gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electron Localization Determines Defect Formation on Ceria Substrates (2005)

The high performance of ceria (CeO2) as an oxygen buffer and active support for noble metals in catalysis relies on an efficient supply of lattice oxygen at reaction sites governed by oxygen vacancy formation. We used high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional calculations to unravel the local structure of surface and subsurface oxygen vacancies on the (111) surface. Electrons left behind by released oxygen localize on cerium ions. Clusters of more than two vacancies exclusively expose these reduced cerium ions, primarily by including subsurface vacancies, which therefore play a crucial role in the process of vacancy cluster formation. These results have implications for our understanding of oxidation processes on reducible rare-earth oxides.
The association of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 with the risk of cancer progression following radical prostatectomy (2008)

In the current study, we analysed the prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) in clinically-localized prostate cancer (PCa). Forty patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy (RP) for clinically-localized PCa were included. Two groups were compared: 17 patients who experienced cancer progression following RP (group 1) and 23 patients who remained free of recurrence after intervention (group 2). Paraffin-embedded sections obtained from the RP specimens of the 40 patients were used to build tissue microarrays. The expression of VEGFR-1 was examined in the RP specimens using immunohistochemistry and was compared between the groups of patients. The two groups had similar tumor characteristics in terms of PSA, Gleason score and pathological stage of cancer. The median intensity score of VEGFR-1 expression was significantly higher in pT3 tumors than in pT2 tumors. Nevertheless, the intensity scores of VEGFR-1 expression were similar in the two groups of patients. Our results suggest that VEGFR-1 expression is not associated with the risk of cancer progression following RP. Therefore, VEGFR-1 may not be of prognostic value in clinically-localized PCa.
Detection of electrospray ionization using a quadrupole ion trap storage/reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetection of electrospray ionization using a quadrupole ion trap storage/reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometerSteven M. Michael, Benjamin M. Chien, and David M. LubmanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 19, 2614–2620Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00067a012RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views334Altmetric-Citations78LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (786 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Blastocyst development and birth after in-vitro maturation of human primary oocytes, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and assisted hatching (1995)

Immature oocyte recovery followed by in-vitro oocyte maturation and in-vitro fertilization is a promising new technology for the treatment of human infertility. The technology is attractive to potential oocyte donors and infertile couples because of its reduced treatment intervention. Immature oocytes were recovered by ultrasound-guided transvaginal follicular aspiration. Oocytes were matured in vitro for 36-48 h followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Embryos were cultured in vitro for 3 or 5 days before replacement. Assisted hatching was performed on a day 5 blastocyst stage embryo. Embryo and uterine synchrony were potentially enhanced by luteinization of the dominant follicle at the time of immature oocyte recovery. Mature oocyte and embryo production from immature oocyte recovery were similar to the previous IVF results of the patients. A blastocyst stage embryo, produced as a result of in-vitro maturation, ICSI, in-vitro culture and assisted hatching, resulted in the birth of a healthy baby girl at 39 weeks of gestation.
A Deadly Prion Disease: Fatal Familial Insomnia (2003)

Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is an inherited disease caused by a mutation in the protein prion gene. Symptoms of FFI closely resemble those of familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, making genetic testing and histological examination of brain tissue the only means to determine a definitive diagnosis. The disease is rare--approximately 60 cases have been detected worldwide since 1986. Incubation time of the disease may be as long as 30 years; death generally occurs within 1 year of the onset of symptoms. There is no known procedure or treatment for delaying the onset of symptoms or modifying the disease course. Nurses who confront patients with FFI will be challenged to provide care to a patient and family who are facing certain death.
Writing in the granular gel medium (2015)

Gels made from soft microscale particles smoothly transition between the fluid and solid states, making them an ideal medium in which to create macroscopic structures with microscopic precision. While tracing out spatial paths with an injection tip, the granular gel fluidizes at the point of injection and then rapidly solidifies, trapping injected material in place. This physical approach to creating three-dimensional (3D) structures negates the effects of surface tension, gravity, and particle diffusion, allowing a limitless breadth of materials to be written. With this method, we used silicones, hydrogels, colloids, and living cells to create complex large aspect ratio 3D objects, thin closed shells, and hierarchically branched tubular networks. We crosslinked polymeric materials and removed them from the granular gel, whereas uncrosslinked particulate systems were left supported within the medium for long times. This approach can be immediately used in diverse areas, contributing to tissue engineering, flexible electronics, particle engineering, smart materials, and encapsulation technologies.
An open-source SIFTLibrary (2010)

Recent years have seen an explosion in the use of invariant keypoint methods across nearly every area of computer vision research. Since its introduction, the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) has been one of the most effective and widely-used of these methods and has served as a major catalyst in their popularization. In this paper, I present an open-source SIFT library, implemented in C and freely available at http://eecs.oregonstate.edu/~hess/sift.html, and I briefly compare its performance with that of the original SIFT executable released by David Lowe.
Febuxostat (TMX‐67), a Novel, Non‐Purine, Selective Inhibitor of Xanthine Oxidase, Is Safe and Decreases Serum Urate in Healthy Volunteers (2004)

In order to evaluate the safety, pharmacological properties, and urate-lowering efficacy of febuxostat, a non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, a Phase 1, 2-week, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study was conducted in 154 healthy adults of both sexes. Daily febuxostat doses in the range 10 mg to 120 mg resulted in proportional mean serum urate reductions ranging from 25% to 70% and in proportional increases in maximum febuxostat plasma concentrations and area under plasma concentration versus time curves. Accompanying the hypouricemic effect were increases in serum xanthine concentrations, decreases in urinary uric acid excretion, and increases in urinary xanthine and hypoxanthine excretion, confirming inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity by febuxostat. Hepatic conjugation and oxidative metabolism were the major pathways of elimination of febuxostat from the body, and renal elimination did not appear to play a significant role. Although not uncommon, adverse events were mild and self-limited, and no deaths or serious adverse events were observed. Febuxostat is a safe and potent hypouricemic agent in healthy humans.
Vascular MMP-9/TIMP-2 and Neuronal MMP-10 Up-Regulation in Human Brain after Stroke: A Combined Laser Microdissection and Protein Array Study (2009)

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in brain injury after ischemic stroke. In the present study, we aimed to assess the global expression of MMP-Family proteins in the human brain after stroke by using a combination of Searchlight Protein Array and Laser Microdissection to determine their cellular origin. This study demonstrated that MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-13, and TIMP-1 were upregulated in the infarcted tissue compared to healthy control areas. Using laser microdissection we obtained specific neuronal and vascular populations from both infarcted and control areas. From these fractions, we showed that MMP-9 and TIMP-2 were highly produced in brain microvessels while MMP-10 was notably increased in neurons of the ischemic brain but not in healthy areas. These findings demonstrate a selective cell-dependent MMP secretion, opening the possibility of selectively targeting specific MMPs for neuroprotection or vasculoprotection following stroke.
Erythropoietin protects CA1 neurons against global cerebral ischemia in rat: Potential signaling mechanisms (2006)

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that is neuroprotective in models of neurodegenerative diseases. This study examined whether EPO can protect against neuronal death in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus following global cerebral ischemia. Recombinant human EPO was infused into the intracerebral ventricle either before or after the induction of ischemia produced by using the four-vessel-occlusion model in rat. Hippocampal CA1 neuron damage was ameliorated by infusion of 50 U EPO. Administration of EPO was neuroprotective if given 20 hr before or 20 min after ischemia, but not 1 hr following ischemia. Coinjection of the phosphoinositide 3 kinase inhibitor LY294002 with EPO inhibited the protective effects of EPO. Treatment with EPO induced phosphorylation of both AKT and its substrate, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, in the CA1 region. EPO also enhanced the CA1 level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Finally, we determined that ERK activation played minor roles in EPO-mediated neuroprotection. These studies demonstrate that a single injection of EPO ICV up to 20 min after global ischemia is an effective neuroprotective agent and suggest that EPO is a viable candidate for treating global ischemic brain injury.
Cloning of a Full-length cDNA Encodingent-Kaurene Synthase fromGibberella fujikuroi: Functional Analysis of a Bifunctional Diterpene Cyclase (2000)

We report here the nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA encoding ent-kaurene synthase that was isolated by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction from Gibberella fujikuroi (Gcps/ks). This cDNA encodes 952 amino acid residues with a relative molecular mass of 107 kDa. The sequence similarity between Gcps/ks and ent-kaurene synthase of the gibberellin A1-producing fungus, Phaeosphaeria sp. L487, is very high, suggesting that Gcps/ks is also a bifunctional diterpene cyclase. Its recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli converted geranylgeranyl diphosphate to copalyl diphosphate and ent-kaurene.
Synthetic polymers as drugs and therapeutics (2004)

Synthetic polymers are of increasing interest as therapeutic agents owing to their enhanced pharmacokinetic profiles relative to small molecule drugs. Multifunctional polymers are now being prepared that can ‘hide’ biologically active compounds, such as cytotoxic agents, therapeutic proteins or nucleic acids, until they reach target sites in the body, but which can then release the agent in situ to effect the therapy. In this feature article we consider the sophisticated macromolecular constructs that are being developed, ranging from polymer–drug conjugates to self-assembled polymer–biopolymer complexes. These polymer therapeutics are likely to form the ‘next generation’ of medicines, with improved efficacy against a wide spectrum of diseases.
Immunoreactive erythropoietin and erythropoiesis stimulating factor(s) in plasma from hyper‐transfused neonatal and adult mice. Studies with a radioimmunoassay and a cell culture assay for erythropoietin (1989)

The objective was to study whether the high erythropoietic stimulatory activity found in plasma from neonatal mice during the growth period is erythropoietin (Ep) alone, or Ep in combination with other factors. Plasma from hypertransfused neonatal (20 d) and adult (13-20 weeks) mice were compared with a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and a cell culture assay for Ep. The RIA determines immunoreactive Ep (iEp) while the cell culture assay reflects erythropoiesis stimulating factor(s) (ESF). Compared to control values, hypertransfusion resulting in PCVs of 55% and higher reduced the mean iEp levels in neonatal and adult mice by 82% and 38%, respectively (P less than 0.01). There was no detectable difference between the mean iEp levels of hypertransfused neonatal and adult animals (P greater than 0.3). The parallel ESF data showed a reduction in mean plasma ESF levels by 68% in hypertransfused neonatal and 72% in hypertransfused adult animals (P less than 0.001). And notably, in contrast to the iEp data, the mean ESF level found in hypertransfused neonatal mice with PCVs of 55% and higher was significantly above that of hypertransfused adult animals (P less than 0.001). No correlation was found between PCV and iEp (r less than 0.4, P greater than 0.1) or ESF (r less than 0.2, P greater than 0.2) in hypertransfused animals. The parallel data from the two Ep assays show that plasma from hypertransfused 20-d-old mice contain one or more erythropoietic stimulatory factors not detected by the RIA. It is concluded that part of the high erythropoietic stimulatory activity found in plasma from neonatal mice is due to non-Ep factors.
The complement receptor 2/factor H fusion protein TT30 protects paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes from complement-mediated hemolysis and C3 fragment opsonization (2012)

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is characterized by complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis because of the lack from erythrocyte surface of the complement regulators CD55 and CD59, with subsequent uncontrolled continuous spontaneous activation of the complement alternative pathway (CAP), and at times of the complement classic pathway. Here we investigate in an in vitro model the effect on PNH erythrocytes of a novel therapeutic strategy for membrane-targeted delivery of a CAP inhibitor. TT30 is a 65 kDa recombinant human fusion protein consisting of the iC3b/C3d-binding region of complement receptor 2 (CR2) and the inhibitory domain of the CAP regulator factor H (fH). TT30 completely inhibits in a dose-dependent manner hemolysis of PNH erythrocytes in a modified extended acidified serum assay, and also prevents C3 fragment deposition on surviving PNH erythrocytes. The efficacy of TT30 derives from its direct binding to PNH erythrocytes; if binding to the erythrocytes is disrupted, only partial inhibition of hemolysis is mediated by TT30 in solution, which is similar to that produced by the fH moiety of TT30 alone, or by intact human fH. TT30 is a membrane-targeted selective CAP inhibitor that may prevent both intravascular and C3-mediated extravascular hemolysis of PNH erythrocytes and warrants consideration for the treatment of PNH patients.
Molecular Cloning of a Brain-specific, Developmentally Regulated Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) Isoform and Identification of a Functional Promoter Variant Associated with Schizophrenia (2007)

Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is essential for the development and function of multiple organ systems, and its dysregulation has been linked to diseases such as cancer and schizophrenia. Recently, altered expression of a novel isoform (type IV) in the brain has been associated with schizophrenia-related genetic variants, especially rs6994992 (SNP8NRG243177). Here we have isolated and characterized full-length NRG1 type IV cDNAs from the adult and fetal human brain and identified novel splice variants of NRG1. Full-length type IV spans 1.8 kb and encodes a putative protein of 590 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of approximately 66 kDa. The transcript consists of 11 exons with an Ig-like domain, an epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) domain, a beta-stalk, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic "a-tail," placing it in the beta1a NRG1 subclass. NRG1 type IV was not detected in any tissues except brain and a putative type IV NRG1 protein of 66 kDa was similarly brain-specific. Type IV transcripts are more abundantly expressed in the fetal brain, where, in addition to the full-length structure, two novel type IV variants were identified. In vitro luciferase-reporter assays demonstrate that the 5' promoter region upstream of type IV is functional, with differential activity associated with genetic variation at rs6994992, and that promoter competition may impact on type IV expression. Our data suggest that type IV is a unique brain-specific NRG1 that is differentially expressed and processed during early development, is translated, and its expression regulated by a schizophrenia risk-associated functional promoter or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).
From Preadipocyte to Adipocyte: Differentiation-Directed Signals of Insulin from the Cell Surface to the Nucleus (1999)

An alarming rise in obesity, and the accompanying threat of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, have attracted worldwide attention. The pathogenic mechanism(s) underlying obesity remains obscure. However, new cellular and molecular insights about the development of adipose tissue, with respect to adipocyte number (hyperplasia) and size (hypertrophy), are occurring at a rapid pace. Specialized fibroblasts (preadipocytes) committed to the adipocyte lineage are present throughout life. Primary cell culture systems and immortalized cell line models of preadipocytes have advanced the study of adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis). Differentiation-inducing cues are able to trigger a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways in the preadipocyte, allowing signals from cell-surface receptors to reach nuclear transcription factors that regulate the genetic program of adipocyte differentiation. The extracellular matrix environment of the preadipocyte, known to modulate adipogenesis, may act by altering some of these signaling events.
Preclinical Development of the Islet Sheet (2001)

The Islet Sheet is a thin planar bioartificial endocrine pancreas fabricated by gelling highly purified alginate and islets of Langerhans. Acellular alginate layers form a uniform immunoprotective barrier to host rejection of the encapsulated cells, with the tissue nourished by passive diffusion from adjacent host tissue. The overall thickness of the Islet Sheet, 250 microm, is chosen to maximize nutrient diffusion. In this paper we describe the early development of the Islet Sheet, including purification and fractionation of the alginates used, difficulties in maintaining sheet planarity, and preliminary metabolic studies in pancreatectomized dogs. In a key experiment, approximately 75,000 allogeneic islet equivalents in six Islet Sheets were sutured to the omentum of a 7-kg female beagle dog at the time of pancreatectomy. Fasting euglycemia was maintained for 84 days. Fed blood sugars were usually below 150 mg/dL. A single injection of 2 U insulin was administered on day 9, and antibiotics were administered for two weeks. No other drugs were used. IVGTT post implant was not normal, but seemed to improve between 30 and 60 days. Upon omentectomy and sheet removal the metabolic parameters deteriorated to a frankly diabetic state within seven days. The sheets did not remain flat, but fragments were recovered within hard, mostly acellular capsules. Dithizone staining showed islets within alginate sheets recovered from the interior of these capsules, suggesting that allogeneic islet tissue survived 84 days and was responsible for maintaining fasting euglycemia.
Three-dimensional Visualization and Analysis Methodologies: A Current Perspective (1999)

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging was developed to provide both qualitative and quantitative information about an object or object system from images obtained with multiple modalities including digital radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and ultrasonography. Three-dimensional imaging operations may be classified under four basic headings: preprocessing, visualization, manipulation, and analysis. Preprocessing operations (volume of interest, filtering, interpolation, registration, segmentation) are aimed at extracting or improving the extraction of object information in given images. Visualization operations facilitate seeing and comprehending objects in their full dimensionality and may be either scene-based or object-based. Manipulation may be either rigid or deformable and allows alteration of object structures and of relationships between objects. Analysis operations, like visualization operations, may be either scene-based or object-based and deal with methods of quantifying object information. There are many challenges involving matters of precision, accuracy, and efficiency in 3D imaging. Nevertheless, 3D imaging is an exciting technology that promises to offer an expanding number and variety of applications.
Quantum coherent transport versus diode-like effect in semiconductor-free metal/insulator structure (2001)

Quantum coherent transport in double barrier tunnel junctions has been exploited for building micrometric-size semiconductor-free diodes. At room temperature, we observe strongly asymmetric current–voltage characteristics with an asymmetry ratio increasing with the bias voltage, reaching a maximum of 20 at 1 V. Our experimental data can be perfectly explained using a theoretical model involving resonance-assisted tunneling. The coherent/resonant tunneling regime is achieved using metallic 3 nm diameter monodisperse Cu clusters, sandwiched between two Al2O3 barriers.
Learning Fair Representations (2013)

We propose a learning algorithm for fair classification that achieves both group fairness (the proportion of members in a protected group receiving positive classification is identical to the proportion in the population as a whole), and individual fairness (similar individuals should be treated similarly). We formulate fairness as an optimization problem of finding a good representation of the data with two competing goals: to encode the data as well as possible, while simultaneously obfuscating any information about membership in the protected group. We show positive results of our algorithm relative to other known techniques, on three datasets. Moreover, we demonstrate several advantages to our approach. First, our intermediate representation can be used for other classification tasks (i.e., transfer learning is possible); secondly, we take a step toward learning a distance metric which can find important dimensions of the data for classification. 1.