gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms (2016)

A revision of the nearly 8-year-old World Health Organization classification of the lymphoid neoplasms and the accompanying monograph is being published. It reflects a consensus among hematopathologists, geneticists, and clinicians regarding both updates to current entities as well as the addition of a limited number of new provisional entities. The revision clarifies the diagnosis and management of lesions at the very early stages of lymphomagenesis, refines the diagnostic criteria for some entities, details the expanding genetic/molecular landscape of numerous lymphoid neoplasms and their clinical correlates, and refers to investigations leading to more targeted therapeutic strategies. The major changes are reviewed with an emphasis on the most important advances in our understanding that impact our diagnostic approach, clinical expectations, and therapeutic strategies for the lymphoid neoplasms.
New integrated coding schemes for computer-aided facsimile (2002)

Three coding schemes are presented that make it possible to integrate and transmit two documents on a telephone line. These schemes are designed for a computer-aided facsimile compatible with the CCITT G3 and G4 facsimile standards. Each run-length of white or black pels on a scanned line of a document is modified by one pel subject to a sequence of bits of the other document. It is possible that a document with about 3-22 kB can be embedded into the CCIT reference documents. The total amount of codes transmitted on the telephone line is about the same as that of the original facsimile document. The transmission rate may be improved by about 30% using this integration. In addition, schemes are available for protecting an embedded document from browsing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Ion Binding by Amino Acids. ‐ Preparation and Crystal Structures of Magnesium, Strontium, and Barium L‐Glutamate Hydrates. (1989)

Abstract Crystalline 1:1 title complexes are prepared from L‐glutamic acid and the metal hydroxide in water and isolated as the tetrahydrate in the case of (I) and as hexahydrates in the case of Sr and Ba which are isostructural.
A fluorescent glutathione analog for monitoring interactions of GST fusion proteins (2012)

Glutathione S‐Transferase (GST) has commonly been used as a carrier protein in the expression of fusion proteins due to its ease of purification. We are attempting to develop a generic system by which a single probe might be used to monitor many different GST fusion proteins rather than relying on specifically targeted probes which can add expense and time to studies. A probe targeted at GST may reduce the cost and time of screening multiple GST fusion proteins. A fluorescently labeled analog of glutathione was synthesized for monitoring the interaction of GST fusion proteins with target proteins. We will describe the synthesis of fluorescein labeled glutathione (GSH‐Fl) and the purification and characterization of the labeled GST substrate. Initial studies examining the binding of the GSH‐Fl to GST and GST fusions proteins using standard fluorescence and fluorescence anisotropy assays will be described, and its potential to measure protein interactions of GST fusion proteins with target proteins will be discussed.
Mechanisms of killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide (2003)

These results provide information on the mechanisms of the killing of bacterial spores by hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide.
Design basis of industrial acoustic separators (2013)

This study presents the process of obtaining a basic design for an industrial scale acoustic separator based on flow characteristics inside the separation chamber, on acoustic analysis within the chamber and calculated particle trajectories combining these two analyses. Adequate criteria for subsequent optimisation were evaluated. Results showed that positioning the piezoelectric transducer surfaces perpendicular to the flow direction and introducing chamber partitioning with multiple flow lanes to enforce laminar flow, resulted in high particle retention. The average particle displacement was found to be related to acoustic pressure in the fluid, showing large retention at peak pressures above 1 MPa or average pressures above 0.5 MPa for small (10 μm), near buoyant (1100 kg/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) particles at a flow speed of 3.5 cm/s, thus providing comprehensible criteria for subsequent optimisation.
In vivo genetic ablation by Cre-mediated expression of diphtheria toxin fragment A (2005)

We generated a ROSA26-eGFP-DTA mouse line by introducing an eGFP-DTA (enhanced green fluorescent protein -- diphtheria toxin fragment A) cassette into the ROSA26 locus by homologous recombination in ES cells. This mouse expresses eGFP ubiquitously, but DTA expression is prevented by the presence of eGFP, a Neo cassette, and a strong transcriptional stop sequence. Mice carrying this construct are normal and fertile, indicating the absence of DTA expression. However, upon Cre-mediated excision of the floxed region DTA expression is activated, resulting in the specific ablation of Cre-expressing cells. As an example of this approach, we ablated Nkx2.5 and Wnt1-expressing cells by using the Nkx2.5-Cre and Wnt1-Cre mouse lines, respectively. We observed loss of the precise tissues in which Nkx2.5 and Wnt1 are expressed. Apart from being a general GFP reporter, the ROSA26-GFP-DTA mouse line should provide a useful resource for genetic ablation of specific groups of cells.
Fast Detection of the Metallic State of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using a Transient-Absorption Optical Microscope (2010)

In spite of the outstanding properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), the coexistence of metallic and semiconducting SWNTs as a result of synthesis has hindered their electronic and photonic applications. We demonstrate a pump-probe microscopy method for fast, contact-free mapping of metallicity in individual SWNTs. We employ the phase of transient absorption as a contrast to discriminate metallic and semiconducting SWNTs. Furthermore, we have clarified the phase dependence on the pump or probe wavelengths and the energy structure of SWNTs. Our imaging method holds the potential of serving as a high-speed metallicity-mapping tool to assist the development of SWNT-based nanoelectronics.
Tuning the Optical Properties of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals by Anion Exchange Reactions (2015)

We demonstrate that, via controlled anion exchange reactions using a range of different halide precursors, we can finely tune the chemical composition and the optical properties of presynthesized colloidal cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs), from green emitting CsPbBr3 to bright emitters in any other region of the visible spectrum, and back, by displacement of Cl(-) or I(-) ions and reinsertion of Br(-) ions. This approach gives access to perovskite semiconductor NCs with both structural and optical qualities comparable to those of directly synthesized NCs. We also show that anion exchange is a dynamic process that takes place in solution between NCs. Therefore, by mixing solutions containing perovskite NCs emitting in different spectral ranges (due to different halide compositions) their mutual fast exchange dynamics leads to homogenization in their composition, resulting in NCs emitting in a narrow spectral region that is intermediate between those of the parent nanoparticles.
Alternative splicing of fosB transcripts results in differentially expressed mRNAs encoding functionally antagonistic proteins. (1991)

We show that serum-stimulated fibroblasts transiently express two different forms of fosB mRNA, which are generated by alternative splicing of the transcript from a single gene. In addition to the known long form (fosB-L), encoding a protein of 338 amino acids (FosB-L), a second shorter form (fosB-S) with a deletion of 140 bp was detected. This deletion creates a stop codon 3' to the leucine repeat, giving rise to a protein of 237 amino acids (FosB-S) lacking the carboxyl terminus of FosB-L. Only the long FosB form efficiently induces transformation in mouse and rat fibroblast cell lines and trans-represses the c-fos promoter. Both of these functions are suppressed by coexpressed FosB-S. Upon serum stimulation, maximum expression of the oncogenic fosB-L form precedes the expression of the antagonistic fosB-S form, indicating a new mechanisms regulating the action of members of the Fos family. However, FosB-L and FosB-S do not differ in all trans-regulatory properties: Trans-activation of a 5x TRE-CAT reporter construct in HeLa and NIH-3T3 cells was found with both FosB forms. These observations suggest a correlation between fosB-induced transformation and trans-repression, thus pointing to different mechanisms involved in transformation by fosB and c-fos/v-fos.
Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Global Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women<SUBTITLE>Women's Health Initiative Memory Study</SUBTITLE> (2004)

For women aged 65 years or older, hormone therapy had an adverse effect on cognition, which was greater among women with lower cognitive function at initiation of treatment.
Enhancement of light emission from metal-insulator-metal tunnel junctions (1977)

Light emission from metal-insulator-metal tunnel junctions is enhanced using two schemes for improving photon-surface plasmo coupling. Results reported here establish that the light emission arises from radiative decay of junction surface plasmon modes excited by inelastic electron tunneling. The enhanced light-emitting tunnel junctions have an external quantum efficiency in the 10−5 range.
Induction of Follicular Development, Maturation and Ovulation by Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Administration to Acyclic Mares (1977)

Five acyclic mares with inactive ovaries were given three courses of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) beginning on Days 1, 11 and 21 of treatment to reproduce the gonadotropin surges responsible for causing follicular growth and ovulation during the normal estrous cycle. The first two courses consisted of 3–4 im injections of 1.0 mg GnRH, and the third course of 5 im injections of 0.4–1.4 mg GnRH, at approximately 12 h intervals. Exogenous progesterone was given on Days 5 or 6 through 16 to simulate luteal phase progesterone levels. Serum FSH, LH, progesterone and estradiol were measured daily throughout the experimental period and at frequent intervals following GnRH administration. The GnRH injections in all courses induced peak FSH concentrations of 2.5–4 times baseline by 0.1–5 h after injection, and the levels were almost back to pre-injection concentrations by 12 h. Each GnRH injection in the first two courses resulted in increases in serum LH to 1.5–3 times baseline by 0.5–1 h after injection. The third course caused a greater release of LH which was thought to be related to the increases in serum estradiol occurring at this time. Typical pre-estrous follicles were present in all mares by Day 19 of treatment. All mares were in estrus by Day 21, and each ovulated a single large follicle between Days 24 and 27 of treatment. In three mares high LH levels occurred for 5 days after the last GnRH course and these mares established corpora lutea; the FSH, LH and estradiol levels induced by GnRH were similar to those which lead to ovulation in the normal cycle. In the other two mares LH fell to pre-treatment levels by 12 h after the last GnRH injection; these mares failed to establish corpora lutes. Thus it appears that GnRH in combination with appropriate progesterone treatment in the acyclic mare treated towards the end of the nonbreeding season can consistently induce normal cyclic pituitary and ovarian activity culminating in ovulation.
Antibiotic alternatives: the substitution of antibiotics in animal husbandry? (2014)

It is a common practice for decades to use of sub-therapeutic dose of antibiotics in food-animal feeds to prevent animals from diseases and to improve production performance in modern animal husbandry. In the meantime, concerns over the increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to the unreasonable use of antibiotics and an appearance of less novelty antibiotics have prompted efforts to develop so-called alternatives to antibiotics. Whether or not the alternatives could really replace antibiotics remains a controversial issue. This review summarizes recent development and perspectives of alternatives to antibiotics. The mechanism of actions, applications, and prospectives of the alternatives such as immunity modulating agents, bacteriophages and their lysins, antimicrobial peptides, pro-, pre-, and synbiotics, plant extracts, inhibitors targeting pathogenicity (bacterial quorum sensing, biofilm, and virulence), and feeding enzymes are thoroughly discussed. Lastly, the feasibility of alternatives to antibiotics is deeply analyzed. It is hard to conclude that the alternatives might substitute antibiotics in veterinary medicine in the foreseeable future. At the present time, prudent use of antibiotics and the establishment of scientific monitoring systems are the best and fastest way to limit the adverse effects of the abuse of antibiotics and to ensure the safety of animal-derived food and environment.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Intractable Epilepsy: A Review (1997)

Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve in the neck by using a programmable stimulator similar to a cardiac pacemaker is being explored as a treatment for epilepsy. There is sound rationale based on studies of animal seizure models for pursuing this treatment modality, and early clinical trials provide support for efficacy in patients with intractable epilepsy at least equivalent to that of some of the new antiepileptic drugs. Safety and tolerability have been demonstrated in >800 patients worldwide since the first implant in 1988. Most of these had partial seizures for which resective epilepsy surgery was not feasible or had failed, but efficacy of vagal stimulation appears to be the same for both partial and generalized epilepsy. Specific selection criteria for this procedure have yet to be established, and further studies are warranted to determine whether vagal stimulation becomes an accepted procedure for epilepsy management.
High-resolution measurement of electrically-evoked vagus nerve activity in the anesthetized dog (2013)

Given the anatomical similarities between the canine and human vagus nerves, the results of this study provide a template for better understanding the nerve fiber recruitment patterns associated with VNS therapies.
Ternary single‐source precursors for polycrystalline thin‐film solar cells (2002)

Abstract The development of thin‐film solar cells on flexible, lightweight, space‐qualified substrates provides an attractive cost solution for fabricating solar arrays with high specific power (W kg −1 ). The use of a polycrystalline chalcopyrite absorber layer for thin‐film solar cells is considered as the next generation in photovoltaic devices. At NASA GRC we have focused on the development of new single‐source precursors (SSPs) and their utility to deposit the chalcopyrite semiconducting layer (CIS) onto flexible substrates for solar‐cell fabrication. The syntheses and thermal modulation of SSPs via molecular engineering are described. Thin‐film fabrication studies demonstrate that the SSPs can be used in a spray chemical vapor deposition process for depositing CIS at reduced temperatures, and result in electrical properties that are suitable for photovoltaic devices. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Identification of sequence elements in mouse calbindin-D28k gene that confer 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3- and butyrate-inducible responses. (1993)

We have examined the 5' flanking region of the mouse calbindin-D28k gene and identified a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]-responsive element by deletion mutant analysis of the native promoter as well as by studies with a heterologous thymidine kinase (TK) promoter. The segment between residues -200 and -169 was found to confer a dose-dependent 1,25-(OH)2D3 responsiveness through the TK promoter in Ros 17/2.8 cells as well as in CV-1 cells cotransfected with pAV-hVDR (human vitamin D receptor expression vector). This region contains sequences homologous to the rat osteocalcin vitamin D response element (VDRE). Incubation of this element with nuclear extracts from 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated Ros 17/2.8 cells or from 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated COS cells that had been transfected with pAV-hVDR resulted in a specific protein-DNA interaction. In addition to 1,25-(OH)2D3, sodium butyrate, a differentiating agent, has also been found to modulate expression of calbindin-D28k. Deletion analysis of the mouse calbindin-D28k promoter as well as studies with a heterologous TK promoter resulted in identification of a butyrate-responsive element between -180 and -150 that was found to bind specifically to nuclear factors from butyrate-treated Ros 17/2.8 cells. This butyrate-responsive element may represent a genetic element acted upon by enhancer binding proteins. In summary, the 5' flanking region of the mouse calbindin-D28k gene contains responsive elements that interact with nuclear factors and may mediate, at least in part, the enhanced expression of this gene by 1,25-(OH)2D3 and butyrate.
Analysis of the Relaxometric Properties of Extremely Rapidly Exchanging Gd3+ Chelates: Lessons from a Comparison of Four Isomeric Chelates (2020)

Relaxometric analyses and in particular the use of fast-field cycling techniques have become routine in the study of paramagnetic metal complexes. The field dependence of the solvent proton relaxation properties (nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion, NMRD) can provide unparalleled insights into the chemistry of these complexes. However, analyzing NMRD data is a multiparametric problem, and some sets of variables are mutually compensatory. Specifically, when fitting NMRD profiles, the metal-proton distance and the rotational correlation time constant have a push-pull relationship in which a change to one causes a predictable compensation in the other. A relaxometric analysis of four isomeric chelates highlights the pitfalls that await when fitting the NMRD profiles of chelates for which dissociative water exchange is extremely rapid. In the absence of independently verified values for one of these parameters, NMRD profiles can be fitted to multiple parameter sets. This means that NMRD fitting can inadvertently be used to buttress a preconceived notion of how the complex should behave when a different parameter set may more accurately describe the actual behavior. These findings explain why the effect of very rapid dissociative exchange on the hydration state of Gd<sup>3+</sup> has remained obscured until only recently.
The Economics and Politics of Automobile Insurance Rate Classification (1993)

This article examines the direct efficiency consequences of government-imposed restrictions on rate classification in the auto insurance market. It also analyzes the changes in insurance regulation that may accompany widespread restrictions on market classification and the sources and consequences of political pressure for and against restrictions. The direct efficiency effects of restrictions are somewhat ambiguous, but the indirect effects of restrictions will probably be to increase the cost of risk by distorting incentives for claim settlement and for legislative actions to control claim costs. Automobile insurance rate classification restrictions and the associated regulatory and political responses could seriously weaken the case for private sector provision of coverage. The Risk Classification Debate
Periostin, secreted from stromal cells, has biphasic effect on cell migration and correlates with the epithelial to mesenchymal transition of human pancreatic cancer cells (2008)

Periostin is a secretory protein that has been suggested to function as a cell adhesion molecule and promote the invasiveness or growth rate of tumors. However, little is known about the association of its expression and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is considered to play a crucial role in cancer cell metastasis. Thus, the authors investigated whether periostin could be involved in the process of EMT and the role of this gene in pancreatic cancer development. The expression of periostin was observed mainly in stromal cells but very little in cancer cells by immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. In vitro, pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) exhibited a much higher basal expression of periostin compared with cancer cells. Periostin secreted in the supernatant from 293T cells that expressed periostin (approximately 150 ng/ml) inhibited the migration of pancreatic cancer cells. Coculture assay revealed that periostin expression in PSC was induced by pancreatic cancer cells. To assess the direct role of periostin in pancreatic cancer cells, the authors generated pancreatic cancer cell lines that stably express periostin. The induced expression of periostin (to 150 ng/ml) altered the morphology of cancer cells, changing them from mesenchymal to epithelial phenotypes with the induction of epithelial markers and a reduction of mesenchymal markers, and showed reduced cell migration in vitro and formed smaller tumors as well as suppressed metastasis in vivo. On the other hand, high concentration of recombinant periostin (1 microg/ml) promoted cell migration with AKT activation. The findings suggest that periostin has biphasic effect on the development of pancreatic cancer.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ: innate protection from excessive fibrogenesis and potential therapeutic target in systemic sclerosis (2010)

Drugs targeting the PPARγ pathway might be effective for the control of fibrosis as well as pathological vascular remodeling underlying PAH and, therefore, might have a therapeutic potential in SSc. A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying the antifibrogenic and vascular remodeling activities of PPARγ ligands will be necessary in order to advance these drugs into clinical use.
SYNTHESIS AND SPECTRAL STUDIES OF NITROSOUREA DERIVATIVES OF 6-BROMO AND 6-CHLORO-2,3-DIHYDRO-1,4-BENZOTHIAZINES AS POSSIBLE ANTICANCER AGENTS (1996)

Article SYNTHESIS AND SPECTRAL STUDIES OF NITROSOUREA DERIVATIVES OF 6-BROMO AND 6-CHLORO-2,3-DIHYDRO-1,4-BENZOTHIAZINES AS POSSIBLE ANTICANCER AGENTS was published on December 1, 1996 in the journal Heterocyclic Communications (volume 2, issue 6).