gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wearable Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Review (2012)

Abstract This article reviews recent advances and developments in the field of wearable sensors with emphasis on a subclass of these devices that are able to perform highly‐sensitive electrochemical analysis. Recent insights into novel fabrication methodologies and electrochemical techniques have resulted in the demonstration of chemical sensors able to augment conventional physical measurements (i.e. heart rate, EEG, ECG, etc.), thereby providing added dimensions of rich, analytical information to the wearer in a timely manner. Wearable electrochemical sensors have been integrated onto both textile materials and directly on the epidermis for various monitoring applications owing to their unique ability to process chemical analytes in a non‐invasive and non‐obtrusive fashion. In this manner, multi‐analyte detection can easily be performed, in real time, in order to ascertain the overall physiological health of the wearer or to identify potential offenders in their environment. Of profound importance is the development of an understanding of the impact of mechanical strain on textile‐ and epidermal (tattoo)‐based sensors and their failure mechanisms as well as the compatibility of the substrate employed in the fabrication process. We conclude this review with a retrospective outlook of the field and identify potential implications of this new sensing paradigm in the healthcare, fitness, security, and environmental monitoring domains. With continued innovation and detailed attention to core challenges, it is expected that wearable electrochemical sensors will play a pivotal role in the emergent body sensor networks arena.
Gene Expression Pattern in Human Brain Endothelial Cells in Response to Neisseria meningitidis (2006)

To extend our knowledge of target proteins in endothelial cells infected with the meningitis-causing pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, we characterized the interaction between the bacterial and human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) monolayers. By use of human cDNA microarrays, transcriptional analysis revealed distinct responses to 4 and 8 h of infection. We also addressed the question of whether the major virulence factor of meningococci, i.e., the capsule, influences the host cell response. Of the 1,493 (at 4 h postinfection) and 1,246 (at 8 h postinfection) genes with altered expression upon bacterial contact, about 49.4% and 45%, respectively, depended on capsule expression. In particular, we identified an increase of expression for genes encoding proteins involved in bacterial adhesion and invasion. High levels of apoptosis-related gene (bad, bak, asp, and immediate-early response gene 1) expression could also be detected in infected cells. Further analyses confirmed that HBMECs displayed several hallmarks of apoptosis in response to N. meningitidis infection, namely, phosphatidylserine translocation and activation of caspase 3 and AMP-activated protein kinase alpha. Moreover, several differentially regulated genes not previously known to respond to meningococcal infection were identified. Of these, genes encoding cell adhesion proteins (CD44, CD98, and CD99), genes involved in downstream signaling of integrins (integrin-linked kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 10) as well as negative regulators of these pathways (dual-specificity phosphatases 1, 5, and 14 and G protein pathway suppressor 2), and genes involved in cytoskeleton reorganization (those encoding Arp2/3, p34-arc, actinin alpha 1, vasodilatator-stimulated protein, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) were the most prominent. This global transcriptional analysis creates a new platform for further molecular and cellular analysis of the interaction between N. meningitidis and target cells.
Force Spectroscopy of Molecular Systems—Single Molecule Spectroscopy of Polymers and Biomolecules (2000)

How do molecules interact with each other? What happens if a neurotransmitter binds to a ligand-operated ion channel? How do antibodies recognize their antigens? Molecular recognition events play a pivotal role in nature: in enzymatic catalysis and during the replication and transcription of the genome; it is also important for the cohesion of cellular structures and in numerous metabolic reactions that molecules interact with each other in a specific manner. Conventional methods such as calorimetry provide very precise values of binding enthalpies; these are, however, average values obtained from a large ensemble of molecules without knowledge of the dynamics of the molecular recognition event. Which forces occur when a single molecular couple meets and forms a bond? Since the development of the scanning force microscope and force spectroscopy a couple of years ago, tools have now become available for measuring the forces between interfaces with high precision-starting from colloidal forces to the interaction of single molecules. The manipulation of individual molecules using force spectroscopy is also possible. In this way, the mechanical properties on a molecular scale are measurable. The study of single molecules is not an exclusive domain of force spectroscopy; it can also be performed with a surface force apparatus, laser tweezers, or the micropipette technique. Regardless of these techniques, force spectroscopy has been proven as an extraordinary versatile tool. The intention of this review article is to present a critical evaluation of the actual development of static force spectroscopy. The article mainly focuses on experiments dealing with inter- and intramolecular forces-starting with "simple" electrostatic forces, then ligand-receptor systems, and finally the stretching of individual molecules.
Role of salivary mucins in the protection of the oral cavity (1982)

Mucins are the principal organic constituents of mucus, the slimy visco-elastic material that coats all mucosal surfaces. Compelling evidence suggests that they play an integral role in non-immune protection of the oral cavity. Specific protective functions include: 1) protection against desiccation and environmental insult, 2) lubrication, and 3) antimicrobial effects against potential pathogens. Biosynthesis of mucin is regulated by both intrinsic ("cooperative sequential specificity") and extrinsic ("structural modulation") controls. These controls form the basis by which mucin's structure can be modified to meet a dynamically changing biological need.
Electron tomography analysis of envelope glycoprotein trimers on HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus virions (2003)

We used electron tomography to directly visualize trilobed presumptive envelope (env) glycoprotein structures on the surface of negatively stained HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) virions. Wild-type HIV-1 and SIV virions had an average of 8-10 trimers per virion, consistent with predictions based on biochemical evidence. Mutant SIVs, biochemically demonstrated to contain high levels of the viral env proteins, averaged 70-79 trimers per virion in tomograms. These correlations strongly indicate that the visualized trimers represent env spikes. The env trimers were without obvious geometric distribution pattern or preferred rotational orientation. Combined with biochemical analysis of gag/env ratios in virions, these trimer counts allow calculation of the number of gag molecules per virion, yielding an average value of approximately 1400. Virion and env dimensions were also determined. Image-averaging analysis of SIV env trimers revealed a distinct chirality and strong concordance with recent molecular models. The results directly demonstrate the presence of env trimers on the surface of AIDS virus virions, albeit at numbers much lower than generally appreciated, and have important implications for understanding virion formation, virus interactions with host cells, and virus neutralization.
Serological Differentiation of Murine Typhus and Epidemic Typhus Using Cross-Adsorption and Western Blotting (2000)

Differentiation of murine typhus due to Rickettsia typhi and epidemic typhus due to Rickettsia prowazekii is critical epidemiologically but difficult serologically. Using serological, epidemiological, and clinical criteria, we selected sera from 264 patients with epidemic typhus and from 44 patients with murine typhus among the 29,188 tested sera in our bank. These sera cross-reacted extensively in indirect fluorescent antibody assays (IFAs) against R. typhi and R. prowazekii, as 42% of the sera from patients with epidemic typhus and 34% of the sera from patients with murine typhus exhibited immunoglobulin M (IgM) and/or IgG titers against the homologous antigen (R. prowazekii and R. typhi, respectively) that were more than one dilution higher than those against the heterologous antigen. Serum cross-adsorption studies and Western blotting were performed on sera from 12 selected patients, 5 with murine typhus, 5 with epidemic typhus, and 2 suffering from typhus of undetermined etiology. Differences in IFA titers against R. typhi and R. prowazekii allowed the identification of the etiological agent in 8 of 12 patients. Western blot studies enabled the identification of the etiological agent in six patients. When the results of IFA and Western blot studies were considered in combination, identification of the etiological agent was possible for 10 of 12 patients. Serum cross-adsorption studies enabled the differentiation of the etiological agent in all patients. Our study indicates that when used together, Western blotting and IFA are useful serological tools to differentiate between R. prowazekii and R. typhi exposures. While a cross-adsorption study is the definitive technique to differentiate between infections with these agents, it was necessary in only 2 of 12 cases (16.7%), and the high costs of such a study limit its use.
Depletion of Vβ5.2/5.3 T cells with a humanized antibody in patients with multiple sclerosis (2002)

A potentially pathogenic expansion of T cells expressing T cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta5.2/5.3 has been demonstrated in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). A humanized antibody (ATM-027) directed against these T cells has been developed to further investigate the role of this subpopulation of T cells in MS. The pharmacokinetics/dynamics and safety of ATM-027 (0.3-300 mg intravenously over 30 min) were investigated in 14 patients with MS. The effect of treatment on cytokine expression and autoreactivity to peptides of myelin basic protein (MBP) was also studied. ATM-027 was well tolerated and raised no safety concerns. Clearance of the antibody was low and elimination half-life was approximately 3 weeks. The majority of the target Vbeta5.2/5.3 expressing T cells were depleted for at least 18 months. The small remaining fraction of target cells showed a marked decrease in their TCR expression, which was recovered within 8 months. The numbers of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with spontaneous expression of IFN-gamma was decreased at 72 h and 8 weeks after treatment, whilst no clear effects on TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-beta expression were observed. There was also a significant decrease in the number of PBMCs producing IFN-gamma in response to MBP peptide 80-102. We conclude that long-term depletion of T cells expressing defined Vbeta subgroups in MS patients is feasible using selective immunotherapy. The selective depletion of Vbeta5.2/5.3 expressing T cells in this study resulted in a decrease in potentially disease promoting anti-MBP reactivity and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
Dynamic cost-efficient replication in data clouds (2009)

Hardware failures in current data centers are common partly due to the higher data scales supported. Data replication is the common approach for improving availability. However, mostly static replication approaches have been proposed, i.e. the number of replicas and their locations are fixed. Moreover, the geographical diversity of data locations has not explicitly been considered. In this paper, we propose a cost-efficient replication scheme across data centers that dynamically adapts the number of replicas employed per partition to the query load, while maintaining availability guarantees in case of failures. Our approach employs a virtual economy that is experimentally proved in a simulated environment to achieve load balancing among data servers at the minimum cost.
Studies with glycolysis-deficient cells suggest that production of lactic acid is not the only cause of tumor acidity. (1993)

Solid tumors have been observed to develop an acidic extracellular environment, which is believed to occur as a result of lactic acid accumulation produced during aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis. Experiments using glycolysis-deficient ras-transfected Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts have been performed to test the hypothesis that lactic acid production within solid tumors is responsible for the development of tumor acidity. The variant cells have defects in glucose transport and in the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase with 1% activity compared to parental cells. Consequently, the in vitro rate of lactic acid production by variant cells was < 4% compared to parental cells. An in vitro correlation between lactic acid production and acidification of exposure medium was observed for parental and variant cells. Implantation of both cell lines into nude mice led to tumors with minimal difference in growth rate. As expected, variant cells died when exposed to hypoxic conditions in culture, and parental tumors were observed to have a larger fraction of cells resistant to radiation due to hypoxia (27%) than variant tumors (2%). Using pH microelectrodes, parental (n = 12) and variant (n = 12) tumors were observed to have extracellular pH (pHe) values of 6.65 +/- 0.07 and 6.78 +/- 0.04 (mean +/- SE, P = 0.13), respectively, whereas normal muscle had a pHe of 7.29 +/- 0.06 (P < 0.0001 for both cell lines). The lactic acid content of variant tumors was found to be similar to that in serum, whereas parental tumors had lactic acid content that was higher than in serum (P < 0.0001). We conclude that there was no correlation between lactic acid content and acidosis for these tumors derived from ras-transfected fibroblasts. These results provide evidence that the production of lactic acid via glycolysis is not the only mechanism responsible for the development of an acidic environment within solid tumors.
Effect of duration of acute spinal cord compression in a new acute cord injury model in the rat. (1978)

The effect of duration of acute compression of the spinal cord was assessed in a new model in the rat. The spinal cord was acutely compressed for varying times by a modified aneurysm clip which produced a compression force of 180 grams. The effect of duration of compression was measured by the inclined plane method of assessing the animals' clinical performance. The results showed a linear relationship between log compression time and clinical performance. Thus, the clinical effect of acute compression of the spinal cord injury is inversely related to duration of compression time and the relationship has been precisely quantified. These results suggest that persisting compression should be relieved as soon as possible in order to improve recovery.
Transcription profiling in human platelets reveals LRRFIP1 as a novel protein regulating platelet function (2010)

Within the healthy population, there is substantial, heritable, and interindividual variability in the platelet response. We explored whether a proportion of this variability could be accounted for by interindividual variation in gene expression. Through a correlative analysis of genome-wide platelet RNA expression data from 37 subjects representing the normal range of platelet responsiveness within a cohort of 500 subjects, we identified 63 genes in which transcript levels correlated with variation in the platelet response to adenosine diphosphate and/or the collagen-mimetic peptide, cross-linked collagen-related peptide. Many of these encode proteins with no reported function in platelets. An association study of 6 of the 63 genes in 4235 cases and 6379 controls showed a putative association with myocardial infarction for COMMD7 (COMM domain-containing protein 7) and a major deviation from the null hypo thesis for LRRFIP1 [leucine-rich repeat (in FLII) interacting protein 1]. Morpholino-based silencing in Danio rerio identified a modest role for commd7 and a significant effect for lrrfip1 as positive regulators of thrombus formation. Proteomic analysis of human platelet LRRFIP1-interacting proteins indicated that LRRFIP1 functions as a component of the platelet cytoskeleton, where it interacts with the actin-remodeling proteins Flightless-1 and Drebrin. Taken together, these data reveal novel proteins regulating the platelet response.
Hypothyroidism in transgenic mice expressing IFN-γ in the thyroid (2000)

IFN-gamma has been implicated with contradictory results in the pathogenetic process of autoimmune (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis, the most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults. To test whether the local production of IFN-gamma can lead to thyroid dysfunction, we have generated transgenic mice that express constitutively IFN-gamma in the thyroid follicular cells. This expression resulted in severe hypothyroidism, with growth retardation and disruption of the thyroid architecture. The hypothyroidism derived from a profound inhibition of the expression of the sodium iodide symporter gene. Taken together, these results indicate a direct role of IFN-gamma in the thyroid dysfunction that occurs in autoimmune thyroiditis.
Preparation and hydrogen bonding studies of phenylhydrazone derivatives of alloxan: crystal and molecular structure of pyrimidine-2(1H),4(3H),5,6-tetraone 5-(2-nitrophenyl)hydrazone (1987)

Eight phenylhydrazone derivatives of pyrimidine-2(1H),4(3H),5,6-tetraone, or 5-oxobarbituric acid (alloxan), are described. Spectroscopic pyrimidine (1H n.m.r., i.r.) data indicate the presence of extensive hydrogen bonding which, as shown by X-ray crystallographic data for the title hydrazone, includes both intra- and inter-molecular interactions. The title hydrazone, C10H7N5O5, is monoclinic, space group P21/a, a= 9.104(8), b= 17.975(13), c= 10.333(8)Å, β= 113.5(1)°, Z= 4.2145 Independent reflections have been measureed on a diffractometer and the structure has been determined by direct methods and refined to R 0.074. There are four independent hydrogen bonds in the asymmetric unit: two intramolecular bonds which link N(7)–H(7) to an o-NO2 group of the benzene ring and to a carbonyl group of the barbiturate ring and two intermolecular bonds which link NH sites of the barbiturate ring to a solvent NN-dimethylformamide oxygen atom and to a carbonyl oxygen atom of another barbiturate ring across a centre of symmetry.
Progesterone Receptor and the Cell Cycle Modulate Apoptosis in Granulosa Cells (2004)

Our previous studies showed that exposure of bovine preovulatory follicles to the LH surge-induced resistance of granulosa cells, but not theca cells, to apoptosis. Here, the temporal development of resistance to apoptosis and potential roles of progesterone receptor (PR) and alterations in the cell cycle in mediating this effect were examined. Injection of cows with GnRH induced an LH surge within 2 h. Granulosa cells isolated 0, 6, and 10 h after GnRH were sensitive to Fas ligand-induced apoptosis, but cells isolated at 14 h were resistant. PR was first detectable in granulosa cells at 10 and 14 h and was not detectable in theca. Treatment of granulosa cells isolated 14 h after GnRH with the PR antagonist, RU486, induced susceptibility to apoptosis, an effect mediated by PR and not glucocorticoid receptor. After GnRH treatment, granulosa cells, but not theca cells, exited the cell cycle, expression of cyclin D2 was reduced, and p27(Kip1) was elevated. Treatment of granulosa cells isolated from small antral follicles with the G1 phase blocker, mimosine, reduced Fas ligand-induced killing, suggesting that nonproliferating cells are resistant to apoptosis. Treatment of granulosa cells isolated 14 h after GnRH with RU486 induced reentry of some cells into the cell cycle and reversed resistance to apoptosis, suggesting that cycling cells became susceptible to apoptosis. Treatment with mimosine prevented the ability of RU486 to promote susceptibility to apoptosis. In summary, the LH surge induces expression of PR by granulosa cells and withdrawal from the cell cycle, and these events promote resistance to apoptosis.
SLP-76 Is a Substrate of the High Affinity IgE Receptor-stimulated Protein Tyrosine Kinases in Rat Basophilic Leukemia Cells (1997)

Stimulation of the IgE high affinity receptor on rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells results in activation of protein tyrosine kinases and rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of several substrates, many of which remain unidentified. In this report, we demonstrate that the Grb2 adapter protein, when expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein, associates with four tyrosine-phosphorylated molecules (116, 76, 36, and 31 kDa) from lysates of stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. We show further that the 76-kDa protein is SLP-76, a hematopoietic cell-specific protein first identified as a Grb2-binding protein in T cells. Upon stimulation of the high affinity receptor for IgE, SLP-76 undergoes rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and associates with two additional tyrosine phosphoproteins of 62 and 130 kDa via the SH2 domain of SLP-76. Additional studies demonstrate that the SLP-76 SH2 domain also binds a protein kinase from stimulated RBL-2H3 cell lysates. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of SLP-76 requires Syk activity but is not dependent on Ca+2 mobilization. These data, together with our previous work documenting its role in T-cell activation, suggest that SLP-76 and the proteins with which it associates may play a fundamental role in coupling signaling events in multiple cell types in the immune system.
PEG adsorption of autoantibodies and detection of alloantibodies in warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (2001)

The PEG adsorption method is an effective, sensitive, and efficient method of enhancing auto- antibody adsorption and alloantibody detection. It can reduce the processing time and minimize the delay of urgent transfusions to patients with WAIHA and can indirectly enhance cost-effectiveness and decrease the labor-intensive testing required by these cases.
Invariant NKT cells sustain specific B cell responses and memory (2007)

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes recognizing CD1d-restricted glycolipid antigens, such as α-galactosylceramide (αGC). We assessed whether iNKT cells help B lymphocyte responses and found that mice immunized with proteins and αGC develop antibody titers 1–2 logs higher than those induced by proteins alone. Activation of iNKT cells enhances protection against infections such as influenza and elicits higher frequencies of memory B cells and higher antibody responses to booster immunizations. Protein vaccination with αGC, but not with conventional adjuvants, elicits IgG responses in mice lacking MHC class II molecules, demonstrating that iNKT cells can substitute for CD4 + T cell help to B cells. Interestingly, the decay of circulating antibodies is faster in mice lacking iNKT cells. These findings point to a homeostatic role for iNKT cells on critical features of the antibody response such as immunity and B cell memory.
Ultralow on-resistance p-channel lateral DMOS fabricated on (1993)

A p-channel lateral DMOS (LDMOS) featuring improved on-resistance through the use of a