gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biohazard Detoxification Method Utilizing Magnetic Particles (2007)

We are developing a novel, integrated system based on superparamagnetic, biocompatible nanospheres for selective and rapid detoxification of biological, chemical, or radioactive toxins from humans. After intravascular injection, the circulating nanospheres would bind to blood-borne toxins due to selective receptors attached to the nanosphere surface. After circulation, a suitable artery or vein is accessed with a small, hand held magnetic filter unit. The blood is purified of the toxin-loaded nanospheres within the unit and the clean blood is returned to the body. The concentrated toxins can now be disposed or submitted for assay or forensics. At the end of the funding period we have accomplished several key technological goals. A) We have a reproducible procedure for producing PEGylated PLGA/PLA nanospheres of discrete size in a range of 100 nm to 500 nm. We have finalized and are in the process of publishing our in vitro work which identifies the biocompatibility and non-toxicity of the designer spheres. B) Further, we have developed a prototype magnetic separator suitable for ambulatory usage and tested its performance in vitro flow models.
CIS, a Cytokine Inducible SH2 Protein, Is a Target of the JAK-STAT5 Pathway and Modulates STAT5 Activation (1997)

We searched for immediate early cytokine responsive genes and isolated a novel gene, CIS (Cytokine Inducible SH2 containing protein) that is induced in hematopoietic cells by a subset of cytokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-3, and erythropoietin (EPO). The mutant IL-2 receptor that fails to activate STAT5 could not induce CIS, suggesting that STAT5 is involved in the cytokine-inducible expression of CIS. We cloned the 5'-flanking region of the CIS gene and found that about 200 bases upstream of the transcription-initiation site contain four potential STAT5 binding sites (MGF boxes). Luciferase reporter assays showed that these MGF boxes were essential for EPO-dependent promoter activity. Expression of STAT5 and the EPO receptor in HEK293 cells conferred EPO-dependent activation of the CIS promoter. These data indicate that CIS is a target of the JAK-STAT5 pathway of cytokine receptors. CIS contains an SH2 domain and binds to tyrosine-phosphorylated EPO and IL-3 receptors. In HEK293 cells expressing STAT5 and the EPO receptor, EPO-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5, as well as EPO-dependent CIS-promoter activation, was suppressed when CIS was coexpressed. Moreover, the induction of oncostatin M, another STAT5 target, as well as the tyrosine-phosphorylation of STAT5, were partially suppressed by CIS expression in Ba/F3 cells. Thus, CIS is a feedback modulator of STAT5; its expression is induced by STAT5 and it negatively modulates STAT5 activation.
Ligand-induced phosphorylation of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor can occur through an intermolecular reaction that triggers receptor down modulation. (1990)

Ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the human colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) could involve either an intra- or intermolecular mechanism. We therefore examined the ability of a CSF-1R carboxy-terminal truncation mutant to phosphorylate a kinase-defective receptor, CSF-1R[met 616], that contains a methionine-for-lysine substitution at its ATP-binding site. By using an antipeptide serum that specifically reacts with epitopes deleted from the enzymatically competent truncation mutant, cross-phosphorylation of CSF-1R[met 616] on tyrosine was demonstrated, both in immune-complex kinase reactions and in intact cells stimulated with CSF-1. Both in vitro and in vivo, CSF-1R[met 616] was phosphorylated on tryptic peptides identical to those derived from wild-type CSF-1R, suggesting that receptor phosphorylation on tyrosine can proceed via an intermolecular interaction between receptor monomers. When expressed alone, CSF-1R[met 616] did not undergo ligand-induced down modulation, but its phosphorylation in cells coexpressing the kinase-active truncation mutant accelerated its degradation.
Effects of policosanol and pravastatin on lipid profile, platelet aggregation and endothelemia in older hypercholesterolemic patients. (1999)

This randomized, double-blind study was undertaken to compare the effects of policosanol and pravastatin administered at 10 mg/day on lipid profile, platelet aggregation and endothelemia in older patients with type II hypercholesterolemia and high coronary risk. After 6 weeks on a lipid-lowering diet, patients with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels > 3.4 mmol/l were randomized to receive, under double-blind conditions, policosanol or pravastatin 10 mg tablets that were taken with the evening meal for 8 weeks. Policosanol significantly (p < 0.00001) lowered LDL-cholesterol (19.3%), total cholesterol (13.9%) and the ratios of LDL-cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (28.3%) and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (24.4%). Pravastatin significantly (p < 0.00001) lowered LDL-cholesterol (15.6%), total cholesterol (11.8%) and the ratios (p < 0.0001) of LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (18.9%) and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (15.7%). Policosanol, but not pravastatin, significantly increased (p < 0.001) levels of HDL-cholesterol (18.4%) and reduced (p < 0.01) triglycerides (14.1%). Policosanol was more effective (p < 0.05) than pravastatin in inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by all agonists and it significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid at 1.5 and 3 mmol/l by 42.2% and 69.5%, respectively, platelet aggregation induced by collagen 0.5 microgram/ml (p < 0.05) (16.6%) and that induced by adenosine diphosphate 1 mumol/l (p < 0.01) (20.3%). Pravastatin significantly reduced (p < 0.001) (27%) only platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid 3 mmol/l. Both drugs significantly decreased (p < 0.00001) endothelemia levels but final values were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the policosanol than in the pravastatin group. Both treatments were safe and well tolerated. Pravastatin significantly (p < 0.01) increased serum levels of alanine amine transferase but individual values remained within normal. Two patients on pravastatin discontinued the study because of adverse experiences (myocardial infarction and jaundice, respectively). In conclusion, the effects of policosanol (10 mg/day) on lipid profile, platelet aggregation and endothelemia in older patients with type II hypercholesterolemia and high coronary risk are more favorable than those induced by the same doses of pravastatin.
A new synthetic route to 2‐substituted naphtho[2,3‐b]furan‐4,9‐dione2‐Substituted Naphtho[2,3‐b]furan‐4,9‐dione (1997)

Abstract 4,9‐Dimethoxynaphtho[2,3‐ b ]furan 9 was obtained in 91% yield via the reductive methylation of naphtho[2,3‐ b ]furan‐4,9‐dione 2 . After treatment of 9 with butyllithium, the mixture was allowed to react with N,N ‐dimethylacetamide, followed by oxidization with cerium(IV) diammonium nitrate to give 2‐acetylnaphtho[2,3‐ b ]furan‐4,9‐dione 1 . 2‐Formylnaphtho[2,3‐ b ]furan‐4,9‐dione 13 and 2‐trimethylsilyl‐naphtho[2,3‐ b ]furan‐4,9‐dione 14 were also obtained from 9 by a similar method. The halodesilylations of 14 easily gave 2‐iodonaphtho[2,3‐ b ]furan‐4,9‐dione 16 , 2‐bromonaphtho[2,3‐ b ]furan‐4,9‐dione 17 , and 2‐chloronaphtho[2,3‐ b ]furan‐4,9‐dione 18 in 82%, and 93% and 83% yield, respectively. Furthermore, the nitrodesilylation of 14 gave 2‐nitronaphtho[2,3‐ b ]furan‐4,9‐dione 3 in 77% yield.
Reputation and Equilibrium Characterization in Repeated Games with Conflicting Interests (1993)

A two-person game is of conflicting interests if the strategy to which player one would most like to commit herself holds player two down to his minimax payoff. Suppose there is a positive prior probability that player one is a commitme nt type who will always play this strategy. Then player one will get a t least her commitment payoff in any Nash equilibrium of the repeated game if her discount factor approaches one. This result is robust against further perturbations of the informational structure and in striking contrast to the message of the Folk theorem for games with incomplete information. Copyright 1993 by The Econometric Society. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
The role of effectors of the activin signalling pathway, activin receptors IIA and IIB, and Smad2, in patterning of tooth development (2001)

The gene for activin betaA is expressed in the early odontogenic mesenchyme of all murine teeth but mutant mice show a patterning defect where incisors and mandibular molars fail to develop but maxillary molars develop normally. In order to understand why maxillary molar tooth development can proceed in the absence of activin, we have explored the role of mediators of activin signalling in tooth development. Analysis of tooth development in activin receptor II and Smad2 mutants shows that a similar tooth phenotype to activin betaA mutants can be observed. In addition, we identify a novel downstream target of activin signalling, the Iroquois-related homeobox gene, Irx1, and show that its expression in activin betaA mutant embryos is lost in all tooth germs, including the maxillary molars. These results strongly suggest that other transforming growth factor beta molecules are not stimulating the activin signalling pathway in the absence of activin. This was confirmed by a non-genetic approach using exogenous soluble receptors to inhibit all activin signalling in tooth development, which reproduced the genetic phenotypes. Activin, thus, has an essential role in early development of incisor and mandibular molar teeth but this pathway is not required for development of maxillary molars.
Biologically inspired defenses against computer viruses (1995)

Today's anti-virus technology, based largely on analysis of existing viruses by human experts, is just barely able to keep pace with the more than three new computer viruses that are written daily. In a few years, intelligent agents navigating through highly connected networks are likely to form an extremely fertile medium for a new breed of viruses. At IBM, we are developing novel, biologically inspired anti-virus techniques designed to thwart both today's and tomorrow's viruses. Here we describe two of these: a neural network virus detector that learns to discriminate between infected and uninfected programs, and a computer immune system that identifies new viruses, analyzes them automatically, and uses the results of its analysis to detect and remove all copies of the virus that are present in the system. The neural-net technology has been incorporated into IBM's commercial anti-virus product; the computer immune system is in prototype.
Advanced Organic Light-Emitting Devices for Enhancing Display Performances (2005)

Various advanced organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) for enhancing performances of OLED displays, particularly active-matrix OLED displays, are reviewed in this paper. These include top-emitting OLEDs, inverted OLEDs, high-contrast OLEDs, microcavity OLEDs, and their combinations. How these device structures enhance display performances, such as color saturation, brightness or emission efficiency, contrast, and aperture ratio of pixels, etc., are discussed. The critical technical issues and the status of development associated with each device technology are reviewed.
Synthesis and investigation of effects of 2-[4-[[(arylamino)carbonyl]amino]phenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acids on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen: structure-activity relationships (1989)

A series of 2-[4-[[[(substituted-phenyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]phenoxy]-2- methylpropionic acids and other substituted phenoxyacetic acids were synthesized and tested for their ability to reduce the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. 2-[4-[[[(3,4,5-trichlorophenyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]phenoxy]-2- methylpropionic acid was found to be the most potent compound known. Structure-activity relationships of the compounds synthesized are discussed.
Single primer pair for amplifying segments of distinct Shiga-like-toxin genes by polymerase chain reaction (1989)

By using a single synthetic oligonucleotide primer pair in the polymerase chain reaction, we amplified specific Shiga-like-toxin (SLT) gene segments from DNAs of 20 clinical Escherichia coli isolates, irrespective of whether they produce SLT-I, SLT-II, or heretofore uncategorized SLTs. These segments were not detectable in any of 20 nontoxigenic E. coli strains. The primers deduced from a conserved region among SLT genes are so-called degenerate-sequence primers; i.e., they contain intentionally introduced sequence ambiguities to overcome minor sequence variations within different SLT genes. In direct gel hybridization with genomic DNA, both primers recognized SLT-I and SLT-II DNA sequences. Amplified sequences of target DNA obtained by polymerase chain reaction were visualized after gel electrophoresis by ethidium bromide staining, and definitive identification of the amplification product as an SLT gene segment was achieved by hybridization to SLT-I- and SLT-II-specific 20-base oligonucleotide probes complementary to a portion of the amplified sequences but not to the primers. The detecting oligonucleotide probes shared only 30% base homology and were shown to recognize specifically SLT-I or SLT-II sequences within genomic DNA. Moreover, they were used to distinguish whether the amplified sequence originated from SLT-I or SLT-II genes. The PCR system with the primers described here is a powerful technique to amplify SLT sequences in E. coli strains that produce serologically distinct SLTs and will facilitate identification of these pathogens, particularly among a multitude of nonpathogenic E. coli strains.
Reaction of some coumarin and 4,6‐diaryl‐2H‐pyran derivatives with secondary amines (1981)

Abstract The reaction of piperidine, morpholine, piperazine or dimethylamine with several coumarins, 3‐bromocoumarin, 4,6‐diaryl‐2 H ‐pyran‐2‐ones and 3‐bromo‐4,6‐diaryl‐2 H ‐thiopyran‐2‐ones gave o ‐hydroxycinnamic acid amides, benzofurans, open‐chain δ‐oxoamides and thiophene derivatives, respectively.
Influence of Sulfur on the Pyrolysis of CoTMPP as Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (2009)

This work presents the preparation and investigation of pyrolyzed cobalt–tetramethoxyphenylporphyrin (CoTMPP) supported by iron oxalate with and without sulfur as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid media. A preparation method which needs no addition of carbon supports allows the structural investigation of the pyrolysis products by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry without any interferences of a carbon support. Already with low metal loading, rotating ring disk electrode measurements reveal the high ORR activity and enhanced selectivity which are apparently caused by an increased number of catalytic centers and higher efficient ones due to a well developed porosity and a suitable molecular structure of the formed carbon. A thermogravimetric investigation of the pyrolysis process shows that the addition of sulfur to the precursor influences the carbonization of the porphyrin in a favorable way. It has been found that extended graphene layers present a particularly suitable matrix for highly active catalytic centers.
Personal cytometers: Slow flow or no flow? (2006)

Given the requirements for light sources, detectors, optics, mechanics, electronics and data analysis hardware and software, and the components presently available, it should be easier to reach the desired 5,000 US dollars price point with an image cytometer than with a flow cytometer.
Induction of Peroxiredoxin Gene Expression by Oxygen in Lungs of Newborn Primates (2001)

Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is an important antioxidant defense enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide to molecular oxygen by using reducing equivalents from thioredoxin. We report that lung Prx I messenger RNA (mRNA) is specifically upregulated by oxygen. Throughout the third trimester, mRNA for Prx I was expressed constitutively at low levels in fetal baboon lung. However, after premature birth (125 or 140 d gestation), lung Prx I mRNA increased rapidly with the onset of oxygen exposure. Premature animals (140 d) breathing 100% O(2) developed chronic lung disease within 7 to 14 d. These animals had greater lung Prx I mRNA after 1, 6, or 10 d of life than did fetal controls. In 140-d animals given lesser O(2) concentrations (as needed) that did not develop chronic lung disease, lung Prx I mRNA also was increased on Days 1 and 6, but not Day 10. In fetal distal lung explant culture, Prx I mRNA was elevated in 95% O(2), relative to 1% oxygen, and remained elevated at 24 h. Prx protein activity increased in 140-d premature baboons exposed to as-needed oxygen. By contrast, there was a decrease in Prx activity in 140-d premature baboons exposed to 100% oxygen. In the lung explants from prematures (140 d), there was no significant increase in Prx activity in response to 24 h exposure to hyperoxia, whereas exposure of explants to 48 h hyperoxia caused a nonsignificant decrease in Prx activity. Treatment of lung explants with actinomycin D inhibited Prx mRNA increases in 95% oxygen, indicating transcriptional regulation. In cellular signaling studies we demonstrated that protein kinase (PK) C activity increased when A549 cells were exposed to 95% oxygen, compared with 21% oxygen exposure. In lung explant cultures, specific PKC inhibitors calphostin C or GF109203X inhibited the increase in Prx I mRNA with 95% oxygen exposure, indicating PKC-mediated signaling. The acute increase in gene expression of Prx I in response to oxygen suggests an important role for this protein during the transition from relatively anaerobic fetal life to oxygen-breathing at birth.
THz transmission characteristics of dielectric-filled parallel-plate waveguides (2007)

THz transmission characteristics of dielectric-filled (DF) metallic parallel-plate waveguides (PPWGs) are experimentally and theoretically investigated via the propagation of sub-ps THz pulses. It is found that a PPWG having a high-resistivity (&amp;gt;10 kΩ cm) silicon filling can, in fact, exhibit a higher transmission loss compared to one having a polythene filling, despite the significantly lower THz absorption in the bulk silicon. Consequently, it is shown that the key to achieving low-loss transmission in DF-PPWGs is to use a dielectric filling having not only a low absorption, but also a low refractive index. The application of this guided-wave geometry for THz spectroscopy of minute (film) substances is also predicted.
Biochemical and immunological characterization of the surface proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi (1989)

The immunodominant proteins and glycoproteins of Borrelia burgdorferi were analyzed by one-dimensional (1D) and 2D gel electrophoresis. More than 100 polypeptide species could be detected on silver-stained 2D gels. Separation of sonic extracts of the organism by differential centrifugation (100,000 X g) revealed several of the major proteins to reside predominantly within the pellet fraction. The antigenicity of the individual polypeptides was determined by Western (immuno-) blot analysis with sera from humans with chronic Lyme disease and from rabbits immunized with B. burgdorferi. Surface proteins of viable B. burgdorferi labeled with 125I or long-arm hydroxysuccinimide biotin were identified by gel analyses. Thirteen major surface proteins were apparent, including the highly immunogenic 41-kilodalton (kDa) endoflagellar antigen. Two of these proteins, with molecular masses of 22 and 41 kDa, were further characterized by electroblotting and microsequencing their amino termini. Significant (35%) homology between the first 20 amino acids of the 22-kDa protein and the deduced amino acid sequence of the 31-kDa (outer surface protein A) protein of B. burgdorferi may indicate that these proteins are processed similarly or are part of a gene family expressed at the surface of the organism. In addition, highly significant (88%) homology was found between the first nine amino acids of the 41-kDa protein of B. burgdorferi and the 33-kDa endoflagellar protein of Treponema pallidum, after which the sequences diverge. This observation provides in part a structural basis for the observed cross-reactivity between the two organisms and suggests alternative approaches to the development of specific immunodiagnostics.
60-kDa heat shock protein of Chlamydia pneumoniae is a target of T-cell immune response. (2006)

Inflammatory processes contribute to the pathogenesis and complications of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD). Several findings indicate that chlamydial heat shock proteins (HSP) may represent a particularly strong antigenic stimulus, able to induce specific humoral (Ab) and T-cell-mediated immune responses (CMI) linking infection by Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) to immuno-pathological sequelae such as atherosclerosis and CHD. We have here evaluated the ability of chlamydial recombinant (r) HSP60 and rHSP10 to induce specific immune responses in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in murine models. rHSP60, but not rHSP10, was shown to induce proliferation and Interferon-gamma secretion in lymphocytes of randomly selected blood donors, as well as to generate and detect delayed-type hypersensitivity response in HSP60-vaccinated mice. Overall, the present study provides new hints to evaluate a previous exposition to CP using rHSP60 in humans. Thus the evaluation of specific HSP60 CMI response in healthy subject could be useful to monitor the reactivity to Chlamydia pneumoniae possibly providing a link to CHD pathologies.
Comparison of radioimmunoassay, chemical assay (HPLC) and bioassay for arginine vasopressin in synthetic standards and posterior pituitary tissue (1982)

Radioimmunoassay and chemical assay (high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection) for arginine vasopressin (AVP) in purified synthetic preparations and in posterior lobe tissue samples (ox and rat) yielded essentially identical values. In tissue samples from the neurohypophysis, the reproducibility of the former method was roughly twice as good. The routinely used blood pressure bioassay was very poorly reproducible and yielded values deviating from the two ther methods. In all three assays, the coefficient of variation was roughly five times higher in tissue samples than in synthetic preparations. It is suggested that a chemical rather than a biological assay is used for standardization of AVP for radioimmunoassay. Large differences were found in the quality of AVP preparations potentially usable as standards and tracers (after iodination) for radioimmunoassay. All commercial preparations should therefore be checked for their AVP and impurity content by high performance liquid chromatography.
Latanoprost Stimulates Secretion of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Tenon Fibroblasts Both In Vitro and In Vivo (2003)

Tenon fibroblasts contain the ability on the mRNA level to synthesize all enzymes of the MMP and TIMP family that are related to remodeling of the extracellular matrix. The levels of MMP-3 and TIMP-2 increase after treatment with latanoprost. Tenon fibroblasts may be the target cells for attempts to influence the tissue levels of MMPs and TIMPs in the context of conjunctival wound healing after glaucoma surgery.