gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new school (2010)

* Ensures children progress at the right pace with supportive, gradual progression through carefully graded steps. * Provides engaging humour and lively fiction plots provided by top authors and illustrators enhance excellence and enjoyment in teaching and learning. * Includes varied fiction styles are introduced through fantasy, cliff-hanger, adventure and novelty format titles to motivate and maintain attention. * Promotes valuable awareness of community and citizenship as Story Street is modelled round a contemporary multi-cultural community and many titles are ideal for teaching citizenship and PSHE including issues that range from conservation to bullying. * Specific assessment activities to help teachers monitor children's reading progress and simple integration of assessment for learning throughout Story Street Teacher's Notes ensure children's reading and writing skills progress at word, sentence and text level. * Accessible Teaching Notes and Activity sheets ensure teachers, teaching assistants and parents are all able to contribute to teaching and learning with simple integration of assessment for learning * Covers ICT and literacy with vibrant talking books, author video clips and activities on CDROM for ages 5-7.
Pentoxifylline inhibits interleukin-2-induced toxicity in C57BL/6 mice but preserves antitumor efficacy. (1992)

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) mediates the regression of metastatic cancer but clinical use has been limited due to associated toxicities. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an important mediator of IL-2 toxicity and may have a limited role in IL-2 antitumor efficacy. Because pentoxifylline (PTXF) inhibits TNF production, we hypothesized that PTXF would ameliorate IL-2 toxicity without compromising antitumor efficacy. Four groups of female C57BL/6 mice with pulmonary metastases from a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (MCA-105) and four groups of nontumored mice were treated every 6 h for 4 d by intraperitoneal injections of either IL-2 alone, IL-2 and PTXF, PTXF alone, or equal volumes of saline. Upon completion of therapy, we found that PTXF suppressed many of the IL-2-induced effects including TNF production, lymphocytic infiltration of multiple organs, multiple organ edema, hepatic dysfunction, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Tumor response was determined 21 d after cessation of therapy by quantitating the number and surface area of pulmonary metastases. PTXF preserved antitumor efficacy while reducing the morbidity and mortality caused by IL-2 treatment. These data strongly support the use of PTXF in extending the therapeutic index of IL-2 in the treatment of cancer.
Salt Complexation in Block Copolymer Thin Films (2006)

Ion complexation within cylinder-forming block copolymer thin films was found to affect the ordering process of the copolymer films during solvent annealing, significantly enhancing the long-range positional order. Small amounts of alkali halide or metal salts were added to PS-b-PEO, on the order of a few ions per chain, where the salt complexed with the PEO block. The orientation of the cylindrical microdomains strongly depended on the salt concentration and the ability of the ions to complex with PEO. The process shows large flexibility in the choice of salt used, including gold or cobalt salts, whereby well-organized patterns of nanoparticles can be generated inside the copolymer microdomains. By further increasing the amount of added salts, the copolymer remained highly ordered at large degrees of swelling and demonstrated long-range positional correlations of the microdomains in the swollen state, which holds promise as a route to addressable media.
A generalized maximum entropy approach to bregman co-clustering and matrix approximation (2004)

Co-clustering is a powerful data mining technique with varied applications such as text clustering, microarray analysis and recommender systems. Recently, an information-theoretic co-clustering approach applicable to empirical joint probability distributions was proposed. In many situations, co-clustering of more general matrices is desired. In this paper, we present a substantially generalized co-clustering framework wherein any Bregman divergence can be used in the objective function, and various conditional expectation based constraints can be considered based on the statistics that need to be preserved. Analysis of the co-clustering problem leads to the minimum Bregman information principle, which generalizes the maximum entropy principle, and yields an elegant meta algorithm that is guaranteed to achieve local optimality. Our methodology yields new algorithms and also encompasses several previously known clustering and co-clustering algorithms based on alternate minimization.
Infrared Spectroscopy, Microscopy, and Microscopic Imaging of Mineralizing Tissues: Spectra-Structure Correlations from Human Iliac Crest Biopsies (1999)

Infrared microscopic images of the cortical region of human iliac crest biopsies have been obtained at ∼7 μm spatial resolution and 8 cm-1 spectral resolution with a 64×64 mercury-cadmium-telluride focal plane array detector coupled to a Fourier transform infrared microscope and a step scanning interferometer. Images of several spectral parameters provide information about the spatial distribution of the mineral (apatite) and protein (mostly collagen) components of the tissue. In addition, the image of a parameter known to reflect the crystallinity/perfection of the mineral phase, namely, the intensity ratio of bands at 1030 and 1020 cm-1 within the phosphate ν1,ν3 contour, revealed a progressive increase in the apatite crystal size/perfection from the osteonal center to the periphery. Finally, a detailed comparison of the spatial distribution of the I(1020)/I(1030) ratio for the same osteon obtained by array detection and by conventional point-by-point microspectroscopy revealed statistically identical behavior, thereby providing a validation of infrared imaging for structural analysis of apatite forming tissues. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Methods of Genotyping (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Brief Historical Review of Markers Used for Genotyping Sources of Markers PCR and Genotyping Marker Separation Detection Methods SNP Detection Data Management References
Isolation and Characterization of Two Allergens from <i>Dermatophagoides farinae</i> (1986)

Two purified allergens, designated as DF1 and DF2, were isolated from the extract of the whole culture of Dermatophagoides farinae by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange, hydrophobic, chelate and gel chromatography. DF1 was isolated as a heat-sensitive acidic protein with an apparent molecular weight of 25,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.6-7.2. DF2 was isolated as a heat-stable basic protein with an apparent molecular weight of 15,000 and an isoelectric point of 7.8-8.3. No allergenic cross-reactivity was seen between DF1 and DF2. Both DF1 and DF2 were shown to be the major allergens of D. farinae by the results of radioallergosorbent test and histamine release assay.
Knowing Me, Knowing You: Trader Anonymity and Informed Trading in Parallel Markets (2001)

: In this paper we empirically analyze whether the degree of trader anonymity is related to the probability of information-based trading. We use data from the German stock market where nonanonymous traditional floor based exchanges co-exist with an anonymous computerized trading system. We extend the model of Easley / Kiefer / O&amp;apos;Hara / Paperman (1996) to allow for simultaneous estimation for two parallel markets. We find that the probability of informed trading is significantly lower in the floor based trading system. We further document that the size of the spread and the adverse selection component are positively related to the estimated probabilities of informationbased trading. JEL classification: G10, G14, G15 Keywords: Anonymity; informed trading; multi-market trading * The first author gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Landeszentralbank Hessen and the third author gratefully acknowledges financial support from the TMR grant &amp;quot;Financial Market Efficiency and ...
Evaluation of a test for identification of Arabian horses heterozygous for the severe combined immunodeficiency trait (1997)

Results suggest that the genetic test will be useful in identifying Arabian horses heterozygous for the SCID trait and foals with SCID, provided that all Arabian horses with SCID have the same genetic mutation.
In vivo MR measurements of regional arterial and venous blood volume fractions in intact rat brain (2000)

In vivo measurement of cerebral arterial and venous volume fractions is important to the understanding of brain physiology and function. By using an intravascular perfluorocarbon and 19F NMR at 4.7 T, regional arterial and venous volume fractions from an intact rat brain were resolved based on the pseudodiffusion coefficients, which were (33 +/- 7) x 10(-3) and (0.45 +/- 0.13) x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec (mean +/- SD, n = 7) for the fast- and slow-moving component, respectively. By exploiting the linear dependence of the perfluorocarbon 19F 1/T1 on the dissolved paramagnetic oxygen concentration, combined inversion-recovery and diffusion measurements were made to correlate the short T1 (high-oxygenation) component with the fast-moving component and the long T1 (low-oxygenation) component with the slow-moving component. The arterial blood volume fraction was 29 +/- 7% of the total cerebral blood volume. Finally, experiments were performed in which different oxygen concentrations were inhaled to validate this technique.
Phase 1 study of carboplatin in patients with advanced cancer, intermittent intravenous bolus, and 24-hour infusion. (1985)

We undertook a phase 1 study of Carboplatin (CBDCA) on an intermittent single intravenous (IV) bolus (schedule A) and a 24-hour continuous infusion schedule (schedule B). Hydration and forced diuresis were not performed. Patients were not premedicated for anticipated vomiting. Thirty-eight adult patients with solid tumors received a total of 71 courses. In schedule A, doses were escalated from 20 to 600 mg/m2. The dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression. At doses of 270 mg/m2 and higher, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were reproducibly seen. The dose of 600 mg/m2 was the maximally tolerated dose, producing severe thrombocytopenia (platelet counts less than 30,000/microL). Other toxicities included a fall in hemoglobin levels and tolerable nausea and vomiting. Schedule B produced comparable hematologic and emetogenic toxicities to those in schedule A. In three patients audiograms became abnormal with high-frequency hearing loss without overt deafness. Two patients developed hypomagnesemia without irreversible renal dysfunction. Patients with poor performance status, preexisting renal dysfunction, a third fluid space, or bone metastases seemed to develop increased hematologic toxicity. The recommended phase 2 dose for good risk patients is 400 mg/m2 IV bolus and for poor risk patients 270 mg/m2 IV bolus. Responses were seen in one patient each with head and neck carcinoma (partial response), small cell lung cancer (minor response), and breast cancer (minor response).
Complexity in KSR function revealed by Raf inhibitor and KSR structure studies (2011)

The Ras, Raf, MEK and ERK proteins form an essential signal transduction pathway that is aberrantly activated in many human cancers. Kinase suppressor of Ras (KSR) is a conserved positive modulator of this pathway, and since its discovery, there has been a concerted effort to elucidate KSR function in both normal and aberrant Ras/ERK signaling. The KSR proteins possess a C-terminal region that is closely related to the Raf family kinase domain; however, mammalian KSR proteins lack a key catalytic residue, suggesting a role as a pseudokinase. Like many other pseudokinases, KSR has scaffolding activities and interacts with Raf, MEK and ERK to provide spatio-temporal regulation of ERK activation. Recently, significant advances have been made that further our understanding of how KSR proteins function in normal and oncogenic signaling. The newly solved KSR2/MEK1 structure has revealed important mechanistic details for how KSR regulates MEK activation and has raised questions regarding KSR kinase activity. In addition, KSR expression levels have been found to alter the effects of Raf inhibitors on oncogenic Ras/ERK signaling. Specifically, KSR1 competes with C-Raf for inhibitor-induced binding to B-Raf and in doing so attenuates the paradoxical activating effect of these drugs on ERK signaling.
Official Microsoft Internet Explorer 4 book (1996)

Version 4 is a complete suite of products for communicating and working together via the Internet or intranets. And here you'll learn to work with them all - Outlook Express for e-mail, NetMeeting video and data conferencing. NetShow streaming multimedia, FrontPage Express for making HTML documents, and Web Publishing Wizard for sharing those documents with others. Official Microsoft Internet Explorer 4 Book is packed with comprehensive information, so it's great for new users, veterans, and professionals.
Human three-dimensional fibroblast cultures express angiogenic activity (2000)

Human neonatal fibroblasts were cultured on a lactate-glycollate copolymer scaffold for 12-16 days to form a three-dimensional dermal equivalent tissue. The cellular content of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA in these three-dimensional cultures was 22-fold greater than that observed in the same fibroblasts grown as monolayers. No induction was shown by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or angiopoietin 1 indicating that the effect was specific to VEGF. The predominant VEGF splice variant, detected by RT-PCR corresponded to the 121 amino acid form, with less of the 165 amino acid form. The cell-associated forms (189 and 206 amino acids) comprised less than 1% of the total VEGF mRNA. VEGF and HGF proteins, determined by ELISA, were secreted in physiologically significant amounts, 0.5-4 ng per 24 h/10(6) cells. Conditioned medium from the three-dimensional cultures stimulated proliferation of endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced cellular expression of integrin alpha(v)beta(3). Conditioned medium from the same dermal fibroblasts cultured in monolayer showed little angiogenic activity in any of these assays. Using the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis assay, the cultures stimulated blood vessel production 2.8-fold over scaffold alone. VEGF-neutralizing antibody reduced the vessel development in the CAM to the level in the scaffold control. Anti-HGF antibody had no significant effect. In conclusion, three-dimensional cultures of dermal equivalent tissue express angiogenic activity to a greater extent than monolayer cultures, some of which can be assigned to VEGF.
Electrical Properties of Ruthenium/Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposited La-Oxide/Si Field Effect Transistors (2003)

Ruthenium (Ru) is proposed as a gate metal for lanthanide oxide high-k gate dielectric metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. Desirable threshold voltage within ±0.5 V has been experimentally obtained for the Ru gate/metaolorganic chemical vapor deposited La-oxide dielectric metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs). We have also achieved a high ON/OFF drain current ratio of more than 104 in both n-MOSFETs and p-MOSFETs with a low subthreshold-slope. These experimental results show that the proposed Ru/La-oxide MOSFET is promising for future low power ultra large scale integrated circuits.
Universal Digital Quantum Simulation with Trapped Ions (2011)

A digital quantum simulator is an envisioned quantum device that can be programmed to efficiently simulate any other local system. We demonstrate and investigate the digital approach to quantum simulation in a system of trapped ions. With sequences of up to 100 gates and 6 qubits, the full time dynamics of a range of spin systems are digitally simulated. Interactions beyond those naturally present in our simulator are accurately reproduced, and quantitative bounds are provided for the overall simulation quality. Our results demonstrate the key principles of digital quantum simulation and provide evidence that the level of control required for a full-scale device is within reach.
High dielectric constant microwave probes for sensing soil moisture (1974)

Implantable soil moisture sensors suitable for long-term monitoring of moisture in highway subgrades and for similar applications are needed. Two candidate designs of microwave sensors (operating range 4 to 6 GHz) have been investigated for such applications. One design uses the fringing field of a low-loss dielectric slab waveguide (relative dielectric constant of 25) to obtain good resolution for finely divided soil such as bentonite clay with moisture ranging from 10 to 50 percent by dry weight for effective sample volumes of 20 to 40 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The response of the dielectric waveguide sensor has been calculated in terms of the effective dielectric constant of the soil-water mixture. A model based on index of refraction yields an effective dielectric constant in reasonable agreement with experiment when effects of ionic conduction are accounted for. Another sensor design, better adapted for coarse materials, such as crushed limestone aggregate, uses waves launched from a tapered dielectric slab. By using either frequency or spatial averaging methods, the launched wave sensor accommodated aggregate particles passed by a 0.63-cm mesh sieve, and was found to have satisfactory resolution for the range of 0- to 10-percent moisture by dry weight.
Secondary rearrangements and post‐rearrangement selection contribute to restricted immunoglobulin DJH expression in young rabbit bone marrow (1995)

Extrachromosomal circular DNA purified from bone marrow cells of 2-weeks-old rabbits was assayed by polymerase chain reaction to determine the relative rearrangement frequencies of immunoglobulin DH to JH genes in vivo. DH genes rearranged to individual JH genes with different frequencies. This bias did not correlate with potential sequence overlaps in the DH or JH coding sequences. The JH2 and JH4 genes were the preferred targets of recombination in primary rearrangements. Although primary rearrangements to JH6 were relatively infrequent, secondary rearrangements were detected. This assay also revealed previously undescribed JH pseudogenes with functional recombination signal sequences. Analyses of genomic VDJH indicated that B cells expressing VDJH4 heavy chains survived and dominated in the bone marrow environment due to secondary rearrangements and/or post-rearrangement selection.
c-myc protein expression in untransformed fibroblasts. (1991)

We have examined and quantitated the expression of c-myc protein in two untransformed fibroblast cell lines, murine Swiss 3T3 and human MRC-5, c-myc protein is not detectable in quiescent cells, but it is rapidly induced upon mitogenic stimulation. Peak expression is seen about 3-5 h after serum stimulation, and corresponds to about 3-6000 molecules per cell (mpc). Thereafter, levels fall back to a quiescent level in confluent fibroblasts, but remain elevated at 1-3000 mpc in subconfluent cells. The c-myc protein is phosphorylated and has the same size and short half-life as seen in tumour cells. Removal of serum growth factors from the culture medium causes very rapid loss of the c-myc protein from all cells, irrespective of their positions in the cell cycle. Thus, c-myc expression is continuously dependent upon the presence of mitogens. However, no single tested mitogen is obligatory for maintenance of expression in proliferating cells. Growth arrest of cells, either by metabolite starvation or by drugs which inhibit DNA synthesis, does not affect expression of the c-myc protein, which remains completely dependent upon the presence of mitogens. These data are consistent with the c-myc protein's having a continuous role in proliferating cells as an intracellular integrator of growth regulatory signalling pathways.
Effect of VX-770 in Persons with Cystic Fibrosis and the G551D- CFTR Mutation (2010)

This study to evaluate the safety and adverse-event profile of VX-770 showed that VX-770 was associated with within-subject improvements in CFTR and lung function. These findings provide support for further studies of pharmacologic potentiation of CFTR as a means to treat cystic fibrosis. (Funded by Vertex Pharmaceuticals and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00457821.).
Extensive apoptosis in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (1996)

Extensive intraductal necrosis in DCIS is likely to represent apoptosis. However, it is unlikely that this apoptosis is regulated by p53. The apparently abundant apoptosis identified here, particularly in high grade DCIS, may be important in explaining why spontaneous cell death in DCIS is associated with a worse prognosis.
Roles of Extracellular Signal‐regulated Kinase 1/2 and p38 Mitogen‐activated Protein Kinase in the Signal Transduction of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Endothelial Cells during Angiogenesis (1999)

We examined the role of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in the signal transduction of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-mediated effects in endothelial cells (ECs). When MSS31 murine endothelial cells were stimulated with bFGF, three MAP kinase homologs, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1, and p38 MAP kinase were activated. The inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway with PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MEK1, or of the p38 MAP kinase pathway with SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase, abrogated bFGF-mediated tube formation by MSS31 cells in type I collagen gel. Tube formation in type I collagen gel requires proliferation and migration of these cells, and degradation of the extracellular matrix by these cells. Both PD98059 and SB203580 inhibited bFGF-stimulated DNA synthesis as well as migration of MSS31 cells. Cell migration requires cytoskeleton reorganization and cell adhesion. bFGF induced actin reorganization and vinculin assembly in the focal adhesion plaque, both of which were inhibited by SB203580 but not by PD98059. bFGF induced the expression of the transcription factor ETS-1 in MSS31 cells. ETS-1 is responsible for the expression of proteases as well as integrin beta 3 subunit in ECs, and converts ECs to invasive phenotype. PD98059 inhibited this induction of ETS-1, whereas SB203580 did not. These results indicate that ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase are requisite for the signal transduction of bFGF in ECs. The roles of these two MAP kinase homologs are not identical, but these kinases work in a coordinated fashion.