gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine‐radiographic study of the time of origin of neurons in the midbrain tegmentum (1981)

Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational day E12 and 13 (E12 j3) until the day before parturition (E21 k2) in order to label in their embryos the proliferating precursors of neurons. At 60 days of age the proportion of neurons generated (no longer labeled) on specific embryonic days was determined quantitatively in 18 regions of the midbrain tegmentum. The neurons of the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei are generated concurrently on days E12 and 13. There was a mirror image cytogenetic gradient in these nuclei and this was interpreted as the dispersal of neurons derived from a common neuroepithelial source to the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Neurons in three other components of the tegmental visual system are produced in rapid succession after the motor nuclei. In the nucleus of Darkschewitsch peak production time was on day E12 and 13, extending to day E15; in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus the time span was the same but with a pronounced between days E13; finally, the neurons of the parabigeminal nucleus were produced between days E13 and E15 with a peak on day E14. The neurons of the periaqueductal gray were generated between days E13 and 17 with a pronounced ventral-to-lateral and lateral-to-dorsal gradient. In the red nucleus the neurons were produced on days E13 and E14 with a caudal-to-rostral gradient: the cells of the magnocellular division preceding slightly but significantly the cells of the parvocellular division. The neurons of the interpeduncular nucleus originated between days E13 and E15; the peak in its ventral portion was on day E13, in its dorsal portion on days E14 and E15. A ventral-to-dorsal gradient was seen also in both the dorsal and the median raphe nuclei in which neuron production occurred between days E13 and E15. The neurons of the pars compacta and pars reticulate of the substantia nigra were both produced between days E13 and E15 with a modified lateral-to-medial gradient. This gradient extended to the ventral tegmental area where neurons of the pars medialis were produced between days E14 and E16. With the exception of the central gray, neuron production was rapid and relatively early in the structures situated ventral to the midbrain tectum. A comparison of the cytogenetic gradients in the raphe nuclei of the lower and upper medulla, the pontine region, and the midbrain suggests that they originate from at least three separate neuroepithelial sources.
Accommodation-dependent model of the human eye with aspherics (1985)

We consider a schematic human eye with four centered aspheric surfaces. We show that by introducing recent experimental average measurements of cornea and lens into the Gullstrand-Le Grand model, the average spherical aberration of the actual eye is predicted without any shape fitting. The chromatic dispersions are adjusted to fit the experimentally observed chromatic aberration of the eye. The polychromatic point-spread function and modulation transfer function are calculated for several pupil diameters and show good agreement with previous experimental results. Finally, from this schematic eye an accommodation-dependent model is proposed that reproduces the increment of refractive power of the eye during accommodation. The variation of asphericity with accommodation is also introduced in the model and the resulting optical performance studied.
Radio-frequency amplifier with tenth-kelvin noise temperature based on a microstrip direct current superconducting quantum interference device (1999)

A dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) with a resonant microstrip input and a cooled heterostructure field-effect transistor as a postamplifier is used as a radio-frequency amplifier in the frequency range 90–500 MHz. At liquid He3 temperatures, gains of 24 and 20 dB and intrinsic noise temperatures of 0.06±0.02 and 0.12±0.10 K were achieved at 89.6 and 438 MHz, respectively. The system noise temperature at 438 MHz was also estimated from the Nyquist noise produced by a resonant circuit coupled to the input of the microstrip SQUID.
The Subjective Sharpness of Simulated Television Images (1940)

OF the many factors which influence the quality of a television image, the one which is generally indicative of the value of the image and the cost of its transmission is the resolution, or sharpness. This resolution factor has always been reckoned in purely objective terms, such as the number of scanning lines, or the number of elemental areas in the image, or the width of the frequency band required for electrical transmission at a given rate. The subjective value of sharpness has not previously been considered. Some recent tests with a small group of observers, using out-of-focus motion pictures in a basic study of the visual requirements on images of limited resolution, have thrown new light on the evaluation of resolution and sharpness. The results appear of sufficient interest, particularly when interpreted in terms of television images, to warrant this presentation. We shall use the word sharpness in the sense of a subjective or psychological variable, with a strict technical significance in keeping with our experimental method, and we shall use the word resolution in the sense of an objective or physical variable.
Photonics in switching: enabling technologies and subsystem design (2009)

This paper describes recent research activities and results in the area of photonic switching carried out within the framework of the EU-funded e-Photon/ONe+ network of excellence, Virtual Department on Optical Switching. Technology aspects of photonics in switching and, in particular, recent advances in wavelength conversion, ring resonators, and packet switching and processing subsystems are presented as the building blocks for the implementation of a high-performance router for the next-generation Internet.
Motility of live cancer cells quantified by Fourier phase microscopy (2005)

Using Fourier phase microscopy, the motility of epithelial cancer cells has been quantified. The mean squared displacement analysis suggest that the cell motion is superdiffusive for cells at various stages of their life cycle.
Simulation of active and passive infrared images using the SE-WORKBENCH (2007)

The SE-WORKBENCH workshop, also called CHORALE ("simulated Optronic Acoustic Radar battlefield"), is used by the French MoD/DGA to perform multi-sensors simulations by creating virtual realistic multi spectral 3D scenes and then generating the signal received by a sensor. Taking advantage of developments made in the frame of Radar simulation, CHORALE is currently enhanced with new functionalities in order to tackle the "active" problem, involving new generation of infrared sensors such as laser radars. This article aims at presenting the challenges for simulating simultaneously passive IR imagery of a full terrain and active imagery especially on targets. We insist on duality and differences concerning in particular monochromatic/coherent waves versus incoherent waves, BRDF modeling taking into account surface roughness, polarization effects, Doppler effects. The SE-WORKBENCH implements the "Photon Map" method that enables to treat the "global illumination" paradigm, consisting of multiple reflections ray tracing effects combined with Monte-Carlo ray scattering. This approach is assessed in the frame of coherent illumination by laser. The constraint of the atmosphere propagation accurate dependence on wavelength is also studied. Special requirements for advanced systems such as flash laser systems or heterodyne infrared detectors are analyzed. Finally, modeling issues of the degradations introduced by atmospheric turbulence are discussed.
Multiple layers of silicon-on-insulator islands fabrication by selective epitaxial growth (1999)

This paper presents for the first time, multiple layers of silicon-on-insulator (MLSOI) device islands fabricated using selective epitaxial growth (SEG) and epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) techniques. MLSOI has the potential for ultra dense device integration. SOI device islands as small as 150 nm×150 nm, with thickness down to 40 nm have been fabricated. SOI device islands (5 μm×500 μm) in the second layer have shown no stacking faults in the 1290 islands inspected. To demonstrate the device quality material, fully depleted SOI (FD-SOI) P-MOSFET's were fabricated in the first layer SOI islands with gate lengths down to less than 170 nm. Typically they had low subthreshold leakage, below 0.2 pA/μm, and a subthreshold swing of 76 mV/dec was measured.
Role of erythrocyte phosphatidylserine in sickle red cell–endothelial adhesion (2002)

Phosphatidlyserine (PS) exposure on the erythrocyte surface endows the cell with the propensity of adhering to vascular endothelium. Because individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) manifest loss of erythrocyte membrane asymmetry with PS exposure, we have assessed the contribution of this marker to the process of sickle erythrocyte-microendothelial adhesion. Assays for plasma-induced adhesion were conducted on unactivated endothelium, in the absence of immobilized ligands, such that PS was compared to the erythrocyte adhesion receptor CD36. Blocking studies with erythrocytes pretreated with annexin V (to cloak PS) or anti-CD36 or both revealed an inhibitory effect on adhesion of 36% +/- 10% and 23% +/- 8% with blocking of both sites suggestive of an additive effect. We next evaluated 87 blood samples from patients with SCD and grouped them into 4 categories based on adhesion marker (CD36 and PS) levels. Results revealed a striking correlation between erythrocyte PS positivity and adhesion. Analyses of the individual patient data demonstrated a positive correlation between PS and adhesion (R = 0.52, P <.000 001), whereas none was noted between adhesion and CD36 (R = 0.2, P >.07). The effect of PS on adhesion appears to be related to the quantitative differences in erythrocyte markers in SCD, with PS the predominant marker when compared to CD36 both in the total erythrocyte population, and when the adherence-prone erythrocyte, the CD71(+) stress reticulocyte, was evaluated. Our study signals the entrance of an important new contributor to the field of sickle erythrocyte-endothelial adhesion. The implications of erythrocyte PS exposure in relation to the vascular pathology of SCD need to be assessed.
Characterization of four lipoprotein classes in human cerebrospinal fluid (2001)

Lipoprotein metabolism in brain has not yet been fully elucidated, although there are a few reports concerning lipids in the brain and lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To establish normal levels of lipoproteins in human CSF, total cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids as well as apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apoA-I levels were determined in CSF samples from 216 individuals. For particle characterization, lipoproteins from human CSF were isolated by affinity chromatography and analyzed for size, lipid and apolipoprotein composition. Two consecutive immunoaffinity columns with antibodies, first against apoE and subsequently against apoA-I, were used to define four distinct lipoprotein classes. The major lipoprotein fraction consisted of particles of 13;-20 nm containing apoE and apoA-I as well as apoA-IV, apoD, apoH, and apoJ. In the second particle class (13;-18 nm) mainly apoA-I and apoA-II but no apoE was detected. Third, there was a small number of large particles (18;-22 nm) containing no apoA-I but apoE associated with apoA-IV, apoD, and apoJ. In the unbound fraction we detected small particles (10;-12 nm) with low lipid content containing apoA-IV, apoD, apoH, and apoJ. In summary, we established lipid and apolipoprotein levels in CSF in a large group of individuals and described four distinct lipoprotein classes in human CSF, differing in their apolipoprotein pattern, lipid composition, and size. On the basis of our own data and previous findings from other groups, we propose a classification of CSF lipoproteins.
CD8+ T Cells Mediate CD40-independent Maturation of Dendritic Cells In Vivo (1999)

Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against minor histocompatibility antigens is dependent upon the presence of T cell help and requires the interaction of CD40 on dendritic cells (DCs) with CD40 ligand on activated T helper cells (Th). This study demonstrates that CD40 is neither involved in Th-dependent nor Th-independent antiviral CTL responses. Moreover, the data show that DC maturation occurs in vivo after viral infection in the absence of CD40 and Th. This maturation did not require viral infection of DCs but was mediated by peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells. Surprisingly, naive CD8(+) T cells were able to trigger DC maturation within 24 h after activation in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, peptide-activated CD8(+) T cells were able to induce maturation in trans, as DCs that failed to present the relevant antigen in vivo also underwent maturation. Upon isolation, the in vivo-stimulated DCs were able to convert a classically Th-dependent CTL response (anti-HY) into a Th-independent response in vitro. Thus, antiviral CD8(+) T cells are sufficient for the maturation of DCs in the absence of CD40.
Differential amplification of rRNA genes by polymerase chain reaction (1992)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used widely to recover rRNA genes from naturally occurring communities for analysis of population constituents. We have found that this method can result in differential amplification of different rRNA genes. In particular, rDNAs of extremely thermophilic archaebacteria often cannot be amplified by the usual PCR methods. The addition of 5% (wt/vol) acetamide to a PCR mixture containing both archaebacterial and yeast DNA templates minimized nonspecific annealing of the primers and prevented preferential amplification of the yeast small-subunit rRNA genes.
Trace Metal-Citric Acid Complexes as Inhibitors of Calcification and Crystal Growth (1982)

The crystal growth of calcium phosphate has been shown to be inhibited by a low molecular weight Fe(III)-citric acid complex formed when there are high ratios of citrate:iron at neutral pH in aqueous solution. Synergism with citric acid was also observed in systems containing Al(III) or Cr(III) ion, but different unknown complexes seemed to be involved. These results are in qualitative agreement with a preceding study involving calcification of an organic matrix. Since chelating agents like citric acid can compete with the storage proteins for iron, we suggest that the Fe(III)-citrate complexes studied here may be formed in vivo and participate in regulating biologic calcification.
Oral D-4F Causes Formation of Pre-β High-Density Lipoprotein and Improves High-Density Lipoprotein–Mediated Cholesterol Efflux and Reverse Cholesterol Transport From Macrophages in Apolipoprotein E–Null Mice (2004)

Background— These studies were designed to determine the mechanism of action of an oral apolipoprotein (apo) A-I mimetic peptide, D-4F, which previously was shown to dramatically reduce atherosclerosis in mice. Methods and Results— Twenty minutes after 500 μg of D-4F was given orally to apoE-null mice, small cholesterol-containing particles (CCPs) of 7 to 8 nm with pre-β mobility and enriched in apoA-I and paraoxonase activity were found in plasma. Before D-4F, both mature HDL and the fast protein liquid chromatography fractions containing the CCPs were proinflammatory. Twenty minutes after oral D-4F, HDL and CCPs became antiinflammatory, and there was an increase in HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages in vitro. Oral D-4F also promoted reverse cholesterol transport from intraperitoneally injected cholesterol-loaded macrophages in vivo. In addition, oral D-4F significantly reduced lipoprotein lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), except for pre-β HDL fractions, in which LOOH increased. Conclusions— The mechanism of action of oral D-4F in apoE-null mice involves rapid formation of CCPs, with pre-β mobility enriched in apoA-I and paraoxonase activity. As a result, lipoprotein LOOH are reduced, HDL becomes antiinflammatory, and HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages are stimulated.
Redox-Responsive, Core Cross-Linked Polyester Micelles (2012)

Monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-<i>b</i>-poly(Tyr(alkynyl)-OCA), a biodegradable amphiphilic block copolymer, was synthesized by means of ring-opening polymerization of 5-(4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)benzyl)-1,3-dioxolane-2,4-dione (Tyr(alkynyl)-OCA) and used to prepare core cross-linked polyester micelles via click chemistry. Core cross-linking not only improved the structural stability of the micelles but also allowed controlled release of cargo molecules in response to the reducing reagent. This new class of core cross-linked micelles can potentially be used in controlled release and drug delivery applications.
<title>Improved theoretical reflectivities of extreme ultraviolet mirrors</title> (2000)

We show that the theoretical reflectivities of multilayered Mo/Be and Mo/Si extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mirrors tuned for the 11 - 14 nm spectral region can be enhanced significantly by incorporating additional materials within the stack. The reflectivity performance of these quarter-wave multilayers can be enhanced further by global optimization procedures by which the layer thicknesses are varied for optimum performance. By incorporating additional materials of differing complex refractive indices -- e.g. Rh, Ru and Sr -- in various regions of the stack we calculate peak reflectivity enhancements of up to approximately 5% for a single reflector compared to standard unoptimized stacks. For an EUV optical system with nine near-normal-incidence mirrors, the theoretical optical throughput may be increased by up to 100%. We also show that protective capping layers such as Rh and Ru, in addition to protecting the mirrors from environmental attack, may serve to improve the reflectivity characteristics.
Tumor-specific immunity and antiangiogenesis generated by a DNA vaccine encoding calreticulin linked to a tumor antigen (2001)

Antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy and antiangiogenesis have emerged as two attractive strategies for cancer treatment. An innovative approach that combines both mechanisms will likely generate the most potent antitumor effect. We tested this approach using calreticulin (CRT), which has demonstrated the ability to enhance MHC class I presentation and exhibit an antiangiogenic effect. We explored the linkage of CRT to a model tumor antigen, human papilloma virus type-16 (HPV-16) E7, for the development of a DNA vaccine. We found that C57BL/6 mice vaccinated intradermally with CRT/E7 DNA exhibited a dramatic increase in E7-specific CD8(+) T cell precursors and an impressive antitumor effect against E7-expressing tumors compared with mice vaccinated with wild-type E7 DNA or CRT DNA. Vaccination of CD4/CD8 double-depleted C57BL/6 mice and immunocompromised (BALB/c nu/nu) mice with CRT/E7 DNA or CRT DNA generated significant reduction of lung tumor nodules compared with wild-type E7 DNA, suggesting that antiangiogenesis may have contributed to the antitumor effect. Examination of microvessel density in lung tumor nodules and an in vivo angiogenesis assay further confirmed the antiangiogenic effect generated by CRT/E7 and CRT. Thus, cancer therapy using CRT linked to a tumor antigen holds promise for treating tumors by combining antigen-specific immunotherapy and antiangiogenesis.
Future steps of LTE-A: evolution toward integration of local area and wide area systems (2013)

In the future steps of 3GPP LTE-Advanced, we will need to ensure the sustainability of 3GPP radio access technologies in order to respond to the anticipated challenging requirements of the future. To this end, this article presents our views on the evolution concept and candidate technologies for future steps of LTE-A taking into account the ever increasing importance of local area (small cells) and the need for further spectrum extension to higher frequency bands. In our evolution concept, we emphasize the integration of the local area with the wide area as a new form of cooperation between conventional macrocells in lower frequency bands and small cells deployed in higher frequency bands. Furthermore, we identify the potential key technologies for further spectrum efficiency enhancements for both the local area and the wide area, and for the efficient integration of the local and wide areas while assuming frequency separation between macrocells and small cells. In particular, multicell cooperation based on macrocell assistance of small cells (referred to as Phantom cell) is introduced, and the related benefits are discussed. Finally, in order to demonstrate the potential capacity gains of our evolution concept, system-level simulation results are provided for using outdoor small cells in higher/wider frequency bands.
Hypotension and inflammatory cytokine gene expression triggered by factor Xa–nitric oxide signaling (1998)

The signaling pathway initiated by factor Xa on vascular endothelial cells was investigated. Factor Xa stimulated a 5- to 10-fold increased release of nitric oxide (NO) in a dose-dependent reaction (0.1-2.5 microG/ml) unaffected by the thrombin inhibitor hirudin but abolished by active site inhibitors, tick anticoagulant peptide, or Glu-Gly-Arg-chloromethyl ketone. In contrast, the homologous clotting protease factor IXa or another endothelial cell ligand, fibrinogen, was ineffective. A factor Xa inter-epidermal growth factor synthetic peptide L (83)FTRKL(88) (G) blocking ligand binding to effector cell protease receptor-1 inhibited NO release by factor Xa in a dose-dependent manner, whereas a control scrambled peptide KFTGRLL was ineffective. Catalytically active factor Xa induced hypotension in rats and vasorelaxation in the isolated rat mesentery, which was blocked by the NO synthase inhibitor L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) but not by D-NAME. Factor Xa/NO signaling also produced a dose-dependent endothelial cell release of interleukin 6 (range 0.55-3.1 ng/ml) in a reaction inhibited by L-NAME and by the inter-epidermal growth factor peptide Leu(83)-Leu(88) but unaffected by hirudin. Maximal induction of interleukin 6 mRNA required a brief, 30-min stimulation with factor Xa, unaffected by subsequent addition of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. These data suggest that factor Xa-induced NO release modulates endothelial cell-dependent vasorelaxation and cytokine gene expression. This pathway requiring factor Xa binding to effector cell protease receptor-1 and a secondary step of ligand-dependent proteolysis may preserve an anti-thrombotic phenotype of endothelium but also trigger acute phase responses during activation of coagulation in vivo.
Meta-analysis of age-related gene expression profiles identifies common signatures of aging (2009)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Novel Oxygen Free Titanium Silicidation (OFS) Processing for Low Resistance and Thermally Stable SALICIDE (Self-Aligned Silicide) in Deep Submicron Dual Gate CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductors) (1995)

A low resistance and thermally stable TiSi 2 self aligned silicide (SALICIDE) for deep submicron p + and n + dual gate complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) has been developed. This was achieved through the use of a novel oxygen free silicidation (OFS) process using a reaction between a titanium included nitrogen ( Ti x N y ) and an oxygen free poly-Si-gate. The oxygen free poly-Si was realized using low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) system with nitrogen flow Load-Lock chamber. The OFS TiSi 2 film did not agglomerate after the treatment of the RTA at 1050° C for 20 s in a N 2 atmosphere and the additional furnace annealing at 900° C for 30 min. in a N 2 atmosphere. For both n + and p + gates, low sheet resistances (about 2.8 Ω /square.) were achieved under the 0.2 µ m size.