gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-temperature preservation of sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. (1979)

Large numbers of biologically active sporozoites are needed as a source of potential antigen in the development of a malaria vaccine and the most practical method of accumulating sufficient numbers of these forms would be to freeze and store them at low temperature. The purpose of this work was to determine the feasibility of preserving the infectivity of frozen and thawed sporozoites. The results indicate that sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei exhibit a typical response to freezing over a wide range of cooling rates; the distribution around the optimum was a normal one and both the magnitude and position of the peak of their infectivity depended upon the preservative used. The optimum cooling rate with preservatives of high relative molecular mass was between 20 °C and 60 °C per min, but varied with the preservative used. A new apparatus was designed and built to yield reproducible controlled cooling rates over the range studied. A comparison of various commonly used preservatives showed mouse serum alone to be effective, but the combination of serum and hydroxyethyl starch proved to be the best cryopreservative of those examined.
Growth factors in renal development. (1995)

The formation of all organs during embryogenesis, including the kidney, is dependent on the timed and sequential expression of a number of polypeptide growth factors. Synthesis and actions of one or more members of the insulinlike growth factor (IGF), epidermal growth factor/transforming growth factor-alpha (EGF/TGF-alpha), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) families have been characterized in the developing metanephric kidney. Studies originating from a number of laboratories have defined the localization of growth factor mRNAs, receptors and peptides, have delineated patterns of growth factor synthesis, have established the growth factor-dependency of embryonic kidney development, and have identified abnormalities of growth factor-expression as potentially causative of aberrancies in metanephrogenesis. The results of these investigations are summarized in this review.
Transcriptional control of estrogen receptor in estrogen receptor-negative breast carcinoma. (1993)

The mechanisms which control estrogen receptor (ER) expression in breast carcinoma have not been elucidated. The MCF-7 (ER-positive) and MDA-MB-231 (ER-negative) breast carcinoma cell lines have been used to examine ER gene expression. Northern blot analysis of mRNA isolated from these two cell lines demonstrates that MCF-7 cells express an expected 6.5-kilobase ER mRNA whereas MDA-MB-231 do not make detectable ER message. Reverse polymerase chain reaction, which offers greater sensitivity, confirms these Northern blot results. The nuclear run-on assay was used to examine directly transcription in these two cell lines. MCF-7 cells actively transcribe the ER gene whereas no ER transcription is detected in MDA-MB-231. Southern analysis of genomic DNA confirms that the ER gene is present in MDA-MB-231. We conclude that the ER gene is controlled transcriptionally in this ER-negative breast carcinoma line.
Adverse reactions to ionic and nonionic contrast media. A report from the Japanese Committee on the Safety of Contrast Media. (1990)

A large-scale (337,647 cases), nationwide comparative clinical study in Japan on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to high-osmolar ionic contrast media and low-osmolar nonionic contrast media was performed prospectively. Ionic contrast media were administered in 169,284 cases (50.1%) and nonionic contrast media in 168,363 cases (49.9%). The overall prevalence of ADRs was 12.66% in the ionic contrast media group and 3.13% in the nonionic contrast media group. Severe ADRs occurred in 0.22% of the ionic and 0.04% of the nonionic contrast media examinations. One death occurred in each group, but a causal relationship to the contrast medium could not be established. It is concluded that nonionic contrast media significantly reduce the frequency of severe and potentially life-threatening ADRs to contrast media at all levels of risk and that use of these media represents the most effective means of increasing the safety of contrast media examinations.
How Matrix Metalloproteinases Regulate Cell Behavior (2001)

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a multigene family of over 25 secreted and cell surface enzymes that process or degrade numerous pericellular substrates. Their targets include other proteinases, proteinase inhibitors, clotting factors, chemotactic molecules, latent growth factors, growth factor-binding proteins, cell surface receptors, cell-cell adhesion molecules, and virtually all structural extracellular matrix proteins. Thus MMPs are able to regulate many biologic processes and are closely regulated themselves. We review recent advances that help to explain how MMPs work, how they are controlled, and how they influence biologic behavior. These advances shed light on how the structure and function of the MMPs are related and on how their transcription, secretion, activation, inhibition, localization, and clearance are controlled. MMPs participate in numerous normal and abnormal processes, and there are new insights into the key substrates and mechanisms responsible for regulating some of these processes in vivo. Our knowledge in the field of MMP biology is rapidly expanding, yet we still do not fully understand how these enzymes regulate most processes of development, homeostasis, and disease.
Midkine Is Involved in Neutrophil Infiltration into the Tubulointerstitium in Ischemic Renal Injury (2001)

Midkine (MK) is a multifunctional heparin-binding protein and promotes migration of neutrophils, macrophages, and neurons. In the normal mouse kidney, MK is expressed in the proximal tubules. After renal ischemic reperfusion injury, its expression in proximal tubules was increased. Immediate increase of MK expression was found when renal proximal tubular epithelial cells in culture were exposed to 5 mM H(2)O(2). Histologically defined tubulointerstitial damage was less severe in MK-deficient (Mdk(-/-)) than in wild-type (Mdk(+/+)) mice at 2 and 7 days after ischemic reperfusion injury. Within 2 days after ischemic injury, inflammatory leukocytes, of which neutrophils were the major population, were recruited to the tubulointerstitium. The numbers of infiltrating neutrophils and also macrophages were lower in Mdk(-/-) than in Mdk(+/+) mice. Induction of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and macrophage chemotactic protein-1, chemokines for neutrophils and macrophages, respectively, were also suppressed in Mdk(-/-) mice. Furthermore, renal tubular epithelial cells in culture expressed macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in response to exogenous MK administration. These results suggested that MK enhances migration of inflammatory cells upon ischemic injury of the kidney directly and also through induction of chemokines, and contributes to the augmentation of ischemic tissue damage.
Electric Field Alignment in Thin Films of Cylinder-Forming Diblock Copolymer (2006)

We investigate thin films of cylinder-forming diblock copolymer confined between electrically charged parallel plates, using self-consistent-field theory (SCFT) combined with an exact treatment for linear dielectric materials. Our study focuses on the competition between the surface interactions, which tend to orient cylinder domains parallel to the plates, and the electric field, which favors a perpendicular orientation. The effect of the electric field on the relative stability of the competing morphologies is demonstrated with equilibrium phase diagrams, calculated with the aid of a weak-field approximation. As hoped, modest electric fields are shown to have a significant stabilizing effect on perpendicular cylinders, particularly for thicker films. Our improved SCFT-based treatment removes most of the approximations implemented by previous approaches, thereby managing to resolve outstanding qualitative inconsistencies among different approximation schemes.
Drug‐Eluting Bioabsorbable Magnesium Stent (2004)

Current stent technology is based on the use of permanent implants that remain life long in the vessel wall, far beyond the time required for the prosthesis to accomplish its main goals of sealing dissection and preventing wall recoil. With the possibility to implant long vessel segments using antiproliferative drugs to prevent restenosis, the practice of transforming the coronary vessels into stiff tubes with a full metal jacket covering all side branches and being unable to adjust to the long-term wall changes, including wall remodeling with lumen ectasia becomes a serious concern. In this article, we describe the first biodegradable stent based on a magnesium alloy that allows controlled corrosion with release to the vessel wall and the blood stream of a natural body component such as magnesium with beneficial antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, and antiproliferative properties. We also discuss the animal experiments and the initial clinical applications in 20 patients with implants below the knee, with final results soon to be released, and the plans for the first coronary study. The results of these last two studies will indicate whether the absence of a permanent implant and the antiproliferative properties shown in animals are sufficient to prevent the restenotic process in humans or whether the prosthesis must be modified by adding the biodegradable coating with conventional antiproliferative drugs.
The nuclear pore complex (1993)

Over the past years, significant progress has been made both in the analysis of the structural and molecular organization of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and the mechanism of nuclear transport. In this minireview, I will focus on some of the recent developments in this field. Structural studies employing high resolution EM have revealed a detailed view of the three-dimensional organization of the NPC. In addition, an isolation procedure which yields highly enriched NPCs from yeast has given insight into the molecular complexity of the NPC organization. By biochemical, immunological and genetic approaches, a series of novel pore proteins were identified. Exploiting yeast as a genetic system, several mutants defective in nuclear import of proteins and export of RNA were selected. By in vitro nuclear transport assays, soluble cytoplasmic factors including NLS (nuclear localization sequence) binding proteins and heat shock proteins required for nuclear accumulation were found. The aim of the future research must be to put these various components of the NPC and nuclear transport machinery in a topological and functional context.
Detection of EpCAM-Negative and Cytokeratin-Negative Circulating Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood (2011)

Enrichment of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood is typically achieved using antibodies to epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), with detection using cytokeratin (CK) antibodies. However, EpCAM and CK are not expressed in some tumors and can be downregulated during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. A micro-fluidic system, not limited to EpCAM or CK, was developed to use multiple antibodies for capture followed by detection using CEE-Enhanced (CE), a novel in situ staining method that fluorescently labels the capture antibodies bound to CTCs. Higher recovery of CTCs was demonstrated using antibody mixtures compared to anti-EpCAM. In addition, CK-positive breast cancer cells were found in 15 of 24 samples (63%; range 1-60 CTCs), while all samples contained additional CE-positive cells (range 1-41; median = 11; P = .02). Thus, antibody mixtures against a range of cell surface antigens enables capture of more CTCs than anti-EpCAM alone and CE staining enables the detection of CK-negative CTCs.
Design and Synthesis of a Multivalent Heterobifunctional CD22 Ligand as a Potential Immunomodulator (2011)

We describe the design and synthesis of a trivalent CD22 ligand conjugated with a trivalent nitrophenol (ligand for decameric anti-nitrophenol immunoglobulin M). To generate such a bifunctional ligand, we designed and prepared two synthetic building blocks possessing different terminal functionalities. Coupling of these compounds afforded a trivalent azide-terminated scaffold. Ligation of the scaffold with an alkyne-terminated CD22 ligand by the use of click chemistry afforded the target trivalent cluster. We anticipate that our ligand will be valuable in a variety of applications, including targeting B cells and modulation of the humoral immune response.
Fibrinogen degradation by hementin, a fibrinogenolytic anticoagulant from the salivary glands of the leech Haementeria ghilianii. (1984)

The leech Haementeria ghilianii contains the anticoagulant hementin in its salivary glands, which renders ingested blood incoagulable. The loss of thrombin-coagulability of human fibrinogen, plasma, and blood was dependent on both dose and time, and it was attributable to direct proteolytic degradation of fibrinogen (Mr 340,000) by hementin. Using purified fibrinogen as the substrate, it was demonstrated that the enzyme cleaved with equal probability either through all three chains in the connector region between the D and E structural domains or in the COOH-terminal of the A alpha chain. The degradation pattern of fibrinogen in blood and purified counterpart was the same in respect to the types of degradation products formed and the rate of proteolysis. Three pairs of fibrinogen degradation products characterized by Mr were distinguished: 320,000 and 300,000, 225,000 and 200,000, 157,000 and 132,000. In each pair, the heavier product had the intact COOH-terminals of the A alpha, B beta, and gamma chains. Of special interest was the derivative of Mr 225,000 because it contained the intact A alpha, B beta, and gamma chains of the original fibrinogen. Hementin cleaved non-cross-linked and cross-linked fibrin clots; however, the rate of proteolysis was much slower than that of fibrinogen. Individual carboxymethylated chains of fibrinogen were not degraded by the enzyme. Hementin abolished coagulability of fibrinogen by a limited proteolysis that disassembled functionally bivalent polymerization sites. In addition, fibrin clot formation was inhibited by fibrinogen fragments generated by hementin. The enzyme appeared to have a unique and limited specificity for a few peptide bonds projected in the tertiary structure of the native fibrinogen molecule.
Kernel-predicting convolutional networks for denoising Monte Carlo renderings (2017)

Regression-based algorithms have shown to be good at denoising Monte Carlo (MC) renderings by leveraging its inexpensive by-products (e.g., feature buffers). However, when using higher-order models to handle complex cases, these techniques often overfit to noise in the input. For this reason, supervised learning methods have been proposed that train on a large collection of reference examples, but they use explicit filters that limit their denoising ability. To address these problems, we propose a novel, supervised learning approach that allows the filtering kernel to be more complex and general by leveraging a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture. In one embodiment of our framework, the CNN directly predicts the final denoised pixel value as a highly non-linear combination of the input features. In a second approach, we introduce a novel, kernel-prediction network which uses the CNN to estimate the local weighting kernels used to compute each denoised pixel from its neighbors. We train and evaluate our networks on production data and observe improvements over state-of-the-art MC denoisers, showing that our methods generalize well to a variety of scenes. We conclude by analyzing various components of our architecture and identify areas of further research in deep learning for MC denoising.
Primary prevention of atopic asthma (2001)

Current recommendations given for primary prevention of allergic asthma often include advice on how to reduce exposure to inhalant allergens early in life. There is little support for such advice, however. On the contrary, recent studies indicate that extensive allergen exposure may actually reduce the likelihood of developing allergic asthma. However, recent studies indicate possible future venues for primary allergy prevention through immune modulation. This may possibly be achieved by stimulating the maturation of the immune system early in life by altering the microbial gut flora or by recently developed immunomodulatory Th2 antagonists. In the meantime, the avoidance of exposure to tobacco smoke remains the only recommendation that is reasonably well documented by evidence-based medicine, while allergen avoidance in primary prevention is not.
Overcoming Unconventional Gas Challenges by Creating Synthetic Sweetspot and Increasing Drainage Area (2013)

Abstract The huge resources of unconventional gas worldwide along with the increasing oil demand make the contribution of unconventional gas to be critical to the world economy. However, major challenges that operators face to produce from unconventional resources are due to the need for identifying a sweetspot, commercial stimulation technique that creates sufficient stimulated reservoir volume, very low permeability and different damage mechanisms such as water blocking, filtrate invasion during drilling, completion, stimulation or production. This paper describes a new stimulation technique that creates synthetic sweetspot by thermal and mechanical energies. An energized fluid was used to generate localized heat and pressure in tight core samples and therefore create microfracturing. Created microfractures significantly increased permeability, porosity, and stimulated reservoir volume. A synthetic sweetspot nearby a wellbore or fracture area can be created by the new treatment mechanism. Permeability of tested cores was measured by Coreflood system and showed significant increase with new treatment technique. Communication between micro and macro pores was also found as a result of the treatment. The treatment doesn’t utilize any hydrocarbons and have no lift overs or potential damage. The generated high temperature and pressure can remove any damaging material or condensate banking near wellbore or fracture area. The new treatment technique was evaluated using Coreflood system with actual tight core samples collected from tight reservoirs in Saudi Arabia. ESEM, NMR and CT-Scan analysis were used to show creation of microfracturing and permeability porosity changes.
Removing false images in reverse time migration: The concept of de-primary (2015)

ABSTRACT Primary reflections, like multiples, can generate false images when reverse time migration (RTM) algorithms are used. The false images are formed by the zero-lag correlation of the source wavefields and primary reflections, which are propagated by the migration algorithm along nonphysical paths. These paths are generated by strong velocity gradients or reflection interfaces when the two-way wave equation is used. Conceptually, this type of artifact can be removed by separating up- and downgoing waves, but such separation may be impractical because it often requires storing the entire wavefields at all time steps. We have developed a de-primary RTM method in which such separation can be accomplished without saving the wavefields. The computational cost of the proposed method was only approximately 33% higher than that of conventional RTM algorithms. Using field and synthetic data sets, we have demonstrated the existence of this endemic RTM problem and verified the effectiveness of the de-primary RTM technique for removing the false events.
Clozapine Pharmacokinetics in Children and Adolescents with Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia (2003)

Clozapine (CLZ) dose-related adverse effects may be more common in children than adults, perhaps reflecting developmental pharmacokinetic (PK) differences. However, no pediatric CLZ PK data are available. Accordingly, we studied CLZ and its metabolites, norclozapine (NOR), and clozapine-N-oxide (NOX) in six youth, ages 9-16 years, with childhood onset schizophrenia (COS). At the time of the PK study, mean CLZ dose was 200 mg (3.4 mg/kg). Serum was collected during week 6 on CLZ before and 0.5-8 h after a morning dose. Serum concentrations were assayed by liquid chromatography/UV-detection. Mean concentration, area-under-the-curve (AUC), and clearance were calculated. CLZ clearance averaged 1.7 L/kg-h. NOR concentrations (410) exceeded CLZ (289) and NOX (63 ng/ml) and AUC(0-8h) of NOR (3,356) > CLZ (2,359) > NOX (559 ng/ml-h) [53, 38, and 9% of total analytes, respectively]. In adults, NOR serum concentrations on average are 10-25% < CLZ, differing significantly from our sample. Dose normalized concentrations of CLZ (mg/kg-d) did not vary with age and were similar to reported adult values. Clinical improvement seen in 5/6 patients correlated with serum CLZ concentrations. In addition, clinical response and total number of side effects correlated with NOR concentrations. NOR (a neuropharmacologically active metabolite) and free CLZ may contribute to the effectiveness and adverse effects in youth.
Triplex-Mediated Gene Modification (2008)

Gene targeting with DNA-binding molecules such as triplex-forming oligonucleotides or peptide nucleic acids can be utilized to direct mutagenesis or induce recombination site-specifically. In this chapter, several detailed protocols are described for the design and use of triplex-forming molecules to bind and mediate gene modification at specific chromosomal targets. Target site identification, binding molecule design, as well as various methods to test binding and assess gene modification are described.
MOLECULAR GENETIC PROFILING OF GLEASON GRADE 4/5 PROSTATE CANCERS COMPARED TO BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (2001)

We characterize for the first time 64 down-regulated and 22 up-regulated genes in Gleason grade 4/5 cancer, using the gene profile from BPH as control tissue. A number of interesting new genes, previously undescribed in prostate cancer, are presented as possibilities for further study.
Synthesis and hypotensive properties of new 4-aminoquinolines (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and hypotensive properties of new 4-aminoquinolinesGeorge C. Wright, Edward J. Watson, Frank F. Ebetino, Guy Lougheed, Benjamin F. Stevenson, Alexander Winterstein, Robert K. Bickerton, Robert P. Halliday, and Donald T. PalsCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1971, 14, 11, 1060–1066Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00293a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00293a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views242Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts