gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strategies and technologies for planning a cost-effective survivable fiber network architecture using optical switches (1990)

A 1:1 diverse routing protection switching architecture using optical protection switches to reduce costs for providing 1:1 (i.e. 100%) protection against fiber cable cuts is proposed. A cost analysis model is used to evaluate cost/survivability merits for 1:1 optical diverse protection architectures. Results show that the best place to deploy the 1:1 photonic diverse protection architecture in future networks is in spans carrying large DS3 demands, which are usually interhub spans. The proposed architecture can be implemented using electronically controlled low-speed single-mode fiber mechanical optical switches as protection switches to meet current performance and availability requirements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Engineering the elongation factor Tu for efficient selenoprotein synthesis (2014)

Selenocysteine (Sec) is naturally co-translationally incorporated into proteins by recoding the UGA opal codon with a specialized elongation factor (SelB in bacteria) and an RNA structural signal (SECIS element). We have recently developed a SECIS-free selenoprotein synthesis system that site-specifically--using the UAG amber codon--inserts Sec depending on the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). Here, we describe the engineering of EF-Tu for improved selenoprotein synthesis. A Sec-specific selection system was established by expression of human protein O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (hAGT), in which the active site cysteine codon has been replaced by the UAG amber codon. The formed hAGT selenoprotein repairs the DNA damage caused by the methylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and thereby enables Escherichia coli to grow in the presence of this mutagen. An EF-Tu library was created in which codons specifying the amino acid binding pocket were randomized. Selection was carried out for enhanced Sec incorporation into hAGT; the resulting EF-Tu variants contained highly conserved amino acid changes within members of the library. The improved UTu-system with EF-Sel1 raises the efficiency of UAG-specific Sec incorporation to >90%, and also doubles the yield of selenoprotein production.
Non-coordinate Control of Bone Formation Displayed by Growth Factor Combinations with IGF-I (1997)

Polypeptide growth factors (GFs) promote osteogenesis by enhancing the mitogenesis, migration, and matrix synthesis of osteoblasts. Most previous investigators have evaluated only the effects of single GFs on these parameters. Studies on single GFs might overlook large biological responses comparable with those documented in the cell cycle literature when GFs are used in combinations that interact synergistically. In this study, we screened for synergistic interactions between IGF-I and three additional GFs (PDGF-BB, TGF-beta 1, and bFGF) on the regulation of bone growth and differentiation. Fetal bovine osteoblasts were assessed for osteoblast mitogenesis, collagenous and non-collagenous protein synthesis, and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP). Our results show synergistic interactions between IGF-I and the other GFs on osteoblast mitogenic activity and protein synthesis. In contrast to synergistic mitogenic and protein synthesis. In contrast to synergistic mitogenic and protein synthesis effects, IGF-I failed to increase ALP activity when combined with TGF-beta 1, PDGF-BB, and bFGF in bovine osteoblast-like cells.
Expression of Retrovirally Transduced IL-1 α in IL-6-Dependent B Cells: A Murine Model of Aggressive Multiple Myeloma (1991)

Retroviral-mediated gene transfer was employed to introduce an IL-1 alpha cDNA into an IL-6-dependent murine B-cell line. Bone marrow metastases and bone lesions were frequently observed following intravenous injection of these B cells into syngeneic mice. Because the retroviral vector also contained the neomycin phosphotransferase gene, metastatic cells could be easily recovered from bone marrow by addition of G418 to the culture medium. Interestingly, the metastatic B cells were found to retain their IL-6 dependency through several transplant generations. By comparison, intravenous injection of autonomously-growing B-cell lines generated in vitro by retroviral introduction of an IL-6 cDNA rarely resulted in bone marrow metastases. These results demonstrate that abrogation of growth factor dependency is neither necessary nor sufficient for the in vivo growth and dissemination of tumor cells in this experimental system. It is proposed that the increased metastasis of the IL-1 alpha-producing B-cells to bone marrow is due to alterations in cell adhesion molecules. The B-cell bone marrow metastasis model described here may be useful for studies of bone marrow homing and for evaluation of therapeutic regimens for multiple myeloma.
Effect of protein kinase C inhibitors and activators on corneal re-epithelialization in the rat. (1993)

Our results suggest that PKC activity is an important factor in regulating corneal epithelial wound healing, presumably by influencing cell migration. Moreover, the results with OAG and PMA suggest that PKC is maximally activated during re-epithelialization in this organ-culture assay.
Sync & Sense: VoIP Measurement Methodology for Assessing One-Way Delay Without Clock Synchronization (2010)

It is well known that measuring the one-way delay of voice-over-IP (VoIP) packets is a daunting task. The challenge lies in the fact that the Internet implicitly enforces the end-to-end principle. This means that the endpoints are expected to operate independently. Without a synchronized timing, it is difficult for an endpoint to measure the one-way delay. This paper presents the refined version of the novel VoIP measurement methodology called Sync & Sense of Periodic Stream that can overcome such a challenge. Sync & Sense is unique in that it can virtually synchronize the transmission and reception timing of the VoIP session without requiring a synchronized clock. Our performance study shows that Sync & Sense can accurately measure the one-way network delay of the VoIP packets (without propagation delay). While time skew is very common in any system involving a clock, we also discuss this issue and how Sync & Sense can deal with the time skew without requiring a synchronized clock.
Prediction of Creatinine Clearance from Serum Creatinine (1976)

A formula has been developed to predict creatinine clearance (Ccr) from serum creatinine (Scr) in adult males: (see article)(15% less in females). Derivation included the relationship found between age and 24-hour creatinine excretion/kg in 249 patients aged 18-92. Values for Ccr were predicted by this formula and four other methods and the results compared with the means of two 24-hour Ccr's measured in 236 patients. The above formula gave a correlation coefficient between predicted and mean measured Ccr's of 0.83; on average, the difference predicted and mean measured values was no greater than that between paired clearances. Factors for age and body weight must be included for reasonable prediction.
Initial Market Assessment for Small-Scale Biomass-Based CHP (2008)

The purpose of this report is to reexamine the energy generation market opportunities for biomass CHP applications smaller than 20 MW. This paper provides an overview of the benefits of and challenges for biomass CHP in terms of policy, including a discussion of the drivers behind, and constraints on, the biomass CHP market. The report provides a summary discussion of the available biomass supply types and technologies that could be used to feed the market. Two primary markets are outlined--rural/agricultural and urban--for small-scale biomass CHP, and illustrate the primary intersections of supply and demand for those markets. The paper concludes by summarizing the potential markets and suggests next steps for identifying and utilizing small-scale biomass.
Use of liposome‐associated bupivacaine in a cancer pain syndrome (1996)

Bupivacaine 0.25% encapsulated by multilamellar liposomes was administered epidurally to a patient suffering pain associated with lung cancer and the effect compared with a plain bupivacaine solution of the same concentration. Complete analgesia was produced for 4 h with the plain solution and 11 h with the liposomal formulation. No motor blockade or haemodynamic instability was observed with the liposome-associated bupivacaine.
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition predicts gefitinib resistance in cell lines of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and non–small cell lung carcinoma (2007)

The modest response of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) to epithelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib and erlotinib indicates the need for the development of biomarkers to predict response. We determined gefitinib sensitivity in a panel of HNSCC cell lines by a 5-day 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and confirmed these responses with analysis of downstream signaling by immunoblotting and cell cycle arrest. Basal gene expression profiles were then determined by microarray analysis and correlated with gefitinib response. These data were combined with previously reported NSCLC microarray results to generate a broader predictive index. Common markers of resistance between the two tumor types included genes associated with the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. We confirmed that increased protein expression of vimentin combined with the loss of E-cadherin, claudin 4, and claudin 7 by immunoblotting was associated with gefitinib resistance in both HNSCC and NSCLC cell lines. In addition, the loss of the Ca(2+)-independent cell-cell adhesion molecules EpCAM and TROP2 in resistant lines was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Tumor xenografts derived from the gefitinib-sensitive UM-SCC-2 were growth-delayed by gefitinib, whereas the gefitinib-resistant 1483 xenografts were unaffected. These data support a role for epithelial to mesenchymal transition in establishing gefitinib resistance for both HNSCC and NSCLC, and indicate that clinical trials should address whether these biomarkers will be useful for patient selection.
Orphan nuclear receptors—new ligands and new possibilities: Figure 1. (1998)

Nuclear hormone receptors comprise a large superfamily of ligand-modulated transcription factors that, in part, mediate response to steroids, retinoids and thyroid hormones and play key roles in development and body physiology (for review, see Beato et al. 1995; Kastner et al. 1995; Mangelsdorf and Evans 1995; Mangelsdorf et al. 1995; Enmark and Gustaffson 1996; Willy and Mangelsdorf 1998). Ten years ago the first orphan nuclear receptors were isolated, raising the first portents toward a new era in physiology (Giguere et al. 1988). Although structurally related to the known receptors, no physiological ligands or activators were known for these orphan receptors which are more numerous (19 families) than receptors with known ligands (10 families). Orphan receptors represent a diverse and ancient component of the nuclear receptor superfamily, being found in nearly all animal species examined. Orphan nuclear receptors provide a unique and, until recently, largely untapped resource to uncover regulatory systems that impact on both health and human disease. Shortly after their isolation, strategies were devised to identify orphan ligands using the receptor as a screening target. This process, referred to as ‘reverse endocrinology,’ has led previously to the identification of ligands for RXRs [9-cis retinoic acid receptors (RARs), a.k.a. retinoid X receptors], PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), FXRs (farnesoid X receptors), and LXRs (liver X receptors). In a review eight years ago, Bert O’Malley predicted that the field of orphan receptors would provide much excitement for the future (O’Malley 1990). The promise of orphan receptors is that they provide an opportunity to identify not only novel ligands but perhaps unsuspected classes of ligands and potentially new principles of physiology. Because all known receptors are important in the treatment of human disease, their signaling pathways have direct implications for drug discovery. The purpose of this review is to highlight advances made on four new orphan receptor-mediated signaling pathways [BXR (benzoate X receptor), CARb (constitutive androstane receptor), PXR (pregnane X receptor), and SXR (steroid and Xenobiotic receptor)] with brief updates on recent progress for FXR, PPARg, and LXRa. To restrict the scope of the review, we will focus only on orphans forming heterodimers with RXR and studies that have been reported in the last year. We will emphasize what has been learned about the nature of the ligands, new modes of regulation, insights into physiology, and potential new drug targets.
Nonhuman primate models of asthma (2005)

Asthma is a complex human disease that does not have an accurate counterpart in any common model organism. Most of our understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying asthma comes from studies in man and mouse. However, there are fundamental differences between the spontaneous disease in man and the experimentally induced counterparts in mice. We advocate more extensive use of nonhuman primate asthma models to reconcile these differences between man and mouse.
AP1/ jun Function Is Differentially Induced in Promotion-Sensitive and Resistant JB6 Cells (1989)

Tumor promoters may bring about events that lead to neoplastic transformation by inducing specific promotion-relevant effector genes. Functional activation of the transacting transcription factor AP-1 by the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) may play an essential role in this process. Clonal genetic variants of mouse epidermal JB6 cells that are genetically susceptible (P+) or resistant (P-) to promotion of transformation by TPA were transfected with 3XTRE-CAT, a construct that has AP-1 cis-enhancer sequences attached to a reporter gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). Transfected JB6 P+, but not P- variants, showed TPA-inducible CAT synthesis. Epidermal growth factor, another transformation promoter in JB6 cells, also caused P+ specific induction of CAT gene expression. These results demonstrate an association between induced AP-1 function and sensitivity to promotion of neoplastic transformation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (R)‐ and (S)‐2‐Hydroxy‐3‐enoic Acid Esters. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Coiled Tubing Conveyed Video Camera and Multi-Arm Caliper Liner Damage Diagnostics Post Plug and Perf Frac (2015)

Abstract This paper describes the experiences of utilizing coiled tubing and its conveyed diagnostic tools, following a multi-stage plug and perf acid fracturing treatment performed in a highly deviated well. A downhole video camera and multi-arm caliper run on coiled tubing were used for the first time in Saudi Aramco gas wells. The well is a gas producing well in a thick carbonate structure and was drilled at a high angle to intersect several different porosity layers within the formation. The well was also drilled at 30 degrees to the minimum stress direction to allow the creation of transverse fractures from each frac stage. The final completion consisted of five frac stages spaced out along the interval separated by four bridge plugs. Following the completion of the fracturing operations the initial attempt to mill the plugs was unsuccessful as the milling tools were unable to reach the depth of the first plug. At this stage the well was potentially lost due to suspected damage or deformation to the liner caused during the fracturing. A series of diagnostic runs was performed with coiled tubing and a milling strategy formed from the results. The diagnostics included first time use in the area gas wells of a downhole video camera and multi-arm caliper conveyed on coiled tubing. The diagnostics were successfully completed and analyzed. From these results the required milling tool diameter was determined and a milling bottom-hole assembly was designed. Coiled tubing was re-mobilized and the plugs were successfully removed from the liner allowing full bore access and the well to be flowed back.
Biomechanical modeling of the small intestine as required for the design and operation of a robotic endoscope (2002)

This paper discusses biomechanical issues that are related to the locomotion of a robotic endoscope in the human small intestine. The robot propels itself by pushing against the intestinal walls, much like a pipe crawler. However, the small intestine is not a rigid pipe; and locomotion in it is further complicated by the fact that the bowel is susceptible to damage. With the goal of engineering a safe and reliable machine, the biomechanical properties of the small bowel are studied and related to the mechanics of robotic endoscope locomotion through the small intestine.
Molecular Catalysis of the Electrochemical and Photochemical Reduction of CO2 with Earth-Abundant Metal Complexes. Selective Production of CO vs HCOOH by Switching of the Metal Center (2015)

Molecular catalysis of carbon dioxide reduction using earth-abundant metal complexes as catalysts is a key challenge related to the production of useful products--the "solar fuels"--in which solar energy would be stored. A direct approach using sunlight energy as well as an indirect approach where sunlight is first converted into electricity could be used. A Co(II) complex and a Fe(III) complex, both bearing the same pentadentate N5 ligand (2,13-dimethyl-3,6,9,12,18-pentaazabicyclo[12.3.1]octadeca-1(18),2,12,14,16-pentaene), were synthesized, and their catalytic activity toward CO2 reduction was investigated. Carbon monoxide was formed with the cobalt complex, while formic acid was obtained with the iron-based catalyst, thus showing that the catalysis product can be switched by changing the metal center. Selective CO2 reduction occurs under electrochemical conditions as well as photochemical conditions when using a photosensitizer under visible light excitation (λ > 460 nm, solvent acetonitrile) with the Co catalyst. In the case of the Fe catalyst, selective HCOOH production occurs at low overpotential. Sustained catalytic activity over long periods of time and high turnover numbers were observed in both cases. A catalytic mechanism is suggested on the basis of experimental results and preliminary quantum chemistry calculations.
Accuracy of Cartilage Volume and Thickness Measurements With Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1998)

A noninvasive imaging technique for quantifying articular cartilage is needed for diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy control in osteoarthritis. In this study the accuracy of three-dimensional cartilage volume and thickness measurements in the knee with magnetic resonance imaging was analyzed. Eight cadaveric specimens had sagittal imaging with a fat suppressed gradient echo sequence. After a contrast agent was injected, two sagittal computed tomography data sets were obtained, with the knees being repositioned between the examinations. The cartilage thickness was determined, after three-dimensional reconstruction, using a minimal distance algorithm. The mean absolute volume deviation between magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography arthrography was 3.3% and that between the two computed tomography data sets was 3.6%. The absolute error in determining the maximal cartilage thickness with magnetic resonance imaging was on average 0.6 intervals (of 0.5-mm thickness) and that between the computed tomography examinations was 0.5 intervals. In a patient with anterior knee pain, a focal cartilage defect was seen with magnetic resonance imaging, and this was verified by arthroscopic examination. Using three-dimensional image processing, magnetic resonance imaging can provide accurate data on cartilage volume and thickness in the human knee joint surfaces. This imaging technique potentially may be valuable in the treatment of patients with joint disease.
Altered stereoselectivity of cocaine and bupivacaine isomers in normal and batrachotoxin-modified Na+ channels. (1992)

The inhibitory effects of local anesthetics (LAs) of cocaine and bupivacaine optical isomers on Na+ currents were studied in clonal GH3 cells under whole-cell patch clamp conditions. At holding potential of -100 mV, all four isomers inhibited peak Na+ currents when the cell was stimulated infrequently. The dose-response curves of this tonic block of peak Na+ currents by (-)/(+) cocaine and (-)/(+) bupivacaine were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm, suggesting that one LA isomer blocked one Na+ channel. Each pair of isomers showed no greater than a twofold difference in stereoselectivity toward Na+ channels. Additional block of Na+ currents occurred when the cell was stimulated at 2 Hz. This use-dependent block was also observed in all four isomers, which again displayed little stereoselectivity. The voltage dependence of the use-dependent block produced by cocaine isomers did not overlap with the activation of Na+ channels but did overlap with the steady-state inactivation (h infinity), indicating that cocaine can bind directly to the inactivated state of Na+ channels before channel opening. In comparison, the peak batrachotoxin (BTX)-modified Na+ currents were little inhibited by cocaine and bupivacaine isomers. However, the maintained BTX-modified Na+ currents were highly sensitive toward the (-) form of cocaine and bupivacaine isomers during a prolonged depolarization. As a result, a profound time-dependent block of BTX-modified Na+ currents was evident in the presence of these LA isomers. The estimated values of the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD in micromolar) at +50 mV were 35.8, 661, 7.0, and 222 for (-)/(+) cocaine and (-)/(+) bupivacaine, respectively. Although chloramine-T (CT) also modified the fast inactivation of Na+ channels and gave rise to a maintained Na+ current during a prolonged depolarization, LA isomers showed no greater stereoselectivity in blocking this maintained current than in blocking the normal transient Na+ current. We conclude that (a) cocaine and bupivacaine isomers exhibit only weak stereoselectivity toward the LA receptor in normal and CT-treated Na+ channels, (b) BTX drastically modifies the configuration of the LA binding site so that the LA stereoselectivity of the open Na+ channels is altered by an order of magnitude, and (c) the (-) forms of cocaine and bupivacaine interact strongly with the open state of BTX-modified Na+ channels but only weakly, if at all, with the closed state. The last finding may explain why most LA drugs were reported to be less effective toward BTX-modified Na+ channels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)