gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation of a sheared flow Z pinch (2005)

The ZaP Flow Z-Pinch project is experimentally studying the effect of sheared flows on Z-pinch stability. It has been shown theoretically that when dVz∕dr exceeds 0.1kVA the kink (m=1) mode is stabilized. [U. Shumlak and C. W. Hartman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3285 (1995).] Z pinches with an embedded axial flow are formed in ZaP with a coaxial accelerator coupled with a 1m assembly region. Long-lived, quiescent Z pinches are generated throughout the first half cycle of the current. During the initial plasma acceleration phase, the axial motion of the current sheet is consistent with snowplow models. Magnetic probes in the assembly region measure the azimuthal modes of the magnetic field. The amplitude of the m=1 mode is proportional to the radial displacement of the Z-pinch plasma current. The magnetic mode levels show a quiescent period which is over 2000 times the growth time of a static Z pinch. The axial velocity is measured along 20 chords through the plasma and deconvolved to provide a radial profile. Using data from multiple pulses, the time evolution of the velocity profile is measured during formation, throughout the quiescent period, and into the transition to instability. The evolution shows that a sheared plasma flow develops as the Z pinch forms. Throughout the quiescent period, the flow shear is greater than the theoretically required threshold for stability. As the flow shear decreases, the magnetic mode fluctuations increase. The coaxial accelerator provides plasma throughout the quiescent period and may explain the evolution of the velocity profile and the sustainment of the flow Z pinch.
Acquisition of direct antiviral effector functions by CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes with cellular maturation (2006)

The role of CD4+ T cells in the control of persistent viral infections beyond the provision of cognate help remains unclear. We used polychromatic flow cytometry to evaluate the production of the cytokines interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interleukin (IL)-2, the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1beta, and surface mobilization of the degranulation marker CD107a by CD4+ T cells in response to stimulation with cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific major histocompatibility complex class II peptide epitopes. Surface expression of CD45RO, CD27, and CD57 on responding cells was used to classify CD4+ T cell maturation. The functional profile of virus-specific CD4+ T cells in chronic CMV infection was unique compared with that observed in other viral infections. Salient features of this profile were: (a) the simultaneous production of MIP-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma in the absence of IL-2; and (b) direct cytolytic activity associated with surface mobilization of CD107a and intracellular expression of perforin and granzymes. This polyfunctional profile was associated with a terminally differentiated phenotype that was not characterized by a distinct clonotypic composition. Thus, mature CMV-specific CD4+ T cells exhibit distinct functional properties reminiscent of antiviral CD8+ T lymphocytes.
Effect of Radiation Sterilization on the Osteoinductive Properties and the Rate of Remodeling of Bone Implants Preserved by Lyophilization and Deep-Freezing (1991)

The effect of various doses of ionizing radiation on the osteoinductive properties of decalcified bone matrices implanted heterotopically and on the rate of remodeling of nondecalcified bone grafts implanted orthotopically in allogeneic systems was studied. Decalcified bone matrices and nondecalcified bone grafts were preserved by lyophilization or by deep-freezing and were subsequently irradiated with appropriate doses at room temperature or at -72 degrees. Lyophilized matrices irradiated at room temperature with 35 and 50 kGy, respectively, were completely resorbed five weeks after heterotopic implantation into the muscles and did not induce osteogenesis, whereas the resorption of deep-frozen ones irradiated with the same doses at -72 degrees was slower and new bone formation was induced. The preservation of the osteoinductive capacity of irradiated, deep-frozen matrices may depend on two factors: reduction of radiation damage on the inducing agents and collagen irradiated in the presence of water, which may diminish the rate of matrix resorption. The rate of remodeling of undecalcified deep-frozen bone implants irradiated at -72 degrees and grafted orthotopically was higher than that of lyophilized ones irradiated at room temperature. It is possible that the temperature during irradiation plays a critical role in protection against radiation damage.
Real-time hyperspectral imaging with volume holographic optical elements (2002)

We report a novel hyperspectral optical sensor capable of providing image information with four degrees of freedom (4D), ie, volumetric spatial information and spectral information simultaneously, in real time. The imaging principle is based on the diffraction properties of volume holographic optical elements designed as spatial-spectral filters. The 4D imager can be configured to image objects in spatial scales ranging from meters to micrometers. The imager also enables feature matching in all four dimensions, which improves the information-extraction capabilities from the image data. We report experimental results and theoretical estimates on the image quality attainable by the 4D imager.
Optical mapping of residual stress in Czochralski grown GaAs (1986)

Despite several detailed theoretical analyses of the stress distribution expected for Czochralski grown GaAs crystals, experimental verification of these calculations has hitherto relied on dislocation density measurements. The present work shows that weak photoelastic patterns are resolvable in the near-infrared transmittance (typically near 1.4 μm) of semi-insulating GaAs wafers. Mapping of these patterns reveals the contours of constant shear stress, with results generally supporting the calculated models for the stress distribution.
Specific Immunization Using Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin-Ganglioside Conjugates1 (1994)

In a search for adjuvants of non-bacterial origin for immunization with ganglioside, we investigated whether chemical coupling to immune stimulatory protein could increase the immunogenicity of sialoglycosphingolipid. A novel method for the linkage of glycosphingolipids, including gangliosides, to protein was established. The procedure includes lysis of the sphingoid double bond by ozone, reduction of the ozonolysis product to the aldehyde, and coupling to amino groups, either directly by reductamination, or by conjugation via a long aliphatic chain dicarboxylic acid linker. Using this method, gangliosides Gfpt1 (IV2-Fuc-, II3NeuAc-Gg4Cer), Glac2 [II3(NeuAc)2-LacCer], and Gtet1 (II3NeuAc-Gg4Cer) were coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and the immunogenicity of the conjugates was tested. Immunization of mice with the KLH-ganglioside conjugates led in each case to the formation of IgG- and IgM antibodies that recognized the underivatized gangliosides, respectively. In contrast to this, mixtures of KLH and ganglioside proved ineffective for immunization. KLH-tumor-associated ganglioside conjugates may, therefore, be considered as possible vaccines in immune therapy of cancer.
Person re-identification by probabilistic relative distance comparison (2011)

Matching people across non-overlapping camera views, known as person re-identification, is challenging due to the lack of spatial and temporal constraints and large visual appearance changes caused by variations in view angle, lighting, background clutter and occlusion. To address these challenges, most previous approaches aim to extract visual features that are both distinctive and stable under appearance changes. However, most visual features and their combinations under realistic conditions are neither stable nor distinctive thus should not be used indiscriminately. In this paper, we propose to formulate person re-identification as a distance learning problem, which aims to learn the optimal distance that can maximises matching accuracy regardless the choice of representation. To that end, we introduce a novel Probabilistic Relative Distance Comparison (PRDC) model, which differs from most existing distance learning methods in that, rather than minimising intra-class variation whilst maximising intra-class variation, it aims to maximise the probability of a pair of true match having a smaller distance than that of a wrong match pair. This makes our model more tolerant to appearance changes and less susceptible to model over-fitting. Extensive experiments are carried out to demonstrate that 1) by formulating the person re-identification problem as a distance learning problem, notable improvement on matching accuracy can be obtained against conventional person re-identification techniques, which is particularly significant when the training sample size is small; and 2) our PRDC outperforms not only existing distance learning methods but also alternative learning methods based on boosting and learning to rank.
The Arabidopsis thaliana TAG1 mutant has a mutation in a diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene (1999)

In Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype Columbia) mutant line AS11, an EMS-induced mutation at a locus on chromosome II results in a reduced diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT; EC 2.3.1.20) activity, reduced seed triacylglycerol, an altered seed fatty acid composition, and delayed seed development. A mutation has been identified in AS11 in a gene, which we designated as TAG1, that encodes a protein with an amino acid sequence which is similar to a recently reported mammalian DGAT, and, to a lesser extent, to acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferases. Molecular analysis revealed that the mutant allele in AS11 has a 147 bp insertion located at the central region of intron 2. At the RNA level, an 81 bp insertion composed entirely of an exon 2 repeat was found in the transcript. While the seed triacylglycerol content is reduced by the lesion in AS11, there is no apparent effect on sterol ester content in the mutant seed. The TAG1 cDNA was over-expressed in yeast, and its activity as a microsomal DGAT confirmed. Therefore, the TAG1 locus encodes a diacylglycerol acyltransferase, and the insertion mutation in the TAG1 gene in mutant AS11 results in its altered lipid phenotype.
Effects of Methanol Extract of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus on Ibotenic Acid-Induced Amnesia in the Rat (2004)

In the present study, we investigated the effects of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus (UR) on learning and memory in the Morris water maze task and the central cholinergic system of rats with excitotoxic medial septum (MS) lesion. In the water maze test, the animals were trained to find a platform in a fixed position during 6 days and then received a 60-s probe trial in which the platform was removed from the pool on the 7th day. Ibotenic lesion of the MS showed impaired performance of the maze test and severe cell losses in the septohippocampal cholinergic system (SHC), as indicated by decreased choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactivity and acetylcholinesterase-reactivity in the hippocampus. Daily administrations of UR (100 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 consecutive days produced significant reversals of ibotenic acid-induced deficit in learning and memory. These treatments also reduced the loss of cholinergic immunoreactivity in the hippocampus induced by ibotenic acid. These results demonstrated that impairments of spatial learning and memory may be attributable to degeneration of SHC neurons and that UR ameliorated learning and memory deficits partly through neuroprotective effects on the central acetylcholine system. Our studies suggest that UR may be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Expression of Stem Cell Markers in the Human Fetal Kidney (2009)

In the human fetal kidney (HFK) self-renewing stem cells residing in the metanephric mesenchyme (MM)/blastema are induced to form all cell types of the nephron till 34(th) week of gestation. Definition of useful markers is crucial for the identification of HFK stem cells. Because wilms' tumor, a pediatric renal cancer, initiates from retention of renal stem cells, we hypothesized that surface antigens previously up-regulated in microarrays of both HFK and blastema-enriched stem-like wilms' tumor xenografts (NCAM, ACVRIIB, DLK1/PREF, GPR39, FZD7, FZD2, NTRK2) are likely to be relevant markers. Comprehensive profiling of these putative and of additional stem cell markers (CD34, CD133, c-Kit, CD90, CD105, CD24) in mid-gestation HFK was performed using immunostaining and FACS in conjunction with EpCAM, an epithelial surface marker that is absent from the MM and increases along nephron differentiation and hence can be separated into negative, dim or bright fractions. No marker was specifically localized to the MM. Nevertheless, FZD7 and NTRK2 were preferentially localized to the MM and emerging tubules (<10% of HFK cells) and were mostly present within the EpCAM(neg) and EpCAM(dim) fractions, indicating putative stem/progenitor markers. In contrast, single markers such as CD24 and CD133 as well as double-positive CD24(+)CD133(+) cells comprise >50% of HFK cells and predominantly co-express EpCAM(bright), indicating they are mostly markers of differentiation. Furthermore, localization of NCAM exclusively in the MM and in its nephron progenitor derivatives but also in stroma and the expression pattern of significantly elevated renal stem/progenitor genes Six2, Wt1, Cited1, and Sall1 in NCAM(+)EpCAM(-) and to a lesser extent in NCAM(+)EpCAM(+) fractions confirmed regional identity of cells and assisted us in pinpointing the presence of subpopulations that are putative MM-derived progenitor cells (NCAM(+)EpCAM(+)FZD7(+)), MM stem cells (NCAM(+)EpCAM(-)FZD7(+)) or both (NCAM(+)FZD7(+)). These results and concepts provide a framework for developing cell selection strategies for human renal cell-based therapies.
Development and in vitro validation of anti-mesothelin biobodies that prevent CA125/Mesothelin-dependent cell attachment (2007)

Preventing peritoneal implantation of carcinoma cells could prolong ovarian cancer patient remission and survival. Peritoneal cells constitutively express mesothelin, a ligand for CA125 that is expressed by tumor cells. Thus blocking CA125/mesothelin-dependent cell attachment may prevent or delay peritoneal metastatic recurrence. We developed a high-throughput screening system for reagents able to block CA125/mesothelin-dependent cell attachment with a sensitive quantitative readout. Using a novel yeast-expression system to produce secreted, in vivo biotinylated proteins and biobodies (Bbs), we generated anti-mesothelin Bbs. Anti-mesothelin Bbs derived from high affinity yeast-display scFv detected both membrane-bound and soluble mesothelins and inhibited CA125/mesothelin-dependent cell attachment.
Novel Wearable Seismocardiography and Machine Learning Algorithms Can Assess Clinical Status of Heart Failure Patients (2018)

Wearable technologies recording cardiac function and machine learning algorithms can assess compensated and decompensated HF states by analyzing cardiac response to submaximal exercise. These techniques can be tested in the future to track the clinical status of outpatients with HF and their response to pharmacological interventions.
A Dynamic RecA Filament Permits DNA Polymerase-catalyzed Extension of the Invading Strand in Recombination Intermediates (2002)

Recombination-dependent replication is an essential housekeeping function in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, serving, for example, to restart DNA replication after the repair of a double-strand break. Little is known about the interplay between the recombination and replication machinery when recombination intermediates are used as substrates for DNA replication. We show here that recombination intermediates formed between linear duplex and supercoiled plasmid DNAs are substrates for a generalized strand displacement DNA synthesis reaction in which the 3'-OH of the invading strand in the recombination intermediate is used as a primer. DNA synthesis is driven by negative superhelicity and is inhibited if disassembly of the RecA filament is prevented. Thus, assembly and disassembly of RecA filaments in the same direction facilitates filament clearance from the 3'-end of the invading strand, allowing DNA synthesis to occur from recombination intermediates.
Bovine milk antibodies for health (2000)

The immunoglobulins of bovine colostrum provide the major antimicrobial protection against microbial infections and confer a passive immunity to the newborn calf until its own immune system matures. The concentration in colostrum of specific antibodies against pathogens can be raised by immunising cows with these pathogens or their antigens. Immune milk products are preparations made of such hyperimmune colostrum or antibodies enriched from it. These preparations can be used to give effective specific protection against different enteric diseases in calves and suckling pigs. Colostral immunoglobulin supplements designed for farm animals are commercially available in many countries. Also, some immune milk products containing specific antibodies against certain pathogens have been launched on the market. A number of clinical studies are currently in progress to evaluate the efficacy of immune milks in the prevention and treatment of various human infections, including those caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria. Bovine colostrum-based immune milk products have proven effective in prophylaxis against various infectious diseases in humans. Good results have been obtained with products targeted against rotavirus, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Streptococcus mutans, Cryptosporidium parvum and Helicobacter pylori. Some successful attempts have been made to use immune milk in balancing gastrointestinal microbial flora. Immune milk products are promising examples of health-promoting functional foods, or nutraceuticals. This review summarises the recent progress in the development of these products and evaluates their potential as dietary supplements and in clinical nutrition.
Performance and carcass characteristics of swine when fed diets containing canola oil and added copper to alter the unsaturated:saturated ratio of pork fat (1992)

A 3 x 2 trial was conducted to determine the effects of adding canola oil (0, 5, or 10%) and copper sulfate (0 or 250 ppm Cu) to diets of growing-finishing swine on performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat fatty acid composition. The trial used 180 pigs (27 kg). Grower diets (.80% lysine for 0% canola oil diet) were given from 27 to 57 kg of BW and finisher diets (.64% lysine) from 57 to 102 kg. Diets were formulated to constant ME:lysine ratio within the grower and finisher phases. Over the entire growing-finishing period, the addition of canola oil to the diets resulted in linear improvements in rate of gain (P less than .05) and feed efficiency (P less than .01). Dietary additions of canola oil had no effect (P greater than .10) on resulting backfat thickness or longissimus muscle area but resulted in reductions (P less than .01) in loin marbling and color and carcass fat firmness, mostly noted in pigs fed the diets with 10% canola oil. Canola oil additions at 5 and 10% levels, respectively, resulted in a 23 and 37% reduction (P less than .01) in saturated fatty acids, 3 and 8% increase (P less than .01) in monounsaturated fatty acids, and 37 and 77% increase (P less than .01) in polyunsaturated fatty acids in the carcass fat compared with the diets without canola oil. The addition of canola oil to diets of growing-finishing swine had a favorable influence on animal performance and on increasing the unsaturated:saturated ratio of the carcass fat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ocular Toxicity of Experimental Intravitreal Vitamin E (1984)

Intravitreal injections of DL-alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) oil in doses of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 ml were administered to 2–kg pigmented rabbits to determine ocular toxicity. The cornea, lens, iris, and vitreous were examined by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Indirect ophthalmoscopic and electroretinographic examinations of the retina were performed. Light and electron microscopic examinations of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid were obtained. All examinations failed to reveal any ocular toxicity at 1 week, I month, and 3 months after injection of intravitreal vitamin E. Results from this study suggest that administration of vitamin E directly into the vitreous cavity is nontoxic to the eye.
Multiple Sclerosis: Pathology, Diagnosis and Management (1984)

The literature of multiple sclerosis is distinguished by several features: it is enormous; it is multidisciplinary, venturing into the fields of virology, immunology, clinical neurophysiology, neuropathology, experimental pathology, and psychology, to name just a few; it is controversial; and it has, unfortunately, led to little new in our understanding of its pathogenesis or etiology. Because of these problems, it is necessary from time to time, to attempt to collate, codify, and, if possible, clarify this vast amount of published and unpublished material. The authors of this latest attempt are eminently qualified to do just what is necessary and have assembled a group of experts from many centers to try to bring order to the chaos. The amount of information contained in this book is truly stupendous and it can unquestionably be called a state-of-the-art compendium. Many points of view are represented, many theories are discussed with candor and erudition, but
Bactericidal Antibody Responses Induced by Meningococcal Recombinant Chimeric Factor H-Binding Protein Vaccines (2008)

Factor H-binding protein (fHbp) is a novel meningococcal vaccine candidate that elicits serum antibodies that activate classical complement pathway bacteriolysis and also inhibit binding of the complement down-regulatory protein, factor H, to the bacterial surface. One limitation of fHbp as a vaccine candidate is antigenic variability, since antibodies to fHbp in the variant 1 (v.1) antigenic group do not protect against strains expressing v.2 or v.3 proteins, and vice versa. We have identified amino acid residues of epitopes recognized by bactericidal anti-fHbp monoclonal antibodies prepared against fHbp from each of the variant groups. One epitope expressed by nearly all v.1 proteins mapped to the B domain, while epitopes expressed by fHbp v.2 or v.3 mapped to the C domain. The results provided the rationale for engineering chimeric fHbp molecules containing the A domain (which is conserved across all variant groups), a portion of the B domain of a v.1 protein, and the carboxyl-terminal portion of the B domain and the C domain of a v.2 protein. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the resulting recombinant chimeric proteins expressed epitopes from all three variant groups. In mice, the chimeric vaccines elicited serum antibodies with bactericidal activity against a panel of genetically diverse strains expressing fHbp v.1, v.2, or v.3. The data demonstrate the feasibility of preparing a meningococcal vaccine from a single recombinant protein that elicits broad bactericidal activity, including group B strains, which account for 50 percent of cases of meningococcal disease and for which there currently is no broadly protective vaccine.
Genetic characterisation of circulating fetal cells allows non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (2006)

Our data show that the ISET-CF approach affords reliable prenatal diagnosis (PND) of cystic fibrosis and is potentially applicable to pregnant women at risk of having an affected child, thus avoiding the risk of iatrogenic miscarriage.
Reduction in diversity of the colonic mucosa associated bacterial microflora in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease (2004)

Mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease is associated with loss of normal anaerobic bacteria. This effect is independent of NOD2/CARD15 status of patients.