gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Lineages of Neuroglial Cells (1996)

The study of neuroglial cell lineages in the CNS identifies the time in development, when astrocytes and oligodendrocytes diverge from a common precursor cell. Recent studies using retroviral tracing show that the lineages for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes begin to diverge as early as embryonic day 13 (E13) in the cerebellum and as early as E15 in the forebrain. A very small percentage of glial precursor cells present in late pre- and postnatal development are pluripotential, but the vast majority of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the brain are derived from “committed” precursors. The precursors for these postmitotic astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are immature astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (progenitors) that express molecular properties unique to each of these cell types. It is critical to distinguish glial lineage (thought of in terms of a glial cell's ancestry in normal development) from glial plasticity (the potential of a glial cell to alter its fate when its normal environment is changed). In tissue culture, a bipotential cell known as the O-2A cell generates oligodendrocytes under one set of culture conditions and retains plasticity to become a subtype of astrocyte under another set. Whether all cells phenotyped as O-2A cells in culture are bipotential or whether only a subset displays this capacity is still unclear.
[Nocturnal hypoxia index: a new pulse oxymetry index of nocturnal hypoventilation in neuromuscular disorders]. (1995)

Respiratory insufficiency due to progressive muscle wasting is a major cause of death in various neuromuscular disorders. Morning headache and anorexia leading to slowly progressive body weight loss are frequently observed as initial symptoms of insufficient ventilation. From our experience nocturnal pulse oxymetry is a valuable study to detect early respiratory insufficiency and helpful to evaluate the effectiveness of ventilatory assistance, since ventilation is more impaired during sleep in early stage of respiratory insufficiency. Percent desaturation time (total desaturation time (SaO2 < or = 90%)/total sleep time) has been used as the most reasonable index of nocturnal hypoventilation. The criteria for introduction of nocturnal mechanical ventilation is 20% or more in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Unfortunately, the earliest stage of hypoventilation cannot be detected by this index and it is of no use in advanced respiratory failure, because this index never exceeds 100% by definition. Here we propose a new index for nocturnal hypoventilation, which is defined as follows: nocturnal hypoxia index (NHI) = (% time of 95% > or = SaO2 > 90%) + (% time of 90% > or = SaO2 > 85%) x 2 + (% time of 85% > or = SaO2 > 80%) x 3 + (% time of 80% > or = SaO2 > 75%) x 4 + (% time of 75% > or = SaO2 > 70%) x 5.... This index is good for any stage of respiratory failure, and applicable to nocturnal hypoxia of other causes. The criteria for initiating mechanical ventilation in DMD can be substituted by "NHI is above 130."
Comparison of Calcium Salts and Formaldehyde-Protected Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Inducing Milk Fat Depression (2005)

Abomasal infusion studies have shown that trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) decreases milk fat synthesis. However, supplements of CLA must avoid rumen biohydrogenation for this technology to be applied to ruminants. Rumen protection methods would reduce CLA metabolism in the rumen and increase its supply to the small intestine. Our objective was to compare the efficacy of 2 forms of rumen-protected CLA at inducing milk fat depression. Three mid to late lactation Holstein cows each fitted with a rumen fistula were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Treatments were: 1) control, 2) calcium salts of CLA (Ca-CLA), and 3) formaldehyde-protected CLA (FP-CLA). Supplements were designed to provide 10 g/d of trans-10, cis-12 CLA and were administered intraruminally once per day to ensure exact delivery of amount. Both CLA treatments substantially reduced milk fat yield and content compared with control, with the reductions in milk fat yield averaging 34% for the Ca-CLA treatment and 44% for the FP-CLA treatment. In contrast, milk yield, milk protein yield, and dry matter intake were unaltered by CLA treatment. Efficiency of transfer of trans-10, cis-12 CLA from the supplement into milk fat was 3.2 and 7.0% for Ca-CLA and FP-CLA, respectively. These values are much lower than transfer efficiencies reported for abomasally infused CLA, suggesting that much of the trans-10, cis-12 CLA present in the 2 formulations was biohydrogenated in the rumen. Overall, the extent of the reduction in milk fat yield indicates that both protection formulations are acceptable methods for the formulation of CLA supplements to induce milk fat depression in lactating dairy cows.
A quantitative method for comparing and evaluating manual prosthetic socket modifications (1996)

Manually designed prosthetic sockets are difficult to evaluate since the hand-sculpting modification process does not retain the initial shape for comparison. A quantitative method for defining and comparing manual socket modifications was developed and integrated into the CADVIEW software package. The numerical comparison procedure consisted of a) digitizing premodification and post-modification models of a prosthetic socket, b) aligning these two shapes to a common axis (calculate cross section centroids, determine line of best fit through the centroids, rotate and move the line of best fit to a common axis), and c) displaying the differences in shape both numerically and using a color-coded three dimensional image. Alignment technique testing showed a between-radial-point average error of 2.5 mm using automatic alignment and 1.4 mm after further manual alignment adjustment. The between socket difference values were used to outline individual modifications and save these outlines to disk. Modification outlines from a series of patients were averaged to determine a prosthetist's general modification style. Averaged results from two prosthetists qualitatively supported the effectiveness of this procedure. This alignment and comparison system should help transfer hand-sculpting skills to prosthetic CAD/CAM systems, clinical research, and education for new clinicians.
Geometric skinning with approximate dual quaternion blending (2008)

Skinning of skeletally deformable models is extensively used for real-time animation of characters, creatures and similar objects. The standard solution, linear blend skinning, has some serious drawbacks that require artist intervention. Therefore, a number of alternatives have been proposed in recent years. All of them successfully combat some of the artifacts, but none challenge the simplicity and efficiency of linear blend skinning. As a result, linear blend skinning is still the number one choice for the majority of developers. In this article, we present a novel skinning algorithm based on linear combination of dual quaternions. Even though our proposed method is approximate, it does not exhibit any of the artifacts inherent in previous methods and still permits an efficient GPU implementation. Upgrading an existing animation system from linear to dual quaternion skinning is very easy and has a relatively minor impact on runtime performance.
THE HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS (1988)

Orthologs and paralogs are two fundamentally different types of homologous genes that evolved, respectively, by vertical descent from a single ancestral gene and by duplication. Orthology and paralogy are key concepts of evolutionary genomics. A ...Read More
Utilization of heterologous alphavirus junction sequences as promoters by Sindbis virus (1992)

We used Sindbis virus, an alphavirus, as a model to study the evolution of the recognition of viral cis-acting sequences. During the life cycle of alphaviruses, a full-length minus-strand RNA is made and serves as a template for both genomic RNA replication and subgenomic mRNA transcription. Transcription initiates at an internal promoter site, the junction sequence, to produce a subgenomic mRNA. The junction sequences of alphaviruses are highly conserved, but they do contain a number of base differences. These could have been essentially neutral mutations during evolution, such that any of the contemporary sequences can be recognized efficiently by any of the alphaviruses. Alternately, the changes could have resulted in significant functional divergence, such that the contemporary viruses can no longer recognize heterologous junction sequences as promoters. To distinguish between these possibilities, we constructed Sindbis virus derivatives with two subgenomic mRNA promoters. One is the wild-type Sindbis virus promoter used for expression of the structural proteins. The other is either the minimal Sindbis virus promoter or the corresponding junction sequences from other alphaviruses, which are placed upstream of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. RNA analyses were used to determine the relative promoter strengths of the various junction sequences. The results showed that all but two were recognized as promoters by Sindbis virus. CAT enzyme assays were used to measure the accumulation of CAT protein made from mRNAs transcribed by using the heterologous junction sequences as promoters. Most of the viruses expressed amounts of CAT enzyme within 10-fold of each other. The two viruses with junction sequences that were not recognized as promoters did not give significant CAT expression. We conclude that, with respect to Sindbis virus, the junction sequences are functionally conserved; i.e., most of the contemporary nucleotide differences in the junction sequences are neutral or near-neutral mutations. The functional conservation suggests that neither the cis-acting sequence nor the cognate binding site of the transcription factor can change independently. This type of coupled evolution between cis-acting sequences and their cognate viral protein binding sites may be a general phenomenon. For example, it explains the ubiquitous presence of conserved cis-acting sequences in each of the families of RNA viruses. There are implications of this hypothesis for the design of antiviral drugs.
Cobra venom: A review of the old alternative to opiate analgesics. (2011)

Pain has been called the fifth vital sign, and chronic pain impacts the lives of millions. The search for better analgesics is at a fever pitch, but opiates still dominate the moderate to severe pain treatment spectrum, and morphine, essentially a 2000-year-old drug, is still the gold standard. By today's pharmaceutical standards, opiates are old hat, and physicians are generally reluctant to prescribe them due to their potential for adverse effects and abuse. It is suggested that a new look at another old solution, cobra venom, could inject new life into pain management. This review looks at the historical use of cobra venom to control moderate to severe pain and at recent understandings of its mechanism of action.
Effects of extreme surface roughness on 3D printed horn antenna (2013)

3D printing is an emerging technology in manufacturing. It is the long‐term goal of the industry to print complex and fully functional products from cell phones to vehicles. A drawback of many 3D printing technologies is rough surface finish. It is known that metals with high surface roughness severely degrade the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Presented is the first known evaluation of the electromagnetic impact of the typical surface roughness in metal parts produced by electron beam melting. Two Ku‐band (12–15 GHz) horn antennas were 3D printed, with different surface roughness, and compared to a standard horn antenna purchased from Pasternack.
Midwives' experiences of working in a new service delivery model: the next birth after caesarean service (2015)

The study aim was to describe midwives' experiences of working in a new service delivery model. A descriptive qualitative design was used. Six midwives, who had worked in the service since its establishment, whose experience ranged from three to 30 years and who had worked previously in continuity of care models, were invited to participate in a face-to-face recorded interview. Thematic analysis was used. To ensure credibility and trustworthiness of the analysis, all members of the research team reviewed the transcripts and contributed to the development of emerging themes. Ethical approval was granted by the King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women ethics committee and Curtin University. Four themes were identified. 'Getting to know the women' sets the scene with the midwives' perceptions of working in a new midwife-led model of care and the enhanced opportunity to get to know women. 'Layers of support' illustrates how midwives value women's choice and the support of midwifery colleagues. 'Under scrutiny' reflects the attention directed towards the service and their midwifery practice.
Circulating Levels of Resistin and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men and Women: Results From Two Prospective Cohorts (2008)

Elevated levels of circulating resistin were significantly related to increased risk of type 2 diabetes, which appears to be partially accounted for by adiposity and the inflammatory process.
The visna virus genome: evidence for a hypervariable site in the env gene and sequence homology among lentivirus envelope proteins (1987)

The complete nucleotide sequence of the visna virus 1514 genome was determined. Our sequence confirms the relationship of visna virus and other lentiviruses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) both at the level of sequence homology and of genomic organization. Sequence homology is shown to extend to the transmembrane proteins of lentivirus env genes; this homology is strongest in the extracellular domain, suggesting that close structural and functional similarities may also exist among these envelope proteins. Comparison of our data with the sequence of visna virus LV1-1, an antigenic variant derived from strain 1514, demonstrates that the rate of divergence has been about 1.7 x 10(-3) substitutions per nucleotide per year in vivo. This rate is orders of magnitude higher than that for most DNA genomes, but agrees well with estimates of the rate for HIV. A statistically significant cluster of mutations in the env gene appears to represent a hypervariable site and may correspond to the epitope responsible for the antigenic differences between 1514 and LV1-1. Analysis of the potential RNA folding pattern of the visna virus env gene shows that this hypervariable site falls within a region with little potential for intramolecular base pairing. This correlation of hypervariability with lack of RNA secondary structure is strengthened by the fact that it also holds for a hypervariable site in the env gene of HIV.
The Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reaction (2004)

The direct catalytic asymmetric addition of unmodified carbonyl compounds to preformed or in situ-generated imines has emerged as a promising new route to optically enriched alpha- and beta-amino acid derivatives, beta-lactams, and 1,2- and gamma-amino alcohols. The direct catalytic asymmetric Mannich reactions are mediated by small organometallic and organic amine catalysts that can achieve levels of selectivity similar to those possible with natural enzymes. The different small-molecule catalysts described here are complementary in their applications. They also complement each other in syn or anti selectivity of the direct asymmetric Mannich reaction. In this Account, we highlight the recent developments in and contributions to this research.
Both Pertussis Toxin‐Sensitive and Insensitive G‐Proteins Link Melatonin Receptor to Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase in the Ovine Pars Tuberalis (1990)

Bordetella pertussis toxin (islet activating protein, IAP) has been used to investigate the G-proteins involved in mediating the action of the melatonin receptor. Melatonin inhibits iorskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production in ovine pars tuberalis (PT) cells. In cells treated with IAP for 16 h this response is attenuated in a dose-dependent manner, but not abolished. IAP catalyses the incorporation of [(32) P-ADP]ribose into a 41 kd protein present in PT membranes, but this labelling can be reduced if PT cells are preincubated with IAP for 16 h. Treatment of crude membrane preparations with IAP (20 /ig/ml) suppresses the binding of 2-[(125) l]iodomelatonin by 20%, whereas 1 mM GTP alone reduces binding by 40%, and in combination with IAP its effect is additive (60% inhibition). Therefore, these results indicate that the melatonin receptor acts via two G-proteins, one pertussis toxin-sensitive and the other pertussis toxin-insensitive.
Rearrangement of λ Light Chain Genes in Mature B Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Function of Reexpressed Recombination-activating Gene (RAG) Products (1998)

V(D)J (V, variable; D, diversity; J, joining) combination of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes established in premature B cells has been thought to be conserved throughout differentiation at mature stages. However, germinal center (GC) B cells have been shown to reexpress recombination-activating gene (RAG)-1 and RAG-2 proteins in immunized mice. Here, we present several lines of evidence indicating that RAG proteins thus induced are functional as the V(D)J recombinase. DNA excision product reflecting Vlambda1 to Jlambda1 rearrangement was generated in parallel with the expression of RAG genes in mature mouse B cells that were activated in vitro with LPS and IL-4. Similar lambda chain gene rearrangement was observed in the draining lymph node of immunized mice. Further, B cells that underwent lambda gene rearrangement were shown by in situ PCR to be localized within GCs. Thus, secondary rearrangement of Ig genes (receptor editing) can occur in mature B cells.
Molecular basis of haemophilia A (2004)

Technologies in molecular biology have greatly advanced the knowledge regarding the origin of haemophilia A and the physiology of the factor VIII (FVIII) protein. A variety of different mutations in the FVIII gene have been identified and their effects on the FVIII protein described. It has been shown that the frequency of haemophilia A is due to a high mutation rate predominantly in male germ cells. A significant proportion is originating de novo in early embryogenesis from somatic mutations, a finding that has implications for genetic counselling. The life-cycle of the FVIII protein and its structure-function relationships are continuously clarified. Most recently it has been shown that FVIII clearance from the circulation is mediated by the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and cell-surface heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs). These findings raise hope for novel recombinant FVIII molecules with prolonged half-life that may improve therapies for haemophlia A.
Suppression of experimental arthritis by gene transfer of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist cDNA. (1996)

Restoration of the impaired balance between pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines should provide effective treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Gene therapy has been proposed as an approach for delivery of therapeutic proteins to arthritic joints. Here, we examined the efficacy of antiinflammatory gene therapy in bacterial cell wall-induced arthritis in rats. Human secreted interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1ra) was expressed in joints of rats with recurrent bacterial cell wall-induced arthritis by using ex vivo gene transfer. To achieve this, primary synoviocytes were transduced in culture with a retroviral vector carrying the sIL-1ra cDNA. Transduced cells were engrafted in ankle joints of animals prior to reactivation of arthritis. Animals in control groups were engrafted with synoviocytes transduced with lacZ and neo marker genes. Cells continued to express transferred genes for at least 9 days after engraftment. We found that gene transfer of sIL-1ra significantly suppressed the severity of recurrence of arthritis, as assessed by measuring joint swelling and by the gross-observation score, and attenuated but did not abolish erosion of cartilage and bone. The effect of intraarticularly expressed sIL-1ra was essentially local, as there was no significant difference in severity of recurrence between unengrafted contralateral joints in control and experimental groups. We estimate that locally expressed sIL-1ra was about four orders of magnitude more therapeutically efficient than systemically administered recombinant sIL-1ra protein. These findings provide experimental evidence for the feasibility of antiinflammatory gene therapy for arthritis.
Textbook of microbiology (1973)

Textbook of microbiology , Textbook of microbiology , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Vitamin Biosynthesis by Human Gut Butyrate-Producing Bacteria and Cross-Feeding in Synthetic Microbial Communities (2020)

We investigated the requirement of 15 human butyrate-producing gut bacterial strains for eight B vitamins and the proteinogenic amino acids by a combination of genome sequence analysis and <i>in vitro</i> growth experiments. The <i>Ruminococcaceae</i> species <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> and <i>Subdoligranulum variabile</i> were auxotrophic for most of the vitamins and the amino acid tryptophan. Within the <i>Lachnospiraceae</i>, most species were prototrophic for all amino acids and several vitamins, but biotin auxotrophy was widespread. In addition, most of the strains belonging to <i>Eubacterium rectale</i> and <i>Roseburia</i> spp., but few of the other <i>Lachnospiraceae</i> strains, were auxotrophic for thiamine and folate. Synthetic coculture experiments of five thiamine or folate auxotrophic strains with different prototrophic bacteria in the absence and presence of different vitamin concentrations were carried out. This demonstrated that cross-feeding between bacteria does take place and revealed differences in cross-feeding efficiency between prototrophic strains. Vitamin-independent growth stimulation in coculture compared to monococulture was also observed, in particular for <i>F. prausnitzii</i> A2-165, suggesting that it benefits from the provision of other growth factors from community members. The presence of multiple vitamin auxotrophies in the most abundant butyrate-producing <i>Firmicutes</i> species found in the healthy human colon indicates that these bacteria depend upon vitamins supplied from the diet or via cross-feeding from other members of the microbial community.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Microbes in the intestinal tract have a strong influence on human health. Their fermentation of dietary nondigestible carbohydrates leads to the formation of health-promoting short-chain fatty acids, including butyrate, which is the main fuel for the colonic wall and has anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. A good understanding of the growth requirements of butyrate-producing bacteria is important for the development of efficient strategies to promote these microbes in the gut, especially in cases where their abundance is altered. The demonstration of the inability of several dominant butyrate producers to grow in the absence of certain vitamins confirms the results of previous <i>in silico</i> analyses. Furthermore, establishing that strains prototrophic for thiamine or folate (butyrate producers and non-butyrate producers) were able to stimulate growth and affect the composition of auxotrophic synthetic communities suggests that the provision of prototrophic bacteria that are efficient cross feeders may stimulate butyrate-producing bacteria under certain <i>in vivo</i> conditions.