gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of Dementia Using Nuclear Medicine Imaging Modalities (2011)

Dementia describes the loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases, and which has the potential to affect memory, thinking, language, judgment, and behavior. Most types of dementia involve irreversible neurodegeneration, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form. Beyond AD however, there are many other diseases that can lead to dementia including dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinson's disease with dementia, corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Dementia can also be the result of many small strokes and, in such cases, is called vascular dementia. Whilst such clinically and neuropathologically overlapping dementia diseases can be predicted by clinical diagnosis, definitively differentiating them from one another has typically been attempted using high-risk diagnostic procedures (e.g. brain biopsy, Lumbar puncture) or, more commonly, during a post-mortem examination. This makes it difficult to a) differentiate dementias and treat each appropriately before patient death; b) manage the diseases early, before the onset of cognitive decline; c) select appropriate patients for assisting in dementia-related drug development; and d) track the impact of new dementia therapeutics in clinical trials. Therefore, new non-invasive diagnostic methods for managing dementia are in high demand and, reflecting this, many radiopharmaceuticals (drugs tagged with a radioactive isotope) have been developed over the last 2 decades that allow noninvasive examination of dementia pathophysiology in living human subjects using nuclear medicine imaging techniques. Such techniques include positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, and have greatly enhanced diagnostic confidence across the entire dementia disease spectrum in recent years. This chapter reviews radiopharmaceuticals commonly employed clinically in the management of dementia patients, suffering from the diseases outlined above, with nuclear medicine modalities. The chapter is divided by disease entity, and progress in imaging the pathophysiology of each disease is highlighted. In addition to those radiopharmaceuticals with approval for human use discussed herein, there are many experimental radiopharmaceuticals for dementia in pre-clinical development, which have not yet been translated into clinical use. Comprehensive review of such pre-clinical radiopharmaceuticals is outside the scope of this book, and pertinent examples are highlighted only when necessary to indicate key concepts involved in imaging dementia patients. The interested reader can obtain additional information on radiopharmaceuticals currently in development www.intechopen.com
Specific activation of the prodrug mitomycin phosphate by a bispecific anti-CD30/anti-alkaline phosphatase monoclonal antibody. (1990)

The bispecific monoclonal antibody (Bi-MAb) HRS-3/AP-1 was developed by somatic hybridization of the 2 mouse hybridoma cell lines HRS-3 and AP-1, which produce monoclonal antibodies with reactivity against the Hodgkin's- and Reed-Sternberg cell-associated CD30 antigen and alkaline phosphatase, respectively. After an active incubation with alkaline phosphatase, respectively. After an active incubation with alkaline phosphatase, purified whole immunoglobulin molecules and F(ab')2 fragments of the Bi-MAb were equally effective in converting a relatively noncytotoxic prodrug, mitomycin phosphate (MOP), into mitomycin alcohol, which was 100 times more toxic to the Hodgkin's- and Reed-Sternberg cell line L540 (CD30+) than MOP. The cytotoxic activity of MOP was unaffected when the cells were pretreated with either the Bi-MAb or the enzyme alone. The Bi-MAb HRS-3/AP-1 did not bind to HPB-ALL cells (CD30-) and was not able to activate MOP on these cells. In cocultivation experiments with HPB-ALL and L540 cells, the activation of MOP by the Bi-MAb HRS-3/AP-1 and alkaline phosphatase led to considerable cytotoxicity against the antigen-negative bystander cells. Thus, this immunotherapeutic approach might be effective in tumors in which not all the tumor cells express the respective tumor antigen.
HTLV-III/LAV-Neutralizing Antibodies to an E. coli -Produced Fragment of the Virus Envelope (1986)

Immunization with either an Escherichia coli recombinant segment of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-III/LAV) envelope protein (gp 120) or with deglycosylated gp 120 envelope protein produced antibodies that neutralize HTLV-III/LAV infection in vitro. Virus neutralization titers of these antisera were equivalent to those obtained with purified native gp120 as immunogen. This localizes at least one class of neutralizing epitopes to the carboxyl-terminal half of the molecule. In addition, native gp120 prevented HTLV-III/LAV--mediated cell fusion, whereas the recombinant gp120 fragment did not. This shows that although glycosylation is not required for induction of neutralizing antibodies, it may be important for interaction with CD4, the virus receptor. A segment of the HTLV-III/LAV envelope produced in E. coli may be an important ingredient of a vaccine for acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
VoiceAssist (2019)

Voice recording is a challenging task with many pitfalls due to sub-par recording environments, mistakes in recording setup, microphone quality, etc. Newcomers to voice recording often have difficulty recording their voice, leading to recordings with low sound quality. Many amateur recordings of poor quality have two key problems: too much reverberation (echo), and too much background noise (e.g. fans, electronics, street noise). We present VoiceAssist, a system that helps inexperienced users produce high quality recordings by providing real-time visual feedback on audio quality. We integrate modern audio quality measures into an interactive human-machine feedback loop, so that the audio quality can be maximized at capture-time. We demonstrate the utility of this feedback for improving the recording quality with a user study. When presented with visual feedback about recording quality, users produced recordings that were strongly preferred by third-party listeners, when compared to recordings made without this feedback.
Gamma-Radiation-Induced Photodarkening in Unpumped Optical Fibers Doped With Rare-Earth Constituents (2010)

Fibers doped with rare-earth constituents such as Er <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> and Yb <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> are exceedingly important to designers of fiber-optical systems due to their ability to amplify signals in the near infra-red, low-absorption regions of conventional silicate fibers. Extending the range of operating conditions for these systems to include adverse radiation environments requires a detailed study of the behavior of the fiber when subjected to relevant radiation fluxes of various cumulative doses and dose rates. Of particular interest in many applications is the effect of gamma radiation, which is known to degrade optical signal transmittance by creating absorption centers in the material. A study of radiation-induced photodarkening effect in unpumped Er <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> , Yb <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> , and Er <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> /Yb <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> co-doped fibers under Co <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">60</sup> gamma-irradiation is the focus of this paper. Specifically, the temporal evolution of the fiber transmittance in the near infra-red region from ~1.0 μm-1.6 μm was investigated, subjected to a multitude of exposure conditions spanning different dose-rates and total accumulated doses. The Er <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> /Yb <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> co-doped fiber was found to be the most radiation resistant, while the Er <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> doped fiber was found to be the most radiation sensitive in this wavelength region. Dose rate and compositional dependencies were also observed in all fibers.
Maximum likelihood estimation in the birth-and-death process (1974)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Efficacy of a Conservative Weight Loss Program in the Long-Term Management of Chronic Upper Airway Obstruction (2009)

Objective. Obesity is a significant contributor to oxygen demand and dynamic airway obstruction. The objective of the current study is to determine the long-term success of conservative measures directed toward weight reduction on airway management without respect to specific airway disease etiology. Methods. Patients with chronic airway obstruction secondary anatomic lesions or obstructive sleep apnea were recruited and followed prospectively. Demographics, initial and final weights, diagnosis, and followup information were recorded. Patients were referred to a registered dietician, provided counseling, and started on a weight-loss regimen. Outcome measures were change in body mass index (BMI) and rate of decannulation from weight loss alone. Results. Of fourteen patients, ten remained tracheostomy-dependent and four had high-grade lesions with the potential for improvement in oxygen demand and dynamic airway collapse with weight loss. The mean follow up period was 25 months. The mean change in BMI was an increase of 1.4 kg/m(2) per patient. Conclusions. Conservative measures alone were not effective in achieving weight reduction in the population studied. This may be due to comorbid disease and poor compliance. The promise of decannulation was an insufficient independent motivator for weight loss in this study. Although the theoretical benefits of weight loss support its continued recommendation, the long-term success rate of conservative measures is low. More aggressive facilitated interventions including pharmacotherapy or bariatric surgery should be considered early in the course of treating airway disease complicated by obesity.
Solution structure of an antimicrobial peptide buforin II (1996)

The structure of 21-residue antimicrobial peptide buforin II has been determined by using NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics. Buforin II adopts a flexible random structure in H2O. In trifluoroethanol (TFE)/H2O (1:1, v/v) mixture, however, buforin II assumes a regular alpha-helix between residues Val12 and Arg20 and a distorted helical structure between residues Gly7 and Pro11. The model structure obtained shows an amphipathic character in the region from Arg5 to the C-terminus, Lys21. Like other known cationic antimicrobial peptides, the amphipathic structure might be the key factor for antimicrobial activity of buforin II.
Automatic upright adjustment of photographs (2012)

Man-made structures often appear to be distorted in photos captured by casual photographers, as the scene layout often conflicts with how it is expected by human perception. In this paper we propose an automatic approach for straightening up slanted man-made structures in an input image to improve its perceptual quality. We call this type of correction upright adjustment. We propose a set of criteria for upright adjustment based on human perception studies, and develop an optimization framework which yields an optimal homography for adjustment. We also develop a new optimization-based camera calibration method that performs favorably to previous methods and allows the proposed system to work reliably for a wide variety of images. The effectiveness of our system is demonstrated by both quantitative comparisons and qualitative user studies.
Influence of the MexAB-OprM Multidrug Efflux System on Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1998)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa nalB mutants which hyperexpress the MexAB-OprM multidrug efflux system produce reduced levels of several extracellular virulence factors known to be regulated by quorum sensing. Such mutants also produce less acylated homoserine lactone autoinducer PAI-1, consistent with an observed reduction in lasI expression. These data suggest that PAI-1 is a substrate for MexAB-OprM, and its resulting exclusion from cells hyperexpressing MexAB-OprM limits PAI-1-dependent activation of lasI and the virulence genes.
Novel Isothermal, Linear Nucleic Acid Amplification Systems for Highly Multiplexed Applications (2005)

The described methods enable comprehensive gene expression profiling and analysis from limiting biological samples. The WT-Ribo-SPIA procedure, which enables amplification of non-polyA-tailed RNA, is suitable for amplification and gene expression analysis of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic biological samples.
Methods for record linkage and bayesian networks (2002)

Although terminology differs, there is considerable overlap between record linkage methods based on the Fellegi-Sunter model (JASA 1969) and Bayesian networks used in machine learning (Mitchell 1997). Both are based on formal probabilistic models that can be shown to be equivalent in many situations (Winkler 2000). When no missing data are present in identifying fields and training data are available, then both can efficiently estimate parameters of interest. When missing data are present, the EM algorithm can be used for parameter estimation in Bayesian Networks when there are training data (Friedman 1997) and in record linkage when there are no training data (unsupervised learning). EM and MCMC methods can be used for automatically estimating error rates in some of the record linkage situations (Belin and Rubin
4H-SiC Epitaxial Growth on SiC Substrates with Various Off-Angles (2005)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Fiber Diffraction As a Screen for Amyloid Inhibitors (2008)

Targeting the initial formation of amyloid assemblies is a preferred approach to therapeutic intervention in amyloidoses, which include such diseases as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, etc., as the early-stage, oligomers that form before the development of beta-conformation-rich fibers are thought to be toxic. X-ray patterns from amyloid assemblies always show two common intensity maxima: one at 4.7 A corresponding to the hydrogen-bonding spacing between the beta-chains, and the other at approximately 10 A corresponding to the spacing between beta-pleated sheets. We report here the application of fiber x-ray diffraction to monitor these structural indicators of amyloid fiber assembly in the presence of small, aromatic molecules, some of which have been assessed by other techniques as being inhibitory. The compounds included butylated hydroxytoluene, chloramphenicol, cotinine, curcumin, diphenylalanine (FF), ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methane sulfonate, hexachlorophene, melatonin, methylpyrrolidine, morin, nicotine, phenolphthalaine, PTI-00703 (Cat's claw), pyridine, quinine, sulfadiazine, tannic acid, tetracaine, tetrachlorosalicylanilide, and tetracycline. Their effects on the aggregation of Abeta1-40, Abeta11-25, Abeta12-28, Abeta17-28, Abeta16-22, and Abeta16-22[methylated] analogues were characterized in terms of the integral widths and integrated intensities of the two characteristic reflections. Peptide Abeta11-25 with or without small molecules showed varying relative intensities but similar coherent lengths of 28-49 A in the intersheet and 171-221 A in the H-bonding directions. PTI-00703, however, abolished the H-bonding reflection. Among previously reported aromatic inhibitors for Abeta11-25, PTI-00703, tannic acid, and quinine were more effective than curcumin, morin, and melatonin based on the criterion of crystallite volume. For the N-methylated and control samples, there were no substantial differences in spacings and coherent lengths; however, the relative volumes of the beta-crystallites, which were calculated from the magnitude of the intensities, decreased with increase in concentration of Abeta16-22Me. This may be accounted for by the binding of Abeta16-22Me to the monomer or preamyloid oligomer of Abeta16-22. The fiber diffraction approach, which can help to specify whether an amyloidophilic compound acts by impeding hydrogen-bonding or by altering intersheet interactions, may help provide a rationale basis for the development of other therapeutic reagents.
Organic–inorganic bismuth (III)-based material: A lead-free, air-stable and solution-processable light-absorber beyond organolead perovskites (2016)

Methylammonium bismuth (III) iodide single crystals and films have been developed and investigated. We have further presented the first demonstration of using this organic–inorganic bismuth-based material to replace lead/tin-based perovskite materials in solution-processable solar cells. The organic–inorganic bismuth-based material has advantages of non-toxicity, ambient stability, and low-temperature solution-processability, which provides a promising solution to address the toxicity and stability challenges in organolead- and organotin-based perovskite solar cells. We also demonstrated that trivalent metal cation-based organic–inorganic hybrid materials can exhibit photovoltaic effect, which may inspire more research work on developing and applying organic-inorganic hybrid materials beyond divalent metal cations (Pb (II) and Sn (II)) for solar energy applications.
I-SceI-Based Assays to Examine Distinct Repair Outcomes of Mammalian Chromosomal Double Strand Breaks (2012)

Chromosomal double strand breaks (DSBs) can be repaired by a number of mechanisms that result in diverse genetic outcomes. To examine distinct outcomes of chromosomal DSB repair, a panel of human cell lines has been developed that contain GFP-based reporters with recognition sites for the rare-cutting endonuclease I-SceI. One set of reporters is used to measure DSB repair events that require access to homology: homology-directed repair, homology-directed repair that requires the removal of a nonhomologous insertion, single strand annealing, and alternative end joining. An additional reporter (EJ5-GFP) is used to measure end joining (EJ) between distal DSB ends of two tandem I-SceI sites. These Distal-EJ events do not require access to homology, and thus are distinct from the repair events described above. Indeed, this assay provides a measure of DSB end protection during EJ, via physical analysis of Distal-EJ products to determine the frequency of I-SceI-restoration. The EJ5-GFP reporter can also be adapted to examine EJ of non-cohesive DSB ends, using co-expression of I-SceI with a non-processive 3' exonuclease (Trex2), which can cause partial degradation of the 4 nucleotide 3' cohesive overhangs generated by I-SceI. Such co-expression of I-SceI and Trex2 leads to measurable I-SceI-resistant EJ products that use proximal DSB ends (Proximal-EJ), as well as distal DSB ends (Distal-EJ). Therefore, this co-expression approach can be used to examine the relative frequency of Proximal-EJ versus Distal-EJ, and hence provide a measure of the fidelity of end utilization during repair of multiple DSBs. In this report, the repair outcomes examined by each reporter are described, along with methods for cell culture, transient expression of I-SceI and Trex2, and repair product analysis.
Video Camera–Based Vibration Measurement for Civil Infrastructure Applications (2016)

Visual testing, as one of the oldest methods for nondestructive testing (NDT), plays a large role in the inspection of civil infrastructure. As NDT has evolved, more quantitative techniques have emerged such as vibration analysis. New computer vision techniques for analyzing the small motions in videos, collectively called motion magnification, have been recently developed, allowing quantitative measurement of the vibration behavior of structures from videos. Video cameras offer the benefit of long range measurement and can collect a large amount of data at once because each pixel is effectively a sensor. This paper presents a video camera-based vibration measurement methodology for civil infrastructure. As a proof of concept, measurements are made of an antenna tower on top of the Green Building on the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from a distance of over 175 m, and the resonant frequency of the antenna tower on the roof is identified with an amplitude of 0.21 mm, which was less than 1/170th of a pixel. Methods for improving the noise floor of the measurement are discussed, especially for motion compensation and the effects of video downsampling, and suggestions are given for implementing the methodology into a structural health monitoring (SHM) scheme for existing and new structures.
Screening and Prostate-Cancer Mortality in a Randomized European Study (2009)

PSA-based screening reduced the rate of death from prostate cancer by 20% but was associated with a high risk of overdiagnosis. (Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN49127736.)
Postnatal expansion of the natural killer and keller cell population in humans identified by the monoclonal HNK-1 antibody. (1982)

Human natural killer (NK) and killer (K) cells were directly enumerated using a monoclonal antibody (HNK-1) and an immunofluorescence assay. The frequency of cells bearing surface HNK-1 antigen was very low in the newborn (less than 1.0%) and increased progressively through childhood and into adult life. This was correlated with an age-related increase in functional NK and K cell activities. Males had a slightly higher proportion of HNK-1+ cells than females. In addition to HNK-1 expression on the surface membrane, a prominent cytoplasmic expression of HNK-1 antigen was found in some but not all surface HNK-1+ cells. The cytoplasmic accumulation of HNK-1 molecules appeared to occur in more mature cells of this lineage.
Fallstudie horizontales elektronisches Arbeitsnetz von freiwillig zusammenarbeitenden selbständigen Unternehmensberatern (2004)

Bei dieser Fallstudie dreht es sich um ein elektronisches Groß-Arbeitsnetz, das sich aus\nUnternehmensberatern zusammensetzt, die freiwillig und kostenlos zusammenarbeiten. Es wurde ein Interview mit einem beteiligten Unternehmensberater von Studenten im Rahmen eines Projektseminars durchgeführt, das im Zusammenhang mit dem Forschungsprojekt gehalten wurde. Dieses Interview erfolgte anhand eines qualitativen, leitfadengestützten Experteninterviews.