gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 270×1 Ge-on-Si photodetector array for sensitive infrared imaging (2014)

A CMOS compatible Ge photodetector (Ge-PD) fabricated on Si substrates has been shown to be suitable for near infrared (NIR) sensing; linear and avalanche detection, in both proportional and Geiger modes have been demonstrated, for photon counting at room temperature [1]. This paper focuses on implementations of the technology for the fabrication of imaging arrays of such detectors with high reproducibility and yield. The process involves selective chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of a ~ 1-&mu;m-thick n-type Ge crystal on a Si substrate at 700&deg;C, followed by deposition of a nm-thin Ga and B layer-stack (so-called PureGaB), all in the same deposition cycle. The PureGaB layer fulfills two functions; firstly, the Ga forms an ultrashallow p<sup>+</sup>n junction on the surface of Ge islands that allows highly sensitive NIR photodiode detection in the Ge itself; secondly, the B-layer forms a barrier that protects the Ge/Ga layers against oxidation when exposed to air and against spiking during metallization. A design for patterning the surrounding oxide is developed to ensure a uniform selective growth of the Ge crystalline islands so that the wafer surface remains flat over the whole array and any Ge nucleation on SiO2 surface is avoided. This design can deliver pixel sizes up to 30×30 &mu;m2 with a Ge fill factor of up to 95 %. An Al metallization is used to contact each of the photodiodes to metal pads located outside the array area. A new process module has been developed for removing the Al metal on the Ge-islands to create an oxide-covered PureGaB-only front-entrance window without damaging the ultrashallow junction; thus the sensitivity to front-side illumination is maximized, especially at short wavelengths. The electrical I-V characteristics of each photodetector pixel are, to our knowledge, the best reported in literature with ideality factors of ~1.05 with I<sub>on</sub>/I<sub>off</sub> ratios of 10<sup>8</sup>. The uniformity is good and the yield is close to 100% over the whole array.
CGRP antagonists and antibodies for the treatment of migraine (2014)

Introduction: Migraine is a highly devastating neurovascular disorder that affects up to 16% of the population worldwide. In spite of intensive research, its origin remains enigmatic with no therapeutic option appropriate for all migraine patients. One of the leading hypotheses is related to the function of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Regardless, the pharmaceutical options currently applied for the acute and prophylactic treatment of migraine are not appropriate for all migraine patients. Areas covered: This article is based on a literature review using the PubMed database and highlights the CGRP theory of the pathomechanism of migraine. Expert opinion: Since migraine is a CGRP-related disorder, it appeared obvious to develop CGRP receptor antagonists that exert high efficacy, both intravenously and orally. Unfortunately, the frequent use of these antagonists results in an elevated liver transaminase level. In an attempt to bypass these harmful side effects, efforts should be made to modify these pharmacons. The use of fully humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target CGRP and its receptors may also be possible. However, while Phase I and II clinical trials are promising, a long-term follow-up of these therapies is still needed.
Novel aziridine esters by the addition of aromatic nitrogen heterocycles to a 2H-azirine-3-carboxylic ester (2000)

Methyl 2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2H-azirine-3-carboxylate acts as an efficient alkylating agent for a variety of five-membered aromatic heterocycles. The aziridines derived from heterocycles that bear an α-carbonyl substituent react with TFA to give pyrroloimidazoles; 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde is also produced.
Three-Dimensional Micro-Self-Assembly Using Hydrophobic Interaction Controlled by Self-Assembled Monolayers (2004)

This paper describes three-dimensional micro-self-assembly using hydrophobic interaction. The interaction between microparticles was controlled using self-assembled monolayers formed on the particles. The particles were stirred in a dispersion liquid to create a binding for connecting their surfaces directly. The interaction between the particles was described by the thermodynamic free energy of adhesion, which was calculated using the surface free energies of the solids and the liquid. The calculated free energy was then used to predict the bindings between particles. The binding probability was estimated by counting the number of microparticles that became bound to hydrophobic and to hydrophilic areas patterned on a substrate. The ratio of the bound particles was correlated to the difference between the free energies of the two areas, as predicted using the free energy calculation. This means that microparticle binding is controlled by the surface properties. Structures composed of several microparticles were successfully self-assembled using this principle. Hydrophobic interaction can thus be applied to micro-scale self-assembly.
Speech Recognition by Composition of Weighted Finite Automata (1996)

We present a general framework based on weighted finite automata and weighted finite-state transducers for describing and implementing speech recognizers. The framework allows us to represent uniformly the information sources and data structures used in recognition, including context-dependent units, pronunciation dictionaries, language models and lattices. Furthermore, general but efficient algorithms can used for combining information sources in actual recognizers and for optimizing their application. In particular, a single composition algorithm is used both to combine in advance information sources such as language models and dictionaries, and to combine acoustic observations and information sources dynamically during recognition.
A 61-Year-Old Man With Parkinson's Disease (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I must take exception to the discussion by Dr Olanow<sup>1</sup>of the presumed clinical benefits and improvements that resulted from fetal tissue transplantation in patients with PD. Landau<sup>2</sup>has addressed this topic. The clinical improvement described in the patients who received transplants, based almost exclusively on clinical criteria, differs very little from that reported earlier with adrenal gland grafting. This technology has subsequently proven to be of no value. Olanow mentions the measured increases in "striatal fluorodopa uptake," using positron-emission tomography (PET) scanning, but, at present, it is not known whether this is indicative of dopamine production by the graft or is an irritative effect on the surrounding brain. He reinforces his belief in the success of this method by mentioning the single autopsy case<sup>3</sup>that demonstrated some cellular survival in the fetal brain graft. No neuropathologist would argue that this was evidence of "robust graft survival,"
Flow‐cytometric enumeration of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in mouse peripheral blood (1992)

A flow-cytometric assay is described that can be used to determine the frequency and the DNA content of micronucleated polychromatic (PCE) and normochromatic (NCE) erythrocytes in mouse peripheral blood. Thiazole orange was used for discrimination between PCEs and NCEs, while Hoechst 33342 was used to detect micronucleated PCEs and NCEs. Up to 70,000 polychromatic erythrocytes can be analyzed in less than 10 min. This corresponds to 150-3,000 micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, 90-95% of which are true events as determined with a fluorescence microscope after sorting. Using X-rays as the inducing agent in dose-response experiments, a significant increase can be registered at doses of 0.02 Gy. It seems possible that the method will also allow the detection of clastogenic effects of other inducing agents at lower doses than previously possible.
Updated results of the combined analysis of NCCTG N9831 and NSABP B-31 adjuvant chemotherapy with/without trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer (2007)

512 Background: The joint efficacy analysis of NCCTG N9831 and NSABP B-31 demonstrated improved outcomes with the addition of trastuzumab (H) to doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) followed by paclitaxel (T) in women with surgically removed HER2- positive breast cancer (NEJM 2005). Following this report, patients randomized to AC→T and less than 6 months from completion of chemotherapy were eligible to receive H. We have updated the initial combined results of these two trials. Methods: Primary and secondary efficacy endpoint were disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Cox modeling was performed. Hazard ratios are adjusted for nodal status, tumor size, T schedule, hormone receptor status, and trial (also age for OS). Results: Among the 3,969 women enrolled (ages: 22 to 80yrs), there have been 619 events (H group: 222, non-H: 397). First events were: recurrence (511), contralateral breast disease (18), other second primary cancers (48), and death without recurrence or second primary cancers (42). The median follow-up among the 3,711 women still alive is 2.9 years (range up to 6,4 years). The 4 yr DFS rate and 4 yr OS rate respectively were: 85.9% (95%CI: 84.0–87.8%) and 92.6% (95%CI: 91.2–94.2%) in H group and 73.1% (95%CI: 70.6–75.8%) and 89.4% (95%CI: 87.6–91.2%) in non- H group. Hazard ratio for adjuvant (H/non-H) was 0.49 (P&lt;0.0001; 95%CI: 0.41–0.58) for DFS and 0.63 (P=0.0004; 95%CI: 0.49–0.81) for OS.The rates of a first event per 1,000 women/year during yrs 1–4 were: 26.7, 52.9, 49.6 and 23.2 for H and 42.3, 102.3, 107.6 and 61.5 for non-H. The impact of crossover on clinical outcome will be explored. Conclusions: With an increase in the median follow-up of 11 months and with 225 additional events, the demonstration of substantial improvement in outcomes with the addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy persist. This improvement continues in spite of some degree of cross-over occurring after the initial results were reported.Updated data regarding crossover outcomes and H duration (as they relate to disease free survival) will be presented. [Table: see text]
Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the murine interleukin‐3 gene (1985)

Southern hybridization analysis using a probe derived from a murine interleukin-3 (IL-3) cDNA clone revealed the presence of a single IL-3 gene in the haploid murine genome. An 8600-base-pair (8.6-kb) murine genomic EcoRI fragment containing the IL-3 gene was isolated by screening a library of size-fractionated genomic EcoRI fragments cloned in lambda gtWES X lambda B. The nucleotide sequence of a 3.5-kb region of the cloned DNA encompassing the IL-3 gene was determined. The gene contains four introns of 96, 993, 135 and 122 base pairs (bp), located within the coding region. The large intron contains 12 copies of a 14-15-bp tandem repeating sequence which resembles a human cellular homologue of a BKV enhancer sequence. The nucleotide sequence of the exons agrees exactly with that of an IL-3 cDNA cloned from WEHI-3, a tumorigenic cell line which over-produces IL-3, establishing that the unprocessed primary structure of IL-3 is identical in WEHI-3 and in BALB/c mice. Southern hybridization has revealed genomic alteration in the vicinity of the IL-3 gene in WEHI-3 cells.
Glomerulonephritis induced by monoclonal anti-Thy 1.1 antibodies. A sequential histological and ultrastructural study in the rat. (1986)

The present report describes the natural history of an experimental acute glomerulonephritis with massive proteinuria induced by a single intravenous injection of a (mouse) monoclonal anti-rat Thy 1.1 antibody into the rat. The disease is characterized by direct although transient binding of this monoclonal antibody to glomerular basement membrane and mesangium after injection as demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Immediate activation of complement occurs as shown by glomerular deposition of C3 and C9. Concomitant activation of the coagulation cascade is reflected by the presence of fibrinogen deposits in the affected glomeruli. One hour after injection mesangial alterations are prominent including condensation of mesangial cell chromatin, and lysis of mesangial cells as shown by light- and electron- microscopy, leading to the formation of aneurysms in the capillary tuft. Commencing on day 4 mesangial cell proliferation can be observed, accompanied by glomerular crescent formation at day 14, which decreases gradually 3 weeks after antibody administration, whereas mesangial hypercellularity can be observed up week 10 after intravenous injection of the antibody. The disease is clinically characterized by a massive transient proteinuria starting immediately after antibody injection, reaching mean values of 300 mg/24 hours at days 2 to 4, gradually decreasing to normal levels after 3 weeks. It is concluded that in this unique model of glomerulonephritis induced by a monoclonal antibody, recognition of Thy 1.1 epitopes as well as activation of complement including the C5-C9 membrane attack complex may play a major role in the pathogenesis of this experimental disease.
Zoysiagrass Species and Genotypes Differ in Their Winter Injury and Freeze Tolerance (2007)

Lack of cold hardiness may limit widespread use of newly released zoysiagrass ( Zoysia spp.) cultivars in the transition zone. Our objectives were to quantify differences in the winter injury of 35 zoysiagrass genotypes in field plots in West Lafayette, IN, and the freeze tolerance of 13 genotypes in a cold stress simulator as well as determine the relationship between leaf width, establishment rate, and autumn growth with winter injury. Winter injury varied between years and among genotypes in the field study. Zoysia japonica Steud. genotypes had less winter injury each year than Z. matrella (L.) Merr. genotypes. Genotypes of Z. japonica available as seed had less winter injury (2% in both years) than genotypes of Z. japonica (41%, 2005; 54%, 2006) and Z. matrella (51%, 2005; 73%, 2006) available only as vegetative propagules. ‘Meyer’, ‘Chinese Common’, and ‘Zenith’ were the commercially available cultivars exhibiting the least winter injury (&lt;7%) in both years, whereas ‘Victoria’, ‘DeAnza’, ‘Diamond’, and ‘Empress’ had the most winter injury (&gt;88%) both years. There was a relationship ( r 2 = 0.48, P = 0.0088) between freeze tolerance (LT 50 ) in the cold stress simulator and winter injury in the field. Freeze tolerance ranged from −8.4°C (Diamond) to −11.5°C (Meyer and Zenith). Meyer has been the industry standard for zoysiagrass, but our research has identified other commercially available cultivars and genotypes with winter injury similar to Meyer.
Application of Molecular Filter Techniques to the Bacterial Assay of Sewage. III. Effects of Physical and Chemical Disinfection. (1958)

In the first paper of this series, Goetz (1) proposed techniques for the bac terial assay of sewage and heavily pol luted waters. The second paper by McKee and McLaughlin (2) demon strated that molecular filter techniques are capable of measuring the coliform density of raw settled sewage with re sults comparable to those obtained by conventional confirmed MPN proce dures. The sewage used in those ex periments had received no treatment other than plain sedimentation to re move coarse suspended solids. Conse quently the coliform densities were high and the molecular filter tests had to be conducted with dilutions such as 10-5 to 10-7.
The Roles of Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Niche (2017)

Many tissues contain adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which may be used in tissue regeneration therapies. However, the MSC availability in most tissues is limited which demands expansion in vitro following isolation. Like many developing cells, the state of MSCs is affected by the surrounding microenvironment, and mimicking this natural microenvironment that supports multipotent or differentiated state in vivo is essential to understand for the successful use of MSC in regenerative therapies. Many researchers are, therefore, optimizing cell culture conditions in vitro by altering growth factors, extracellular matrices, chemicals, oxygen tension, and surrounding pH to enhance stem cells self-renewal or differentiation. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) system has been demonstrated to play an important role in stem cell biology to either promote proliferation and self-renewal or enhance differentiation onset and outcome, depending on the cell culture conditions. In this review, we will describe the importance of IGFs, IGF-1 and IGF-2, in development and in the MSC niche and how they affect the pluripotency or differentiation towards multiple lineages of the three germ layers.
Expression of transcription factor Oct-4 and other embryonic genes in CD133 positive cells from human umbilical cord blood (2004)

A significant number of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) in human umbilical cord blood could serve as a reservoir for the placental vasculature, yet, their morphological and functional features are not completely understood. Here, we describe the characterization of purified CD133(+) progenitor cells from umbilical cord blood, a subset of CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors that were grown in proliferation medium containing Flt3-ligand, thrombopoietin and stem cell factor. Following isolation and enrichment of the CD133(+) cells by immunomagnetic cell sorting, they remained non-adherent for up to 40 days in culture and expressed different pluripotency markers including Sox-1, Sox-2, FGF-4, Rex-1 and Oct-4.Oct-4 expression was confirmed by laser-assisted single cell picking with subsequent quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The expression of Oct-4 indicates a pluripotent phenotype of CD133(+) cells and appears to be of functional relevance: After three weeks in endothelial differentiation medium, suspended cells became adherent, developed an endothelial cell-like morphology, bound fluoresceine isothiocyanate-labeled Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1, took up acetylated Di-LDL, and expressed other endothelial markers such as PECAM-1 or VEGFR-2. Concomitantly, Oct-4 expression was significantly reduced. Moreover, following treatment with retinoic acid, CD133(+) cells exhibited neural morphology associated with the expression of beta-III-tubulin. CD133(+) cells were found to express the luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin (LH/hCG) receptor, detected by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. The recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin induced proliferation of the CD133(+) cells in a dose-specific manner. Our results indicate that CD133(+) HSPC from umbilical cord blood may have a greater differentiation potential than previously recognized and give rise to proliferative endothelial cells participating in placental vasculogenesis.
Amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O Thin Film Transistor for Future Optoelectronics. (2010)

After initial report of its potential use for flexible/large area electronics, amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) is now emerging worldwide as a new semiconductor for next gen-eration thin-film transistor (TFT) flat panel displays and imagers. This dissertation work examines in detail the basic properties and physics of the a-IGZO TFTs, including the photofield-effect, numerical simulations, electrical instability and noise characteristics. Our a-IGZO TFTs have following electrical performance: field-effect mobility (μeff) of 7~12.3 cm2V-1s-1, threshold voltage of 1~3V, subthreshold swing of 130~420mV/decade and on/off current ratio over 108. Aluminum and titanium are both suitable for source/drain (S/D) electrodes with the contact resistivity (rC) lower than 10-3Ω-cm2. The active layer thickness was also found to have a major impact on S/D series resistance. To accurately model the TFT current-voltage (I/V) properties, a gate-to-source voltage dependent μeff model is proposed. Light wavelength and intensity dependent photo-responses were studied. The a-IGZO TFT is stable under visible light illumination (460~660nm). TFT off-state drain current starts to increase when the photon energy is higher than its band-gap (~3.05eV); and we observed a high UV-photocurrent conversion efficiency. In addition, the a-IGZO mid-gap density-of-states (DOS) was extracted and is more than an order of magnitude lower than the values of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The DOS model for a-IGZO was then developed. In this model, the donor-like states are proposed to be associated with oxygen vacancy in a-IGZO. We showed through numerical simulation that the a-IGZO TFT has a very sharp conduction band-tail slope (Ea=13meV). The impacts of rC and DOS on TFT electrical properties were also studied. Bias-temperature-stress (BTS) induced electrical instability was investigated. Our re-sults suggest that the observed shifts in TFT I/V curves are primarily due to channel charge injection/trapping. The validity of using stretched-exponential model in simulating the time, voltage and temperature dependences of BTS data was demonstrated for a-IGZO TFTs. Finally, the TFT low frequency noise properties were examined. The 1/f noise is the dominant source in a-IGZO TFT and can be modeled by Hooge mobility fluctuation theory. The a-IGZO has a lower Hooge’s parameter than a-Si:H and may be better used in imaging applications.
Inhibitors of B-Cell Receptor Signaling for Patients With B-Cell Malignancies (2012)

The B-cell receptor (BCR) complex and its associated protein tyrosine kinases play a critical role in the development, proliferation, and survival of normal or malignant B cells. Regulated activity of the BCR complex promotes the expansion of selected B cells and the deletion of unwanted or self-reactive ones. Compounds that inhibit various components of this pathway, including spleen tyrosine kinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase, and phosphoinositol-3 kinase, have been developed. We summarize the rationale for use of agents that can inhibit BCR signaling to treat patients with either indolent or aggressive B-cell lymphomas, highlight early clinical results, and speculate on the future application of such agents in the treatment of patients with various B-cell lymphomas.
Low Temperature Silicon Nitride and Silicon Dioxide Film Processing by Inductively Coupled Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (2000)

High‐density plasma technology is becoming increasingly attractive for the deposition of dielectric films such as silicon nitride and silicon dioxide. In particular, inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition (ICPCVD) offers a great advantage for low‐temperature processing over plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) for a range of devices including compound semiconductors and magnetic heads. In this paper, the development of low temperature (<200°C) silicon nitride and silicon dioxide films utilizing ICP technology is discussed. The material properties of these films have been investigated as a function of ICP source power, radio‐frequency chuck power, chamber pressure, gas chemistry, and temperature. The ICPCVD films are compared to PECVD films in terms of wet etch rate, stress, and other film characteristics. Two different gas chemistries, and , were explored for the deposition of ICPCVD silicon nitride. The ICPCVD silicon dioxide films were prepared from . The wet etch rates of both silicon nitride and silicon dioxide films are significantly lower than films prepared by conventional PECVD. This implies that ICPCVD films prepared at these low temperatures are of higher quality. The advanced ICPCVD technology can also be used for efficient void‐free filling of high aspect ratio (3:1) sub‐micrometer trenches. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.