gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Choice of Fluid Therapy in the Initial Management of Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock (2016)

Sepsis results in disruption of the endothelial glycocalyx layer and damage to the microvasculature, resulting in interstitial accumulation of fluid and subsequently edema. Fluid resuscitation is a mainstay in the initial treatment of sepsis, but the choice of fluid is unclear. The ideal resuscitative fluid is one that restores intravascular volume while minimizing edema; unfortunately, edema and edema-related complications are common consequences of current resuscitation strategies. Crystalloids are recommended as first-line therapy, but the type of crystalloid is not specified. There is increasing evidence that normal saline is associated with increased mortality and kidney injury; balanced crystalloids may be a safer alternative. Albumin is similar to crystalloids in terms of outcomes in the septic population but is costlier. Hydroxyethyl starches appear to increase mortality and kidney injury in the critically ill and are no longer indicated in these patients. In the trauma population, the shift to plasma-based resuscitation with decreased use of crystalloid and colloid in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock has led to decreased inflammatory and edema-mediated complications. Studies are needed to determine if these benefits also occur with a similar resuscitation strategy in the setting of sepsis.
On the shape and size of the fracture zones on glass fracture surfaces (1966)

Abstract A simple empirical equation has been obtained which relates both the shape and the size of the fracture zones to the stress distribution under which failure occurred. The relationship is demonstrated for the hackle boundary on soda-lime-silica glass specimens broken in bending. A possible physical interpretation is discussed in terms of the energetics of crack propagation.
Online maintenance of very large random samples (2004)

Random sampling is one of the most fundamental data management tools available. However, most current research involving sampling considers the problem of how to use a sample, and not how to compute one. The implicit assumption is that a "sample" is a small data structure that is easily maintained as new data are encountered, even though simple statistical arguments demonstrate that very large samples of gigabytes or terabytes in size can be necessary to provide high accuracy. No existing work tackles the problem of maintaining very large, disk-based samples from a data management perspective, and no techniques now exist for maintaining very large samples in an online manner from streaming data. In this paper, we present online algorithms for maintaining on-disk samples that are gigabytes or terabytes in size. The algorithms are designed for streaming data, or for any environment where a large sample must be maintained online in a single pass through a data set. The algorithms meet the strict requirement that the sample always be a true, statistically random sample (without replacement) of all of the data processed thus far. Our algorithms are also suitable for biased or unequal probability sampling.
TnrA, a transcription factor required for global nitrogen regulation in Bacillus subtilis. (1996)

Expression of the Bacillus subtilis nrgAB operon is derepressed during nitrogen-limited growth. We have identified a gene, tnrA, that is required for the activation of nrgAB expression under these growth conditions. Analysis of the DNA sequence of the tnrA gene revealed that it encodes a protein with sequence similarity to GlnR, the repressor of the B. subtilis glutamine synthetase operon. The tnrA mutant has a pleiotropic phenotype. Compared with wild-type cells, the tnrA mutant is impaired in its ability to utilize allantoin, gamma-aminobutyrate, isoleucine, nitrate, urea, and valine as nitrogen sources. During nitrogen-limited growth, transcription of the nrgAB, nasB, gabP, and ure genes is significantly reduced in the tnrA mutant compared with the levels seen in wild-type cells. In contrast, the level of glnRA expression is 4-fold higher in the, tnrA mutant than in wild-type cells during nitrogen restriction. The phenotype of the tnrA mutant indicates that a global nitrogen regulatory system is present in B. subtilis and that this system is distinct from the Ntr regulatory system found in enteric bacteria.
Correlation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) with grading of the neuroglial tumours. (2005)

The GFAP score shows significant relation with the present WHO grading system of glial tumours. GFA protein is specific for glial cells and it is useful to diagnose those glial tumours which are difficult to be identified by heamatoxylin-eosin stain or due to rare or unusual site.
Bioconjugate-Based Molecular Umbrellas (2008)

Molecular umbrellas are "amphomorphic" compounds that can produce a hydrophobic or hydrophilic exterior when exposed to a hydrophobic or hydrophilic microenvironment, respectively. Such molecules are composed of two or more facial amphiphiles that are connected to a central scaffold. Molecular umbrellas that have been synthesized to date, using bile acids as umbrella "walls", polyamines such as spermidine and spermine as scaffold material, and l-lysine as "branches", have been found capable of transporting certain hydrophilic peptides, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides across liposomal membranes by passive diffusion. They have also have been shown to increase water solubility and hydrolytic stability of a hydrophobic drug, and to exhibit significant antiviral activity. The ability of a fluorescently labeled molecular umbrella to readily enter live HeLa cells suggests that such conjugates could find use as drug carriers.
A new charge pump without degradation in threshold voltage due to body effect [memory applications] (2000)

A new charge-pump circuit with the controllable body voltage is proposed. By adjusting the body voltage, the back bias effect is removed and the threshold voltage of the MOSFET used as a switch is kept constant. With no threshold voltage increase, higher output voltage than the conventional charge pump can be obtained in the proposed charge pump. With two auxiliary MOSFETs used to update the body voltage, the proposed charge pump shows compatible performance of the ideal diode charge pump.
Phylogenetic relationships of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin family proteins and their functional domains (1997)

ASM JournalsJournal of BacteriologyVol. 179, No. 9Phylogenetic relationships of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin family proteins and their functional domains Advertisement Free access1 May 1997 Share on Phylogenetic relationships of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin family proteins and their functional domainsAuthor: A BravoAuthors Info & AffiliationsDOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.179.9.2793-2801.1997 PDF/EPUB
Dormant breast cancer micrometastases reside in specific bone marrow niches that regulate their transit to and from bone (2016)

Breast cancer metastatic relapse can occur years after therapy, indicating that disseminated breast cancer cells (BCCs) have a prolonged dormant phase before becoming proliferative. A major site of disease dissemination and relapse is bone, although the critical signals that allow circulating BCCs to identify bone microvasculature, enter tissue, and tether to the microenvironment are poorly understood. Using real-time in vivo microscopy of bone marrow (BM) in a breast cancer xenograft model, we show that dormant and proliferating BCCs occupy distinct areas, with dormant BCCs predominantly found in E-selectin- and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)-rich perisinusoidal vascular regions. We use highly specific inhibitors of E-selectin and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) (SDF-1 receptor) to demonstrate that E-selectin and SDF-1 orchestrate opposing roles in BCC trafficking. Whereas E-selectin interactions are critical for allowing BCC entry into the BM, the SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction anchors BCCs to the microenvironment, and its inhibition induces mobilization of dormant micrometastases into circulation. Homing studies with primary BCCs also demonstrate that E-selectin regulates their entry into bone through the sinusoidal niche, and immunohistochemical staining of patient BMs shows dormant micrometastatic disease adjacent to SDF-1(+) vasculature. These findings shed light on how BCCs traffic within the host, and suggest that simultaneous blockade of CXCR4 and E-selectin in patients could molecularly excise dormant micrometastases from the protective BM environment, preventing their emergence as relapsed disease.
High-Q three-dimensional inductors and transformers for high frequency applications (2007)

Various 3-D integrated inductors and transformers based on stressed metal technology have been designed, fabricated, and characterized for high frequency applications. 3-D inductors with very high quality factors (Q > 100) and also high self resonant frequencies (fsr ∼ 40 GHz) are demonstrated. A 1.2 nH inductor on micromachined substrate achieves a record high quality factor of 138 at 12GHz, with Q > 100 for frequencies between 8 to 20GHz. Using the same technology, 3-D transformers with very high coupling coefficients (K > 0.8) and also high self resonant frequencies (fsr ∼ 15 GHz) are achieved. A 4:4 turn ratio transformer on high resistivity Si substrate achieves a coupling coefficient k of 0.84 at 5 GHz, with k over 0.7 for frequencies from 1.6 to 6.6 GHz and with power gain Pout/Pin over 75% up to 20 GHz. Moreover, toroidal inductors with very high inductance values and high quality factors have been developed. A 62-turn inductor on high-resistivity Si has inductance value of 81.4 nH and peak quality factor of 9.7. Toroidal transformers with 8:8, 14:14, and 30:30 turn ratio have been also developed and characterized for high frequency applications. Through EM simulation (HFSS) and equivalent circuit modeling (ADS), it is shown that by varying the geometry and design parameters, one can achieve an optimized performance in terms of inductance value, quality factor, self-resonant frequency, and transformer coupling. The availability of high-Q 3-D integrated inductors and high performance 3-D integrated transformers will open up new design directions for RF and microwave integrated circuits. Such circuits will have improved performance in terms of RF power loss, RF noise, phase noise, DC power consumption, RF gain bandwidth and power gain.
Enhancer-Dependent Splicing of FGFR1 α-Exon Is Repressed by RNA Interference-Mediated Down-Regulation of SRp55 (2004)

The FGFR1 gene transcript is alternatively processed to produce functionally different receptor forms. Previously, we identified a 69-nucleotide exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) required for alpha-exon inclusion in JEG3 cells. In the present study, we found that this sequence is composed of three independent elements, two smaller ESE sequences flanking an exonic splicing silencer sequence. Ultraviolet cross-linking and immunoprecipitation identified ESE-specific binding of the splicing regulator SRp55. A RNA interference-mediated decrease in SRp55 confirmed the significance of this interaction. There was a 6- to 14-fold decrease in exon inclusion on ablation of SRp55. In SNB19 glioblastoma cells, which normally skip this exon, SRp55 was also demonstrated to play a role in exon inclusion after the removal of intronic splicing silencer sequences. These observations indicate that SRp55 plays a major role in maintaining normal FGFR1 alpha-exon inclusion, which is subject to dominant intronic splicing silencer-mediated and exonic splicing silencer-mediated inhibition in SNB19 cells.
Two New Constituents of Isodon excisus and Their Evaluation in an Apoptosis Inhibition Assay (2001)

Investigation of the whole plant of Isodon excisus resulted in the isolation of two new apoptosis inhibitors (1 and 2). Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited etoposide-induced apoptosis in U937 cells with IC50 values of 10.2 and 52.4 microg/mL, respectively. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by spectral data interpretation.
Advances in speech and audio compression (1994)

Speech and audio compression has advanced rapidly in recent years spurred on by cost-effective digital technology and diverse commercial applications. Recent activity in speech compression is dominated by research and development of a family of techniques commonly described as code-excited linear prediction (CELP) coding. These algorithms exploit models of speech production and auditory perception and offer a quality versus bit rate tradeoff that significantly exceeds most prior compression techniques for rates in the range of 4 to 16 kb/s. Techniques have also been emerging in recent years that offer enhanced quality in the neighborhood of 2.4 kb/s over traditional vocoder methods. Wideband audio compression is generally aimed at a quality that is nearly indistinguishable from consumer compact-disc audio. Subband and transform coding methods combined with sophisticated perceptual coding techniques dominate in this arena with nearly transparent quality achieved at bit rates in the neighborhood of 128 kb/s per channel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Identification of tau protein regions required for process formation in PC12 cells (1994)

Tau is a neuronal microtubule-associated protein that is required for the development and maintenance of neuronal cell polarity. It promotes microtubule assembly in vitro and we have recently reported that a specific tau region, which spans amino acid residues 154-172 of human fetal tau, is not required for growth of existing microtubules, but is required for nucleation of new microtubules. These residues also confer stronger microtubule binding activity in 3T3 cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional organization of tau in relation to its role in promoting process formation in a neuronal model system. We transfected undifferentiated PC12 cells with vectors expressing tau fragments and treated the expressing cells with cytochalasin B to allow process extension. We found that deletion of amino acid residues 154-172 greatly reduced the percentage of transfected cells bearing processes compared to that of cells transfected with full-length tau or with an amino-terminally deleted tau fragment containing residues 154-172. These differences do not appear to result from a quantitative difference in protein expression, as shown by immunoblot analysis of transfected cells. We also observed that while the presence of tau fragments increases acetylation of microtubules, the pattern of acetylation in cells transfected with the fragment missing residues 154-172 is less extensive, suggesting that it does not result in the same level of stabilization as the longer tau fragments. Taxol promoted process outgrowth in cells treated with cytochalasin and restored process outgrowth to cells transfected with the tau fragment lacking this activity. Therefore, process formation involves primarily the stabilization and nucleation of microtubules. We conclude that the residues necessary for conferring microtubule nucleation activity of tau in vitro are important for process formation in vivo. It is likely that these residues influence the binding affinity and therefore the stabilization activity of tau.
Remarkable optical properties of dendrimers for laser applications (2001)

We have investigated optical properties of dye-encapsulated dendrimers for photonic applications and observed several interesting behavior, such as controlled intermolecular interactions, super-radiance, and supernarrowing laser emission. We confirmed limited inter molecular interactions between encapsulated dyes in fluorescence lifetime measurement of rhodamine B-cored dendrimers with different shell sizes. Also, photochemical stability against singlet oxygen was studied for fluorescent dyes encapsulated in a dendrimer box and the lifetime was improved by 60 times due to the shielding effect of the dendrimer shell. A supernarrowing laser spectrum was observed without using any resonator mirrors due to moderate scattering caused by densely doped dendrimer aggregates in a polymer waveguide. At the optimum operation level, the spectral linewidth is found to be 0.55 nm, which is limited by the resolution of the spectrograph used. Weak scattering from the aggregated dendrimers in the host polymer matrix with gain is responsible for photon localization. However, in contrast to conventional random lasers with strong scattering, weak scattering enables the long amplification path through the waveguide producing a directional beam and a supernarrowing spectrum. The dependence of supernarrowing lasing behavior on the density of the scattering moiety was studied by changing the dendrimer doping ratios in the polymer matrix.
Acoustical Society of America Gold Medal (2013)

The Gold Medal is presented in the spring to a member of the Society, without age limitation, for contributions to acoustics. The first Gold Medal was presented in 1954 on the occasion of the Society's Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Celebration and biennially until 1981. It is now an annual award.
Efficacy of a peptide-based gene delivery system depends on mitotic activity. (1996)

We have developed and tested a transfection compound based on synthetic peptides. It consists of a 12 amino acid DNA binding peptide (P2) with an alkyl group added to the aminoterminus (P2lip) and a peptide derived from the hemagglutinin protein (HA). The components aggregate spontaneously to particles that proved to be an efficient, easy to use and chemically stable transfection compound. With this system we found a marked correlation between transfection efficiency and mitotic activity. Cells that are allowed to perform a mitosis after exposure to either DNA-P2lip/HA or DNA-cationic liposome complexes are transfected much more efficiently than cells arrested in the cell cycle. In search of an explanation for this phenomenon we studied transport of plasmid DNA across the nuclear membrane. Plasmid DNA injected into the cytoplasm of quiescent human fibroblasts is not expressed, in contrast to DNA injected into the nucleus. FISH analysis showed that the plasmid DNA is not transported into the nucleus efficiently. Similarly, DNA-P2lip/HA complexes are readily taken up by both proliferating and nonproliferating cells, but do not readily penetrate the nuclear membrane. We conclude that delivery of plasmid DNA to the cytoplasm is not sufficient for transfection of eukaryotic cells. The nuclear membrane is apparently an important barrier. This explains why a mitotic event is required for efficient transfection with the currently available transfection systems. The implications for the further development of transfection compounds for use in vivo, where nonproliferating cells are often the target, are discussed.
Effect of Triton on Lipoprotein Lipase of Rat Plasma (1957)

When postheparin plasma was incubated with a coconut oil substrate, a decrease in optical density and an increase in unesterified fatty acids occurred. The increase in unesterified acids was prevented by previous intravenous injection of Triton to rats. Addition of post-Triton plasma to a system containing postheparin plasma and coconut oil emulsion inhibited the lipoprotein lipase activity. Incubation of Triton with coconut oil substrate before addition of postheparin plasma caused inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity. It is concluded that inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity by Triton is due to modification of the substrate such that the enzyme can no longer act. Further, it is suggested that the chief cause of Triton hyperlipemia is coating of the plasma lipoproteins by Triton resulting in their faulty catabolism.
Role of native defects in wide-band-gap semiconductors (1991)

Wide-band-gap semiconductors typically can be doped either n-type or p-type, but not both. Compensation by native defects has often been invoked as the source of this difficulty. Using first-principles total-energy calculations we show that, for ZnSe and diamond, native-defect concentrations are too low to cause compensation. For nonstoichiometric ZnSe, native defects compensate both n-type and p-type material; thus deviations from stoichiometry cannot explain why ZnSe can be doped only one way. In the absence of a generic mechanism, specific dopants should be examined case by case.
Evaporation Heat Transfer in Sintered Porous Media (2003)

A two-dimensional model is presented to predict the overall heat transfer capability for a sintered wick structure. The model considers the absence of bulk fluid at the top surface of the wick, heat conduction resistance through the wick, capillary limitation, and the onset of nucleate boiling. The numerical results show that thin film evaporation occurring only at the top surface of a wick plays an important role in the enhancement of evaporating heat transfer and depends on the thin film evaporation, the particle size, the porosity, and the wick structure thickness. By decreasing the average particle radius, the evaporation heat transfer coefficient can be enhanced. Additionally, there exists an optimum characteristic thickness for maximum heat removal. The maximum superheat allowable for thin film evaporation at the top surface of a wick is presented to be a function of the particle radius, wick porosity, wick structure thickness, and effective thermal conductivity. In order to verify the theoretical analysis, an experimental system was established, and a comparison with the theoretical prediction conducted. Results of the investigation will assist in optimizing the heat transfer performance of sintered porous media in heat pipes and better understanding of thin film evaporation.
Phenotypic Modulation of Cell Types around Implanted Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabric in Rabbit Muscle (2012)

Whereas the nature of healing reaction in skeletal muscle following implantation of biomaterial has been extensively studied, the extent of variation in cell phenotypes is poorly known. Here, we studied the phenotypic alteration of cell types following injury in skeletal muscle of rabbits implanted with a commonly used biomaterial, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric. Following implantation, histomorphological features were studied after 1, 4, and 12 weeks. Routine objective histomorphological evaluation was supplemented with histochemistry for collagen and immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), CD34, vimentin, and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). The extent of reaction was quantified. The foreign body giant cells were found to comprise subpopulations, based on the variation in vimentin detectability or the presence of differentially capable proliferating nuclei (PCNA positive). Many rhabdomyocytes adjacent to the implant were PCNA-positive and some of them showed CD34 positivity. Often, the rhabdomyocytes very near to implanted PET fabric assumed a myofibroblast phenotype as evidenced by vimentin and/or α-SMA positivity at immunohistochemistry. Overall, the results suggested a phenotypic alteration of native cell types following implantation of PET fabric in rabbit skeletal muscle. Quantification of such cell types at the tissue-material interphase in relation to the deposition of collagen may be desirable during safety evaluation of biomaterials by histomorphology.