gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hardware/software tradeoffs (1985)

Hardware and software are logically equivalent. Any operation performed by software can also be built directly into the hardware and any instruction executed by the hardware can also be simulated in software. The decision to put certain features in hardware and others in software is based on such factors as cost, speed, reliability and frequency of change. There are no hard and fast rules to the effect that X must go into the hardware and Y must be programmed explicitly. Designers with different goals may, and often do, make different decisions... the boundary between hardware and software is arbitrary and constantly changing. Today's software is tomorrow's hardware, and vice versa. [1]
ROC Curves in Clinical Chemistry: Uses, Misuses, and Possible Solutions (2004)

We identify available software and make some suggestions for sample size determination, testing for equivalence in diagnostic accuracy, and alternatives to a dichotomous classification of a continuous-scale gold standard. More methodologic research is needed in areas specific to clinical chemistry.
Local Blockade of Allergic Airway Hyperreactivity and Inflammation by the Poxvirus-Derived Pan-CC-Chemokine Inhibitor vCCI (2000)

Allergen-induced asthma is characterized by chronic pulmonary inflammation, reversible bronchoconstriction, and airway hyperreactivity to provocative stimuli. Multiple CC-chemokines, which are produced by pulmonary tissue in response to local allergen challenge of asthmatic patients or experimentally sensitized rodents, chemoattract leukocytes from the circulation into the lung parenchyma and airway, and may also modify nonchemotactic function. To determine the therapeutic potential of local intrapulmonary CC-chemokine blockade to modify asthma, a recombinant poxvirus-derived viral CC-chemokine inhibitor protein (vCCI), which binds with high affinity to rodent and human CC-chemokines in vitro and neutralizes their biological activity, was administered by the intranasal route. Administration of vCCI to the respiratory tract resulted in dramatically improved pulmonary physiological function and decreased inflammation of the airway and the lung parenchyma. In contrast, vCCI had no significant effect on the circulating levels of total or allergen-specific IgE, allergen-specific cytokine production by peripheral lymph node T cells, or peritoneal inflammation after local allergen challenge, indicating that vCCI did not alter systemic Ag-specific immunity or chemoattraction at extrapulmonary sites. Together, these findings emphasize the importance of intrapulmonary CC-chemokines in the pathogenesis of asthma, and the therapeutic potential of generic and local CC-chemokine blockade for this and other chronic diseases in which CC-chemokines are locally produced.
Identification of Cytolytic Lymphocytes in West Nile Virus-infected Murine Central Nervous System (1989)

Inflammatory cells were isolated from West Nile virus (WNV)-infected CBA/H (H-2k) mouse brains, and their function and cell surface markers were studied. Two populations of cytolytic lymphocytes were detected. One population, which lysed WNV-infected and uninfected L929 (H-2k), YAC-1 (H-2a), P815 (H-2d), OH (H-2KdDk) and 2R (H-2KkDb) target cells, had a phenotype of L3T4- Lyt2- Thy1 +/- asialo GM1+ and hence were natural killer (NK) cells. The other, which lysed WNV-infected cells to a greater extent than uninfected L929 cells, had a phenotype of L3T4- Lyt2+ Thy1+ asialo GM1- and were cytotoxic T cells. In addition, the presence of the latter population was demonstrated by the specific lysis of syngeneic WNV-infected astrocytes, a cell type which is resistant to NK cell lysis. The cell surface markers of isolated inflammatory cells were determined by two colour flow cytometry. This showed that 15 to 40% of the cells were Thy1+, among which about 3% were Lyt2+. No L3T4+ cells were detected.
Relaxed GexSi1−x structures for III–V integration with Si and high mobility two-dimensional electron gases in Si (1992)

To obtain a large lattice constant on Si, we have grown compositionally graded GexSi1−x on Si. These buffer layers have been characterized with electron-beam-induced current, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence to determine the extent of relaxation, the threading dislocation density, the surface morphology, and the optical properties. We have observed that it is possible to obtain completely relaxed GexSi1−x layers with 0.1&amp;lt;x&amp;lt;1, threading dislocation densities of 105–5 × 106 cm−2, and with bulk GexSi1−x optical properties. Calculations show that gradually graded layers grown at relatively high temperatures can remain in equilibrium throughout growth, thereby avoiding strain buildup and the introduction of more threading dislocations through dislocation nucleation. It is also shown that the degree of surface crosshatch is related to inhomogeneous strain fields in the epilayer and to the thickness at which dislocations are introduced. These relaxed buffers have been used for the fabrication of very high mobility two-dimensional electron gases in Si and also as templates for lattice-matched III–V growth. We have obtained electron gases in Si with mobilities as high as 170 000 cm2/V s and red-emitting InGaP light emitting diodes on Si with less than 20 μA reverse current at −6 V bias.
The role of nonlinear ultrasound propagation during hyperthermia treatments (1991)

In this study the feasibility of utilizing nonlinear ultrasound propagation to control the power deposition patterns during ultrasound hyperthermia treatments of malignant tumors was investigated. From the in vivo results it appears that the power deposition pattern and the temperature distributions can be significantly altered by increasing the temporal peak power of the source while reducing the duty cycle to maintain the same acoustic time average power. The maximum temperature gains obtained during hyperthermia sonication (between 1.5 and 2) were significantly less than one could obtain by varying the frequency and the other parameters of transducers and thus, the linear characteristics of the ultrasound fields should be used when hyperthermia systems are designed and treatments are planned. Then during the treatment nonlinear propagation can be used to provide on-line control of the power deposition patterns. The transducer characteristics determined the magnitude of the temperature gain and the nonlinear propagation region could not be reached when sharply focused (F number = 1) transducers were used at the frequencies between 0.25 to 1.68 MHz due to the high pressure amplitudes that exceeded the transient cavitation threshold.
Descreening of field effect in electrically gated nanopores (2010)

This modeling work investigates the electrical modulation characteristics of field-effect gated nanopores. Highly nonlinear current modulations are observed in nanopores with nonoverlapping electric double layers, including those with pore diameters 100 times the Debye screening length. We attribute this extended field-effect gating to a descreening effect, i.e., the counter-ions do not fully relax to screen the gating potential due to the presence of strong ionic transport.
Finding text in images (1997)

Systems. When machine generated text is prdnted against clean backgrounds, it can be converted to a computer readable form (ASCII) using current Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology. However, text is often printed against shaded or textured backgrounds or is embedded in images. Examples include maps, advertisements, photographs, videos and stock certificates. Current document segmentation and recognition technologies cannot handle these situafons well. In this paper, a four-step system which automaticnlly detects and extracts text in images i& proposed. First, a texture segmentation scheme is used to focus attention on regions where text may occur. Second, strokes are extracted from the segmented text regions. Using reasonable heuristics on text strings such as height similarity, spacing and alignment, the extracted strokes are then processed to form rectangular boxes surrounding the corresponding ttzt strings. To detect text over a wide range of font sizes, the above steps are first applied to a pyramid of images generated from the input image, and then the boxes formed at each resolution level of the pyramid are fused at the image in the original resolution level. Third, text is extracted by cleaning up the background and binarizing the detected ted strings. Finally, better text bounding boxes are generated by srsiny the binarized text as strokes. Text is then cleaned and binarized from these new boxes, and can then be passed through a commercial OCR engine for recognition if the text is of an OCR-recognizable font. The system is stable, robust, and works well on imayes (with or without structured layouts) from a wide van'ety of sources, including digitized video frames, photographs,
Retinoids: 10 Years On (1991)

Advances in the biology of natural retinoids synthetic systemic retinoids - new fundamental aspects topical retinoids - present and future synthetic retinoids - scientific basis for clinical use side effects.
Simple authentication (1994)

Abstract This paper describes a simple authentication protocol for use with terminal emulation programs running on small workstations, and communicating with a host computer over a (potentially) insecure network. The technique has the advantage that it requires no more network traffic than would be necessary using a standard user‐id/password challenge, and also requires only a small amount of additional intelligence at the workstation. Some management issues are also discussed. The system has been implemented on two host systems and two workstation types.
The pathogenesis of blast injury and its management. (1988)

Terrorist bombings remain a not uncommon problem. Most of the victims suffering primary blast injury die, if not from the blast then from secondary missile injuries, while most of the survivors have more or less serious secondary injuries alone. A small percentage have either pure blast injury or secondary injuries complicated by blast phenomena. It is important to recognize this group and treat it appropriately.
A Microfluidic System for Controlling Reaction Networks in Time (2003)

Millisecond mixing and transport with no dispersion are achieved by unsteady flows induced in droplets of about 60 pL that travel through winding microfluidic channels (top). Fluorescence can be used to monitor mixing (bottom) or measure reaction rates. In principle, arbitrarily complex reaction networks can be created by combining and splitting streams of such droplets.
Fluid mechanical model of the Helmholtz resonator (1977)

A semi-empirical fluid mechanical model of the acoustic behavior of Helmholtz resonators is presented which predicts impedance as a function of the amplitude and frequency of the incident sound pressure field and resonator geometry. The model assumes that the particle velocity approaches the orifice in a spherical manner. The incident and cavity sound fields are connected by solving the governing oscillating mass and momentum conservation equations. The model is in agreement with the Rayleigh slug-mass model at low values of incident sound pressure level. At high values, resistance is predicted to be independent of frequency, proportional to the square root of the amplitude of the incident sound pressure field, and virtually independent of resonator geometry. Reactance is predicted to depend in a very complicated way upon resonator geometry, incident sound pressure level, and frequency. Nondimensional parameters are defined that divide resonator impedance into three categories corresponding to low, moderately low, and intense incident sound pressure amplitudes. The two-microphone method was used to measure the impedance of a variety of resonators. The data were used to refine and verify the model.
Natural Animal Coloration Can Be Determined by a Nonfluorescent Green Fluorescent Protein Homolog (2000)

It is generally accepted that the colors displayed by living organisms are determined by low molecular weight pigments or chromoproteins that require a prosthetic group. The exception to this rule is green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria that forms a fluorophore by self-catalyzed protein backbone modification. Here we found a naturally nonfluorescent homolog of GFP to determine strong purple coloration of tentacles in the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata. Under certain conditions, this novel chromoprotein produces a trace amount of red fluorescence (emission lambda(max) = 595 nm). The fluorescence demonstrates unique behavior: its intensity increases in the presence of green light but is inhibited by blue light. The quantum yield of fluorescence can be enhanced dramatically by single amino acid replacement, which probably restores the ancestral fluorescent state of the protein. Other fluorescent variants of the novel protein have emission peaks that are red-shifted up to 610 nm. They demonstrate that long wavelength fluorescence is attainable in GFP-like fluorescent proteins.
Platelet rich plasma and fresh frozen bone allograft as enhancement of implant fixation an experimental study in dogs (2003)

Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous source of growth factors. By application of PRP around cementless implants alone or in combination with bone allograft chips, early implant fixation and gap healing could be improved. We inserted two porous HA coated titanium implants extraarticularly in each proximal humerus of eight dogs. Each implant was surrounded by a 2.5 mm gap. Four treatments were block randomized to the four gaps in each dog: Treatment 1: empty gap, treatment 2: PRP, treatment 3: fresh frozen bone allograft, treatment 4: fresh frozen bone allograft+PRP. PRP was prepared from each dog prior to operation by isolating the buffycoat from centrifuged blood samples. Platelet count in PRP was increased 670% compared to baseline level. Calcium/thrombin was added to degranulate platelets and form a gel. Three weeks after surgery, push-out test and histomorphometri was performed. After three weeks, the non-allografted implants had poor mechanical properties. Bone grafting significantly increased implant fixation, bone formation in the gap and bone growth on the implant surface. We found no significant effect of PRP alone or mixed with bone allograft on implant fixation or bone formation. In conclusion, we showed the importance of bone allografting on early implant fixation and bone incorporation but we found no effect of PRP. More studies are needed to investigate the effect and possible clinical applications of platelet concentrates which are now being commercialised.
Amino-Acid Composition of Wood Proteins (1970)

The ammo-acid compositions of proteins present in the sapwood and heartwood from three species of Eucalyptus, in normal, reaction, and opposite wood from Pinus radiata seedlings, and in reaction and opposite wood from Eucalyptus goniocalyx, are listed. The question of the location of protein within wood cell walls is discussed. The amounts of tyrosine found in the woods from P. radiata seedlings are incompatible both with the belief that it determines the intensity of staining of reaction wood cell walls with Millon's reagent, and that it is the source of the p-hydroxybenzaldehyde obtained when milled wood lignin is oxidized with nitrobenzene. Loss of amino acids in the presence of milled wood lignin, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, glucuronic, and galacturonic acids is demonstrated. The presence of numerous peaks which are not indentifiable with known amino acids in the chromatograms of wood hydrolysates is believed to be due largely to the products of interaction of amino acids and sugars. Some retention of nitrogen by the residues of wood hydrolysates occurs. The significance of the results obtained with the wood samples listed above is discussed against this background.
Breast feeding and cardiovascular disease risk factors, incidence, and mortality: the Caerphilly study (2005)

These data provide little evidence of a protective influence of breast feeding on cardiovascular disease risk factors, incidence, or mortality. A possible adverse effect of breast feeding on coronary heart disease incidence was observed but may have a number of explanations, including selection and information bias. In view of these limitations, further long term studies with improved measures of infant feeding are required to confirm or refute these findings.
Magnetoresistance in hybrid type YBCO-NiO/NiFe/Cu/NiFe film structure (1999)

There has been studied a hybrid type device of superconductor-semiconductor and a hetro-type device of superconductor-ferroelectric for electric information storage application.
Etherification and reductive etherification of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural: 5-(alkoxymethyl)furfurals and 2,5-bis(alkoxymethyl)furans as potential bio-diesel candidates (2012)

A low energy intensive process for the production of diesel fuel has been delineated from both 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) and its sugar precursor D-(–)-fructose. Alcoholic solutions of the above produced a mixture of potential bio-diesel candidates namely, 5-(alkoxymethyl)furfural, 5-(alkoxymethyl)furfural dialkylacetal, and alkyl levulinate, in the presence of solid acid catalysts. Sulfonic acid functionalized resins, Amberlyst-15 and Dowex DR2030 showed exceptional reactivity and selectivity for these reactions. Production of another potential diesel candidate 2,5-bis(alkoxymethyl)furan has been optimized through both sequential reduction/etherification and one-pot reductive etherification processes. During the metal catalyzed hydrogenation of HMF, platinum showed an exclusive selectivity for the reduction of the carbonyl functionality of HMF. Both Pt and Pt/Sn supported on Al2O3 catalysts have been optimized for the production of 2,5-bis(alkoxymethyl)furan from HMF. The reaction mechanisms of etherification and reductive etherification have been discussed in detail on the basis of intermediates observed during these processes.
HELICAL SUPERSTRUCTURES ARE FORMED FROM CHIRAL AMMONIUM BILAYERS (1984)

Abstract Electron microscopy showed the growth of vesicles of chiral ammonium amphiphiles to helical aggregates. The transformation was determined by the physical state and the chemical structure of the components.
DSM-III-R Generalized Anxiety Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey (1994)

Contrary to the traditional view that GAD is a mild disorder, we found that the majority of people with GAD, whether they were comorbid or not, reported substantial interference with their life, a high degree of professional help seeking, and a high use of medication because of their GAD symptoms. Although lifetime GAD is highly comorbid, the proportion of current GAD that is not accompanied by any other current diagnosis is high enough to indicate that GAD should be considered an independent disorder rather than exclusively a residual or prodrome of other disorders.
Performance of Common Genetic Variants in Breast-Cancer Risk Models (2010)

The inclusion of newly discovered genetic factors modestly improved the performance of risk models for breast cancer. The level of predicted breast-cancer risk among most women changed little after the addition of currently available genetic information.
Selection for genes encoding secreted proteins and receptors. (1996)

Extracellular proteins play an essential role in the formation, differentiation, and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Despite that, the systematic identification of genes encoding these proteins has not been possible. We describe here a highly efficient method to isolate genes encoding secreted and membrane-bound proteins by using a single-step selection in yeast. Application of this method, termed signal peptide selection, to various tissues yielded 559 clones that appear to encode known or novel extracellular proteins. These include members of the transforming growth factor and epidermal growth factor protein families, endocrine hormones, tyrosine kinase receptors, serine/threonine kinase receptors, seven transmembrane receptors, cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, plasma proteins, and ion channels. The eventual identification of most, or all, extracellular signaling molecules will advance our understanding of fundamental biological processes and our ability to intervene in disease states.
Flow microreactor synthesis in organo-fluorine chemistry (2013)

Organo-fluorine compounds are the substances of considerable interest in various industrial fields due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Despite increased demand in wide fields of science, synthesis of fluoro-organic compounds is still often faced with problems such as the difficulties in handling of fluorinating reagents and in controlling of chemical reactions. Recently, flow microreactor synthesis has emerged as a new methodology for producing chemical substances with high efficiency. This review outlines the successful examples of synthesis and reactions of fluorine-containing molecules by the use of flow microreactor systems to overcome long-standing problems in fluorine chemistry.
Chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neurotoxicity: A critical analysis (2013)

With a 3-fold increase in the number of cancer survivors noted since the 1970s, there are now over 28 million cancer survivors worldwide. Accordingly, there is a heightened awareness of long-term toxicities and the impact on quality of life following treatment in cancer survivors. This review will address the increasing importance and challenge of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity, with a focus on neuropathy associated with the treatment of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, testicular cancer, and hematological cancers. An overview of the diagnosis, symptomatology, and pathophysiology of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy will be provided, with a critical analysis of assessment strategies, neuroprotective approaches, and potential treatments. The review will concentrate on neuropathy associated with taxanes, platinum compounds, vinca alkaloids, thalidomide, and bortezomib, providing clinical information specific to these chemotherapies.
Computer "Experiments" on Classical Fluids. I. Thermodynamical Properties of Lennard-Jones Molecules (1967)

The equation of motion of a system of 864 particles interacting through a Lennard-Jones potential has been integrated for various values of the temperature and density, relative, generally, to a fluid state. The equilibrium properties have been calculated and are shown to agree very well with the corresponding properties of argon. It is concluded that, to a good approximation, the equilibrium state of argon can be described through a two-body potential.