gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Outpatient civil commitment of the mentally ill: An overview and an update (1988)

Abstract Civil commitment to outpatient psychiatric treatment has only recently become the subject of significant discussion, not only in the professional literature, but also in state legislatures and mental health departments. Task Forces from the American Psychiatric Association and the National Center for State Courts have drafted detailed reports on outpatient commitment, and a growing number of states have modified their statutes and regulations governing the process. The author presents the existing research literature on outpatient commitment in practice, reports recent statutory developments, and discusses specific areas of concern for those planning to propose or implement new procedures, including the right to refuse treatment, confidentiality, and the duty to warn or protect third parties.
Oligonucleotide Labeling Methods 4. Direct Labeling Reagents with a Novel, Non-Nucleosidic, Chirally Defined 2-Deoxy-β-D-Ribosyl Backbone. (1996)

Abstract Novel solid supports and CE-phosphoramidite reagents have been prepared featuring a unique 2′-deoxyribosyl backbone. These chirally pure reagents form the basis of an oligonucleotide labeling system which provides diastereomerically pure oligonucleotides.
Mechanism for transcriptional gain of function resulting from chromosomal translocation in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. (1996)

The t(2;13) translocation of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma results in tumor-specific expression of a chimeric transcription factor containing the N-terminal DNA-binding domain of PAX3 and the C-terminal transactivation domain of FKHR. Here we have tested the hypothesis that PAX3-FKHR gains function relative to PAX3 as a consequence of switching PAX3 and FKHR transactivation domains, which were previously shown to have similar potency but distinct structural motifs. In transient cotransfection assays with human expression constructs, we have demonstrated the increased ability of PAX3-FKHR to activate transcription of a reporter gene located downstream of multimerized e5, PRS-9, or CD19 DNA-binding sites in three cell lines. For example, PAX3-FKHR was 100-fold more potent than PAX3 as an activator binding to e5 sites in NIH 3T3 cells. To compare transactivation potency independent of PAX3-specific DNA binding, we tested GAL4 fusions of full-length PAX3 and PAX3-FKHR or their respective C-terminal transactivation domains on a reporter with GAL4 DNA-binding sites. In this context, full-length PAX3-FKHR was also much more potent than PAX3. Additionally, the activity of each full-length protein was decreased relative to its C-terminal domain, demonstrating that N-terminal sequences are inhibitory. By deletion analysis, we mapped a bipartite cis-acting inhibitory domain to the same subregions within the DNA-binding domains of both PAX3 and PAX3-FKHR. We have shown, however, that the structurally distinct transactivation domains of PAX3 and PAX3-FKHR differ 10- to 100-fold in their susceptibility to inhibition, thus elucidating a mechanism by which PAX3 gains enhanced function during oncogenesis.
Steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis treated with corticosteroids, metronidazole and vancomycin: a case report (2005)

An infectious pathogen may have both precipitated and exacerbated autoimmune disease attributes in UC, symptoms of which could be resolved only with a combination of corticosteroids, vancomycin and metronidazole. This may warrant the need for more perceptive scrutiny of C. difficile and the like in patients with UC.
Boosting a weak learning algorithm by majority (1990)

Abstract We present an algorithm for improving the accuracy of algorithms for learning binary concepts. The improvement is achieved by combining a large number of hypotheses, each of which is generated by training the given learning algorithm on a different set of examples. Our algorithm is based on ideas presented by Schapire and represents an improvement over his results, The analysis of our algorithm provides general upper bounds on the resources required for learning in Valiant′s polynomial PAC learning framework, which are the best general upper bounds known today. We show that the number of hypotheses that are combined by our algorithm is the smallest number possible. Other outcomes of our analysis are results regarding the representational power of threshold circuits, the relation between learnability and compression, and a method for parallelizing PAC learning algorithms. We provide extensions of our algorithms to cases in which the concepts are not binary and to the case where the accuracy of the learning algorithm depends on the distribution of the instances.
Investigation of adhesion of modern wound dressings: a comparative analysis of 56 different wound dressings (2010)

The knowledge about the widely differing adhesion properties of different wound dressings on the skin of patients should nowadays be considered during the individual selection of the applied products. Based on these data, different types of wound dressings could be developed, guaranteeing a good adhesion and a low traumatic risk when removed.
The Metabolism of l-Fucose (1968)

Guanosinediphosphate L-fucose pyrophosphorylase was purified approximately 46-fold from extracts of porcine liver.The purified enzyme was specific for guanosine triphosphate and L-fucose l-phosphate, and exhibited a requirement for magnesium ions.The partially purified pyrophosphorylase preparation was used to prepare an L-fucose-containing nucleotide, which was isolated and characterized as GDP-L-fucose.The preceding paper in this series (1) was concerned with the propert.ies of n-fucose kinase, an enzyme partially purified from porcine liver extract.s that catalyzes the reaction L-fucose + ATP + p-L-fucose l-phosphate + ADP.This enzymatic activity, therefore, could represent the first step in the direct activation of exogenous cfucose.The direct utilization of preformed n-fucose in glycoprotein biosynthesis is implied from the results of Coffey, Miller, and Sellinger (2), who, after the administration of r4C-n-fucose to rats, isolated an acidic mucoprotein from the intestinal mucosa which contained radioactivity only in its n-fucose moiety.By analogy with the known mechanisms of glycosyltransferase, one would predict that the second step in the direct activation of L-fucose would be to form a nucleotide derivative of the sugar, which could then serve as substrate for a fucosyltransferase in the biosynthesis of the glycoproteins.This paper presents evidence for the biosynthesis of guanosine diphosphate n-fucose by a specific pyrophosphorylase which catalyzes the reaction p-n-fucose l-phosphate + GTP + GDP-n-fucose + PPi.This enzyme was purified approximately 46-fold from extracts of porcine liver, and the product of the reaction, GDP-n-fucose, was isolated and characterized.
Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol as an Antiemetic in Cancer Patients Receiving High-Dose Methotrexate (1979)

Fifteen patients with osteogenic sarcoma receiving high-dose methotrexate chemotherapy were studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral and smoked delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as an antiemetic. Each patient served as his or her own control. Fourteen of 15 patients had a reduction in nausea and vomiting on THC as compared to placebo. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing the number of vomiting and retching episodes, degree of nausea, duration of nausea, and volume of emesis (P less than 0.001). There was a 72% incidence of nausea and vomiting on placebo. When plasma THC concentrations measured less than 5.0 ng/mL, 5.0 to 10.0 ng/mL, and greater than 10.0 ng/mL, the incidences of nausea and vomiting were 44%, 21%, and 6%, respectively. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol appears to have significant antiemetic properties when compared with placebo in patients receiving high-dose methotrexate.
Weighting schemes for audio-visual fusion in speech recognition (2001)

We demonstrate an improvement in the state-of-the-art large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) performance, under clean and noisy conditions, by the use of visual information, in addition to the traditional audio one. We take a decision fusion approach for the audio-visual information, where the single-modality (audio- and visual- only) HMM classifiers are combined to recognize audio-visual speech. More specifically, we tackle the problem of estimating the appropriate combination weights for each of the modalities. Two different techniques are described: the first uses an automatically extracted estimate of the audio stream reliability in order to modify the weights for each modality (both clean and noisy audio results are reported), while the second is a discriminative model combination approach where weights on pre-defined model classes are optimized to minimize WER (clean audio only results).
Application of pulse-code modulation to sound-signal distribution in a broadcasting network (1972)

The application of digital methods to the internal distribution of high-quality sound signals in a broadcasting system allows a high and predictable standard of technical quality to be maintained with the minimum of attention by operating staff. Pulse-code-modulation systems for the incorporation of a sound signal into a video waveform and for the multiplex distribution of programmes for the radio service will soon be in operation within the BBC, and the eventual use of national and international digital links for this purpose is envisaged. The feasibility of digital recording has also been demonstrated. This paper is mainly concerned with the special requirements to be met in the digital coding and decoding of broadcast-quality sound signals. Considerations of quantising noise, distortion and digit-error detection lead to a bit rate approaching half a megabit per second per channel, though this rate may be somewhat reduced as a result of current developments in digital companding. No attempt is made to deal with aspects of point-to-point transmission which are common to other digital systems, but the effects of digit-error rate and of timing jitter are considered, and tolerances are suggested.
Selection of aptamers for a protein target in cell lysate and their application to protein purification (2009)

Functional genomics requires structural and functional studies of a large number of proteins. While the production of proteins through over-expression in cultured cells is a relatively routine procedure, the subsequent protein purification from the cell lysate often represents a significant challenge. The most direct way of protein purification from a cell lysate is affinity purification using an affinity probe to the target protein. It is extremely difficult to develop antibodies, classical affinity probes, for a protein in the cell lysate; their development requires a pure protein. Thus, isolating the protein from the cell lysate requires antibodies, while developing antibodies requires a pure protein. Here we resolve this loop problem. We introduce AptaPIC, Aptamer-facilitated Protein Isolation from Cells, a technology that integrates (i) the development of aptamers for a protein in cell lysate and (ii) the utilization of the developed aptamers for protein isolation from the cell lysate. Using MutS protein as a target, we demonstrate that this technology is applicable to the target protein being at an expression level as low as 0.8% of the total protein in the lysate. AptaPIC has the potential to considerably speed up the purification of proteins and, thus, accelerate their structural and functional studies.
Designing routing metrics for mesh networks (2005)

Abstract — Designing routing metrics is critical for performance in wireless mesh networks. The unique characteristics of mesh networks, such as static nodes and the shared nature of the wireless medium, invalidate existing solutions from both wired and wireless networks and impose unique requirements on designing routing metrics for mesh networks. In this paper, we focus on identifying these requirements. We first analyze the possible types of routing protocols that can be used and show that proactive hop-by-hop routing protocols are the most appropriate for mesh networks. Then, we examine the requirements for designing routing metrics according to the characteristics of mesh networks and the type of routing protocols used. Finally, we study several existing routing metrics, including hop count, ETX, ETT, WCETT and MIC in terms of their ability to satisfy these requirements. Our simulation results of the performance of these metrics confirm our analysis of these metrics. I.
Hypergastrinemia promotes adenoma progression in the APC(Min-/+) mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis. (2001)

Serum hypergastrinemia promotes the growth of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Some colorectal adenomas express cholecystokinin B/gastrin receptor mRNA, and thus hypergastrinemia may increase progression through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. This was investigated in the multiple intestinal neoplasia APC(Min-/+) mouse. Serum gastrin levels in APC(Min-/+) mice were elevated 5-6-fold by oral administration of omeprazole (75 mg/kg). Terminal tumor burden was monitored by onset of anemia. A labeling index was generated by immunohistochemical detection of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Serum gastrin was neutralized by antigastrin antibodies raised in situ by use of a gastrin immunogen, Gastrimmune. Hypergastrinemia resulted in reduced survival of the APC(Min-/+) mice from a median survival of 13 weeks in the controls to 10 weeks following omeprazole treatment (P < 0.00001, log-rank test). The labeling indices of adenomas from the small and large intestines of omeprazole-treated mice were increased 35 and 29%, respectively (P < 0.05 and P < 0.025, respectively). Gastrimmune immunization reversed both the survival effect and the increased proliferation resulting from serum hypergastrinemia. Hypergastrinemia may promote the progression of existing premalignant colonic lesions by increasing proliferation. Clinical investigations should determine whether this occurs in the human scenario, considering the widespread use of proton pump inhibitors.
Activation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Impacts Their Therapeutic Abilities in Lung Injury by Increasing Interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1RN Levels (2013)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, with no currently effective therapies. Several preclinical studies have shown that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have therapeutic potential for patients with ARDS because of their immunomodulatory properties. The clinical use of hMSCs has some limitations, such as the extensive manipulation required to isolate the cells from bone marrow aspirates and the heterogeneity in their anti-inflammatory effect in animal models and clinical trials. The objective of this study was to improve the protective anti-inflammatory capacity of hMSCs by evaluating the consequences of preactivating hMSCs before use in a murine model of ARDS. We injected endotoxemic mice with minimally manipulated hMSCs isolated from the bone marrow of vertebral bodies with or without prior activation with serum from ARDS patients. Minimally manipulated hMSCs were more efficient at reducing lung inflammation compared with isolated and in vitro expanded hMSCs obtained from bone marrow aspirates. Where the most important effect was observed was with the activated hMSCs, independent of their source, which resulted in increased expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (RN), which was associated with enhancement of their protective capacity by reduction of the lung injury score, development of pulmonary edema, and accumulation of bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cells and cytokines compared with nonactivated cells. This study demonstrates that a low manipulation during hMSC isolation and expansion increases, together with preactivation prior to the therapeutic use of hMSCs, would ensure an appropriate immunomodulatory phenotype of the hMSCs, reducing the heterogeneity in their anti-inflammatory effect.
Crystal structure of a benzo[ a ]pyrene diol epoxide adduct in a ternary complex with a DNA polymerase (2004)

The first occupation-associated cancers to be recognized were the sooty warts (cancers of the scrotum) suffered by chimney sweeps in 18th century England. In the 19th century, high incidences of skin cancers were noted among fuel industry workers. By the early 20th century, malignant skin tumors were produced in laboratory animals by repeatedly painting them with coal tar. The culprit in coal tar that induces cancer was finally isolated in 1933 and determined to be benzo[a]pyrene (BP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. A residue of fuel and tobacco combustion and frequently ingested by humans, BP is metabolized in mammals to benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE), which forms covalent DNA adducts and induces tumor growth. In the 70 yr since its isolation, BP has been the most studied carcinogen. Yet, there has been no crystal structure of a BPDE DNA adduct. We report here the crystal structure of a BPDE-adenine adduct base-paired with thymine at a template-primer junction and complexed with the lesion-bypass DNA polymerase Dpo4 and an incoming nucleotide. Two conformations of the BPDE, one intercalated between base pairs and another solvent-exposed in the major groove, are observed. The latter conformation, which can be stabilized by organic solvents that reduce the dielectric constant, seems more favorable for DNA replication by Dpo4. These structures also suggest a mechanism by which mutations are generated during replication of DNA containing BPDE adducts.
The Role of Nature in Coping with Psycho-Physiological Stress: A Literature Review on Restorativeness (2014)

Physical settings can play a role in coping with stress; in particular experimental research has found strong evidence between exposure to natural environments and recovery from physiological stress and mental fatigue, giving support to both Stress Recovery Theory and Attention Restoration Theory. In fact, exposure to natural environments protects people against the impact of environmental stressors and offer physiological, emotional and attention restoration more so than urban environments. Natural places that allow the renewal of personal adaptive resources to meet the demands of everyday life are called restorative environments. Natural environments elicit greater calming responses than urban environments, and in relation to their vision there is a general reduction of physiological symptoms of stress. Exposure to natural scenes mediates the negative effects of stress reducing the negative mood state and above all enhancing positive emotions. Moreover, one can recover the decrease of cognitive performance associated with stress, especially reflected in attention tasks, through the salutary effect of viewing nature. Giving the many benefits of contact with nature, plans for urban environments should attend to restorativeness.
Transcription-dependent colocalization of the U1, U2, U4/U6, and U5 snRNPs in coiled bodies (1992)

We have recently shown that discrete foci are present in the nuclei of mammalian cells in which each of the U1, U2, U4/U6, and U5 snRNPs involved in pre-mRNA splicing, and the non-snRNP-splicing factor U2AF, are concentrated (Carmo-Fonseca, M., D. Tollervey, R. Pepperkok, S. Barabino, A. Merdes, C. Brunner, P. D. Zamore, M. R. Green, E. Hurt, and A. I. Lamond. 1991. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 10:195-206; Carmo-Fonseca, M., R. Pepperkok, B. S. Sproat, W. Ansorge, M. S. Swanson, and A. I. Lamond. 1991 EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 10:1863-1873). Here, we identify these snRNP-rich organelles as coiled bodies. snRNPs no longer concentrate in coiled bodies after cells are treated with the transcription inhibitors alpha-amanitin or actinomycin D. snRNP association with coiled bodies is also disrupted by heat shock. This indicates that the association of snRNPs with coiled bodies may be connected with the metabolism of nascent transcripts. A novel labeling method is described which shows both the RNA and protein components of individual snRNPs colocalizing in situ. Using this procedure all spliceosomal snRNPs are seen distributed in a nonhomogeneous pattern throughout the nucleoplasm, excluding nucleoli. They are most concentrated in coiled bodies, but in addition are present in "speckled" structures which are distinct from coiled bodies and which contain the non-snRNP splicing factor SC-35. U1 snRNP shows a more widespread nucleoplasmic staining, outside of coiled bodies and "speckled" structures, relative to the other snRNPs. The association of snRNPs with "speckles" is disrupted by heat shock but enhanced when cells are treated with alpha-amanitin.
A member of the activator protein 1 family found in keratinocytes but not in fibroblasts required for transcription from a human papillomavirus type 18 promoter (1990)

Papillomaviruses are tissue specific and replicate in differentiating keratinocytes. We are interested in the question of tissue specificity at the level of transcription. We used extracts from human keratinocytes and human fibroblasts at low passage number and from HeLa cells to look for factors binding to the E6 promoter of human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV-18) DNA by footprint and gel mobility shift experiments. We found a factor present in HeLa and keratinocyte extracts but not in fibroblast extracts which bound about 160 base pairs upstream from the start of E6. The binding site included the sequence TGACTAAG, which resembles the consensus binding site for the AP-1 family of proteins. Synthetic oligonucleotides containing this binding site specifically competed with factor binding to HPV-18 DNA, as did the AP-1 sequence of simian virus 40. They also inhibited transcription from the E6 promoter in vitro in extracts from HeLa cells. Thus, the presence of this keratinocyte-specific factor seems to be important for HPV-18 transcription.
Embedded Coding Techniques for FSO Communication (2017)

Free Space Optical (FSO) communication has received tremendous attention in recent years as an alternative approach to overcome the limited RF spectrum problem for wireless communication. Proposed FSO communication systems transmit information by modulating light. Thus, FSO transmissions do not interfere with existing RF transmissions, and can provide substantial capacity gain. In this paper, we briefly introduce WiFO, a hybrid indoor wireless communication system designed to substantially increase wireless capacity. We also describe a new channel model used for multi-user FSO communication. The main contributions of this work are (1) characterizing the multiuser achievable rate region for the new channel given the side information via a constructive embedded coding technique and (2) providing analytical result for maximizing the sum rate of users.