gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increasing the Oxidative Stress Response AllowsEscherichia coliTo Overcome Inhibitory Effects of Condensed Tannins (2003)

Tannins are plant-derived polyphenols with antimicrobial effects. The mechanism of tannin toxicity towards Escherichia coli was determined by using an extract from Acacia mearnsii (Black wattle) as a source of condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins). E. coli growth was inhibited by tannins only when tannins were exposed to oxygen. Tannins auto-oxidize, and substantial hydrogen peroxide was generated when they were added to aerobic media. The addition of exogenous catalase permitted growth in tannin medium. E. coli mutants that lacked HPI, the major catalase, were especially sensitive to tannins, while oxyR mutants that constitutively overexpress antioxidant enzymes were resistant. A tannin-resistant mutant was isolated in which a promoter-region point mutation increased the level of HPI by 10-fold. Our results indicate that wattle condensed tannins are toxic to E. coli in aerobic medium primarily because they generate H(2)O(2). The oxidative stress response helps E. coli strains to overcome their inhibitory effect.
The Drosophila insulin receptor is required for normal growth. (1996)

Drosophila contain an insulin receptor homologue, encoded by the inr gene located at position 93E4-5 on the third chromosome. The receptor protein is strikingly homologous to the human receptor, exhibiting the same alpha2beta2 subunit structure and containing a ligand- activated tyrosine kinase in its cytoplasmic domain. Chemical mutagenesis was used to induce mutations in the inr gene and six independent mutations that lead to a loss of expression or function of the receptor protein were identified. These mutations are recessive, embryonic, or early larval lethals, but some alleles exhibit heteroallelic complementation to yield adults with a severe developmental delay (10 days), growth-deficiency, female-sterile phenotype. Interestingly, the severity of the mutant phenotype correlates with biochemical measures of loss of function of the receptor tyrosine kinase. The growth deficiency appears to be due to a reduction in cell number, suggesting a role for inr in regulation of cell proliferation during development. The phenotype is reminiscent of those seen in syndromes of insulin-resistance or IGF-I and IGF-I receptor deficiencies in higher organisms, suggesting a conserved function for this growth factor family in the regulation of growth and body size.
TCP's Reaction to Soft Errors (2009)

This document describes a non-standard, but widely implemented,
modification to TCP's handling of ICMP soft error messages, that
rejects pending connection-requests when those error messages are
received. This behavior reduces the likelihood of long delays between
connection establishment attempts that may arise in a number of
scenarios, including one in which dual stack nodes that have IPv6
enabled by default are deployed in IPv4 or mixed IPv4 and IPv6
environments.
Comparative bioavailability of oral, rectal, and intramuscular artemether in healthy subjects: use of simultaneous measurement by high performance liquid chromatography and bioassay (1996)

1. The pharmacokinetic and effect kinetic properties of oral (p.o.), intramuscular (i.m.), and intrarectal (i.r.) artemether (5 mg kg-1) were compared in a crossover study in eight healthy adult volunteers. Plasma concentrations of artemether (AM) and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography with reductive mode electrochemical detection (h.p.l.c.-ECD), and plasma antimalarial activity in vitro (effect) was assessed on the same samples by a sensitive bioassay (BA). 2. Artemether was absorbed rapidly after oral administration with a mean (95% CI) Cmax for the parent compound of 406 (249 to 561) nmol l-1 and for DHA of 1009 (639 to 1379) nmol l-1 with tmax values of 1.7 (1.2 to 2.2) and 1.8 (1.4 to 2.2) h respectively. The mean (95% CI) elimination half-life of AM was 2.6 (1.8 to 3.4) h and for DHA was 1.9 (1.4 to 2.4) h. Plasma concentration and effect profiles with h.p.l.c.-ECD and BA were similar suggesting that other unidentified bioactive metabolites contributed little to antimalarial activity in vivo. 3. Absorption was slower, more variable, and DHA concentrations were lower following the i.m. and i.r. routes of administration. The mean (95% CI) relative bioavailability compared with oral artemether in the 6 h following administration AUC (0.6h) was 25 (9 to 41)% following i.m. and 35 (10 to 60)% following i.r. artemether. 4. These data demonstrate that oral artemether undergoes extensive first pass metabolism to the more active metabolite DHA. Plasma antimalarial activity following oral administration is significantly greater than following i.m. administration. The i.r. route of administration provided similar bioavailability to i.m. injection but there was considerable variability in absorption following both routes. Further studies are needed to determine whether i.r. artemether would be an effective treatment of severe malaria in the rural tropics in situations where oral or parenteral administration is not possible.
Aggregation and surface‐enhanced Raman activity study of dye‐coated mixed silver–gold colloids (2004)

Abstract The aggregate morphologies of silver, gold, and mixed silver–gold nanoparticles coated with fuchsine basic were directly investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the aggregation of silver and gold colloids induced by the adsorption of fuchsine basic displayed different aggregate characteristics. The adsorption of fuchsine basic in mixed silver and gold colloidal systems led to altered aggregation and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement behavior. A suitable ratio of mixed silver and gold colloids could form a favorable state of aggregation and significantly increase the SERS activity of mixed colloids compared with single silver and gold colloids. This is the first report of the SERS of fuchsine basic on mixed silver and gold colloids. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Structure of aBacillus subtilisendo-β-l,4-glucanase gene (1986)

The nucleotide sequence of the portion of a Bacillus subtilis (strain PAP115) 3 kb Pst I fragment which contains an endo-beta-1, 4-glucanase gene has been determined. This gene encodes a protein of 499 amino acid residues (Mr = 55,234) with a typical B. subtilis signal peptide. Escherichia coli which has been transformed with this gene produces an extracellular endoglucanase with an amino-terminus corresponding to the thirtieth encoded amino acid residue. The gene is preceded by a cryptic reading frame with a rho-independent terminator structure, and itself has such a structure in the immediate 3'-flanking region. We have also identified, in the 5'-flanking region, nucleotide sequences which resemble promoter elements recognized by Bacillus RNA polymerase E sigma 43. Comparison of the encoded amino acid sequence to other known beta-glucanases reveals a small region of similarity to the encoded protein of the Clostridium thermocellum celB gene. These similar regions may contain substrate-binding and/or catalytic sites.
Hereditary colorectal cancer and brain tumor syndromes (2006)

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease (MIM Number, 193300) is a dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome caused by germline mutations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene (Latif et al., 1993). VHL disease demonstrates marked phenotypic variability and age-dependent penetrance (Maher et al., 1990a). The most frequent tumors are retinal and central nervous system hemangioblastomas, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), pheochromocytoma, pancreatic endocrine tumors, and endolymphatic sac tumors (ELSTs). In addition renal, pancreatic and epididymal cysts are common.
Silencing microRNA by interfering nanoparticles in mice (2011)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate post-transcriptional gene expression and are important in many biological processes. Disease-associated miRNAs have been shown to become potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Functions of miRNAs can be inhibited by using antisense oligonucleotides, called anti-miRs, complimentary to the miRNA sequences. Here, we show that systemic delivery of a chemically stabilized anti-miR-122 complexed with interfering nanoparticles (iNOPs) effectively silences the liver-expressed miR-122 in mice. Intravenous administration of 2 mg kg(-1) chemically modified anti-miR-122 complexed with iNOP-7 resulted in 83.2 ± 3.2% specific silencing of miR-122, which was accompanied by regulating gene expression in liver and lowering of plasma cholesterol. The specific silencing of miR-122 was long lasting and did not induce an immune response. Our results demonstrate that iNOPs can successfully deliver anti-miR to specifically target and silence miRNA in clinically acceptable and therapeutically affordable doses.
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide therapy targeting clusterin gene for prostate cancer: Vancouver experience from discovery to clinic (2005)

The data described above identified clusterin as an antiapoptotic gene up-regulated in an adaptive cell survival manner following various cell death triggers that helps confer a phenotype resistant to therapeutic stimuli. Inhibition of clusterin expression using AS ODN technology enhances apoptosis induced by several conventional treatments, resulting in the delay of AI progression and improved survival. Clinical trials using AS ODN confirm potent suppression of clusterin expression and phase II studies will begin in early 2005.
Sports Facilities, Shopping Centers or Homes: What Locations are Important for Adults’ Physical Activity? A Cross-Sectional Study (2016)

Physical activity (PA) is influenced by the built environment. However, little is known about the types of built environment where adults spend their time, and at what levels of PA they engage in those environments. Understanding the effect of the built environment on PA requires insight into PA behavior at different types of locations (e.g., home, work, shopping centers, and sports facilities). Therefore, this study describes where adults aged 45-65 years were active with moderate-to-vigorous intensity (MVPA), and examines associations of socio-demographic factors and neighborhood with MVPA at these locations. Participants' (N = 308) PA was measured for seven days using accelerometers and GPS-devices. Adults spent most minutes of MVPA at home and work. Highest MVPA-ratios of total time spent at a location were achieved in sports facilities and during transport. Neighborhood characteristics and socio-demographic factors such as work status, health status and household structure, had significant effects on MVPA at various locations and on total MVPA. Understanding PA behavior at various locations may provide insights that allow professionals in different domains (e.g., health, landscaping, urban planning) to develop strategies to stimulate PA.
Positive Effect of Partial Zona-Pellucida Dissection on the in Vitro Fertilizing Capacity of Cryopreserved C57BL/6J Transgenic Mouse Spermatozoa of Low Motility (1997)

Although cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa has recently become available for use, as yet there are considerable differences in fertilization efficiency of cryopreserved spermatozoa among various mouse strains. In this study, oocytes subjected to partial dissection of the zona pellucida (PZD) were inseminated with frozen-thawed C57BL/6J mouse spermatozoa. At 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after insemination, the oocytes were washed in human tubal fluid medium and cultured for 3-6 h. The fertilization rates of the PZD oocytes in each group at 6-7 h after insemination were significantly higher than that of the zona-intact control (73-88% vs 12%, respectively) (p < 0.01); but the incidence of polyspermy was nevertheless quite low (1.3-2.4%). The development rates of the monospermic oocytes to the morula and early blastocyst stages were in the 87-92% range, with 31-40% of those developing into offspring after embryo transfer. When the cryopreserved spermatozoa of C57BL/6J transgenic mice were used to fertilize PZD oocytes, the fertilization rates were as high as (73-76%) those of the PZD oocytes inseminated with the cryopreserved C57BL/6J spermatozoa, with 30-31% of the morulae and early blastocysts derived from the monospermatic oocytes developing into offspring. These results indicate that PZD of oocytes may provide an alternative when the fertilizing capacity of mouse spermatozoa has been compromised by cryopreservation.
Characterization of fibroblast growth factor 1 binding heparan sulfate domain (1999)

Fibroblast growth factors FGF-1 and FGF-2 mediate their biological effects via heparan sulfate-dependent interactions with cell surface FGF receptors. While the specific heparan sulfate domain binding to FGF-2 has been elucidated in some detail, limited information has been available concerning heparan sulfate structures involved in the recognition of FGF-1. In the current study we present evidence that the minimal FGF-1 binding heparan sulfate sequence comprises 5-7 monosaccharide units and contains a critical trisulfated IdoA(2-OSO3)-GlcNSO3(6-OSO3) disaccharide unit. N-Sulfated heparan sulfate decasaccharides depleted of FGF-1 binding domains showed dose-dependent and saturable binding to FGF-2. These data indicate that the FGF-1 binding domain is distinct from the minimal FGF-2 binding site, previously shown to contain an IdoA(2-OSO3) residue but no 6-O-sulfate groups. We further show that the FGF-1 binding heparan sulfate domain is expressed in human aorta heparan sulfate in an age-related manner in contrast to the constitutively expressed FGF-2 binding domain. Reduction of heparan sulfate O-sulfation by chlorate treatment of cells selectively impedes binding to FGF-1. The present data implicate the 6-O-sulfation of IdoA(2-OSO3)-GlcNSO3 units in cellular heparan sulfate in the control of the biological activity of FGF-1.
P-TEFb kinase recruitment and function at heat shock loci (2000)

P-TEFb, a heterodimer of the kinase Cdk9 and cyclin T, was isolated as a factor that stimulates formation of productive transcription elongation complexes in vitro. Here, we show that P-TEFb is located at >200 distinct sites on Drosophila polytene chromosomes. Upon heat shock, P-TEFb, like the regulatory factor HSF, is rapidly recruited to heat shock loci, and this recruitment is blocked in an HSF mutant. Yet, HSF binding to DNA is not sufficient to recruit P-TEFb in vivo, and HSF and P-TEFb immunostainings within a heat shock locus are not coincident. Insight to the function of P-TEFb is offered by experiments showing that the direct recruitment of a Gal4-binding domain P-TEFb hybrid to an hsp70 promoter in Drosophila cells is sufficient to activate transcription in the absence of heat shock. Analyses of point mutants show this P-TEFb stimulation is dependent on Cdk9 kinase activity and on Cdk9's interaction with cyclin T. These results, coupled with the frequent colocalization of P-TEFb and the hypophosphorylated form of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) found at promoter-pause sites, support a model in which P-TEFb acts to stimulate promoter-paused Pol II to enter into productive elongation.
Copper metabolism in mottled mouse (Mus musculus) mutants Studies of blotchy (Moblo) mice and a comparison with brindled (Mobr) mice (1981)

1. Copper concentrations were low in many organs of Moblo/Y mice, but very high in the gut. Absorption of 64Cu was seen to be very low when related to the absorption of cyano[57Co]cobalamin. The results in Moblo/+ mice were intermediate. 2. Copper therapy temporarily ameliorated many effects of the mutation in Moblo/Y mice, but did not improve the rate of weight gain as has been achieved previously in Mobr/Y mice. Lower capacity for a 'depot dose' effect at the site of injection may explain the difference. 3. The distribution of 64Cu after administration into the bloodstream of Moblo/Y mice altered from an initially normal state to one that resembled the abnormal distribution of pre-existing copper by 48 h. This indicated that the later mechanisms of copper distribution were at fault. Moblo/+ mice were equally affected. 4. The alteration of copper homoeostasis in blotchy mice was similar to that observed in brindled mice previously and in the present studies, although generally less severe. This is consistent with allelism of the two mutations.
A genetically engineered murine/human chimeric antibody retains specificity for human tumor-associated antigen. (1990)

Chimeric immunoglobulin genes were constructed by fusing murine variable region exons to human constant region exons. The ultimate goal was to produce an antibody capable of escaping surveillance by the human immune system while retaining the tumor specificity of a murine monoclonal. The murine variable regions were isolated from the functionally expressed kappa and gamma 1 immunoglobulin genes of the murine hybridoma cell line B6.2, the secreted monoclonal antibody of which reacts with a surface antigen from human breast, lung, and colon carcinomas. The kappa and gamma 1 chain fusion genes were co-introduced into non-antibody producing murine myeloma cells by electroporation. Transfectants that produced murine/human chimeric antibody were obtained at high frequency as indicated by immunoblots probed with an antisera specific for human immunoglobulin. Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay analysis demonstrated that this chimeric antibody was secreted from the myeloma cells and retained the ability to bind selectively to membrane prepared from human tumor cells. The chimeric immunoglobulin was also shown by indirect fluorescence microscopy to bind to intact human carcinoma cells with specificity expected of B6.2. The ability of chimeric antibody to recognize human tumor-associated antigen makes feasible a novel approach to cancer immunotherapy.
Computer Vision Applied to Vehicle Operation (1988)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Among many tasks of car development, safety, economy, environmental benefits and convenience, safety should have a high priority. One of the main goals is the reduction of the number of accidents. Environment and situation recognition by autonomous vehicle-electronic systems can contribute to the recognition of problems together with information to the driver or direct intervention in the car's behaviour.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper describes some techniques for environment recognition, the status of a present project, and the goals of some PROMETHEUS (&lt;u&gt;Prog&lt;/u&gt;ram for a &lt;u&gt;E&lt;/u&gt;uropean &lt;u&gt;T&lt;/u&gt;raffic with &lt;u&gt;H&lt;/u&gt;ighest &lt;u&gt;E&lt;/u&gt;fficiency and &lt;u&gt;U&lt;/u&gt;nprecedented &lt;u&gt;S&lt;/u&gt;afety) projects.&lt;/div&gt;
Polyproline and the “spectroscopic ruler” revisited with single-molecule fluorescence (2005)

To determine whether Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements can provide quantitative distance information in single-molecule fluorescence experiments on polypeptides, we measured FRET efficiency distributions for donor and acceptor dyes attached to the ends of freely diffusing polyproline molecules of various lengths. The observed mean FRET efficiencies agree with those determined from ensemble lifetime measurements but differ considerably from the values expected from Forster theory, with polyproline treated as a rigid rod. At donor-acceptor distances much less than the Forster radius R(0), the observed efficiencies are lower than predicted, whereas at distances comparable to and greater than R(0), they are much higher. Two possible contributions to the former are incomplete orientational averaging during the donor lifetime and, because of the large size of the dyes, breakdown of the point-dipole approximation assumed in Forster theory. End-to-end distance distributions and correlation times obtained from Langevin molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the differences for the longer polyproline peptides can be explained by chain bending, which considerably shortens the donor-acceptor distances.
Monolithic IC integration key alignment aspects for high process yield (2014)

Lithographic scaling has been the main growth driver to follow Moore's law of cost reduction and performance increase for several decades. However, the 22nm node appears to be a game changer, where other core processes besides lithography have to be taken into account. Monolithic integration is one solution, where lithographic scaling is replaced by integration in vertical direction. Stacking and electrically contacting several semiconductor layers is challenging, as multiple unit processes have to be solved and put together. One of the key processes for monolithic integration is aligned wafer-to-wafer bonding. Besides optimization of the alignment accuracy, particle cleaning or plasma activation, earlier processing steps have important influence to a high yield processing of monolithic integrated circuits.
Camelina oil and its unusual cholesterol content (2002)

Abstract The oil in Camelina sativa L. Crantz has a combined linolenic and linoleic acid content that is greater than 50% and a relatively low saturated FA content (∼10%). Although the FA composition has been reported, no information is available on the sterol composition of camelina oil. The derivatized plant sterols were separated and quantified with capillary GC and their identity confirmed with GC‐MS. The refined camelina oil sample contained approximately 0.54 wt% unsaponifiables, and over 80% of the unsaponifiables were desmethylsterols. Perhaps the most unusual characteristic of camelina oil is its relatively high content of cholesterol, particularly for a vegetable oil, since it contains several times the cholesterol found in other “high‐cholesterol” vegetable oils. Camelina oil also contains relatively large amounts of another unusual sterol, brassicasterol. The major sterols identified in the camelina oil included cholesterol (188 ppm), brassicasterol (133 ppm), campesterol (893 ppm), stigmasterol (103 ppm), sitosterol (1,884 ppm), and Δ 5 ‐avenasterol (393 ppm).