gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heparin-binding protein targeted to mitochondrial compartments protects endothelial cells from apoptosis (1999)

Neutrophil-borne heparin-binding protein (HBP) is a multifunctional protein involved in the progression of inflammation. HBP is stored in neutrophil granules and released upon stimulation of the cells in proximity to endothelial cells. HBP affects endothelial cells in multiple ways; however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the interaction of HBP with these cells are unknown. Affinity isolation and enzymatic degradation demonstrated that HBP released from human neutrophils binds to endothelial cell-surface proteoglycans, such as syndecans and glypican. Flow cytometry indicated that a significant fraction of proteoglycan-bound HBP is taken up by the endothelial cells, and we used radiolabeled HBP to determine the internalization rate of surface-bound HBP. Confocal and electron microscopy revealed that internalized HBP is targeted to perinuclear compartments of endothelial cells, where it colocalizes with mitochondria. Western blotting of isolated mitochondria from HBP-treated endothelial cells showed that HBP is present in 2 forms - 28 and 22 kDa. Internalized HBP markedly reduced growth factor deprivation-induced caspase-3 activation and protected endothelial cells from apoptosis, suggesting that uptake and intracellular routing of exogenous HBP to mitochondria contributes to the sustained viability of endothelial cells in the context of locally activated neutrophils.
Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies (2009)

Asthma prevalence has increased very considerably in recent decades such that it is now one of the commonest chronic disorders in the world. Recent evidence from epidemiological studies, however, suggests that the prevalence of asthma may now be declining in many parts of the world, which, if true is important for health service planning and also because this offers the possibility of generating and testing new aetiological hypotheses. Our objective was to determine whether the prevalence of asthma is declining worldwide. We undertook a systematic search of EMBASE, Medline, Web of Science and Google Scholar, for high quality reports of cohort studies, repeat cross-sectional studies and analyses of routine healthcare datasets to examine international trends in asthma prevalence in children and adults for the period 1990-2008. There were 48 full reports of studies that satisfied our inclusion criteria. The large volume of data identified clearly indicate that there are, at present, no overall signs of a declining trend in asthma prevalence; on the contrary, asthma prevalence is in many parts of the world still increasing. The reductions in emergency healthcare utilization being reported in some economically developed countries most probably reflect improvements in quality of care. There remain major gaps in the literature on asthma trends in relation to Africa and parts of Asia. There is no overall global downward trend in the prevalence of asthma. Healthcare planners will for the foreseeable future, therefore, need to continue with high levels of anticipated expenditure in relation to provision of asthma care.
Correlation between in vivo induction of cytokine gene expression by flavone acetic acid and strict dose dependency and therapeutic efficacy against murine renal cancer. (1990)

The investigational chemotherapeutic drug flavone acetic acid (FAA) acts as an immunomodulator by augmenting natural killer activity in both humans and rodents after in vivo administration. The accumulated data derived from a series of experiments also demonstrates that FAA synergizes with interleukin 2 (IL-2) for the treatment of murine renal cancer. The immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic effects of FAA are strictly dose dependent with doses of FAA greater than 150 mg/kg effectively synergizing with IL-2, and doses less than 150 mg/kg exhibiting very little therapeutic effect. The antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of FAA are more pronounced in vivo than in vitro. Collectively, these results suggested that cytokines induced by FAA may contribute to these effects, and that the induction of such cytokines may also be very dose dependent. Studies were therefore initiated to investigate whether the in vivo administration of FAA would alter the expression of cytokine mRNA in leukocytes. Splenic leukocytes or liver nonparenchymal cells from untreated and FAA-treated mice were used as a source of RNA for Northern blot analysis. Interferon alpha and interferon gamma mRNA in the spleen was upregulated within 1.5 h after FAA administration, with peak induction occurring by about 2 h. An upregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA was detected in the spleen by 0.5-1 h after treatment with peak induction occurring by 1-1.5 h. Induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA was also detected in hepatic nonparenchymal cells. No up-regulation of splenic mRNA for tumor necrosis factor beta, IL-1 alpha or beta, or IL-2 was detected after FAA administration. IFN and TNF activities were detectable in the serum by bioassay immediately following the appearance of mRNA in FAA mice. The observed up-regulation by FAA of cytokine mRNA and the corresponding serum protein was strictly dose dependent with substantial induction of both mRNA and proteins occurring only at FAA doses greater than or equal to 150 mg/kg, a dose range also shown to be the minimum required for immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic effects. In summary, these results demonstrate that FAA acts as a potent inducer of at least three cytokines in vivo, and suggest that the immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic effects of FAA may be partially mediated by these induced cytokines.
Aspirin triggers formation of anti-inflammatory mediators: New mechanism for an old drug. (2004)

Extract: Aspirin is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is well documented that aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) by acetylation of an amino acid serine residue, and thus blocks the subsequent biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxane. COX has at least two forms, COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is the main form present in mature platelets in the blood, where it transforms arachidonic acid to the intermediates PG-G/H, which are subsequently converted to thromboxane A2. Thromboxane A2 is a vasoconstrictor and potent platelet activator. Thus, inhibition of thromboxane A2 formation explains aspirin's anti-thrombotic properties. In the early 1990s, a second form of COX was identified, namely COX-2. COX-2 was initially conceptualized as an "inducible" COX that is elevated in its quantity by a wide range of agents that stimulate inflammation or cell division and seems to be responsible for local formation during inflammation and cancer.
The physics of snow crystals (2005)

We examine the physical mechanisms governing the formation of snow crystals, treating this problem as a case study of the dynamics of crystal growth from the vapour phase. Particular attention is given to the basic theoretical underpinnings of the subject, especially the interplay of particle diffusion, heat diffusion and surface attachment kinetics during crystal growth, as well as growth instabilities that have important effects on snow crystal development. &#13;\n&#13;\nThe first part of this review focuses on understanding the dramatic variations seen in snow crystal morphology as a function of temperature, a mystery that has remained largely unsolved since its discovery 75 years ago. To this end we examine the growth of simple hexagonal ice prisms in considerable detail, comparing crystal growth theory with laboratory measurements of growth rates under a broad range of conditions. This turns out to be a surprisingly rich problem, which ultimately originates from the unusual molecular structure of the ice surface and its sensitive dependence on temperature. With new clues from precision measurements of attachment kinetics, we are now just beginning to understand these structural changes at the ice surface and how they affect the crystal growth process. We also touch upon the mostly unexplored topic of how dilute chemical impurities can greatly alter the growth of snow crystals. &#13;\n&#13;\nThe second part of this review examines pattern formation in snow crystals, with special emphasis on the growth of snow crystal dendrites. Again we treat this as a case study of the more general problem of dendritic growth during diffusion-limited solidification. Since snow crystals grow from the vapour, we can apply dendrite theory in the simplified slow-growth limit where attachment kinetics dominates over capillarity in selecting the tip velocity. Although faceting is quite pronounced in these structures, many aspects of the formation of snow crystal dendrites are fairly well described using a theoretical treatment that does not explicitly incorporate faceting. We also describe electrically modified ice dendrite growth, which produces some novel needle-like structures.
Characterization of a human B lymphocyte-specific antigen. (1980)

A human B lymphocyte-specific antigen (B1) was identified and characterized by the use of a monoclonal antibody. By indirect immunofluorescence, cytotoxicity, and quantitative absorption, B1 was present on approximately 9% of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction and >95% of B cells from blood and lymphoid organs in all individuals tested. Monocytes, resting and activated T cells, null cells, and tumors of T cell and myeloid origin were B1 negative. B1 was distinct from standard B cell phenotypic markers, including Ig and Ia antigen. Removal of the B1 positive population in peripheral blood eliminated all B cells capable or responding to pokeweed mitogen by maturation to Ig-producing cells.
Sigma-1 Receptor Chaperone at the ER-Mitochondrion Interface Mediates the Mitochondrion-ER-Nucleus Signaling for Cellular Survival (2013)

The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of a cell forms contacts directly with mitochondria whereby the contact is referred to as the mitochondrion-associated ER membrane or the MAM. Here we found that the MAM regulates cellular survival via an MAM-residing ER chaperone the sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) in that the Sig-1R chaperones the ER stress sensor IRE1 to facilitate inter-organelle signaling for survival. IRE1 is found in this study to be enriched at the MAM in CHO cells. We found that IRE1 is stabilized at the MAM by Sig-1Rs when cells are under ER stress. Sig-1Rs stabilize IRE1 and thus allow for conformationally correct IRE1 to dimerize into the long-lasting, activated endonuclease. The IRE1 at the MAM also responds to reactive oxygen species derived from mitochondria. Therefore, the ER-mitochondrion interface serves as an important subcellular entity in the regulation of cellular survival by enhancing the stress-responding signaling between mitochondria, ER, and nucleus.
Using predictive prefetching to improve World Wide Web latency (1996)

The long-term success of the World Wide Web depends on fast response time. People use the Web to access information from remote sites, but do not like to wait long for their results. The latency of retrieving a Web document depends on several factors such as the network bandwidth, propagation time and the speed of the server and client computers. Although several proposals have been made for reducing this latency, it is difficult to push it to the point where it becomes insignificant.This motivates our work, where we investigate a scheme for reducing the latency perceived by users by predicting and prefetching files that are likely to be requested soon, while the user is browsing through the currently displayed page. In our scheme the server, which gets to see requests from several clients, makes predictions while individual clients initiate prefetching. We evaluate our scheme based on trace-driven simulations of prefetching over both high-bandwidth and low-bandwidth links. Our results indicate that prefetching is quite beneficial in both cases, resulting in a significant reduction in the average access time at the cost of an increase in network traffic by a similar fraction. We expect prefetching to be particularly profitable over non-shared (dialup) links and high-bandwidth, high-latency (satellite) links.
Regulated expression of genes inserted at the human chromosomal beta-globin locus by homologous recombination. (1988)

We have examined the effect of the site of integration on the expression of cloned genes introduced into cultured erythroid cells. Smithies et al. [Smithies, O., Gregg, R.G., Boggs, S.S., Koralewski, M.A. & Kucherlapati, R.S. (1985) Nature (London) 317, 230-234] reported the targeted integration of DNA into the human beta-globin locus on chromosome 11 in a mouse erythroleukemia-human cell hybrid. These hybrid cells can undergo erythroid differentiation leading to greatly increased mouse and human beta-globin synthesis. By transfection of these hybrid cells with a plasmid carrying a modified human beta-globin gene and a foreign gene composed of the coding sequence of the bacterial neomycin-resistance gene linked to simian virus 40 transcription signals (SVneo), cells were obtained in which the two genes are integrated at the beta-globin locus on human chromosome 11 or at random sites. When we examined the response of the integrated genes to cell differentiation, we found that the genes inserted at the beta-globin locus were induced during differentiation, whereas randomly positioned copies were not induced. Even the foreign SVneo gene was inducible when it had been integrated at the beta-globin locus. The results show that genes introduced at the beta-globin locus acquire some of the regulatory properties of globin genes during erythroid differentiation.
Penile Erection in the Primate: Induction with Nitric-Oxide Donors (1994)

The primate model has been used for investigations on the physiology and pharmacology of erection. Recent in vitro investigations indicate that nitric oxide acts as the mediator of penile erection, but in vivo primate studies are needed to corroborate these findings. Penile erections were induced in a primate model using intracavernosal injections of nitric oxide donors s-nitrocysteine (NO-CYS) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and acetylcholine (ACh) which stimulates the formation of nitric oxide. Penile length and intracavernosal pressures following agonist injection were compared with baseline (flaccid) and control erections (elicited by injection of a papaverine/phentolamine/PGE1 standard mixture). Dose-response curves for each drug were determined with respect to maximal intracavernosal pressure, duration of effect and penile length, and systemic arterial pressure was monitored. All three agents induced erections, with dose-dependent increases in cavernosal pressure and penile length. The maximal cavernosal pressure attained was similar for all three agents, but the duration of action was significantly shorter with ACh (p < .05). Injection of L-nitro-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, before injection of the nitric oxide donor shortened the duration of effect but did not alter maximal cavernosal pressure or penile length attained. Although systemic hypotension was induced by each agent, digital compression at the base of the penis at the time of injection prevented such changes. These results suggest that the primate is a useful model to evaluate the action of substances that induce or inhibit penile erection. The findings provide support for the hypothesis that nitric oxide is a mediator of penile erection and that nitric oxide donors may be useful in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
Correct transcription of a cloned mouse immunoglobulin gene in vivo. (1983)

We have obtained correct transcripts from the mouse immunoglobulin lambda I light chain gene on transfection into human HeLa cells. Linkage to simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA containing a transcriptional "enhancer" element was required to raise lambda-chain gene transcription to a detectable level in our transient-expression assay. The transcripts had the same 5' end as authentic lambda I mRNA when the SV40 enhancer element was 150 base pairs upstream from the cap site. The situation was different when the lambda-chain gene promoter was separated from the SV40 sequences by more than 1 kilobase pair of spacer DNA; then, lambda-chain gene transcripts were not correctly initiated in human HeLa, monkey CV-1, and mouse 3T6 cells. In this respect, the lambda-chain gene behaves differently from the rabbit beta-globin gene, which can be activated by the SV40 enhancer over distances of several kilobases.
Reductive elimination of aryl carboxylates from acyl(aryloxy)nickel(II) and -palladium(II) complexes (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReductive elimination of aryl carboxylates from acyl(aryloxy)nickel(II) and -palladium(II) complexesSanshiro. Komiya, Yasushi. Akai, Kohkichi. Tanaka, Takakazu. Yamamoto, and Akio. YamamotoCite this: Organometallics 1985, 4, 6, 1130–1136Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00125a033https://doi.org/10.1021/om00125a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1019Altmetric-Citations83LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
NCSA Mosaic and the World Wide Web: Global Hypermedia Protocols for the Internet (1994)

Network information systems reached the public consciousness this year as a result of the phenomenal growth in the use of the Internet. In particular, the software constituting NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications) Mosaic and the World Wide Web have made global hypermedia a widespread reality for the first time. The technology underlying this software is described to explain the protocols behind information spaces. These include the historical predecessors, the current protocols with examples, future directions for the software, and discussion of research systems with different architectures. Reasons for its popularity are given, with the goal of illuminating successful services for the National Information Infrastructure.
Recent Advances in the Use of TiO2 Nanotube and Nanowire Arrays for Oxidative Photoelectrochemistry (2009)

In this article, we present recent advances that we have achieved toward improving the properties of anodically formed semiconducting TiO2 nanotubes as well as nanowire arrays as electrodes for oxidative photoelectrochemistry. The morphology, crystallinity, composition, and illumination geometry of nanotube or nanowire arrays are critical factors in their performance as photoelectrodes. We discuss the key aspects relating to each factor and the advances achieved in improving each. With respect to the more fully investigated nanotube arrays, the ability to control the morphological parameters such as pore size, tube length, and wall thickness of the nanotube architecture has enabled high performance in applications such as water photoelectrolysis, photocatalysis, dye-sensitized solar cells, and heterojunction TiO2−polymer hybrid solar cells. We begin by reviewing the photoelectrochemical performance of state-of-the-art nanotube arrays fabricated on planar substrates. We then present more recent results related to the growth of TiO2 nanotube arrays on nonplanar substrates designed in such a way that reflected light normally lost to free space is instead directed to a different point on the device, in turn improving overall photoconversion efficiency. Insofar as the crystallinity of the nanotubes is concerned, the use of a high-temperature oxygen or air-ambient anneal to crystallize the nanotube arrays is disadvantageous, since it results in a thick barrier layer where recombination losses occur and also because it precludes compatibility with polymeric substrates. In this regard, we discovered a two-step fabrication process for synthesis of crystallized nanotube arrays at low-temperatures. The photoelectrochemical applications of TiO2 are limited by its large electronic band gap. We briefly review the cationic and anionic doping approaches popularly used to modify the TiO2 band gap. We consider the use of ternary oxide systems containing titania as both a structural support and corrosion-inhibitor, in particular fabrication and performance of n-type Ti−Fe−O nanotubes and p-type copper-rich Cu−Ti−O nanotubes, with a note on our recent synthesis of iron oxide nanotube arrays by anodic oxidation of iron. Fabrication and photoelectrochemical properties of CdS−TiO2 and CdTe−TiO2 nanotube array heterojunction photoelectrodes are discussed. The article concludes by examining low temperature synthesis, and resulting properties, of single crystal vertically oriented TiO2 nanowire arrays on transparent conductive glass substrates; preliminary investigation of these nanowire array photoelectrodes for water photolysis reveals them to have low series resistance and provide excellent separation of photogenerated charges.
Lipopolysaccharides fromLegionellaandRhizobiumstimulate mouse bone marrow granulocytes via Toll-like receptor 2 (2002)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from enterobacteria elicit in several cell types cellular responses that are restricted in the use of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as the principal signal-transducing molecule. A tendency to consider enterobacterial LPS as a prototypic LPS led some authors to present this mechanism as a paradigm accounting for all LPSs in all cell types. However, the structural diversity of LPS does not allow such a general statement. By using LPSs from bacteria that do not belong to the Enterobacteriaceae, we show that in bone marrow cells (BMCs) the LPS of Rhizobium species Sin-1 and of three strains of Legionella pneumophila require TLR2 rather than TLR4 to elicit the expression of CD14. In addition, exposure of BMCs from TLR4-deficient (C3H/HeJ) mice to the lipid A fragment of the Bordetella pertussis LPS inhibits their activation by the Legionella lipid A. The data show selective action of different LPSs via different TLRs, and suggest that TLR2 can interact with many lipid A structures, leading to either agonistic or specific antagonistic effects.