gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Embryonic stem cells express growth hormone receptors: regulation by retinoic acid (1993)

Embryonic and fetal growth are generally considered to be independent of pituitary GH. However, it has been demonstrated recently that 18-day-old rat embryos and rat fetuses express GH receptors, suggesting that GH could play a role in early development. The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether preimplantation embryos also express GH receptors. Germ line competent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and cultured mouse preimplantation embryos were examined with Northern blot analysis, RNAse-protection solution-hybridization assays, reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction assays and immunohistochemistry for the detection of GH receptors. Northern blot analysis of ES cells using a probe corresponding to the extracellular domain of the GH receptor demonstrated the presence of two transcripts (1.2 and 4.5 kilobases). The RNAse-protection solution-hybridization assay revealed that ES cells express approximately one sixth of the GH-receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) levels expressed in liver from pregnant mice. Treatment of cultured ES cells with retinoic acid (100 nM) for 6 days increased GH-receptor mRNA levels (P < 0.01). GH-receptor mRNA was further identified in ES cells, preimplantation embryos, muscle, liver, and placenta by a reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction assay. In humans it has previously been shown that exon 3 of the GH-receptor is deleted in the placenta. However, none of the studied mouse tissues had a deletion of the GH-receptor mRNA corresponding to exon 3 of the human GH receptor. GH-receptor immunoreactivity was identified on the cultured ES-cells by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, we have in the present study shown that germline competent ES cells and preimplantation mouse embryos express the GH receptor transcript and that this transcription is increased by retinoic acid in ES cells. Furthermore, the presence of GH-receptor immunoreactivity on the ES cells indicates that the GH-receptor transcript is translated.
Toll-like Receptor 9 Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Constrains Its Agonist-Based Immunotherapy (2009)

Although toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, such as CpG, are used as immunotherapeutic agents in clinical trials for cancer and infectious diseases, their effects are limited and the underlying mechanism(s) that restrains CpG efficacy remains obscure. Here, we show that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) plays a key role in down-modulating immunostimulatory effects of CpG. In the absence of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 induction, CpG directly activates Stat3 within minutes through TLR9. Ablating Stat3 in hematopoietic cells results in rapid activation of innate immunity by CpG, with enhanced production of IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-12, and activation of macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells marked with Stat1 activation. Innate immune responses induced by CpG in mice with a Stat3-ablated hematopoietic system cause potent antitumor effects, leading to eradication of large (>1 cm) B16 melanoma tumors within 72 h. Moreover, ablating Stat3 in myeloid cells increases CpG-induced dendritic cell maturation, T-cell activation, generation of tumor antigen-specific T cells, and long-lasting antitumor immunity. A critical role of Stat3 in mediating immunosuppression by certain cytokines and growth factors in the tumor microenvironment has been recently documented. By demonstrating direct and rapid activation of Stat3 by TLR agonists, we identify a second level of Stat3-mediated immunosuppression. Our results further suggest that targeting Stat3 can drastically improve CpG-based immunotherapeutic approaches.
Total Health Care‐Our Responsibility* (1975)

The optometrist is often the first or only health care practitioner seen by many patients. Procedures that will better enable the optomerist to recognise those patients who may benefit by referral are detailed. Various ocular and systemic conditions are reviewed and the appropriate consultant suggested. The non‐clinical aspects of this proposed type of practice are discussed.
Acidity of Silica-Alumina Catalysts By Amine Titration Using Hammett Indicators and FT-IR Study of Pyridine Adsorption (1999)

In this study, characterization and surface acidity of Siral (SiO2-Al2O3) compounds were investigated with Hammett acidity functions, the n-butylamine titration method and FTIR analysis of the spectra of pyridine adsorption. All the samples had an acid strength of H0\\leq+2.8. The calculated total amount of acid of the samples increased with the increase in SiO2 content up to Siral 40 and then decreased sharply in the case of Siral 80. Maximum amount of acidity was observed in the case of Siral 40 as 1.37mmole/g. No evidence was found for a band at 1540 cm-1 on Pural indicating that there were no Bronsted sites on the surface strong enough to react with pyridine. As a result, we can say that the Lewis sites predominate in all the silica-aluminas.
Inhibition by adenosine analogs of opiate withdrawal effects. (1984)

The stable derivatives of adenosine, 2-chloroadenosine and N6-cyclohexyladenosine, with high affinity for the A1 (Ri) adenosine receptor, suppress the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal contracture of the opiate-dependent guinea-pig ileum in vitro. These adenosine derivatives also inhibit naloxone-precipitated jumping, diarrhea and weight-loss in morphine-dependent mice. This effect was not due to sedation, since (i) 2-chloroadenosine was effective at a non-sedative dose and (ii) sedative doses of chlordiazepoxide were ineffective.
Basement Membrane-Based Glucose Sensor Coatings Enhance Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Vivo (2015)

Basement-membrane-based sensor coatings enhance glucose sensor function in vivo, by minimizing or preventing sensor-induced tissues reactions.
An interfacial energy mechanism for the complete inhibition of crystal growth by inhibitor adsorption (2005)

We present a unified model for complete crystal-growth inhibition based on the thermodynamics of interfaces. The premise for our model is that the adsorption of inhibitor leads to a reduction in interfacial tension or edge energy for the crystal surface or step, respectively. In our formulation, the work to add a layer or grow a step increases due to the difference in interfacial tensions or edge energies for surfaces with and without an adsorbed inhibitor. For a large enough difference in interfacial tensions or edge energies, complete inhibition of growth is realized when the total work does not decrease as more crystals are formed. We demonstrate that our model can provide a theoretical description of critical subcooling data for ice with antifreeze proteins and glycoproteins, critical subcooling data for hydrates and ionic crystals, and critical supersaturation data for various crystal systems.
Continuous Delivery of Endogenous Inhibitors from Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Polymeric Microspheres Inhibits Glioma Tumor Growth (2005)

Our findings show that polymeric microspheres are a very promising approach to locally and efficiently deliver endogenous inhibitors to the tumor site leading to a significant inhibition of the tumor.
Identification of epitopes on respiratory syncytial virus proteins by competitive binding immunoassay (1986)

To characterize the interrelationship of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and their respective epitopes, we developed a competitive binding assay based on the biotin-avidin system and a tissue culture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The competitive binding assay clearly distinguished between competing and noncompeting MAbs. Eight MAbs against the fusion protein (F protein) demonstrated two blocking patterns consistent with two antigenic sites. MAbs reacting at one site neutralized the virus, while those reacting at the other site did not. Eight MAbs against the large glycoprotein (G protein) demonstrated five blocking patterns consistent with three antigenic sites, one with three epitopes and the other two with one each. None of the MAbs against G protein neutralized the virus. The reaction pattern of the MAbs against three strains of RSV identified three additional epitopes on the F protein and no additional epitopes on the G protein. The epitopes on G protein showed the greatest antigenic diversity among the three strains. These results help us better understand the functional and antigenic structure of the two surface glycoproteins of RSV.
Protein modelling using a chimera reference protein derived from exons (1993)

Bovine pancreatic beta-trypsin (PDB ID-code: 1TPO) which is registered in the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank (PDB) consists of four exons. The results of homology searches for each exon in the PDB showed that homologous proteins were tonin (PDB ID-code: 1TON), rat mast cell protease (PDB ID-code: 3RP2__A), kallikrein A (PDB ID-code: 2PKA__B) and kallikrein A (2PKA__B) respectively. Thus, for the three-dimensional structure prediction of 1TPO, a chimera protein was constructed from the three proteins mentioned above and the 3-D structure prediction was performed using this chimera reference protein. The modelled structure of 1TPO was energetically optimized by molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulation and was compared with its X-ray crystal structure registered in the PDB. The root mean square deviations (r.m.s.d.) of main chain atoms and the neighbouring active site (5 A sphere from His57, Asp102 and Ser195) between the modelled structure and the X-ray structure were 1.66 and 0.94 A respectively. Porcine pancreatic elastase (PDB ID-code: 3EST) which is registered in the PDB was used as the reference protein and the modelled structure from 3EST was also compared with the X-ray data. The r.m.s.d. of main chain atoms and that of the active site were 2.14 and 1.18 A respectively. These results clearly support the propriety of this method using the chimera reference protein.
Fundamentals of LTE (2010)

A facile synthesis of bronchodilatory pyrrolo[2,1-b]quinazoline alkaloids by azidoreductive cyclization strategy employing TMSCl-NaI and bakers' yeast is described. Both the chemical and enzymatic methods are mild and take place at room temperature in good yields. Further, synthesis and resolution of vasicinone has been carried out by employing different lipases. It has been observed that lipase PS provides acetate of (S)-vasicinone in 98% ee.
Finding and evaluating community structure in networks (2004)

We propose and study a set of algorithms for discovering community structure in networks-natural divisions of network nodes into densely connected subgroups. Our algorithms all share two definitive features: first, they involve iterative removal of edges from the network to split it into communities, the edges removed being identified using any one of a number of possible "betweenness" measures, and second, these measures are, crucially, recalculated after each removal. We also propose a measure for the strength of the community structure found by our algorithms, which gives us an objective metric for choosing the number of communities into which a network should be divided. We demonstrate that our algorithms are highly effective at discovering community structure in both computer-generated and real-world network data, and show how they can be used to shed light on the sometimes dauntingly complex structure of networked systems.
Mucin gene expression in human male urogenital tract epithelia (2006)

Each region of urogenital tract epithelium expressed a unique mucin gene repertoire. Secretory mucins are present in seminal fluid, and androgens do not appear to regulate mucin gene expression in prostatic epithelial cells in culture.
RETRACTED: A multiplicity of anti‐invasive effects of farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH66336 in human head and neck cancer (2011)

Metastasis is a critical event in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and closely correlates with clinical outcome. We previously showed that the farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH66336 has antitumor activities in HNSCC by inducing the secretion of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), which in turn inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis. In our study, we found that SCH66336 at a sublethal dose for HNSCC inhibited the migration and invasion of HNSCC cells. The inhibitory effect of SCH66336 was associated with the blockade of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) pathway via suppressing IGF-1R itself and Akt expression. Consistent with previous work, induction of IGFBP-3 by SCH66336 also contributed in part to the anti-invasive effect. SCH66336 treatment also reduced the expression and activity of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), both important regulators of tumor metastasis. The effect of SCH66336 on uPA activity was inhibited partly by knockdown of IGFBP-3 using small interfering RNA. The inhibitory effect of SCH66336 on migration or invasion was attenuated partly or completely by knockdown of IGFBP-3, Akt or IGF-1R expression, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the IGF-1R pathway plays a major role in the proliferation, migration and invasion of HNSCC cells, suggesting that therapeutic obstruction of the IGF-1R pathway would be a useful approach to treating patients with HNSCC.
KRDS, a new peptide derived from human lactotransferrin, inhibits platelet aggregation and release reaction (1990)

KRDS (Lys-Arg-Asp-Ser), a tetrapeptide from human lactotransferrin, was tested in vitro on human platelet function, and its effects were compared to those of RGDS, a tetrapeptide from human fibrinogen. Both peptides had a high probability of initiating a beta-turn and were highly hydrophilic. KRDS inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation [median inhibitory concentration (IC50) 350 microM] and fibrinogen binding (IC50 360 microM) to a lesser extent than RGDS (IC50 75 microM and 20 microM, respectively). Different from RGDS, thrombin-induced serotonin release was inhibited by KRDS (750 microM) on normal platelets (55 +/- 10%) and type I Glanzmann's thrombasthenia platelets (43% +/- 1). However, KRDS had no effect on cytoplasmic Ca2+ mobilization, inositol phospholipid metabolism or protein phosphorylation (myosin light chain P20 and P43). In contrast to RGDS, KRDS does not inhibit the binding of monoclonal antibody PAC-1 to activated platelets. KRDS and RGDS inhibited 4 beta-phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced aggregation and fibrinogen binding, while proteins were normally phosphorylated. Thus, the tetrapeptide KRDS is (a) an inhibitor of serotonin release by a mechanism independent of protein phosphorylation and (b) an inhibitor of fibrinogen binding and, hence, aggregation by a mechanism that may not necessarily involve its direct binding to the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa-complex.
Resource requirements for fault-tolerant quantum simulation: The ground state of the transverse Ising model (2009)

We estimate the resource requirements, the total number of physical qubits and computational time, required to compute the ground-state energy of a one-dimensional quantum transverse Ising model (TIM) of $N$ spin-1/2 particles, as a function of the system size and the numerical precision. This estimate is based on analyzing the impact of fault-tolerant quantum error correction in the context of the quantum logic array architecture. Our results show that a significant amount of error correction is required to implement the TIM problem due to the exponential scaling of the computational time with the desired precision of the energy. Comparison of our results to the resource requirements for a fault-tolerant implementation of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm reveals that the required logical qubit reliability is similar for both the TIM problem and the factoring problem.
Mesoscopic model for diffusion-influenced reaction dynamics (2004)

A hybrid mesoscopic multiparticle collision model is used to study diffusion-influenced reaction kinetics. The mesoscopic particle dynamics conserves mass, momentum, and energy so that hydrodynamic effects are fully taken into account. Reactive and nonreactive interactions with catalytic solute particles are described by full molecular dynamics. Results are presented for large-scale, three-dimensional simulations to study the influence of diffusion on the rate constants of the A + C <==> B + C reaction. In the limit of a dilute solution of catalytic C particles, the simulation results are compared with diffusion equation approaches for both the irreversible and reversible reaction cases. Simulation results for systems where the volume fraction phi of catalytic spheres is high are also presented, and collective interactions among reactions on catalytic spheres that introduce volume fraction dependence in the rate constants are studied.
Generation of monoclonal antibodies against human spermatozoa and seminal plasma constituents. (1982)

Five mouse myeloma X splenocyte hybridoma cell lines synthesizing monoclonal antibody against human sperm were generated. Antibodies from three clones (VII 5, A-24 and B-20) exhibited high reactivity with sperm, as well as with seminal plasma in enzyme-lined immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) tests, and two clones (VI 1 and VI 16) showed high reactivity only with sperm. Seminal plasma competitively inhibited binding of the monoclonal antibodies (VII 4, A-24 and B-20) to sperm in ELISA. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the three monoclonal antibody types (VII 5, A-24 and B-20) stained only 5-30% of the sperm strongly, and the rest weakly. Monoclonal antibody types VI 1 and VI 16 showed weak staining of nearly all sperm. None of these monoclonal antibodies possessed sperm-agglutinating or sperm-immobilizing activity. As determined by ELISA the class and subclass specificity of the monoclonal antibodies was: A-24, IgG1 (kappa); B-20, IgG1 (kappa); VI 1, IgG3 (kappa); VI 16, IgG1 (kappa); and VII 5, IgG1 (kappa).
Synthesis and degradation of poly (alkyl α‐cyanoacrylates) (1966)

Abstract In order to study structure‐tissue reactivity relationships and ultimately develop a less necrotizing adhesive, this laboratory undertook a study of the synthesis and degradation of the homologous series of α‐cyanoacrylate monomers and polymers. A method for synthesizing high purity cyanoacrylates and some of their chemical and physical properties and presented. In vitro kinetics studies under heterotgeneous and homogeneous conditions indicate that cyanoacrylate polymers degrade by hydrolytic scission of the polymer chain. The products resulting from such a scission are formaldehyde (positively identified by derivative formation) and ultimately and alkyl cyanoacetate. As the homologous series is ascended, the rate of degradation under neutral conditions decreases. In homogeneous solutions, under alkaline conditions, the ràte of degradation is considerably higher than under neutral conditions and the rates obtained with the methyl to the butyl derivative are of the same order. Aproposed mechanism of degradation is presented. Medical evaluation has indicated that as the homologous series is ascended, the greater the tissue tolerance to the monomers and polymers. The relevance of the results of the in vitro studies to this medical finding is presented.
Broad-spectrum, wavelength-swept, erbium-doped fiber laser at 155 μm (1990)

We describe an argon-ion-laser-pumped erbium-doped fiber laser at 1.55 microm that incorporates low-rate frequency modulation of an intracavity acousto-optic modulator to provide repeated, continuous tuning of the output spectrum. The spectral width of this wavelength-swept fiber laser is as large as 20 nm with 9 mW of output power, even though erbium in silica has a mostly homogeneously broadened gain. The time-averaged visibility curve for a 14-nm-wide source indicates a short (160-microm) coherence length, which is of interest for fiber-optic gyroscopes that operate with long integration times and short-coherence-length sources.
Convenient one-pot synthesis and biological evaluation of phosphoramidates and phosphonates containing heterocycles (2018)

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTConvenient one-pot synthesis and biological evaluation of phosphoramidates and phosphonates containing heterocyclesAll authorsSK. Nayab Rasool, Ch. Subramanyam, D. B. Janakiramudu, P. Supraja, R. Usha & C. Naga Rajuhttps://doi.org/10.1080/10426507.2018.1452229Published online:18 April 2018
Computational multispectral video imaging [Invited] (2017)

Multispectral imagers reveal information unperceivable to humans and conventional cameras. Here, we demonstrate a compact single-shot multispectral video-imaging camera by placing a micro-structured diffractive filter in close proximity to the image sensor. The diffractive filter converts spectral information to a spatial code on the sensor pixels. Following a calibration step, this code can be inverted via regularization-based linear algebra to compute the multispectral image. We experimentally demonstrated spectral resolution of 9.6 nm within the visible band (430-718 nm). We further show that the spatial resolution is enhanced by over 30% compared with the case without the diffractive filter. We also demonstrate Vis-IR imaging with the same sensor. Because no absorptive color filters are utilized, sensitivity is preserved as well. Finally, the diffractive filters can be easily manufactured using optical lithography and replication techniques.
A unified algorithm for elementary functions (1971)

This paper describes a single unified algorithm for the calculation of elementary functions including multiplication, division, sin, cos, tan, arctan, sinh, cosh, tanh, arctanh, In, exp and square-root. The basis for the algorithm is coordinate rotation in a linear, circular, or hyperbolic coordinate system depending on which function is to be calculated. The only operations required are shifting, adding, subtracting and the recall of prestored constants. The limited domain of convergence of the algorithm is calculated, leading to a discussion of the modifications required to extend the domain for floating point calculations.
Trastuzumab: Updated Mechanisms of Action and Resistance in Breast Cancer (2012)

HER2-positive breast cancer accounts for 20-30% of all breast cancers and has the second-poorest prognosis among breast cancer subtypes. The approval of trastuzumab in 1998 has significantly improved patients' outcomes and paved the way for the beginning of advent of targeted approaches in breast cancer treatment. However, primary or acquired resistance to trastuzumab has been increasingly recognized as a major obstacle in the clinical management of this disease. In addition, in clinical practice, there are currently no conclusive biomarkers for patient response to trastuzumab. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of trastuzumab and the development of resistance to this drug are of interest. Such understanding will provide the guidance critically needed for the design of better combination therapy and will allow the appropriate selection of patients who are responsive to trastuzumab-based strategies. In line with that, our review highlights the well-accepted mechanisms of action and resistance to the therapy and discusses the progress that has been made toward successfully overcoming this resistance.