gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current Approaches to Primary Therapy for Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Cancer (2001)

Patient variables Age 15 yr or 45 yr Age 15-45 yr Male sex Female sex Family history of thyroid cancer No family history of thyroid cancer Tumor variables Tumor 4 cm in diameter Tumor 4 cm in diameter Bilateral disease Unilateral disease Extrathyroidal extension No extrathyroidal extension Vascular Invasion (both papillary and follicular thyroid cancer) Absence of vascular invasion Cervical, or mediastinal lymph node metastases No lymph node metastases Certain tumor subtypes: Hu rthle cell, tall cell, columnar cell, diffuse sclerosis, insular variants Encapsulated papillary thyroid carcinoma, papillary microcarcinoma, cystic papillary thyroid carcinoma Marked nuclear atypia, tumor necrosis, and vascular invasion (i.e. histologic grade) Absence of nuclear atypia, tumor necrosis, and vascular invasion Tumors or metastases that concentrate radioiodine poorly or not at all Tumors or metastases that concentrate radioiodine well Distant metastases No distant metastases Modified from the NCCN guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer (3, 6).
The DNA Binding Properties of the Escherichia coli RecQ Helicase (2004)

The RecQ helicase family is highly conserved from bacteria to men and plays a conserved role in the preservation of genome integrity. Its deficiency in human cells leads to a marked genomic instability that is associated with premature aging and cancer. To determine the thermodynamic parameters for the interaction of Escherichia coli RecQ helicase with DNA, equilibrium binding studies have been performed using the thermodynamic rigorous fluorescence titration technique. Steady-state fluorescence anisotropy measurements of fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotides revealed that RecQ helicase bound to DNA with an apparent binding stoichiometry of 1 protein monomer/10 nucleotides. This stoichiometry was not altered in the presence of AMPPNP (adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imido) triphosphate) or ADP. Analyses of RecQ helicase interactions with oligonucleotides of different lengths over a wide range of pH, NaCl, and nucleic acid concentrations indicate that the RecQ helicase has a single strong DNA binding site with an association constant at 25 degrees C of K=6.7 +/- 0.95 x 10(6) M(-1) and a cooperativity parameter of omega=25.5 +/- 1.2. Both single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA bind competitively to the same site. The intrinsic affinities are salt-dependent, and the formation of DNA-helicase complex is accompanied by a net release of 3-4 ions. Allosteric effects of nucleotide cofactors on RecQ binding to DNA were observed only for single-stranded DNA in the presence of 1.5 mM AMPPNP, whereas both AMPPNP and ADP had no detectable effect on double-stranded DNA binding over a large range of nucleotide cofactor concentrations.
Fiebre catarral maligna. (1993)

Reconociendo que esta enfermedad se encuentra en franco en cuanto a su presencia en las ganaderias de los distintos paises debido a la practica de no criar juntos ovejas con otros rumiantes, su importancia se mantiene debido al peligro que representan las importancias a veces incontroladas de animales procedentes de areas endemicas para parques zoologicos, que al introducirse comprometeria la economia ganadera de los paises. En el presente trabajo se hace una clara exposicion de la sintomatologia clinica y principales lesiones que pueden alertar al profesional sobre la presencia de la enfermedad y su diferenciacion con otras que presentan sintomas y lesiones similares con los cuales se puede confundir, se hace enfasis en el largo periodo de incubacion de la enfermedad aprotandose la idea de que puede ser consecuencia de la prolongada viremia lo que ocasiona fenomenos inmunopatologicos de mediacion celular en los que los linfocitos T desempenan un papel muy importante siendo las celulas NK (celulas asesinas) las responsables de la necrosis celular. En la epidemiologia se hace enfasis en la necesidad de extremar las precauciones en las importaciones de rumiantes salvajes de areas endemicas y en la separacion de los rumiantes domesticos.
Early Disruption of the Blood–Brain Barrier After Thrombolytic Therapy Predicts Hemorrhage in Patients With Acute Stroke (2008)

Early parenchymal enhancement after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator is significantly associated with subsequent SICH and could therefore become a useful imaging sign for the rapid initiation of preventive strategies in the future.
Rab17-mediated recycling endosomes contribute to autophagosome formation in response to Group AStreptococcusinvasion (2014)

Autophagy plays a crucial role in host defence by facilitating the degradation of invading bacteria such as Group A Streptococcus (GAS). GAS-containing autophagosome-like vacuoles (GcAVs) form when GAS-targeting autophagic membranes entrap invading bacteria. However, the membrane origin and the precise molecular mechanism that underlies GcAV formation remain unclear. In this study, we found that Rab17 mediates the supply of membrane from recycling endosomes (REs) to GcAVs. We showed that GcAVs contain the RE marker transferrin receptor (TfR). Colocalization analyses demonstrated that Rab17 colocalized effectively with GcAV. Rab17 and TfR were visible as punctate structures attached to GcAVs and the Rab17-positive dots were recruited to the GAS-capturing membrane. Overexpression of Rab17 increased the TfR-positive GcAV content, whereas expression of the dominant-negative Rab17 form (Rab17 N132I) caused a decrease, thereby suggesting the involvement of Rab17 in RE-GcAV fusion. The efficiency of GcAV formation was lower in Rab17 N132I-overexpressing cells. Furthermore, knockdown of Rabex-5, the upstream activator of Rab17, reduced the GcAV formation efficiency. These results suggest that Rab17 and Rab17-mediated REs are involved in GcAV formation. This newly identified function of Rab17 in supplying membrane from REs to GcAVs demonstrates that RE functions as a primary membrane source during antibacterial autophagy.
In Situ Fabrication of Inorganic Nanowire Arrays Grown from and Aligned on Metal Substrates (2009)

The full potential of nanotechnology can be unleashed only when one is able not only to synthesize a rich variety of nanoscale building blocks but also assemble them into various patterns at the supramolecular and supracluster levels. In particular, the application of nanoparticle and nanowire materials often requires their assembly in the form of thin films, preferably on conductive surfaces for electrical addressing, control, and detection. Although a dazzling array of nanostructures has been fabricated by bottom-up approaches, one of the contemporary challenges is to assemble these nanostructures so that they introduce and realize functionalities. An alluring avenue is to simultaneously accomplish both the nanostructure synthesis and assembly on a useful substrate in a parallel fashion, affording the advantages of simplicity, low cost, and high throughput. In this Account, we review our recent work on growing inorganic nanowires (for example, metal sulfides, metal oxides, and so forth) directly from and on metal substrates in arrays without using templates and catalysts. This method of engineering nanowire arrays on metal substrates integrates the nanowire synthesis and assembly into a parallel process, both in time and in space, by exploiting in situ chemistry on the metal substrates. Both gas-phase and solution-phase approaches have been developed to synthesize the aligned nanowires; here, full advantage is taken of interfacial kinetics of restricted diffusion and surface-specific reactions, often accompanied by new interfacial growth mechanisms. The setting of nanowire arrays on metal substrates has allowed exploration of their application potentials in areas such as field electron emission and chemical sensing. The approaches described here are general, and we predict that they will be extended to more inorganic materials, such as metal halides. Moreover, as more control is achieved with synthetic methods, inorganic nanowire arrays should provide unusual magnetic, optical, and electronic properties for nanostructural engineers willing to confront the attendant challenges. Accordingly, applications for which there is a current impetus for progress, such as solar cells or lithium ion secondary batteries, might well be addressed with this methodology.
Loss of blood–brain barrier integrity in the spinal cord is common to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in knockout mouse models (2007)

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS that is used to model certain parameters of multiple sclerosis. To establish the relative contributions of T cell reactivity, the loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, CNS inflammation, and lesion formation toward the pathogenesis of EAE, we assessed the incidence of EAE and these parameters in mice lacking NF-kappaB, TNF-alpha, IFN-alphabeta receptors, IFN-gamma receptors, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Although increased myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T cell reactivity was generally associated with a more rapid onset or increased disease severity, the loss of BBB integrity and cell accumulation in spinal cord tissues was invariably associated with the development of neurological disease signs. Histological and real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed differences in the nature of immune/inflammatory cell accumulation in the spinal cord tissues of the different mouse strains. On the other hand, disease severity during the acute phase of EAE directly correlated with the extent of BBB permeability. Thus, the loss of BBB integrity seems to be a requisite event in the development of EAE and can occur in the absence of important inflammatory mediators.
Psoralen and ultraviolet A and narrow‐band ultraviolet B in inducing stability in vitiligo, assessed by vitiligo disease activity score: an open prospective comparative study (2007)

NBUVB was in a more statistically advantageous position vis-à-vis PUVA, in respect to stability achieved and efficacy in both active and stable disease in a comparable time period.
A Comparative View on Human Somatic Cell Sources for iPSC Generation (2014)

The breakthrough of reprogramming human somatic cells was achieved in 2006 by the work of Yamanaka and Takahashi. From this point, fibroblasts are the most commonly used primary somatic cell type for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Various characteristics of fibroblasts supported their utilization for the groundbreaking experiments of iPSC generation. One major advantage is the high availability of fibroblasts which can be easily isolated from skin biopsies. Furthermore, their cultivation, propagation, and cryoconservation properties are uncomplicated with respect to nutritional requirements and viability in culture. However, the required skin biopsy remains an invasive approach, representing a major drawback for using fibroblasts as the starting material. More and more studies appeared over the last years, describing the reprogramming of other human somatic cell types. Cells isolated from blood samples or urine, as well as more unexpected cell types, like pancreatic islet beta cells, synovial cells, or mesenchymal stromal cells from wisdom teeth, show promising characteristics for a reprogramming strategy. Here, we want to highlight the advantages of keratinocytes from human plucked hair as a widely usable, noninvasive harvesting method for primary material in comparison with other commonly used cell types.
Recombinational DNA Repair of Damaged Replication Forks inEscherichia coli: Questions (2001)

It has recently become clear that the recombinational repair of stalled replication forks is the primary function of homologous recombination systems in bacteria. In spite of the rapid progress in many related lines of inquiry that have converged to support this view, much remains to be done. This review focuses on several key gaps in understanding. Insufficient data currently exists on: (a) the levels and types of DNA damage present as a function of growth conditions, (b) which types of damage and other barriers actually halt replication, (c) the structures of the stalled/collapsed replication forks, (d) the number of recombinational repair paths available and their mechanistic details, (e) the enzymology of some of the key reactions required for repair, (f) the role of certain recombination proteins that have not yet been studied, and (g) the molecular origin of certain in vivo observations associated with recombinational DNA repair during the SOS response. The current status of each of these topics is reviewed.
Guanylyl Cyclase Activating Protein (1995)

Guanylyl cyclase activating protein (GCAP1) has been proposed to act as a calcium-dependent regulator of retinal photoreceptor guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity. Using immunocytochemical and biochemical methods, we show here that GCAP1 is present in rod and cone photoreceptor outer segments where phototransduction occurs. Recombinant and native GCAP1 activate recombinant human retGC (outer segment-specific GC) and endogenous GC(s) in rod outer segment (ROS) membranes at low calcium. In addition, we isolate and clone a retinal homolog, termed GCAP2, that shows approximately 50% identity with GCAP1. Like GCAP1, GCAP2 activates photoreceptor GC in a calcium-dependent manner. Both GCAP1 and GCAP2 presumably act on GCs by a similar mechanism; however, GCAP1 specifically localizes to photoreceptor outer segments, while in these experiments GCAP2 was isolated from extracts of retina but not ROS. These results demonstrate that GCAP1 is an activator of ROS GC, while the finding of a second activator, GCAP2, suggests that a similar mechanism of GC regulation may be present in outer segments, other subcellular compartments of the photoreceptor, or other cell types.
Identification of novel, therapy-responsive protein biomarkers in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy by aptamer-based serum proteomics (2015)

There is currently an urgent need for biomarkers that can be used to monitor the efficacy of experimental therapies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) in clinical trials. Identification of novel protein biomarkers has been limited due to the massive complexity of the serum proteome and the presence of a small number of very highly abundant proteins. Here we have utilised an aptamer-based proteomics approach to profile 1,129 proteins in the serum of wild-type and mdx (dystrophin deficient) mice. The serum levels of 96 proteins were found to be significantly altered (P < 0.001, q < 0.01) in mdx mice. Additionally, systemic treatment with a peptide-antisense oligonucleotide conjugate designed to induce Dmd exon skipping and recover dystrophin protein expression caused many of the differentially abundant serum proteins to be restored towards wild-type levels. Results for five leading candidate protein biomarkers (Pgam1, Tnni3, Camk2b, Cycs and Adamts5) were validated by ELISA in the mouse samples. Furthermore, ADAMTS5 was found to be significantly elevated in human DMD patient serum. This study has identified multiple novel, therapy-responsive protein biomarkers in the serum of the mdx mouse with potential utility in DMD patients.
Fractional implantation area effects on patterned ion-cut silicon layer transfer (2003)

By masking the gate dielectric area of MOS devices during hydrogen implantation, patterned ion-cut can transfer processed IC device layers to other substrates (Lee et al. 1996; Roberds et al. 1998; Yun et al. 1998). Previous results showed that a 16 /spl mu/m/spl times/16 /spl mu/m nonimplanted region can be cleaved with a 4 /spl mu/m implanted area surrounding it. However, surface morphology of the cleaved Si(100) samples was rough, with a total thickness variation (TTV) of /spl sim/0.4 /spl mu/m for a 1.3 /spl mu/m-thick silicon layer transfer. In order to improve the roughness, we have investigated the fractional implantation area (FIA) effects on the transferred layer surface morphology.
Diffusion and oxide viscous flow mechanism in SDB process and silicon wafer rapid thermal bonding (1990)

A relationship between bonding strength and bonding area has been found which suggests that the increase in bonding strength is caused by the bonding area increase in the oxidised silicon wafer direct bonding (SDB) process. The bonding area shows a saturation property with bonding time. Diffusion of various species existing in bonding interface region plays a key role in SDB process over different temperature. Viscous flow of the oxides completes bonding at T &gt; 1050°C. A rapid thermal bonding (RTB) at 1200°C for 2min following 800°C for 2hr annealing realises complete bonding with little doping profile change in the system.
Multiple Morphologies of "Crew-Cut" Aggregates of Polystyrene- b -poly(acrylic acid) Block Copolymers (1995)

The observation by transmission electron microscopy of six different stable aggregate morphologies is reported for the same family of highly asymmetric polystyrene-poly-(acrylic acid) block copolymers prepared in a low molecular weight solvent system. Four of the morphologies consist of spheres, rods, lamellae, and vesicles in aqueous solution, whereas the fifth consists of simple reverse micelle-like aggregates. The sixth consists of up to micrometer-size spheres in aqueous solution that have hydrophilic surfaces and are filled with the reverse micelle-like aggregates. In addition, a needle-like solid, which is highly birefringent, is obtained on drying of aqueous solutions of the spherical micelles. This range of morphologies is believed to be unprecedented for a block copolymer system.
Taurine induces apoptosis in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (2012)

Tau induces the apoptosis in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells through death-receptor.
Genetic engineering of bovine Ig. Construction and characterization of hapten-binding bovine/murine chimeric IgE, IgA, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 molecules. (1988)

A bovine recombinant phage library was constructed and screened with rabbit S mu and human C gamma probes. IgM, IgA, and IgE H chain constant region (CH) genes were isolated with the rabbit S mu probe and three IgG CH genes were isolated with the C gamma probe. The CH genes were individually cloned into an expression vector which contained a murine VDJ gene cloned from a hybridoma producing anti-dansyl hapten antibody. The resulting constructs were transfected into murine hybridoma cells producing L chain of the anti-dansyl antibody and stable transfectomas secreting chimeric bovine-murine IgA, IgE, or IgG subclass anti-dansyl antibodies were obtained. The chimeric antibodies, immunoprecipitated with Ag or with anti-bovine H chain antibodies, were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and were shown to contain H and L chains of expected size. Of the three chimeric antibodies derived from the C gamma genes, one reacted with anti-IgG1 antibody, another reacted with anti-IgG2 antibody and the third did not react with either anti-IgG1 or anti-IgG2. This third IgG appears to represent a "new" subclass of bovine IgG, IgG3. Southern blot analysis indicated that the bovine genome contains a fourth C gamma gene. These experiments demonstrate the usefulness of molecular genetic techniques for the isolation and characterization of Ig which are not readily purified from biologic fluids. These techniques will be useful for isolation and characterization of Ig genes from other outbred mammals.
Extension of Murine Life Span by Overexpression of Catalase Targeted to Mitochondria (2005)

To determine the role of reactive oxygen species in mammalian longevity, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress human catalase localized to the peroxisome, the nucleus, or mitochondria (MCAT). Median and maximum life spans were maximally increased (averages of 5 months and 5.5 months, respectively) in MCAT animals. Cardiac pathology and cataract development were delayed, oxidative damage was reduced, H2O2 production and H2O2-induced aconitase inactivation were attenuated, and the development of mitochondrial deletions was reduced. These results support the free radical theory of aging and reinforce the importance of mitochondria as a source of these radicals.
<title>Pixel-level processing: why, what, and how?</title> (1999)

Pixel level processing promises many significant advantages including high SNR, low power, and the ability to adapt image capture and processing to different environments by processing signals during integration. However, the severe limitation on pixel size has precluded its mainstream use. In this paper we argue that CMOS technology scaling will make pixel level processing increasingly popular. Since pixel size is limited primarily by optical and light collection considerations, as CMOS technology scales, an increasing number of transistors can be integrated at the pixel. We first demonstrate that our argument is supported by the evolution of CMOS image sensor from PPS to APS. We then briefly survey existing work on analog pixel level processing an d pixel level ADC. We classify analog processing into intrapixel and interpixel. Intrapixel processing is mainly used to improve sensor performance, while interpixel processing is used to perform early vision processing. We briefly describe the operation and architecture of our recently developed pixel level MCBS ADC. Finally we discuss future directions in pixel level processing. We argue that interpixel analog processing is not likely to become mainstream even for computational sensors due to the poor scaling popular since it minimizes analog processing, and requires only simple and imprecise circuits to implement. We then discuss the inclusion of digital memory and interpixel digital processing in future technologies to implement programmable digital pixel sensors.
Colorimetric Sensor Array for Soft Drink Analysis (2006)

Fourteen commercial soft drinks have been analyzed using colorimetric sensor arrays made from a set of 25 chemically responsive dyes printed on a hydrophobic membrane. Digital imaging of the dye array before and after immersion provides a color change profile as a unique fingerprint for each specific analyte. The digital data library generated was analyzed with statistical and chemometric methods, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). Facile identification of all of the soft drinks was readily achieved using comparison of the color change profiles or a PCA score plot. Using a HCA dendrogram, the misclassification rate was <2%, and even very similar sodas were easily differentiated. In addition, the monitoring of soft drinks as they degas or upon dilution also proved to be possible. This work demonstrates the potential of our colorimetric sensor array technology for quality assurance/control applications of sodas and perhaps other beverages as well.