gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of prophylactic vs rescue surfactant (1997)

Surfactant treatment has been shown by careful randomised trials to reduce the mortality and morbidity of very premature babies.1 However, whether surfactant should be given as soon as the baby is born or withheld until the baby has respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is controversial.

The objective of this review is to set out the reasons for and against giving surfactant at birth, present the clinical trial data available to date with a systematic review of those trials, and the conclusions that can be drawn from them.

“Prophylactic treatment” is defined as surfactant given down an endotracheal tube at initial resuscitation. “Rescue treatment” is when the surfactant given to an intubated baby several hours after birth when RDS has been diagnosed.

The lung epithelium of very premature babies is damaged within minutes of ventilation.2 This causes protein to leak on to the surface and interferes with surfactant function.3 4Animal studies have shown that surfactant treatment, given as soon as possible after birth, reduces the severity of RDS and airway damage,5 and improves blood gases, lung function, and survival.6 7 Clinical trials have shown that surfactant treatment for very premature babies is very beneficial and remarkably safe.1 For example, the Ten Centre Trial of ALEC8 used prophylactically showed a 30% reduction in the incidence of RDS compared with control babies and a 48% reduction in neonatal mortality with no side effects.

It is impossible to know which baby will develop RDS and who, therefore, might benefit from surfactant treatment. The shorter the gestation the more likely the baby is to develop RDS, but older babies who are compromised in some way are also at risk of RDS and its complications. Normal neonatal practice is to anticipate and try to prevent problems. To wait until …
Animal cell biotechnology: methods and protocols. (1999)

In Animal Cell Biotechnology, scientists with long-refined expertise describe cutting-edge techniques for the production of therapeutic proteins and vaccines. Capturing the major advances that have occurred in both the science and the technology of these biopharmaceuticals, this important book covers the powerful new techniques used in genetically manipulating animal cells, optimizing their growth in defined media (particularly at large- scale), avoiding contamination, and in the harvesting and analysis of cell products. Topics include basic culture facilities and methods; molecular methods for gene transfection; cell immortalization and cell fusion; and techniques for the study of cell growth, viability, metabolism, and productivity. Animal Cell Biotechnology constitutes a comprehensive manual of state-of-the-art techniques for setting up a cell culture laboratory, maintaining cell lines, and optimizing critical parameters for cell culture. This authoritative book will significantly aid researchers in developing new monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, anticancer agents, and drugs for the widest spectrum of cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune diseases
Monozygotic twin brothers with the fragile X syndrome: different CGG repeats and different mental capacities (1999)

Little is known about the mechanism of CGG instability and the time frame of instability early in embryonic development in the fragile X syndrome. Discordant monozygotic twin brothers with the fragile X syndrome could give us insight into the time frame of the instability. We describe monochorionic diamniotic twin brothers with the fragile X syndrome who had different CGG repeats and different mental capacities, whereas the normal mother had a premutation. The more retarded brother had a full mutation in all his cells and no FMR-1 protein expression in lymphocytes, whereas the less retarded brother had 50%/50% mosaicism for a premutation and full mutation and FMR-1 protein expression in 26% of his lymphocytes. The differences in repeat size could have arisen either before or after the time of splitting. The time of splitting in this type of twin is around day 6-7. Given the high percentage of mosaicism, we hypothesise that the instability started before the time of splitting at day 6-7.
Combination antiangiogenesis therapy with marimastat, captopril and fragmin in patients with advanced cancer (2004)

Marimastat, low molecular weight heparins and captopril have antiangiogenic activity in vitro and in animal models. We studied the safety and efficacy of the combination of these drugs in patients with advanced cancer. In all, 50 patients were enrolled. Captopril was given orally at a dose of 50 mg bd daily. Fragmin was administered as a daily subcutaneous injection of 200 units kg(-1) for the first 28 days and 5000 units thereafter. Marimastat was given at 10 mg bd orally. Serum, plasma and urinary angiogenic factors were measured at baseline and after 1 month of treatment. Inhibition of release of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) from peripheral lymphocytes was used as a surrogate pharmacodynamic end point. There was one case of haemorrhagic stroke and one upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. The commonest toxicity was myalgia. One of 10 patients with renal cancer had a partial response, and three patients had a prolonged period of stable disease. The treatment significantly inhibited phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated TNF-alpha release from patient's lymphocytes. The combination of marimastat, fragmin and captopril is well tolerated and has in vivo activity. Inhibition of PHA-stimulated TNF-alpha release from lymphocytes is a surrogate pharmacodynamic marker of metalloprotease inhibition.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors in cancer therapy (2007)

Histones are a family of nuclear proteins that interact with DNA, resulting in DNA being wrapped around a core of histone octamer within the nucleosome. Acetylation/deacetylation of histones is an important mechanism that regulates gene expression and chromatin remodeling. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are a new class of chemotherapeutic drugs that regulate gene expression by enhancing the acetylation of histones, and thus inducing chromatin relaxation and altering gene expression. HDAC inhibitors have been shown in preclinical studies to have potent anticancer activities. A range of structurally diverse HDAC inhibitors have been purified as natural products or synthetically produced. Due to the promising preclinical activity of these agents, numerous clinical trials have been initiated. In this review, the results of published data of single agent and combination trials of these drugs are reviewed, with a focus on dosing, scheduling and toxicity. Although still early in drug development, there is a picture that is starting to develop as to the common toxicities and which tumors seem to be the most susceptible to this class of drugs.
Substituent chemical shifts of N‐arylsuccinanilic acids, N‐arylsuccinimides, N‐arylmaleanilic acids, and N‐arylmaleimides (2009)

NMR spectra of a series of N-arylsuccinanilic acids, N-arylsuccinimides, N-arylmaleanilic acids, and N-arylmaleimides were examined to estimate the electronic effect of the amide and imide groups on the chemical shifts of the hydrogen and carbon nuclei of the benzene ring.
Internet Routing Architectures (1997)

From the Book:
To say that the Internet has changed in the past 10 years is a vast understatement. The Internet today is the single most influential phenomenon in computing. The way in which it continues to evolve is likely to affect every form of data communication on a global scale. Internet information-handling strategies, such as Web-based customer support and secure networked commerce, will permanently alter business and consumer behavior.

As the Internet and networking have evolved, so too has Cisco Systems' role. Cisco has become the premier worldwide provider of networking for the Internet. In this role, Cisco helps network managers build reliable, scaleable, and cost-effective solutions for networks that span the requirements of small offices to globally-dispersed enterprises. Over the years, Cisco has assembled the largest and most experienced staff of networking experts who serve customers in planning, implementing, and troubleshooting large networks. Bassam Halabi is one of those experts.

Although Cisco's expertise is primarily delivered directly to customers, it also can be shared through other means. A new and important medium for sharing Cisco's networking expertise is the Cisco Press. In creating this new forum, New Riders Publishing and Cisco Systems jointly plan to build a library of publications that provide practical information about the design and implementation of routers, switches, servers, and connectivity software.

Bassam Halabi's Internet Routing Architectures is the first of these books. Bassam provides his keen insight into interdomain routing, Internet service provider requirements, and the changing Internet infrastructure. He toucheson issues that affect everyone connecting networks to or through the Internet. Bassam's many years of consulting experience with Cisco's largest IP-based networks contribute to this book's useful design recommendations. He brings a pragmatic perspective to the process of building links between domains and selecting network designs for specific situations.

Internet Routing Architectures is a readable distillation of essential design and implementation guidelines. We trust you will find it a valuable addition to your networking library.
Wirelessly addressable heater array for centrifugal microfluidics and escherichia coli sterilization (2013)

Localized temperature control and heater interface remain challenges in centrifugal microfluidics and integrated lab-on-a-chip devices. This paper presents a new wireless heating method that enables selective activation of micropatterned resonant heaters using external radiofrequency (RF) fields and its applications. The wireless heaters in an array are individually activated by modulating the frequency of the external field. Temperature of 93 °C is achieved in the heater when resonated with a 0.49-W RF output power. The wireless method is demonstrated to be fully effective for heating samples under spinning at high speeds, showing its applicability to centrifugal systems. Selective sterilization of Escherichia coli through the wireless heating is also demonstrated. Healthcare applications with a focus on wound sterilization are discussed along with preliminary experiments, showing promising results.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in cervical secretion and breast milk. A thirty years perspective. (1998)

During the past 30 years prospective epidemiologic studies have clearly established that infants commonly acquire CMV infection in the immediate perinatal or early postnatal period. CMV reaches the offspring with uterine cervical secretions during the birth process and/or with maternal milk during the breast-feeding period, usually resulting in asymptomatic infection in full-term infants. In young women cervical shedding of CMV may reflect a pelvic inflammatory disease and involves the risk of sexual transmission.
Immediate pigment darkening: description, kinetic and biological function. (1999)

Immediate pigment darkening (IPD) is a transitory darkening of the skin observed after UVA exposure. The melanocytic system is implicated in its development. Indeed, it involves structural changes in melanocytes and keratinocytes and a chemical modification of pre-existing melanin. Darkening intensity is maximum immediately after exposure and decreases rapidly. The maximum efficiency wavelength for induction of IPD is around 340 nm. The phenomenon is inhibited by oxygen deprivation. Dose-response curves are linear for doses above 4 J/cm2. Minimum dose for induction of IPD (MIPDD) varies with the subject according to phototype, melanotype and skin color. The best criterion for predicting MIPDD seems to be chromametrically determined skin color. The biological role of IPD remains poorly understood; several hypotheses are discussed.
Thermoluminescent Dosimetry of Aluminum Oxide (1970)

An investigation has been conducted to explore the possibility of using solid state Al2O3 in thermoluminescent dosimetry. The dosimeters were exposed to radiation energies ranging from 100 keV to 35 MeV. They displayed a constant response from 500 keV to 35 MeV comparable to LiF, and permitted accurate readings from 100 mrad to 105 rad. In addition, it was found that Al2O3 exhibits superior linear dose characteristics to LiF. The dosimeters are rugged, easily cleaned, easily annealed, and are inexpensive, costing one-quarter the price of solid LiF.
Effect of sterilization on bone morphogenetic protein (1994)

Demineralized bone matrix and bone morphogenetic protein have been used clinically to accelerate bone regeneration. However, the best method of sterilization has been the subject of controversy. Some investigators have used ethylene oxide, but others have reported that doses adequate for sterilization destroyed the osteoinductivity of demineralized bone matrix and that gamma irradiation was less harmful in this respect. We used partially purified bone morphogenetic protein and type-I collagen to investigate the effects of sterilization by ethylene oxide and gamma irradiation on the activity of bone morphogenetic protein. Osteoinductivity was reduced considerably after sterilization by gamma irradiation at 2.5 Mrad and by ethylene oxide at 37 degrees C for 4 hours and at 55 degrees C for 1 hour; however, the reduction induced by ethylene oxide at 29 degrees C for 5 hours was about half of the control values. This study showed that ethylene oxide at 29 degrees C for 5 hours can be used clinically for sterilization of bone morphogenetic protein. We also investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on bone morphogenetic protein and the collagen carrier separately and found that collagen was far more labile than bone morphogenetic protein.
Overexpression of phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase restores protein translocation in asecG deletion mutant ofEscherichia coli at low temperature (1995)

The E. coli secG deletion mutant is unable to grow and is defective in protein translocation at low temperature. A gene of Bacillus subtilis, which is able to restore the growth of the deletion mutant at low temperature, was found as a multi-copy suppressor. Sequencing of this gene revealed significant homology to E. coli pgsA, which encodes phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, an enzyme involved in acidic phospholipid synthesis. A plasmid carrying E. coli pgsA also restored the growth of the deletion mutant. Furthermore, protein translocation in the deletion mutant was stimulated when it harbored a plasmid carrying pgsA. A possible mechanism underlying the pgsA-dependent suppression of the secG deletion mutation is discussed.
Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease: caspases and synaptic element interdependence (2009)

Extensive genetic, biochemical, and histological evidence has implicated the amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, and several mechanisms have been suggested, such as metal binding, reactive oxygen species production, and membrane pore formation. However, recent evidence argues for an additional role for signaling mediated by the amyloid precursor protein, APP, in part via the caspase cleavage of APP at aspartate 664. Here we review the effects and implications of this cleavage event, and propose a model of Alzheimer's disease that focuses on the critical nature of this cleavage and its downstream effects.
Possible Involvement of Rho-Kinase in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension in Humans (2001)

Rho-kinase plays an important role in modulating Ca(2+) sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle and has been suggested to be involved in the increased systemic vascular resistance in hypertensive animals. However, it remains to be examined whether this is also the case in patients with essential hypertension. Recently, it has been shown that fasudil is a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor. The aim of this study was to examine whether Rho-kinase is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension in humans by using this Rho-kinase inhibitor. Studies were performed in hypertensive patients (HT group, n=14) and age-matched normotensive subjects (NT group, n=12). Forearm blood flow was measured by a strain-gauge plethysmograph during intra-arterial infusion of graded doses of fasudil (3.2, 6.4, 12.8, and 25.6 microg/min) or sodium nitroprusside (0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 microg/min). Resting forearm vascular resistance was significantly higher in the HT group than in the NT group (22+/-4 versus 17+/-5 U, respectively; P<0.05). The extent of the increase in forearm blood flow evoked by fasudil was significantly greater in the HT group than in the NT group (12.3+/-1.4 versus 6.0+/-0.6 mL. min(-1). 100 mL(-1), respectively; P<0.01). The percent decrease in forearm vascular resistance was significantly greater in the HT group than in the NT group (63.6+/-4.7% versus 29.6+/-3.9%, respectively; P<0.01). By contrast, forearm vasodilator response evoked by sodium nitroprusside was comparable between the 2 groups. These results provide the first evidence that Rho-kinase may be involved in the pathogenesis of the increased peripheral vascular resistance in hypertension in humans.
Role of Complement in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (2015)

The classification of autoimmune hemolytic anemias and the complement system are reviewed. In autoimmune hemolytic anemia of the warm antibody type, complement-mediated cell lysis is clinically relevant in a proportion of the patients but is hardly essential for hemolysis in most patients. Cold antibody-mediated autoimmune hemolytic anemias (primary cold agglutinin disease, secondary cold agglutinin syndrome and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria) are entirely complement-mediated disorders. In cold agglutinin disease, efficient therapies have been developed in order to target the pathogenic B-cell clone, but complement modulation remains promising in some clinical situations. No established therapy exists for secondary cold agglutinin syndrome and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, and the possibility of therapeutic complement inhibition is interesting. Currently, complement modulation is not clinically documented in any autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The most relevant candidate drugs and possible target levels of action are discussed.
Integrin αvβ3 Expression by Bone-residing Breast Cancer Metastases (1996)

Breast cancer metastasis to bone is a multistep process requiring attachment of tumor cells to the bone and bone marrow environment. The precise adhesion molecules involved in skeletal homing of breast cancer to bone are unknown but likely include integrins. We investigated the expression of vitronectin receptor (alpha V beta 3) by breast cancer cells residing in bone because this heterodimer mediates osteoclast-bone recognition. We used immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in a systematic study of 22 bone biopsies containing breast cancer metastases and available samples of corresponding primary tumors and normal breast and compared alpha V beta 3, alpha 2 beta 1, and alpha B beta 5 integrin expression. The results showed that alpha V beta 3 was strongly expressed by normal breast epithelium and was decreased in some and strongly expressed in other primary invasive breast carcinomas. In contrast, this integrin heterodimer was abundant in all breast cancer cells metastatic to bone. In situ hybridization revealed high levels of steady-state mRNA corresponding to sites of protein expression; alpha 2 beta 1 was weakly expressed in both primary and metastatic tumors, and alpha V beta 5 was not detected. Our results showed an overexpression of alpha V beta 3 by bone-residing breast cancer cells and suggest either subclonal selection of alpha V beta 3-expressing tumor cell populations or upregulation of alpha V beta 3 in the bone microenvironment.
In-vivo biomedical monitoring by fiber-optic systems (1995)

An overview of fiber optic sensors for in vivo biomedical monitoring is given, with particular attention to the advantages that these sensors are able to offer compared to the performance of traditional devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Don't Resist Using U-500 Insulin and Pramlintide for Severe Insulin Resistance (2012)

W e have all had that patient: you keep increasing the insulin doses, and now they add up to > 200 units/day. And yet, blood glucose levels are still beyond the goal range. The patient says, “Maybe insulin doesn't work for me,” and you and the patient both feel hopeless and helpless.

It is important to help such patients understand that it is not their fault. Insulin resistance is frustrating for both patients and health care professionals (HCPs) and requires a multipronged approach: first, finding the right combination of medications to manage the glucose levels, and, second, addressing lifestyle issues that can help reduce insulin resistance.

This is the time to consider using U-500 regular insulin. U-500 is an insulin formulation that is five times more concentrated than usual U-100 insulin. Made by Eli Lilly, it is the only concentrated insulin currently available in the United States.

Concentrated U-500 insulin allows people who require very high doses of insulin to get their doses in a lower volume. For example, a patient who is taking 100 units of U-100 insulin would take an injection with a 20-unit volume of U-500 insulin.

U-500 is a human regular insulin, but its time action is not the same as the usual U-100 formulation. It has the same peak as U-100 regular insulin, but its duration is more like that of NPH insulin, ~ 12 hours. Given these characteristics, U-500 works as both basal and prandial (bolus) insulin, so patients who use it not only take less insulin by volume, but also typically need only one type of insulin.

Another major difference is the cost. Although patients may be shocked to learn that the cost of a 20-ml vial (twice the amount of a usual 10-ml vial) is ~ $500, it is actually equivalent unit …
Strain-controlled power devices as inspired by human reflex (2020)

Bioinspired electronics are rapidly promoting advances in artificial intelligence. Emerging AI applications, e.g., autopilot and robotics, increasingly spur the development of power devices with new forms. Here, we present a strain-controlled power device that can directly modulate the output power responses to external strain at a rapid speed, as inspired by human reflex. By using the cantilever-structured AlGaN/AlN/GaN-based high electron mobility transistor, the device can control significant output power modulation (2.30-2.72 × 10<sup>3</sup> W cm<sup>-2</sup>) with weak mechanical stimuli (0-16 mN) at a gate bias of 1 V. We further demonstrate the acceleration-feedback-controlled power application, and prove that the output power can be effectively adjusted at real-time in response to acceleration changes, i.e., ▵P of 72.78-132.89 W cm<sup>-2</sup> at an acceleration of 1-5 G at a supply voltage of 15 V. Looking forward, the device will have great significance in a wide range of AI applications, including autopilot, robotics, and human-machine interfaces.
Renal Tissue Kallikrein in Newborn and Young SHR (1988)

Since young SHR excrete less urinary kallikrein than WKY, active and total kallikrein (A and T Kall, respectively) was measured (amidolytic assay) in the renal cortex of both strains. Neither at birth nor at age 4 weeks did renal T Kall differ between SHR and WKY. Renal A Kall was significantly lower in newborn SHR and higher in 4-week-old-SHR than in age-matched WKY. Our results indicate that urinary kallikrein does not accurately reflect the renal enzyme activity. They suggest that SHR exhibit an inherited defect in prokallikrein activation and a secondary defect in the release of tissue kallikrein into urine.