gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical Modeling of Femtosecond Laser Keyhole Endokeratophakia Surgery (2015)

Finite element modeling of the cornea reproduced the clinically observed anterior and posterior corneal surface changes following an endokeratophakia procedure. This case sets the stage for further study to refine and yield predictive finite element modeling for the evaluation of corneal refractive surgical procedures.
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes: Advances in Eicosanoid Biology (2001)

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are potent eicosanoid lipid mediators derived from phospholipase-released arachidonic acid that are involved in numerous homeostatic biological functions and inflammation. They are generated by cyclooxygenase isozymes and 5-lipoxygenase, respectively, and their biosynthesis and actions are blocked by clinically relevant nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the newer generation coxibs (selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2), and leukotriene modifiers. The prime mode of prostaglandin and leukotriene action is through specific G protein-coupled receptors, many of which have been cloned recently, thus enabling specific receptor agonist and antagonist development. Important insights into the mechanisms of inflammatory responses, pain, and fever have been gleaned from our current understanding of eicosanoid biology.
Arabidopsis thaliana Contains Two Differentially Expressed Farnesyl-Diphosphate Synthase Genes (1996)

The enzyme farnesyl-diphosphate synthase (FPS; EC 2.5.1.1/EC 2.5.1.10) catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). This reaction is considered to be a rate-limiting step in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Southern blot analysis indicates that Arabidopsis thaliana contains at least 2 genes (FPS1 and FPS2) encoding FPS. The FPS1 and FPS2 genes have been cloned and characterized. The two genes have a very similar organization with regard to intron positions and exon sizes and share a high level of sequence similarity, not only in the coding region but also in the intronic sequences. Northern blot analysis showed that FPS1 and FPS2 have a different pattern of expression. FPS1 mRNA accumulates preferentially in roots and inflorescences, whereas FPS2 mRNA is predominantly expressed in inflorescences. The cDNA corresponding to the FPS1 gene was isolated by functional complementation of a mutant yeast strain defective in FPS activity (Delourme, D., Lacroute, F., and Karst, F. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 26, 1867-1873). By using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction strategy we have cloned the cDNA corresponding to the FPS2 gene. Analysis of the FPS2 cDNA sequence revealed an open reading frame encoding a protein of 342 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 39,825 Da. FPS1 and FPS2 isoforms share an overall amino acid identity of 90.6%. Arabidopsis FPS2 was able to rescue the lethal phenotype of an ERG20-disrupted yeast strain. We demonstrate that FPS2 catalyzes the two successive condensations of IPP with both DMAPP and geranyl diphosphate leading to FPP. The significance of the occurrence of different FPS isoforms in plants is discussed in the context of the complex organization of the plant isoprenoid pathway.
Clinical and Radiologic Correlates of Frontal Intermittent Rhythmic Delta Activity (2002)

To assess the clinical and radiologic correlates of frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA), the authors reviewed the hospital charts of patients whose EEGs depicted this EEG finding, and recorded their past medical and neurologic history, the reason for hospital admission, and their neurologic status both on admission and during EEG recordings. Laboratory results on admission and concomitant to the EEG recording, computed tomography, or MRI findings during hospital admission were also reviewed. Sixty-eight patients were assessed. The gender ratio was 1:1; mean age was 56 years. Chronic disease occurred in 78% of patients, including hypertension (34%), diabetes (32%), and renal failure (18%). On admission, renal failure (n = 34) and hyperglycemia (n = 22) were most prominent. The majority of patients had at least one abnormal laboratory result. Thirty-eight of 51 patients in whom the level of consciousness was stated during EEG were described as awake. More than half of 58 patients whose EEG background activity was stipulated demonstrated diffuse slowing, mostly in the theta range. MRI was abnormal in 15 of 17 patients. Intrahemispheric lesions, particularly ischemic and hemorrhagic, were most common (n = 10), followed by basal ganglia lacunae (n = 4). Computed tomography was abnormal in 29 of 44 patients. Hemispheric pathology, diffuse or localized, occurred in 22 patients. Frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity is associated with mild to moderate encephalopathy and is detected principally in awake patients. Most patients in this series had chronic systemic illness. Old ischemic structural brain lesions may predispose some patients to develop FIRDA during acute metabolic derangement, such as uremia and hyperglycemia. Frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity was not associated with EEG epileptiform activity. Deep midline lesions, posterior fossa tumors, and hydrocephalus were not detected in this series of patients with FIRDA.
Integrated Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder (2014)

From a neurobiological perspective there is no such thing as bipolar disorder. Rather, it is almost certainly the case that many somewhat similar, but subtly different, pathological conditions produce a disease state that we currently diagnose as bipolarity. This heterogeneity - reflected in the lack of synergy between our current diagnostic schema and our rapidly advancing scientific understanding of the condition - limits attempts to articulate an integrated perspective on bipolar disorder. However, despite these challenges, scientific findings in recent years are beginning to offer a provisional "unified field theory" of the disease. This theory sees bipolar disorder as a suite of related neurodevelopmental conditions with interconnected functional abnormalities that often appear early in life and worsen over time. In addition to accelerated loss of volume in brain areas known to be essential for mood regulation and cognitive function, consistent findings have emerged at a cellular level, providing evidence that bipolar disorder is reliably associated with dysregulation of glial-neuronal interactions. Among these glial elements are microglia - the brain's primary immune elements, which appear to be overactive in the context of bipolarity. Multiple studies now indicate that inflammation is also increased in the periphery of the body in both the depressive and manic phases of the illness, with at least some return to normality in the euthymic state. These findings are consistent with changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which are known to drive inflammatory activation. In summary, the very fact that no single gene, pathway, or brain abnormality is likely to ever account for the condition is itself an extremely important first step in better articulating an integrated perspective on both its ontological status and pathogenesis. Whether this perspective will translate into the discovery of innumerable more homogeneous forms of bipolarity is one of the great questions facing the field and one that is likely to have profound treatment implications, given that fact that such a discovery would greatly increase our ability to individualize - and by extension, enhance - treatment.
Controlled Trial of Vasopressin and Balloon Tamponade in Bleeding Esophageal Varices (1984)

In a randomized controlled trial, the effect of continuous intravenous administration of vasopressin was compared with Sengstaken-Blakemore balloon tamponade in 37 episodes of bleeding esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. The majority were Group A and B of Child's classification. Bleeding was controlled in 11 of 17 (65%) patients on vasopressin and in 14 of 20 (70%) patients on tamponade. The patients who failed to respond initially (6 episodes on vasopressin and 5 on tamponade) were treated successfully with the alternative method. Overall mortality was similar in both groups: 3 patients in the vasopressin group and 4 in the tamponade group died. Only one patient died of uncontrolled bleeding; 4 patients probably died of complications of treatment, 2 of cardiac ischemia after vasopressin and 2 of pulmonary infection after tamponade. The vasopressin group required significantly fewer blood transfusions than did the tamponade group.
JAKandMPLmutations in myeloid malignancies (2008)

The Janus family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and tyrosine kinase 2) transduces signals downstream of type I and II cytokine receptors via signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). JAK3 is important in lymphoid and JAK2 in myeloid cell proliferation and differentiation. The thrombopoietin receptor MPL is one of several JAK2 cognate receptors and is essential for myelopoiesis in general and megakaryopoiesis in particular. Germline loss-of-function (LOF) JAK3 and MPL mutations cause severe combined immunodeficiency and congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, respectively. Germline gain-of-function (GOF) MPL mutation (MPLS505N) causes familial thrombocytosis. Somatic JAK3 (e.g. JAK3A572V, JAK3V722I, JAK3P132T) and fusion JAK2 (e.g. ETV6-JAK2, PCM1-JAK2, BCR-JAK2) mutations have respectively been described in acute megakaryocytic leukemia and acute leukemia/chronic myeloid malignancies. However, current attention is focused on JAK2 (e.g. JAK2V617F, JAK2 exon 12 mutations) and MPL (e.g. MPLW515L/K/S, MPLS505N) mutations associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). A JAK2 mutation, primarily JAK2V617F, is invariably associated with polycythemia vera (PV). The latter mutation also occurs in the majority of patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) or primary myelofibrosis (PMF). MPL mutational frequency in MPNs is substantially less (<10%). In general, despite a certain degree of genotype - phenotype correlations, the prognostic relevance of harbouring one of these mutations, or their allele burden when present, remains dubious. Regardless, based on the logical assumption that amplified JAK-STAT signalling is central to the pathogenesis of PV, ET and PMF, several anti-JAK2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been developed and are currently being tested in humans with these disorders.
Interatrial Communication and Left Atrial Hypertension (1963)

The combination of left atrial hypertension and a small atrial septal defect was observed in three patients and was found to be responsible for a continuous heart murmur. Mitral stenosis was present in two patients, and mitral atresia in the third. The continuous murmurs were loudest over the lower sternum, were augmented by inspiration, and were reduced or abolished by the Valsalva maneuver. Cardiac catheterization studies demonstrated the presence of a left-to-right shunt at the atrial level in each instance. The continuous murmurs were localized to the right atrium by intracardiac phonocardiography in two patients, and alterations in the interatrial pressure gradient during respiratory maneuvers were documented.
Severely Impaired Adipsin Expression in Genetic and Acquired Obesity (1987)

Adipsin, a serine protease homolog, is synthesized and secreted by adipose cells and is found in the bloodstream. The expression of adipsin messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein was analyzed in rodents during metabolic perturbations and in several experimental models of obesity. Adipsin mRNA abundance is increased in adipose tissue during fasting in normal rats and in diabetes due to streptozotocin-induced insulin deficiency. Adipsin mRNA abundance decreased during the continuous infusion of glucose, which induces a hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic state that is accompanied by an increased adipose mass; it is suppressed (greater than 100-fold) in two strains of genetically obese mice (db/db and ob/ob), compared to their congenic counterparts, and is also reduced when obesity is induced chemically by injection of monosodium glutamate into newborn mice. Circulating adipsin protein is decreased in these animal models of obesity, as determined by immunoblotting with antisera to adipsin. Little change in adipsin expression is observed in a model of obesity obtained by pure overfeeding of normal rats (cafeteria model). These data suggest a possible role for adipsin in the above-mentioned disordered metabolic states, and raise the possibility that adipsin expression may be used to distinguish obesities that arise from certain genetic or metabolic defects from those that result from pure overfeeding.
Azo Polymers for Reversible Optical Storage. 7. The Effect of the Size of the Photochromic Groups (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAzo Polymers for Reversible Optical Storage. 7. The Effect of the Size of the Photochromic GroupsM. S. Ho, A. Natansohn, and P. RochonCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 18, 6124–6127Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00122a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00122a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views789Altmetric-Citations182LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of Optically Active N<sup>2</sup>-Phthaloylaspartimide (1964)

Optically active N2-phthaloylaspartimide was synthesized from pharmacological interest. The optically active N2-phthaloylasparagine, obtained by resolution of racemic compound with brucine, was found to undergo dehydrative cyclization by the action of acetyl chloride under a mild condition to form the optically active N2-phthaloylaspartimide.
Engineering human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease heterodimers as macromolecular inhibitors of viral maturation. (1996)

Dimerization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease (HIV-1 PR) monomers is an essential prerequisite for viral proteolytic activity and the subsequent generation of infectious virus particles. Disruption of the dimer interface inhibits this activity as does formation of heterodimers between wild-type and defective monomers. A structure-based approach was used to identify amino acid substitutions at the dimer interface of HIV-1 PR that facilitate preferential association of heterodimers and inhibit self-association of the defective monomers. Expression of the designed PR monomers inhibits activity of wild-type HIV-1 PR and viral infectivity when assayed in an ex vivo model system. These results show that it is possible to design PR monomers as macromolecular inhibitors that may provide an alternative to small molecule inhibitors for the treatment of HIV infection.
Possible role for a human adenovirus in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. (1984)

Celiac disease in humans is activated by the dietary ingestion of wheat, rye, triticale, barley, and possibly oats. Gliadins in wheat and similar proteins in the other grains are known to activate disease in susceptible individuals. There is a striking association between celiac disease and HLA-B8, -DR3 and/or -DR7, and -DC3. Nonetheless, less than 0.2% of individuals with those serologic HLA specificities develop celiac disease and disease is not always concordant among monozygotic twins. We propose that additional environmental factors may be important in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. To investigate that possibility, we examined a data bank of protein sequences for other proteins that might share amino acid sequence homologies with A-gliadin, an alpha-gliadin component known to activate celiac disease and whose complete primary amino acid sequence is known. These studies demonstrate that A-gliadin shares a region of amino acid sequence homology with the 54-kD E1b protein of human adenovirus type 12 (Ad12), an adenovirus usually isolated from the intestinal tract. The region spans 12 amino acid residues, includes 8 residue identities and an identical pentapeptide, and is hydrophilic in both proteins. Antibody reactive with the 54-kD Ad12 E1b protein cross-reacts with A-gliadin, a 119 amino acid cyanogen bromide peptide of A-gliadin that spans the region of homology and a synthetic heptapeptide of A-gliadin from within the region of homology. We suggest that an encounter of the immune system with antigenic determinants produced during intestinal viral infection may be important in the pathogenesis of celiac disease.
Effect of addiivet selection on calculated aluminum content of parenteral nutrient solutions (2007)

There is wide variability in the aluminum concentration of injectable products used in the compounding of PN solutions. Selecting products with low aluminum concentration may substantially reduce the amount of the element administered to patients.
Isozymes of the Na-K-ATPase: heterogeneity in structure, diversity in function (1998)

The Na-K-ATPase is characterized by a complex molecular heterogeneity that results from the expression and differential association of multiple isoforms of both its alpha- and beta-subunits. At present, as many as four different alpha-polypeptides (alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, and alpha4) and three distinct beta-isoforms (beta1, beta2, and beta3) have been identified in mammalian cells. The stringent constraints on the structure of the Na pump isozymes during evolution and their tissue-specific and developmental pattern of expression suggests that the different Na-K-ATPases have evolved distinct properties to respond to cellular requirements. This review focuses on the functional properties, regulation, and possible physiological relevance of the Na pump isozymes. The coexistence of multiple alpha- and beta-isoforms in most cells has hindered the understanding of the roles of the individual polypeptides. The use of heterologous expression systems has helped circumvent this problem. The kinetic characteristics of different Na-K-ATPase isozymes to the activating cations (Na+ and K+), the substrate ATP, and the inhibitors Ca2+ and ouabain demonstrate that each isoform has distinct properties. In addition, intracellular messengers differentially regulate the activity of the individual Na-K-ATPase isozymes. Thus the regulation of specific Na pump isozymes gives cells the ability to precisely coordinate Na-K-ATPase activity to their physiological requirements.
The effects of adenosine agonists on human neutrophil function. (1986)

Adenosine is a potent physiologic substance with a variety of biologic activities. Many of the effects of adenosine appear to be mediated by two populations of cell-surface adenosine receptors (A1 and A2). We have examined the effects of several adenosine receptor agonists on human neutrophils stimulated with the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). The results indicate that both superoxide anion generation and degranulation (as assessed by lysozyme release) are inhibited. Inhibition correlated most strongly with A2 receptor affinity for both parameters and was reversible by the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline. Because toxic oxygen metabolites and degradative enzymes are implicated in a variety of inflammatory disorders, adenosine agonists may be useful probes to help expand our knowledge of the role of these mediators in human disease.
Semaphorin-3A is expressed by tumor cells and alters T-cell signal transduction and function (2005)

An important aspect of tumor progression is the ability of cancer cells to escape detection and clearance by the immune system. Recent studies suggest that several tumors express soluble factors interfering with the immune response. Here, we show that semaphorin-3A (Sema-3A), a secreted member of the semaphorin family involved in axonal guidance, organogenesis, and angiogenesis, is highly expressed in several tumor cells. Conditioned media of Sema-3A-transfected COS-7 cells or human recombinant Sema-3A inhibited primary human T-cell proliferation and cytokines production under anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 stimulating conditions. Sema-3A also inhibited the activation of nonspecific cytotoxic activity in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), as measured against K-562 cells. In contrast, suppression of Sema-3A in tumor cells with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) augmented T-cell activation. The inhibitory effect of Sema-3A in T cells is mediated by blockade of Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The presence of Sema-3A increased the activation of the Ras family small GTPase Rap1 and introduction of the dominant-negative mutant of Rap1 (Rap1N17) blunted the immunoinhibitory effects of Sema-3A. These results suggest that Sema-3A inhibits primary T-cell activation and imply that it can contribute to the T-cell dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment.
Continuous Synthesis of Full-Color Emitting Core/Shell Quantum Dots via Microreaction (2009)

A two-step, microreaction system, operating at two different temperatures and incorporating three-dimensional, serpentine microchannels, was used for the continuous synthesis of CdSe/ZnS and CdS/ZnS nanocrystals. By varying the feed ratios of the precursors, we were able to control the size of both CdSe and CdS nanocrystals (NCs) at a constant temperature and residence time. The application of zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate as a single molecular source allowed the preparation of high-quality, ZnS-capped NCs at 140 °C, which is much lower than the temperatures required for the growth of CdS and CdSe NCs. Furthermore, the size-dependent, optimal reaction time for ZnS capping was obtained. The above results facilitated the continuous synthesis of core/shell NCs with photoluminescence wavelength in a wide range. On the basis of the continuous adjustment of the feed ratios of the precursors and the online switching of precursors and serpentine channels for ZnS capping, we obtained the continuous synthesis of full-color-emitting CdS/ZnS and CdSe/ZnS NCs (full-width-at-half-maximum: 25−33 nm; quantum yield: blue - 41%, cyan - 58%, green - 70%, yellow - 78%, orange - 76%, red - 61%).