gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF THE DRAG REDUCING REGIME OF PULP SUSPENSION FLOW (1976)

Under certain conditions of turbulent flow, values of friction loss for wood pulp fiber suspensions are lower than those for water at the same flow rate. This phenomenon of drag reduction is discussed with reference to pipe flow, and results from an investigation of flow resistance and velocity profiles of turbulent fiber suspensions are reviewed. Analytical expressions relating velocity profiles and flow resistance are derived and supported with experimental data. These relationships can be used to predict flow resistance in piping systems. Drag reduction also occurs when a rotating disk is immersed in a suspension of wood pulp fibers, and a method is proposed for predicting pipe friction loss and velocity profiles for fully developed turbulent flow in pipes from torque measurements obtained from a rotating disk. The method has been applied successfully over a limited range of conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Lactamase Inhibitory Activity of 6‐(Carboxymethylene) penicillins and 7‐(Carboxymethylene)cephalosporins. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Synthesis of N-Azolylindoles by Copper-Catalyzed C–H/N–H Coupling–Annulation Sequence of o-Alkynylanilines (2012)

A wide range of o-alkynylanilines undergo a copper-catalyzed direct C-H/N-H coupling with azoles followed by benzannulation to form the corresponding N-azolylindoles in good yields. The domino reaction proceeds effectively with molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant and provides a new dehydrogenative access to the titled compounds of interest in pharmaceutical and material sciences.
Cabozantinib (XL184) Inhibits Growth and Invasion of Preclinical TNBC Models (2015)

Using preclinical TNBC models that recapitulate the breast tumor microenvironment, we demonstrate that cabozantinib inhibition is an effective therapeutic strategy in several TNBC subtypes.
Nucleotide sequence evidence for the occurrence of three distinct whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in cassava (1993)

The complete nucleotide sequence of the DNA of Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) and a key part of that of a group B isolate of African cassava mosaic virus from Malawi (ACMV-M) were determined and compared at the nucleotide and encoded amino acid levels with the published sequences of an ACMV group A isolate (ACMV-K) and other whitefly-transmitted gemini-viruses (WTGs). The DNA of ICMV consists of two circular single-stranded molecules, DNA-A [2815 nucleotides (nt)] and DNA-B (2645 nt), which differ substantially in sequence from the genome components of ACMV-K (DNA-A 70%, DNA-B 47% sequence identity) and other WTGs. ICMV DNA-A contains eight open reading frames (ORFs) encoding proteins of > 100 amino acid residues, of which four ORFs (one genome sense, three complementary sense) are comparable to those of other WTGs. DNA-B contains one ORF in each sense, as in other WTGs. None of the putative viral proteins are more similar in amino acid sequence to the proteins of ACMV-K than to those of another WTG. The coat protein of ACMV-M is more like that of tomato yellow leaf curl virus from Sardinia (86% sequence identity) than those of ICMV or ACMV-K. The intergenic regions of ACMV-K, ACMV-M and ICMV DNAs differ in size, and largely in sequence, except for two 30 to 40 nt sequences which are also conserved in other WTGs and can form stem-loop structures. The intergenic region of ICMV DNA contains three copies of a 41 nt sequence, and that of ACMV-M DNA contains an imperfect repeat of a 34 nt sequence which resembles the repeated sequence in ICMV DNA. The differences between ACMV-K, ACMV-M and ICMV are considered great enough to justify their separation as isolates of three distinct WTGs: African cassava mosaic virus, East African cassava mosaic virus and Indian cassava mosaic virus.
An Efficient and Practical Synthesis of Aryl and Hetaryl α-Keto Esters (2011)

A general and highly efficient method was developed for the synthesis of α-keto esters by oxidative esterification of 2,2-dibromo-1-(het)arylethanones by sequential treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide and an alkanol. The versatility of the reaction was established by synthesizing a range of α-keto esters by treatment of 2,2-dibromoethanones, derived from aryl or hetaryl ketones, with di­methyl sulfoxide and a cyclic or acyclic primary or secondary alcohol. The mechanism of the reaction was established by means of a detailed study.
Insulin activates protein kinase B, inhibits glycogen synthase kinase‐3 and activates glycogen synthase by rapamycin‐insensitive pathways in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (1997)

Insulin stimulated protein kinase B alpha (PKB alpha) more than 10-fold and decreased glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) activity by 50 +/- 10% in skeletal muscle and adipocytes. Rapamycin did not prevent the activation of PKB, inhibition of GSK3 or stimulation of glycogen synthase up to 5 min. Thus rapamycin-insensitive pathways mediate the acute effect of insulin on glycogen synthase in the major insulin-responsive tissues. The small and very transient effects of EGF on phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)P3 PKB alpha and GSK3 in adipocytes, compared to the strong and sustained effects of insulin, explains why EGF does not stimulate glucose uptake or glycogen synthesis in adipocytes.
Detection of GAD65-Specific T-Cells by Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Tetramers in Type 1 Diabetic Patients and At-Risk Subjects (2002)

Soluble HLA-DR401 or -DR404 tetramers containing a peptide corresponding to an immunodominant epitope from human GAD65 were used to analyze peripheral blood T-cells of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients and at-risk subjects. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were expanded on antigen-presenting cells presenting GAD65 peptide and subsequently activated with specific plate-bound class II-peptide monomers. T-cell activation defined in flow cytometry by CD4(high) and/or CD25 markers were observed in all type 1 diabetic patients and some at-risk subjects, but not in normal control subjects. The activated T-cells stained positive with tetramers containing the GAD65 epitope 555-567. Tetramer-positive cells were CD4(high) T-cells with high avidity for an immunodominant GAD65 T-cell epitope. Phenotyping of T-cells utilizing HLA class II tetramers provides a new tool to characterize the autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes.
The Synthesis and Antimicrobial Screening of Some Novel AZA-Imidoxy Compounds as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents (2006)

Some novel azaimidoxy compounds viz. 2-{[(4-chlorophenyl)diazenyl]oxy}-1H-isoindole-1,3-(2H)-dione (Va), and 1-{[1-naphthyldiazenyl]oxy}pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (IVc), etc. have been synthesized by a simple diazotization reaction followed by a coupling with 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (III)/1-hydroxypyrrolidine-2,5-dione (II) of corresponding aromatic primary amine derivatives at a suitable pH. A similar reaction with a [1,3]thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-amine (VIII) lead us to some interesting results variable with a pH. The structure of all synthesized compounds has been established by IR, 1H NMR, and mass studies. These compounds have been screened for antimicrobial activities in order to evaluate the possibility of the derivatives to be used as potential chemotherapeutic agents.
The use of immunostimulatory substances in fish and shellfish farming (1996)

Abstract A number of different compounds with highly diverse chemical structures have been shown to elevate the overall resistance of animals to a number of infectious agents simultaneously. Such compounds, usually called immunostimulants, include bacterial cell wall fragments, ß‐1,3‐glucans of yeast and mycelial fungi, peptides, and a number of synthetic products. The present review paper describes the chemical structure of various immunostimulants and their mode of action on the immune system and disease resistance of fish and shrimp and discusses the current experience and future prospects of using immunostimulants to reduce disease threats in aquaculture. Immunostimulants are already in use as helper substances (adjuvants) in fish vaccines and as additives in aquafeeds, and there is a growing interest in the aquaculture industry to make use of immunostimulants as prophylactic agents prior to situations known to represent an elevated risk of disease outbreak. Such situations include transport and handling, sudden change of temperature and environment, weaning of young individuals to artificial diets, increased exposure to pathogenic microbes, and parasites and environmental stress that causes impaired general performance and reduced growth. Immunostimulants may become an important tool to reduce disease problems of shrimp aquaculture, because the concept of vaccination of crustaceans is not realistic. Moreover, the disease resistance of young fish, prior to the development stage when they can produce specific antibodies, may be boosted by immunostimulants. The science of immunostimulation in fish and shrimp is rapidly expanding and with a few specific products the mode of action and efficacy have been described in great detail. However, in many cases still there are only anecdotal information and poor documentation on efficacy. This may be one reason why there has been reluctance and skepticism to the use of immunostimulants under practical farming conditions. Another reason may be that the efficacy of immunostimulants very much depends on dose and mode of administration and that absence of efficacy due to unskilled use may have had a negative impact on the reputation of immunostimulants in practice. Moreover, the use of immunostimulants is a kind of risk insurance that will not provide a notable benefit when the environmental conditions are so good that no disease occurs. However, certain immunostimulants seem to be performance enhancers under such conditions, resulting in increased growth.
The Rhodadyns, a New Class of Small Molecule Inhibitors of Dynamin GTPase Activity (2012)

Six focused rhodanine-based libraries, 60 compounds in total, were synthesized and evaluated as potential dynamin I GTPase inhibitors. Twenty-six were more potent than the lead compound with 13 returning IC50 values ≤10 μM, making the Rhodadyn series among the most active dynamin inhibitors reported. Two analogues were highly effective at blocking receptor-mediated endocytosis: C10 and D10 with IC50(RME) = 7.0 ± 2.2 and 5.9 ± 1.0 μM, respectively. These compounds are equipotent with the best reported in-cell dynamin inhibitors.
Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report (2012)

It is increasingly perceived that gut host-microbial interactions are important elements in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). The most convincing evidence to date is the finding that functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may develop in predisposed individuals following a bout of infectious gastroenteritis. There has been a great deal of interest in the potential clinical and therapeutic implications of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in IBS. However, this theory has generated much debate because the evidence is largely based on breath tests which have not been validated. The introduction of culture-independent molecular techniques provides a major advancement in our understanding of the microbial community in FGID. Results from 16S rRNA-based microbiota profiling approaches demonstrate both quantitative and qualitative changes of mucosal and faecal gut microbiota, particularly in IBS. Investigators are also starting to measure host-microbial interactions in IBS. The current working hypothesis is that abnormal microbiota activate mucosal innate immune responses which increase epithelial permeability, activate nociceptive sensory pathways and dysregulate the enteric nervous system. While we await important insights in this field, the microbiota is already a therapeutic target. Existing controlled trials of dietary manipulation, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and non-absorbable antibiotics are promising, although most are limited by suboptimal design and small sample size. In this article, the authors provide a critical review of current hypotheses regarding the pathogenetic involvement of microbiota in FGID and evaluate the results of microbiota-directed interventions. The authors also provide clinical guidance on modulation of gut microbiota in IBS.
Con: Biomarkers in glomerular diseases: putting the cart before the wheel? (2015)

Biomarkers have been increasingly sought to improve diagnosis as well as predict prognosis and/or response to therapy. However, they should not replace sound clinical judgment and therapeutic measures. The present article aims to highlight the issues with biomarker research in three selected entities. In focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, many studies fail to differentiate cases of primary versus secondary forms leading to conclusions that are uninterpretable. Biomarkers have also been sought to predict development of diabetic nephropathy but this research should not supersede efforts aimed to optimize treatment of diabetes. Finally, in lupus nephritis (LN), biomarkers so far have failed to prove value in clinical practice. The concept of immunological remission should be added to the concept of clinical remission when judging response to immunosuppressive therapy in LN. In addition, the appropriate time frame for remission to occur should be reconsidered.
Protein structure alignment by incremental combinatorial extension (CE) of the optimal path (1998)

A new algorithm is reported which builds an alignment between two protein structures. The algorithm involves a combinatorial extension (CE) of an alignment path defined by aligned fragment pairs (AFPs) rather than the more conventional techniques using dynamic programming and Monte Carlo optimization. AFPs, as the name suggests, are pairs of fragments, one from each protein, which confer structure similarity. AFPs are based on local geometry, rather than global features such as orientation of secondary structures and overall topology. Combinations of AFPs that represent possible continuous alignment paths are selectively extended or discarded thereby leading to a single optimal alignment. The algorithm is fast and accurate in finding an optimal structure alignment and hence suitable for database scanning and detailed analysis of large protein families. The method has been tested and compared with results from Dali and VAST using a representative sample of similar structures. Several new structural similarities not detected by these other methods are reported. Specific one-on-one alignments and searches against all structures as found in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) can be performed via the Web at http://cl.sdsc.edu/ce.html.
Antibody-Based Therapy for Solid Tumors (2008)

Monoclonal antibodies have emerged as a class of novel oncology therapeutics. The selectivity and specificity, the unique pharmacokinetics, and the ability to engage and activate the immune system differentiate these biologics from traditional small molecule anticancer drugs. In this review, we focus on 4 antibodies approved for clinical use in treating solid tumors, trastuzumab (Herceptin) for breast cancer, bevacizumab (Avastin) for colorectal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, cetuximab (Erbitux) for colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer, and panitumumab (Vectibix) for colorectal cancer. The anticancer effects of these antibodies derive from blockade of growth factor/receptor interaction and/or down-regulation of oncogenic proteins (eg, growth factor receptors) on the tumor cell surface, and for some of these antibodies from the ability to elicit effector mechanisms of the immune system, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. The mechanism behind each antibody, the registration trials for their approved indications, and emerging indications are the focus of this article. We also review clinical considerations including commonly observed and antibody-related side effects, and dosing schedules. In addition, perspectives on challenges and opportunities of oncology antibody clinical development, antibody engineering, and the use of pharmacogenomics are presented.
NMEGylation: A novel modification to enhance the bioavailability of therapeutic peptides (2011)

We have evaluated "NMEGylation"--the covalent attachment of an oligo-N-methoxyethylglycine (NMEG) chain--as a new form of peptide/protein modification to enhance the bioavailability of short peptides. OligoNMEGs are hydrophilic polyethylene glycol-like molecules made by solid-phase synthesis, typically up to 40 monomers in length. They have been studied as nonfouling surface coatings and as monodisperse mobility modifiers for free-solution conjugate capillary electrophoresis. However, polyNMEGs have not been demonstrated before this work as modifiers of therapeutic proteins. In prior published work, we identified a short peptide, "C20," as a potential extracellular inhibitor of the fusion of human respiratory syncytial virus with mammalian cells. The present study was aimed at improving the C20 peptide's stability and solubility. To this end, we synthesized and studied a series of NMEGylated C20 peptide-peptoid bioconjugates comprising different numbers of NMEGs at either the N- or C-terminus of C20. NMEGylation was found to greatly improve this peptide's solubility and serum stability; however, longer polyNMEGs (n > 3) deleteriously affected peptide binding to the target protein. By incorporating just one NMEG monomer, along with a glycine monomer as a flexible spacer, at C20's N-terminus (NMEG-Gly-C20), we increased both solubility and serum stability greatly, while recovering a binding affinity comparable to that of unmodified C20 peptide. Our results suggest that NMEGylation with an optimized number of NMEG monomers and a proper linker could be useful, more broadly, as a novel modification to enhance bioavailability and efficacy of therapeutic peptides.
A novel control to actively damp resonance in input LC filter of a three-phase voltage source converter (1997)

The voltage source converter (VSC) provides constant/controllable DC bus voltage, regenerating capability, controllable power factor, and nearly sinusoidal input current. If an input LC filter is added, it prevents pollution of the utility by the current ripple due to the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) switching. A novel control strategy for actively damping high-frequency resonance (above 1.5 kHz) in the input LC filter is presented. No additional sensors are required for the standard VSC. Theoretical results of the analysis and simulation are experimentally verified.
Solid Polyethylene Glycols (Carbowax Compounds) (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolid Polyethylene Glycols (Carbowax Compounds)C. B. Shaffer and F. H. CritchfieldCite this: Anal. Chem. 1947, 19, 1, 32–34Publication Date (Print):January 21, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 21 January 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60001a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60001a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views338Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
α<sub>1</sub>-Proteinase Inhibitor Abrogates Proteolytic and Secretagogue Activity of Cystic Fibrosis Sputum (1995)

Airway disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by neutrophil-dominated chronic inflammation with an excess of uninhibited neutrophil elastase (NE), which is regarded as an important factor in progressive lung destruction. Therefore, inhalation of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) seems to be a reasonable therapeutic approach. To estimate its therapeutic potential, we quantitatively investigated the in vitro interactions of exogenous alpha 1-PI with CF sputum samples (n = 28). High NE and alpha 1-PI concentrations were detected in CF sputum (6.03 +/- 0.78 and 2.56 +/- 0.16 mumol/l, respectively). There was significant NE activity (2.6 +/- 0.4 U/l) due to both the surplus of NE and proteolytic degradation of alpha 1-PI. Addition of exogenous alpha 1-PI resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of NE activity in CF sputum; > 90% inhibition was achieved at 10 micrograms/ml alpha 1-PI. Purified NE as well as CF sputum potently induced secretion from porcine tracheal glands. Corresponding to inhibition of NE activity, CF sputum-induced secretion was also inhibited by exogenous alpha 1-PI; > 90% inhibition was also achieved at 10 micrograms/ml alpha 1-PI. Incubation of exogenous alpha 1-PI with CF sputum for 24 h did not reduce the inhibitory effects. From our in vitro results we conclude that inhalation of alpha 1-PI might effectively inhibit both NE activity and airway gland hypersecretion in CF airways.
Insulin-like growth factor II overexpression in myoblasts induces phenotypic changes typical of the malignant phenotype. (1995)

The objective of this study was to examine the role of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) in the pathogenesis of human rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS). We have demonstrated previously that RMS express high levels of IGF-II mRNA, secrete IGF-II peptide, and express both IGF-I and IGF-II receptors. Moreover, we showed that IGF-II functions as an autocrine growth and motility factor in RMS. Since IGF-II is expressed at high levels in fetal muscle cells and RMS are tumors thought to derive from skeletal myoblasts arrested along the normal myogenic pathway, autocrine production of IGF-II by RMS may be an etiological event in the development of this tumor. We have developed a model system which enabled us to study the effects of endogenous IGF-II overprotection in muscle myoblasts. Human cDNA for pre-prohormone IGF-II was transfected into mouse myoblasts in order to achieve high, constant expression of this growth factor, which is normally down-regulated at the end of the differentiation process. Expression of high IGF-II levels resulted in: (a) an increased proliferative rate; (b) impairment of the ability to differentiate into myoblasts; and (c) acquisition of the capability of anchorage-independent growth. No changes in the expression of IGF-I receptors were noted. We conclude that IGF-II overexpression in muscle myoblasts induces morphological and biological changes typical of the malignant phenotype and represents a fundamental event in the pathogenesis of RMS and possibly of other embryonal tumors.
Intravenous clodronate in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. (2000)

A 10 day i.v. clodronate course is better than placebo and effective in the treatment of RSDS. NTx seems to be a predictive factor for clodronate efficacy.