gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biological Activity and Chemistry of Taxoids from the Japanese Yew, Taxus cuspidata (2004)

Approximately 120 taxoids have been isolated to date from the Japanese yew, Taxus cuspidata. These taxoids possess various skeletons containing 5/7/6-, 6/10/6-, 6/5/5/6-, 6/8/6-, or 6/12-membered ring systems. Among the taxoids, some non-paclitaxel-type compounds have been shown to reduce CaCl(2)-induced depolymerization of microtubules, increase cellular accumulation of vincristine in multidrug-resistant tumor cells, and exhibit potent cytotoxicity. Chemical derivatization of taxoids of T. cuspidata is also reviewed.
Automated microscope system for determining factors that predict neuronal fate (2005)

Unraveling cause-and-effect relationships in the nervous system is challenging because some biological processes begin stochastically, take a significant amount of time to unfold, and affect small neuronal subpopulations that can be difficult to isolate and measure. Single-cell approaches are slow, subject to user bias, and sometimes too laborious to achieve sample sizes large enough to detect important effects. Here, we describe an automated imaging and analysis system that enables us to follow the fates of individual cells and intracellular proteins over time. Observations can be quantified in a high-throughput manner with minimal user bias. We have adapted survival analysis methods to determine whether and how factors measured during longitudinal analysis predict a particular biological outcome. The ability to monitor complex processes at single-cell resolution quickly, quantitatively, and over long intervals should have wide applications for biology.
The physical and electrical effects of metal-fill patterning practices for oxide chemical-mechanical polishing processes (1998)

In oxide chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) processes, layout pattern dependent variation in the interlevel dielectric (ILD) thickness can reduce yield and impact circuit performance. Metal-fill patterning practices have emerged as a technique for substantially reducing layout pattern dependent ILD thickness variation. We present a generalizable methodology for selecting an optimal metal-fill patterning practice with the goal of satisfying a given dielectric thickness variation specification while minimizing the added interconnect capacitance associated with metal-fill patterning. Data from two industrial-based experiments demonstrate the beneficial impact of metal-fill on dielectric thickness variation, a 20% improvement in uniformity in one case and a 60% improvement in the other case, and illustrate that pattern density is the key mechanism involved. The pros and cons of two different metal-fill patterning practices-grounded versus floating metal-are explored. Criteria for minimizing the effect of floating or grounded metal-fill patterns on delay or crosstalk parameters are also developed based on canonical metal-fill structures. Finally, this methodology is illustrated using a case study which demonstrates an 82% reduction in ILD thickness variation.
<title>Heteroepitaxy on high-quality GaAs on Si for optical interconnection on Si chip</title> (1995)

Recent progress concerning GaAs on Si technology is discussed from the viewpoint of how to suppress the threading dislocation density in GaAs layers to the level of 10<SUP>4</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP> on the basis of recently obtained results. In particular, we consider the effects of new approaches for realizing two-dimensional growth, new materials of buffer layers and insertion layers, post-growth annealing, high energy ion implantation and the confinement of growth areas on the reduction of threading dislocation generation and propagation.
Treatment of relapsed CD20+ Hodgkin lymphoma with the monoclonal antibody rituximab is effective and well tolerated: results of a phase 2 trial of the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group (2002)

This phase 2 trial was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the chimeric monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in patients with relapsed lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma or other CD20(+) subtypes of Hodgkin disease (HD). Eligibility criteria required expression of the CD20 antigen on more than 30% of malignant cells. Fourteen patients were treated with 4 weekly intravenous infusions of rituximab (375 mg/m(2)). All patients had at least one prior chemotherapy (median, 2). The median time from first diagnosis was 9 years. Adverse events, such as rhinitis, fever, chills, and nausea, were usually transient and of mild to moderate grade, allowing outpatient treatment in most cases. All patients completed treatment and were eligible for a response. The overall response in 14 assessable patients was 86%, with 8 complete remissions and 4 partial remissions, and 2 patients with progressive disease. At a median follow-up of 12 months, 9 of 12 responders were in remission. The median duration of response has not been reached yet (20+ months). We conclude that rituximab is both safe and effective in a subgroup of CD20(+) patients with HD.
Humanization by CDR Grafting and Specificity-Determining Residue Grafting (2012)

Humanized antibodies are constructed by CDR grafting, while retaining those murine framework residues that influence the antigen-binding activity. To reduce the immunogenicity of CDR-grafted humanized antibodies, the murine content in the CDR-grafted humanized antibodies is minimized through SDR grafting. Within each CDR, there are more variable positions that are directly involved in the interaction with antigen, i.e., specificity-determining residues (SDRs), whereas there are more conserved residues that maintain the conformations of CDRs loops. SDRs may be identified from the 3D structure of the antigen-antibody complex and/or the mutational analysis of the CDRs. An SDR-grafted humanized antibody is constructed by grafting the SDRs and the residues maintaining the conformations of the CDRs onto human template, and its immunogenic potential is evaluated by measuring the reactivity to the sera from patients who had been immunized with the parental antibody.
Sacral neuromodulation and refractory overactive bladder: an emerging tool for an old problem (2012)

Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome negatively affects the daily life of many people. Conservative treatments, such as antimuscarinics, do not always lead to sufficient improvement of the complaints and are often associated with considerable side effects resulting in treatment failure. In the case of failure or intolerable side effects, sacral neuromodulation (SNM) and botulinum toxin intravesical injections are minimally invasive and reversible alternatives. Currently, both SNM and botulinum toxin injection have FDA approval for use in OAB patients. This mini-review attempts to provide an update on SNM as a second-line management of adults with refractory OAB, based on the available clinical evidence concerning the efficacy and safety.
Visualizing the distribution and transport of mRNAs in living cells (2003)

We have visualized the movements of native mRNAs in living cells. Using nuclease-resistant molecular beacons, we imaged the transport and localization of oskar mRNA in Drosophila melanogaster oocytes. When the localization pattern was altered by genetic manipulation of the mRNA's 3' untranslated region, or by chemical perturbation of the intracellular tubulin network, the distribution of the fluorescence signals changed accordingly. We tracked the migration of oskar mRNA in real time, from the nurse cells where it is produced to the posterior cortex of the oocyte where it is localized. Our observations reveal the presence of a transient, and heretofore elusive, stage in the transport of oskar mRNA. Direct visualization of specific mRNAs in living cells with molecular beacons will accelerate studies of intracellular RNA trafficking and localization, just as the use of green fluorescent protein has stimulated the study of specific proteins in vivo.
Targeted delivery into motor nerve terminals of inhibitors for SNARE‐cleaving proteases via liposomes coupled to an atoxic botulinum neurotoxin (2012)

A targeted drug carrier (TDC) is described for transferring functional proteins or peptides into motor nerve terminals, a pivotal locus for therapeutics to treat neuromuscular disorders. It exploits the pronounced selectivity of botulinum neurotoxin type B (BoNT/B) for interacting with acceptors on these cholinergic nerve endings and becoming internalized. The gene encoding an innocuous BoNT/B protease-inactive mutant (BoTIM) was fused to that for core streptavidin, expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified protein was conjugated to surface-biotinylated liposomes. Such decorated liposomes, loaded with fluorescein as traceable cargo, acquired pronounced specificity for motor nerve terminals in isolated mouse hemidiaphragms and facilitated the intraneuronal transfer of the fluor, as revealed by confocal microscopy. Delivery of the protease light chain of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) via this TDC accelerated the onset of neuromuscular paralysis, indicative of improved translocation of this enzyme into the presynaptic cytosol with subsequent proteolytic inactivation of synaptosomal-associated protein of molecular mass 25 kDa (SNAP-25), an exocytotic soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) essential for neurotransmitter release. BoTIM-coupled liposomes, loaded with peptide inhibitors of proteases, yielded considerable attenuation of the neuroparalytic effects of BoNT/A or BoNT/F as a result of their cytosolic transfer, the first in situ demonstration of the ability of designer antiproteases to suppress the symptoms of botulism ex vivo. Delivery of the BoNT/A inhibitor by liposomes targeted with the full-length BoTIM proved more effective than that mediated by its C-terminal neuroacceptor-binding domain. This demonstrated versatility of TDC for nonviral cargo transfer into cholinergic nerve endings has unveiled its potential for direct delivery of functional targets into motor nerve endings.
Synthesis of C-3 Halogene-Substituted Apocodeines and Apomorphines (1991)

Abstract A new effective method has been elaborated for the preparation of the hitherto unknown C-3 halogene derivatives (Cl, Br) of apocodeine and apomorphine, as well as of their N-demethyl-N-substituted (N-propyl, N-alkyl) analogues. These compounds are expected to possess an effect on the dopamine receptor system.
A framework for automatic analysis of digital fundus images (2013)

The optic disc (OD), the blood vessels and the macula are the most important features in the retinal images. These features are used for automatic eye screening systems that provide an accurate and efficient tool for the early detection of many eye diseases. A method for detecting these features is presented in this paper. First, the blood vessels are detected by using the mathematical morphology. Then, based on the percentage of the brightest pixels in the OD, the temporal side is detected since it contains the brightest region in the OD. By combining the information from temporal side and blood vessels, the whole OD is segmented. Finally, the macula is extracted by using the spatial relationship with the OD. The proposed method is tested on two publicly databases DRIVE and DIARETDB1. The detection of the OD achieved a success rate of 97.5% and 95.5% for DRIVE and DIARETDB1 respectively while the macula is detected correctly with a success rate of 100% and 97.6% respectively.
A novel air gap integration scheme for multi-level interconnects using self-aligned via plugs (2002)

A novel multi-level interconnect process, realizing air gap structures composed of not new low k materials but conventional SiO/sub 2/ films, has been developed in order to drastically decrease the capacitance between lines. The effective relative dielectric constant of 1.8 is obtained. This process can solve the significant issues associated with air gap structure, such as the via failures due to misalignment between the line and via levels.
Slot-line end-fire antennas for THz frequencies (1992)

Tapered slot-line endfire antennas, of BLTSA type, have been fabricated on 1.7 micron thin SiO2/Si3N4 (epsilon (sub r) = 4.5) dielectric membranes. The antenna patterns, in the E-, H-, D- and D-cross planes, were measured at 270, 348, 370, and 802 GHz using bismuth micro bolometer detectors. The antennas have approximately 12 dB directivity, and the -10 dB beam widths are 50 and 55 degrees in the E- and H-planes at 348 GHz, respectively. The measurements at millimeter/submillimeter wavelengths compare well with scale measurements at 45 GHz as well as with theoretical predictions. The overall results are encouraging and show that slot-line antennas can be fabricated for use at THz frequencies. Furthermore, it is shown that the very thin SiO2/Si3N4 membranes are strong enough to be used in practical applications.
Design and Synthesis of Indomethacin Analogues That Inhibit P-Glycoprotein and/or Multidrug Resistant Protein without Cox Inhibitory Activity (2012)

We designed and synthesized conformationally restricted analogues and regioisomers of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin. Evaluation of the inhibitory effects of these compounds on COX, P-glycoprotein, and multidrug resistance indicated that NSAIDS modulation of multidrug-resistant P-glycoprotein and multidrug-resistant protein-1 is not associated with COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activities.
Driver Distraction in Commercial Vehicle Operations (2010)

This study investigated the impact of driver distraction in commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operations. Data from two earlier naturalistic studies were combined to create a data set of 203 CMV drivers and 55 trucks from seven trucking fleets operating at 16 locations. A total of 4,452 safety-critical events (i.e., crashes, near-crashes, crash-relevant conflicts, and unintentional lane deviations) were identified in the data set, along with 19,888 baseline (uneventful, routine driving) epochs. Data analyses included odds ratio calculations and population attributable risk estimates. Key findings were that drivers were engaged in non-driving related tasks in 71 percent of crashes, 46 percent of near-crashes, and 60 percent of all safety-critical events. Also, performing highly complex tasks while driving lead to a significant increase in risk. Eye glance analyses examined driver eye location while performing tasks while operating a CMV. Tasks associated with high odds ratios (increased risk) were also associated with high eyes off forward road times. This suggests that tasks that draw the driver’s visual attention away from the forward roadway should be minimized or avoided. Based on the results of the analyses, a number of recommendations are presented that may help address the issue of driver distraction in CMV operations.
Sensitivity of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Strain 932 to Selected Anticoccidial Drugs in Broiler Chicks (1996)

The ability of selected anticoccidial drugs to inhibit the colonization of day-old male broiler chicks (Cornish Rocks) by Escherichia coli O157:H7, strain 932 was examined. Chicks were challenged with 1.8 x 10(9) E. coli O157:H7 on Day 1, and fed diets supplemented with three selected anticoccidial drugs; monensin, nicarbazin, or robenidine. The cecal and colon fecal contents of the chicks were removed on Day 7, 14, and 21 postinoculation and examined for the concentration of E. coli O157: H7 per gram of contents. Monensin effectively reduced cecal and colon colonization of the chicks by E. coli O157:H7. By Day 7, there were significant reductions in the bacterial population of the cecal contents of chicks receiving the monensin-medicated feed, and by Day 21 no E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from the cecal and colon contents. The bacterial counts in the colon contents of the nicarbazin- and robenidine-medicated and unmedicated chicks were significantly higher than the monensin-treated chicks. Bacterial populations in the colon contents were high only when there were high bacterial concentrations in the cecal contents.
Monolithic 3D integration advances and challenges: From technology to system levels (2014)

Recent technological advances in monolithic 3D integration lay the foundation for highly efficient next-generation computing systems. These advances, however, can only be utilized to their full potential if system architectures are properly optimized by utilizing monolithic 3D-IC technology for target applications. Thus, a multidisciplinary research framework from system architecture to technology layers, and several experimental demonstrations are required.
The Biology of the Immune System (1997)

Intact immunity is fundamental for survival. The human immune system has evolved with the sophisticated biologic capacity to distinguish self from nonself and for memory through the process of clonal expansion. The ability to distinguish even subtle differences from self, and among myriad antigens, is possible by the rearrangement of genes that encode immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors, as well as by the requirement for T cells to recognize antigens in the context of presentation by HLA molecules encoded within the major histocompatibility complex. Modulation of immune function initiated by antigenic stimulation and cell-cell interactions is facilitated by a plethora of soluble mediators such as cytokines. This overview of the biology of the immune system provides a framework for understanding physiologic immune responses and how lacunar defects within the immune system explain the pathogenesis of immunologic disorders. Through such understanding, potential targets can be identified for therapeutic modulation of the immune system.
NON‐REPELLENCY OF TWO INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS WITH JUVENILE HORMONE ACTIVITY TO BLATTELLA GERMANICA1 (1976)

Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) adults and nymphs provided with choice food did not discriminate against food treated (200 ppm) with either R‐20458 or Ro 20–3600 indicating the absence of non‐preference. Also, in a separate study with treated paper cards (0.5 mg/cm 2 ), these two insect growth regulators did not exhibit any significant repellency to the German cockroach adults. Farnesol, however, was found to be significantly repellent. The bait formulations of synthetic insect growth regulators with juvenile hormone activity appear promising for the control of German cockroach. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG KEINE ABSCHRECKENDE WIRKUNG VON ZWEI WACHSTUMSREGULA TOREN MIT JUVENIL‐HORMONWIRKSAMKEIT AUF BLATTELLA GERMANICA Bei Wahlversuchen entschieden sich Adulte und Nymphen von Blattella germanica (L.) nicht gegen Nahrung, die mit R‐20458 oder mit Ro 20–3600 behandelt war (200 ppm), womit das Fehlen einer Non‐Präferenz erwiesen war. Ferner zeigten in einer gesonderten Studie mit behandelten Papierkarten (0,5 mg/cm 2 ) diese zwei Insektenwachstumsregulatoren keine signifikante Abschreckung gegenüber Adulten der Deutschen Schabe. Dagegen erwies sich Farnesol signifikant als repellent. Köderformulierungen von synthetischen Insektenwachstumsregulatoren mit Juvenilhormonaktivität erscheinen aussichtsreich für die Bekämpfung der Deutschen Schabe.
Efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E Vaccine against Malaria in Children 5 to 17 Months of Age (2008)

RTS,S/AS01E shows promise as a candidate malaria vaccine. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00380393.)
The System Iron-Oxygen. I. The Wüstite Field and Related Equilibria (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe System Iron-Oxygen. I. The Wüstite Field and Related EquilibriaL. S. Darken and R. W. GurryCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67, 8, 1398–1412Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01224a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01224a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1814Altmetric-Citations635LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Radioimmunoimaging in malignant melanoma patients with the use of indium-111-labeled antimelanoma monoclonal antibody (ZME-018) to high-molecular-weight antigen. (1987)

Radioimmunolocalization of an 111In-labeled, mouse antimelanoma monoclonal antibody (MAb), ZME-018, was examined in 30 patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Each patient received a single iv infusion of MAb at concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 40 mg, coupled to 5 mCi 111In by the chelating agent pentetic acid. No toxicity was observed in any patient. Total-body and region of interest scans performed at 4, 24, and 72 hours following MAb administration revealed uptake in 110 of 171 previously diagnosed metastases for a sensitivity of 64%. Nonspecific uptake of radioactivity was consistently observed in the liver and spleen, and less frequently in the bowel, testes, axillae, and bone. Sensitivity of detection increased significantly at doses of MAb above 2.5 mg, with 74% of the lesions imaging at 20 mg/5 mCi compared with 29% at 2.5 mg/5 mCi (P less than .005). Sensitivity actually decreased slightly at the 40-mg dose. There was a significant correlation between tumor uptake of MAb-111In-conjugate and increasing tumor size. Soft tissue lesions, such as skin and lymph node metastases, were imaged to a greater extent (77%) than were visceral metastases (40%). Mean plasma clearance of ZME-018 was prolonged with a half-life of 33.6 hours in patients receiving 40 mg, compared with 17.8 hours in patients given 2.5 mg (P less than .01). Urinary excretion of the isotope averaged 11.4% of the injected dose over 48 hours. Hence radioimmunolocalization of melanoma with 111In-ZME-018 appeared feasible. The sensitivity of the technique varies with MAb dose, specific activity of 111In-MAb conjugate, tumor size, and disease site.
Motor imagery EEG signal classification scheme based on autoregressive reflection coefficients (2014)

In brain-computer interface (BCI) applications, classification of electroencephalogram (EEG) data for different motor imagery (MI) tasks is a major concern. In this paper, an efficient MI task classification scheme is proposed based on autoregressive (AR) modeling of the EEG signal. From given EEG recording, after some basic preprocessing operations, the processed EEG data of each channel is windowed into several frames and AR parameters are extracted using least-square Yule-Walker method. Considering the reflection coefficients from the autoregressive modeling, a set of features is extracted from the average of the coefficients of the specified frames. In order to reduce the dimension of the proposed feature matrix, principal component analysis (PCA) is employed. For the purpose of classification, train and test sets are formed based on leave one out cross validation and then linear discriminant analysis (LDA) based classifier is used. Simulation is carried out on publicly available MI dataset IVa of BCI Competition-III and a very satisfactory performance is obtained in classifying the MI data in two classes, namely right hand and right foot MI tasks. Proposed classification scheme not only offers significant reduction in feature dimensionality but also provides satisfactory classification accuracy.