gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
B7H1-Ig Fusion Protein Activates the CD4+ IFN-γ Receptor+ Type 1 T Regulatory Subset through IFN-γ-Secreting Th1 Cells (2006)

It has been demonstrated in our previous work that, in the human skin-grafting model, the expression of costimulatory molecule B7H1 (PD-L1) by keratinocytes plays an essential role in inducing local tolerance via activation of IL-10-secreting T cells. This study further analyzes the role of B7H1 in differentiation of type 1 T regulatory (Tr1) cells and explores underlying mechanisms. Mouse fusion protein B7H1-Ig is used, together with immobilized anti-CD3 mAb, to costimulate the purified naive CD4+ T cells. B7H1-Ig-treated CD4+ T cells were found to activate a characteristic Tr1 population possessing a CD4+ CD25- Foxp3- CD45RBlow phenotype. These regulatory T cells strongly inhibited the Th1-dominated MLR by secretion of IL-10 and TGF-beta. Moreover, B7H1-treated Tr1 cells also resulted in suppressed clinical scores and demyelination when adoptively transferred into mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Furthermore, analysis of the cytokine profile indicated that there were two differential reaction patterns during the B7H1-Ig-induced Tr1 development. These two patterns were characterized by activation of IFN-gammaR+ IL-10R- Th1 and IFN-gammaR+ IL-10R+ Tr1 cells, respectively. Secretion of IFN-gamma by Th1 and the expression of IFN-gammaR on Tr1 were critical for further Tr1 differentiation, as demonstrated by mAb blocking and by analysis in IFN-gamma(-/-) mice. In conclusion, B7H1 is capable of inducing Tr1 differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells by coactivation in an IFN-gamma- or Th1-dependent manner. Our study may shed some light upon the clinical usage of B7H1 as a therapeutic reagent for induction of tolerance.
Semiconducting Polyfluorenes—Towards Reliable Structure-Property Relationships (2002)

Alkylsubstituted polyfluorenes have emerged as a very attractive class of conjugated polymers, especially for display applications, owing to their pure blue and efficient electroluminescence coupled with a high charge-carrier mobility and good processability. The availability of specific and highly regioselective coupling reactions provides a rich variety of tailored polyfluorene-type polymers and copolymers. The focus of this review, therefore, is on reliable structure–property relationships regarding (i) the interplay of substitution pattern, solid state morphology, and optical/electronic properties, and (ii) the key role of degradation-induced keto defect sites in fluorene-type polymers, and strategies for obtaining defect-free polyfluorenes.
A Phenylalanine Clamp Catalyzes Protein Translocation Through the Anthrax Toxin Pore (2005)

The protective antigen component of anthrax toxin forms a homoheptameric pore in the endosomal membrane, creating a narrow passageway for the enzymatic components of the toxin to enter the cytosol. We found that, during conversion of the heptameric precursor to the pore, the seven phenylalanine-427 residues converged within the lumen, generating a radially symmetric heptad of solvent-exposed aromatic rings. This "phi-clamp" structure was required for protein translocation and comprised the major conductance-blocking site for hydrophobic drugs and model cations. We conclude that the phi clamp serves a chaperone-like function, interacting with hydrophobic sequences presented by the protein substrate as it unfolds during translocation.
Multidimensional Optical Transport Based on Optimized Vector-Quantization-Inspired Signal Constellation Design (2014)

An optimized vector-quantization-inspired signal constellation design (OVQ-SCD) suitable for multidimensional optical transport is proposed, in which signal constellation radii transformation function is optimized and near-uniform distribution of points is achieved. The proposed OVQ-SCD is used in a tandem with a hybrid multidimensional coded-modulation scheme employing Slepian sequences as electrical discrete-time basis functions, orthogonal prolate spheroidal wave functions as impulse responses of optical filters in orthogonal-division multiplexing, and spatial modes as optical continuous-time basis functions. It has been shown that the proposed multidimensional coded-modulation schemes based on OVQ-SCDs outperform corresponding counterparts and can be used to enable beyond 10 Pb/s serial optical transport over spatial division multiplexing (SDM) fibers as well as beyond 1 Pb/s transport over SMFs. The proposed OVQ-SCD-based hybrid multidimensional coded modulation scheme can simultaneously solve the problems related to the limited bandwidth of information-infrastructure, high energy consumption, and heterogeneity of network segments; while enabling elastic and dynamic bandwidth allocation.
Development of an infrared cavity ringdown spectroscopy experiment and measurements of water vapor continuum absorption (2002)

The development of a quantitative infrared cavity ringdown spectroscopy experiment capable of measuring water vapor continuum absorption in the 1000 cm-1 region is described. Cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) is a new high-performance technique in which laser pulses are injected into a stable, high-finesse optical cavity called the “ringdown cavity”. Absorption coefficients are obtained from the difference in the decay time constant when an absorbing gas is added and then removed from the system. We determine the decay time constants from a nonlinear least squares analysis of individual decay events. Our CRDS experiment is designed around a 1 –m long near-confocal ringdown cavity, and is novel in that it is a gas flow experiment in which we control the relative humidity from zero to near-saturation. Most CRDS experiments to date have been in the visible region, and so we describe some of the problems associated with infrared work. There is no established theory for the water vapor continuum, and so all of our knowledge is empirically-derived. Our intercomparison of water vapor continuum measurements demonstrates that continuum absorption coefficients derived from conventional spectroscopic techniques have uncertainties &gt; 20%. We have made water vapor continuum absorption measurements with uncertainties &lt; 10% for selected CO2 laser transitions ranging from 931 - 969 cm-1 near 296 K. Our measurements, analyzed in terms of the continuum coefficients of self-and foreign-broadening, are found to be in good agreement with the recently-developed far wing line shape theory of Ma and Tipping. We demonstrate that empirical models of the water vapor continuum, widely used in atmospheric radiative transfer applications, significantly overestimate the self-broadened continuum and do not properly account for the foreign-broadened continuum. The performance of the infrared CRDS experiment, sources of error, and proposed improvements are all discussed.
Loss of heterozygosity suggests tumor suppressor gene responsible for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. (1989)

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC), epidemiologically associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, has historically been felt to be caused by the activation or introduction of an oncogene. However, transforming sequences from human PHC have not been reproducibly isolated. In this paper, evidence is presented that suggests PHC may result instead from the loss of an anti-oncogene. Seven of 12 human primary liver tumors tested against a panel of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) demonstrated loss of constitutional heterozygosity for markers on chromosome 4. Tumor and nontumor liver tissue were typed for 11 chromosome 4 RFLPs. In addition, at least one RFLP on nine other chromosomes (1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, and 17) was tested for allelic loss. Seven of nine tumors constitutionally heterozygous for chromosome 4q markers showed allele loss in tumor tissue. Six of the seven samples were jointly informative for both 4p and 4q markers. Five of the six demonstrated loss for only 4q RFLPs. In one individual, in which two samples were taken from distant locations within the same tumor, both samples showed loss of the same alleles. Among the other chromosomes informative for allele loss, one tumor showed changes on 13q. No other changes were observed in RFLPs located on the eight other chromosomes tested. These results indicate that an anti-oncogene may be located on 4q and suggest a mechanism for PHC and other cancers seroepidemiologically related to virus infection. Liver cancer caused by chronic HBV infection or other environmental agents may be linked through genetic events responsible for the loss of a tumor suppressor locus (anti-oncogene) located on chromosome 4.
PageRank, HITS and a unified framework for link analysis (2002)

Two popular link-based webpage ranking algorithms are (i) PageRank[1] and (ii) HITS (Hypertext Induced Topic Selection)[3]. HITS makes the crucial distinction of hubs and authorities and computes them in a mutually reinforcing way. PageRank considers the hyperlink weight normalization and the equilibrium distribution of random surfers as the citation score. We generalize and combine these key concepts into a unified framework, in which we prove that rankings produced by PageRank and HITS are both highly correlated with the ranking by in-degree and out-degree.
Opsonization of Cryptococcus neoformans by a family of isotype-switch variant antibodies specific for the capsular polysaccharide (1990)

A family of immunoglobulin isotype-switch variants was isolated by sib selection from a murine hybridoma which produced an immunoglobulin G subclass 1 (IgG1) antibody specific for the capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans. Antibodies of the IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b isotypes had similar serotype specificity patterns in double immunodiffusion assays which used polysaccharides of the four cryptococcal serotypes as antigens. A quantitative difference in the ability of the isotypes to form a precipitate with the polysaccharide was observed in a double immunodiffusion assay and confirmed in a quantitative precipitin assay. The relative precipitating activity of the antibodies was IgG2a greater than IgG1 much greater than IgG2b. Analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the reactivity of the three isotypes with cryptococcal polysaccharide showed identical titers and slopes, suggesting that the variable region of the class-switch antibodies was unaltered. This system allowed us to examine the effect of the Fc portion of the antibody on opsonization of encapsulated cryptococci. Yeast cells were precoated with antibodies of each isotype and incubated with murine macrophages or cultured human monocytes. Antibodies of all three isotypes exhibited a dose-dependent opsonization for phagocytosis by both human and murine phagocytes. The relative opsonic activity of the antibodies was IgG2a greater than IgG1 greater than IgG2b.
Multiple primary cancers of the ovary in the United States, 1992-1997 (2003)

Summary stageSingle MultipleCount Rate Count Rate All cases d Localized 12,447 2.9 2513 0.6Regional 5950 1.4 1273 0.3Distant 25,867 5.7 4660 1.0Unstaged 4495 0.9 716 0.1RaceWhiteLocalized 11,014 3 2317 0.6Regional 5378 1.4 1152 0.3Distant 23,335 5.9 4286 1.1Unstaged 4017 0.9 651 0.2BlackLocalized 731 1.8 102 0.3Regional 354 1.0 73 0.1Distant 1635 4.4 243 0.7Unstaged 323 0.8 49 0.1American Indian e Localized 14 — 3 —Regional 7 — 2 —Distant 51 6.5 9 —Unstaged 6 — 1 —Asian/Paciﬁc IslanderLocalized 517 2 77 0.3Regional 148 0.5 35 0.1Distant 670 3 99 0.5Unstaged 71 0.3 9 —EthnicityHispanic f Localized 654 1.7 75 0.2Regional 160 0.4 28 0.1Distant 1019 3.3 142 0.5Unstaged 1401 4.2 186 0.6Non-Hispanic f Localized 5649 2.5 1168 0.5Regional 2496 1.1 552 0.1Distant 12,884 5.2 2372 1.0Unstaged 9196 3.7 1787 0.7 a Rates are per 100,000 and are age-adjusted to the 1970 United States standard population. b Excludes data from Minnesota for 1992–1994 and from California (except for Los Angeles and theGreater Bay Area) for 1994–1997.
Efficacy and safety of low-dose regimens of conjugated estrogens cream administered vaginally (2009)

Daily and twice-weekly use of low-dose CE cream was equally effective in relieving symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy. Both regimens showed endometrial safety and sustained efficacy during 1 year of therapy.
256&lt;tex&gt;$,times,$&lt;/tex&gt;256 Port Optical Cross-Connect Subsystem (2004)

This paper describes the subsystem design and performance of a 256/spl times/256-port micromechanical beam-steering optical cross-connect with 1.33-dB average loss, which can provide 238/spl times/238-port cross-connect with a maximum loss of less than 2dB. This paper describes the design chosen and analyzes the tolerance ranges required to produce low loss and simulate the expected loss distribution of the fabric. The method of establishing and testing the connections is also described. The simulation is compared with the measured system, and the expected and measured static and dynamic crosstalk are compared.
The contribution of the N- and C-terminal regions of steroid receptors to activation of transcription is both receptor and cell-specific (1989)

Normalized dose response-curves for transcriptional activation of reporter genes were obtained by co-transfecting them with increasing amounts of wild-type (wt) progesterone (PR), glucocorticoid (GR) and oestrogen (ER) expression vectors. Marked differences in both shape and magnitude of the stimulation were observed depending on whether HeLa or CV1 cells were transfected. In HeLa cells the transcriptional stimulation from a reporter gene containing the hormone responsive element (RE) present in the mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) long terminal repeat (LTR) increased as increasing amounts (from 0.05 to 7.5 micrograms) of PR expression vector were transfected, whereas no such increase was observed in CV1 cells above 1 microgram of the same vector. In contrast, a PR mutant lacking the hormone binding domain (HBD, region E), exhibited increasing constitutive activity with increasing amounts of PR expression vector, such that in CV1 cells, but not in HeLa cells, similar activities were measured for the mutant and wt PR when 5 micrograms expression vectors were transfected. Western blot analyses indicated that the differences between the two cell lines were not due to differences in the amount of receptor proteins. Using the same MMTV LTR-based reporter gene, cell-specific differences were also detected between the dose-response curves obtained for the human GR and a mutant which lacks the HBD. A PR mutant in which the N-terminal A/B region was deleted exhibited no (CV1 cells) or less than 5% (HeLa cells) of the wt-activity, whereas the corresponding GR mutant stimulated efficiently transcription in both cell lines. Identical studies with the wt human ER or a mutant truncated for the N-terminal A/B region resulted in bell-shaped dose-response curves in both HeLa and CV1 cells, whereas an ER mutant lacking the HBD was weakly active in either cell line. These data demonstrate cell- and receptor-specificity for the transcriptional activation functions present in the A/B region and the HBD of various steroid receptors and suggest that limiting factors mediate their action. The present study also emphasizes the need of establishing dose-response curves to correctly assess the relative contribution of the different regions of steroid hormone receptors in activation of transcription.
Raman spectroscopy of GaN, AlGaN and AlN for process and growth monitoring/control (2001)

Abstract The use of micro‐Raman spectroscopy to monitor non‐invasively GaN, AlGaN and AlN material parameters for process and growth monitoring/control is demonstrated. Concepts to determine the crystalline quality, the stress, the free carrier concentration, the aluminium composition and the temperature from the Raman modes are reviewed. Raman monitoring of processing and growth is illustrated on selected examples: the high‐temperature processing of ion‐implanted and non‐implanted GaN layers, the Raman monitoring of AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field‐effect transistors and the in situ Raman monitoring of GaN growth at elevated temperatures. Ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy has been employed to characterize material properties of GaN surface layers and GaN/AlGaN interfaces. Raman mapping is illustrated on bulk AlN crystals to investigate stress fields related to growth striations and defects. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Antibacterial Properties of Dermaseptin S4 Derivatives with In Vivo Activity (2002)

Derivatives of the cytotoxic peptide dermaseptin S4 have recently emerged as potential antimicrobial agents. Here, we report on the antibacterial properties of three derivatives with improved toxicity profiles: a 28-residues K4K20-S4 and two shorter versions, K4-S4(1-16) and K4-S4(1-13). The range of MICs of K4K20-S4 against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were, respectively, 1 to 4, 1 to 4, and 1 to 16 microg/ml. MICs of the short derivatives were rather similar or two to fourfold higher. Each of the three peptides was rapidly bactericidal in vitro, reducing the number of viable CFU of either E. coli or S. aureus by 6 log units in 30 min or less. Compared with MSI-78 or PG-1, K4-S4(1-13) was at least as potent against bacteria (assessed at two MIC multiples) but displayed lesser toxicity against human erythrocytes. Serial passage in subinhibitory concentrations led to emergence of resistance to commercial antibiotics but not to the L- or D isomer of either of the dermaseptin derivatives. The short derivatives were further investigated for antibacterial activity in vivo, using a peritonitis model of mice infected with P. aeruginosa. Naive mice in the vehicle control group exhibited 75% mortality, compared to 18 or 36% mortality in mice that received a single intraperitoneal injection (4.5 mg/kg) of K4-S4(1-16) or K4-S4(1-13), respectively. In vivo bactericidal activity was confirmed in neutropenic mice, where intraperitoneal administration of K4-S4(1-16) reduced the number of viable CFU in a dose-dependent manner by >3 log units within 1 h of exposure, and this was sustained for at least 5 h. Overall, the data suggest that dermaseptin S4 derivatives could be useful in treatment of infections, including infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Protecting poorly chosen secrets from guessing attacks (1993)

In a security system that allows people to choose their own passwords, people tend to choose passwords that can be easily guessed. This weakness exists in practically all widely used systems. Instead of forcing users to choose secrets that are likely to be difficult for them to remember, solutions that maintain user convenience and a high level of security at the same time are proposed. The basic idea is to ensure that data available to the attacker is sufficiently unpredictable to prevent an offline verification of whether a guess is successful or not. Common forms of guessing attacks are examined, examples of cryptographic protocols that are immune to such attacks are developed, and a systematic way to examine protocols to detect vulnerabilities to such attacks is suggested.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Esther Fischer-Homberger, Krankheit Frau und andere Arbeiten zur Medizingeschichte der Frau, Berne, Stuttgart, and Vienna, Huber, 1979, 8vo, pp. 160, illus., S.Fr. 34.00/DM. 38.00 (paperback). (1981)

Esther Fischer-Homberger, Krankheit Frau und andere Arbeiten zur Medizingeschichte der Frau, Berne, Stuttgart, and Vienna, Huber, 1979, 8vo, pp. 160, illus., S.Fr. 34.00/DM. 38.00 (paperback). - Volume 25 Issue 1
Low-loss multiple quantum well GaInAs/InP optical waveguides (1989)

Propagation losses as low as 0.24±0.06 dB/cm are demonstrated for single-mode, GaInAs/InP multiple quantum well rib waveguides at 1.52 μm wavelength. We show that reproducibly low losses (≤0.6 dB/cm for rib widths ≥3 μm) can be maintained over a large chip area (9.4×5 mm2). Origins of the loss are discussed.
ASAP: Amplification, sequencing & annotation of plastomes (2005)

This simple, inexpensive method now allows immediate access to plastid sequence, increasing experimental throughput and serving generally as a universal platform for plastid genome characterization. The method applies well to whole genome studies and speeds assessment of variability across species, making it a useful tool in plastid structural genomics.
Web-Based Learning: Relationships Among Student Motivation, Attitude, Learning Styles, And Achievement (2001)

This study analyzed the relationships between student achievement and the following variables: attitude, motivation, learning styles, and selected demographics. This population study included 99 students taking two web-based courses offered by the college of agriculture at a land grant university. Seventy-four (75%) students completed a learning style test, an on-line questionnaire, and received a grade by the end of the semester. The learning style test was the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), which classified students as either field-dependent or field-independent. The on-line questionnaire consisted of two scales (motivation and attitude), whose pilot-test reliabilities were .71 and .91, respectively. Over two-thirds of the students taking the web-based courses were field-independent learners; however, there were no significant differences (.05 level) in achievement between field-dependent and field-independent students. Also, students with different learning styles and backgrounds learned equally well in web-based courses. The students enjoyed the convenience and self-controlled learning pace and were motivated by competition and high expectations in web-based learning. Motivation was the only significant factor that explained more than one-fourth of student achievement measured by class grade.
A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010)

We present a tutorial on Bayesian optimization, a method of finding the maximum of expensive cost functions. Bayesian optimization employs the Bayesian technique of setting a prior over the objective function and combining it with evidence to get a posterior function. This permits a utility-based selection of the next observation to make on the objective function, which must take into account both exploration (sampling from areas of high uncertainty) and exploitation (sampling areas likely to offer improvement over the current best observation). We also present two detailed extensions of Bayesian optimization, with experiments---active user modelling with preferences, and hierarchical reinforcement learning---and a discussion of the pros and cons of Bayesian optimization based on our experiences.
Randomized, Controlled Trial of Low-dose Inhaled Nitric Oxide in the Treatment of Term and Near-term Infants With Respiratory Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension (1999)

In infants with PPHN, iNO 1): at 2 ppm does not acutely improve oxygenation or prevent clinical deterioration, but does attenuate the rate of clinical deterioration; and 2) at 20 ppm acutely improves oxygenation in infants initially treated with 0 ppm, but not in infants previously treated with iNO at 2 ppm. Initial treatment with a subtherapeutic dose of iNO may diminish the clinical response to 20 ppm of iNO and have adverse clinical sequelae.