gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anti-oxidant levels in various tissues during the maturation of ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americanaMill.) (2010)

SummaryAvocado is a fruit high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a high mineral content. However, no reports are available on how valuable avocado fruit could be as a source of anti-oxidants, depending upon their stage of maturity. Such a feature might become an important marketing tool in future. To evaluate the presence of anti-oxidant systems throughout avocado fruit development, various tissues were analysed for both their total and specific anti-oxidant compositions.Total anti-oxidant levels were found to be higher in the exocarp and in seed tissues than in the mesocarp, a possible reason for the susceptibility of avocado to post-harvest mesocarp disorders. While seed tissues contained predominantly ascorbic acid (AsA) and total phenolics (TP), the anti-oxidant composition of the mesocarp was characterised by the presence of the C7 sugar, D-mannoheptulose. Among the anti-oxidant enzymes assayed, peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) were present in higher concentrations than superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mesocarp tissue. The low concentration of anti-oxidants in the mesocarp could be a major reason for the susceptibility of avocado fruit to physiological disorders.
Lack of dose–response with Pancrease MT for the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in adults (1997)

A dose-response relationship between the amount of lipase administered with each meal and a reduction in faecal fat was not evident. The most potent preparation did not provide additional benefits compared to the less expensive lower potency dosage form.
Transport of glucose and cellobiose by Candida wickerhamii and Clavispora lusitaniae. (1990)

The cellular location of beta-1,4-glucosidase activity from, as well as the transport of glucose and cellobiose into, cells of Clavispora lusitaniae NRRL Y-5394 and Candida wickerhamii NRRL Y-2563 was investigated. The beta-glucosidase from Cl. lusitaniae appeared to be a soluble cytoplasmic enzyme. This yeast transported both glucose and cellobiose when grown in medium containing cellobiose as the sole carbon source. Glucose, but not cellobiose, uptake was observed for cells grown on glucose. The Ks and Vmax values for cellobiose transport were different when Cl. lusitaniae was cultured either aerobically (0.11 mM, 6.28 nmol.min-1.mg-1) or anaerobically (0.25 mM, 3.88 nmol-1.min-1.mg-1). The Ks and Vmax values for glucose transport (0.23-1.10 mM and 17.2-33.9 nmol.min-1.mg-1) also differed with the various growth conditions. The beta-glucosidase from C. wickerhamii was extracytoplasmically located. This yeast transported glucose, but not cellobiose, under all growth conditions tested. The Ks for glucose uptake was 0.13-0.28 mM when C. wickerhamii was cultured on cellobiose and 0.25-0.30 mM when cultured on glucose. The Vmax values for glucose uptake were greater for cells cultured on cellobiose (35.0-37.9 nmol.min-1.mg-1) than for cells cultured on glucose (15.6-21.4 nmol.min-1.mg-1). Cellobiose did not inhibit glucose uptake in either yeast. Glucose partially inhibited cellobiose transport in C. lusitaniae, but only if the yeast was grown aerobically. In both yeasts, sugar transport was sensitive to carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and 1799, but insensitive to valinomycin.
Glucose plus insulin infusion improves cerebral outcome after asphyxial cardiac arrest (1998)

Hyperglycemia before ischemia worsens cerebral outcome. The aim of this study was to determine the cerebral effects of giving glucose with or without insulin after asphyxial cardiac arrest. Rats underwent 8 min of asphyxial cardiac arrest. After arrest, Group 1 received NaCl; Group 2, insulin; Group 3, glucose; and Group 4, glucose plus insulin, all intravenously. Neurological deficit (ND) scores were 14+/-10%, 22+/-12%, 12+/-10% and 2+/-2% in Groups 1-4, respectively, 72 h after reperfusion. Overall histological damage (HD) scores were 4, 2, 3 and 1, respectively. Group 4 fared significantly better than group 1 on both scores. Glucose after asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats produces no increased brain damage while glucose plus insulin improves cerebral outcome.
Deactivation with silazanes in chromatography, mechanism of the reaction and practical consequences in capillary GC and RP‐HPLC: A29Si CP‐MAS NMR study (1986)

Abstract The reaction of Cab‐O‐Sil, a highly dispersed vitreous quartz, with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) was studied in the temperature range 380–500°C, using 29 Si solid state NMR and other techniques. Such studies are of importance in view of deactivation procedures of fused silica at high temperatures in capillary GC. The commonly accepted reaction equation: predominates only below ca . 400°C. Above ca . 400°C the intermediate cleavage product Me 3 SiNH 2 reacts with surface silanol groups to form SioSiMe 2 NH 2 + CH 4 . At higher temperatures these groups may ultimately form (SiO) 3 SiNH 2 groups (analogously to the formation of bi‐and tridentate linkages starting from SiOSiMe 3 groups), but (SiO) 3 SiNH 2 groups are also directly formed at lower temperatures, simultaneously with the SiOSiMe 3 groups, probably by reaction with siloxane bridges: . The reactions of the trimethylsilylamine part of HMDS with Cab‐O‐Sil were confirmed by an independent series of silylations using N,N ‐dimethyltrimethylsilylamine instead of HDMS. The presence of amino groups as SiNH 2 was confirmed by FT‐IR. This may be one of the reasons why very high temperature silylation with disilazanes does not provide a satisfactory deactivation of fused silica GC columns: the active SiOH groups are “replaced” by active SiNH 2 groups. However, such a material may be of interest in LC. Silylation with silazanes at ca . 350°C in humid atmosphere and/or after extensive hydroxylation (leaching) of the surface should yield sufficiently deactivated surfaces with a rather well defined surface structure.
The D7 family of salivary proteins in blood sucking diptera (2002)

The D7 subfamily of salivary proteins is widespread in blood sucking Diptera and belongs to the superfamily of pheromone/odourant binding proteins. Although D7 proteins are among the most abundant salivary proteins in adult female mosquitoes and sand flies, their role in blood feeding remains elusive. In the present work we report the sequence of seventeen novel D7 proteins, and propose an evolutionary scenario for the appearance of the several forms of this protein, based on a total of twenty-one sequences from Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. stephensi, An. darlingi mosquitoes and Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies.
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Finding Study of Rizatriptan (MK-462) in the Acute Treatment of Migraine (1997)

Rizatriptan (MK-462) is a potent 5HTID receptor agonist. This multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, outpatient study investigated the clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of rizatriptan (2.5, 5, and 10 mg) as a function of dose for acute migraine. Patients with moderate or severe migraine (n = 417) were treated with placebo (n = 67), rizatriptan 2.5 mg (n = 75), 5 mg (n = 130), or rizatriptan 10 mg (n = 145). Headache severity, functional disability, and migraine symptoms were measured immediately before dosing (0) and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 h post-dose. Patients were permitted to take a second dose of test drug at 2 h if their headache pain was moderate or severe (i.e., placebo initially-->rizatriptan 10 mg as optional second dose; rizatriptan 2.5 mg, 5 mg, or 10 mg initially-->placebo as optional second dose). An upward dose-response relationship was observed among placebo, rizatriptan 2.5 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg in the primary efficacy measure of proportion of patients reporting pain relief, i.e., a change in headache severity to "no pain or mild pain" at 2 h post-dose. The relationship was evident even at the first recorded timepoint, 30 min, and was statistically significant at 1.5 h and beyond. At the primary timepoint of 2 h after the initial dose, the proportion of patients reporting pain relief was 47.6% for rizatriptan 10 mg; 45.4% for rizatriptan 5 mg; 21.3% for rizatriptan 2.5 mg; and 17.9% for placebo. Seventy percent of patients on rizatriptan 10 mg reported pain relief at 4 h. Patients who took rizatriptan 5 mg and 10 mg were significantly less functionally disabled than those who took placebo at 1.5 and 2 h post-dose. Rizatriptan 10 mg was consistently more effective than 5 mg, although the differences were not statistically significant. The most frequent clinical adverse events were dizziness, somnolence, and asthenia/fatigue. No patients were discontinued for any adverse experiences and there were no serious adverse experiences.
Evolving Neural Networks That Are Both Modular and Regular: HyperNeat Plus the Connection Cost Technique (2015)

One of humanity’s grand scientific challenges is to create ar-tificially intelligent robots that rival natural animals in intel-ligence and agility. A key enabler of such animal complexity is the fact that animal brains are structurally organized in that they exhibit modularity and regularity, amongst other attributes. Modularity is the localization of function within an encapsulated unit. Regularity refers to the compressibil-ity of the information describing a structure, and typically involves symmetries and repetition. These properties im-prove evolvability, but they rarely emerge in evolutionary algorithms without specific techniques to encourage them. It has been shown that (1) modularity can be evolved in neural networks by adding a cost for neural connections and, sepa-rately, (2) that the HyperNEAT algorithm produces neural networks with complex, functional regularities. In this pa-per we show that adding the connection cost technique to HyperNEAT produces neural networks that are significantly more modular, regular, and higher performing than Hyper-NEAT without a connection cost, even when compared to a variant of HyperNEAT that was specifically designed to en-courage modularity. Our results represent a stepping stone towards the goal of producing artificial neural networks that share key organizational properties with the brains of natu-ral animals.
Safety, Antitumor Activity, and Immune Activation of Pegylated Recombinant Human Interleukin-10 (AM0010) in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors (2016)

Purpose Interleukin-10 (IL-10) stimulates the expansion and cytotoxicity of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and inhibits inflammatory CD4+ T cells. Pegylation prolongs the serum concentration of IL-10 without changing the immunologic profile. This phase I study sought to determine the safety and antitumor activity of AM0010. Patients and Methods Patients with selected advanced solid tumors were treated with AM0010 in a dose-escalation study, which was followed by a renal cell cancer (RCC) dose-expansion cohort. AM0010 was self-administered subcutaneously at doses of 1 to 40 μg/kg once per day. Primary end points were safety and tolerability; clinical activity and immune activation were secondary end points. Results In the dose-escalation and -expansion cohorts, 33 and 18 patients, respectively, were treated with daily subcutaneous injection of AM0010. AM0010 was tolerated in a heavily pretreated patient population. Treatment-related adverse events (AEs) included anemia, fatigue, thrombocytopenia, fever, and injection site reactions. Grade 3 to 4 nonhematopoietic treatment-related AEs, including rash (n = 2) and transaminitis (n = 1), were observed in five of 33 patients. Grade 3 to 4 anemia or thrombocytopenia was observed in five patients. Most treatment-related AEs were transient or reversible. AM0010 led to systemic immune activation with elevated immune-stimulatory cytokines and reduced transforming growth factor beta in the serum. Partial responses were observed in one patient with uveal melanoma and four of 15 evaluable patients with RCC treated at 20 μg/kg (overall response rate, 27%). Prolonged stable disease of at least 4 months was observed in four patients, including one with colorectal cancer with disease stabilization for 20 months. Conclusion AM0010 has an acceptable toxicity profile with early evidence of antitumor activity, particularly in RCC. These data support the further evaluation of AM0010 both alone and in combination with other immune therapies and chemotherapies.
Alpha- and beta-adrenergic induction of the expression of the uncoupling protein thermogenin in brown adipocytes differentiated in culture. (1990)

In order to examine the control of expression of the gene coding for the brown fat specific uncoupling protein thermogenin (UCP), brown fat cells isolated as undifferentiated precursors from the interscapular brown adipose tissue of young mice were grown in culture. In these cells, it was possible by norepinephrine (NE) addition to induce specifically the expression of the UCP gene. The effect of NE was due to activation of transcription. The ability to express the UCP gene was maximal in cells around confluence; cell cultures younger or older than this showed a lower response. The response to NE showed a sharp optimum around 0.1 microM and was linear with time over the 4-h period studied. The presence of insulin or thyroid hormones facilitated the NE response. Pharmacological analysis of the adrenergic response indicated that UCP gene expression could be induced both via beta-receptors (probably beta 3) and via alpha 1-receptors; these effects were synergistic. It was concluded that it is possible to promote these precursor cells to advance to such a state of differentiation that they can demonstrate the selective feature of the brown fat cell, i.e. the ability to express UCP. The expression of the UCP gene is regulated via interacting adrenergic mechanisms.
Treatment of Herpes Simplex Labialis with Topical Acyclovir in Polyethylene Glycol (1982)

A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topical 5% acyclovir (ACV) in polyethylene glycol (PEG) was carried out among 208 patients who had an episode of herpes simplex labialis. Patients who were treated with ACV had a greater decrease in median titers of virus in lesions between the first and second visits to the clinic than did patients who were treated with placebo (-1.5 log pfu [plaque-forming units] vs. -0.2 log pfu; P = 0.04). The antiviral effect occurred in the subgroup of patients who entered the study 0-8 hr after the onset of lesions. No differences were noted in the remaining patients who began treatment 9-25 hr after onset. An examination of the subgroup who had virus-positive specimens before treatment revealed prominent and more statistically significant virologic differences between treatment groups. No clinical benefit from treatment with ACV was observed; however, the present study describes the first antiviral effect of topical treatment for recurrent herpes labialis and identifies treatment strategies for future studies.
Steady-State Raman Gain in Diamond as a Function of Pump Wavelength (2013)

The variation in the Raman gain coefficient in single-crystal diamond for pump wavelengths between 355 and 1450 nm is measured. Two techniques are used: a pump-probe approach giving an absolute measurement and a stimulated Raman oscillation threshold technique giving a relative measurement. Both approaches indicate that the Raman gain coefficient is a linear function of pump wavenumber. With the pump polarized along a <; 111 >; direction in the crystal, the Raman gain coefficient measured by the pump-probe technique is found to vary from 7.6 ± 0.8 for a pump wavelength of 1280 nm to 78 ± 8 cm/GW for a pump wavelength of 355 nm. With the established dependence of the Raman gain coefficient on the pump wavelength, the Raman gain coefficient can be estimated at any pump wavelength within the spectral range from 355 up to 1450 nm.
Cobra: fine-grained malware analysis using stealth localized-executions (2006)

Fine-grained code analysis in the context of malware is a complex and challenging task that provides insight into malware code-layers (polymorphic/metamorphic), its data encryption/decryption engine, its memory layout etc., important pieces of information that can be used to detect and counter the malware and its variants. Current research in fine-grained code analysis can be categorized into static and dynamic approaches. Static approaches have been tailored towards malware and allow exhaustive fine-grained malicious code analysis, but lack support for self-modifying code, have limitations related to code-obfuscations and face the undecidability problem. Given that most if not all malware employ self-modifying code and code-obfuscations, poses the need to analyze them at runtime using dynamic approaches. However, current dynamic approaches for fine-grained code analysis are not tailored specifically towards malware and lack support for multithreading, self-modifying/self-checking code and are easily detected and countered by ever-evolving anti-analysis tricks employed by malware. To address this problem, we propose a powerful dynamic fine-grained malicious code analysis framework, codenamed Cobra, to combat malware that are becoming increasingly hard to analyze. Our goal is to provide a stealth, efficient, portable and easy-to-use framework supporting multithreading, self-modifying/self-checking code and any form of code obfuscation in both user- and kernel-mode on commodity operating systems. Cobra cannot be detected or countered and can be dynamically and selectively deployed on malware specific code-streams while allowing other code-streams to execute as is. We also illustrate the framework utility by describing our experience with a tool employing Cobra to analyze a real-world malware
In Vivo Quantitative Evaluation of the Rat Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer with Optical Coherence Tomography (2009)

OCT is a useful and valuable tool for quantitative evaluation of rat RNFL thickness.
Patterned Alignment of Liquid Crystals by μ‐Rubbing (2004)

Thin polyimide layers have been patterned via a μ-rubbing process that can induce the homogeneous planar alignment or erase the previous alignment history of liquid crystals (LCs) that it comes into contact with. The Figure shows optical micrographs of two patterned polyimide substrates with LCs sandwiched between them, viewed between parallel polarizers. See also inside front cover.
Nonlinear mode competition and phasing in Yb-doped fiber amplifier (2004)

We used coupled-mode theory in an Yb-doped multimode fiber amplifier to compute the effects of gain saturation, nonlinear index, and fiber curvature on the evolution of the field. A positive nonlinear index results in power transfer to lower-order modes, usually the fundamental LP<sub>10</sub> mode, and for negative nonlinear index the reverse is predicted. The nonlinear interaction between modes breaks the core’s cylindrical symmetry, resulting in recombination of degenerate LP mode pairs into super-modes: consisting of an expected in- and anti-phase pair, but also a quadrature of super-mode that reflects an increase of “information” capacity associated with nonlinearity. Convergence to all three super-modes was observed in our simulations, but the last more often. We also present observed evidence of mode phasing in experiments with two fiber amplifiers.
Molecular Diagnosis of Analbuminemia: A New Case Caused by a Nonsense Mutation in the Albumin Gene (2011)

Analbuminemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder manifested by the absence, or severe reduction, of circulating serum albumin (ALB). We report here a new case diagnosed in a 45 years old man of Southwestern Asian origin, living in Switzerland, on the basis of his low ALB concentration (0.9 g/L) in the absence of renal or gastrointestinal protein loss, or liver dysfunction. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by a mutational analysis of the albumin (ALB) gene, carried out by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP), heteroduplex analysis (HA), and DNA sequencing. This screening of the ALB gene revealed that the proband is homozygous for two mutations: the insertion of a T in a stretch of eight Ts spanning positions c.1289 + 23-c.1289 + 30 of intron 10 and a c.802 G > T transversion in exon 7. Whereas the presence of an additional T in the poly-T tract has no direct deleterious effect, the latter nonsense mutation changes the codon GAA for Glu244 to the stop codon TAA, resulting in a premature termination of the polypeptide chain. The putative protein product would have a length of only 243 amino acid residues instead of the normal 585 found in the mature serum albumin, but no evidence for the presence in serum of such a truncated polypeptide chain could be obtained by two dimensional electrophoresis and western blotting analysis.
Basis for selection of improved carbohydrate-binding single-chain antibodies from synthetic gene libraries. (1995)

A technique is described for the simultaneous and controlled random mutation of all three heavy or light chain complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) in a single-chain Fv specific for the O polysaccharide of Salmonella serogroup B. Sense oligonucleotides were synthesized such that the central bases encoding a CDR were randomized by equimolar spiking with A, G, C, and T at a level of 10% while the antisense strands contained inosine in the spiked regions. Phage display of libraries assembled from the spiked oligonucleotides by a synthetic ligase chain reaction demonstrated a bias for selection of mutants that formed dimers and higher oligomers. Kinetic analyses showed that oligomerization increased association rates in addition to slowing dissociation rates. In combination with some contribution from reduced steric clashes with residues in heavy-chain CDR2, oligomerization resulted in functional affinities that were much higher than that of the monomeric form of the wild-type single-chain Fv.
Sensitivity of HIV Type 1 Subtype C Isolates to the Entry Inhibitor T-20 (2004)

T-20 is the first in a new class of antiretroviral drugs targeting the entry stage of the virus life cycle. It is a 36 amino acid peptide that binds to the HR1 region of gp41 preventing gp41-mediated fusion with the host cell membrane. T-20 was designed based on the HR2 sequence of HIV-1 subtype B gp41, a region that shows significant genetic variation with HIV-1 subtype C sequences. In order to assess the efficacy of T-20 to inhibit subtype C isolates, a total of 23 isolates were tested for their ability to replicate in the presence of T-20. This included 15 isolates that used CCR5, five that used both CCR5 and CXCR4, and three that used CXCR4. Five of these were from patients failing other antiretroviral therapies. Sequence analysis of the HR2 region indicated that there were 10-16 amino acid changes in the region corresponding to T-20. However, all isolates were effectively inhibited by T-20 at 1 microg/ml. There were no significant differences between viruses that used CCR5 or CXCR4 to enter cells. All isolates, except one, had GIV at positions 36-38 in the HR1 region. One isolate had a GVV motif but this did not affect its sensitivity to T-20. Therefore, T-20 inhibited subtype C viruses despite significant genetic differences in the HR2 region and there was no evidence for baseline resistance to T-20. These data suggest that T-20 would be highly effective in patients with HIV-1 subtype C infection, including those failing existing antiretroviral drug regimens.