gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The common information of two dependent random variables (1975)

The problem of finding a meaningful measure of the "common information" or "common randomness' of two discrete dependent random variables <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X,Y</tex> is studied. The quantity <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C(X; Y)</tex> is defined as the minimum possible value of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I(X, Y; W)</tex> where the minimum is taken over all distributions defining an auxiliary random variable <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W \in \mathcal{W}</tex> , a finite set, such that <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X, Y</tex> are conditionally independent given <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W</tex> . The main result of the paper is contained in two theorems which show that <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C(X; Y)</tex> is i) the minimum <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R_0</tex> such that a sequence of independent copies of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(X,Y)</tex> can be efficiently encoded into three binary streams <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W_0, W_1,W_2</tex> with rates <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R_0,R_1,R_2</tex> , respectively, <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[\sum R_i = H(X, Y)]</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X</tex> recovered from <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(W_0, W_1)</tex> , and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Y</tex> recovered from <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(W_0, W_2)</tex> , i.e., <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W_0</tex> is the common stream; ii) the minimum binary rate <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</tex> of the common input to independent processors that generate an approximation to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X,Y</tex> .
Evidence for a Computational Distinction Between Proximal and Distal Neuronal Inhibition (1992)

Most neurons have inhibitory synapses both "proximally" near the spike-initiating zone and "distally" on dendrites. Although distal inhibition is thought to be an adaptation for selective inhibition of particular dendritic branches, another important distinction exists between proximal and distal inhibition. Proximal inhibition can attenuate excitatory input absolutely so that no amount of excitation causes firing. Distal inhibition, however, inhibits relatively; any amount of it can be overcome by sufficient excitation. These properties are used as predicted in the circuit-mediating crayfish escape behavior. Many neuronal computations require relative inhibition. This could partly account for the ubiquity of distal inhibition.
Paracrine Cytokine Adjuvants in Cancer Immunotherapy (1995)

Advances in our understanding of the molecular events of antigen recognition by T cells and T cell activation are opening up new approaches to cancer immunotherapy. The identification and cloning of cytokines provide one important set of tools for manipulating immunologic responses. For cancer therapy, cytokines such as interleukin-2 have been administered systemically. However, systemic administration of cytokines ignores the paracrine nature of their action. Recently, an alternative approach has been explored that produces high concentrations of cytokines local to the tumor cells. This is achieved either by transduction of the tumor cells with the cytokine gene or by mixture of the tumor cells with cytokine containing biodegradable polymer microspheres. Under these circumstances, the locally released cytokine produces a strong local inflammatory response specific to the particular cytokine. In some cases, a potent tumor-specific T cell response results, capable of mediating regression of systemic tumor deposits. This paracrine delivery of cytokines can therefore be considered as a new type of adjuvant in the design of vaccines for cancer as well as microbial infections.
A Conceptual Design Study of a Hovering System Controller for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle. (1987)

Hovering, Stationkeeping, Underwater Vehicles, Control Systems, Configurations, Control, Horsepower, Oceans, Position (Location), Redundancy, Scenarios, Theses, Thrusters, Transitions Hovering, Stationkeeping, Underwater Vehicles, Control Systems, Configurations, Control, Horsepower, Oceans, Position (Location), Redundancy, Scenarios, Theses, Thrusters, Transitions
电影中的性——《呼喊与细语》观后 (1989)

各种明显的外部力量,主要是来自电视及不费观众分文地播放旧影片,把电影逼上了更加直接和大胆的高度(或深度);与此同时,最高法院在支持、执行、援引反复无常和苛刻的“地方标准”。这种辛辣的情况是十分有趣的,特别是美国电影制片人协
Precise determination of extended dislocation boundary plane in transmission electron microscopy (2005)

AbstractAbstractThe crystallographic plane of extended planar dislocation boundaries can be determined from the boundary trace and electron diffraction when the boundaries are exactly parallel to the beam direction (edge on). It is proposed to combine observations of sample tilt induced change in both projected boundary thickness and boundary spacing for identification of the edge on condition and the boundary crystallographic plane. The boundary crystallographic and macroscopic planes have been determined for two selected grains with similar grain orientations in tensile deformed aluminium. The determined boundary crystallographic planes are similar for the two grains, and in both cases the boundaries are more closely aligned with the active slip plane than with the macroscopically most stressed plane. These results suggest that the boundary crystallographic plane is more important than the macroscopic plane and that grain orientation has a strong effect on the occurrence of the preferred boundary crystallographic plane.Keywords: TEMPLANAR DISLOCATION BOUNDARYBOUNDARY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PLANEBOUNDARY MACROSCOPIC PLANEBOUNDARY SPACINGGRAIN ORIENTATION EFFECT
The effect of peptide surface density on mineralization of a matrix deposited by osteogenic cells (2000)

The density of Arg-Gly-Asp-containing peptides covalently grafted to solid materials has been shown to affect adhesion, spreading, and focal contact formation. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of ligand density on mineralization of the extracellular matrix deposited by osteoblasts. In particular, RGD-modified quartz surfaces with ligand densities varying over two orders (0.01–3.6 pmol/cm2) of magnitude were prepared to assess the long-term function of osteoblasts on peptide-derivatized surfaces. After 3 weeks in culture, surfaces modified with a 15 amino acid peptide (Ac-Cys-Gly-Gly-Asn-Gly-Glu-Pro-Arg-Gly-Asp-Thr-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Tyr-NH2) at a density ≥0.62 pmol/cm2 significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced mineralization compared with a RGD surface density of 0.01 pmol/cm2, RGE surfaces, or clean surfaces adsorbed with serum proteins. These results suggest that regulation of the surface density of adhesive ligands on biomaterial surfaces is a critical determinant in a strategy to alter the degree of extracellular matrix maturation in contact with solid surfaces (e.g., implants). Further studies are required to elucidate the intracellular signal transduction pathways that mediate long-term matrix mineralization through the initial engagement of these adhesive ligands. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 52, 595–600, 2000.
The Fluid Dynamics of Taylor Cones (2006)

The formation of cone-jets in charged liquids with electrical conductivities larger than 10 −4 S/m is reviewed for steady supported menisci and transient Coulomb fissions in charged drops. Taylor's hydrostatic model does not apply strictly, but it forms the basis for subsequent developments. The jet structure is critically dependent on the model used for charge transport, which has been based mostly on a constant conductivity assumption. Saville's (1997) more general model predicts the formation of rarefaction fronts with wide space charge–dominated regions near the liquid surface, which apparently do arise in polar liquids near the minimum flow rate. Known approximate scaling laws for the jet break down at electrical conductivities of about 1 S/m due to ion evaporation from the meniscus. In molten salts and liquid metals a regime of purely ionic emissions exists without drop or jet formation.
Highly efficient gene transfer into cord blood nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency repopulating cells by oncoretroviral vector particles pseudotyped with the feline endogenous retrovirus (RD114) envelope protein (2000)

Limited expression of the amphotropic envelope receptor is a recognized barrier to efficient oncoretroviral vector-mediated gene transfer. Human hematopoietic cell lines and cord blood-derived CD34(+) and CD34(+), CD38(-) cell populations and the progenitors contained therein were transduced far more efficiently with oncoretroviral particles pseudotyped with the envelope protein of feline endogenous virus (RD114) than with conventional amphotropic vector particles. Similarly, human repopulating cells from umbilical cord blood capable of establishing hematopoiesis in immunodeficient mice were efficiently transduced with RD114-pseudotyped particles, whereas amphotropic particles were ineffective at introducing the proviral genome. After only a single exposure of CD34(+) cord blood cells to RD114-pseudotyped particles, all engrafted nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice (15 of 15) contained genetically modified human bone marrow cells. Human cells that were positive for enhanced green fluorescent protein represented as much as 90% of the graft. The use of RD114-pseudotyped vectors may be advantageous for therapeutic gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells. (Blood. 2000;96:1206-1214)
Immunomodulatory Effects of Interferon-?? in Patients with Metastatic Malignant Melanoma (1993)

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a potent monocyte/macrophage activating agent that in animal models exhibits a bell-shaped dose-response curve of immunomodulatory activity and antitumor efficacy. Previous clinical trials of IFN-gamma conducted at the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) have been associated with low response rates that may have been due to failure to treat at an optimal immunomodulatory dose (OID). The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that optimal immunomodulatory activity of IFN-gamma in patients with metastatic melanoma would be obtained at a dose below the MTD. Groups of five patients each were given daily subcutaneous injections of IFN-gamma at doses of 0.01, 0.1, or 0.25 mg/m2. In vivo immunomodulation was assessed by serial measurement of serum neopterin and by flow cytometry. IFN-gamma doses of 0.1 or 0.25 mg/m2 induced significantly greater immunomodulation of monocyte-associated immune parameters than 0.01 mg/m2. Changes in immunologic parameters included marked elevation of serum neopterin levels, significant increases in monocyte expression of CD64, beta 2-microglobulin, and HLA-ABC, and decreased monocyte expression of CD14. The most dramatic decreases in CD14 expression were observed on monocytes obtained from patients treated at 0.25 mg/m2. The 0.25-mg/m2 dose group had significantly lower white blood cell counts on day 14. No bell-shaped curve of immunologic response was observed over the dosage range tested. Based on the similarity of the immunologic effects at 0.1 and 0.25 mg/m2, treatment at the MTD of IFN-gamma (0.25 mg/m2) represents treatment at the OID for patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
Arc/Arg3.1 governs inflammatory dendritic cell migration from the skin and thereby controls T cell activation (2016)

Skin-migratory dendritic cells (migDCs) are pivotal antigen-presenting cells that continuously transport antigens to draining lymph nodes and regulate immune responses. However, identification of migDCs is complicated by the lack of distinguishing markers, and it remains unclear which molecules determine their migratory capacity during inflammation. We show that, in the skin, the neuronal plasticity molecule activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein/activity-regulated gene 3.1 (Arc/Arg3.1) was strictly confined to migDCs. Mechanistically, Arc/Arg3.1 was required for accelerated DC migration during inflammation because it regulated actin dynamics through nonmuscle myosin II. Accordingly, Arc/Arg3.1-dependent DC migration was critical for mounting T cell responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Thus, Arc/Arg3.1 was restricted to migDCs in the skin and drove fast DC migration by exclusively coordinating cytoskeletal changes in response to inflammatory challenges. These findings commend Arc/Arg3.1 as a universal switch in migDCs that may be exploited to selectively modify immune responses.
Allosteric inhibition of human lymphoblast and purified porphobilinogen deaminase by protoporphyrinogen and coproporphyrinogen. A possible mechanism for the acute attack of variegate porphyria. (1993)

Variegate porphyria (VP) is characterized by photocutaneous lesions and acute neuropsychiatric attacks. Decreased protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity results in accumulation of protoporphyrin (ogen) IX and coproporphyrin (ogen) III. During acute attacks delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen also increase, suggesting that porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D) may be rate limiting. We have examined the effects of porphyrinogens accumulating in VP on PBG-D activity in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblast sonicates from 12 VP and 12 control subjects. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity was decreased and protoporphyrin increased in VP lymphoblasts. PBG-D in control lymphoblasts obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Vmax 28.7 +/- 1.8 pmol/mg per h, Hill coefficient 0.83 +/- 0.07). VP sonicates yielded sigmoidal substrate-velocity curves that did not obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Vmax was decreased (21.2 +/- 2.0 pmol/mg per h) and the Hill coefficient was 1.78 +/- 0.17. Addition of protoporphyrinogen IX and coproporphyrinogen III to control sonicates yielded sigmoidal PBG-D substrate-velocity curves and decreased PBG-D Vmax. Addition of porphyrins or uroporphyrinogen III did not affect PBG-D activity. Removal of endogenous porphyrin (ogens) from VP sonicates restored normal PBG-D kinetics. Purified human erythrocyte PBG-D obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Vmax 249 +/- 36 nmol/mg per h, Km 8.9 +/- 1.5 microM, Hill coefficient 0.93 +/- 0.14). Addition of protoporphyrinogen yielded a sigmoidal curve with decreased Vmax. The Hill coefficient approached 4. These findings provide a rational explanation for the increased delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen during acute attacks of VP.
Silver Nanoparticles Capped by Long-Chain Unsaturated Carboxylates (1999)

We study the preparation and capping of silver nanoparticles by several unsaturated long-chain carboxylates. UV−visible and FTIR spectroscopy and high-resolution electron microscopy are used to characterize the effect of the chain length, its configuration, and the degree of unsaturation on the size distribution of the nanoparticles. Langmuir layers and Langmuir−Blodgett films are used to study the adsorption of these carboxylates on the particles. We find that unsaturated carboxylates in the cis configuration are useful stabilizers for the control of particle size and its surface properties.
Effects of Acid Treatment of Pt−Ni Alloy Nanoparticles@Graphene on the Kinetics of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acidic and Alkaline Solutions (2010)

Acidic dissolution of transition metals from Pt based alloy catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an unavoidable process during fuel cell operation. In this work we studied the effect of acid treatment of graphene-supported Pt1Nix(x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2) alloys on the kinetics of the ORR in both alkaline and acidic solutions together with the generation of OH radicals in alkaline solutions. The alloy nanoparticles were synthesized through coimpregnation and chemical reduction. The electronic and structural features of the alloy were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The ORR performances were studied using cyclic voltammetry and rotating ring disk electrode techniques in 0.05 M H2SO4 and 0.1 M NaOH, respectively. The alloy catalysts were more active than pure Pt toward ORR, and after acid treatment the ORR activity of Pt−Ni alloy was enhanced in both acidic and alkaline media. The maximum activity of the Pt-based catalysts was found with ca. 50 atom % Ni content in the alloys (Pt1Ni1@graphene). OH radicals were generated through dissociation of hydroperoxide at the catalysts’ surface and detected by fluorescence technique using terephthalic acid as capture reagent, which readily reacts with OH radical to produce highly fluorescent product, 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid. More OH radicals were found to be generated at Pt1Ni1@graphene catalyst. This work may be valuable in the design of electrocatalysts with higher ORR activity but lower efficiency of OH radical generation.
Gamma-radiation induces upregulation of Bax protein and apoptosis in radiosensitive cells in vivo. (1996)

Lymphoid cells and small intestinal epithelial (SIE) cells are among the most radiosensitive in the body. The factors that account for the differential sensitivity to gamma-radiation among different tissue-types remain poorly understood, but can only partly be explained by differences in rates of cell proliferation. Here we demonstrate that exposure of mice to 800 cGy of gamma-radiation results in rapid elevations in the levels of the Bax protein, a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family, in lymphoid cells and SIEs. gamma-Radiation-induced increase in Bax protein were evident within 2 h and persisted for at least 24 h, as determined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical assays. Increases in Bax were followed by massive apoptosis in lymphoid organs and in the small intestinal crypts, as determined by morphological criteria and in situ end-labeling of fragmented nuclear DNA by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL method). Radiation did not induce elevations in Bax or apoptosis in radioresistant tissues such as heart, skeletal muscle, brain, kidney, liver, lung, vascular smooth muscle and connective tissue. The findings suggest that Bax may be one of the mediators of radiation-induced apoptosis in vivo.
The interaction of plasma fibronectin with fibroblastic cells in suspension. (1985)

We have examined the interaction of soluble plasma [3H]fibronectin with fibroblastic cells in suspension. Fibronectin labeled by reductive methylation binds to baby hamster kidney cells in serum-free medium in a time-dependent manner at 4, 22, and 37 degrees C, with half-maximal binding occurring in 12-15 min at 22 degrees C. The binding is saturable and reversible. At least 90% of the cell-associated fibronectin is external to the plasma membrane, as judged by trypsin susceptibility of the bound radioactivity. Scatchard analysis of the concentration dependence of binding indicates the presence of a single class of binding sites, even at low input concentrations of fibronectin. There are approximately 5 +/- 1 X 10(5) sites/cell with an apparent dissociation constant of 8.0 +/- 0.5 X 10(-7) M; thus, the binding of soluble fibronectin to these cells is of moderate affinity. This putative fibroblast fibronectin receptor is resistant to trypsin in the presence of physiological concentrations of divalent cations but is susceptible to trypsin in the presence of 5 mM EDTA. Binding of 0.1 mg/ml [3H]fibronectin is 60-80% inhibited by 8 mg/ml unlabeled fibronectin and 95% inhibited by 1 mg/ml purified 75-kDa fibronectin cell-binding domain, but is unaffected by 1 mg/ml 44-kDa collagen-binding domain or 5 mg/ml ovalbumin. The binding parameters determined in this study further define the fibroblast cell-surface fibronectin receptor.
Expression of an mdr gene is associated with a new form of resistance to dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. (1993)

A variant, MS23, of murine thymoma W7 cells, previously selected for its resistance to low concentrations of dexamethasone, is cross-resistant to unrelated drugs such as puromycin and colchicine. We report here that transcription of the mouse mdr1 gene is activated and P-glycoprotein is expressed in MS23 cells. Moreover, additional variants with increased resistance to dexamethasone and other drugs can be isolated from MS23 by stepwise selections in dexamethasone and colchicine. In one such variant (S7CD-5), the mdr1 gene is amplified and the mdr protein overexpressed. These variants have classical mdr characteristics: they accumulate reduced concentrations of drugs (including dexamethasone), and both drug sensitivity and intracellular accumulation can be restored by verapamil. The variants are most resistant to glucocorticoids with both 11- and 17-hydroxyl groups. The results indicate that we have identified a new form of glucocorticoid resistance, one associated with expression of the mouse mdr1 P-glycoprotein.
Accurate diffraction efficiency control for multiplexed volume holographic gratings (2002)

We report the method of accurate diffraction efficiency control for multiplexed volume holographic gratings in dry photopolymer films (DuPont HRF-600). Based on the experimental evaluations of the grating formation characteristics in dry photopolymer films, we present the way to develop the practical recording schedules for the fabrication of holographic gratings under accurate diffraction efficiency control. Using this method, we obtained single holographic gratings with the desired diffraction efficiency (variation 2.5%) and high-efficiency equal-strength (47%/ 47%) double holographic gratings. As a practical application, we demonstrated the centralized optical backplane architecture with uniform fanouts using the single and equal-strength double holographic gratings we recorded.
The Pathobiology of Eosinophilic Inflammation (1997)

Eosinophils are bone-marrow-derived granulocytes that are involved in both allergic and nonallergic inflammation. They possess a diverse repertoire of functional responses and effector capabilities, including the release of preformed cytotoxic granule proteins, superoxide production, leukotriene biosynthesis, and cytokine production. Each of these functional capabilities is linked to the production of tissue damage and physiologic derangements that are characteristic of human diseases associated with eosinophil-dominated inflammation, such as asthma. This review concerns the biology of eosinophils as it pertains to the pathogenesis of allergic disease.