gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial activity of lysozyme against bacteria involved in food spoilage and food-borne disease (1987)

Egg white lysozyme was demonstrated to have antibacterial activity against organisms of concern in food safety, including Listeria monocytogenes and certain strains of Clostridium botulinum. We also found that the food spoilage thermophile Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum was highly susceptible to lysozyme and confirmed that the spoilage organisms Bacillus stearothermophilus and Clostridium tyrobutyricum were also extremely sensitive. Several gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens isolated from food poisoning outbreaks, including Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica, were all resistant. The results of this study suggest that lysozyme may have selected applications in food preservation, especially when thermophilic sporeformers are problems, and as a safeguard against food poisoning caused by C. botulinum and L. monocytogenes.
Vacuum-Assisted Cell Seeding in a Microwell Cell Culture System (2010)

We present a simple method to actively pattern individual cells and groups of cells in a polymer-based microdevice using vacuum-assisted cell seeding. Soft lithography is used to mold polymer microwells with various geometries on top of commercially available porous membranes. Cell suspensions are placed in a vacuum filtration setup to pull culture medium through the microdevice, trapping the cells in the microwells. The process is evaluated by determining the number of cells per microwell for a given cell seeding density and microwell geometry. This method is tested with adherent and nonadherent cells (NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, PANC-1 pancreatic ductal epithelial-like cells, and THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells). These devices could find applications in high-throughput cell screening, cell transport studies, guided formation of cell clusters, and tissue engineering.
HIF1α delays premature senescence through the activation of MIF (2006)

Premature senescence in vitro has been attributed to oxidative stress leading to a DNA damage response. In the absence of oxidative damage that occurs at atmospheric oxygen levels, proliferation of untransformed cells continues for extended periods of time. We have investigated the role of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1alpha) transcription factor in preventing senescence in aerobic and hypoxic conditions. Using embryonic fibroblasts from a conditional HIF1alpha knockout mouse, we found that loss of HIF1alpha under aerobic conditions significantly accelerated the onset of cellular senescence, and decreased proliferation under hypoxia. Furthermore, we identify the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as a crucial effector of HIF1alpha that delays senescence. Inhibition of MIF phenocopies loss of HIF1alpha. Our findings highlight a novel role for HIF1alpha under aerobic conditions, and identify MIF as a target responsible for this function.
Islet Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetes: Ongoing Challenges, Refined Procedures, and Long-Term Outcome (2012)

Remarkable progress has been made in islet transplantation over a span of 40 years. Once just an experimental curiosity in mice, this therapy has moved forward, and can now provide robust therapy for highly selected patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), refractory to stabilization by other means. This progress could not have occurred without extensive dynamic international collaboration. Currently, 1,085 patients have undergone islet transplantation at 40 international sites since the Edmonton Protocol was reported in 2000 (752 allografts, 333 autografts), according to the Collaborative Islet Transplant Registry. The long-term results of islet transplantation in selected centers now match registry data of pancreas-alone transplantation, with 6 sites reporting five-year insulin independence rates ≥50%. Islet transplantation has been criticized for the use of multiple donor pancreas organs, but progress has also occurred in single-donor success, with 10 sites reporting increased single-donor engraftment. The next wave of innovative clinical trial interventions will address instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR), apoptosis, and inflammation, and will translate into further marked improvements in single-donor success. Effective control of auto- and alloimmunity is the key to long-term islet function, and high-resolution cellular and antibody-based assays will add considerable precision to this process. Advances in immunosuppression, with new antibody-based targeting of costimulatory blockade and other T-B cellular signaling, will have further profound impact on the safety record of immunotherapy. Clinical trials will move forward shortly to test out new human stem cell derived islets, and in parallel trials will move forward, testing pig islets for compatibility in patients. Induction of immunological tolerance to self-islet antigens and to allografts is a difficult challenge, but potentially within our grasp.
Fast and accurate goal-directed motion synthesis for crowds (2005)

This paper presents a highly efficient motion synthesis algorithm that is well suited for animating large numbers of characters. Given constraints that require characters to be in specific poses, positions, and orientations in specified time intervals, our algorithm, synthesizes motions that exactly satisfy these constraints while avoiding inter-character collisions and collisions with the environment. We represent the space of possible actions with a motion graph and use search algorithms to generate motion. To provide a good initial guess for the search, we employ a fast path planner based on probabilistic roadmaps to navigate characters through complex environments. Also, unlike existing algorithms, our search process allows for smooth, continual adjustments to position, orientation, and timing. This allows us both to satisfy constraints precisely and to generate motion much faster than would otherwise be possible.
Simvastatin Has Anti-Inflammatory and Antiatherosclerotic Activities Independent of Plasma Cholesterol Lowering (2001)

Abstract —Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, such as simvastatin, lower circulating cholesterol levels and prevent myocardial infarction. Several studies have shown an unexpected effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on inflammation. Here, we confirm that simvastatin is anti-inflammatory by using a classic model of inflammation: carrageenan-induced foot pad edema. Simvastatin administered orally to mice 1 hour before carrageenan injection significantly reduced the extent of edema. Simvastatin was comparable to indomethacin in this model. To determine whether the anti-inflammatory activity of simvastatin might affect atherogenesis, simvastatin was tested in mice deficient in apoE. Mice were dosed daily for 6 weeks with simvastatin (100 mg/kg body wt). Simvastatin did not alter plasma lipids. Atherosclerosis was quantified through the measurement of aortic cholesterol content. Aortas from control mice (n=20) contained 56±4 nmol total cholesterol/mg wet wt tissue, 38±2 nmol free cholesterol/mg, and 17±2 nmol cholesteryl ester/mg. Simvastatin (n=22) significantly ( P &lt;0.02) decreased these 3 parameters by 23%, 19%, and 34%, respectively. Histology of the atherosclerotic lesions showed that simvastatin did not dramatically alter lesion morphology. These data support the hypothesis that simvastatin has antiatherosclerotic activity beyond its plasma cholesterol–lowering activity.
A Survey of Honey Bee Colony Losses in the U.S., Fall 2007 to Spring 2008 (2008)

Of utmost importance to understanding the recent losses and CCD is keeping track of losses over time and on a large geographic scale. Given that our surveys are representative of the losses across all beekeeping operations, between 0.75 and 1.00 million honey bee colonies are estimated to have died in the United States over the winter of 2007-2008. This article is an extensive survey of U.S. beekeepers across the continent, serving as a reference for comparison with future losses as well as providing guidance to future hypothesis-driven research on the causes of colony mortality.
CD8β Endows CD8 with Efficient Coreceptor Function by Coupling T Cell Receptor/CD3 to Raft-associated CD8/p56lck Complexes (2001)

The extraordinary sensitivity of CD8+ T cells to recognize antigen impinges to a large extent on the coreceptor CD8. While several studies have shown that the CD8beta chain endows CD8 with efficient coreceptor function, the molecular basis for this is enigmatic. Here we report that cell-associated CD8alphabeta, but not CD8alphaalpha or soluble CD8alphabeta, substantially increases the avidity of T cell receptor (TCR)-ligand binding. To elucidate how the cytoplasmic and transmembrane portions of CD8beta endow CD8 with efficient coreceptor function, we examined T1.4 T cell hybridomas transfected with various CD8beta constructs. T1.4 hybridomas recognize a photoreactive Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite (PbCS) peptide derivative (PbCS (4-azidobezoic acid [ABA])) in the context of H-2K(d), and permit assessment of TCR-ligand binding by TCR photoaffinity labeling. We find that the cytoplasmic portion of CD8beta, mainly due to its palmitoylation, mediates partitioning of CD8 in lipid rafts, where it efficiently associates with p56(lck). In addition, the cytoplasmic portion of CD8beta mediates constitutive association of CD8 with TCR/CD3. The resulting TCR-CD8 adducts exhibit high affinity for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide. Importantly, because CD8alphabeta partitions in rafts, its interaction with TCR/CD3 promotes raft association of TCR/CD3. Engagement of these TCR/CD3-CD8/lck adducts by multimeric MHC-peptide induces activation of p56(lck) in rafts, which in turn phosphorylates CD3 and initiates T cell activation.
Communities of Clinical Practice: Implications for Health Professional Education (2006)

Background: Clinical learning occurs within both health service provision settings and clinical schools. These institutions have their own domains and missions with limited jurisdiction over each other: one is primarily concerned with health provision and patient care; the other with student education. This means that much 'on the job' clinical learning is beyond the direct jurisdiction of the medical school. The clinical activities of health service providers typically occur within communities of clinical practice. These communities are also the sites where much of the delivery of the clinical curriculum occurs, and where students learn not only clinical skills but how to be a health professional. It follows that communities of clinical practice should be of great interest to curriculum planners. Discussion: In this paper, we relate Wenger's model of social learning within organisations to curriculum delivery within a health service setting. We suggest that it offers a powerful framework for recognising and explaining paradox and incongruence in clinical teaching and learning, and also for recognizing opportunities, and devising means, to add value to students' learning experiences.
Proangiogenesis Action of the Thyroid Hormone Analog 3,5-Diiodothyropropionic Acid (DITPA) Is Initiated at the Cell Surface and Is Integrin Mediated (2005)

We have recently described the proangiogenesis effects of thyroid hormone in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Generation of new blood vessels from existing vessels was promoted 2- to 3-fold by either T(4) or T(3) at 10(-8)-10(-7) M total hormone concentrations. In the present studies, nanomolar concentrations of 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid (DITPA), a thyroid hormone analog with inotropic but not chronotropic properties, exhibited potent proangiogenic activity that was comparable to that obtained with T(3) and T(4) in both the CAM model and in an in vitro three-dimensional human microvascular endothelial sprouting assay. The proangiogenesis effect of DITPA was inhibited by tetraiodothyroacetic acid, a thyroid hormone analog that competes with T(4) and T(3) for a novel cell surface hormone receptor site on integrin alphavbeta3. The thyroid hormone analogs DITPA, T(4), and T(4)-agarose, as well as basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor, demonstrated comparable proangiogenic effects in the CAM model and in the three-dimensional human microvascular endothelial sprouting model. The proangiogenesis effect of either DITPA or b-FGF was blocked by PD 98059, an inhibitor of the ERK1/2 signal transduction cascade. Additionally, a specific integrin alphavbeta3 small molecule antagonist, XT199, effectively inhibited the proangiogenesis effect of DITPA and b-FGF. Thus, the proangiogenesis actions of thyroid hormone and its analog DITPA are initiated at the plasma membrane, apparently at integrin alphavbeta3, and are MAPK dependent.
A nuclear export signal in the N-terminal regulatory domain of IκBα controls cytoplasmic localization of inactive NF-κB/IκBα complexes (2000)

Appropriate subcellular localization is crucial for regulation of NF-kappaB function. Herein, we show that latent NF-kappaB complexes can enter and exit the nucleus in preinduction states. The nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B (LMB) sequestered NF-kappaB/IkappaBalpha complexes in the nucleus. Using deletion and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified a previously uncharacterized nuclear export sequence in residues 45-54 of IkappaBalpha that was required for cytoplasmic localization of inactive complexes. This nuclear export sequence also caused nuclear exclusion of heterologous proteins in a LMB-sensitive manner. Importantly, a LMB-insensitive CRM1 mutant (Crm1-K1) abolished LMB-induced nuclear accumulation of the inactive complexes. Moreover, a cell-permeable p50 NF-kappaB nuclear localization signal peptide also blocked these LMB effects. These results suggest that NF-kappaB/IkappaBalpha complexes shuttle between the cytoplasm and nucleus by a nuclear localization signal-dependent nuclear import and a CRM1-dependent nuclear export. The LMB-induced nuclear complexes could not bind DNA and were inaccessible to signaling events, because LMB inhibited NF-kappaB activation without affecting the subcellular localization of upstream kinases IKKbeta and NIK. Our findings indicate that the dominant nuclear export over nuclear import contributes to the largely cytoplasmic localization of the inactive complexes to achieve efficient NF-kappaB activation by extracellular signals.
Possible mechanisms for surfactant‐induced foliar uptake of agrochemicals (1993)

Abstract In the past many mechanisms of action have been proposed to explain the surfactant‐induced uptake of agrochemicals applied to foliage. These are reviewed briefly and discussed in relation to potential sites of uptake activation, particularly in the light of recent radiochemical work on the foliar uptake behaviour of surfactants on intact plants in the presence or absence of model penetrants and pesticides. The body of evidence available is examined in relation to the many outstanding problems that still exist in understanding the role and use of surfactants as uptake activators in agrochemical formulations.
Examination of the Electrophoretic Behavior of Liposomes (2004)

The electromigration of liposomes is a complex process resulting in many unexpected behaviors that are difficult to address with existing theories. In this study, the electrophoretic behaviors of liposome populations under various conditions were examined through the use of capillary electrophoresis and the results compared to classical electrokinetic, colloid, and spheroid theories. To elucidate the possible effects of applied field strength, bilayer rigidity, and surface charge on these behaviors, the electrophoretic mobilities of liposome populations were monitored while varying the applied potential, ionic strength of the medium, and the surface charge and cholesterol content of the liposomes. On the basis of comparisons made to the theoretical predictions, our results suggest that liposomal deformation and field-induced polarization may occur during electrophoresis and these mechanisms help to describe many of the observed behaviors.
ORGAN INITIATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNISEXUAL FLOWERS IN THE TASSEL AND EAR OF ZEA MAYS (1983)

The development of the unisexual male and female flowers of Zea mays from bisexual initials in both tassels and ears has been reinvestigated with SEM and TEM. The early stages of spikelet branch primordia, spikelet initiation, and early flower development are similar in both flowers, though differences in rates of growth of glumes, lemmas, and palea were detected. In both tassel and ear flowers, a pair of stamens arises opposite the lemmas and a third stamen initiates later at right angles to the first pair but from a point on the meristem below its insertion. Gynoecia develop on both tassel and ear flowers first as a ridge which overgrows the apical meristem giving rise to the stylar canal and the elongate silk. Male flowers arise in the tassel through selective vacuolation and abortion of the cells of the early gynoecium. The single female flower in each ear spikelet arises through the vacuolation and abortion of stamens in the upper flower and the repression of growth of and the eventual regression of the lower flower in each spikelet. The significance of these selective organ abortions for practical applications is discussed.
Palladium-catalyzed alkylations in aqueous media (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPalladium-catalyzed alkylations in aqueous mediaAlbert L. Casalnuovo and Joseph C. CalabreseCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 11, 4324–4330Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00167a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00167a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3179Altmetric-Citations378LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Deconvolution from wave-front sensing: a new technique for compensating turbulence-degraded images (1990)

A new technique of high-resolution imaging through atmospheric turbulence is described. As in speckle interferometry, short-exposure images are recorded, but in addition the associated wave fronts are measured by a Hartmann–Shack wave-front sensor. The wave front is used to calculate the point-spread function. The object is then estimated from the correlation of images and point-spread functions by a deconvolution process. An experimental setup is described, and the first laboratory results, which prove the capabilities of the method, are presented. A signal-to-noise-ratio calculation, permitting a first comparison with the speckle interferometry, is also presented.
A phase II clinical trial of ganetespib (STA-9090) in previously treated patients with advanced esophagogastric cancers. (2013)

4090 Background: Subsets of esophagogastric (EG) cancers harbor genetic abnormalities, including amplification of HER2 or MET, or mutations in PIK3CA, EGFR, or BRAF. These genes encode clients of the molecular chaperone heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90), and inhibition of HSP90 may promote the degradation of these oncogenic signaling proteins. Ganetespib is a novel triazolone heterocyclic inhibitor of HSP90 that is a biologically rational treatment strategy for advanced EG cancers. Methods: This was a multicenter, single-arm Phase 2 trial. Eligibility: Histologically confirmed advanced EG cancer; progression on ≤ 2 lines of systemic therapy; ECOG PS 0-1. Treatment: Ganetespib 200mg/m 2 IV on Days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Primary endpoint: overall response rate (ORR). Results: 26/28 patients enrolled received ≥ 1 dose of drug. The characteristics of the 26 patients were: male 77%, median age 64 years old; ECOG PS 0/1 42/58%; median number of prior therapies 2; esophageal/GEJ/gastric 27/42/31%; prior platinum 92%, prior fluoropyrimidine 88%, prior taxane 38%, prior trastuzumab 15%. Median follow-up was 83 days. The most common drug-related adverse events were: diarrhea (77%), fatigue (65%), elevated ALKP (42%), and elevated AST (38%). The most common Grade 3/4 AEs included: leucopenia (12%), fatigue (12%), diarrhea (8%), and elevated ALKP (8%). 14/26 required ≥ 1 dose modification. 22/26 patients completed at least 2 cycles of ganetespib and were evaluable for response. One complete response was seen, and this patient continues on treatment as of cycle 31 (27.5 mos). Molecular characterization of this patient’s tumor revealed a KRAS mutation in codon 12. The ORR was 1/26 (4%). Two of six patients with HER2-positive disease achieved 12% and 19% tumor reduction from baseline, respectively. TTP was 48 days (1.6 mos) and OS was 83 days (2.8 mos). Conclusions: Ganetespib showed manageable toxicity. While the study was terminated early due to insufficient evidence of single agent activity, the durable CR and 2 minor responses suggest that there may be a subset of EG patients who could benefit from this drug. The molecular determinants of response, however, have yet to be fully characterized. Clinical trial information: CT01167114.