gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atrial natriuretic peptides in pathophysiological diseases (2001)

Time for primary review 32 days. 

Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) consist of a family of peptides which are synthesized and then stored as three different prohormones (i.e., 126 amino acid [a.a.] atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 108 a.a. brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and 126 a.a. C-natriuretic peptide prohormones (CNP) prohormones) [1]. The present review will concentrate on atrial peptides and especially on the natriuretic peptides originating from the ANP prohormone in pathophysiological conditions. There are several excellent recent reviews on the biochemistry and molecular biology of the natriuretic peptides [2,3] and their physiology [4–6] so these aspects will not be reviewed in detail in the present review.

### 2.1 Cerebrovascular disease — molecular biology of natriuretic peptides

To understand which of the atrial natriuretic peptides may be associated with cerebrovascular accidents (i.e., strokes) [7,8] and other cardiovascular disease states, it is necessary to briefly review the molecular biology of how the respective atrial natriuretic peptides are synthesized. The gene encoding for the synthesis of atrial natriuretic peptide preprohormone consists of three exons (coding) sequences separated by two intron (intervening) sequences (Fig. 1) [9–12]. Exon 1 encodes the signal peptide which is cleaved from the preprohormone (152 a.a.) in the endoplasmic reticulum to form a prohormone of 126 a.a., which is the storage form of the various atrial peptide hormones within tissues [11–13]. Exon 1 also encodes for the first 16 amino acids of this prohormone [9–12] which after proteolytic processing of the ANP prohormone is also the first 16 a.a. of a peptide hormone named long acting natriuretic peptide (LANP) (Fig. 1). Exon 3 encodes for the terminal tyrosine (i.e., a.a. 126 of the ANP prohormone) in humans and 3 a.a. (Try-Arg-Arg) in rat, mouse, rabbit, and cow [9–13]. Exon 2 encodes for the rest of the prohormone (i.e., a.a. 17–125 in humans) [9–13].



Fig. 1 
Structure of … 



* Tel.: +1-813-972-7624; fax: +1-813-972-7623 vesely.david_l{at}tampa.va.gov
Stable single mode hybrid laser with high power and narrow linewidth (1994)

We describe hybrid lasers combining a semiconductor gain section and fiber cavity with integrated chirped Bragg reflector. These devices have produced output powers of 27.5 mW in a narrow linewidth (400 KHz) stable single longitudinal mode. The use of a chirped reflector to stabilize the single mode output, and correct grating orientation are described. The laser output has a side-mode suppression ratio of over 55 dB at 27.5 mW output, and relative intensity noise (RIN) below 160 dB/Hz.
Autophagic degradation of nuclear components in mammalian cells (2009)

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular mechanism for the degradation of organelles and proteins. Here we demonstrate the presence of perinuclear autophagosomes/autolysosomes containing nuclear components in nuclear envelopathies caused by mutations in the genes encoding A-type lamins (LMNA) and emerin (EMD). These autophagosomes/autolysosomes were sometimes bigger than a nucleus. The autophagic nature is further supported by upregulation of LC3-II in Lmna(H222P/H222P) fibroblasts. In addition, inhibition of autophagy led to the accumulation of nuclear abnormalities and reduced cell viability, strongly suggesting a beneficial role of autophagy, at least in these cells. Similar giant autophagosomes/autolysosomes were seen even in wild-type cells, albeit rarely, implying that this "nucleophagy" is not confined to the diseased condition, but may be seen even in physiologic conditions to clean up nuclear wastes produced by nuclear damage.
Generation and characterization of a Tet-On (rtTA-M2) transgenic rat (2010)

This conditional expression rat model may have application for transgenic overexpression or knockdown studies of gene function in development, disease and gene therapy.
An Organotrifluoroborate for Broadly Applicable One‐Step 18 F‐Labeling (2014)

A new zwitterionic organotrifluoroborate is appended to three radiosynthons that afford undergo facile bioconjugation to several clinically relevant peptides and one enzyme inhibitor. Molecularly complex bioconjugates are (18)F-labeled in a single aqueous step in rapid time (<15 min) without HPLC purification to afford tracers in good yields (>200 mCi, 20-40%) at high specific activity (≥3 Ci/μmol) and at >98% purity. PET imaging shows in vivo stability and tumor uptake.
Free Covalent Aggregates of Therapeutic Insulin in Blood of Insulin-Dependent Diabetics (1987)

Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in the circulation of diabetics using insulin includes a 12,000-Mr covalent aggregate of insulin. In this study, both free and bound IRI were measured in nine type I diabetics who were treated sequentially for 3 wk with constant doses of conventional beef-pork, biosynthetic human, and beef-pork insulins (phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively). The aggregate accounted for 19 +/- 5.7, 38 +/- 7.7, and 26 +/- 7% of bound IRI, and 19 +/- 8.3, 35 +/- 7.3, and 31 +/- 5.0% of free IRI during phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Taken as concentrations (microU/ml), the absolute amounts of aggregate in the bound fraction were significantly (P less than .001) greater than those that were free, whereas the ratios of aggregate to monomer within each pool were similar (P greater than .1). The relative and absolute amounts of the insulin aggregate during each of the three treatment phases (compared by analysis of variance) were indistinguishable (P greater than 0.5). However, the aggregate was overestimated by a factor of approximately 2 when measurements were made on the basis of an insulin-monomer standard. We conclude that both the bound and free fractions of IRI contain insulin aggregate. Overreactivity of the aggregate in the radioimmunoassay contributes to the so-called hyperinsulinism of type I diabetes. As with insulin monomer, most of the 12,000-Mr aggregate is bound to antibodies. Because some of the aggregate is free, its biologic consequences must be assessed.
The localization problem for mobile robots (2002)

A fundamental task for an autonomous mobile robot is that of localization-determining its location in a known environment. This problem arises in settings that range from the computer analysis of aerial photographs to the design of autonomous Mars rovers. L. Guibas et al. ((1992) have given geometric algorithms for the problem of enumerating locations for a robot consistent with a given view of the environment. We provide an on-line algorithm for a robot to move within its environment so as to uniquely determine its location. The algorithm improves asymptotically on strategies based purely on the "spiral search" technique of R. Baeza-Yates et al. (1993); an interesting feature of our approach is the way in which the robot is able to identify "critical directions" in the environment which allow it to perform late stages of the search more efficiently.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The two-dimensional IR nonlinear spectroscopy of a cyclic penta-peptide in relation to its three-dimensional structure (1999)

A form of two-dimensional (2D) vibrational spectroscopy, which uses two ultrafast IR laser pulses, is used to examine the structure of a cyclic penta-peptide in solution. Spectrally resolved cross peaks occur in the off-diagonal region of the 2D IR spectrum of the amide I region, analogous to those in 2D NMR spectroscopy. These cross peaks measure the coupling between the different amide groups in the structure. Their intensities and polarizations relate directly to the three-dimensional structure of the peptide. With the help of a model coupling Hamiltonian, supplemented by density functional calculations, the spectra of this penta-peptide can be regenerated from the known solution phase structure. This 2D-IR measurement, with an intrinsic time resolution of less than 1 ps, could be used in all time regimes of interest in biology.
Anisoplanatic short-exposure imaging in turbulence (1993)

A conventional approach to short-exposure imaging through the turbulent atmosphere is generalized to imaging of nonisoplanatic objects. A new approximate formula for a short-exposure modulation transfer function is obtained, based on the path-integral representation of the field in a random medium. This formula is free of some of the drawbacks of previous approximations and describes the influence of diffraction effects and medium fluctuation distribution along the propagation path. Results of computation of short-exposure structure functions and short-exposure modulation transfer functions are presented.
“Designer” Biodiesel: Optimizing Fatty Ester Composition to Improve Fuel Properties (2008)

Biodiesel is a domestic and renewable alternative with the potential to replace some of the petrodiesel market. It is obtained from vegetable oils, animal fats, or other sources with a significant content of triacylglycerols by means of a transesterification reaction. The fatty acid profile of biodiesel thus corresponds to that of the parent oil or fat and is a major factor influencing fuel properties. Besides being renewable and of domestic origin, advantages of biodiesel compared to petrodiesel include biodegradability, higher flash point, reduction of most regulated exhaust emissions, miscibility in all ratios with petrodiesel, compatibility with the existing fuel distribution infrastructure, and inherent lubricity. Technical problems with biodiesel include oxidative stability, cold flow, and increased NOx exhaust emissions. Solutions to one of these problems often entail increasing the problematic behavior of another property and have included the use of additives or modifying the fatty acid composition, either through physical processes, such as winterization, or through genetic modification. Methyl oleate has been proposed as a suitable major component of biodiesel in this connection. In this work, the properties of various potential major components of biodiesel are examined and compared. For example, while methyl oleate has been suggested as such a major component, methyl palmitoleate has advantages compared to methyl oleate, especially with regards to low-temperature properties. Other materials that are examined in this connection are short-chain (C8−C10) saturated esters, with only C10 esters appearing suitable. It is also suggested that to obtain biodiesel fuel with favorable properties, it is advantageous for the fuel to consist of only one major component in as high a concentration as possible; however, mixtures of components with advantageous properties as described here may also be acceptable.
DNA−Nanotube Artificial Ion Channels (2004)

There is considerable interest in developing chemical devices that mimic the function of biological ion channels. We recently described such a device, which consisted of a single conically shaped gold nanotube embedded within a polymeric membrane. This device mimicked one of the key functions of voltage-gated ion channels: the ability to strongly rectify the ionic current flowing through it. The data obtained were interpreted using a simple electrostatic model. While the details are still being debated, it is clear that ion-current-rectification in biological ion channels is more complicated and involves physical movement of an ionically charged portion of the channel in response to a change in the transmembrane potential. We report here artificial ion channels that rectify the ion current flowing through them via this "electromechanical" mechanism. These artificial channels are also based on conical gold nanotubes, but with the critical electromechanical response provided by single-stranded DNA molecules attached to the nanotube walls.
Hoe 140 a new potent and long acting bradykinin‐antagonist:in vivostudies (1991)

1. The potency, duration of action and tolerability of Hoe 140, a novel and highly potent bradykinin (BK) antagonist in vitro, has been tested in different in vivo models and compared with the well-known BK antagonist D-Arg-[Hyp2, Thi5,8, D-Phe7]BK. 2. Hoe 140 is highly potent and long acting in inhibiting BK-induced hypotensive responses in the rat. Four hours after s.c. administration of 20 nmol kg-1, inhibition still amounted to 60% whereas the effect of 200 nmol kg-1 of D-Arg-[Hyp2, Thi5,8, D-Phe7]BK was not significant. 3. BK-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs was strongly inhibited by Hoe 140. The magnitude and duration of inhibition confirmed the findings obtained in the blood pressure experiments in the rat. 4. Carrageenin-induced inflammatory oedema of the rat paw was considerably inhibited at i.v. doses between 0.1 and 1 mg kg-1. 5. In conscious dogs, intravenous doses of 0.01 and 0.1 mg kg-1 of Hoe 140 and D-Arg-[Hyp2, Thi5,8, D-Phe7]BK were well tolerated. At doses of 1 mg kg-1 adverse effects occurred that were attributed to the residual BK agonistic activity of both compounds. 6. Hoe 140 has been shown to be a highly potent and long acting BK antagonist in vivo in different animal species and models. This makes it appropriate to investigate further the physiological and pathophysiological role of BK.
Distant supervision for relation extraction without labeled data (2009)

Modern models of relation extraction for tasks like ACE are based on supervised learning of relations from small hand-labeled corpora. We investigate an alternative paradigm that does not require labeled corpora, avoiding the domain dependence of ACE-style algorithms, and allowing the use of corpora of any size. Our experiments use Freebase, a large semantic database of several thousand relations, to provide distant supervision. For each pair of entities that appears in some Freebase relation, we find all sentences containing those entities in a large unlabeled corpus and extract textual features to train a relation classifier. Our algorithm combines the advantages of supervised IE (combining 400,000 noisy pattern features in a probabilistic classifier) and unsupervised IE (extracting large numbers of relations from large corpora of any domain). Our model is able to extract 10,000 instances of 102 relations at a precision of 67.6%. We also analyze feature performance, showing that syntactic parse features are particularly helpful for relations that are ambiguous or lexically distant in their expression.
Differential mechanisms of failure of autogenous and non-autogenous bypass conduits: an assessment following successful graft thrombolysis (1995)

The advent of graft thrombolysis has provided an objective means for evaluating the etiology of graft occlusion. Over a 10-year period, intra-arterial urokinase (102 cases) or streptokinase (seven cases) was used in 109 infrainguinal conduits (30 autogenous and 79 non-autogenous) that failed 30 days or more after implantation. Thrombolysis was not achieved in 19 additional graft occlusions; these cases were excluded from study because of an inability to define the mechanism of failure. Non-invasive laboratory data were available within 6 months of graft occlusion in 82 (75%) of the cases, with Doppler segmental studies in 80 cases (73%) and duplex ultrasonography studies in 39 cases (36%). Pre-failure non-invasive laboratory abnormalities were detected more frequently in autogenous grafts (21 of 24 patients, 88%), while non-autogenous grafts usually occluded without prior hemodynamic change (11 of 58 patients had abnormalities, 19%) (P < 0.001). Thrombolysis uncovered anatomic defects responsible for thrombosis in 27 (90%) of 30 autogenous grafts compared with only 32 (41%) of non-autogenous conduits (P < 0.001). The most common lesions underlying autogenous graft failure comprised stenoses within the body of the graft (11 cases, 37%), while the most common lesions in failed non-autogenous grafts appeared to be stenoses at an anastomosis (21 cases, 27%). Thus, the mechanisms underlying the late failure of autogenous and non-autogenous grafts differ markedly; autogenous grafts most commonly fail as a result of the gradual development of lesions intrinsic to the graft, while non-autogenous grafts fail precipitously, presumably as a result of some non-anatomic mechanism.
Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (2003)

Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM) affects over 120,000 pregnancies annually in the United States and is associated with significant maternal, fetal, and neonatal risk. Management of PROM requires an accurate diagnosis as well as evaluation of the risks and benefits of continued pregnancy or expeditious delivery. An understanding of gestational age-dependent neonatal morbidity and mortality is important in determining the potential benefits of conservative management of preterm PROM at any gestation. Where possible, the treatment of pregnancies complicated by PROM remote from term should be directed towards conserving the pregnancy and reducing perinatal morbidity due to prematurity while monitoring closely for evidence of infection, placental abruption, labor, or fetal compromise due to umbilical cord compression. Current evidence suggests aggressive adjunctive antibiotic therapy to reduce gestational age-dependent and infectious infant morbidity. Similarly, review of evaluable data indicates that antenatal corticosteroid administration in this setting enhances neonatal outcome without increasing the risk of perinatal infection. It is not clear that tocolysis in the setting of preterm PROM remote from term reduces infant morbidity. When preterm PROM occurs near term, particularly if fetal pulmonary maturity is evident, the patient is generally best served by expeditious delivery.
Induction of anti‐hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) antibodies in HBsAg producing transgenic mice: A possible way of circumventing “nonresponse” to HBsAg (1993)

As a model for studying possible mechanisms of nonresponse toward hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers, we used transgenic (Tg) mice which constitutively express this antigen in the liver from before birth. The mice secrete large amounts of HBsAg particles into the sera without producing antibodies. Tg and control mice were immunized with either recombinant HBsAg particles of a different subtype, or with recombinant hybrid HBsAg particles carrying a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope determinant. The presence of determinants to which the mice are tolerant on the injected particles does not hamper the response to the foreign epitope. Moreover, a weak but significant anti-HBs response is clearly detectable in Tg mice immunized with these particles. Antibodies to epitopes carried by the transgenic antigen are made even after injection of homologous antigen, and a concomitant decrease in circulating HBsAg is observed. This immune response does not induce any liver damage. It was demonstrated that in these Tg mice, B cell self-tolerance toward HBsAg can be overcome by immunization. This phenomenon raises the possibility of designing more effective methods of immunotherapy for HBV carriers.
Current Techniques in Equine Surgery and Lameness (1998)

This system-oriented text provides current information on surgical diseases and lameness in horses, and builds on basic knowledge by providing an update on topics which have changed or are new during recent years. Each chapter gives a brief review of the topic followed by a synopsis of the latest information including diagnostic skills, surgical techniques, or a new therapeutic protocol. It contains updates on lameness, current recommended dose information, an extensive review of eye surgery, the latest information in skin tumor therapy and much more. It features over 250 new, high-quality illustrations!
Contrasting mechanisms for suppression of macrophage cytokine release by transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10 (1992)

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and interleukin (IL)-10 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage production of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), IL-1 alpha, and IL-1 beta by contrasting post-transcriptional mechanisms. TGF-beta acted slowly and late, as it required 12-16 h to exert a suppressive effect, and inhibited TNF production even when added 6 h after LPS. TGF-beta affected neither the level of TNF mRNA, the release of preformed TNF nor the degradation of TNF. Thus, TGF-beta appeared to inhibit translation of TNF mRNA. IL-10 not only suppressed TNF release to a 25-fold greater extent than TGF-beta, but also inhibited release of IL-1. In contrast to TGF-beta, IL-10 acted on an early step in cytokine production, its effect being maximal 3 h after addition of LPS. Unlike TGF-beta, IL-10 markedly suppressed TNF, IL-1 alpha, and IL-1 beta mRNA levels. However, this was accomplished without suppressing transcription of the corresponding genes. Moreover, cycloheximide antagonized the IL-10-dependent reduction in cytokine mRNA levels. Thus, IL-10 may induce a ribonuclease active on cytokine transcripts or may induce a protein that enhances the susceptibility of TNF, IL-1 alpha, and IL-1 beta mRNAs to ribonucleolytic action. We conclude that IL-10 and TGF-beta induce different phenotypes of macrophage deactivation, and deactivate macrophages by different mechanisms: IL-10 promotes degradation of cytokine mRNA, while TGF-beta primarily suppresses translation.
Structure et relations structure-activité des hormones folliculo-stimulantes recombinantes humaines. (1999)

Les hormones glycoproteiques, dont font partie les gonadotrophines, sont les molecules les plus complexes possedant une activite hormonale. Elles sont constituees de deux sous-unites differentes, α et β, liees de maniere non covalente et portant, chacune, une ou plusieurs chaines oligo-saccharidiques. L'activite biologique globale des gonadotrophines est dependante de leur efficacite lors de trois etapes successives: (1) leur maintien plus ou moins long dans la circulation; (2) leur affinite pour leur recepteur specifique; et (3) leur aptitude a stimuler les reponses de leurs cellules cibles apres liaison au recepteur. Les gonadotrophines recombinantes ne peuvent etre produites dans des bacteries mais seulement dans des cellules eucaryotes. La seule voie d'amelioration a court terme de la qualite des FSH recombinantes semble etre l'augmentation de leur demi-vie et la diminution de leur polymorphisme par l'obtention de chaines saccharidiques tri- ou tetra-antennees et leur sialylation la plus complete possible.
Fixed-point math in time-critical C applications (2002)

When optimizing C to improve the speed of execution, using fixed-point math as opposed to floating-point emulation can help the user make big improvements. It is the single largest improvement a programmer can make in C to reduce execution time. The paper starts with floating-point equations, and shows the steps necessary to convert them to fixed-point equations. Basic equations are used at the beginning, but then progress to more advanced problems in the fixed-point implementation. The paper also analyzes the assembly output after converting to fixed-point, and data are presented from multiple platforms that show the speed improvement.