical factors determining substrate reconstruction of the gyroid phase. Spontaneous cross-film percolation of the minority network phase on a given substrate, a prerequisite for electrochemical replication, is dependent on surface topology at the scale of the gyroid unit cell. Importantly, under suitable processing conditions all these complex copolymer morphologies can be electrochemically replicated to produce highly ordered freestanding nanostructured arrays over large areas.
Prime editing primarily induces undesired outcomes in mice (2020)

Summary Genome editing has transformed biomedical science, but is still unpredictable and often induces undesired outcomes. Prime editing (PE) is a promising new approach due to its proposed flexibility and ability to avoid unwanted indels. Here, we show highly efficient PE-mediated genome editing in mammalian zygotes. Utilizing chemically modified guideRNAs, PE efficiently introduced 10 targeted modifications including substitutions, deletions, and insertions across 6 genes in mouse embryos. However, we unexpectedly observed a high frequency of undesired outcomes such as large deletions and found that these occurred more often than pure intended edits across all of the edits/genes. We show that undesired outcomes result from the double-nicking PE3 strategy, but that omission of the second nick largely ablates PE function. However, sequential double-nicking with PE3b, which is only applicable to a fraction of edits, eliminated undesired outcomes. Overall, our findings demonstrate the promising potential of PE for predictable, flexible, and highly efficient in vivo genome editing, but highlight the need for improved variations of PE before it is ready for widespread use.