gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Microprocessor-Based Portable Home Monitoring System to Measure Breathing During Sleep (1987)

Study of the epidemiology of disturbances of breathing during sleep was hampered until recently by the need to conduct studies in the laboratory, with attendant inconvenience and limited sample sizes. We assessed the accuracy of a microprocessor-based portable monitoring system (Vitalog PMS-8, Vitalog Corp., CA) to detect and classify episodes of disturbed breathing during sleep in 14 patients with sleep apnea by simultaneously recording oxygenation and thoracoabdominal motion on the portable system and a polygraph. Each patient slept in the laboratory for 1 night. In two subjects, the portable system failed to record thoracoabdominal signals. In the remaining subjects, the portable system detected 78% of 2,340 episodes of disturbed breathing, but the recorded information was not sufficient to allow confident classification into central or obstructive events. The positive predictive value of disturbed breathing detected by the portable system was 64%, Respiratory disturbance indices (RDI) computed from the polygraph and portable records were correlated (r = 0.70; p less than 0.01), and all patients with sleep apnea were correctly diagnosed by the portable system. The portable system overestimated arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) recorded by an ear oximeter (Biox IIA, Ohmeda, CO) but the error was less than 10% of the true value at SaO2 greater than 60%. Seven normal subjects were studied while awake to examine the accuracy of volume measurements made by the portable system and the system's ability to detect paradoxical thoracoabdominal motion of various degrees. Absolute measurement of tidal volume was inaccurate, but detection rate of paradoxical thoracoabdominal motion was excellent (97%). We conclude that the portable system is sufficiently sensitive to allow detection of patients with breathing disorders during sleep, but further developments are necessary before the system can be relied on for accurate classification of apneas and hypoventilation.
Use of Anesthetic Agents in Neonates and Young Children (2007)

Animal studies suggest that neurodegeneration, with possible cognitive sequelae, is a potential long-term risk of anesthetics in neonatal and young pediatric patients. The existing nonclinical data implicate not only NMDA-receptor antagonists, but also drugs that potentiate gamma-aminobutyric acid signal transduction, as potentially neurotoxic to the developing brain. The potential for the combination of drugs that have activity at both receptor systems or that can induce more or less neurotoxicity is not clear; however, recent nonclinical data suggest that some combinations may be more neurotoxic than the individual components. The lack of information to date precludes the ability to designate any one anesthetic agent or regimen as safer than any other. Ongoing studies in juvenile animals should provide additional information regarding the risks. The FDA anticipates working with the anesthesia community and pharmaceutical industry to develop strategies for further assessing the safety of anesthetics in neonates and young children, and for providing data to guide clinicians in making the most informed decisions possible when choosing anesthetic regimens for their pediatric patients.
Mechanisms of bronchial hyperreactivity in normal subjects after upper respiratory tract infection. (1976)

Inhalation of histamine diphosphate aerosol (1.6 per cent, 10 breaths) produced a 218 +/- 54.6 per cent (mean +/- SE) increase in airway resistance in 16 normal subjects with colds compared with a 30.5 +/- 5.5 per cent increase in 11 healthy control subjects (P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference in mean baseline airway resistance between the two groups. Inhalation of saline produced no significant change in airway resistance in either group. Isoproterenol hydrochloride (0.5 per cent, 1 breath) or atropine sulfate aerosol (0.2 per cent, 20 breaths) each reversed and prevented the increase in airway resistance by histamine, indicating that the bronchoconstriction was caused by smooth muscle contraction and that post-ganglionic, cholinergic pathways were involved in the mechanism. In 6 subjects with colds, citric acid aerosol (10 per cent, 5 breaths) caused bronchoconstriction that lasted up to 30 sec after inhalation, a significantly greater effect than that observed in control subjects or in the same subjects after recovery (P less than 0.05). Prior inhalation of atropine aerosol (0.2 per cent, 20 breaths) prevented the bronchoconstriction after citric acid aerosol in all 6 subjects. The threshold concentration of citric acid that produced cough in 7 subjects with colds was significantly lower than that in control subjects or in the 7 subjects after recovery (P less than 0.05), suggesting that the exaggerated cholinergic response was due to a decreased threshold for stimulation of the rapidly adapting sensory receptors in the airways. We have provided evidence that respiratory viral infections that produce airway epithelial damage temporarily cause these subjects to develop more bronchoconstriction after inhaling smaller doses of histamine than do healthy subjects. The fact that atropine prevents this response and that the threshold to cough is temporarily decreased is compatible with our hypothesis that airway epithelial damage by infection exposes and, thus, "sensitizes" the rapidly adapting airway receptors to inhaled irritants, causing increased bronchoconstriction via a vagal reflex. Damage to the airway epithelium may occur as a result of mechanical factors, inhaled chemicals, and pollutants, such as ozone, infections, or perhaps as a result of the action of materials released endogenously (e.g., from mast cells, white blood cells, or platelets). "Sensitization" of rapidly adapting sensory receptors in the airways may be an important factor in asthma and in other diseases of airways.
Cascade Processes of Metallo Carbenoids (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCascade Processes of Metallo CarbenoidsAlbert Padwa and M. David WeingartenView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 1, 223–270Publication Date (Web):February 1, 1996Publication History Received12 June 1995Revised15 September 1995Published online1 February 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr950022hhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr950022hresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views12173Altmetric-Citations780LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Carbonyls,Cyclization,Hydrocarbons,Ketones,Molecular structure Get e-Alerts
Experimental infection of chimpanzees with antihemophilic (factor viii) materials: Recovery of virus‐like particles associated with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis (1979)

Non-A, non-B viral hepatitis was transmitted to four colony-born chimpanzees by infusion of three lots of antihemophilic factor (factor VIII) implicated in the transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis to two human recipients. All four inoculated animals showed histopathological evidence of viral hepatitis, and all demonstrated significant ALT elevations between seven and one-half weeks after inoculation. Acute-phase plasma from one of the infected chimpanzees (no. 771) was shown to induce non-A, non-B hepatitis in two other chimpanzees approximately three weeks after their inoculation. In addition, an acute-phase open liver wedge biopsy obtained from animal no. 771 was processed and examined by immune electron microscopy (IEM) for virus-like particles with convalescent serum from a serologically confirmed case of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Twenty-five to 30 nm (mean = 27 nm) diameter virus-like particles that were either "full" or "empty" were identified in this liver preparation by IEM. Two additional chimpanzees inoculated with a cesium chloride gradient fraction of an isopycnically banded liver homogenate (animal no. 771) also developed elevated ALT activity two to two and one-half weeks later. Our findings have experimentally verified that commercially produced factor VIII materials can induce non-A, non-B hepatitis in champanzees and that the disease can be subpassaged in these animals by inoculation of either acute-phase plasma or liver. These results also provide evidence for the association of 27 nm-diameter virus-like particles with non-A, non-B viral hepatitis.
Defective Fas Ligand Expression and Activation-Induced Cell Death in the Absence of IL-2-Inducible T Cell Kinase (2002)

The Tec family tyrosine kinase, IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (Itk), plays an important role in TCR signaling. Studies of T cells from Itk-deficient mice have demonstrated that Itk is critical for the activation of phospholipase-Cgamma1, leading to calcium mobilization in response to TCR stimulation. This biochemical defect results in reduced IL-2 production by Itk-deficient T cells. To further characterize the downstream effects of the Itk deficiency, we crossed Itk-/- mice to a TCR-transgenic line and examined T cell responses to stimulation by peptide plus APC. These studies show that Itk is required for maximal activation of early growth responses 2 and 3 and Fas ligand transcription after TCR stimulation. These transcriptional defects lead to reduced activation-induced cell death of stimulated Itk-/- T cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Together these studies define an important role for Itk in TCR signaling, leading to cytokine gene expression and activation-induced cell death.
Process-induced mechanical stress in isolation structures studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy (1993)

Micro-Raman spectroscopy is used to study mechanical stress in local isolation structures on silicon substrates (poly-buffered local oxidation of silicon, called PBLOCOS or LOPOS). The influence of processing parameters such as nitride film thickness and width, pad oxide thickness, and field oxide thickness is studied. Also the change of the local stress during the successive processing steps of the isolation is investigated: deposition of the nitride mask, field oxidation, and removal of the nitride mask. The results are explained using a simple analytical model. It is found that stress varies very much during the different processing stages. After deposition of the nitride film, the stress is compressive under the mask lines and tensile outside the lines, close to the line border. The stress magnitude is highly dependent on the thickness of the nitride film. It can be described by edge forces. During field oxidation, this edge-force-induced stress nearly completely relaxes. In LOPOS structures with field oxide, the magnitude and distribution of the mechanical stress is mainly determined by the compressive forces exerted by the field oxide and the bird’s beak on the silicon, and tensile forces which are related to the bending of the nitride film at the edges. The influence of nitride film thickness on the stress at the center of the lines, ωc, is much smaller after field oxidation. For wide lines ωc is compressive and much higher than before field oxidation. For small widths ωc becomes tensile due to the influence of the vertical forces acting at the bird’s beak edge. The tensile stress due to the bending of the nitride film edge is much larger than the field-oxide-induced compressive stress, and dominates the stress picture at the bird’s beak. Only when very thick field oxides and thin nitride films are used, the field-oxide-induced compressive stress becomes visible. This becomes more clear when, in a further process stage, the nitride film is removed. The stress picture is then completely determined by the field oxide and the stress in the active area is always compressive.
6-MP METABOLITE LEVELS PREDICT CLINICAL EFFICACY AND DRUG TOXICITY IN PEDIATRIC IBD (1998)

9 BACKGROUND: The immunosuppressive properties of 6-MP are mediated via the intracellular transformation of 6-MP to its active metabolites (6-TG, 6-MMP nucleotides). Our preliminary study (Gut 1996; 39: 401-406) suggested that measurement of 6-MP metabolite levels predict clinical efficacy and tolerance to azathioprine or 6-MP. AIM: To evaluate the measurement of 6-MP metabolite levels (6-TG, 6-MMP) in relation to clinical disease activity and drug toxicity. METHODS: Blood was sampled (n=92) prior to daily administration of 6-MP in 55 IBD patients (CD n=51, UC n=4) receiving 1-1.5 mg/kg/day (≥ 4 mo). Erythrocyte free bases 6-TG and 6-MMP were measured (pmol/8×108 RBC) using reverse phase HPLC. Hepatic, pancreatic and hematological tests were obtained every 3 mo. Clinical remission was defined as a Harvey Bradshaw Index < 5 in those patients off corticosteroids or weaned to prednisone ≤ 0.4 mg/kg/od. Treatment failures were defined as non-responders (HBI > 5 or steroid dependence), or cessation of 6-MP due to side effects. (Table)TABLECONCLUSIONS: A 6-TG level of > 225 was associated with remission. Excessive 6-TG and 6-MMP levels were associated with leukopenia and hepatotoxicity, respectively. Negligible metabolite levels detected non-compliance as a cause of treatment failure in 2/31 cases. 6-MP metabolite levels thus predict both clinical responsiveness and drug-related toxicity. Supported by the FRSQ and Fondation Charles-Bruneau.
p53-Based Immunotherapy of Cancer (1998)

Immunotherapy targeting p53 missense mutations, which occur in nearly half of all human tumors, is limited by several factors, including the constraints of antigen processing and presentation. Due to the accumulation of mutated p53 molecules in tumors expressing p53 mutations, an alternative approach would be to target wild-type sequence, CTL-defined p53 epitopes. Obviously, the possibility of an autoimmune response is a major potential drawback to this therapy. Immunization of BALB/c mice with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) generated in the presence of GM-CSF/IL-4 and prepulsed with the H-2Kd-binding wild-type p53(232-240) peptide has been shown to induce anti-peptide CTL. These effectors were cross-reactive against sarcomas expressing p53 missense mutations outside of the p53(232-240) epitope, but not within it. Mitogen-activated splenocytes, which express elevated levels of p53, were not sensitive to these CTL. The p53 peptide-pulsed DC-based vaccine was shown to be effective in inducing tumor rejection in immunization and therapy models in the absence of any observable deleterious effect on naive mice. The murine model has now been extended to include the use of genetically modified DC-based vaccines as well.
Methamphetamine-Induced Sensitization of Dopamine Release via a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Mediated Pathway in Rat Striatal Slices (1997)

We studied the roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors in methamphetamine (MAP)-induced sensitization of dopamine (DA) release from striatal slices. Rats were first treated with MAP (1 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 6 consecutive days. After a 6-day withdrawal, DA release from striatal slices evoked by +/- (-)1-aminocyclopentane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD) was measured, trans-ACPD-induced DA release was significantly enhanced in MAP-sensitized rats, but the inactive form of trans-ACPD (1R,3S-ACPD) did not enhance DA release. The active form of trans-ACPD (1S,3R-ACPD) (0.1 mM)-evoked DA release was attenuated by treatment with 0.4 mM RS-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine, a metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist. The present results suggest that metabotropic glutamate receptors play an important role in expression of MAP-induced sensitization.
Defects in Pre-mRNA Processing as Causes of and Predisposition to Diseases (2002)

Humans possess a surprisingly low number of genes and intensively use pre-mRNA splicing to achieve the high molecular complexity needed to sustain normal body functions and facilitate responses to altered conditions. Because hundreds of thousands of proteins are generated by 25,000 to 40,000 genes, pre-mRNA processing events are highly important for the regulation of human gene expression. Both inherited and acquired defects in pre-mRNA processing are increasingly recognized as causes of human diseases, and almost all pre-mRNA processing events are controlled by a combination of protein factors. This makes defects in these processes likely candidates for causes of diseases with complicated inheritance patterns that affect seemingly unrelated functions. The elucidation of genetic mechanisms regulating pre-mRNA processing, combined with the development of drugs targeted at consensus RNA sequences and/or corresponding proteins, can lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Modification of Chronic Manganese Poisoning (1970)

Six patients with hypokinetic forms of chronic manganese poisoning received slowly increasing oral doses of L-dopa up to 8.0 gm per day distributed through the day. Five showed striking reduction or disappearance of rigidity and of hypokinesia, marked improvement of postural reflexes and restitution of balance. In the sixth L-dopa induced weakness, increased muscular hypotonia, increased tremor and aggravation of hypokinesia. This sixth was greatly improved by D,L-5-hydroxytryptophane (3.0 gm per day). Two patients with severe dystonia from chronic manganese poisoning were markedly improved by L-dopa. Most of the effects of L-dopa disappeared a few days after substitution of placebo for the drug. In sharp contrast to Parkinsonian patients, the present subjects have not shown choreoathetoid movements thus far. In eight persons with normal extrapyramidal function, who served as controls, slow increases in oral doses of L-dopa up to 1.0 gm six times a day induced muscular hypotonia but no weakness.
Altering Plant-Microbe Interaction Through Artificially Manipulating Bacterial Quorum Sensing (2002)

Many bacteria regulate diverse physiological processes in concert with their population size. Bacterial cell-to-cell communication utilizes small diffusible signal molecules, which the bacteria both produce and perceive. The bacteria couple gene expression to cell density by eliciting a response only when the signalling molecules reach a critical threshold (a point at which the population is said to be 'quorate'). The population as a whole is thus able to modify its behaviour as a single unit. Amongst Gram-negative bacteria, the quorum sensing signals most commonly used are N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs). It is now apparent that AHLs are used for regulating diverse behaviours in epiphytic, rhizosphere-inhabiting and plant pathogenic bacteria and that plants may produce their own metabolites that interfere with this signalling. Transgenic plants that produce high levels of AHLs or which can degrade bacterial-produced AHLs have been made. These plants have dramatically altered susceptibilities to infection by pathogenic Erwinia species. In addition, such plants will prove useful tools in determining the roles of AHL-regulated density-dependent behaviour in growth promoting, biological control and pathogenic plant-associated bacterial species.
Characterization of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Proteins in Human Serum from Patients with Chronic Renal Failure* (1990)

Western ligand blotting of human serum reveals proteins of 41.5, 38, 33, 28, and 23 kD which will specifically bind [125I]insulin-like growth factor-I [( 125I]IGF-I). The relationship of these binding proteins (BPs) to the two serum BP-IGF complexes of 150 and 40 kD and their relationship to the two purified and well characterized IGF-BPs, BP-25 and BP-53, are not clear. The studies reported here used gel filtration, Western ligand blotting, deglycosylation, affinity cross-linking, and immunoprecipitation with antisera against BP-25 and BP-53 to explore the relationship among these IGF-BP forms. Serum from children with chronic renal failure was used for this study, since, by Western ligand blot, it was rich in all five IGF-BPs. The 28- and 33-kD BPs, which were hard to detect in normal serum, were elevated in chronic renal failure serum. Using this serum in each experiment, it was found that the large (150-kD) BP-IGF complex contained only the 41.5- and 38-kD BPs. Both of these BPs were precipitated by anti-BP-53 antiserum, but not by anti-BP-25 antisera, and both BPs were deglycosylated by endoglycosidase-F to a single 31-kD protein which retained the ability to bind IGF-I. This molecular mass of 31 kD is similar to the 28.7-kD mass for nonglycosylated BP-53 predicted by cDNA sequence analysis. In contrast, the 33-, 28-, and 23-kD BPs were only detected in the small (40-kD) BP-IGF complex. None of the three BPs was precipitated by anti-BP-53 antiserum, and none was digested by endoglycosidase-F. The 28-kD BP comigrated with pure BP-25 under all conditions and was precipitated by two independent anti-BP-25 antisera. The 33-kD BP was also precipitated by both anti-BP-25 antisera, while the 23-kD BP was not precipitated by any of the antisera tested. Thus, BP-53 consists of a core protein of 28.7 kD which is differentially glycosylated in serum to form two BPs of 41.5 and 38 kD; these BPs circulate exclusively as part of the large BP-IGF complex. BP-25 circulates in the small BP-IGF complex as a nonglycosylated protein with an apparent mol wt of 28 kD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Heterocyclic β‐Enaminoester: Synthesis of Pyranopyrimidines and Pyrano(3′,2′:5,6)pyrimidino(2,3‐c)(1,4) benzoxazine Ring System (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Genetics of Salivary Protein Polymorphisms (1993)

Human salivary PRPs are determined by six closely linked genes on chromosome 12p13.2. The many PRPs show complex electrophoretic patterns that differ between individuals and reflect numerous genetic polymorphisms. Frequent length and null polymorphisms are common among PRPs. Common themes emerge as a background for these PRP polymorphisms. First, posttranslational proteolysis occurs with double-banded patterns among acidic PRPs and the generation of numerous basic PRPs derived from precursor proteins. Specific mutations may interfere with proteolysis, preventing generation of double-banded acidic PRPs (as with the Pa protein) or of small basic PRPs from precursor proteins (as with Pm proteins). Second, single cysteine substitutions in PRPs (Pa from PRH1 and G1 8 from PRB3) may lead to disulfide bonded homodimers as well as heterodimers with salivary peroxidase. Third, frequent homologous and unequal crossing-over within the PRP gene cluster leads to frequent protein size-variants (intragenic events as with the G1 protein variants) and the generation of the PRB2/1 fusion gene (intergenic event) with deletion of the PRB1 coding region and absence of multiple PRB1 coded proteins (Ps, Pm, Pe) in PRB2/1 homozygotes. Fourth, null mutations may also be produced (as with PsO and G1 0) by single nucleotide changes.