gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prostatic acid phosphatase levels (enzymatic method) from completely sectioned, clinically benign, whole prostates (1996)

Clinically benign, whole untrimmed prostates were obtained from 104 patients at autopsy, completely sectioned, and examined microscopically. The histological and gross findings of the prostate were correlated with premortem prostatic acid phosphatase levels (PAP, enzymatic method, ACA, Dupont Co.) to determine how often carcinoma of the prostate (CAP) affected PAP levels and to identify other findings within the prostate associated with elevated PAP levels. Sixty (58%) prostates did not have CAP, 34 (33%) had CAP smaller than 1 ml in volume, and 10 (10%) had CAP larger than 1 ml in volume. PAP levels were elevated (greater than 1 U/L) in 8 of 60 (13%) prostates without CAP, in 2 of the 34 (6%) prostates with CAP smaller than 1 ml, and in 1 of the 10 (10%) prostates with CAP larger than 1 ml. These differences were not statistically significant. Likewise, a statistically significant correlation between PAP levels and patient age, patient race, severe inflammation, of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) was not found. However, there was a statistically significant correlation between PAP levels and prostate weight (p < 0.0001). This study suggest that PAP cannot distinguish between patients with clinically undetected CAP and patients without CAP. Furthermore, elevated PAP levels are often not due to metastatic CAP and additional evidence should be present, even in patients with known CAP, before an elevated PAP level is considered to be conclusive evidence of metastatic CAP.
Significant Reduction of Nonspecific Bronchial Reactivity in Patients with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus –sensitive Allergic Asthma under Therapy with Allergen-Antibody Complexes (1993)

Thirty-nine asthmatic patients hypersensitive to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were treated for a total of 4 yr with injections of complexes made of allergen and autologous specific antibodies. The results obtained throughout the first 2 yr of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial have been published (1) and we now report the results of such therapy during an additional 2 yr. Three groups of patients had been defined: Groups A and B were comprised of patients treated with either "higher" doses of complexes (Group A) or "lower" doses (Group B), whereas Group C received the placebo preparation. Four injections of complexes were performed during the third yr and none during the fourth yr. The clinical benefit resulting from such injections was maintained until the end of the study, whereas medication intake, especially systemic or high doses of inhaled corticosteroids, was much reduced. Skin reactivity to allergen was significantly decreased in both treated groups. Bronchial provocation tests were carried out at 1-yr intervals with either allergen or acetylcholine (ACh). Reactivity to allergen inhalation was significantly decreased at each time point. Reactivity to ACh was significantly decreased at the end of Years 3 and 4. Fifty percent of treated patients who underwent bronchial challenges lost their bronchial reactivity to the highest concentrations of both allergen and ACh. A significant improvement in the basal lung function was observed in both treated groups. The long-term effects of immunotherapy with allergen-antibody complexes in allergic asthma patients thus include reduction in nonspecific bronchial reactivity.
A Facile Copper-Catalyzed Ullmann Condensation: N-Arylation of Heterocyclic Compounds Containing an -NHCO- Moiety. (1997)

N-Aryl heterocyclic compounds were synthesized from aryl halides and heterocyclic compounds containing an -NHCO- moiety by using a catalytic amount (1-10 mol%) of a commercially available copper catalyst in satisfactory yields. This catalytic reaction was applicable to the synthesis of N-aryl-2-pyridone, -2-pyrrolidone, -1(2H)-isoquinolone, -1(2H)-phthalazinone, -4(3H)-quinazolinone and -1, 2, 3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one derivatives.
Comparison of proliferating cell nuclear antigen to tritiated thymidine as a marker of proliferating hepatocytes in rats. (1993)

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an endogenous nuclear protein, has recently been used to identify replicating cells. PCNA was compared to tritiated thymidine ([3H]-TdR), a reliable and accurate exogenous labeling agent, to ascertain if PCNA gives comparable results for quantitative cell proliferation. Male F344 rats were treated with a single dose of 500 mg/kg 4-acetylaminofluorene (4-AAF), a known liver mitogen. Rats (n = 5) were euthanized and necropsied at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 96, or 192 hr after treatment. Two hours before necropsy, rats were pulsed-dosed with [3H]-TdR (2 mCi/kg body weight). Livers were sectioned, autoradiography performed, and labeling indexes (LI), a measurement of the percentage of S-phase hepatocytes, determined. One and a half years after the completion of this study, the archival paraffin blocks of the liver tissue were sectioned and stained for PCNA by an immunohistochemical procedure. Immunocytochemical staining patterns of proliferating cell nuclear antigen antigen expression permitted the recognition of G1, S, G2, M, and quiescent cells. PCNA LI, generated by scoring only cells exhibiting S-phase staining patterns, was compared to the pulse [3H]-TdR LI for each animal. Similar periportal staining patterns of S-phase nuclei were detected by both markers. The [3H]-TdR LI and the PCNA LI exhibited a peak at 24 hr of approximately the same magnitude. However, while the [3H]-TdR LI had returned to near baseline at the 48-hr time point, the PCNA LI remained elevated until the 96-hr time point. This sustained elevation of the PCNA index cannot be explained at this time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Excimer laser assisted in situ keratomileusis for hyperopia (1999)

Hyperopic LASIK with the technique used in this study appeared safe, predictable, and stable. It represents a simple way to add hyperopic correction to existing laser systems.
Lactic acid production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing a Rhizopus oryzae lactate dehydrogenase gene (2003)

This work demonstrates the first example of a fungal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expressed in yeast. A L(+)-LDH gene, ldhA, from the filamentous fungus Rhizopus oryzae was modified to be expressed under control of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae adh1 promoter and terminator and then placed in a 2 micro -containing yeast-replicating plasmid. The resulting construct, pLdhA68X, was transformed and tested by fermentation analyses in haploid and diploid yeast containing similar genetic backgrounds. Both recombinant strains utilized 92 g glucose/l in approximately 30 h. The diploid isolate accumulated approximately 40% more lactic acid with a final concentration of 38 g lactic acid/l and a yield of 0.44 g lactic acid/g glucose. The optimal pH for lactic acid production by the diploid strain was pH 5. LDH activity in this strain remained relatively constant at 1.5 units/mg protein throughout the fermentation. The majority of carbon was still diverted to the ethanol fermentation pathway, as indicated by ethanol yields between 0.25-0.33 g/g glucose. S. cerevisiae mutants impaired in ethanol production were transformed with pLdhA68X in an attempt to increase the lactic acid yield by minimizing the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol. Mutants with diminished pyruvate decarboxylase activity and mutants with disrupted alcohol dehydrogenase activity did result in transformants with diminished ethanol production. However, the efficiency of lactic acid production also decreased.
Identification of the anti-CD3-unresponsive subpopulation of CD4+, CD45RA+ peripheral T lymphocytes. (1990)

The majority of peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes proliferate in vitro in response to anti-CD3 in presence of autologous APC. The present study describes a subpopulation of CD4+ T cells that cannot be activated and progress into cell cycle by stimulation with anti-CD3 plus APC or with mitogenic combinations of anti-CD2. The in vitro responses of these anti-CD3-unresponsive CD4+ T cells were investigated with a panel of mAb to CD2, CD3, and CD28, and found to be similar to those previously observed for mature thymocytes: only the combination of anti-CD2 plus anti-CD28 produced cell proliferation. Anti-CD3-unresponsive T cells were CD45RA+, but represented only 14 to 22% of the CD4+, CD45RA+ T cell population. Activation with anti-CD2 plus anti-CD28 mAb resulted in major changes in the cell surface phenotype and functional properties: a loss of CD45RA+ occurred and an increased expression of CD45RO, CD29, and CD58 (LFA3), as well as a gain in responsiveness to anti-CD3 and anti-CD2. This change in CD45 phenotype from CD45RA to CD45RO occurs in both the anti-CD3-responsive and in the anti-CD3-unresponsive subsets of the CD45RA+, CD4+ cells after cell proliferation. The anti-CD3-unresponsive subset may represent a pool of not yet fully differentiated peripheral T cells. The acquisition of anti-CD3 responsiveness could occur as a consequence of Ag priming or by an Ag-independent mechanism. Involvement of the CD28 Ag in this process is suggested from the present study.
Prostacyclin-Deficient Mice Develop Ischemic Renal Disorders, Including Nephrosclerosis and Renal Infarction (2002)

PGI2 deficiency resulted in the development of vascular disorders with the thickening of vascular walls and interstitial fibrosis, especially in mouse kidneys. The findings demonstrated in vivo that PGI2 is important in the homeostasis of blood vessels. Our established PGID mice are useful for studies on the initiation and development of vascular diseases, such as ischemic renal disorders with arterial sclerosis and infarction, and also for studies on the novel signaling pathway of PGI2.
Cholesteryl-conjugated oligonucleotides: synthesis, properties, and activity as inhibitors of replication of human immunodeficiency virus in cell culture. (1989)

A family of oligonucleotides and phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogues was synthesized with a cholesteryl group tethered at the 3'-terminal internucleoside link. This modification, introduced to enhance interaction of the polyanions with cell membranes, significantly increases the antiviral activity of the oligomers, as judged by inhibition of syncytia formation and expression of viral proteins p17, p24, and reverse transcriptase for human immunodeficiency virus 1 in Molt-3 cells. In the most favorable case, with a 20-mer cholesteryl-phosphorothioate derivative, complete inhibition by all assays was obtained with an oligomer concentration of 0.2 microM. Even decamers were active, and some antiviral activity was observed for a heptanucleotide cholesteryl-phosphorothioate derivative, which binds very poorly to complementary oligonucleotides. These facts, and the finding that the activity of the phosphorothioate decamers does not correlate with a specific sequence, suggests that a mechanism other than "antisense inhibition" may be operative in these systems.
Nanocomposites of TiO2 and Reduced Graphene Oxide as Efficient Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution (2011)

Nanocomposites of titanium dioxide (P25) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), which were prepared by several techniques including UV-assisted photocatalytic reduction, hydrazine reduction, and hydrothermal method, were studied as photocatalysts for the evolution of hydrogen from alcohol solution under UV–vis irradiation. The incorporation of RGO into P25 significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution, and the P25–RGO composite prepared by the hydrothermal method exhibited the best performance. The optimum mass ratio of P25 to RGO in the composite was 1/0.2. The P25–RGO composite was stable and could be used recyclably, and it could also catalyze the evolution of H2 from pure water. Our characterizations suggested that P25 nanoparticles with diameters of 20–30 nm were dispersed on the RGO sheet in the composite, and the stronger interaction between P25 and RGO provided a better photocatalytic activity. The intimate contact between P25 and RGO was proposed to accelerate the transfer of photogenerated electrons on P25 to RGO, suppressing the recombination of charge carriers and thus increasing the photocatalytic performance.
Do glial cells control pain? (2007)

Management of chronic pain is a real challenge, and current treatments that focus on blocking neurotransmission in the pain pathway have resulted in limited success. Activation of glial cells has been widely implicated in neuroinflammation in the CNS, leading to neurodegeneration in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. The inflammatory mediators released by activated glial cells, such as tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-1b not only cause neurodegeneration in these disease conditions, but also cause abnormal pain by acting on spinal cord dorsal horn neurons in injury conditions. Pain can also be potentiated by growth factors such as brain-derived growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, which are produced by glia to protect neurons. Thus, glial cells can powerfully control pain when they are activated to produce various pain mediators. We review accumulating evidence that supports an important role for microglial cells in the spinal cord for pain control under injury conditions (e.g. nerve injury). We also discuss possible signaling mechanisms, in particular mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways that are crucial for glial-mediated control of pain.Investigating signaling mechanisms in microglia might lead to more effective management of devastating chronic pain.
Taxi Dispatch System Based on Current Demands and Real-Time Traffic Conditions (2004)

The existing taxi dispatch system that taxi operators in Singapore use to handle current bookings was studied. This dispatch system adopts the Global Positioning System and is based on the nearest-coordinate method: the taxi assigned for each booking is the one with the shortest, direct, straight-line distance to the customer location. However, the taxi assigned under this system often is not capable of reaching the customer in the shortest time possible. An alternative dispatch system is proposed, whereby the dispatch of taxis is determined by real-time traffic conditions. In the proposed system, the taxi assigned the booking job is the one with the shortest time path, reaching the customer in the shortest time. This dispatch ensures that customers are served within the shortest period of time and increases customer satisfaction. The effectiveness of both the existing and the proposed dispatch systems is investigated through computer simulations. The results from a simulation model of the Singapore central business district network are presented and analyzed. Data from the simulations show that the proposed dispatch system is capable of being more efficient in dispatching taxis more quickly and leads to more than 50% reductions in passenger pickup times and average travel distances. A more efficient dispatch system would result in higher standards of customer service and a more organized taxi fleet to meet customer demands better.
Characterization of a fusion protein consisting of amino acids 1 to 263 of tissue-type plasminogen activator and amino acids 144 to 411 of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. (1987)

A hybrid human cDNA was constructed by splicing of a cDNA fragment of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), encoding 5'-untranslated, the pre-pro region and amino acids Ser1-Thr263, with a cDNA fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), encoding amino acids Leu144-Leu411. The cDNA fragments were obtained from full length t-PA cDNA, cloned from Bowes melanoma poly(A)+ mRNA, and from full length u-PA cDNA, cloned from CALU-3 lung adenocarcinoma poly(A)+ mRNA. The hybrid (t-PA/u-PA) cDNA was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and the translation product purified from the conditioned cell culture media. On SDS-gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, the protein migrated as a single band with approximate Mr 70,000. On immunoblotting, it reacted both with rabbit antisera raised against human t-PA and against human u-PA. The urokinase-like amidolytic activity of the protein was only 320 IU/mg but increased to 43,000 IU/mg after treatment with plasmin, which resulted in conversion of the single-chain molecule (t-PA/scu-PA) to a two-chain molecule (t-PA/tcu-PA). The specific activity of the protein on fibrin plates was 57,000 IU/mg by comparison with the International Reference Preparation for Urokinase. Both the single-chain hybrid (t-PA/scu-PA) and the two-chain plasmin derivative (t-PA/tcu-PA) bound specifically to fibrin, albeit more weakly than t-PA. The t-PA/tcu-PA hybrid had a higher selectivity for fibrin than tcu-PA, measured in a system composed of a whole human 125I-fibrin-labeled plasma clot immersed in human plasma. Both hybrid proteins activated plasminogen directly with Km = 1.5 microM and k2 = 0.0058 s-1 for t-PA/scu-PA and with Km = 80 microM and k2 = 5.6 s-1 for t-PA/tcu-PA. CNBr-digested fibrinogen stimulated the activation of plasminogen with t-PA/tcu-PA (Km = 0.20 microM and k2 = 1.2 s-1). It is concluded that these t-PA/u-PA hybrid proteins combine, at least to some extent, the fibrin-affinity of t-PA with the enzymatic properties of u-PA (either scu-PA or tcu-PA), which in some assays result in improved fibrin-mediated plasminogen activation.
A New Iterative Decoder for Turbo Codes on the Nonlinear Channel with Non-uniform 16QAM Modulation (2006)

In conventional bit interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding (BICM - ID), a turbo decoder is employed where extrinsic information of the data bits is exchanged between two soft input soft output (SISO) devices. For a fixed size constellation, the probability distribution and distance among signal symbols are usually assumed to be uniform. Performance of BICM-ID is determined by the code structure, the signal mapping and the iteration scheduling between the soft-demapper and the decoder. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for the turbo receiver where an extra soft-demapper is placed between the two SISO decoders. Extrinsic information is exchanged for both data and parity bits. Also, a new non-uniform probability distribution technique for 16QAM is used with this new iterative decoding structure. We simulated a parallel concatenated convolutional code (PCCC) scheme with 16QAM modulation. Over a linear channel, this new iterative decoding scheme with non-uniform 16QAM offers a gain of 0.9 dB at a bit error rate (BER) of 10(exp -5). On a nonlinear satellite channel, we observed a gain of 1.2 dB compared to uniform 16QAM, also at a BER of 10(exp -5).
Double knockout pigs deficient in N‐glycolylneuraminic acid and Galactose α‐1,3‐Galactose reduce the humoral barrier to xenotransplantation (2013)

This technology will accelerate the development of pigs for xenotransplantation research.
Review: Proximity effects in the production of chromosome aberrations by ionizing radiation (1997)

After ionizing radiation has induced double-strand DNA breaks (dsb), misrejoining produces chromosome aberrations. Aberration yields are influenced by "proximity' effects, i.e., by the dependence of misrejoining probabilities on initial dsb separations. We survey proximity effects, emphasizing implications for chromosome aberration-formation mechanisms, for chromatin geometry, and for dose-response relations. Evidence for proximity effects comes from observed biases for centric rings and against three-way interchanges, relative to dicentrics or translocations. Other evidence comes from the way aberration yields depend on radiation dose and quality, tightly bunched ionizations being relatively effective. We concludes (1) that misrejoining probabilities decrease as the distance between dsb at the time of their formation increases, and almost all misrejoining occurs among dsb initially separated by < 1/3 of a cell nucleus diameter; (2) that chromosomes occupy (irregular) territories during the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, having dimensions also roughly 1/3 of a cell nucleus diameter, (3) that proximity effects have the potential to probe how much different chromosomes intertwine on move relative to each other: and (4) that incorporation of proximity effects into the classic random breakage-and-reunion model allows quantitative interrelation of yields for many different aberration types and of data obtained with various FISH painting methods or whole-genome scoring.
Domain decomposition methods for simulation of printing and inspection of phase defects (2003)

A detailed study of the domain decomposition method by edges (edge-DDM) is used to show the smallest feature sizes that can be accurately simulated using the decomposition, and thereby understand the domain of applicability for this simulation method during printing. For features in arbitrary layouts, edge-DDM is accurate to better than 1% for any mask lateral feature dimension of 2l or longer. The smallest feature dimension could be even smaller, depending on the types of edges present in the layout. Design graphs are produced to show the smallest feature dimension for any specific layout. In general, the TE polarization limits the edge-DDM applicability, and extensions to model the boundary interactions at small CDs may be able to reduce the smallest feature dimension to equal that of the TM polarization, resulting in a 1 - 1.5 &#955; minimum dimension. A 'defect projector' method for rapidly and accurately simulating defect printability is introduced and combined with edge-DDM. Calculations of the CD change from the defect projector method agree with calculations of CD change from rigorous simulations with embedded defects to within 30%, despite low NILS values from the test structure used in this study. Finally, the impacts on edge-DDM accuracy for both off-axis illumination and the larger numerical apertures utilized during inspection are investigated. Results show that high spatial frequency errors resulting from edge-DDM synthesis of the near fields are problematic for inspection. Asymptotic anticipation is suggested for modeling the high frequency components.
Mouse in red: Red fluorescent protein expression in mouse ES cells, embryos, and adult animals (2004)

Spectral variants of green fluorescent protein are widely used in live samples for a broad range of applications: from visualization of protein interactions, through following gene expression, to marking particular cells in complex tissues. Higher wavelength emissions (such as red) are preferred due to the lower background-autofluorescence in tissues (Miyawaka et al., Nat Cell Biol Suppl S1-7, 2003). Until now, however, red fluorescent proteins (RFP) have displayed toxicity in murine embryos, which has hampered its application in this model. Here we report strong expression of a recently developed RFP variant, DsRed.T3, in mouse ES cells, embryos, and adult mice. Our results show that the red fluorescent wavelength has a superior tissue penetrance compared with spectral variants of lower wavelength. Furthermore, we have generated an ES cell line and a corresponding transgenic mouse line in which red fluorescence is activated upon Cre excision. Finally, we introduced cell type-specifically expressed Cre transgenes into this Cre recombinase reporter cell line, and by using the tetraploid embryo complementation assay, we could directly verify the Cre recombinase specificity on ES cell-derived embryos/animals.