gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Circulating Inflammatory Mediators in Patients with Fever: Predicting Bloodstream Infection (2001)

The systemic host response to microbial infection involves clinical signs and symptoms of infection, including fever and elevated white blood cell (WBC) counts. In addition, inflammatory mediators are released, including activated complement product C3a, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and the acute-phase reactant secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)). To compare the value of the latter with the former in predicting (the degree of) microbial infection at the bedside, we determined clinical variables and took blood samples daily for 3 consecutive days in 300 patients with a new fever (>38.0 degrees C rectally or >38.3 degrees C axillary). Microbiological culture results for 7 days after inclusion were collected. Patients were divided into clinical and microbial categories: those without and with a clinical focus of infection and those with negative cultures, with positive local cultures or specific stains for fungal (n = 13) or tuberculous infections (n = 1), and with positive blood cultures, including one patient with malaria parasitemia. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) for prediction of positive cultures was 0.60 (P < 0.005) for peak temperature and 0.59 (P < 0.01) for peak WBC count, 0.60 (P < 0.005) for peak C3a, 0.63 (P < 0.001) for peak IL-6, and 0.61 (P < 0.001) for peak sPLA(2). The AUC under the ROC curve for prediction of positive blood cultures was 0.68 (P < 0.001) for peak temperature and 0.56 for peak WBC count (P < 0.05). The AUC for peak C3a was 0.69, that for peak IL-6 was 0.70, and that for sPLA(2) was 0.67 (for all, P < 0.001). The degree of microbial invasion is thus a major determinant of the clinical and inflammatory host response in patients with fever. Moreover, circulating inflammatory mediators such as C3a and IL-6 may help to predict positive blood cultures, together with clinical signs and symptoms of the host response to microbial infection, even before culture results are available. This may help in the designing of entry criteria for therapeutic intervention studies.
Surface code quantum computing by lattice surgery (2016)

Abstract. In recent years, surface codes have become the preferred method for quantum error correction in large scale computational and communications architectures. Their comparatively high fault-tolerant thresholds and their natural 2-dimensional nearest neighbour (2DNN) structure make them an obvious choice for large scale designs in experimentally realistic systems. While fundamentally based on the toric code of Kitaev, there are many variants, two of which are the planar-and defect- based codes. Planar codes require fewer qubits to implement (for the same strength of error correction), but are restricted to encoding a single qubit of information. Interactions between encoded qubits are achieved via transversal operations, thus destroying the inherent 2DNN nature of the code. In this paper we introduce a new technique enabling the coupling of two planar codes without transversal operations, maintaining the 2DNN of the encoded computer. Our lattice surgery technique comprises splitting and merging planar code surfaces, and enables us to perform universal quantum computation (including magic state injection) while removing the need for braided logic in a strictly 2DNN design, and hence reduces the overall qubit resources for logic operations. We show how lattice surgery allows us to distribute encoded GHZ states in a more direct (and overhead friendly) manner, and how a demonstration of an encoded CNOT between two distance 3 logical states is possible with 53 physical qubits, half of that required in any other known construction in 2D. ar
Colloidal Two‐Dimensional Systems: CdSe Quantum Shells and Wells (2003)

Thin CdSe layers (“quantum shells”) were epitaxially grown onto CdS nanocrystal templates. Their optical properties are dominated by the shell thickness despite the different bandgap and size of the templates. The emission of the CdSe quantum shells, which can be tuned by varying the shell thickness, ranges from 520 to 650 nm (see Figure), and the emission quantum yield can be increased to over 40 % by coating the quantum shells with epitaxially grown CdS thin layers (CdSe colloidal “quantum wells”). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Oxidative Amidation of Phenols through the Use of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Development and Applications (2007)

This contribution reviews a family of reactions devised in our laboratory that effect the oxidative conversion of phenols into 4-amido-dienones. A salient feature of this chemistry is the use of hypervalent iodine reagents, especially diacetoxyiodobenzene (DIB), as uniquely capable oxidants in the context of the new transformation. The advent of this methodology has created new opportunities in alkaloid synthesis. Our efforts toward FR-901483, TAN-1251C, cylindricine C, and other nitrogenous natural products illustrate some applications in that domain.
Thymine at —5 Is Crucial for cpc Promoter Activity of Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6714 (2003)

The levels of transcripts of the cpc operon were highly reduced in a PD-1 mutant of cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6714. This was due to a substitution of C for T that occurred at 5 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site of the cpc operon. Any substitution for T at the -5 position drastically reduced both in vivo and in vitro promoter activity in cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 but not the in vivo activity in Escherichia coli. This suggests that the requirement of -5T appears to be specific for a cyanobacterial RNA polymerase-promoter combination.
Chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia (2004)

Cytotoxic chemotherapy suppresses the hematopoietic system, impairing host protective mechanisms and limiting the doses of chemotherapy that can be tolerated. Neutropenia, the most serious hematologic toxicity, is associated with the risk of life-threatening infections as well as chemotherapy dose reductions and delays that may compromise treatment outcomes. The authors reviewed the recent literature to provide an update on research in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and its complications and impact, and they discuss the implications of this work for improving the management of patients with cancer who are treated with myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Despite its importance as the primary dose-limiting toxicity of chemotherapy, much concerning neutropenia and its consequences and impact remains unknown. Recent surveys indicate that neutropenia remains a prevalent problem associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and costs. Much research has sought to identify risk factors that may predispose patients to neutropenic complications, including febrile neutropenia, in an effort to predict better which patients are at risk and to use preventive strategies, such as prophylactic colony-stimulating factors, more cost-effectively. Neutropenic complications associated with myelosuppressive chemotherapy are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, possibly compromised treatment outcomes, and excess healthcare costs. Research in quantifying the risk of neutropenic complications may make it possible in the near future to target patients at greater risk with appropriate preventive strategies, thereby maximizing the benefits and minimizing the costs.
Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels: The Key Role of Water in Affecting Mechanical Properties (2012)

Different hydrogels were prepared starting from natural or semi-synthetic polysaccharides (carboxymethylcellulose, hyaluronic acid and chitosan) which were cross-linked by the addition of a cross-linking agent chosen according to the chemical groups present along the polymer chains. The cross-linking reaction allows for the formation of a three-dimensional network made of covalent bonds between the polymer chains, which is stable under physiological conditions. The presence of a substantial amount of water within the polysaccharide matrices makes such systems unique among hydrophilic gels. Water itself is responsible for some of their peculiar characteristics, one of which is their injectability which makes these hydrogels suitable for using as matrices for mini-invasive surgery and localized therapy.
Detection of Haemophilus influenzae in cerebrospinal fluids by polymerase chain reaction DNA amplification (1990)

Two primer sets were chosen for the detection of Haemophilus influenzae in cerebrospinal fluid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA amplification. One primer set was selected from sequences encoding a capsulation-associated protein and reacted with target DNA from all 15 capsulate H. influenzae strains (all serotypes) examined. The other primer set was selected from the DNA sequence of a gene encoding for outer-membrane protein P6 and reacted with the 15 capsulate and 10 non-capsulate strains of H. influenzae tested. This primer set also reacted with the closely related species H. haemolyticus and H. aegyptius, and with two of nine H. parainfluenzae strains. In reconstruction experiments, PCR DNA amplification was able to detect as few as five H. influenzae cells when 40 cycles of amplification were used. Two hundred cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected consecutively from patients suffering from meningitis were investigated by PCR; 40 were culture-positive for H. influenzae and 39 of these were also clearly positive in the PCR test with both primer sets. Contamination occurred to some extent with 40 cycles of amplification but was completely eliminated when the number of cycles was reduced to 35. We conclude that the two primer sets are appropriate for the detection of H. influenzae by PCR, each having its own specificity. When these two primer sets are used, PCR is a technique of equivalent sensitivity to culture for the detection of H. influenzae in CSF.
Effect of Remote Picolinyl and Picoloyl Substituents on the Stereoselectivity of Chemical Glycosylation (2012)

O-picolinyl and O-picoloyl groups at remote positions (C-3, C-4, and C-6) can mediate glycosylation reactions by providing high or even complete facial selectivity for the attack of the glycosyl acceptor. The set of data presented herein offers a strong evidence of the intermolecular H-bond tethering between the glycosyl donor and glycosyl acceptor counterparts while providing a practical new methodology for the synthesis of either 1,2-cis or 1,2-trans linkages. Challenging glycosidic linkages including α-gluco, β-manno, and β-rhamno have seen obtained with high or complete stereocontrol.
Mathematics in signal processing IV : based on the proceedings of a conference on mathematics in signal processing organized by the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications and held at the University of Warwick in December 1996 (1998)

From matrix to tensor: multilinear algebra and signal processing The analysis of linear functions using geometric algebraan alternative to matrices and tensors Rational approximation using Grobner bases: some numerical results Grobner basis design of incomplete Chebyshev polynomials Fractals, linear channels, and delay methods Blind binary signal separation using joint diagonalization techniques Adaptive algorithms for single user blind channel equalization Assessing stability for adaptive filtering algorithms in signal processing Constrained Kalman filter for least-squares estimation of time-varying beamforming weights Using algorithmic engineering to derive a fast parallel weight extraction algorithm based on QRD recursive least squares The simultaneous strict positive real problem: similarities with the simultaneous stability problem and applications in adaptive recursive algorithms Asymptotic performance analysis of Yang's subspace tracking algorithm Generalized prediction error approach to spectral analysis and filtering of irregularly-sampled data Decaying exponentials and signal decomposition Robust envelope-constrained filter design On the use of positivity in reconstructing images from noisy data Treatment of noise in positive reconstructions in linear inverse problems Ill conditioning and gradient based optimization of multi-layer perceptrons Online modelling of time series with resource allocating neural networks Bayesian model selection for linear and non-linear time series using the Gibbs sampler Bayesian image estimation from sparse raw MRI data Polynomial models for 3D motion parameters and depth estimation in monocular computer vision Symmetry and wavelet transforms for image data compression Vanishing moments and biorthogonal wavelet systems On sliding window schemes for discrete least-squares approximation by trigonometric polynomials Jump detection by Pade approximation Discrete simulation models for multidimensional systems based on functional transformations Analytic performance evaluation of third-order statistics based estimators for Allpass identification Detection of sleep apnoea using time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability Robust estimation of oceanic background spectrum
Compact arrayed waveguide grating multi-frequencylaser using bulk active material (1997)

An eight-channel arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) intra-cavity laser employing bulk active material is reported. The use of bulk material ensures oscillation in one AWG order. Lasing at 200 GHz-spaced ITU-defined frequencies, 192.8–194.2 THz, is demonstrated.
Regioselective double vicinal carbon-carbon bond forming reactions of electron-deficient alkenes by use of allylic stannanes and organoiodo compounds (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRegioselective double vicinal carbon-carbon bond forming reactions of electron-deficient alkenes by use of allylic stannanes and organoiodo compoundsKazuhiko. Mizuno, Munehiro. Ikeda, Susumu. Toda, and Yoshio. OtsujiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 4, 1288–1290Publication Date (Print):February 17, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 17 February 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00212a046https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00212a046research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views433Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Should We Advise Patients to Treat Migraine Attacks Early: Methodologic Issues (2005)

In clinical trials of triptans in acute migraine, patients have traditionally been required to take their medication only when their pain reached moderate or severe intensity. This methodology better ensured that migraine attacks rather than nonmigraine headaches were treated, minimized the placebo response and simplified comparison of improvement as all patients start from the same baseline pain level. In clinical practice, patients do not take medication in this way, and there is some theoretical evidence that early treatment might be beneficial. There are increasing numbers of reports claiming advantages of 'early' treatment, when the pain is mild, over 'late' treatment, when pain is moderate or severe, but these studies raise significant methodologic issues. Treating 'early' may equate with treating 'mild' in slowly progressing attacks only but this may not always be the case in rapidly progressing attacks; these two types of migraine attacks should be distinguished carefully and investigated separately. Trials should be placebo-controlled, blinded, assess the therapeutic gain versus placebo rather than the absolute rates, and use the sustained pain-free endpoint. Early treatment may also increase the risk of medication overuse headaches. At present, there is no scientific support to advise patient to treat early. Patients should be advised to take their medication as soon as they are sure they are developing a migraine headache, but not during the aura phase.
The effect of rare-earth filling on the lattice thermal conductivity of skutterudites (1996)

Polycrystalline samples of Ir4LaGe3Sb9, Ir4NdGe3Sb9, and Ir4SmGe3Sb9 have been made by hot isostatic pressing of powders. The lattice thermal conductivity of these filled skutterudites is markedly smaller than that of IrSb3; thus, void filling shows promise as a method for improving the thermoelectric properties of these materials. We present the lattice thermal conductivity of these filled skutterudites in an effort to quantify the impact of void filling in this structure. It is believed that the atoms ‘‘rattle’’ in the voids of the structure and therefore interact with a broad spectrum of lattice phonons, reducing their mean free paths substantially below that in the ‘‘unfilled’’ skutterudites. An additional phonon scattering mechanism is caused by phonon-stimulated transitions between the low-lying energy levels of the 4f electron configurations in the case of Nd3+ and Sm3+. Magnetic susceptibility and Hall-effect measurements are also presented.
Deep Sequencing of Chicken microRNAs (2008)

Deep sequencing technology is highly suited for small RNA discovery. This approach is independent of comparative sequence analysis, which has been the primary method used to identify chicken microRNAs. Our results have confirmed the expression of many microRNAs identified by sequence similarity and identified a pool of candidate novel microRNAs.
Handbook of microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology. (2004)

Handbook of microalgal culture :biotechnology and applied phycology , Handbook of microalgal culture :biotechnology and applied phycology , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Oral insulin and the induction of tolerance in man: reality or fantasy? (2000)

Induction of tolerance to insulin, the only beta-cell-specific antigen in Type 1 diabetes, is under testing for prevention of Type 1 diabetes in the US multicentre trial DPT1. Recently a multicentre double-blind trial with oral insulin in patients with recent onset Type 1 diabetes, conducted by our group, has been completed and showed that oral insulin administration at the dose of 5 mg daily for one year starting at the time of disease onset had no effect on residual beta-cell function as assessed by C-peptide secretion. A similar trial using different doses was carried out at the same time and similarly showed no beneficial effect on the decline of beta-cell function during the first year after diagnosis. In this study oral insulin was administered at the daily doses of 2.5 and 7.5 mg over a one-year period. Such results challenge the current view that induction of oral tolerance can be established when the immune process is already active. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phage Therapy and Photodynamic Therapy: Low Environmental Impact Approaches to Inactivate Microorganisms in Fish Farming Plants (2009)

Owing to the increasing importance of aquaculture to compensate for the progressive worldwide reduction of natural fish and to the fact that several fish farming plants often suffer from heavy financial losses due to the development of infections caused by microbial pathogens, including multidrug resistant bacteria, more environmentally-friendly strategies to control fish infections are urgently needed to make the aquaculture industry more sustainable. The aim of this review is to briefly present the typical fish farming diseases and their threats and discuss the present state of chemotherapy to inactivate microorganisms in fish farming plants as well as to examine the new environmentally friendly approaches to control fish infection namely phage therapy and photodynamic antimicrobial therapy.
Rho GTPases (1998)

The mammalian Rho GTPase family currently consists of seven distinct proteins: Rho (A, B, and C isoforms), Rac (1 and 2 isoforms), Cdc42 (Cdc42Hs and G25K isoforms), RhoD, RhoG, RhoE, and TC10. Like other members of the Ras superfamily, Rho proteins act as molecular switches to control cellular processes by cycling between active, GTP-bound and inactive, GDP-bound states (Fig.1). Activation of the GTPase, through GDP-GTP exchange, is promoted by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs),1 whereas inactivation (by an intrinsic GTPase activity) is stimulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs).
Desialylation accelerates platelet clearance after refrigeration and initiates GPIbα metalloproteinase-mediated cleavage in mice (2011)

When refrigerated platelets are rewarmed, they secrete active sialidases, including the lysosomal sialidase Neu1, and express surface Neu3 that remove sialic acid from platelet von Willebrand factor receptor (VWFR), specifically the GPIbα subunit. The recovery and circulation of refrigerated platelets is greatly improved by storage in the presence of inhibitors of sialidases. Desialylated VWFR is also a target for metalloproteinases (MPs), because GPIbα and GPV are cleaved from the surface of refrigerated platelets. Receptor shedding is inhibited by the MP inhibitor GM6001 and does not occur in Adam17(ΔZn/ΔZn) platelets expressing inactive ADAM17. Critically, desialylation in the absence of MP-mediated receptor shedding is sufficient to cause the rapid clearance of platelets from circulation. Desialylation of platelet VWFR therefore triggers platelet clearance and primes GPIbα and GPV for MP-dependent cleavage.