gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Summarization (2011)

It has now been 50 years since the publication of Luhn’s seminal paper on automatic summarization. During these years the practical need for automatic summarization has become increasingly urgent and numerous papers have been published on the topic. As a result, it has become harder to find a single reference that gives an overview of past efforts or a complete view of summarization tasks and necessary system components. This article attempts to fill this void by providing a comprehensive overview of research in summarization, including the more traditional efforts in sentence extraction as well as the most novel recent approaches for determining important content, for domain and genre specific summarization and for evaluation of summarization. We also discuss the challenges that remain open, in particular the need for language generation and deeper semantic understanding of language that would be necessary for future advances in the field.
Poliovirus Induces Apoptosis in the Mouse Central Nervous System (1999)

Poliovirus (PV) is the etiological agent of human paralytic poliomyelitis. Paralysis results from the destruction of motoneurons, a consequence of PV replication. However, the PV-induced process leading to the death of motoneurons is not well known. We investigated whether PV-induced central nervous system (CNS) injury is associated with apoptosis by using mice as animal models. Transgenic mice expressing the human PV receptor were infected intracerebrally with either the neurovirulent PV-1 Mahoney strain or a paralytogenic dose of the attenuated PV-1 Sabin strain. Nontransgenic mice were infected with a mouse-adapted PV-1 Mahoney mutant. DNA fragmentation was demonstrated in CNS tissue from paralyzed mice by visualization of DNA oligonucleosomal laddering and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Viral antigens and DNA fragmentation detected by the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling technique were colocalized in neurons of spinal cords from paralyzed mice. In addition, morphological changes characteristic of cells undergoing apoptosis were observed in motoneurons by electron microscopy. Thus, we show that PV multiplication and CNS injury during paralytic poliomyelitis are associated with apoptosis.
Tau Assembly: The Dominant Role of PHF6 (VQIVYK) in Microtubule Binding Region Repeat R3 (2015)

Self-aggregation of the microtubule-binding protein Tau reduces its functionality and is tightly associated with Tau-related diseases, termed tauopathies. Tau aggregation is also strongly associated with two nucleating six-residue segments, namely PHF6 (VQIVYK) and PHF6* (VQIINK). In this paper, using experiments and computational modeling, we study the self-assembly of individual and binary mixtures of Tau fragments containing PHF6* (R2/wt; (273)GKVQIINKKLDL(284)) and PHF6 (R3/wt; (306)VQIVYKPVDLSK(317)) and a mutant R2/ΔK280 associated with a neurodegenerative tauopathy. The initial stage of aggregation is probed by ion-mobility mass spectrometry, the kinetics of aggregation monitored with Thioflavin T assays, and the morphology of aggregates visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Insights into the structure of early aggregates and the factors stabilizing the aggregates are obtained from replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations. Our data suggest that R3/wt has a much stronger aggregation propensity than either R2/wt or R2/ΔK280. Heterodimers containing R3/wt are less stable than R3/wt homodimers but much more stable than homodimers of R2/wt and R2/ΔK280, suggesting a possible role of PHF6*-PHF6 interactions in initiating the aggregation of full-length Tau. Lastly, R2/ΔK280 binds more strongly to R3/wt than R2/wt, suggesting a possible mechanism for a pathological loss of normal Tau function.
BDNF Val66Met predicts cognitive decline in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention (2017)

In a middle-aged cohort with AD risk, carriage of the <i>BDNF</i> Met allele was associated with steeper decline in episodic memory and executive function. This decline was exacerbated by greater Aβ burden. These results suggest that the <i>BDNF</i> Val66Met polymorphism may play an important role in cognitive decline and could be considered as a target for novel AD therapeutics.
Some Confirmed Chapter 11 Plans Fail. So What (2005)

Critics of the feasibility requirement set forth in 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a) (11) contend that the current bankruptcy system inadequately prevents repeat Chapter 11, or "Chapter 22," filings. Undoubtedly, there are instances of confirmed Chapter 11 plans that turn out to be unfeasible despite court findings to the contrary. Given the uncertainties of investment projections and capital markets, however, the occasional failure of Chapter 11 plans is not necessarily a greater evil than alternatives such as liquidation or excessively conservative capital structures. Chapter 11 is, by its very definition, a hit-or-miss venture; thus, it misses occasionally. Some confirmed Chapter 11 plans fail. So what?
Separation technologies for the recovery and dehydration of alcohols from fermentation broths (2008)

Abstract Multi‐column distillation followed by molecular sieve adsorption is currently the standard method for producing fuel‐grade ethanol from dilute fermentation broths in modern corn‐to‐ethanol facilities. As the liquid biofuels industry transitions to lignocellulosic feedstocks, expands the end‐product portfolio to include other alcohols, and encounters more dilute alcohol concentrations, alternative separation technologies which are more energy efficient than the conventional approach will be in demand. In this review, alcohol recovery technology options and alcohol dehydration technology options for the production of ethanol and 1‐butanol are reviewed and compared, with an emphasis on the energy footprint of each approach. Select hybrid technologies are also described. Published in 2008 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd
Microwave Power Combining Techniques (1979)

A review of various techniques for coherently combining microwave power from two or more sources is presented. Emphasis is placed on techniques which combine solid-state power sources. Basic operating characteristics and limitations for the different combiner types are discussed. The performances obtained with the most successful techniques are described. Future trends in combining RF power from solid-state sources are identified.
Immunological characterization of an Escherichia coli strain which is lacking cytochrome d (1983)

The isolated membranes from an Escherichia coli mutant strain which lacks spectroscopically detectable levels of cytochromes d, a1, and b558 also have abnormally low levels of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity. In this paper, it is shown that the material previously identified as the N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine oxidase is, in fact, the two-subunit cytochrome d complex. Antisera directed against the native cytochrome d complex as well as against each of two subunits apparent on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels were used to show that the mutant strain lacks both subunits of the cytochrome d complex. Introduction of F-prime F152 into the mutant strain restored the two subunits along with the spectroscopic and enzymatic activity associated with the cytochrome d complex.
Polyclonal and clonal analysis of human CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses to nut extracts. (1995)

The induction of IgE antibodies to aeroallergens depends upon antigen-specific CD4+ helper T cells of an 'interleukin-4 (IL-4)-dominant' phenotype. Nuts also drive IgE-mediated hypersensitivity and are the most dangerous of the orally encountered allergens. We have studied the polyclonal T-cell responses of atopic and non-atopic individuals to extracts of peanut, brazilnut and hazelnut. Strong proliferative responses were observed in all patients but specific IgE was only present in the nut-allergic patients suggesting a similar pathogenic mechanism to aeroallergen-mediated hypersensitivity. To investigate this hypothesis a panel of peanut-reactive T-cell clones was raised from a peanut- and brazilnut-allergic individual without hazelnut allergy. The antigen specificity, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II restriction and cytokine profiles of the T-cell clones were determined. With the exception of one T-cell clone, which proliferated in response to both peanut and hazelnut extract, the peanut T-cell clones were not cross-reactive with hazelnut or brazilnut. The T-cell clones recognized antigen in association with HLA-DR and HLA-DP but not HLA-DQ class II molecules. The peanut-specific clones produced high levels of IL-4 and low levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), exhibiting the 'TH2-like' profile which dominates the aeroallergen response. In contrast, the T-cell clone that was cross-reactive on both peanut and hazelnut allergen had a Th0-like phenotype, consistent with the lack of specific serum IgE to hazelnut. These results support the importance of functionally distinct T-cell populations that recognize oral allergens. The relative production of IL-4 and IFN-gamma of the cloned T cells in the peanut-allergic patients plays a role in determining whether or not IgE antibody responses are induced with the associated potential to develop anaphylactic reactions.
Multi-output RNN-LSTM for multiple speaker speech synthesis with α-interpolation model (2016)

Deep Learning has been applied successfully to speech processing. In this paper we propose an architecture for speech synthesis using multiple speakers. Some hidden layers are shared by all the speakers, while there is a specific output layer for each speaker. Objective and perceptual experiments prove that this scheme produces much better results in comparison with sin- gle speaker model. Moreover, we also tackle the problem of speaker interpolation by adding a new output layer (a-layer) on top of the multi-output branches. An identifying code is injected into the layer together with acoustic features of many speakers. Experiments show that the a-layer can effectively learn to interpolate the acoustic features between speakers.
DP‐155, a Lecithin Derivative of Indomethacin, is a Novel Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug for Analgesia and Alzheimer's Disease Therapy (2007)

DP-155 is a lipid prodrug of indomethacin that comprises the latter conjugated to lecithin at position sn-2 via a 5-carbon length linker. It is cleaved by phospholipase A2 (PLA)(2) to a greater extent than similar compounds with linkers of 2, 3, and 4 carbons. Indomethacin is the principal metabolite of DP-155 in rat serum and, after DP-155 oral administration, the half-life of the metabolite was 22 and 93 h in serum and brain, respectively, compared to 10 and 24 h following indomethacin administration. The brain to serum ratio was 3.5 times higher for DP-155 than for indomethacin. In vitro studies demonstrated that DP-155 is a selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor. After it is cleaved, its indomethacin derivative nonselectively inhibits both COX-1 and -2. DP-155 showed a better toxicity profile probably due to the sustained, low serum levels and reduced maximal concentration of its indomethacin metabolite. DP-155 did not produce gastric toxicity at the highest acute dose tested (0.28 mmol/kg), while indomethacin caused gastric ulcers at a dose 33-fold lower. Furthermore, after repeated oral dosing, gastrointestinal and renal toxicity was lower (10- and 5-fold, respectively) and delayed with DP-155 compared to indomethacin. In addition to reduced toxicity, DP-155 had similar ameliorative effects to indomethacin in antipyretic and analgesia models. Moreover, DP-155 and indomethacin were equally efficacious in reducing levels of amyloid ss (Ass)42 in transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse (Tg2576) brains as well as reducing Ass42 intracellular uptake, neurodegeneration, and inflammation in an in vitro AD model. The relatively high brain levels of indomethacin after DP-155 administration explain the equal efficacy of DP-155 despite its low systemic blood concentrations. Compared to indomethacin, the favored safety profile and equal efficacy of DP-155 establish the compound as a potential candidate for chronic use to treat AD-related pathology and for analgesia.
Remotely displaying cooling sensation via ultrasound-driven air flow (2018)

A midair haptic display that provides a cooling sensation is developed in this study. Although a noncontact heat display using infrared rays has been reported, such an infrared display cannot cool the skin surface. In this study, we generate and control a straight, thin, long, air flow driven by an ultrasound-phased array and transport cold air to a localized spot on the users' skin. Since the air flow position and direction is electronically steerable, the display area can be controlled freely. A prototype of the proposed display was developed and the cooling performance was evaluated. We confirm that a small cool spot is created and shifted on a user's forearm based on our observations of the temporal changes in the skin temperature distribution using thermography.
Basic fibroblast growth factor and bone induction in rats (1993)

Bone induction is initiated by bone morphogenetic proteins, but local growth factors present in demineralized bone matrix (DBM) may further regulate the process. We have previously shown that local application of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in a carboxymethyl cellulose gel to DBM implants increases the bone yield, as measured by calcium content. In the present study, similar experiments were evaluated with histomorphometry. The chondrocyte number at 2 weeks was increased by the application of 15 ng bFGF. This increase was due to an increased number of chondrocyte clusters, i.e., cartilage formation was initiated in more places within the implant. The size of the individual chondrocyte clusters was the same as in the controls. Thus, the bFGF had probably stimulated cellular events preceding chondrocyte proliferation. At 3 weeks, the chondrocytes were fewer than in controls, and instead there was more bone. Thus, cartilage formation was increased by bFGF, and its replacement by bone came earlier. However, 1900 ng of bFGF had a profound inhibitory effect on both cartilage and bone formation.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HYDROLYSIS STUDIES OF REBAUDIOSIDE E, A MINOR SWEET COMPONENT OF STEVIA REBAUDIANA (2013)

From the commercial extract of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, a diterpene glycoside was isolated which was characterized as 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) ester (1); also known as rebaudioside E. The complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments of rebaudioside E was achieved by the extensive 1D and 2D NMR (1H and 13C, COSY, HMQC, HMBC) as well as mass spectral data. Further, hydrolysis studies were performed on rebaudioside E using acid and enzymatic studies to identify aglycone and sugar residues in its structure.
Altered Neural Cell Fates and Medulloblastoma in Mouse patched Mutants (1997)

The PATCHED (PTC) gene encodes a Sonic hedgehog (Shh) receptor and a tumor suppressor protein that is defective in basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS). Functions of PTC were investigated by inactivating the mouse gene. Mice homozygous for the ptc mutation died during embryogenesis and were found to have open and overgrown neural tubes. Two Shh target genes, ptc itself and Gli, were derepressed in the ectoderm and mesoderm but not in the endoderm. Shh targets that are, under normal conditions, transcribed ventrally were aberrantly expressed in dorsal and lateral neural tube cells. Thus Ptc appears to be essential for repression of genes that are locally activated by Shh. Mice heterozygous for the ptc mutation were larger than normal, and a subset of them developed hindlimb defects or cerebellar medulloblastomas, abnormalities also seen in BCNS patients.
Role of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin(1–7) in 17β‐oestradiol regulation of renal pathology in renal wrap hypertension in rats (2008)

17beta-Oestradiol (E2)-mediated inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) protects the E2-replete kidney from the progression of hypertensive renal disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a homologue of ACE, counters the actions of ACE by catalysing the conversion of angiotensin II (Ang II) to angiotensin(1-7) [Ang(1-7)]. We investigated E2 regulation of ACE2 in the renal wrap (RW) model of hypertension in rats. After 6 weeks on a high-sodium diet (4% NaCl), the activity of ACE2 was reduced in the renal cortex by 31%, which was mirrored by similar decreases in ACE2 protein (30%) and mRNA expression (36%) in the ovariectomized RW rat (RW-OVX); E2 replacement prevented these effects. The RW-OVX rats exhibited greater renal injury, including 1.7-fold more tubulointerstitial fibrosis and 1.6-fold more glomerulosclerosis than E2-replete females (RW-Intact and RW-OVX+E2). Angiotensin(1-7) infusion prevented these exacerbating effects of ovariectomy on renal pathology; no differences in indicators of renal injury were observed between RW-OVX-Ang(1-7) and RW-Intact rats. These renal protective effects of Ang(1-7) infusion were not attributable to increased ACE2 activity or to changes in heart rate or body weight, since these parameters were unchanged by Ang(1-7) infusion. Furthermore, Ang(1-7) infusion did not attenuate renal injury by reducing mean arterial pressure (MAP), since infusion of the peptide did not lower MAP but rather caused a slight increase during a 6 week chronic treatment for Ang(1-7). These results suggest that E2-mediated upregulation of renal ACE2 and the consequent increased Ang(1-7) production contribute to E2-mediated protection from hypertensive renal disease. These findings have implications for E2-deficient women with hypertensive renal disease and suggest that therapeutics targeted towards increasing ACE2 activity and Ang(1-7) levels will be renal protective.
Evaluation of Molecular Assays for Rapid Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2010)

The diagnostic sensitivities of the BD GeneOhm and Cepheid Xpert assays were compared using culture on log-serial dilutions of well-characterized methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and non-MRSA strains and on nasal and groin swabs from patients with histories of MRSA carriage. The sensitivities of GeneOhm and Xpert were high at 10(3)-CFU/ml MRSA concentrations (92.3% and 96.3%, respectively) although decreased considerably (<35%) at a 1-log-lower concentration. Unexpectedly, both assays also detected select coagulase-negative staphylococci, which requires further evaluation.
The GalF protein of Escherichia coli is not a UDP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase but interacts with the GalU protein possibly to regulate cellular levels of UDP‐glucose (1996)

We report the functional characterization of the galF gene of strain VW187 (Escherichia coli O7:K1), which encodes a polypeptide displaying structural features common to bacterial UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylases, including the E. coli GalU protein. These enzymes catalyse a reversible reaction converting UTP and glucose-1-phosphate into UDP-glucose and PPi. We show that, although the GalF protein is expressed in vivo, GalF-expressing plasmids cannot complement the phenotype of a galU mutant and extracts from this mutant which only produces GalF are enzymatically inactive. In contrast, the presence of GalU and GalF proteins in the same cell-free extract caused a significant reduction in the rate of pyrophosphorolysis (conversion of UDP-glucose into glucose-1-phosphate) but no significant effect on the kinetics of synthesis of UDP-glucose. The presence of GalF also increased the thermal stability of the enzyme in vitro. The effect of GalF in the biochemical properties of the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase required the co-synthesis of GalF and GalU, suggesting that they could interact as components of the oligomeric enzyme. The physical interaction of GalU and GalF was demonstrated in vivo by the co-expression of both proteins as fusion products using a yeast two-hybrid system. Furthermore, using a pair of galF-/galU+ and galF/galU+ isogenic strains, we demonstrated that the presence of GalF is associated with an increased concentration of intracellular UDP-glucose as well as with an enhancement of the thermal stability of the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in vivo. We propose that GalF is a non-catalytic subunit of the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase modulating the enzyme activity to increase the formation of UDP-glucose, and this function is important for bacterial adaptation to conditions of stress.
Regulatory inputs for the synthesis of ComK, the competence transcription factor of Bacillus subtilis (1996)

Competence in Bacillus subtilis is expressed post-exponentially in response to signals which are interpreted by a complex network of regulatory proteins. This network culminates in the transcriptional activation of a set of late-competence proteins that mediate DNA binding and uptake during transformation. ComK, a protein that binds to competence promoters and appears to activate their transcription, is itself synthesized in response to the signal-transduction network. ComK is known to be required for the transcription of its own gene. We have placed comK under control of the xylose-inducible PxylA promoter and used this construct to show that ComK synthesis is sufficient as well as necessary to induce competence. We have also confirmed that the Mec proteins act post-transcriptionally to inactivate ComK, probably by protein-protein interaction. We have further demonstrated that ComS is required to generate an upstream signal that causes reversal of Mec-induced inactivation of ComK. In addition to ComK itself, DegU, AbrB, and SinR are required for comK transcription; mutations in their genes are bypassed by PxylA-comK induction, and therefore their products appear not to act via the Mec proteins. Overproduction of ComK, in a loss-of-function mec mutant, is also known to bypass the need for DegU, SinR and AbrB. We propose that these proteins enhance the activity of ComK as a positive autoregulatory transcription factor, acting as coactivator proteins when ComK is present at low concentrations. Finally, we demonstrate that when ComK is synthesized from the PxylA promoter and mecA is inactivated by mutation, no additional growth-stage-regulated control of competence can be detected.
AtPTR1, a plasma membrane peptide transporter expressed during seed germination and in vascular tissue of Arabidopsis (2004)

For the efficient translocation of organic nitrogen, small peptides of two to three amino acids are posited as an important alternative to amino acids. A new transporter mediating the uptake of di- and tripeptides was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana by heterologous complementation of a peptide transport-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant. AtPTR1 mediated growth of S. cerevisiae cells on different di- and tripeptides and caused sensitivity to the phytotoxin phaseolotoxin. The spectrum of substrates recognized by AtPTR1 was determined in Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with AtPTR1 cRNA under voltage clamp conditions. AtPTR1 not only recognized a broad spectrum of di- and tripeptides, but also substrates lacking a peptide bond. However, amino acids, omega-amino fatty acids or peptides with more than three amino acid residues did not interact with AtPTR1. At pH 5.5 AtPTR1 had an apparent lower affinity (K(0.5) = 416 microm) for Ala-Asp compared with Ala-Ala (K(0.5) = 54 microm) and Ala-Lys (K(0.5) = 112 microm). Transient expression of AtPTR1/GFP fusion proteins in tobacco protoplasts showed that AtPTR1 is localized at the plasma membrane. In addition, transgenic plants expressing the beta-glucuronidase (uidA) gene under control of the AtPTR1 promoter demonstrated expression in the vascular tissue throughout the plant, indicative of a role in long-distance transport of di- and tripeptides.