gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minority carrier lifetime and radiation damage coefficients of germanium (2005)

We report on the measurement of minority carrier lifetime and on the radiation damage resistance of bulk Ge. Lifetime measurements are performed using the resonance-coupled photoconductive decay (RCPCD) method. Specifically, we examine the dependence of the lifetime as a function of the Ge resistivity and various 1 MeV electron radiation fluences. We measure hole lifetimes ranging from /spl sim/0.9-34 /spl mu/s for n-type Ge samples, corresponding to diffusion lengths of /spl sim/30-400 /spl mu/m. Electron lifetimes in p-type Ge range from /spl sim/0.6-19 /spl mu/s, corresponding to diffusion lengths of /spl sim/30-420 /spl mu/m. Lifetime measurements are also made after exposure to 1 MeV electron fluences ranging from 10/sup 13/ to 10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ and these results are used to estimate the minority carrier lifetime and diffusion length damage coefficients K/sub /spl tau// and K/sub L/.
A2A adenosine receptor protects tumors from antitumor T cells (2006)

The A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) has been shown to be a critical and nonredundant negative regulator of immune cells in protecting normal tissues from inflammatory damage. We hypothesized that A2AR also protects cancerous tissues by inhibiting incoming antitumor T lymphocytes. Here we confirm this hypothesis by showing that genetic deletion of A2AR in the host resulted in rejection of established immunogenic tumors in approximately 60% of A2AR-deficient mice with no rejection observed in control WT mice. The use of antagonists, including caffeine, or targeting the A2 receptors by siRNA pretreatment of T cells improved the inhibition of tumor growth, destruction of metastases, and prevention of neovascularization by antitumor T cells. The data suggest that effects of A2AR are T cell autonomous. The inhibition of antitumor T cells via their A2AR in the adenosine-rich tumor microenvironment may explain the paradoxical coexistence of tumors and antitumor immune cells in some cancer patients (the "Hellstrom paradox"). We propose to target the hypoxia-->adenosine-->A2AR pathway as a cancer immunotherapy strategy to prevent the inhibition of antitumor T cells in the tumor microenvironment. The same strategy may prevent the premature termination of immune response and improve the vaccine-induced development of antitumor and antiviral T cells. The observations of autoimmunity during melanoma rejection in A2AR-deficient mice suggest that A2AR in T cells is also important in preventing autoimmunity. Thus, although using the hypoxia-->adenosine-->A2AR pathway inhibitors may improve antitumor immunity, the recruitment of this pathway by selective drugs is expected to attenuate the autoimmune tissue damage.
Shading models for point and linear sources (1985)

The degree of realism of the shaded image of a tree-dimensional scene depends on the successful simulation of shading effects. The shading model has two main ingredients, properties of the surface and properties of the illumination falling on it. Most previous work has concentrated on the former rather than the latter. This paper presents an improved version for generating scenes illuminated by point and linear light sources. The procedure can include intensity distributions for point light sources and output both umbrae and penumbrae for linear light sources, assuming thr environment is composed of convex polyhedra. This paper generalizes Crow's procedure for computing shadow volumes caused by the end points of the linear source results in an easy determination of the reions of penumbrae and umbrae on the face prior to shading calculation. This paper also discusses a method for displaying illuminance distribution on a shaded image aby using colored isolux contours.
Thalidomide exerts its inhibitory action on tumor necrosis factor alpha by enhancing mRNA degradation. (1993)

We have examined the mechanism of thalidomide inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production and found that the drug enhances the degradation of TNF-alpha mRNA. Thus, the half-life of the molecule was reduced from approximately 30 to approximately 17 min in the presence of 50 micrograms/ml of thalidomide. Inhibition of TNF-alpha production was selective, as other LPS-induced monocyte cytokines were unaffected. Pentoxifylline and dexamethasone, two other inhibitors of TNF-alpha production, are known to exert their effects by means of different mechanisms, suggesting that the three agents inhibit TNF-alpha synthesis at distinct points of the cytokine biosynthetic pathway. These observations provide an explanation for the synergistic effects of these drugs. The selective inhibition of TNF-alpha production makes thalidomide an ideal candidate for the treatment of inflammatory conditions where TNF-alpha-induced toxicities are observed and where immunity must remain intact.
Toward a smart grid: power delivery for the 21st century (2005)

In this article, we present the security, agility, and robustness/survivability of a large-scale power delivery infrastructure that faces new threats and unanticipated conditions. By way of background, we present a brief overview of the past work on the challenges faced in online parameter estimation and real-time adaptive control of a damaged F-15 aircraft. This work, in part, provided the inspiration and laid the foundation in the 1990s for the flight testing of a fast parameter estimation/modeling and reconfigurable aircraft control system that allowed the F-15 to become self-healing in the face of damaged equipment.
Delamination Propensity of Pharmaceutical Glass Containers by Accelerated Testing with Different Extraction Media (2012)

How can injectable drug manufacturers prevent glass delamination? The issue of delamination is a serious one, as it can cause glass particles to appear in vials, a problem that has forced a number of drug product recalls in recent years. To combat this, pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical manufacturers need to understand the reasons for glass delamination. The most recent cases of product recall due to the presence of particles in the filling liquid have involved borosilicate glass containers carrying drugs made of active components with known ability to corrode glass and to dissolve the silica matrix. Sometimes these ingredients are dissolved in an alkaline medium that dramatically increases the glass corrosion and potentially causes the issue. As this action is strongly affected by time and temperature, flaking may become visible only after a long incubation during storage and requires systematic monitoring to be detected at its early stage. If the nature of the filling liquid is the driving force of the phenomenon, other factors are of primary importance. The surface morphology created during vial forming is a key issue, being a function of the forming temperature that is higher in the cutting step and the forming of the bottom. Delamination occurs generally on the vial's bottom and shoulder, where extensive flaming can favor a strong evaporation of alkali and borate species and the formation of heavily enriched silica layers. When these layers are in contact with a solution, they are subject to a differential re-hydration that may result in cracking and detachment of scales. The purpose of this investigation is to identify testing conditions and parameters that can be used as indicators of an incipient delamination process. Extractions with 0.9% KCl solution for 1 h at 121 °C can be used to simulate a long-term contact with aggressive pharmaceutical preparations, while SiO(2) concentration in the extract solution can be taken as an index of glass dissolution. The conclusions developed by this study can provide pharmaceutical manufacturers with information needed to help prevent glass delamination in their processes.
Prognostic significance of L-type amino acid transporter 1 expression in resectable stage I–III nonsmall cell lung cancer (2008)

The clinical significance of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) expression remains unclear, whereas many experimental studies have demonstrated that LAT1 is associated with the proliferation of cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of LAT1 in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A total of 321 consecutive patients with completely resected pathologic stage I-III NSCLC were retrospectively reviewed. Expression of LAT1 and proliferative activity, as determined by the Ki-67 labelling index, was also evaluated immunohistochemically and correlated with the prognosis of patients who underwent complete resection of the tumour. Expression of LAT1 was positive in 163 patients (51%) (29% of adenocaricnoma (58 of 200 patients), 91% of squamous cell carcinoma (91 of 100 patients), and 67% of large cell carcinoma (14 of 21 patients)). The 5-year survival rate of LAT1-positive patients (51.8%) was significantly worse than that of LAT1-negative patients (87.8%; P<0.001). L-type amino acid transporter 1 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and disease stage. Multivariate analysis confirmed that positive expression of LAT1 was an independent factor for predicting a poor prognosis. There was a significant correlation between LAT1 expression and Ki-67 labelling index. LAT1 expression is a promising pathological factor to predict the prognosis in patients with resectable stage I-III NSCLC.
Rejoinder: Nonparametric Bayes Modeling of Populations of Networks (2017)

We thank the Editors David Ruppert and Nicholas Jewell for inviting this stimulating discussion. We are also grateful to the discussants for their thoughtful remarks and the relevant generalization...
P1-01-12: Mesoporous Silicon Particles for the Presentation of Tumor Antigens and Adjuvant for Anti-Cancer Immunity. (2011)

Abstract Custom-made vaccines based on personalized tumor antigens are realistic options for secondary therapy, with the patient's excised tumor providing antigens. Overlap in the personalized repertoire of tumor antigens among patients also provides insight into targets for preventative cancer vaccines. Nanotechnology provides carriers for shielded delivery of antigens and presentation of immunostimulatory molecules. Rapid uptake of particles by phagocytic immune cells and migration to lymphatic tissue for antigen presentation provides opportunities to elicit tumor specific immune responses. Dendritic cells (DC) are the master antigen presenting cells (APC) for efficient processing and presentation of antigens. We have tested the ability of mesoporous silicon particles (pSi) to function as substrates for DC and to activate cells via engagement of surface toll-like receptors (TLR). pSi particles, surface labeled with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or monophosphoryl lipid (MPL), were presented to bone marrow-derived DC. This resulted in rapid uptake of particles, with an enormous capacity for number of particles internalized per cell. Confocal microscopy studies supported higher uptake of LPS and MPL conjugated as compared to unlabeled pSi. pSi particle uptake into DC was also supported by electron microscopy imaging. TLR ligands induced morphological changes in GM-CSF stimulated cells consistent with maturation towards a DC phenotype. As expected, LPS conjugation to particles resulted in significant toxicity. MPL conjugated pSi showed little or no toxicity to DC and showed improved particle uptake into DC with morphological changes consistent with maturation towards a mature DC phenotype.The impact of cytokine cocktail on DC maturation and its impact on particle uptake were also examined. Flow cytometry analysis supported greater uptake of pSi by DC stimulated with GM-CSF and IL-4 compared to GM-CSF alone, with reduced uptake in the presence of TNF-alpha. Consistent with findings reported by others, addition of TNF-alpha to the cell media also resulted in higher levels of expression of costimulatory molecules by DC, compared to cells stimulated with GM-CSF alone. Thus immature DC are better able to internalize particle-based vaccines, with cytokine or TLR-driven maturation enhancing expression of costimulatory molecules for more effective antigen presentation. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-01-12.
Spermidine Requirement for Cell Proliferation in Eukaryotic Cells: Structural Specificity and Quantitation (1983)

Six structural homologs of spermidine and five of its precursor, putrescine, were studied for their ability to prevent cytostasis of cultured L1210 leukemia cells induced by α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a specific inhibitor of putrescine biosynthesis. High-performance liquid chromatography and competition studies with spermidine indicated that the homologs, which vary in the length of the carbon chain separating the amines, penetrated the cells. The structural specificity of the spermidine carrier was defined. Three of the six spermidine homologs supported cell growth during a 48-hour incubation in the presence of DFMO, indicating that a two-carbon extension of spermidine structure was tolerated for biological function. Two of the five putrescine homologs supported growth after being converted by the cells to their respective spermidine homologs. The central nitrogen of spermidine appears to be essential for function since diamines of chain length comparable to that of spermidine did not prevent DFMO cytostasis. No more than 15 percent of the spermidine normally present in L1210 cells was required for cell proliferation in the presence of DFMO.
Networks on chips: a new SoC paradigm (2002)

On-chip micronetworks, designed with a layered methodology, will meet the distinctive challenges of providing functionally correct, reliable operation of interacting system-on-chip components. A system on chip (SoC) can provide an integrated solution to challenging design problems in the telecommunications, multimedia, and consumer electronics domains. Much of the progress in these fields hinges on the designers' ability to conceive complex electronic engines under strong time-to-market pressure. Success will require using appropriate design and process technologies, as well as interconnecting existing components reliably in a plug-and-play fashion. Focusing on using probabilistic metrics such as average values or variance to quantify design objectives such as performance and power will lead to a major change in SoC design methodologies. Overall, these designs will be based on both deterministic and stochastic models. Creating complex SoCs requires a modular, component-based approach to both hardware and software design. Despite numerous challenges, the authors believe that developers will solve the problems of designing SoC networks. At the same time, they believe that a layered micronetwork design methodology will likely be the only path to mastering the complexity of future SoC designs.
Development of a simple collagen based ELISA assay aids in the diagnosis of, and permits sensitive discrimination between Type I and Type II, von Willebrand??s disease (1991)

We have developed and evaluated an ELISA-based collagen binding assay (CBA) as an aid in the diagnosis and classification of von Willebrand's disease (vWD). The assay is simple to perform, and appears capable of differentiating Type II vWD from Type I vWD. Using plasma samples from both affected and non-affected patients, or from normal individuals, data obtained using the CBA were directly compared to data simultaneously derived from a standard von Willebrand factor antigen (protein; vWFAg) ELISA, and from a standard ristocetin cofactor (RCof) assay. Plasma derived from vWD patients (both Type I and Type II) showed overall reduced levels of vWF as detected by all three assays. Mean levels as a per cent of normal for vWFAg, CBA, RCof were 47.3, 60.7, 31.1 for Type I patients (n = 37), and 34.9, 1.6, 11.9 for Type II patients (n = 16) respectively. However despite the reduced vWF levels detected in Type I vWF binding values for both the CBA and vWFAg showed near comparability (i.e. vWFAg:CBA ratio generally less than or equal to 1.0). These ratio values were thus similar to those observed using plasma derived from either individual normal donors, or from non-vWD affected patients. On the other hand, plasma from Type II vWD affected patients showed markedly disparent values, with increased (greater than 8.0) vWFAg:CBA ratios coincident with virtually absent CBA binding in these patients. Thus, the CBA as reported here does appear to constitute a novel functional assay capable of detecting qualitative vWF differences in plasma of affected vWD patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Spin Motion of Electrons Upon Reflecting From Ferromagnetic Surfaces (2006)

When electrons are reflected from a ferromagnetic surface, their spin polarization vector is expected to move. This spin motion, comprising an azimuthal precession and a polar rotation about the magnetization direction of the ferromagnet, has been measured in a spin-polarized electron scattering experiment. Measurements on polycrystalline Fe, Co, and Ni films reveal a strong spin precession at low primary electron energies. This observation is explained by the existence of spin-dependent gaps in the electronic band structure of the ferromagnets. Because of total angular momentum conservation the electron-spin motion signals that a torque is exerted on the magnetization by the incident electrons
Volume of Ambulatory Care Visits and Patterns of Care for Patients Diagnosed with Plantar Fasciitis: A National Study of Medical Doctors (2004)

This research suggests that plantar fasciitis is a relatively common disorder that is seen by several physician specialties. The disorder is not managed in a consistent way. Rather, there appears to be a large amount of variation in the way that these patients are managed. These findings support the argument that additional research is needed to identify effective interventions for plantar fasciitis and to determine if physician specialty influences treatment outcome.
Adrenergic regulation of intraocular pressure: identification of beta 2-adrenergic-stimulated adenylate cyclase in ciliary process epithelium. (1980)

To determine the site and possible mechanism of action of adrenergic agents in regulating intraocular pressure, experiments were undertaken to identify, localize, and characterize beta-adrenergic receptors associated with adenylate cyclase in various ocular tissues involved in secretion and reabsorption of aqueous humor. The ciliary process epithelium was found to be enriched in an adenylate cyclase with pharmacological characteristics indicative of a predominance of beta 2-adrenergic receptors. The results are consistent with the possibility that the adrenergic nervous system may regulate aqueous humor production through a direct effect on secretion. The data also are relevant to the potential development of drugs that can control increased intraocular pressure.
Type-specific Sorting of G Protein-coupled Receptors after Endocytosis (2000)

The beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (B2AR) and delta-opioid receptor (DOR) are structurally distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that undergo rapid, agonist-induced internalization by clathrin-coated pits. We have observed that these receptors differ substantially in their membrane trafficking after endocytosis. B2AR expressed in stably transfected HEK293 cells exhibits negligible (<10%) down-regulation after continuous incubation of cells with agonist for 3 h, as assessed both by radioligand binding (to detect functional receptors) and immunoblotting (to detect total receptor protein). In contrast, DOR exhibits substantial (>/=50%) agonist-induced down-regulation when examined by similar means. Degradation of internalized DOR is sensitive to inhibitors of lysosomal proteolysis. Flow cytometric and surface biotinylation assays indicate that differential sorting of B2AR and DOR between distinct recycling and non-recycling pathways (respectively) can be detected within approximately 10 min after endocytosis, significantly before the onset of detectable proteolytic degradation of receptors ( approximately 60 min after endocytosis). Studies using pulsatile application of agonist suggest that after this sorting event occurs, later steps of membrane transport leading to lysosomal degradation of receptors do not require the continued presence of agonist in the culture medium. These observations establish that distinct GPCRs differ significantly in endocytic membrane trafficking after internalization by the same membrane mechanism, and they suggest a mechanism by which brief application of agonist can induce substantial down-regulation of receptors.
Rasagiline. Teva Pharmaceutical. (2002)

Rasagiline is a selective and potent irreversible MAO(B) inhibitor which is under development by Teva for the treatment of neurological diseases. Rasagiline is in phase III trials in the US, Canada and Europe for Parkinson's disease (PD) and has completed phase II trials in Israel and Hungary. Teva planned to submit a filing in 2002 and expected to launch rasagiline in 2003. Lundbeck acquired European development and commercialization rights to rasagiline in November 1999 and, in September 2001, the company reported that it planned to file an NDA in 2003. In March 2002, analysts at Morgan Stanley Dean Witter predicted that H Lundbeck would make sales of rasagiline of DKr 100 million in 2003, rising to DKr 300 million in 2008. In the same month, launch was predicted in 2004/2005 for the PD indication, and 2005/2006 for the AD indication, by analysts at Deutsche Banc Alex Brown.
Attenuated Living Type 1 Dengue Vaccines (1963)

SummaryFour attenuated strains of type 1 dengue virus were selected by serial passage into suckling or weanling mice through inoculation by either the intraspinal or intracerebral routes. The strains so selected differed slightly from one another in their capacity to multiply in the brains of weanling mice but all proliferated readily in suckling mouse nervous tissue. None produced neurological signs or histological lesions of consequence in intracerebrally inoculated rhesus monkeys.Three of the strains produced a recognizable, but highly modified, infection in man, including the development of a mild rash which was consistent on clinical grounds with a very diminutive dengue fever. One strain, the MD-1 strain derived by serial passage in suckling mouse brain, produced an inapparent infection in human subjects, even when as many as 200,000 suckling mouse intracerebral LD50 doses were given. All four strains, including the MD-1 strain, elicited the production of type 1 dengue neutralizing antibodies which began to appear in the second week after vaccination and attained a maximum titer between three and four weeks after vaccination. The MD-1 strain is undergoing further study and evaluation as a potential attenuated living vaccine for the prevention of type 1 dengue fever.