gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Directional Orientation of Carbon Nanotubes on Surfaces Using a Gas Flow Cell (2004)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are aligned with controlled orientation on surfaces from a droplet of nanotube suspension under gas flow. The alignment of SWNTs on surfaces is dictated by the direction of gas flow. Orthogonally aligned arrays of SWNTs have also been fabricated in a two-step process. Studies of fluid motion within droplets in the flow cell indicate that alignment is likely due to the circulation of SWNTs in the suspension droplet. The gas flow alignment method offers a facile system for generating oriented nanotubes on surfaces, and this approach may find use in SWNT nanodevice fabrication.
Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists are potential antidepressants: evidence based on pharmacology and A2A receptor knockout mice (2001)

1. Adenosine, an ubiquitous neuromodulator, and its analogues have been shown to produce 'depressant' effects in animal models believed to be relevant to depressive disorders, while adenosine receptor antagonists have been found to reverse adenosine-mediated 'depressant' effect. 2. We have designed studies to assess whether adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, or genetic inactivation of the receptor would be effective in established screening procedures, such as tail suspension and forced swim tests, which are predictive of clinical antidepressant activity. 3. Adenosine A2A receptor knockout mice were found to be less sensitive to 'depressant' challenges than their wildtype littermates. Consistently, the adenosine A2A receptor blockers SCH 58261 (1 - 10 mg kg(-1), i.p.) and KW 6002 (0.1 - 10 mg kg(-1), p.o.) reduced the total immobility time in the tail suspension test. 4. The efficacy of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in reducing immobility time in the tail suspension test was confirmed and extended in two groups of mice. Specifically, SCH 58261 (1 - 10 mg kg(-1)) and ZM 241385 (15 - 60 mg kg(-1)) were effective in mice previously screened for having high immobility time, while SCH 58261 at 10 mg kg(-1) reduced immobility of mice that were selectively bred for their spontaneous 'helplessness' in this assay. 5. Additional experiments were carried out using the forced swim test. SCH 58261 at 10 mg kg(-1) reduced the immobility time by 61%, while KW 6002 decreased the total immobility time at the doses of 1 and 10 mg kg(-1) by 75 and 79%, respectively. 6. Administration of the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol (50 - 200 microg kg(-1) i.p.) prevented the antidepressant-like effects elicited by SCH 58261 (10 mg kg(-1) i.p.) in forced swim test whereas it left unaltered its stimulant motor effects. 7. In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that A2A receptor antagonists prolong escape-directed behaviour in two screening tests for antidepressants. Altogether the results support the hypothesis that blockade of the adenosine A2A receptor might be an interesting target for the development of effective antidepressant agents.
Cloning and functional analysis of multiply spliced mRNA species of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (1990)

We have used the polymerase chain reaction technique to clone the small multiply spliced mRNA species produced after infection of human cells by a molecular clone of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We identified six Rev-expressing mRNAs, which were generated by the use of two splice acceptors located immediately upstream of the rev AUG. The class of small mRNAs included 12 mRNAs expressing Tat, Rev, and Nef. In addition, HIV-1 produced other multiply spliced mRNAs that used alternative splice sites identified by cloning and sequencing. All of these mRNAs were found in the cytoplasm and should be able to produce additional proteins. The coding capacity of the tat, rev, and nef mRNAs was analyzed by transfection of the cloned cDNAs into human cells. The tat mRNAs produced high levels of Tat, but very low levels of Rev and Nef. All the rev mRNAs expressed high levels of both Rev and Nef and were essential for the production of sufficient amounts of Rev. Therefore, HIV-1 uses both alternatively spliced and bicistronic mRNAs for the production of Tat, Rev, and Nef proteins.
Non-wrinkled, highly stretchable piezoelectric devices by electrohydrodynamic direct-writing (2013)

Piezoelectric structures, in forms that allow mere in-surface deformations under large strains, are attractive for bio-integrated systems. Here, mechano-electrospinning (MES) is presented to direct-write straight nanofibers of polyvinylidene fluoride onto a prestrained poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate, to position and polarize a piezoelectric nanofiber array in one-step. Wrinkled/non-wrinkled buckling modes are found when the substrates are released, and the morphology of the direct-written fiber proved the key to determine the buckling modes, which can be tuned precisely by MES parameters. The non-wrinkled, stretchable piezoelectric devices with a highly synchronized serpentine fiber array exhibit their in-surface deformation and stable piezoelectric performance up the failure strain of PDMS (∼110% in our study), which may be used as stretchable sensors and energy converters/providers.
Risk Factors for Fungemia in Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Case-Control Study (1996)

To define the risk factors related to the occurrence of fungemia in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we performed a matched case-control study. During a 6-year period (1987-1993), fungemia developed in 22 (6.3%) of 347 HIV-infected children observed at the Pediatric Branch of the National Cancer Institute. Each of these 22 cases was matched by age and gender with three controls. Multiple logistic regression indicated that the best predictor of fungemia in this population was the presence of a central venous catheter placed for > 90 days (P < .00001), followed by a group of risk factors composed of 10 independent variables adjusted for a CD4 cell count of < 100/MicroL (P < .045). Those variables included treatment with more than three antibiotics, treatment with more than three parenteral antibiotics, > 30 days of antibiotic treatment, bacterial infections, > 30 days in the hospital, hypoalbuminemia, C3 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) classification of HIV infection, and malnourishment. We conclude that prolonged placement of central venous catheters is the most important risk factors for fungemia in HIV-infected children and that the risk of fungemia is further influenced by antibacterial therapy, catheter manipulation, and host response.
Paracrine and autocrine functions of PDGF in malignant disease. (2002)

Growth factors and their receptors are frequently activated by mutations in human cancer. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B and its tyrosine kinase receptor, the PDGF β-receptor, have been implicated in autocrine transformation as well as paracrine stimulation of tumor growth. The availability of clinically useful antagonists motivates evaluation of PDGF inhibition in these diseases. In chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with t(5;12), parts of the transcription factor TEL and the PDGF β-receptor are fused, generating a constitutively signaling protein. Oligomerization and unique phosphorylation pattern of TEL-PDGFβR was demonstrated, as well as the transforming activity of TEL-PDGFβR, which was sensitive to PDGF β-receptor kinase inhibition. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is characterized by a translocation involving the collagen Iα1 and PDGF B-chain genes. The COLIA1-PDGFB fusion protein was processed to mature PDGF-BB and transformed fibroblasts in culture. The PDGF antagonist STI571 inhibited growth of COLIA1-PDGFB transfected cells and primary DFSP cells in vitro and in vivo through induction of apoptosis. Paracrine effects of PDGF-DD, a ligand for the PDGF β-receptor, were evaluated in a murine model of malignant melanoma. PDGF-DD production accelerated tumor growth and altered the vascular morphology in experimental melanomas. A validated immunohistochemical procedure for PDGF β-receptor detection was established and applied to normal tissues and more than 280 tumor biopsies. Perivascular and stromal expression was detected in 90% and 50%, respectively, of human tumors. Recently, non-transformed cells in the tumor microenvironment have emerged as targets in cancer therapy. Selective sensitization of tumor fibroblasts to paclitaxel by STI571 was evaluated in vitro and in a xenograft model. Whereas neither drug alone caused growth inhibition, combination of the two significantly reduced tumor growth, suggesting anti-stromal therapy as a possible treatment modality in solid tumors.
Broadening the clinical use of platinum drug–based chemotherapy with new analogues (2007)

The three platinum-containing drugs that have been thus far approved by the FDA - cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin - have had a significant effect in the treatment of patients with some malignancies such as testicular, ovarian and colorectal cancer. However, much more remains to be achieved to widen the therapeutic use of this important class of drug, either via further analogue development or by judicious use of combining the existing drugs with new molecularly targeted agents. Two analogues arising from an academic (Institute of Cancer Research)/pharmaceutical (Johnson Matthey/AnorMed) collaboration - satraplatin (JM-216) and picoplatin (JM-/AMD-473) - have recently shown promising clinical activity; satraplatin (an orally available drug) in hormone-refractory prostate cancer and picoplatin in small-cell lung cancer. There have also been advances in delivery vehicles for platinum drugs (e.g., the diaminocyclohexane [DACH]-based AP-5346 and aroplatin/liposomal cis-bis-neodecanoato-trans-(R,R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum (II) [L-NDDP] are in early clinical development). Platinum-based drugs have also been successfully combined with molecularly targeted drugs (e.g., the recent approval of the vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody bevacizumab with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with NSCLC).
Evolutionary Duplication of a Hepatic Control Region in the Human Apolipoprotein E Gene Locus (1995)

We have identified a second hepatic control region (HCR-2) in the human apolipoprotein (apo) E gene locus that confers liver expression of the human apoE gene in transgenic mice. This HCR-2 sequence is located 27 kilobases downstream of the apoE gene and 10 kilobases downstream of the previously described liver-specific enhancer (HCR-1). Nucleotide sequence analysis of the HCR-2 region revealed a sequence that shares 85% identity to the functional 319-base pair domain of HCR-1. To test its activity, transgenic mice were prepared with a fusion construct containing a human apoE gene fragment, which is not normally expressed in the liver, ligated to a 632-base pair region containing the HCR-2 sequence. This construct resulted in high levels of liver-specific apoE transgene expression, indicating that HCR-2 can function as a hepatic enhancer and has an activity similar to that of HCR-1. Hence, these findings suggest that there are at least two hepatic control regions, HCR-1 and HCR-2, capable of controlling the liver expression of this human apolipoprotein gene locus.
Cardiovascular actions of vasopressin at the ventrolateral medulla. (1990)

Vasopressin acts at a number of sites in the central nervous system to alter arterial pressure. This study investigated the hypothesis that vasopressin acts at the rostral ventrolateral medulla to increase arterial pressure. The rostral pressor area of the medulla oblongata was exposed in urethane-anesthetized rats prepared for topical application of vasopressin. A 3-minute application of vasopressin (range 10(-8) to 10(-3) M) produced dose-dependent increases in arterial pressure that averaged between 2 +/- 1 and 65 +/- 11 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). Tachycardia was not a consistent response at any concentration of vasopressin. Intravenous administration of a V1 vasopressin antagonist did not modify the pressor response produced by topical application of vasopressin (10(-4) M). Application of the V1 antagonist to the rostral pressor area, however, prevented the production of a pressor effect to subsequent topical application of vasopressin (10(-4) M). These experiments suggest that vasopressin stimulates the activity of vasomotor neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla by a mechanism that involves a neuronal V1 receptor.
Super-resolution imaging of synaptic and Extra-synaptic AMPA receptors with different-sized fluorescent probes (2017)

Previous studies tracking AMPA receptor (AMPAR) diffusion at synapses observed a large mobile extrasynaptic AMPAR pool. Using super-resolution microscopy, we examined how fluorophore size and photostability affected AMPAR trafficking outside of, and within, post-synaptic densities (PSDs) from rats. Organic fluorescent dyes (≈4 nm), quantum dots, either small (≈10 nm diameter; sQDs) or big (>20 nm; bQDs), were coupled to AMPARs via different-sized linkers. We find that >90% of AMPARs labeled with fluorescent dyes or sQDs were diffusing in confined nanodomains in PSDs, which were stable for 15 min or longer. Less than 10% of sQD-AMPARs were extrasynaptic and highly mobile. In contrast, 5-10% of bQD-AMPARs were in PSDs and 90-95% were extrasynaptic as previously observed. Contrary to the hypothesis that AMPAR entry is limited by the occupancy of open PSD 'slots', our findings suggest that AMPARs rapidly enter stable 'nanodomains' in PSDs with lifetime <u>></u>15 min, and do not accumulate in extrasynaptic membranes.
Paracrine Inhibition of Prion Propagation by Anti-PrP Single-Chain Fv Miniantibodies (2005)

Prion diseases are characterized by the deposition of PrP(Sc), an abnormal form of the cellular prion protein PrP(C). A growing body of evidence suggests that antibodies to PrP(C) can antagonize deposition of PrP(Sc). However, host tolerance hampers the induction of immune responses to PrP(C), and cross-linking of PrP(C) by bivalent anti-PrP antibodies is neurotoxic. In order to obviate these problems, we explored the antiprion potential of recombinant single-chain antibody (scFv) fragments. scFv fragments derived from monoclonal anti-PrP antibody 6H4, flagged with c-myc and His6 tags, were correctly processed and secreted by mammalian RD-4 rhabdomyosarcoma cells. When cocultured with cells secreting anti-PrP scFv, chronically prion-infected neuroblastoma cells ceased to produce PrP(Sc), even if antibody-producing cells were physically separated from target cells in transwell cultures. Expression of scFv with irrelevant specificity, or of similarly tagged molecules, was not curative. Therefore, eukaryotically expressed scFv exerts a paracrine antiprion activity. The effector functions encoded by immunoglobulin constant domains are unnecessary for this effect. Because of their small size and their monovalent binding, scFv fragments may represent candidates for gene transfer-based immunotherapy of prion diseases.
Sputter deposition onto ionic liquids: Simple and clean synthesis of highly dispersed ultrafine metal nanoparticles (2006)

Sputter deposition of gold (Au) onto ionic liquids (ILs) resulted in the formation of highly dispersed Au nanoparticles without additional chemical species, such as reducing and∕or stabilizing agents. The Au nanoparticles in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate had an average diameter (dav) of 5.5nm with a standard deviation (σ) of 0.86nm, while sputter deposition onto N,N,N-trimethyl-N-propylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide resulted in the formation of much smaller Au nanoparticles with dav of 1.9nm and σ of 0.46nm. Prolongation of sputtering time results in a higher concentration of Au nanoparticles in ILs, but did not cause a remarkable change in their size.
Thermoresponsive PEG-Based Polymer Layers: Surface Characterization with AFM Force Measurements (2009)

Thermoresponsive polymer-coated surfaces based on poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) [P(MEO(2)MA-co-OEGMA)] allow switching between cell attachment and detachment. Here, we investigate the temperature-dependent surface interactions between the polymer coating and a colloidal probe in an aqueous medium by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) force-distance measurements. The analysis of the adhesion forces from AFM retraction curves identifies two kinds of regimes for the copolymer at temperatures below and above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Whereas at 25 degrees C the surface interactions with the polymer in the swollen state are dominated by repulsive forces, at 37 degrees C the surface interactions switch to attractive forces and a stronger adhesion is detected by AFM. Running several heating/cooling cycles repeatedly shows that switching the surface properties provides reproducible adhesion force values. Time-dependent measurements give insight into the switching kinetics, demonstrating that the cell response is coupled to the polymer kinetics but probably limited by the cellular rearrangements.
Macromol. Chem. Phys. 7/2014 (2014)

Front Cover: Solution-processable organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have attracted much attention due to their potential as low cost and lightweight sources of renewable energy. The anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template method is a versatile and fascinating technique to fabricate ordered organic nanostructures with controlled properties. An overview on the solution-based fabrication of ordered organic semiconductor nanostructures by AAO templates as well as its application in OPVs is provided. Further details can be found in the article by H. Wu, J. Yang,* S. Cao, L. Huang, and L. Chen on page 584.
InP-based 1.3-1.6-/spl mu/m VCSELs with selectively etched tunnel-junction apertures on a wavelength flexible platform (2005)

The authors demonstrate a wavelength flexible platform for the production of long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers which provide full wavelength coverage from 1.3-1.6 μm. All-epitaxial InP-based devices with AsSb-based distributed Bragg reflectors were achieved through a common design, process, and growth technology at both the important telecommunications wavelengths of 1.3 and 1.5 μm. Thin selectively etched tunnel junctions were implemented as low-loss apertures and offer scalability to small device dimensions. Devices showed low threshold currents (<2 mA), near single-mode (SMSR>20 dB) operation, and high differential efficiency (>40% at 1.3 μm and >25% at 1.5 μm).
Selective Host Amplification from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library of Oligoimines for the Syntheses of Different Optically Active Polyazamacrocycles (2004)

Abstract Two different macrocyclic hosts are amplified and expressed by metal guests from the same dynamic combinatorial library (DCL) of oligoimines. We studied the thermodynamic template effect and the structure of the final compounds by a combination of ESI‐MS, UV and NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallography techniques. The use of Ba II or Cd II metal salts allows the selective synthesis of dimeric [2+2] or trimeric [3+3] cyclic structures, respectively. We observed a cooperative molding effect for the Cd ion‐templated process. A study of the DCL behavior in situ demonstrated a second level of molecular diversity, based on the imine/α‐methoxyamine equilibrium. This process is probably promoted by metal ion coordination and shows an interesting diastereoselectivity in the formation of the new chiral centers. Semiempirical (PM3) theoretical calculations also support these experimental observations. Reduction of the imine bonds allows the selective preparation and isolation of each macrocyclic polyamine on a synthetic scale and in a one‐pot procedure. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Inhibition of Angiogenesis and Murine Hemangioma Growth by Batimastat, a Synthetic Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinases (1995)

These results confirm the importance of matrix metalloproteinase in endothelial cell recruitment that occurs in angiogenesis and in the formation of vascular tumors and suggest a therapeutic potential for synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.
DltABCD- and MprF-Mediated Cell Envelope Modifications of Staphylococcus aureus Confer Resistance to Platelet Microbicidal Proteins and Contribute to Virulence in a Rabbit Endocarditis Model (2005)

The DltABCD and MprF proteins contribute a net positive charge to the Staphylococcus aureus surface envelope by alanylating and lysinylating teichoic acids and membrane phosphatidylglycerol, respectively. These surface charge modifications are associated with increased in vitro resistance profiles of S. aureus to a number of endogenous cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs), such as alpha-defensins. The current study investigated the effects of dltA and mprF mutations on the following host factors relevant to endovascular infections: (i) in vitro susceptibility to the CAP thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein 1 (tPMP-1), (ii) in vitro adherence to endothelial cells (EC) and matrix proteins, and (iii) in vivo virulence in an endovascular infection model (rabbit endocarditis) in which tPMP-1 is felt to play a role in limiting S. aureus pathogenesis. Both mutations resulted in substantial increases in the in vitro susceptibility to tPMP-1 compared to that of the parental strain. The dltA (but not the mprF) mutation resulted in a significantly reduced capacity to bind to EC in vitro, while neither mutation adversely impacted in vitro binding to fibronectin, fibrinogen, or platelets. In vivo, both mutations significantly attenuated virulence in terms of early colonization of sterile vegetations and subsequent proliferation at this site (versus the parental strain). However, only the dltA mutation significantly reduced metastatic infections in kidneys and spleens compared to those in animals infected with the parental strain. These data underscore the importance of resistance to distinct CAPs and of teichoic acid-dependent EC interactions in the context of endovascular infection pathogenesis.
Thrombopoietin stimulates murine lineage negative, Sca-1+, C-Kit+, CD34- cells: comparative study with stem cell factor or interleukin-3. (2000)

It has recently been reported that human thrombopoietin (TPO) acts on early hematopoietic progenitor cells. Consequently, we investigated the effects of TPO on murine hematopoietic progenitor cells using lineage negative (Lin-), Sca-1+, c-Kit+ marrow cells from 5-fluorouracil-treated mice. One hundred enriched cells were cultured in suspension with various single cytokines for 5 days. When cultured with the single cytokines as stem cell factor (SCF), TPO, or interleukin (IL)-3, these cells were maintained or had increased by day 5, whereas only a few cells survived in cultures with granulocyte colony stimulating factor, IL-11, or IL-6. We extended the study in serum-free or serum-containing suspension cultures with SCF or TPO. Anti-TPO antibodies did not inhibit the effects of SCF on enriched cells but did inhibit the effects of TPO on those cells. We further examined the effects of TPO, SCF, and IL-3 on other populations of murine hematopoietic progenitor cells. Either TPO or SCF as a single cytokine could maintain murine Lin-, Sca-1+, c-Kit+, CD34- marrow cells, which are the most dormant cells. In addition, IL-3 increased Lin-, Sca-1-, c-Kit+ cells more than did SCF and TPO but did not stimulate Lin-, Sca-1+, c-Kit+, CD34- cells more. These results indicate that TPO as well as SCF may be key regulators in the proliferation of murine hematopoietic early progenitor cells.