gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Proteinaceous Elicitor Sm1 from the Beneficial FungusTrichoderma virensIs Required for Induced Systemic Resistance in Maize (2007)

We have previously shown that the beneficial filamentous fungus Trichoderma virens secretes the highly effective hydrophobin-like elicitor Sm1 that induces systemic disease resistance in the dicot cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). In this study we tested whether colonization of roots by T. virens can induce systemic protection against a foliar pathogen in the monocot maize (Zea mays), and we further demonstrated the importance of Sm1 during maize-fungal interactions using a functional genomics approach. Maize seedlings were inoculated with T. virens Gv29-8 wild type and transformants in which SM1 was disrupted or constitutively overexpressed in a hydroponic system or in soil-grown maize seedlings challenged with the pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola. We show that similar to dicot plants, colonization of maize roots by T. virens induces systemic protection of the leaves inoculated with C. graminicola. This protection was associated with notable induction of jasmonic acid- and green leaf volatile-biosynthetic genes. Neither deletion nor overexpression of SM1 affected normal growth or development of T. virens, conidial germination, production of gliotoxin, hyphal coiling, hydrophobicity, or the ability to colonize maize roots. Plant bioassays showed that maize grown with SM1-deletion strains exhibited the same levels of systemic protection as non-Trichoderma-treated plants. Moreover, deletion and overexpression of SM1 resulted in significantly reduced and enhanced levels of disease protection, respectively, compared to the wild type. These data together indicate that T. virens is able to effectively activate systemic disease protection in maize and that the functional Sm1 elicitor is required for this activity.
Substrate-induced band gap in graphene on hexagonal boron nitride:Ab initiodensity functional calculations (2007)

We determine the electronic structure of a graphene sheet on top of a lattice-matched hexagonal boron nitride $(h\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{N})$ substrate using ab initio density functional calculations. The most stable configuration has one carbon atom on top of a boron atom, and the other centered above a BN ring. The resulting inequivalence of the two carbon sites leads to the opening of a gap of $53\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ at the Dirac points of graphene and to finite masses for the Dirac fermions. Alternative orientations of the graphene sheet on the BN substrate generate similar band gaps and masses. The band gap induced by the BN surface can greatly improve room temperature pinch-off characteristics of graphene-based field effect transistors.
Flavopiridol circumvents Bcl‐2 family mediated inhibition of apoptosis and drug resistance in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (2001)

Flavopiridol, a synthetic flavone, is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL). In this study, we examined the in vitro effects of flavopiridol and fludarabine on B-CLL cells from 64 patients (36 treated and 28 untreated) in terms of apoptosis induction and Bcl-2 family expression. Both flavopiridol and fludarabine induced apoptosis in all the samples tested with mean LD(50) values (+/- SD) of 59.7 nmol/l (+/- 36.5) and 6.2 micromol/l (+/- 7.5) respectively. Mean flavopiridol LD(50) values were not significantly different between the treated and untreated patient groups (P = 0.35), whereas the fludarabine LD(50) values were significantly higher in the previously treated patient group (P = 0.01). Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 expression were downregulated in both flavopiridol and fludarabine-induced apoptotic cells, but the increase in Bax expression that accompanied fludarabine-induced apoptosis was not evident in flavopiridol-treated cells. In addition, Bcl-2:Bax ratios were not predictive of flavopiridol cytotoxicity (P = 0.82), whereas they were highly predictive of in vitro responsiveness to fludarabine (P = 0.001). Overall, these findings suggest that flavopiridol exerts its cytotoxic effect through a novel cell-death pathway that is not subject to the Bcl-2 family mediated resistance mechanisms that reduce the efficacy of many conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.
Morphology of cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in the rat. (1986)

Cyclosporine (CSA) nephrotoxicity was investigated in the rat. Morphologically, CSA nephrotoxicity is characterized by the following features: (a) Tubular inclusion bodies (TIB) corresponding to autolysosomes and giant mitochondria; (b) tubular vacuolization (TV) due to dilatation of the endoplasmatic reticulum; (c) tubular microcalcification (TM); and (d) tubular regeneration (TR). The morphologic features are limited to (a and b) or predominate (c and d) in the proximal tubule. CSA tubulopathy as defined above is dose dependent, independent of the route of a drug administration, develops quickly (within a week), is reversible after CSA withdrawal, is more pronounced in male than in female rats and shows no clear cut differences in various rat strains. Body weight shows a dose dependent reduction. The functional changes are usually slight. No significant correlation exists between functional changes and morphologic lesions. The type of CSA nephrotoxicity in the rat is very similar to CSA-tubulopathy in man but associated with less severe functional changes.
Immunoglobulin Class Switching: Molecular and Cellular Analysis (1990)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
Prevalence of Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth Diagnosed by Quantitative Culture of Intestinal Aspirate in Celiac Disease (2009)

The prevalence of SIBO diagnosed by quantitative culture of intestinal aspirate was 9.3% in patients with CD. Patients with symptomatic treated or untreated CD were affected. SIBO may coexist with other disorders associated with nonresponsive CD.
Multiple Promoters Regulate Tissue-specific Expression of the Human NPY-Y1 Receptor Gene (1995)

Several cDNA clones encoding the human neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor have been isolated that contain differing sequences at their 5'-ends. The divergence occurs at a splice junction in the 5'-untranslated region, suggesting that at least three forms of the neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor transcript are generated by alternative splicing at this site. Genomic clones have been isolated that encompass the alternatively spliced 5'-exons. The exons are found 6.4, 18.4, and 23.9 kilobases upstream of exon 2. In the corresponding promoter regions of the various exons, possible response elements for the glucocorticoid receptor, as well as potential binding sites for the AP-1, AP-2, and NF-kappa B transcription factors are found. Analysis of NPY-Y1 transcripts in various cell types demonstrates the tissue-specific activation of the three promoters.
Thermal instability at 10 Gbit/in/sup 2/ magnetic recording (1994)

The limitation on recording density imposed by thermal stability is systematically studied by a method combining molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo computer simulations. The thermal decay for as long as 6 months has been simulated for written di-bits at the projected anisotropy, grain size, and bit length for 10 Gbit/in/sup 2/ magnetic recording. In the presence of demagnetizing field, a single layer film has little thermal effect at the upper limit of the projected grain sizes, while thermal decay is obvious when grain sizes are at the lower limit. The magnitude of the noise peak does not change significantly while the noisy region becomes wider after thermal decay. Compared with a single layer medium of the same total thickness, a double layer film has much more serious thermal decay and the negative interaction between layers tends to demagnetize the film, therefore making the thermal effect worse. The thermal decay in multilayer media tends to cancel the gain in noise reduction obtained by dividing the film layer at ultrahigh recording density. The effects of magnetostatic and exchange interaction, anisotropy, and grain volume on thermal stability are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota (2008)

The many layers and structures of the skin serve as elaborate hosts to microbes, including a diversity of commensal and pathogenic bacteria that contribute to both human health and disease. To determine the complexity and identity of the microbes inhabiting the skin, we sequenced bacterial 16S small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes isolated from the inner elbow of five healthy human subjects. This analysis revealed 113 operational taxonomic units (OTUs; "phylotypes") at the level of 97% similarity that belong to six bacterial divisions. To survey all depths of the skin, we sampled using three methods: swab, scrape, and punch biopsy. Proteobacteria dominated the skin microbiota at all depths of sampling. Interpersonal variation is approximately equal to intrapersonal variation when considering bacterial community membership and structure. Finally, we report strong similarities in the complexity and identity of mouse and human skin microbiota. This study of healthy human skin microbiota will serve to direct future research addressing the role of skin microbiota in health and disease, and metagenomic projects addressing the complex physiological interactions between the skin and the microbes that inhabit this environment.
A comparison of the RIFLE and AKIN criteria for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients (2008)

Compared to the RIFLE criteria, the AKIN criteria do not materially improve the sensitivity, robustness and predictive ability of the definition and classification of AKI in the first 24 h after admission to ICU.
New scan design of asynchronous sequential circuits (2003)

In this paper a new scan design for detection of stuck-at faults and delay faults in asynchronous sequential circuits based on the micropipeline approach is proposed. This new scan methodology can gain the high fault coverage of path delay fault as well as stuck-at fault with the small area overhead in the asynchronous micropipeline environments and easily expand the application such as built-in self testing.
Redox Properties of Cationic Vanadium(IV): [Cp2VCH3(CH3CN)][BPh4] (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRedox Properties of Cationic Vanadium(IV): [Cp2VCH3(CH3CN)][BPh4]Robert Choukroun, Benedicte Douziech, Cheng Pan, Francoise Dahan, and Patrick CassouxCite this: Organometallics 1995, 14, 10, 4471–4473Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00010a010https://doi.org/10.1021/om00010a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views180Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Activity of recombinant HIV-1 integrase on mini-HIV DNA (1999)

Integration of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cDNA into the genome of a human cell is an essential step in the viral replication cycle. Understanding of the integration process has been facilitated by the development of in vitro assays using specific oligonucleotides and recombinant integrase. However, understanding of the biology of retroviral integration will require in vitro and in vivo model systems using long DNA substrates that mimic the HIV cDNA. We have now studied the activity of recombinant HIV-1 integrase on a linear 4.7 kb double-stranded DNA, containing flanking regions of approximately 200 bp that represent the intact ends of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences (mini-HIV). The strand transfer products of the integration reaction can be directly visualized after separation in agarose gels by ethidium bromide staining. The most prominent reaction product resulted from integration of one LTR end into another LTR end (U5 into U5 and U5 into U3). Sequence analysis of the reaction products showed them to be products of legitimate integration preceded by correct processing of the viral LTR ends. Hotspots for integration were detected. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of a range of reaction products resulting from single or multiple integration events. The binding of HIV-1 integrase to mini-HIV DNA was visualized. Oligomers of integrase seem to induce DNA looping whereby the enzyme often appears to be bound to the DNA substrate that adopts the structure of a three-site synapsis that is reminiscent of the Mu phage transposase complex.
Comparison of Molecular and Biological Characteristics of a Modified Live Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Vaccine (Ingelvac PRRS MLV), the Parent Strain of the Vaccine (ATCC VR2332), ATCC VR2385, and Two Recent Field Isolates of PRRSV (2002)

The objectives of this study were to compare the molecular and biological characteristics of recent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) field isolates to those of a modified live virus (MLV) PRRS vaccine and its parent strain. One hundred seventeen, 4-week-old pigs were randomly assigned to six groups. Group 1 (n = 20) served as sham-inoculated negative controls, group 2 (n = 19) was inoculated with Ingelvac PRRS MLV vaccine, group 3 (n = 20) was inoculated with the parent strain of the vaccine (ATCC VR2332), group 4 (n = 19) was inoculated with vaccine-like PRRSV field isolate 98-38803, group 5 (n = 19) was inoculated with PRRSV field isolate 98-37120, and group 6 (n = 20) was inoculated with known high-virulence PRRSV isolate ATCC VR2385. The levels of severity of gross lung lesions (0 to 100%) among the groups were significantly different at both 10 (P < 0.0001) and 28 days postinoculation (p.i.) (P = 0.002). At 10 days p.i., VR2332 (26.5% +/- 4.64%) and VR2385 (36.4% +/- 6.51%) induced gross lesions of significantly greater severity than 98-38803 (0.0% +/- 0.0%), 98-37120 (0.8% +/- 0.42%), Ingelvac PRRS MLV (0.9% +/- 0.46%), and negative controls (2.3% +/- 1.26%). At 28 days p.i., 98-37120 (17.2% +/- 6.51%) induced gross lesions of significantly greater severity than any of the other viruses. Analyses of the microscopic-interstitial-pneumonia-lesion scores (0 to 6) revealed that VR2332 (2.9 +/- 0.23) and VR2385 (3.1 +/- 0.35) induced significantly more severe lesions at 10 days p.i. At 28 days p.i., VR2385 (2.5 +/- 0.27), VR2332 (2.3 +/- 0.21), 98-38803 (2.6 +/- 0.29), and 98-37120 (3.0 +/- 0.41) induced significantly more severe lesions than Ingelvac PRRS MLV (0.7 +/- 0.17) and controls (0.7 +/- 0.15). The molecular analyses and biological characterizations suggest that the vaccine-like isolate 98-38803 (99.5% amino acid homology based on the ORF5 gene) induces microscopic pneumonia lesions similar in type to, but different in severity and time of onset from, those observed with virulent strains VR2385 and the parent strain of the vaccine. Our data strongly suggest that isolate 98-38803 is a derivative of Ingelvac PRRS MLV and that the isolate is pneumovirulent.
Targeted Topical Steroid Therapy in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (2001)

Targeted topical steroid administration avoids the significant systemic side effects of oral steroids and may offer more effective dosing than simple transtympanic injection of medicine. Although these findings are preliminary, it is possible that after further study, targeted drug delivery may be a useful technique to consider in patients with severe to profound hearing loss that have failed all other management options.
Transcriptional Activation and Transformation by FosB Protein Require Phosphorylation of the Carboxyl-Terminal Activation Domain (1997)

The transcription factor AP-1, composed of Fos-Jun dimers, mediates some aspects of the cellular response to growth factors. Transcriptional activation and neoplastic transformation by FosB, a member of the Fos family of proteins, require the presence of a potent C-terminal activation domain. Here we show by mutational analysis that the FosB C-terminal domain has a proline-based motif that is essential for both of these functions. Phosphopeptide mapping experiments show that the C terminus of FosB is phosphorylated within a cluster of functionally redundant serine residues that is adjacent to this proline-based motif. Mutation of these serine residues to alanine severely reduces the ability of this region to function as an activation domain and inhibits the ability of FosB protein to function as a transforming protein. Several observations suggest that the kinase responsible for phosphorylation of these sites is distinct from the mitogen-activation protein kinases and stress-activated protein kinases. Our results show that transcriptional activation and neoplastic transformation by the FosB protein are dependent on phosphorylation within the C terminus. This form of control may provide a potential mechanism of signal integration at the level of a single transcription factor.
Preparation of (2R,3S)-β-hydroxy-α-amino acids by use of a novel Streptomyces aldolase as a resolving agent for racemic material (1994)

A unique aldolase, which was isolated from Streptomyces amakusaensis, is used to catalyse a reverse aldol reaction on representative racemic β-hydroxy-α-amino acids (3–6) to give samples of the (2R,3S)-(D-threo)-enantiomers with excellent enantiomeric purity.
Structural characteristics of polysaccharides that induce protection against intra-abdominal abscess formation (1994)

Bacteroides fragilis is the anaerobe most commonly isolated from clinical cases of intra-abdominal sepsis. In a rodent model of this disease process, intraperitoneal injection of the capsular polysaccharide complex (CPC) from B. fragilis provokes abscess formation, while subcutaneous administration of this complex confers protection against B. fragilis-induced intra-abdominal abscesses. The CPC consists of two discrete polysaccharides, polysaccharides A and B (PS A and PS B), each possessing oppositely charged structural groups critical to the ability of these carbohydrates to induce the formation of abscesses. Other bacterial polysaccharides that possess oppositely charged groups (such as the group antigen or capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 1 strains) also exhibited potent abscess-inducing capabilities. We report here that positively and negatively charged groups on polysaccharides are also essential for inducing protection against abscess formation. Vaccination of rats with B. fragilis PS A, PS B, or the S. pneumoniae type 1 capsule protected against intra-abdominal abscesses subsequent to intraperitoneal challenge with each of these polysaccharides. Chemical conversion of the free amino or carboxyl groups on PS A to uncharged N-acetyl or hydroxymethyl groups, respectively, abrogated the ability of this polymer to confer protection against polysaccharide-mediated abscess formation. Adoptive transfer of splenic T cells from polysaccharide-vaccinated rats to naive animals demonstrated that T cells mediated this protective activity. T cells transferred from animals vaccinated with a polysaccharide repeating unit (Salmonella typhi Vi antigen) that normally contains one carboxyl group but was chemically converted to a polymer that possesses both free amino and carboxyl groups (accomplished by de-N-acetylating the Vi antigen) protected naive T-cell recipients against polysaccharide-induced abscesses. These results demonstrate that a distinct structural motif associated with the B. fragilis polysaccharides is necessary for induction of protective immunity against abscess formation associated with intra-abdominal sepsis. However, protection is not antigen specific in a traditional sense. Rather, the protective ability of these structurally dissimilar polysaccharides is conferred by, and perhaps specific for, a motif of oppositely charged groups.
Fiber Bragg grating as an optical filter tuned by a magnetic field (1997)

We describe a novel tunable optical filter for use in optical-frequency-domain multiplexed communication systems. The shift in the Bragg condition of a fiber Bragg grating as a result of magnetically induced circular birefringence is calculated with coupled-mode theory on the basis of circular states of polarization, and the values obtained for silica and terbium-doped optical fibers are compared.
Single-shot Holographic Technique for Measuring the Complete Electric Field of an Ultrashort Pulse (2006)

We present a new technique, Full Information from a Single Hologram (FISH), to measure the complete spatiotemporal profile of femtosecond pulses on a single shot, using multiple digital holograms simultaneously recorded at different frequencies.
H2 and rare gas field ion source with high angular current (1979)

We have built and carried out initial tests on a field ion source that has been designed to operate at very low temperatures with a physisorbed surface supply to the ionization region. This mode has been found to give beams of high angular current density and is expected to have low energy spread in the beam. Presently we have measured dI/dΩ?10 to 60/sr with a probable energy spread of ?l eV. The UHV system allows processing of the field emitter under clean, high vacuum conditions. A liquid He cooled finger maintains the tip at controlled temperatures from that of liquid He to room temperature. The tip is mounted on a sapphire block to provide both excellent thermal conduction and electrical insulation to ?30 kV. Differential pumping allows a high supply pressure of H2, He, Ar, etc. in the region of the tip (≳ 10−2 Torr) and a low pressure in the rest of the system. Observation on the characteristics of the field ionization pattern are made under varying conditions of pressure, temperature, field and tip processing, and orientation by using a channel electron multiplier array and phosphor screen (CEMA). An alignable aperture defines the angular divergence.