gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Management on Fracture-Separation of Distal Humeral Epiphysis in Children. (2009)

Objective
To analyze the diagnosis and treatment of fracture-separation of distal humeral epiphysis (Salter-Harris epiphyseal injury) in neonates or young children for the purpose of decreasing the misdiagnosis and its complications.


Methods
From January 2002 to January 2008, 76 cases with fracture-separation of distal humeral epiphysis were analyzed retrospectively. The diagnosis was mainly based on clinical presentations and X-radiology. The closed manipulative reduction and operation were used in this study. The research data were checked by the rank-sum test.


Results
Fracture-separation of distal humeral epiphysis was diagnosed by X-radiology (n=52), clinical information and operative findings (n=24). The main clinical presentations of fracture-separation of distal humeral epiphysis were arthrocele, pain and limitation of motion. All cases were closed fracture. There were good peripheral circulation and joint motion of forearm or hand without paresthesia of skin, except 3 cases had ulnar nerve compression with finger flexion, anesthesia of the fourth and fifth finger, and motor disorder.


Conclusion
The main type of fracture-separation of distal humeral epiphysis is metaphyseal fragment (Salter-Harris typeⅡ) in neonates or young children. It is frequently misdiagnosed as a fracture of the lateral humeral condyle, a dislocation of the elbow or others. The anatomy characteristic of elbow joint and auxiliary examination can be used in differential diagnosis. The surgical treatment has significant curative effect.


Key words: 
epiphyseal separation/fracture; child; diagnosis; treatment
Effects of 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields on maturation of the rat neopallium (1993)

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF; 60 Hz) electromagnetic (EM) fields on somatic growth and cortical development, as well as biochemical and morphological maturation, of the rat neopallium. On the fifth day of pregnancy, female rats were put in pairs into plastic cages that were housed in a specially constructed apparatus for irradiation under three separate sets of combination and intensity: 1) 1 kV/m and 10 gauss; 2) 100 kV/m and 1 gauss; and 3) 100 kV/m and 10 gauss. The dams were exposed for 23 h daily, from days 5 through 19 postconception, after which they were returned to cages outside the exposure apparatus until they littered. The neonates were culled to eight pups per litter. At 0 (birth), 5, 12, and 19 days postnatally, they were killed for biochemical and morphological studies. Another group of pregnant rats was sham-exposed in an identical apparatus, which was not energized, and the pups were used as controls. The irradiated rats exhibited no physical abnormalities, nor did they show brain deformities such as swelling or herniation following exposure to ELF-EM fields. There was no difference in somatic growth between control and exposed rats, but a small reduction in cortical weight was observed in rats exposed at 1 kV/m and 10 gauss, and 100 kV/m and 1 gauss, respectively. Biochemical measurements of DNA, RNA, protein, and cerebroside concentrations indicated that among the three separate exposures, only the neopallium of rats exposed at 1 kV/m and 10 gauss showed a small reduction in DNA level, as well as small reductions in RNA and protein levels. No changes were noticed in cerebroside levels in any exposed animals, and there were no differences in protein/DNA and cerebroside/DNA ratios between control and exposed rats. Morphological observations did not reveal any detectable alterations in the irradiated rats. These results indicate that exposure to ELF-EM fields caused minimal or no changes in somatic growth and cerebral development of the rat.
Using the Internet to provide support for distributed interactions (2002)

While technologies like group support systems have been shown to improve the interaction process of face-to-face meetings, organizations search for ways to improve the interaction process for individuals at different locations. One solution to this problem may be the use of Internet. As access to the Internet becomes more readily available, organizations are seeking ways to take advantage of the existing Internet services and capabilities to support distributed interactions such as meetings. This paper discusses how the Internet could be used to support distributed, or virtual, interactions. A discussion of the Internet, its evolution, capabilities and the services provided is followed by issues that the use of this technology raises, potential applications and their implications, and directions for future research in this area.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
High-density mapping of electrically induced atrial fibrillation in humans. (1994)

During pacing-induced AF in humans, the RA is activated by one or multiple wavelets propagating in different directions. Three types of RA activation during AF were identified. From type I to type III, the frequency and irregularity of AF increased, and the incidence of continuous electrical activity and reentry became higher. These various types of AF in humans appear to be characterized by different numbers and dimensions of the intra-atrial reentrant circuits.
A Simplified General Method for Determination of Recombinant Retrovirus Titers. (1995)

To construct recombinant retroviruses with only a single active promoter, we introduced point mutations into the TATA box region of the 3'-LTR, and successfully obtained high-titer virus with sufficient self-inactivating activity. However, the viral titer could not be determined by the number of G418 resistant colonies since the neomycin resistance gene was under 5'-LTR control, because of inactivation of the selection marker in target glioma cells. To overcome this problem, we constructed PCR primers with homology to a gene under the control of the internal promoter of recombinant retrovirus, and to retrovirus-specific sequences. There was good correlation between the amount of PCR-amplified product and the number of colony forming units when glioma cells were transduced with the retroviruses containing both the neomycin resistance gene and the HTK gene. Amplified PCR products quantitated by densitometry after glioma cells were transduced with SIV retrovirus vectors, and there was good correlation between density and sensitivity to GCV following transduction. Therefore, detection of HTK PCR products from glioma cells transduced with HTK-bearing retroviruses is useful for determining the appropriate packaging cell for efficient production of viral particles. This detection system is especially useful for isolating high titer clones producing SIV-type retroviruses.
Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Lymphoma (2001)

The therapeutic arsenal against lymphoma has been significantly changed by the addition of these antibody products that are active as single agents, and are synergistic, additive, or both with other antilymphoma treatments.
Patterning of cells in the Drosophila eye by Lozenge, which shares homologous domains with AML1. (1996)

The lozenge (lz) gene encodes a transcription factor involved in prepatterning photoreceptor precursors in the developing Drosophila eye. The central region of the predicted Lz protein product is homologous to AML1, a transcription factor associated with human leukemias, and to the Drosophila protein Runt. We show here that Lz plays a crucial role in governing the fate of two groups of cells that are born in a single round of mitosis in the larval eye disc. Lz helps define a subset of these cells as an equipotential group that is competent to respond to the Sevenless developmental signal. This is achieved by negative regulation of seven-up, a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily in these cells. In contrast, in a second group of cells, the Lz protein confers proper photoreceptor identity by positively regulating the homeo box gene Bar. Additionally, our genetic analysis suggests that Lz interacts with the Ras pathway to determine photoreceptor cell fate. This study suggests that the strategies involved in cell fate determination in the Drosophila eye are remarkably similar to those utilized during vertebrate hematopoietic development and require the coordinate action of growth factor and AML1-like pathways.
Modulation of Insulin Activities by Leptin (1996)

Leptin mediates its effects on food intake through the hypothalamic form of its receptor OB-R. Variants of OB-R are found in other tissues, but their function is unknown. Here, an OB-R variant was found in human hepatic cells. Exposure of these cells to leptin, at concentrations comparable with those present in obese individuals, caused attenuation of several insulin-induced activities, including tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), association of the adapter molecule growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 with IRS-1, and down-regulation of gluconeogenesis. In contrast, leptin increased the activity of IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. These in vitro studies raise the possibility that leptin modulates insulin activities in obese individuals.
Characterization of a Permissive Epitope Insertion Site in Adenovirus Hexon (2006)

A robust immune response is generated against components of the adenovirus capsid. In particular, a potent and long-lived humoral response is elicited against the hexon protein. This is due to the efficient presentation of adenovirus capsid proteins to CD4+ T cells by antigen-presenting cells, in addition to the highly repetitive structure of the adenovirus capsids, which can efficiently stimulate B-cell proliferation. In the present study, we take advantage of this immune response by inserting epitopes against which an antibody response is desired into the adenovirus hexon. We use a B-cell epitope from Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) as a model antigen to characterize hypervariable region 5 (HVR5) of hexon as a site for peptide insertion. We demonstrate that HVR5 can accommodate a peptide of up to 36 amino acids without adversely affecting virus infectivity, growth, or stability. Viruses containing chimeric hexons elicited antibodies against PA in mice, with total immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers reaching approximately 1 x 10(3) after two injections. The antibody response contained both IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes, suggesting that Th1 and Th2 immunity had been stimulated. Coinjection of wild-type adenovirus and a synthetic peptide from PA produced no detectable antibodies, indicating that incorporation of the epitope into the capsid was crucial for immune stimulation. Together, these results indicate that the adenovirus capsid is an efficient vehicle for presenting B-cell epitopes to the immune system, making this a useful approach for the design of epitope-based vaccines.
Insights into the kinetics of siRNA-mediated gene silencing from live-cell and live-animal bioluminescent imaging (2006)

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules are potent effectors of post-transcriptional gene silencing. Using noninvasive bioluminescent imaging and a mathematical model of siRNA delivery and function, the effects of target-specific and treatment-specific parameters on siRNA-mediated gene silencing are monitored in cells stably expressing the firefly luciferase protein. In vitro, luciferase protein levels recover to pre-treatment values within <1 week in rapidly dividing cell lines, but take longer than 3 weeks to return to steady-state levels in nondividing fibroblasts. Similar results are observed in vivo, with knockdown lasting approximately 10 days in subcutaneous tumors in A/J mice and 3-4 weeks in the nondividing hepatocytes of BALB/c mice. These data indicate that dilution due to cell division, and not intracellular siRNA half-life, governs the duration of gene silencing under these conditions. To demonstrate the practical use of the model in treatment design, model calculations are used to predict the dosing schedule required to maintain persistent silencing of target proteins with different half-lives in rapidly dividing or nondividing cells. The approach of bioluminescent imaging combined with mathematical modeling provides useful insights into siRNA function and may help expedite the translation of siRNA into clinically relevant therapeutics for disease treatment and management.
Assessing the onset of structural change in familial Alzheimer's disease (2002)

Regional and global cerebral atrophy are inevitable features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We assessed volumes and atrophy rates of brain structures in patients with familial AD during the period that they developed symptoms. Five patients with presymptomatic AD and 20 controls had two or more annual volumetric MRI brain scans. Volumes of brain, ventricles, temporal lobes, hippocampi, and entorhinal cortices (ECs) were measured. Rates of volume change were calculated from serial scans. There were no significant differences in baseline measures of whole brain, temporal lobe, or ventricular volume between patients and controls; averaged volumes of medial temporal lobe structures (both hippocampi and ECs) were 16.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-28.0%) lower in patients. Atrophy rates for brain, temporal lobe, hippocampus, and EC were significantly increased in patients compared with controls (p < 0.05). Averaged atrophy rates from both hippocampi and ECs were 5.1% (95% CI, 3.0-7.1%) greater in patients than controls. Linear extrapolation backward suggested medial temporal lobe atrophy commenced 3.5 years (95% CI, 0.7-7.5 years) before onset, when all patients were asymptomatic. We conclude that increased medial temporal lobe atrophy rates are an early and distinguishing feature of AD and that pathological atrophy probably is occurring several years before the onset of symptoms.
Dehiscence of Fruit in Oilseed Rape (Brassica nap usL.) (1990)

Cet article propose une approche biochimique de la maturation de la silique de Brassica napus. L'evolution des activites cellulase et polygalacturonase est observee au niveau de la zone de dehiscence et des tissus environnants. Le role de l'ethylene est discute
Identification and Characterization of Novel Benzil (Diphenylethane-1,2-dione) Analogues as Inhibitors of Mammalian Carboxylesterases (2005)

Carboxylesterases (CE) are ubiquitous enzymes responsible for the metabolism of xenobiotics. Because the structural and amino acid homology among esterases of different classes, the identification of selective inhibitors of these proteins has proved problematic. Using Telik's target-related affinity profiling (TRAP) technology, we have identified a class of compounds based on benzil (1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-dione) that are potent CE inhibitors, with K(i) values in the low nanomolar range. Benzil and 30 analogues demonstrated selective inhibition of CEs, with no inhibitory activity toward human acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase. Analysis of structurally related compounds indicated that the ethane-1,2-dione moiety was essential for enzyme inhibition and that potency was dependent on the presence of, and substitution within, the benzene ring. 3D-QSAR analyses of these benzil analogues for three different mammalian CEs demonstrated excellent correlations of observed versus predicted K(i) (r(2) > 0.91), with cross-validation coefficients (q(2)) of 0.9. Overall, these results suggest that selective inhibitors of CEs with potential for use in clinical applications can be designed.
Structural Simplification of Bioactive Natural Products with Multicomponent Synthesis. 3. Fused Uracil-Containing Heterocycles as Novel Topoisomerase-Targeting Agents (2011)

After the initial discovery of antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties of a camptothecin-inspired pentacycle based on a 1H-indeno[2',1':5,6]dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold, a library of its analogues as well as their oxidized planar counterparts were prepared utilizing a practical multicomponent synthetic protocol. The synthesized compounds exhibited submicromolar to low micromolar antiproliferative potencies toward a panel of human cancer cell lines. Biochemical experiments are consistent with the dihydropyridine library members undergoing intracellular oxidation to the corresponding planar pyridines, which then inhibit topoisomerase II activity, leading to inhibition of proliferation and cell death. Because of facile synthetic preparation and promising antitopoisomerase activity, both the dihydropyridine and planar pyridine-based compounds represent a convenient starting point for anticancer drug discovery.
Complementary roles of platelet glycoprotein VI and integrin α2β1 in collagen‐induced thrombus formation in flowing whole blood ex vivo (2003)

Platelets interact vigorously with subendothelial collagens that are exposed by injury or pathological damage of a vessel wall. The collagen-bound platelets trap other platelets to form aggregates, and they expose phosphatidylserine (PS) required for coagulation. Both processes are implicated in the formation of vaso-occlusive thrombi. We previously demonstrated that the immunoglobulin receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI), but not integrin alpha2beta1, is essential in priming platelet-collagen interaction and subsequent aggregation. Here, we report that these receptors have yet a complementary function in ex vivo thrombus formation during perfusion of whole blood over collagen. With mice deficient in GPVI or blocking antibodies, we found that GPVI was indispensable for collagen-dependent Ca2+ mobilization, exposure of PS, and aggregation of platelets. Deficiency of integrin beta1 reduces the GPVI-evoked responses but still allows the formation of loose platelet aggregates. By using mice deficient in G(alpha)q or specific thromboxane A2 and ADP antagonists, we show that these autocrine agents mediated aggregation but not collagen-induced Ca2+ mobilization or PS exposure. Collectively, these data indicate that integrin alpha2beta1 facilitates the central function of GPVI in the platelet activation processes that lead to thrombus formation, whereas the autocrine thromboxane A2 and ADP serve mainly to trigger aggregate formation.
A mouse homolog of the Escherichia coli recA and Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD51 genes. (1993)

Analysis of mitotic and meiotic recombination in mammalian cells has been hampered by the complexity of the reactions involved as well as lack of mutants. Furthermore, none of the genes involved in the process has yet been identified. In budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the RAD51 gene is essential along with other genes of the RAD52 epistasis group for mitotic and meiotic recombination and DNA repair. The Rad51 protein is structurally similar to Escherichia coli RecA protein, which is required in homologous recombination and SOS responses in bacteria. Here we report the isolation of a mouse homolog of the yeast RAD51 gene. The amino acid sequence predicted from the gene shows 83% and 55% homology with those of the yeast RAD51 and the E. coli recA product, respectively. The mouse gene complemented a rad51 mutation of S. cerevisiae with sensitivity to methyl-methanesulfonate, which produces double-strand breaks of DNA. This gene is expressed in the thymus, testis, ovary, spleen, and intestine, suggesting that its product is involved in mitotic and meiotic recombination in addition to DNA repair.
A Concept Similarity Based Text Classification Algorithm (2007)

Text classification is an important task of data mining. Existing algorithms, which based on vector space models, does not considered concept similarities among words, so the accuracy of traditional text classification cannot guarantee. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a new text classification algorithm in Chinese text processing based on concept similarity. The contributions of the paper include: (1) proposing a new similarity-computing model between words or sentences based on concept similarity; (2) applying the algorithm successfully in the text classification of WEB news; (3). analyzing the similarity computing formulas systematically in theory; (4).proving that the algorithm has much more accurate than traditional k-NN algorithm in text classification problems through extensive experiments.
Understanding the Physical Origin of Surface Modes and Practical Rules for their Suppression (2013)

We present a model explaining the physical origin of surface modes in hollow core photonic bandgap fibres. We discuss the existence of two families of surface modes, strut and rod localised, and propose practical rules to avoid them both. Based on this understanding, we propose a novel realistic design for large core, surface mode free fibres.
Converting Trypsin to Chymotrypsin: The Role of Surface Loops (1992)

Trypsin (Tr) and chymotrypsin (Ch) have similar tertiary structures, yet Tr cleaves peptides at arginine and lysine residues and Ch prefers large hydrophobic residues. Although replacement of the S1 binding site of Tr with the analogous residues of Ch is sufficient to transfer Ch specificity for ester hydrolysis, specificity for amide hydrolysis is not transferred. Trypsin is converted to a Ch-like protease when the binding pocket alterations are further modified by exchange of the Ch surface loops 185 through 188 and 221 through 225 for the analogous Tr loops. These loops are not structural components of either the S1 binding site or the extended substrate binding sites. This mutant enzyme is equivalent to Ch in its catalytic rate, but its substrate binding is impaired. Like Ch, this mutant utilizes extended substrate binding to accelerate catalysis, and substrate discrimination occurs during the acylation step rather than in substrate binding.
The First Potent and Selective Non-Imidazole Human Histamine H4Receptor Antagonists (2003)

Following the discovery of the human histamine H4 receptor, a high throughput screen of our corporate compound collection identified compound 6 as a potential lead. Investigation of the SAR resulted in the discovery of novel compounds 10e and 10l, which are the first potent and selective histamine H4 receptor antagonists to be described.
Novel Cholesterol-Based Cationic Lipids as Transfecting Agents of DNA for Efficient Gene Delivery (2015)

The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of the cationic lipid gene delivery vectors based on cholesterol and natural amino acids lysine or histidine are described. Cationic liposomes composed of the newly synthesized cationic lipids 1a or 1b and neutral lipid DOPE (1,2-dioleoyl-L-α-glycero-3-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine) exhibited good transfection efficiency. pEGFP-N1 plasmid DNA was transferred into 293T cells by cationic liposomes formed from cationic lipids 1a and 1b, and the transfection activity of the cationic lipids was superior (1a) or parallel (1b) to that of the commercially available 3β-[N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethyl)-carbamoyl] cholesterol (DC-Chol) derived from the same cholesterol backbone with different head groups. Combined with the results of agarose gel electrophoresis, transfection experiments with various molar ratios of the cationic lipids and DOPE and N/P (+/-) molar charge ratios, a more effective formulation was formed, which could lead to relatively high transfection efficiency. Cationic lipid 1a represents a potential agent for the liposome used in gene delivery due to low cytotoxicity and impressive gene transfection activity.