gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A concurrent distributed system for aircraft tactical decision generation (2002)

A research program investigating the use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to aid in the development of a tactical decision generator (TDG) for within visual range (WVR) air combat engagements is discussed. The application of AI programming and problem-solving methods in the development and implementation of a concurrent version of the computerized logic for air-to-air warfare simulations (CLAWS) program, a second-generation TDG, is presented. Concurrent computing environments and programming approaches are discussed, and the design and performance of prototype concurrent TDG system (Cube CLAWS) are presented. It is concluded that the Cube CLAWS has provided a useful testbed to evaluate the development of a distributed blackboard system. The project has shown that the complexity of developing specialized software on a distributed, message-passing architecture such as the Hypercube is not overwhelming, and that reasonable speedups and processor efficiency can be achieved by a distributed blackboard system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)- and (−)-Dihydroepiepoformin and (+)-Epiepoformin (2005)

[reaction: see text] The enantioselective synthesis of both enantiomers of dihydroepiepoformin (1) and (+)-epiepoformin (2) was achieved from (p-tolylsulfinyl)methyl-p-quinols (SR)- or (SS)-3 and (4R,SR)-4, respectively. Key features include the stereocontrolled conjugate addition of AlMe3 to p-quinol 3 and retrocondensation to the ketone functionality, previous to oxidation of the beta-hydroxy sulfoxide moiety of advanced intermediates to the corresponding sulfone.
Automated vehicle control developments in the PATH program (1991)

The accomplishments to date on the development of automatic vehicle control technology in the Program on Advanced Technology for the Highway (PATH) at the University of California, Berkeley, are summarized. The basic principles and assumptions underlying the PATH work are identified, and the work on automating vehicle lateral (steering) and longitudinal (spacing and speed) control is explained. For both lateral and longitudinal control, the modeling of plant dynamics is described, and the development of the additional subsystems needed (communications, reference/sensor systems) and the derivation of the control laws are presented. Plans for testing on vehicles in both near and long term are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Human T Cell Leukemia Viruses Use a Receptor Determined by Human Chromosome 17 (1988)

Human T cell leukemia viruses (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) can infect many cell types in vitro. HTLV-I and HTLV-II use the same cell surface receptor, as shown by interference with syncytium formation and with infection by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotypes bearing the HTLV envelope glycoproteins. Human-mouse somatic cell hybrids were used to determine which human chromosome was required to confer susceptibility to VSV(HTLV) infection. The only human chromosome common to all susceptible cell hybrids was chromosome 17, and the receptor gene was localized to 17cen-qter. Antibodies to surface antigens known to be determined by genes on 17q did not block the HTLV receptor.
Relationship of 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations in Oral Fluid and Plasma after Controlled Administration of Smoked Cannabis (2004)

Understanding the relationship of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations in oral fluid and plasma is important in interpretation of oral fluid test results. Current evidence suggests that THC is deposited in the oral cavity during cannabis smoking. This "depot" represents the primary or sole source of THC found when oral fluid is collected and analyzed. In this research, oral fluid and plasma specimens were collected from six subjects following smoking of cannabis cigarettes containing 1.75% and 3.55% THC. There was at least one week between each cannabis administration. Plasma specimens were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and paired oral fluid specimens were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). In addition, one individual's oral fluid specimens were also analyzed by GC-MS. These data are unique in that they represent simultaneous or near simultaneous collection of oral fluid and plasma specimens in subjects following controlled cannabis dosing. The first oral fluid specimen, collected from one subject at 0.2 h following initiation of smoking, contained a THC concentration of 5800 ng/mL (GC-MS). By 0.33 h, the THC concentration in oral fluid had fallen to 81 ng/mL. From approximately 0.3 h through 4.0 h, the mean (+/- SD) THC ratio of oral fluid to plasma THC concentrations was 1.18 (0.62) with a range of 0.5 to 2.2. Within 12 h, both oral fluid and plasma THC concentrations generally declined below 1 ng/mL. RIA analyses of oral fluid specimens for six subjects demonstrated the same pattern of initial high levels of contamination immediately after smoking, followed by rapid clearing, and a slower decline over 12 h. Mean THC oral fluid concentrations by RIA at 0.2 h were 864 ng/mL and 4167 ng/mL compared to plasma concentrations of 52 ng/mL and 230 ng/mL at 0.27 h following the low- and high-dose cannabis cigarettes, respectively. The similarity in oral fluid and plasma THC concentrations following the dissipation of the initial "contamination" indicates the likelihood of a physiological link between these specimens. Recent studies have shown that sublingual or transmucosal administration of pure THC results in direct absorption of intact THC into the bloodstream, thereby bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. The current study demonstrates that THC is deposited in the oral cavity and remains for up to 24 h following cannabis smoking. The decline in THC oral fluid concentration over this time suggests that there may be absorption of THC into blood as previously shown with pure THC. Passive cannabis exposure studies appear to indicate that positive oral fluid tests for THC can occur shortly after cannabis smoke exposure, but results were negative within 1 h. Consequently, when very recent passive exposure to cannabis smoke can be ruled out, it is concluded that a positive oral fluid test provides credible evidence of active cannabis use.
Identification of Epstein-Barr Virus RK-BARF0-Interacting Proteins and Characterization of Expression Pattern (2004)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BamHI A transcripts are a family of transcripts that are differentially spliced and can be detected in multiple EBV-associated malignancies. Several of the transcripts may encode proteins. One transcript of interest, RK-BARF0, is proposed to encode a 279-amino-acid protein with a possible endoplasmic reticulum-targeting sequence. In this study, the properties of RK-BARF0 were examined through identification of cellular-interacting proteins through yeast two-hybrid analysis and characterization of its expression in EBV-infected cells and tumors. In addition to the interaction previously identified with cellular Notch, it was determined that RK-BARF0 also bound cellular human I-mfa domain-containing protein (HIC), epithelin, and scramblase. An interaction between RK-BARF0 and Notch or epithelin induced proteasome-dependent degradation of Notch and epithelin but not of HIC or scramblase. Low levels of endogenous Notch expression in EBV-positive cell lines may correlate with RK-BARF0 expression. However, a screen of EBV-positive cell lines and tumors with an affinity-purified alpha-RK-BARF0 antiserum did not consistently detect RK-BARF0. These data suggest that while RK-BARF0 may have important cellular functions during EBV infection, and while the phenotype of EBV-positive cells suggest its expression, RK-BARF0 levels may be too low to detect.
The CDK inhibitor NtKIS1a is involved in plant development,endoreduplication and restores normal development of cyclin D3;1-overexpressing plants (2002)

Plant development requires stringent controls between cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Proliferation is positively regulated by cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). Acting in opposition to CDKs are CDK inhibitors (CKIs). The first tobacco CKI (NtKIS1a) identified was shown to inhibit in vitro the kinase activity of CDK/cyclin complexes and to interact with CDK and D-cyclins. However, these features, which are common to other plant and animal CKIs already characterised, did not provide information about the function of NtKIS1a in plants. Thus, to gain insight into the role of NtKIS1a and especially its involvement in cell proliferation during plant development, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants that overexpress NtKIS1a. These plants showed reduced growth with smaller organs that contained larger cells. Moreover, these plants displayed modifications in plant morphology. These results demonstrated that plant organ size and shape, as well as organ cell number and cell size, might be controlled by modulation of the single NtKIS1a gene activity. Since in mammals, D-cyclins control cell cycle progression in a CDK-dependent manner but also play a CDK independent role by sequestering the CKIs p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1), we tested the significance of cyclin D-CKI interaction within a living plant. With this aim, NtKIS1a and AtCycD3;1 were overexpressed simultaneously in plants by two different methods. Our results demonstrated that overexpression of the CKI NtKIS1a restores essentially normal development in plants overexpressing AtCycD3;1, providing the first evidence of cyclin D-CKI co-operation within the context of a living plant.
The Aqueous Outflow System as a Mechanical Pump (2004)

Aqueous outflow tissue deformation caused by normal intraocular pressure transients induces pulsatile one-way discharge of aqueous to the vascular system. The model identifies biomechanical coupling of intraocular pressure with aqueous outflow tissue deformation and also sites of high flow capable of inducing shear stress. These mechanotransduction mechanisms, well characterized as a means of controlling pressure and flow in the vascular system, also provide a means of regulatory feedback to control intraocular pressure and aqueous flow.
Shrunken Endosperm Mutants in Barley1 (1975)

Abstract Six spontaneous shrunken endosperm mutants in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were identified and described. Five of the mutants ( se1 through se5 ) were inherited as maternal plant monofactorial recessives and one mutant se6 was inherited as a monofactorial recessive expressing xenia. The mutants varied in fertility, seed weight, and seive size assortment. Four mutants were located on chromosome one, one on chromosome three, and one on chromosome six, by using translocation breakpoints as markers. Mutants similar to se1 through se5 could be used as males in commerical hybrid seed production. Mutants similar to se6 could be used as preflowering selective genes for the female stock for hybrid seed production.
Chemical sensors (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical sensorsJiri. JanataCite this: Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 12, 196–219Publication Date (Print):June 15, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 June 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00036a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00036a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2017Altmetric-Citations158LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Hypothermia after cardiac arrest: How to cool and for how long? * (2004)

Critical Care Medicine: March 2004 - Volume 32 - Issue 3 - p 897-899 doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000115263.08805.EF
A reinforcement learning algorithm for spiking neural networks (2005)

The paper presents a new reinforcement learning mechanism for spiking neural networks. The algorithm is derived for networks of stochastic integrate-and-fire neurons, but it can be also applied to generic spiking neural networks. Learning is achieved by synaptic changes that depend on the firing of pre- and postsynaptic neurons, and that are modulated with a global reinforcement signal. The efficacy of the algorithm is verified in a biologically-inspired experiment, featuring a simulated worm that searches for food. Our model recovers a form of neural plasticity experimentally observed in animals, combining spike-timing-dependent synaptic changes of one sign with non-associative synaptic changes of the opposite sign determined by presynaptic spikes. The model also predicts that the time constant of spike-timing-dependent synaptic changes is equal to the membrane time constant of the neuron, in agreement with experimental observations in the brain. This study also led to the discovery of a biologically-plausible reinforcement learning mechanism that works by modulating spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) with a global reward signal.
Biology of Mammalian L1 Retrotransposons (2001)

L1 retrotransposons comprise 17% of the human genome. Although most L1s are inactive, some elements remain capable of retrotransposition. L1 elements have a long evolutionary history dating to the beginnings of eukaryotic existence. Although many aspects of their retrotransposition mechanism remain poorly understood, they likely integrate into genomic DNA by a process called target primed reverse transcription. L1s have shaped mammalian genomes through a number of mechanisms. First, they have greatly expanded the genome both by their own retrotransposition and by providing the machinery necessary for the retrotransposition of other mobile elements, such as Alus. Second, they have shuffled non-L1 sequence throughout the genome by a process termed transduction. Third, they have affected gene expression by a number of mechanisms. For instance, they occasionally insert into genes and cause disease both in humans and in mice. L1 elements have proven useful as phylogenetic markers and may find other practical applications in gene discovery following insertional mutagenesis in mice and in the delivery of therapeutic genes.
Endothelial cells preparing to die by apoptosis initiate a program of transcriptome and glycome regulation (2003)

The protein-based changes that underlie the cell biology of apoptosis have been extensively studied. In contrast, mRNA- and polysaccharide-based changes have received relatively little attention. We have combined transcriptome and glycome analyses to show that apoptotic endothelial cell cultures undergo programmed changes to RNA transcript abundance and cell surface polysaccharide profiles. Although a few of the transcriptome changes were protective, most appeared to prepare cells for apoptosis by decreasing the reception and transduction of pro-survival signals, increasing pro-death signals, increasing abundance of apoptotic machinery, inhibiting cellular proliferation, recruiting phagocytes to regions of cell death, and promoting phagocytosis. Additional transcriptomal changes appeared to alter the synthesis and modification of cell surface glycosaminoglycans. The resultant reduced abundance of sulphated cell surface glycosaminoglycans may further promote cell death by inhibiting the presentation of extracellular matrix-tethered survival factors to their receptors on dying cells. We propose that the transcriptome and glycome regulation presented here synergize with previously described protein-based changes to guide the apoptotic program.
CaCO3 scale inhibition in paper making processes – evaluation of testing methods and inhibitor performance (2011)

The formation of an adherent layer of inorganic deposition on the surfaces of process equipment is called scaling. Scaling is a major problem in many industries using large quantities of water. One of these industries is the paper making industry and the most common scale forming compound is calcium carbonate. The scaling problem in the paper making industry can be eased or in the best case completely solved by the use of chemical additives referred to as antiscalants or scale inhibitors. The most common an-tiscalant compounds are phosphonates and polycarboxylates.&#13;\nThe formation of calcium carbonate scale and its inhibition are widely studied themes but few of the studies are linked in the conditions of paper making. The objec-tives of this thesis are to establish laboratory testing methods for the evaluation of the performance of different scale inhibitors in the paper making conditions and to evaluate the performance of different antiscalants in these conditions. The thesis comprises an extensive literature survey and an experimental part. The literature survey covers the precipitation process of calcium carbonate, factors affecting this process and chemistry of different antiscalants. Also the theory of a computational model of French Creek’s WatSIM software is covered. In the experimental part three different laboratory test methods are utilized to conclude the performance of different antiscalants in the condi-tions of paper making. These laboratory test methods are a static jar test, a dynamic ro-tating disk procedure, and a dynamic tube blocking procedure. The WatSIM software is utilized to calculate different scaling potential indices in the conditions of paper making.&#13;\nThe results of this thesis show that the differences between different antiscalants can be distinguished with the used laboratory testing methods and that the differences are significant. The phosphonate antiscalants might function better than polycarboxylate antiscalants in certain operating conditions but even a little change in the conditions, for example in the pH or temperature, can completely block the ability of the phosphonate antiscalants to function. The polycarboxylate antiscalants are more resistant to changes in the operating conditions, which extend their range of use. The computational results yielded with WatSIM were somewhat conflicting which indicates that the software is not fully optimized for the conditions of paper making /Kir11
An insulator blocks spreading of histone acetylation and interferes with RNA polymerase II transfer between an enhancer and gene (2004)

We studied the mechanism by which an insulator interrupts enhancer signaling to a gene using stably replicated chromatin templates containing the human β-globin locus control region HS2 enhancer and a target globin gene. The chicken β-globin 5′ HS4 (cHS4) insulator acted as a positional enhancer blocker, inhibiting promoter remodeling and transcription activation only when placed between the enhancer and gene. Enhancer blocking by cHS4 reduced histone hyperacetylation across a zone extending from the enhancer to the gene and inhibited recruitment of CBP and p300 to HS2. Enhancer blocking also led to accumulation of RNA polymerase II at HS2 and within cHS4, accompanied by its diminution at the gene promoter. The enhancer blocking effects were completely attributable to the CTCF binding site in cHS4. These findings provide experimental evidence for the involvement of spreading in establishment of a broad zone of histone modification by an enhancer, as well as for blocking by an insulator of the transfer of RNA polymerase II from an enhancer to a promoter.
:Biological Consequences of the European Expansion, 1450-1800 (2001)

Contents: Introduction The origin and antiquity of syphilis: paleopathological diagnosis and interpretation, Brenda J. Baker and George J. Armelagos Disease and the depopulation of Hispaniola, 1492a 1518, Noble David Cook New World depopulation and the case of disease, Donald Joralemon Conquistador y pestilencia: the first New World pandemic and the fall of the great Indian empires, Alfred W. Crosby An outline of Andean epidemic history to 1720, Henry F. Dobyns Epidemiology and the slave trade, Philip D. Curtin The influence of disease on race, logistics, and colonization in the Antilles, Francisco Guerra Fear of hot climates in the Anglo-American colonial experience, Karen Ordahl Kupperman Of agues and fevers: malaria in the early Chesapeake, Darrett B. Rutman and Anita H. Rutman Smallpox and the Indians in the American colonies, John Duffy The significance of disease in the extinction of the New England Indians, Sherburne F. Cook Smallpox in aboriginal Australia, 1829a 1831, Judy Campbell Disease and infertility: a new look at the demographic collapse of native populations in the wake of western contact, David E. Stannard Creative disruptions in American agriculture, 1620a 1820, E. L. Jones Europea (TM)s initial population explosion, William L. Langer Index.
A capacitorless 1T-DRAM technology using gate-induced drain-leakage (GIDL) current for low-power and high-speed embedded memory (2006)

A capacitorless one-transistor (1T)-dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) cell using gate-induced drain-leakage (GIDL) current for write operation was demonstrated. Compared with the conventional write operation with impact-ionization (II) current, the write operation with GIDL current achieves power consumption that is lower by four orders of magnitude and a write speed within several nanoseconds. The capacitorless 1T DRAM is the most promising technology for high-performance embedded-DRAM large-scale integration.
Detection of airway occlusion in simulated obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea using ultrasound: An in vitro study (2010)

Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS) is the most common form of Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) and it is estimated to affect approximately 6% of US adult population. Various methods have been proposed for the development of inexpensive screening methods to detect SDB to reduce the need for costly nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG). By using the existing air in the airway as an ultrasonic contrast agent, we propose a method to examine the narrowing or occlusion of the airway associated with OSAHS events. We describe here an in vitro study that approximates the anatomical and acoustic characteristics of the airway and neck. In this experiment, we simulate the fully open airway as well as apnea and hypopnea events. These in vitro studies results show significant differences in the ultrasonic signals acquired from the open airway model versus those from the model depicting apnea and hypopnea events. Therefore, the findings provide a foundation for development of an ultrasound system to detect SDB in vivo.