gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Fundamental studies on intravesical instillation of 4'-epi-adriamycin for the treatment of bladder cancer]. (1985)

4'-Epi-adriamycin (EPI) is a new derivative of adriamycin (ADM). The cytotoxic effect of EPI on the T24 cell line, an established cell line from human urinary bladder carcinoma, the distribution of the drug in blood, urine and tissues of various organs and histopathological change in the bladder mucosa in dogs following intravesical instillation of the drug, were studied. The cytotoxicity of EPI on the cultured T24 cells was examined by a colony formation method. After 2 hours exposure, EPI was slightly less cytotoxic than ADM, but showed higher cytotoxicity than mitomycin C or aclacinomycin A. The drug levels in blood, urine and tissues were measured by HPLC following bladder instillation in Beagle dogs with bilateral cutaneous ureterostomy. They were elevated in proportion to the drug concentration instilled intravesically. After 50 mg of EPI dissolved in 10 ml of physiological saline was instilled intravesically, the blood levels of EPI were not elevated significantly and reached the maximum levels of only 0.222 microgram/ml. The total amount of EPI excreted into the urine during the 10 hours after instillation was 389 micrograms which was equivalent to 0.78% of instilled EPI. The tissue levels of 50 mg of EPI after 6 hours retention were 1216 +/- 1094 micrograms/g in the bladder mucosa, 259 +/- 250 micrograms/g in the bladder muscular layer, 7.65 +/- 1.19 micrograms/g in the iliac node, 22.1 +/- 4.8 micrograms/g in the cortex of kidney, 15.1 +/- 3.8 micrograms/g in the medulla of kidney, 11.3 +/- 1.0 micrograms/g in liver and 5.80 +/- 1.20 micrograms/g in the heart. To examine the effect of the drug on the bladder mucosa, 50 mg of EPI was instilled intravesically. After 6 hours retention, bladder mucosa was observed through a microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Only exfoliation in the mucosa was observed sporadically and no histological change was observed in the submucosal layer. The above results suggest that EPI is a suitable drug for intravesical chemotherapy to bladder cancers.
Boosting the accuracy of differentially private histograms through consistency (2010)

We show that it is possible to significantly improve the accuracy of a general class of histogram queries while satisfying differential privacy. Our approach carefully chooses a set of queries to evaluate, and then exploits consistency constraints that should hold over the noisy output. In a post-processing phase, we compute the consistent input most likely to have produced the noisy output. The final output is differentially-private and consistent, but in addition, it is often much more accurate. We show, both theoretically and experimentally, that these techniques can be used for estimating the degree sequence of a graph very precisely, and for computing a histogram that can support arbitrary range queries accurately.
Simultaneous detection of toxin A and toxin B genetic determinants of Clostridium difficile using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (1992)

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction was developed to simultaneously detect the presence of toxin A and toxin B genes of Clostridium difficile. A 1050-bp fragment of the toxin B gene and a 1217-bp fragment of the toxin A gene were amplified from 42 toxic strains of C. difficile; however, from 10 nontoxic strains the toxin gene fragments were not amplified; these data demonstrate that this multiplex polymerase chain reaction procedure can be used to differentiate between toxic and nontoxic strains. This sensitive and specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction for C. difficile toxins may prove to be a valuable diagnostic procedure.
Finite-temperature quasicontinuum method for multiscale analysis of silicon nanostructures (2006)

In this paper, we extend the quasicontinuum approach for a multiscale analysis of silicon nanostructures at finite temperature. The quasicontinuum method uses the classical continuum mechanics framework, but the constitutive response of the system is determined by employing an atomistic description. For finite-temperature solid systems under isothermal conditions, the constitutive response is determined by using the Helmholtz free energy density. The static part of the Helmholtz free energy density is obtained directly from the interatomic potential while the vibrational part is calculated by using the theory of quantum-mechanical lattice dynamics. Specifically, we investigate three quasiharmonic models, namely the real space quasiharmonic model, the local quasiharmonic model, and the reciprocal space quasiharmonic model, to compute the vibrational free energy. Using the finite-temperature quasicontinuum method, we compute the effect of the temperature and strain on the phonon density of states, phonon Gr\"uneisen parameters, and the elastic properties of the Tersoff silicon. We also compute the mechanical response of silicon nanostructures for various external loads and the results are compared to molecular dynamics simulations.
Synthesis of 4- and 4,5-Functionalized Imidazol-2-ylidenes from a Single 4,5-Unsubstituted Imidazol-2-ylidene (2010)

Using the nucleophilicity of NHCs and aNHCs, as well as the leaving group ability of the former, the carbon-carbon double bond of imidazol-2-ylidenes can be readily mono- and difunctionalized. These results provide also a new light on the formation of abnormal carbene adducts from classical unsaturated NHCs.
<title>Detailed study of a phase-shift focus monitor</title> (1995)

The phase shift focus monitor technique is based on the fact that phase shift structures which utilize a non-180 degree(s) shift exhibit asymmetric imaging which is proportional to defocus. This asymmetry results in a lateral displacement of the printed features, which can be measured quickly at a number of locations across the field and across the wafer with a registration measurement tool. The monitor provides a means of evaluating focus effects such as lens tilt, chip leveling, astigmatism, and field and wafer flatness. This paper presents a detailed investigation of the focus monitor. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of linewidth and exposure dose on the sensitivity of the monitor. An alternative measurement structure was also evaluated. Monitor repeatability was assessed, indicating that wafer-to-wafer variation is the largest source of repeatability error. Unexpected variation in sensitivity and calibration curve offset across the field was observed. These effects make interpretation of the focus data problematic. Potential factors which might contribute to the variability of the monitor were analyzed. Partial coherence uniformity appears to have a significant impact on the monitor, but does not entirely explain the observed effects. Potential use of the monitor as a coherence mapping tool is proposed.
Distinct combinations of variant ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate thermosensation and hygrosensation in Drosophila (2016)

Ionotropic Receptors (IRs) are a large subfamily of variant ionotropic glutamate receptors present across Protostomia. While these receptors are most extensively studied for their roles in chemosensory detection, recent work has implicated two family members, IR21a and IR25a, in thermosensation in <i>Drosophila</i>. Here we characterize one of the most evolutionarily deeply conserved receptors, IR93a, and show that it is co-expressed and functions with IR21a and IR25a to mediate physiological and behavioral responses to cool temperatures. IR93a is also co-expressed with IR25a and a distinct receptor, IR40a, in a discrete population of sensory neurons in the sacculus, a multi-chambered pocket within the antenna. We demonstrate that this combination of receptors is required for neuronal responses to dry air and behavioral discrimination of humidity differences. Our results identify IR93a as a common component of molecularly and cellularly distinct IR pathways important for thermosensation and hygrosensation in insects.
Resonances of asymmetric dielectric waveguides containing a diffraction grating (1990)

Guided-wave resonances in periodically modulated asymmetric dielectric waveguides are studied by means of the rigorous coupled-wave theory. The resonances in the i=-1 order wave amplitudes evaluated at z=0 and z=d/ Lambda (where d/ Lambda =5) are shown as a function of the external angle of incidence. The waveguide is asymmetric with epsilon /sub 1/=1, epsilon /sub 0/=2, epsilon /sub 3/=1.9, and a modulation index of Delta epsilon / epsilon /sub 0/=0.005/sub ./ The resonant wave amplitudes at the two interfaces are well separated due to the asymmetry of the waveguide. It is shown how the resonances couple to the propagating diffracted waves with adjacent order numbers. A high degree of switching is observed between the transmitted wave, DE/sub 30/, and the reflected one, DE/sub 10/. However, this occurs over a very small angular range of the input wave.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Over-current protection scheme for SiC power MOSFET DC circuit breaker (2014)

The electronic circuit breaker used in DC microgrids are required to work within their safe operating areas bounded by temperature, voltage and current limits. Traditional approach managed to protect these switches through rapid current cut-off operations at over-load or fault situations, but failing to avoid the disturbance induced by transient current surges or noises which are not harmful to the grid operations. Aiming to increase the quality of circuit breaker operations and furthermore improve its reliability, this paper proposed a SiC MOSFET based DC circuit breaker based on the variable time-delay protection scheme. The cutoff operations only take place after proper delay time, which are precisely catered according to the transient thermal properties of SiC devices and the properties of DC loads. The proposed scheme has been implemented with hardware prototype and experimentally verified under different fault situations.
beta-lactamase epidemiology and the utility of established and novel beta-lactamase inhibitors (2000)

beta-Lactamase inhibitor:beta-lactam combinations remain one of the most successful strategies for the treatment of bacterial infections. Over the last 20 years the number and diversity of serine and metallo active site beta-lactamases has increased dramatically. This review highlights some of the new additions to the beta-lactamase arena and discusses how the commercially available beta-lactamase inhibitors are keeping pace with the changing epidemiology of beta-lactamases. In addition, we survey the progress with the design of novel inhibitors of serine and metallo-beta-lactamases. Focus is given to the recent advances in the design of metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitors as these enzymes pose a serious emerging threat to the use of all beta-lactam based therapies.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Relationships Among Species of the Genus Bifidobacterium (1971)

Genetic relatedness among 179 strains representing 13 named species and several unnamed taxa of the genus Bifidobacterium from three main habitats, i.e., (i) feces of man, (ii) feces of various other animals, and (iii) the bovine rumen, was assessed by means of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)—DNA hybridization by using a filter-paper technique in competition experiments. Assignment of these strains to the genus Bifidobacterium was based on the production of lactic and acetic acids as chief products from glucose, lack of gas production, fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase activity, and on morphology. About 180 DNA competitors were tested with 23 reference systems. Several genetically distinct groups were recognized. Little or no DNA homology was demonstrated between some of the groups, suggesting large evolutionary divergence in this genus. B. infantis, B. liberorum, and B. lactentis form one of these groups; the ecological significance of this relatedness was discussed. The DNA of the following pairs are homologous: (i) B. breve and B. parvulorum, (ii) B. thermophilum and B. ruminale, and (iii) B. pseudolongum and B. globosum. Within a number of strains assigned to B. adolescentis, many of which were isolated from waste waters, a large genetic heterogeneity was demonstrated: in addition to B. adolescentis, at least three unrelated groups were recognized and are provisionally referred to as “dentium,” “catenulatum,” and “angulatum.” Since these groups are not related genetically to any species of the genus and are phenotypically distinct, they may represent new species. The validity of the species B. bifidum, B. longum, and B. suis was confirmed at the genetic level.
Genital Herpes Has Played a More Important Role than Any Other Sexually Transmitted Infection in Driving HIV Prevalence in Africa (2008)

HSV-2 role as a biological cofactor in HIV acquisition and transmission may have contributed substantially to HIV particularly by facilitating HIV spread among the low-risk population with stable long-term sexual partnerships. This finding suggests that prevention of HSV-2 infection through a prophylactic vaccine may be an effective intervention both in nascent epidemics with high HIV incidence in the high risk groups, and in established epidemics where a large portion of HIV transmission occurs in stable partnerships.
Efficient Training of Artificial Neural Networks for Autonomous Navigation (1991)

The ALVINN (Autonomous Land Vehicle In a Neural Network) project addresses the problem of training artificial neural networks in real time to perform difficult perception tasks. ALVINN is a backpropagation network designed to drive the CMU Navlab, a modified Chevy van. This paper describes the training techniques that allow ALVINN to learn in under 5 minutes to autonomously control the Navlab by watching the reactions of a human driver. Using these techniques, ALVINN has been trained to drive in a variety of circumstances including single-lane paved and unpaved roads, and multilane lined and unlined roads, at speeds of up to 20 miles per hour.
Should a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) agonist or antagonist be designed to treat cancer? TLR-4: its expression and effects in the ten most common cancers (2013)

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is well known for its host innate immunity. Despite the fact that TLR-4 activation confers antitumor responses; emerging evidence suggests that TLR-4 is associated with tumor development and progression. It is now clear that overactivation of TLR-4, through various immune mediators, may cause immune response dysfunction, resulting in tumorigenesis. Different cancers could have different extents of TLR-4 involvement during tumorigenesis or tumor progression. In this review, we focus on infection- and inflammation-related TLR-4 activation in noncancer and cancer cells, as well as on the current evidence about the role of TLR-4 in ten of the most common cancers, viz, head and neck cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and prostate cancer.
A REVIEW OF SOME ASPECTS OF 5-IODODEOXYURIDINE AND AZAURIDINE. (1963)

A review has been presented of selected aspects of 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUDR) and of 6-azauridine. Some of the basic problems which may be of pertinence to the successful use of IUDR clinically have been indicated. Although the role of IUDR as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of neoplasms, either alone or in combination with other compounds or radiation, is still under investigation, its role as an anti-viral agent in the treatment of some established DNA-viral infections in animals as well as in man has been well substantiated.
Zymomonas mobilis squalene-hopene cyclase gene (shc): cloning, DNA sequence analysis and expression in Escherichia coli (1995)

Using a DNA probe from the gene encoding squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC, EC 5.4.99.-) from the Gram-positive bacterium Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius, we have cloned a 4.3 kb HindIII fragment of chromosomal DNA from Zymomonas mobilis. An open reading frame of 1977 bp was detected that could encode a protein of 658 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 74077 Da. Under the control of lac or tac promoters, this gene, shc, was expressed in Escherichia coli K12 strains and its product had squalene-hopene cyclase activity. Sequence alignments with the A. acidocaldarius SHC, the lanosterol cyclase of the yeast Candida albicans, and the cycloartenol synthase of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana revealed six highly conserved regions (mainly in the C-terminal part) of the proteins. These regions contained the core motif Gln-X-X-X-Gly-X-Trp.
Progranulin (PC-cell-derived growth factor/acrogranin) regulates invasion and cell survival. (2002)

Progranulin (pgrn; PC-cell-derived growth factor, epithelin precursor, or acrogranin) has been identified recently as an autocrine regulator of tumorigenesis in several cancer cells including SW-13 adrenal carcinomas and some breast cancers, but how pgrn promotes tumor progression is not well understood. SW-13 cells do not form tumors in nude mice but become highly tumorigenic when their pgrn expression is elevated, and this provides a useful model in which to investigate the role of pgrn in tumorigenesis. Here we show that, in SW-13 cells, the level of pgrn expression is a major determinant of the intrinsic activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, and focal adhesion kinase signaling pathways. Pgrn stimulates the invasion of SW-13 cells across Matrigel-coated filters, increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 and 17, protects against anoikis, and overcomes the inhibition of cell growth imposed on SW-13 cells by interstitial type-I collagen. Inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase signaling pathways impairs each of the pgrn-dependent biological responses tested, but to different extents. The ability of pgrn to stimulate cell division, invasion, and survival demonstrates that pgrn regulates multiple steps in carcinomal progression, and suggests that the pgrn system may be a possible future therapeutic target.
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography of fibroblast proteoglycans (1993)

We have investigated the hydrophobic properties of human skin fibroblast proteoglycans and related material by affinity chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B in 4 M guanidinium hydrochloride (GdnHCl). Proteoglycans and related material could be separated into non-, medium and highly hydrophobic forms by elution with gradients of Triton X-100 in 4 M Gdn HCl. The non-hydrophobic material included endogenously produced glycosaminoglycan chains and oligosaccharides as well as an HS-proteoglycan with a 35 kDa core. The 65-70 kDa core (glypican-related) proteoglycans appeared among the highly hydrophobic ones, but variable proportions were seen both in the medium and the non-hydrophobic material. Other membrane-bound proteoglycans, like fibroglycan (45 kDa core) and the HS-proteoglycans with 90 and 130 kDa cores, as well as the CS/DS-proteoglycan with a 90 kDa core, were all of high hydrophobicity. There were also indications of a highly hydrophobic CS/DS-proteoglycan with a 45 kDa core. The extracellular proteoglycans, PG-L, PG-S1 and PG-S2, and the HS-proteoglycans with 350 and 250 kDa cores were all of medium hydrophobicity. These proteoglycans emerged in distinct positions when the column was eluted with a gradient of 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]propanesulphonate.
Multiple tyrosine residues in the cytosolic domain of the erythropoietin receptor promote activation of STAT5. (1996)

Signaling through the erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) is crucial for proliferation, differentiation, and survival of erythroid progenitor cells. EPO induces homodimerization of the EPO-R, triggering activation of the receptor-associated kinase JAK2 and activation of STAT5. By mutating the eight tyrosine residues in the cytosolic domain of the EPO-R, we show that either Y343 or Y401 is sufficient to mediate maximal activation of STAT5; tyrosine residues Y429 and Y431 can partially activate STAT5. Comparison of the sequences surrounding these tyrosines reveals YXXL as the probable motif specifying recruitment of STAT5 to the EPO-R. Expression of a mutant EPO-R lacking all eight tyrosine residues in the cytosolic domain supported a low but detectable level of EPO-induced STAT5 activation, indicating the existence of an alternative pathway for STAT5 activation independent of any tyrosine in the EPO-R. The kinetics of STAT5 activation and inactivation were the same, regardless of which tyrosine residue in the EPO-R mediated its activation or whether the alternative pathway was used. The ability of mutant EPO-Rs to activate STAT5 did not directly correlate with their mitogenic potential.
High Concentration of Carboxypeptidase M in Lungs: Presence of the Enzyme in Alveolar Type I Cells (1993)

The presence of high concentrations of membrane-bound carboxypeptidase M in human, baboon, dog, and rat lung was established by employing a variety of techniques. The activity of the enzyme in the membrane-enriched fractions of human, baboon, dog, and rat lung, measured with fluorescent dansyl substrate (DNS-Ala-Arg), was 198, 261, 484, and 153 nmol/h/mg protein, respectively. This activity in the lung was much higher than that found in the heart, liver, or kidney. The enzyme, optimally active around neutral pH, was completely inhibited by 10 microM 2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropanoic acid and was activated by 1 mM CoCl2 to 170%. Antibody to human carboxypeptidase M immunoprecipitated the solubilized carboxypeptidase from human (98%), baboon (81%), and dog (88%) lung membrane fractions. Carboxypeptidase M is attached to lung membranes by a phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor; thus, it is released with bacterial phospholipase C. Membrane fractions from cultured human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells also contained high carboxypeptidase M activity (254 nmol/h/mg protein). A Northern blot of poly(A)+ RNA from various human tissues showed the presence of a high level of carboxypeptidase M mRNA in human lung and placenta. Finally, immunohistochemistry, employing purified antibody to the enzyme, revealed in fluorescent light microscopy that carboxypeptidase M is present in alveolar type I pneumocytes and in macrophages in apparently lower concentration. In contrast, type II alveolar epithelial cells gave negative results. Because carboxypeptidase M cleaves a variety of active peptides (e.g., bradykinin, anaphylatoxins), it may protect the alveolar surface from the effects of these peptides. In addition, carboxypeptidase M could be a marker enzyme for type I cells.
Combination Antibody Therapy With Epratuzumab and Rituximab in Relapsed or Refractory Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (2005)

The full-dose combination of epratuzumab with rituximab was well tolerated and had significant clinical activity in NHL, suggesting that this combination should be tested in comparison with single-agent treatment.
Definition of the accelerated phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia. (1988)

Article Tools Article Tools OPTIONS & TOOLS Export Citation Track Citation Add To Favorites Rights & Permissions COMPANION ARTICLES No companion articles ARTICLE CITATION DOI: 10.1200/JCO.1988.6.1.180 Journal of Clinical Oncology - published online before print September 22, 2016 PMID: 3422090 Definition of the accelerated phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia. H M KantarjianxH M KantarjianSearch for articles by this author , M TalpazxM TalpazSearch for articles by this author https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1988.6.1.180 First Page PDF © 1988 by American Society of Clinical Oncology