gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Costimulation of Multiple NK Cell Activation Receptors by NKG2D (2002)

The activation of NK cells is mediated through specific interactions between activation receptors and their respective ligands. Little is known, however, about whether costimulation, which has been well characterized for T cell activation, occurs in NK cells. To study the function of NKG2D, a potential NK costimulatory receptor, we have generated two novel hamster mAbs that recognize mouse NKG2D. FACS analyses demonstrate that mouse NKG2D is expressed on all C57BL/6 IL-2-activated NK (lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)) cells, all splenic and liver NK cells, and approximately 50% of splenic NKT cells. Consistent with limited polymorphism of NKG2D, its sequence is highly conserved, and the anti-NKG2D mAbs react with NK cells from a large number of different mouse strains. In chromium release assays, we show that stimulation of NK cells with anti-NKG2D mAb can redirect lysis. Also, enhanced lysis of transfected tumor targets expressing NKG2D ligand could be inhibited by addition of anti-NKG2D mAb. Interestingly, stimulation of LAK cells via NKG2D alone does not lead to cytokine release. However, stimulation of LAK via both an NK activation receptor (e.g., CD16, NK1.1, or Ly-49D) and NKG2D leads to augmentation of cytokine release compared with stimulation through the activation receptor alone. These results demonstrate that NKG2D has the ability to costimulate multiple NK activation receptors.
Identifying, the coding system and language, of on-line documents on the Internet (1996)

This paper proposes a new algorithm that simultaneously identifies the coding system and language of a code string fetched from the Internet, especially World-Wide Web. The algorithm uses statistic language models to select the correctly decoded string as well as to determine the language. The proposed algorithm covers 9 languages and 11 coding systems used in Eastern Asia and Western Europe. Experimental results show that the level of accuracy of our algorithm is over 95% for 640 on-line documents.
Dictyostelium discoideum : a Model System for Cell-Cell Interactions in Development (1989)

The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum undergoes a transition from single-celled amoebae to a multicellular organism as a natural part of its life cycle. A method of cell-cell signaling that controls chemotaxis, morphogenesis, and gene expression has developed in this organism, and a detailed understanding of this signaling system provides clues to mechanisms of intercellular communication in the development of metazoans.
A Broadly Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Directed against a Novel Conserved Epitope on the Influenza Virus H3 Hemagglutinin Globular Head (2014)

Recently, a few globular head-targeting MAbs have been discovered that exhibit activity against different subtypes of influenza subtypes, such as H1; however, none of the previously described MAbs showed broadly neutralizing activity against diverse H3 viruses. In this report, we describe a human MAb, D1-8, that exhibits potent, broadly neutralizing activity against antigenically diverse H3 subtype viruses. The genotypic analysis of escape mutants revealed a unique putative epitope region in the globular head of H3 HA that is comprised of highly conserved residues and is distinct from the receptor binding site. Furthermore, we demonstrate that D1-8 exhibits superior therapeutic efficacy in influenza virus-infected mice compared to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir when treatment is started late in infection. In addition to describing a novel anti-globular head of H3 HA MAb with potent broadly neutralizing activity, our report suggests the potential of D1-8 for therapeutic treatment of seasonal influenza virus H3 infection.
The small RNA world (2003)

Small RNAs have burst on the scene as ubiquitous, versatile repressors of gene expression in plants, animals and many fungi. These tiny RNAs (∼21-26 nt), which induce silencing through homologous sequence interactions, come in many guises: short interfering (si) RNAs ([Elbashir et al., 2001][1]),
Anti-HIV-1 Activity of Inorganic Polyphosphates (1997)

Human blood plasma, serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and erythrocytes contain significant amounts of inorganic polyphosphates (ranging from 53 to 116 microM, in terms of phosphate residues). Here we demonstrate that at higher concentrations linear polyphosphates display cytoprotective and antiviral activity. Sodium tetrapolyphosphate and the longer polymers, with average chain lengths of 15, 34, and 91 phosphate residues, significantly inhibited human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of cells in vitro at concentrations > or = 33.3 microg/ml (> or = 283-324 microM phosphate residues), whereas sodium tripolyphosphate was ineffective. In the tested concentration range, these compounds had no effect on cell growth. The longer-chain polyphosphates (polyphosphates with mean chain lengths of 15 and 34) but not sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium tetrapolyphosphate also inhibited HIV-1-induced syncytium formation at a concentration of 160 microg/ml (1.51-1.54 mM phosphate residues). The results obtained with the syncytium assay and by cell-virus binding experiments indicate that the anti-HIV effect of these nontoxic polyanions may be caused by binding of the compounds to both the host cell surface and the virus, thereby inhibiting adsorption of the virus. Competition experiments revealed that binding of [32P]polyphosphate to Molt-3 cells was only partially inhibited by the antibody OKT4A.
Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Ferric Carboxymaltose (750 mg) in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia: Two Randomized, Controlled Trials (2012)

Background. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common hematological complication with potentially serious clinical consequences that may require intravenous iron therapy. Ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) is a stable, nondextran iron formulation administered intravenously in large single doses to treat IDA. Objective. Two open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trials evaluated safety of multiple or single 750 mg FCM doses compared to standard medical care (SMC) in IDA patients. Secondary endpoints were improvements in hemoglobin and iron indices. Design and Patients. Adults with hemoglobin ≤12 g/dL, ferritin ≤100 or ≤300 ng/mL with transferrin saturation ≤30% were randomized to receive single (n = 366) or weekly (n = 343) FCM or SMC (n = 360 and n = 366). Results. Significantly greater (P ≤ 0.001) increases in hemoglobin and iron indices occurred in FCM groups versus SMC. In the multidose study, up to two infusions of FCM were needed to reach target iron levels versus 3-5 of intravenous iron comparators. FCM and SMC groups had similar incidences and types of adverse events and serious adverse events. Transient hypophosphatemia not associated with adverse events or clinical sequelae occurred in the FCM groups. Conclusion. Intravenous FCM is safe, well tolerated, and associated with improvements in hemoglobin and iron indices comparable to SMC when administered in single doses of up to 750 mg at a rate of 100 mg/min. Fewer FCM infusions were required to reach target iron levels compared to other intravenous iron preparations.
Thiazolidinediones in the Treatment of Insulin Resistance and Type II Diabetes (1996)

Insulin resistance, characterized by reduced responsiveness to normal circulating concentrations of insulin, is a common feature of almost all patients with type II diabetes. The presumed central roles of both peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance suggest that the enhancement of insulin action might be an effective pharmacological approach to diabetes. Thiazolidinediones are a new class of orally active drugs that are designed to enhance the actions of insulin. These agents reduce insulin resistance by increasing insulin-dependent glucose disposal and reducing hepatic glucose output. Clinical studies in patients with type II diabetes, as well as other syndromes characterized by insulin resistance, have demonstrated that thiazolidinediones may represent a safe and effective new treatment. Although the precise mechanism of action of these drugs remains unknown, transcriptional changes are observed in tissue culture cells that produce enhanced insulin action. This regulation of gene expression appears to be mediated by the interactions of thiazolidinediones with a family of nuclear receptors known as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). The further elucidation of the molecular actions of these drugs may reveal much about the underlying mechanisms of insulin resistance.
The responses of the hepatic and splanchnic vascular beds to vasopressin in rats (2012)

Vasopressin, a vasoactive peptide, causes vasoconstriction via V1a vasopressin receptors. Unlike other vasoconstrictor agents, vasopressin also has vasodilatory properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vasopressin on hepatic and splanchnic circulation in Sprague- Dawley rats. The experiments were conducted in not only isolated blood- and constant flowperfused livers but also anesthetized spontaneously breathing rats. In anesthetized rats, portal venous pressure (Ppv), systemic arterial pressure (Psa), central venous pressure, and hepatic blood flow (HBF) of combined portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flow were continuously measured, and splanchnic vascular bed resistance (Rspl) defined by (Psa - Ppv) / HBF was determined. In perfused livers, vasopressin at 0.1-1,000 nM caused weak venoconstriction as evidenced by small increase in Ppv. In anesthetized rats, when vasopressin was injected into the portal vein as a bolus consecutively at 0.01-100 nmol/kg, Psa increased dose-dependently with the peak increment of 60 ± 18 mmHg at 100 nmol/kg. Ppv and HBF decreased, with resultant increase in Rspl, indicating splanchnic vasoconstriction. In conclusion, hepatic venoconstrictor action of vasopressin was weak in rats. Vasopressin causes splanchnic vasoconstriction, resulting in a decrease in HBF and Ppv in anesthetized rats.
Halogenation of Oxazole and Isoxazol Derivatives (1968)

2-(p-Aminophenyl)-5-bromo-4-methyloxazole (XIII) and 4-bromo-, 4-iodo-5-methyl-2-sulfanilamidoisoxazole (VII, XVII) were synthesized by direct bromination or iodination of 2-(p-acetamidophenyl)-4-methyloxazole (XII) and 5-methyl-3-(N4-acetylsulfanilamido) isoxazole (XIV), followed by deacetylation, in good yield.
Dopamine Efflux from Striatum After Chronic Nicotine: Evidence for Autoreceptor Desensitization (1992)

We examined the effect of chronic nicotine treatment on dopaminergic activity by measuring the effects of D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) receptor agonists and antagonists on tritium release from mouse striatum preloaded with [3H]DA. The radioactivity released during superfusion was separated on alumina columns and the distribution and efflux of [3H]DA and its main 3H-labeled metabolites were quantified. After preloading by incubation with [3H]DA, the electrical stimulation-evoked tritium overflow was higher in striatum prepared from nicotine-treated mice, whereas in vitro addition of nicotine caused a similar increase in tritium release from striatum of untreated and chronic nicotine-treated mice. The overflow of [3H]DA and its 3H-metabolites exhibited similar distribution patterns in [3H]DA-preloaded striatum dissected from untreated and chronic nicotine-pretreated mice, indicating that repeated injections with nicotine did not alter the metabolism of [3H]DA taken up by the tissue. (-)-Quinpirole, a selective agonist for D2 DA receptors, and apomorphine, a nonselective D1/D2 agonist, inhibited the electrical stimulation-induced tritium efflux from striatum of untreated mice, whereas (+/-)-sulpiride, a D2 DA receptor antagonist, enhanced the evoked release of tritium. These changes in tritium efflux effected by (-)-quinpirole and (+/-)-sulpiride reflected changes in [3H]DA release and not in DA metabolism, as shown by separation of the released radioactivity on alumina columns. The D1 receptor agonist (+/-)-SKF-38393 did not affect the tritium overflow, whereas the D1 receptor antagonist (+)-SCH-23390 exerted a stimulatory action but only at a high concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Regulated Fast Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling Observed by Reversible Protein Highlighting (2004)

The observation of the regulation of fast protein dynamics in a cellular context requires the development of reliable technologies. Here, a signal regulation cascade reliant on the stimulus-dependent acceleration of the bidirectional flow of mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) across the nuclear envelope was visualized by reversible protein highlighting. Light-induced conversion between the bright and dark states of a monomeric fluorescent protein engineered from a novel coral protein was employed. Because of its photochromic properties, the protein could be highlighted, erased, and highlighted again in a nondestructive manner, allowing direct observation of regulated fast nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of key signaling molecules.
NF‐κB mediated glucocorticoid response in the inner ear after acoustic trauma (2006)

The inner ear of humans and experimental animals demonstrate an abundance of glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Glucocorticoids (GC) are widely used to treat different hearing disorders; yet the mechanisms of GC action on the inner ear are unknown. We demonstrate how GR can directly modulate hearing sensitivity in response to a moderate acoustic trauma that results in a hearing loss (10-30 dB). The GC agonist (dexamethasone) and the drugs (metyrapone + RU 486) showed opposing effects on hearing threshold shifts. GC agonist (dexamethasone) decreased the hearing threshold whereas pre-treatment with a GC synthesis inhibitor (metyrapone) in combination with a GR antagonist (RU 486) exacerbated auditory threshold shifts (25-60 dB) after acoustic trauma with statistically significant increase in GR mRNA and GR protein compared with the vehicle and acoustic trauma group. Acoustic trauma caused a significant increase in the nuclear transport of NF-kappaB, whereas pre-treatment with the drugs (metyrapone and RU 486) blocked NF-kappaB nuclear transport into spiral ganglion nuclei. An NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate ammonium blocked the trauma-induced translocation of NF-kappaB and resulted in a hearing loss (45-60) dB. These results indicate that several factors define the responsiveness of the inner ear to GC, including the availability of ligand or receptor, and the nuclear translocation of GR and NF-kappaB. These findings will further our understanding of individual GC responsiveness to steroid treatment, and will help improve the development of pharmaceuticals to selectively target GR in the inner ear for individuals with increased sensitivity to acoustic trauma.
Mobile Communications Handbook (2013)

From the Publisher:
The Mobile Communications Handbook covers the entire field - from principles of analog and digital communications to cordless telephones, wireless local area networks (LANs), and international technology standards. The amazing scope of the handbook ensures that it will be the primary reference for every aspect of mobile communications.

Organized in two sections, The Mobile Communications Handbook first introduces the basic principles of analog and digital communications. Consisting of tutorial articles, this section provides background information and technical details, offering a solid foundation for the spectrum of mobile communications technology. The second part of the handbook consists of articles covering such topics as cellular mobile radio, personal communication systems, user location and addressing, wireless data, wireless LANs, and technology standards. New to the Second Edition:
Discussions on:
Rayleigh fading channelsSpace-time processingRadiolocation techniquesEnhancements in second generation systemsWireless video communicationsWireless ATMEvolving third generation standards

Plus updates on:
Wireless dataPower controlChannel assignmentDiversity techniquesError correction codingPseudonoise sequences
Influence of Process Parameters on Corrosion Behavior in a Sterically Hindered Amine−CO2 System (1998)

Corrosion behavior in a CO2 absorption process using a sterically hindered amine, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), was investigated by means of an electrochemical technique. The behavior was evaluated over ranges of three process parameters: 30−80 °C liquid temperature; 0.0−1.0 mol/mol of CO2 loading; 1.0−4.0 kmol/m3 AMP concentration. Experimental results show significant effects of the three process parameters on the corrosion behavior. An increase in each parameter generally aggravates system corrosiveness. Corrosiveness in the AMP system was also compared with that in the MEA system. It was found that the AMP system induces less corrosion rate than the MEA system at elevated temperature.
Oligodeoxynucleotide CpG 7909 Delivered as Intravenous Infusion Demonstrates Immunologic Modulation in Patients With Previously Treated Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (2006)

Oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) can alter various immune cell subsets important in antibody therapy of malignancy. We undertook a phase I trial of CPG 7909 (also known as PF-3512676) in patients with previously treated lymphoma with the primary objective of evaluating safety across a range of doses, and secondary objectives of evaluating immunomodulatory effects and clinical effects. Twenty-three patients with previously treated non-Hodgkin lymphoma received up to 3 weekly 2-hour intravenous (IV) infusions of CPG ODN 7909 at dose levels 0.01 to 0.64 mg/kg. Evaluation of immunologic parameters and clinical endpoints occurred for 6 weeks. Infusion-related toxicity included grade 1 nausea, hypotension, and IV catheter discomfort. Serious adverse hematologic events observed more than once included anemia (2=Gr3, 2=Gr4), thrombocytopenia (4=Gr3), and neutropenia (2=Gr3), and were largely judged owing to progressive disease. Immunologic observations included: (1) The mean ratio of NK-cell concentrations compared with pretreatment at day 2 was 1.44 (95% CI=0.94-1.94) and at day 42 was 1.53 (95% CI=1.14-1.91); (2) NK activity generally increased in subjects; and (3) Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity increased in select cohorts. No clinical responses were documented radiographically at day 42. Two subjects demonstrated late response. We conclude CpG 7909 can be safely given as a 2-hour IV infusion to patients with previously treated non-Hodgkin lymphoma at doses that have immunomodulatory effects.
Dip Pen Nanolithography Stamp Tip (2004)

A simple and novel method for fabricating poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-coated dip pen nanolithography (DPN) stamp tips was developed. These kinds of tips absorb chemicals (“inks”) easily and allow one to generate molecule-based patterns in a conventional DPN experiment. The generated patterns also can be imaged with the same DPN stamp tips. This method is a type of scanning probe contact printing but provides the ability to generate higher resolution structures than one can obtain with the conventional technique, which thus far has only enabled micron scale patterning. Sub-100 nm resolution patterning with 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA) as an ink is demonstrated with these novel tips and is comparable to what one can obtain with a conventional ink-coated Si3N4 probe tip. Proof-of-concept is also demonstrated with 1-octadecanethiol (ODT), dendrimers and cystamine as inks.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation for cognitive function in healthy elderly people (2006)

What little evidence there is from controlled trials does not support a beneficial effect of DHEA supplementation on cognitive function of non demented middle-aged or elderly people. There is no consistent evidence from the controlled trials that DHEA produces any adverse effects. In view of growing public enthusiasm for DHEA supplementation, particularly in the USA, and the theoretical possibility of long-term neuroprotective effects of DHEA/S, there is a need for further high quality trials in which the duration of DHEA treatment is longer than one year, and the number of participants is large enough to provide adequate statistical power.
Defective presentation to class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vaccinia-infected cells is overcome by enhanced degradation of antigen. (1988)

Vaccinia infection interferes with the presentation of influenza Haemagglutinin (HA) and Nucleoprotein (NP) to class I-restricted CTL. The inhibitory effect is selective for certain epitopes, and is more profound during the late phase of infection. For influenza A/NT/60/68 NP, the block is present during both early and late phases of infection, and is selective for the COOH-terminal epitope defined by peptide 366-379, having no detectable effect on the presentation of the NH2-terminal epitope 50-63. The presentation of HA is inhibited only during the late phase of vaccinia infection. For both proteins, presentation is partially (NP) or completely (HA) restored by expression of rapidly degraded protein fragments in the vaccinia infected target cell. For HA, deletion of the NH2-terminal signal sequence completely overcomes the block. For NP, either a large NH2-terminal deletion or the construction of a rapidly degraded ubiquitin-NP fusion protein partially restores presentation. These results illustrate the relationship between degradation of viral proteins in the cytoplasm of an infected cell and recognition of epitopes at the cell surface by class I-restricted T cells.
Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A 2 , High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Risk for Incident Coronary Heart Disease in Middle-Aged Men and Women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (2004)

Lp-PLA2 and CRP may be complementary in identifying individuals at high CHD risk who have low LDL-C.
Animal Models of HIV-1 Disease (1997)

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High Accuracy and Visibility-Consistent Dense Multiview Stereo (2011)

Since the initial comparison of Seitz et al., the accuracy of dense multiview stereovision methods has been increasing steadily. A number of limitations, however, make most of these methods not suitable to outdoor scenes taken under uncontrolled imaging conditions. The present work consists of a complete dense multiview stereo pipeline which circumvents these limitations, being able to handle large-scale scenes without sacrificing accuracy. Highly detailed reconstructions are produced within very reasonable time thanks to two key stages in our pipeline: a minimum s-t cut optimization over an adaptive domain that robustly and efficiently filters a quasidense point cloud from outliers and reconstructs an initial surface by integrating visibility constraints, followed by a mesh-based variational refinement that captures small details, smartly handling photo-consistency, regularization, and adaptive resolution. The pipeline has been tested over a wide range of scenes: from classic compact objects taken in a laboratory setting, to outdoor architectural scenes, landscapes, and cultural heritage sites. The accuracy of its reconstructions has also been measured on the dense multiview benchmark proposed by Strecha et al., showing the results to compare more than favorably with the current state-of-the-art methods.