gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Inherently Echogenic Liposomes as an Ultrasonic Contrast Agent† (1996)

Ultrasonic contrast agents have been developed for improved assessment of blood flow and tissue perfusion. Many of these agents are not inherently acoustically reflective (echogenic), and nearly all are not suitable for tissue specific targeting. The purpose of this study was to develop acoustically reflective liposomes, which are suitable for antibody conjugation, without using gas or any other agent entrapment. Echogenic liposomes were prepared from phosphatidylcholine (PC), phophatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cholesterol (CH), using a dehydration/rehydration method. The formulation was optimized for higher acoustic reflectivity by varying the lipid composition. Liposomes were imaged with a 20 MHz intravascular ultrasonic imaging catheter. Echogenicity levels were expressed using pixel gray scale. The presence of PE and PG at specific concentrations improved echogenicity due to their effects on liposomal morphology as confirmed by freeze-etch electron microscopy. The acoustic reflectivity of liposomes was retained when liposomes were treated with blood at room temperature and 37 degrees C under in vitro conditions. It was demonstrated that the liposomes were also acoustically reflective in vivo after they were injected into a miniswine model. We have developed echogenic liposomes that are stable and suitable for tissue specific targeting as a novel contrast agent. This new contrast agent can be used for ultrasonic image enhancement and/or treatment of targeted pathologic sites.
Lymphatic Metastasis in the Absence of Functional Intratumor Lymphatics (2002)

Lymphatic metastasis contributes to mortality from solid tumors. Whether metastasizing cancer cells reach lymph nodes via intratumor lymphatic vessels is unknown. Here, we examine functional lymphatics associated with mouse tumors expressing normal or elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), a molecule that stimulates lymphangiogenesis. Although VEGF-C overexpression increased lymphatic surface area in the tumor margin and lymphatic metastasis, these tumors contained no functional lymphatics, as assessed by four independent functional assays and immunohistochemical staining. These findings suggest that the functional lymphatics in the tumor margin alone are sufficient for lymphatic metastasis and should be targeted therapeutically.
Novel techniques for reducing blocking artifacts in motion compensated frame (2006)

We present two new techniques for reducing blocking artifacts in motion compensated frames. These techniques can be applied generally to motion compensated frames obtained by employing any partitioning schemes. In the first technique, the weighting coefficients of the overlapped block motion compensation are modeled with fuzzy relations. These fuzzy relations are formed based on two fuzzy sets, which define the closeness of a given pixel to the block boundaries in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. The second technique uses the similarity between a set of pixels inside a partitioned region and that on the borders to modify the border pixels. Simulations conducted on several benchmark video sequences indicate that the proposed techniques can improve the subjective quality of the frames as well as reduce the prediction error.
Intact Vesicle Adsorption and Supported Biomembrane Formation from Vesicles in Solution:  Influence of Surface Chemistry, Vesicle Size, Temperature, and Osmotic Pressure (2002)

The adsorption kinetics of small unilamellar egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine vesicles was investigated by the quartz crystal microbalance−dissipation (QCM−D) technique, as a function of surface chemistry (on SiO2, Si3N4, Au, TiO2, and Pt), temperature (273−303 K), vesicle size (25−200 nm), and osmotic pressure. On SiO2 and Si3N4, the vesicles adsorb intact at low coverage, followed by transformation to a bilayer at a critical coverage. On TiO2, oxidized Pt, and oxidized Au, the vesicles adsorb intact at all coverages and all studied temperatures. Variation of vesicle size does not change the qualitative behavior on any of the surfaces, but the quantitative differences provide important information about surface-induced vesicle deformation. In the low-coverage regime (where vesicles adsorb intact on all surfaces), the deformation is much larger on SiO2 than on the surfaces where bilayer formation does not occur. This is attributed to stronger vesicle−surface interaction on SiO2. The bilayer formation is thermally activated with an apparent activation energy of 63−78 kJ/mol. Osmotic pressure promotes bilayer formation, especially when the external salt concentration is higher than the internal one. Depending on preparation conditions, a varying amount of nonruptured vesicles are trapped in the saturated bilayer on SiO2, but the fraction can be efficiently reduced to below the detection level using elevated temperature and/or high osmotic stress.
Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and robot-assisted arm training in subacute stroke patients: A pilot study (2007)

These procedures are safe, and easy to use in a clinical setting. In future studies, patients should be stratified by degree of arm weakness and lesion site, also the unexpected aphasia improvement warrants following-up.
Four-channel telemetry system for in vivo measurement of hip joint forces (1991)

The long-term loosening of artificial hip joints remains a serious clinical problem. Optimization of implant design and material will improve the fixation, but it requires a detailed knowledge of the forces which act on the implant. A four-channel telemetric transmitter was developed and arranged completely inside a hermetically closed artificial hip joint. This permits long term in vivo measurements of the three-dimensional forces without endangering the patient. The external telemetry system consists of an inductive power supply, an RF receiver, a microcomputer with hardware extension and a VHS video system. The personal computer offers real-time data processing of three orthogonal force components as well as slow motion analysis of recorded measurements. After several years of animal tests, two instrumented prostheses were implanted in the first patient (male) in May and August of 1988. In March 1990 a third prosthesis was implanted in a second patient (female). Joint force measurements have regularly been performed from the first post-operative day until now for several kinds of activity.
Molecular Origins of the Slow Streptavidin-Biotin Dissociation Kinetics (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular Origins of the Slow Streptavidin-Biotin Dissociation KineticsAshutosh Chilkoti and Patrick S. StaytonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 43, 10622–10628Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00148a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00148a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1988Altmetric-Citations183LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
CMOS stress sensors on [100] silicon (2000)

CMOS analog stress sensor circuits based upon the piezoresistive behavior of MOSFET's are presented. On the [100] surface, these circuits provide temperature-compensated outputs that are proportional to the in-plane normal stress difference (/spl sigma/(11)'-/spl sigma//sub 22/') and the in-plane shear stress /spl sigma//sub 22/'. The circuits provide high sensitivity to stress, well-localized stress-state measurement, and direct voltage or current outputs that eliminate the need for tedious /spl Delta/R/R measurements required with more traditional resistor rosettes. The theoretical and experimental results also provide design guidance for calculating and minimizing the sensitivity of traditional analog circuits to packaging-induced die stress.
Stat3 is tyrosine-phosphorylated through the interleukin-6/glycoprotein 130/Janus kinase pathway in breast cancer (2007)

In summary, a principal mechanism of Stat3 activation in breast cancer is through the IL-6/gp130/Jak pathway.
Molecular basis of cell integrity and morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1995)

In fungi and many other organisms, a thick outer cell wall is responsible for determining the shape of the cell and for maintaining its integrity. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been a useful model organism for the study of cell wall synthesis, and over the past few decades, many aspects of the composition, structure, and enzymology of the cell wall have been elucidated. The cell wall of budding yeasts is a complex and dynamic structure; its arrangement alters as the cell grows, and its composition changes in response to different environmental conditions and at different times during the yeast life cycle. In the past few years, we have witnessed a profilic genetic and molecular characterization of some key aspects of cell wall polymer synthesis and hydrolysis in the budding yeast. Furthermore, this organism has been the target of numerous recent studies on the topic of morphogenesis, which have had an enormous impact on our understanding of the intracellular events that participate in directed cell wall synthesis. A number of components that direct polarized secretion, including those involved in assembly and organization of the actin cytoskeleton, secretory pathways, and a series of novel signal transduction systems and regulatory components have been identified. Analysis of these different components has suggested pathways by which polarized secretion is directed and controlled. Our aim is to offer an overall view of the current understanding of cell wall dynamics and of the complex network that controls polarized growth at particular stages of the budding yeast cell cycle and life cycle.
Synergism between fludarabine and rituximab revealed in a follicular lymphoma cell line resistant to the cytotoxic activity of either drug alone (2001)

We have shown previously that the anti-CD20 chimaeric monoclonal antibody rituximab exerts its effects on neoplastic B-lymphoma cell lines in part via complement-dependent cytotoxicity. In addition, membrane expression levels of complement inhibitory proteins CD55 and CD59 play a role in determining susceptibility to lysis. We have identified one t(14;18)-positive human B-cell non Hodgkin's lymphoma cell line (Karpas 422) that is resistant to rituximab and complement and used it for subsequent studies on the possible interaction between this novel therapeutic agent and established antineoplastic drugs. We have exposed Karpas to several chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin, idarubicin, cisplatin, taxol) for different time periods and subsequently exposed the cells to rituximab and human complement. The combination of these drugs with rituximab induced an additive cytotoxic effect. In contrast, exposure to fludarabine (1 microg/ml for 48-72 h) showed a synergistic effect, with cell lysis increasing from 10% to 20% using fludarabine or rituximab and complement alone to about 70% with both cytotoxic agents. Analysis of the mechanism for this synergistic effect showed that fludarabine downmodulates the membrane expression of CD55 (from 96% to 55% positive cells) without significantly altering CD20 levels. Northern analysis demonstrated that fludarabine induced a general downmodulation of steady state mRNA levels with no change in transcription rate detected in run-off assays. The study of the effect of fludarabine and rituximab in six freshly isolated B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) samples showed that, in most cases, fludarabine has an additive cytotoxic activity with rituximab and complement. This report gives a rational support for clinical studies with combinations of drugs, including monoclonal antibodies and fludarabine.
Indomethacin Causes Prostaglandin D2-like and Eotaxin-like Selective Responses in Eosinophils and Basophils (2002)

We investigated the actions of a panel of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes. Indomethacin alone was a potent and selective inducer of eosinophil and basophil shape change. In eosinophils, indomethacin induced chemotaxis, CD11b up-regulation, respiratory burst, and L-selectin shedding but did not cause up-regulation of CD63 expression. Pretreatment of eosinophils with indomethacin also enhanced subsequent eosinophil shape change induced by eotaxin, although treatment with higher concentrations of indomethacin resulted in a decrease in the expression of the major eosinophil chemokine receptor, CCR3. Indomethacin activities and cell selectivity closely resembled those of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)). Eosinophil shape change in response to eotaxin was inhibited by pertussis toxin, but indomethacin- and PGD(2)-induced shape change responses were not. Treatment of eosinophils with specific inhibitors of phospholipase C (U-73122), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (LY-294002), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (SB-202190) revealed roles for these pathways in indomethacin signaling. Indomethacin and its analogues may therefore provide a structural basis from which selective PGD(2) receptor small molecule antagonists may be designed and which may have utility in the treatment of allergic inflammatory disease.
Interleukin 10 reduces the release of tumor necrosis factor and prevents lethality in experimental endotoxemia. (1993)

Because of its ability to efficiently inhibit in vitro cytokine production by activated macrophages, we hypothesized that interleukin (IL) 10 might be of particular interest in preventing endotoxin-induced toxicity. We therefore examined the effects of IL-10 administration before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in mice. A marked reduction in the amounts of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release in the circulation was observed after IL-10 pretreatment at doses at low as 10 U. IL-10 also efficiently prevented the hypothermia generated by the injection of 100 micrograms LPS. Finally, pretreatment with a single injection of 1,000 U IL-10 completely prevented the mortality consecutive to the challenge with 500 micrograms LPS, a dose that was lethal in 50% of the control mice. We conclude that IL-10 inhibits in vivo TNF secretion and protects against the lethality of endotoxin in a murine model of septic shock.
Prospects for Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine (2006)

The current vaccination strategy against influenza A and B viruses is vulnerable to the unanticipated emergence of epidemic strains that are poorly matched by the vaccine. A vaccine that is less sensitive to the antigenic evolution of the virus would be a major improvement. The general feasibility of this goal is supported by studies in animal models that show that immunologic activities directed against relatively invariant viral determinants can reduce illness and death. The most promising approaches are based on antibodies specific for the relatively conserved ectodomain of matrix protein 2 and the intersubunit region of hemagglutinin. However, additional conserved determinants for protective antibodies are likely to exist, and their identification should be encouraged. Most importantly, infection and current vaccines do not appear to effectively induce these antibodies in humans. This finding provides a powerful rationale for testing the protective activity of these relatively conserved viral components in humans.
Phytoestrogens Induce Differential Estrogen Receptor Alpha- or Beta-Mediated Responses in Transfected Breast Cancer Cells (2005)

Increased intake of phytoestrogens may be associated with a lower risk of cancer in the breast and several other sites, although there is controversy surrounding this activity. One of the mechanisms proposed to explain the activity of phytoestrogens is their ability to bind and activate human estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and human estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta). Nine phytoestrogens were tested for their ability to transactivate ERalpha or ERbeta at a range of doses. Mammary adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells were co-transfected with either ERalpha or ERbeta, and an estrogen-response element was linked to a luciferase reporter gene. Dose-dependent responses were compared with the endogenous ligand 17beta-estradiol. Purified genistein, daidzein, apigenin, and coumestrol showed differential and robust transactivation of ERalpha- and ERbeta-induced transcription, with an up to 100-fold stronger activation of ERbeta. Equol, naringenin, and kaempferol were weaker agonists. When activity was evaluated against a background of 0.5 nM 17beta-estradiol, the addition of genistein, daidzein, and resveratrol superstimulated the system, while kaempferol and quercetin were antagonists at the highest doses. This transfection assay provides an excellent model to evaluate the activation of ERalpha and ERbeta by different phytoestrogens in a breast cancer context and can be used as a screening bioassay tool to evaluate the estrogenic activity of extracts of herbs and foods.
Purification and characterization of the recombinant extracellular domain of human nerve growth factor receptor expressed in a baculovirus system. (1990)

To obtain the large quantities of the extracellular domain of the nerve growth factor receptor (NGF-R) necessary for structural analyses, we produced this protein in the baculovirus expression system. A cDNA coding for the extracellular domain of the human NGF-R was first introduced into transfer vector pVL941. Recombinant baculovirus was produced by cotransfecting Spodoptera frugiperda cells with the transfer vector and DNA of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Recombinant viral plaques were selected by morphology and dot hybridization. The expression of recombinant extracellular domain (RED) was analyzed by Western blot analysis using anti-NGF-R monoclonal antibody. Insect cells infected with recombinant virus synthesized RED and secreted it into the culture supernatant. RED was isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, immunoaffinity chromatography, and anion exchange chromatography yielding 4 mg of RED/liter of suspension culture. Since there was no apparent effect of endoglycosidase H or F on RED electrophoretic mobility, and since RED did not bind concanavalin A or soybean lectin, there appears to be little or no glycosylation of RED. Purified RED bound 125I-NGF as well as anti-NGF-R monoclonal antibodies. Sedimentation analysis and gel exclusion chromatography revealed that RED is an asymmetric molecule and may be a dimer.
Phenetic diversity of alkaliphilic Bacillus strains: proposal for nine new species (1995)

Summary: One hundred and nineteen strains of alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant, aerobic endospore-forming bacteria were examined for 47 physiological and biochemical characters, and DNA base composition. Numerical analysis (S J and S SM/UPGMA clustering) revealed 11 clusters that comprised three or more strains. Most of the phena were further characterized by analysis of carbohydrate utilization profiles using the API 50CH system, but strains of two taxa could not be cultured by this method. DNA reassociation studies showed that nine of the phena were homogeneous, but strains of phenon 4 and phenon 8 were each subdivided into two DNA hydridization groups. The strains could therefore be classified into 13 taxa plus a number of unassigned single-membered clusters. Two taxa were equated with Bacillus cohnii and B. alcalophilus and nine of the remainder are proposed as new species with the following names: B. agaradhaerens sp. nov., B. clarkii sp. nov., B. clausii sp. nov., B. gibsonii sp. nov., B. halmapalus sp. nov., B. halodurans comb, nov., B. horikoshii sp. nov., B. pseudalcalophilus sp. nov. and B. pseudofirmus sp. nov. Two taxa were insufficiently distinct to allow confident identification and these have therefore not been proposed as new species.
Hedgehog Signaling in the Normal and Diseased Pancreas (2006)

The hedgehog (Hh) family of genes, sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and desert hedgehog (Dhh) encode signaling molecules that regulate multiple functions during organ development and in adult tissues. Altered hedgehog signaling has been implicated in disturbed organ development as well as in different degenerative and neoplastic human diseases. Hedgehog signaling plays an important role in determination the fate of the mesoderm of the gut tube, as well as in early pancreatic development, and islet cell function. Recently, it has been shown that deregulation of hedgehog signaling molecules contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer and of chronic pancreatitis. Inhibition of hedgehog signaling using hedgehog antagonists reduces pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, thus holding promise of novel agents in the treatment of this devastating disease. In this review, we discuss the role of hedgehog signaling during pancreatic development, its role in the pathogenesis of both chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, and lastly, the implications of this newly available information with regards to treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Morphology of a phase‐separated and a molecular composite PBT/ABPBI polymer blend (1986)

Abstract The structure and morphology of homopolymers and blends of rigid‐rod poly( p ‐phenylene benzobisthiazole) (PBT) and semiflexible coil poly[2,5(6)benzimidazole] (ABPBI) were examined by wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. When samples were processed from a solution where the total polymer concentration of 30% PBT/70% ABPBI blend was greater than a critical concentration, large‐scale phase separation occurred and 0.1–4 μm ellipsoidal particles were present in a ductile matrix. The ellipsoids were chiefly composed of aggregates of well‐oriented 10‐nm PBT crystallites, while the matrix material was chiefly ABPBI. When the concentration was less than a critical concentration, the solution was optically homogeneous. In processing of fiber and film samples from the homogeneous solution, large‐scale phase separation was inhibited by rapid coagulation in a water bath. After heat treatment, these samples were found to contain crystallites of both PBT and ABPBI with lateral dimensions of ordered regions no larger than 3 nm. The PBT homopolymer was dispersed in the matrix at the molecular level in ordered regions at a scale no larger than 3 nm, resulting in a rigid‐rod molecular composite. In the rigid‐rod molecular composite fiber both the molecular‐level dispersion and high orientation contributed to higher values of strength and modulus compared to the properties of a phase‐separated fiber. The strength and modulus of highly oriented fiber were only 25% higher than those of planar isotropically oriented film, suggesting that the level of dispersion of rod molecules is more important than orientation of the reinforcing phase in rigid‐rod molecular composites.