gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Entrance of Exogenous RNA into the Mouse Ascites Cell (1968)

The entrance of RNA into ascites cells has been studied using double labeled rat liver RNA and high resolution electron microscope autoradiography. The evidence reported here indicates that RNA enters into the cells as an undegraded molecule.
Aripiprazole for Maladaptive Behavior in Pervasive Developmental Disorders (2004)

Objective: The aim of this study was to obtain preliminary data regarding the effectiveness and tolerability of aripiprazole in the treatment of children and adolescents with a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Method: Five youths (mean age, 12.2 years; range, 5–18 years) meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for a PDD received a naturalistic, open-label trial of aripiprazole (mean dosage, 12.0 mg/day; range, 10–15 mg/day) for a minimum of 8 weeks (mean duration, 12 weeks; range, 8–16 weeks). Results: All 5 patients were judged to be responders, as determined by a Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) scale rating of "much improved" or "very much improved." Aripiprazole was well tolerated. No extrapyramidal symptoms or clinically significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure occurred during the short-term trials. Two of 5 patients experienced mild somnolence. Two subjects lost weight, 2 subjects had no change, and 1 subject gained weight (mean change, –8.2 lbs; range, –30 to +1 lb). The weight loss was likely the result of the discontinuation of atypical antipsychotics that had led to significant weight gain. Conclusions: This case series describes the effectiveness of aripiprazole in the treatment of maladaptive behaviors in 5 patients with a PDD. No significant adverse effects emerged during these short-term trials. Additional research is needed to support these preliminary findings.
Li3Y(PS4)2 and Li5PS4Cl2: New Lithium Superionic Conductors Predicted from Silver Thiophosphates using Efficiently Tiered Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations (2016)

We report two novel, earth-abundant lithium superionic conductors, Li3Y(PS4)2 and Li5PS4Cl2, that are predicted to satisfy the necessary combination of good phase stability, high Li+ conductivity, wide band gap and good electrochemical stability for solid electrolyte applications in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. These candidates were identified from a high-throughput first-principles screening of the Li–P–S ternary and Li–M–P–S (where M is a non-redox-active element) quaternary chemical spaces, including candidates obtained by replacing Ag with Li in the Ag–P–S and Ag–M–P–S chemical spaces. An efficient tiered screening strategy was developed that combines topological analysis with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to exclude rapidly candidates unlikely to satisfy the stringent conductivity requirements of lithium superionic conductors. In particular, we find Li3Y(PS4)2 to be an extremely promising candidate exhibiting a room-temperature Li+ conductivity of 2.16 mS/cm, which can be increased multifold to 7.14 and 5.25 mS/cm via aliovalent doping with Ca2+ and Zr4+, respectively. More critically, we show that the phase and electrochemical stability of Li3Y(PS4)2 is expected to be better than current state-of-the-art lithium superionic conductors.
Coherent Quantum Dynamics in Steady-State Manifolds of Strongly Dissipative Systems (2014)

Recently, it has been realized that dissipative processes can be harnessed and exploited to the end of coherent quantum control and information processing. In this spirit, we consider strongly dissipative quantum systems admitting a nontrivial manifold of steady states. We show how one can enact adiabatic coherent unitary manipulations, e.g., quantum logical gates, inside this steady-state manifold by adding a weak, time-rescaled, Hamiltonian term into the system's Liouvillian. The effective long-time dynamics is governed by a projected Hamiltonian which results from the interplay between the weak unitary control and the fast relaxation process. The leakage outside the steady-state manifold entailed by the Hamiltonian term is suppressed by an environment-induced symmetrization of the dynamics. We present applications to quantum-computation in decoherence-free subspaces and noiseless subsystems and numerical analysis of nonadiabatic errors.
Double‐Immunodiffusion Assay for Detecting Specific Antibodies (1991)

Double immunodiffusion owes its success to the unique nature of antibody-antigen interactions. When polyvalent antibodies with moderate-to-high intrinsic affinities are mixed with antigen at the right ratio (called the zone of equivalence) lattices of antibody-antigen complexes form and precipitate out of solution. When, as described in this unit, gradients of antigen and antibody are established by diffusion from adjacent wells in a bed of agar, a line of practically insoluble precipitation forms at the equivalence zone (precipitin lines).
Properties of surface waveguides with discontinuities and perturbations in cross-section (2010)

The first part of this thesis is concerned with theoretical and experimental investigations of step discontinuities on a planar surface waveguide. An approximate theoretical solution to the unbounded discontinuity problem is obtained by bounding the open structure with perfect conductors, since there is a direct relationship between the mode spectra of the two configurations. Mode-matching is used to solve the bounded case. The method is "tested" on four discontinuity configurations considered by other workers. Good agreement with the previous results is obtained in all cases except one for which the original results are shown to be inaccurate. The experimental investigation is carried out on a dielectric coated conductor surface waveguide, supporting the first TM mode, at a frequency of 30 GHz. Standing wave measurements are obtained using a X/2 dipole oriented along the longitudinal component of electric field. The parameters of interest are the magnitude and the phase of the reflection coefficient. The experimental results confirm those obtained theoretically. The theoretical and experimental techniques are later applied in an investigation of a cascaded step discontinuity configuration. The theoretical approach involves the use of wave transmission matrices. Experimental results for the magnitude of the reflection coefficient are found to be in reasonable agreement with theory. The second part of this work describes a theoretical and experimental study of dielectric waveguides, of circular cross-sections, perturbed by axial slots. In particular, the normalized propagation coefficient of the dominant modes with each polarization is determined analytically using a standard perturbation technique and experimentally using an open resonant cavity. The perturbation results give quite a good indication of the trends observed experimentally. It is found that there is an optimum size of the perturbation which gives the maximum separation between the normalized propagation coefficients of the two polarizations.
REGULATION OF MUSCLE MASS BY MYOSTATIN (2004)

Myostatin is a secreted protein that acts as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. During embryogenesis, myostatin is expressed by cells in the myotome and in developing skeletal muscle and acts to regulate the final number of muscle fibers that are formed. During adult life, myostatin protein is produced by skeletal muscle, circulates in the blood, and acts to limit muscle fiber growth. The existence of circulating tissue-specific growth inhibitors of this type was hypothesized over 40 years ago to explain how sizes of individual tissues are controlled. Skeletal muscle appears to be the first example of a tissue whose size is controlled by this type of regulatory mechanism, and myostatin appears to be the first example of the long-sought chalone.
Electrocaloric Materials (2011)

Electrocaloric materials are reviewed through a discussion of ferroelectric crystals used to achieve refrigeration via adiabatic depolarization. Related thermodynamics is briefly summarized, but emphasis is on experiments and materials.
Analysis of GaInAsP Surfaces by Contact-Angle Measurement for Wafer Direct Bonding with Garnet Crystals (1999)

GaInAsP surfaces with various treatments were analyzed by contact-angle measurement for wafer direct bonding between GaInAsP and garnet crystals. The contact angle of a water droplet was measured to estimate the hydrophilicity of the wafer surfaces. The most hydrophilic surface was obtained after an O 2 plasma activation process. Direct bonding was successfully achieved between GaInAsP activated by O 2 plasma and garnet crystals.
Effect of filament diameter and extracellular matrix molecule precoating on neurite outgrowth and Schwann cell behavior on multifilament entubulation bridging device in vitro (2005)

At present there is no clinically effective treatment for injuries or pathological processes that disrupt the continuity of axons in the mature central nervous system. However, a number of studies suggest that a tremendous potential exists for developing biomaterial based therapies. In particular, biomaterials in the form of bridging substrates have been shown to support at least some level of axonal regeneration across the lesion site, but display a limited capacity for directing axons toward their targets. To improve the directionality and outgrowth rate of the axonal regeneration process, filaments and tubes appear promising, but the technology is far from optimized. As a step toward optimization, the influence of filament diameter and various extracellular matrix coatings on nerve regeneration was evaluated in this article using a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explant model. An increasing pattern of alignment and outgrowth of neurites in the direction parallel the long axis of the packed filament bundles with decreasing filament diameters ranging from supracellular and beyond (500 to 100 mum), cellular (30 mum), down to subcellular size (5 mum) was observed. Such effects became most prominent on filament bundles with individual filament diameters in the range of cellular size and below (5 and 30 mum) where highly directional and robust neuronal outgrowth was achieved. In addition, laminin-coated filaments that approached the size of spinal axons support significantly longer regenerative outgrowth than similarly treated filaments of larger diameter, and exceed outgrowth distance on similarly sized filaments treated with fibronectin. These data suggested the feasibility of using a multifilament entubulation bridging device for supporting directional axonal regeneration.
Vacancy Engineered Ceria Nanostructures for Protection from Radiation-Induced Cellular Damage (2005)

The ability of engineered cerium oxide nanoparticles to confer radioprotection was examined. Human normal and tumor cells were treated with nanoceria and irradiated, and cell survival was measured. Treatment of normal cells conferred almost 99% protection from radiation-induced cell death, whereas the same concentration showed almost no protection of tumor cells. For the first time, nanoceria is shown to confer radioprotection to a normal human breast line but not to a human breast tumor line, MCF-7.
Broadly Hysteretic H2 Adsorption in the Microporous Metal−Organic Framework Co(1,4-benzenedipyrazolate) (2008)

Reaction of Co(CF3SO3)2 with the new molecule 1,4-benzenedi(4'-pyrazolyl) (H2BDP) in N,N'-diethylformamide (DEF) at 130 degrees C generates the metal-organic framework Co(BDP).2DEF.H2O (1). X-ray analysis reveals the structure of 1 to contain chains of tetrahedrally ligated Co2+ ions linked through BDP2- ligands to generate a three-dimensional framework with 10 x 10 A2 channels. Thermogravimetric data shows the framework to have a high thermal stability, and complete desolvation occurs upon heating at 170 degrees C under dynamic vacuum for two days to afford 1d. X-ray powder diffraction data indicates that 1d possesses a substantially different structure, but converts back to 1 upon exposure to DEF, consistent with the presence of a flexible framework. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms measured for 1d at 77 and 87 K reveal an unprecedented five-step adsorption process and a Langmuir surface area of 2670 m2/g. In addition, high-pressure H2 adsorption data reveal hysteretic uptake and release, with hysteresis loops of width 1.1, 3.8, 13, and 27 bar that shift to higher pressures as the temperature increases from 50 to 65, 77, and 87 K, respectively. The high H2 uptake capacity of 5.5 excess wt % at 50 K suggests that such materials could potentially find utility for hydrogen storage via a kinetic trapping mechanism. Variable-temperature kinetics measurements have also allowed the first study of H2 diffusion within a metal-organic framework, revealing an energy barrier of 0.62 kJ/mol for H2 diffusing within the pores.
Optical guidance system for multiple mobile robots (2002)

This paper describes our research work towards the development of an optical guidance system for multiple mobile robots in an indoor environment. The guidance system operates with an environment model, communicates with mobile robots and indicates their target positions by means of a light projection from a laser pointer onto the ground. Processing the image data from a CCD color camera mounted on the mobile robot allows it to detect the laser light beacon on the ground and estimate its relative coordinates. The robot's control system ensures the accurate motion of the robot to the indicated target position. The guidance system subsequently indicates target positions corresponding to a desired route for a specified mobile robot in the fleet. The concept of the optical guidance system, its implementation and experimental results obtained are discussed.
Beyond eigenfaces: probabilistic matching for face recognition (2002)

We propose a technique for direct visual matching for face recognition and database search, using a probabilistic measure of similarity which is based on a Bayesian analysis of image differences. Specifically we model lure mutually exclusive classes of variation between facial images: intra-personal (variations in appearance of the same individual, due to different expressions or lighting) and extra-personal (variations in appearance due to a difference in identity). The likelihoods for each respective class are learned from training data using eigenspace density estimation and used to compute similarity based on the a posteriori probability of membership in the intra-personal class, and ultimately used to rank matches in the database. The performance advantage of this probabilistic technique over nearest-neighbor eigenface matching is demonstrated using results front ARPA's 1996 "FERET" face recognition competition, in which this algorithm was found to be the top performer.
A temporal model for interactive multimedia scenarios (1995)

Many authoring tools let authors create scenarios, but very few let them create an active multimedia scenario that will not only play itself back, but will change course dynamically, depending on user interactions. Our temporal model provides a new way to represent asynchronous and synchronous temporal events, allowing authors to create scenarios that offer viewers seamless, transparent options.
Enhanced Transgene Expression in Cord Blood CD34+-Derived Hematopoietic Cells, Including Developing T Cells and NOD/SCID Mouse Repopulating Cells, Following Transduction with Modified TRIP Lentiviral Vectors (2001)

The recent development of lentivirus-derived vectors is an important breakthrough in gene transfer technology because these vectors allow transduction of nondividing cells such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), due to an active nuclear import of reverse-transcribed vector DNA. We recently demonstrated that addition of the central DNA flap of HIV-1 to an HIV-derived lentiviral vector strikingly increases transduction of CD34(+) cells. We now describe improvements of the transduction protocol designed to preserve HSC properties and two modifications of the previously described TRIP-CMV vector. First, deletion of the enhancer/promoter of the 3' LTR in the TRIP-CMV vector resulted in a safer vector (TRIPDeltaU3-CMV) with conserved transduction efficiency and increased EGFP transgene expression. Second, the original internal CMV promoter was replaced with the promoter for the ubiquitously expressed elongation factor 1alpha (EF1alpha). This promoter substitution resulted in a significantly more homogeneous expression of the EGFP transgene in all hematopoietic cell types, including CD34(+)-derived T lymphocytes, in which the CMV promoter was inactive, and NOD/SCID mouse repopulating cells. We thus present here an HIV-derived lentiviral vector, TRIPDeltaU3-EF1alpha, which can very efficiently transduce human cord blood HSC and results in high long-term transgene expression in CD34(+)-derived T, B, NK, and myeloid hematopoietic cells.
Optimizing Network Performance for Distributed DNN Training on GPU Clusters: ImageNet/AlexNet Training in 1.5 Minutes (2019)

It is important to scale out deep neural network (DNN) training for reducing model training time. The high communication overhead is one of the major performance bottlenecks for distributed DNN training across multiple GPUs. Our investigations have shown that popular open-source DNN systems could only achieve 2.5 speedup ratio on 64 GPUs connected by 56 Gbps network. To address this problem, we propose a communication backend named GradientFlow for distributed DNN training, and employ a set of network optimization techniques. First, we integrate ring-based allreduce, mixed-precision training, and computation/communication overlap into GradientFlow. Second, we propose lazy allreduce to improve network throughput by fusing multiple communication operations into a single one, and design coarse-grained sparse communication to reduce network traffic by only transmitting important gradient chunks. When training ImageNet/AlexNet on 512 GPUs, our approach achieves 410.2 speedup ratio and completes 95-epoch training in 1.5 minutes, which outperforms existing approaches.
Heritability of plasma amyloid β in typical late‐onset Alzheimer’s disease pedigrees (2001)

Plasma amyloid beta42 peptide (Abeta42) levels are significantly elevated in all genetic forms of early-onset Alzheimer's disease caused by familial Alzheimer's disease mutations or Down's syndrome. Moreover, recent studies have determined that both plasma Abeta42 and Abeta40 levels are significantly elevated in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) patients, their cognitively normal first-degree relatives, and members of typical LOAD families when compared to appropriate controls. To determine the magnitude of the genetic component affecting plasma Abeta levels, we estimated the heritability of plasma Abeta42 and Abeta40 in 15 extended, multigenerational LOAD pedigrees, using a variance components method. Heritability estimates as high as 73 and 54% were found for plasma Abeta42 and Abeta40 levels, respectively. Inclusion of the ApoE epsilon4 dosage as a covariate was not found to have a significant effect on the heritability of these traits. These results suggest that genetic determinants other than ApoE account for a very substantial percentage of the phenotypic variance in plasma Abeta levels. The high heritability and the significant elevation of these traits in LOAD pedigrees suggest that at least some of the genetic determinants of plasma Abeta levels may lead to elevated Abeta and LOAD in these families. Thus, we suggest that plasma Abeta levels are quantitative traits that may be excellent surrogate markers for use in linkage analysis to identify loci that are important in typical LOAD.
Immune Responses to Candida albicans in Genetically Distinct Mice (1982)

Mice from six genetically distinct strains were examined for their immune responses to Candida albicans in in vitro and in vivo assays, and naive mice and mice immunized with the fungus were challenged intravenously with three different doses of C. albicans to determine differences in susceptibility. Naive mice from the six groups showed substantial differences in resistance to challenge based on mortalities and quantitative cultures of kidneys, with mice from strains C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ showing the most resistance; mice from strains A/J, C3H/HeJ, and CBA/J showing moderate susceptibility; and mice from strain DBA/2J showing the highest degree of susceptibility to challenge. Unimmunized mice from strains C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ did not produce detectable levels of Candida-specific antibody by the end of the 28-day observation period when challenged intravenously, but the other strains did. Immunized mice showed a degree of protection to challenge, with all groups except mice from strain BALB/cByJ showing a reduction of two to three log units in the level of colonization in their kidneys and all strains producing significant levels of antibody. Additionally, the immunized mice of all strains developed substantial levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity and demonstrated nearly identical lymphocyte proliferative responses to Candida antigens. The results indicate that resistance to systemic candidiasis is dependent upon a combination of innate factors, predominately an intact complement system, and the acquisition of an immune response, most likely of a cell-mediated type. Additionally, the findings suggest that genetic control of acquired resistance to C. albicans may not be associated with the H-2 complex.
SIV-specific CD8+ T cells express high levels of PD1 and cytokines but have impaired proliferative capacity in acute and chronic SIVmac251 infection (2007)

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a critical mediator of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell exhaustion. Here, we examined the expression of PD-1 on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+ T cells and its possible involvement in regulation of cytokine production, proliferation, and survival of these cells. The majority of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells expressed a PD-1(high) phenotype, independent of their differentiation status, in all tissues tested. PD-1 expression gradually declined on CD8+ T cells specific for SIV-derived epitopes that had undergone mutational escape, indicating that antigen-specific TCR stimulation is the primary determinant of PD-1 expression. SIV-specific PD-1(high)CD8+ T cells produced IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2 under cognate peptide stimulation. While CD8+ T cells that proliferated in response to antigen had a PD-1(high) phenotype, it was determined that there was a reduced proliferative capacity of PD-1(high) compared with PD-1(low) SIV-specific CD8+ T cells. PD-1(high) SIV-specific CD8+ T cells were highly susceptible to cell death leading to loss of such cells after in vitro stimulation. Thus, PD-1 is a negative regulator of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells, operating predominantly through the induction of cell death. Manipulation of the interaction of PD-1 with its ligands could thus potentially restore the CD8+ T-cell responses in SIV infection.