gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bringing the heavy: carbon ion therapy in the radiobiological and clinical context (2014)

Radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer is undergoing an evolution, shifting to the use of heavier ion species. For a plethora of malignancies, current radiotherapy using photons or protons yields marginal benefits in local control and survival. One hypothesis is that these malignancies have acquired, or are inherently radioresistant to low LET radiation. In the last decade, carbon ion radiotherapy facilities have slowly been constructed in Europe and Asia, demonstrating favorable results for many of the malignancies that do poorly with conventional radiotherapy. However, from a radiobiological perspective, much of how this modality works in overcoming radioresistance, and extending local control and survival are not yet fully understood. In this review, we will explain from a radiobiological perspective how carbon ion radiotherapy can overcome the classical and recently postulated contributors of radioresistance (α/β ratio, hypoxia, cell proliferation, the tumor microenvironment and metabolism, and cancer stem cells). Furthermore, we will make recommendations on the important factors to consider, such as anatomical location, in the future design and implementation of clinical trials. With the existing data available we believe that the expansion of carbon ion facilities into the United States is warranted.
Galectin-1 Acts as a Soluble Host Factor That Promotes HIV-1 Infectivity through Stabilization of Virus Attachment to Host Cells (2005)

The establishment of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection is initiated by the stable attachment of the virion to the target cell surface. Although this process relies primarily upon interaction between virus-encoded gp120 and cell surface CD4, a number of distinct interactions influence binding of HIV-1 to host cells. In this study, we report that galectin-1, a dimeric beta-galactoside-binding protein, promotes infection with R5, X4, and R5X4 variants. Galectin-1 acts as a soluble adhesion molecule by facilitating attachment of HIV-1 to the cell surface. This postulate is based on experiments where galectin-1 rendered HIV-1 particles more refractory to various agents that block HIV-1 adsorption and coreceptor binding (i.e., a blocking anti-CD4, soluble CD4, human anti-HIV-1 polyclonal Abs; stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha; RANTES). Experiments performed with the fusion inhibitor T-20 confirmed that galectin-1 is primarily affecting HIV-1 attachment. The relevance of the present findings for the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection is provided by the fact that galectin-1 is abundantly expressed in the thymus and lymph nodes, organs that represent major reservoirs for HIV-1. Moreover, galectin-1 is secreted by activated CD8(+) T lymphocytes, which are found in high numbers in HIV-1-positive patients. Therefore, it is proposed that galectin-1, which is released in an exocrine fashion at HIV-1 replication sites, can cross-link HIV-1 and target cells and promote a firmer adhesion of the virus to the cell surface, thereby augmenting the efficiency of the infection process. Overall, our findings suggest that galectin-1 might affect the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection.
On the natriuretic effect of verapamil: inhibition of ENaC and transepithelial sodium transport (2002)

The natriuretic effect of Ca(2+) channel blockers has been attributed to hemodynamic changes and to poorly defined direct tubular effects. To test the possibility that verapamil may inhibit Na(+) reabsorption at the distal tubule, its effect on transepithelial Na(+) transport in aldosterone-stimulated A6 cells was determined. Cells were grown on permeable supports, and short-circuit current (I(sc)) measured in an Ussing chamber was used as a surrogate marker for transepithelial Na(+) transport. Application of 300 microM verapamil to the apical side inhibited I(sc) by 77% and was nearly as potent as 100 microM amiloride, which inhibited I(sc) by 87%. Verapamil-induced inhibition of I(sc) was accompanied by a significant increase in transepithelial resistance, suggesting blockade of an apical conductance. Its action on transepithelial Na(+) transport does not appear to occur through inhibition of L-type Ca(2+) channels, since I(sc) was unaffected by removal of extracellular Ca(2+). Verapamil also does not appear to inhibit I(sc) by modulating intracellular Ca(2+) stores, since it fails to inhibit transepithelial Na(+) transport when added to the basolateral side. The effect on Na(+) transport is specific for verapamil, since nifedipine, Ba(2+), 4-aminopyridine, and charybdotoxin do not significantly affect I(sc). A direct effect of verapamil on the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) was tested using oocytes injected with the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-subunits. We conclude that verapamil inhibits transepithelial Na(+) transport in A6 cells by blocking ENaC and that the natriuresis observed with administration of verapamil may be due in part to its action on ENaC.
Nanoscale Ion-Pair Reversed-Phase HPLC−MS for Sensitive Metabolome Analysis (2010)

In this article, we introduce a method using nanoscale ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (nano-IP-RP-HPLC) hyphenated to nanoelectrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (nano-ESI-HRMS) to separate and identify metabolites in cell extracts. Separation of metabolites was performed on a 100 μm i.d. C18 column with tributylamine (TBA) as the ion-pairing reagent and methanol as the eluent. Basic pH (9.4) of the mobile phase was critical to achieve sufficient retention and sharp metabolite elution at a low concentration of TBA (1.7 mM). Limits of detection were determined for 54 standards with an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer to be in the upper attomole to low femtomole range for key metabolites such as nucleotides, phosphorylated sugars, organic acids, and coenzyme A thioesters in solvent as well as in a complex matrix. To further evaluate the method, metabolome analysis was performed injecting different amounts of biomass of the methylotroph model organism Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. A (12)C/(13)C labeling strategy was implemented to improve metabolite identification. Analysis of three biological replicates performed with 1.5 ng of cell dry weight biomass equivalents resulted in the identification of 20 ± 4 metabolites, and analysis of 150 ng allowed identifying 157 ± 5 metabolites from a large spectrum of metabolite classes.
Highly Enantioselective Cu‐Catalyzed Conjugate Additions of Dialkylzinc Reagents to Unsaturated Furanones and Pyranones: Preparation of Air‐Stable and Catalytically Active Cu–Peptide Complexes (2005)

The first generally effective method for catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition (ACA) of dialkylzinc reagents to unsaturated furanones and pyranones (see scheme) with different steric and electronic properties is reported. Synthesis, isolation, and characterization of catalytically active and air-stable chiral Cu–peptide complexes are also described.
The Oral, Once‐Daily Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor Roflumilast Lacks Relevant Pharmacokinetic Interactions With Inhaled Budesonide (2007)

This open-label, randomized, 3-period crossover study evaluated the pharmacokinetic interaction potential of roflumilast and budesonide following repeated coadministration to healthy male subjects (N = 12). Treatments consisted of oral roflumilast 500 mug, once daily, orally inhaled budesonide 800 mug, twice daily, and concomitant administration of both treatments for 7 days each. Roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide in plasma and budesonide serum levels were measured by specific assays. Geometric mean test/reference ratios of steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by analysis of variance. Safety and tolerability were monitored. Pharmacokinetic parameters of roflumilast, roflumilast N-oxide, and budesonide after coadministration of roflumilast and budesonide were similar to those after mono-treatment. Compared with budesonide and roflumilast mono-treatments, slightly lower maximum serum/plasma concentration (C(max)) and area under the curve (AUC) values of roflumilast N-oxide and budesonide (ranging from -8% to -16%) were observed with combined treatment. All test/reference ratios were within predefined equivalence acceptance ranges for roflumilast AUC (0.80, 1.25) and C(max) (0.70, 1.43) and for roflumilast N-oxide and budesonide AUC and C(max) (all 0.67, 1.50). Coadministration of roflumilast and budesonide did not alter the steady-state disposition of each other and did not affect safety and tolerability of either drug.
STRUCTUREFUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS OF HIGHLY REFINED CELLULOSE (2001)

Highly Refined Cellulose (HRC) used in this project was made from fibrous agricultural residues through apatented proprietary process. The structural properties of HRC are of great importance to its applications. The relationshipsbetween its structural and functional properties were studied in this research. The lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose contentof HRC were measured using thermogravity analysis. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS)was used to identify and characterize the chemical structure of HRC. A Micromeritics ASAP 2000 was used to analyze themorphology of HRC, and crystallinity ratio was obtained through Xray diffraction. The raw material had hemicellulosecontent ranging from 25% to 35%, while HRC had less than 2% hemicellulose. Lignin content was reduced from 35% of rawmaterials to 22.3% of HRC. The DRIFTS of HRC indicated that the resultant HRC materials had a structure typical ofcellulose. The water retention capacity (WRC) and oil retention capacity (ORC) of HRC were 23.540.0 g water per gramsample and 13.720.8 g oil per g sample. These values were greater than those for the raw materials. The Langmuir surfacearea, BET surface area, and pore diameter of HRC were 7 to 11 times, 4 to 7 times, and 1.2 to 1.5 times values for the rawmaterials, respectively. The linear correlation coefficients between WRC and BET surface area, and between WRC andLangmuir surface area, were 0.93 and 0.96, respectively. Crystallinity ratio (1.52.2) was negatively correlated with bothBET surface area and Langmuir surface area. The linear correlation coefficient between crystallinity ratio and pore diameterwas 0.84. This study provides basic understanding of the properties of HRC and information that can be used to design andcontrol the manufacturing of HRC products.
Molecular cloning and expression of a member of the aquaporin family with permeability to glycerol and urea in addition to water expressed at the basolateral membrane of kidney collecting duct cells. (1994)

Water transport in highly water-permeable membranes is conducted by water-selective pores--namely, water channels. The recent cloning of water channels revealed the water-selective characteristics of these proteins when expressed in Xenopus oocytes or reconstituted in liposomes. Currently, it is assumed that the function of water channels is to transport only water. We now report the cloning of a member of the water channel that also transports nonionic small molecules such as urea and glycerol. We named this channel aquaporin 3 (AQP3) for its predominant water permeability. AQP3 has amino acid sequence identity with major intrinsic protein (MIP) family proteins including AQP-channel-forming integral membrane protein, AQP-collecting duct, MIP, AQP-gamma tonoplast intrinsic protein, nodulin 26, and glycerol facilitator (33-42%). Thus, AQP3 is an additional member of the MIP family. Osmotic water permeability of Xenopus oocytes measured by videomicroscopy was 10-fold higher in oocytes injected with AQP3 transcript than with water-injected oocytes. The increase in osmotic water permeability was inhibited by HgCl2, and this effect was reversed by a reducing agent, 2-mercaptoethanol. Although to a smaller degree, AQP3 also facilitated the transport of nonionic small solutes such as urea and glycerol, while the previously cloned water channels are permeable only to water when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. AQP3 mRNA was expressed abundantly in kidney medulla and colon. In kidney, it was exclusively immunolocalized at the basolateral membrane of collecting duct cells. AQP3 may function as a water and urea exit mechanism in antidiuresis in collecting duct cells.
Genetic differences in hemoglobin influence on erythrocyte oxidative stress hemolysis (1987)

The RBC from mice of certain inbred strains hemolyzed under oxidative stress (2.0 mmol/L hydrogen peroxide), whereas red cells from mice of other strains did not. In the experimental system human erythrocytes did not hemolyze. The rate of formation of malonyldialdehyde (a fatty acid oxidative breakdown product) was fourfold higher in hemolytic v nonhemolytic red cells. There was insufficient variation in the levels of glutathione, peroxidase activity or its substrate, reduced glutathione, to explain these hemolysis differences. On the other hand, the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and hydroxytoluene, and histidine protected the hemolysis-prone red cells from breaking open. The hemolysis trait demonstrated autosomal recessive Mendelian inheritance. When using inbred, recombinant inbred, and congenic inbred mice, this hemolysis/nonhemolysis trait correlated 1:1 with the type of hemoglobin beta chain in the RBC. This experimental system is a potential model for investigating the role of hemoglobin in prehemolytic events.
Tristable Switching in Surface Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals with a Large Spontaneous Polarization (1988)

A new switching process was observed in surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals. The switching is associated with a third stable state in addition to the well-known bistable states. The appearance of the third state is characteristic of materials with a large spontaneous polarization and is caused by minimizing induced polarization charges. The switching between each bistable state and the third state exhibits a sharp dc-threshold and hysteresis, suggesting a possible application for a switching device.
CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Enhances Tumor Response to Radiation (2004)

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are synthetic DNA sequences containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs with potent immunomodulatory effects. Via Toll-like receptor 9 agonism of dendritic cells and B cells, CpG ODNs induce cytokines, activate natural killer cells, and elicit vigorous T-cell responses that lead to significant antitumor effects, including improved efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. On the basis of these properties of CpG ODNs, we tested whether they also could enhance tumor response to radiotherapy. Using an immunogenic mouse tumor, designated FSa, the response to radiotherapy was assayed by tumor growth delay and tumor cure rate (TCD(50), radiation dose yielding 50% tumor cure rate). Treatments were initiated when established tumors were either 6 or 8 mm in diameter. CpG ODN as a single agent given s.c. peritumorally had little effect on tumor growth; however, it dramatically enhanced tumor growth delay in response to single-dose radiation by a factor of 2.58-2.65. CpG ODN also dramatically improved tumor radiocurability, reducing the TCD(50) by a factor of 1.93, from 39.6 (36.1-43.1) Gy to 20.5 (14.3-25.7) Gy. The CpG ODN-induced enhancement of tumor radioresponse was diminished in tumor-bearing mice immunocompromised by sublethal whole-body radiation. Tumors treated with CpG ODN and radiation showed histologic changes characterized by increased necrosis, heavy infiltration by host inflammatory cells (lymphocytes and granulocytes), and reduced tumor cell density. These results show that CpG ODNs are potent enhancers of tumor radioresponse and as such have potential to improve clinical radiotherapy.
Operational of ISFET as a pH Sensor by Using Signal Modulated Reference Electrode (2009)

As an alternative to miniaturize sensor size, study on Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) as a pH sensor by applying AC modulation signal to the reference electrode is presented. The small size of solid state reference electrode was fabricated onto the silicon. The reference electrode was developed by using metal and covered with an insulator. An AC modulating signal, from 10 Hz up to 1 MHz is used to study the biasing effect to the reference electrode and subsequently to modulate ISFET channel for output. From the experimental result, ISFET was successfully responding as a pH sensor at low frequency of AC modulating signal.
Short-term methotrexate administration by low-dose infusion-does it influence clearance of psoriasis? (1989)

Twenty-four patients between them received 86 low-dose methotrexate infusions (given over 36 or 48 h) delivered by a Graseby syringe pump in addition to conventional topical therapy during hospital admission for treatment of severe psoriasis (either erythrodermic or severe widespread plaque-type). The average length of hospital stay, usually the time taken to achieve complete clearance, and the average relapse time in the group of patients overall showed no differences from a control group of 25 patients (matched for age and sex) having a similar severity of psoriasis treated without methotrexate. However, separation of the patients into three sub-groups (erythrodermic, severe and 'unstable' widespread plaque-type, and severe and 'stable' widespread plaque-type disease) revealed that erythrodermic patients, as expected, cleared significantly quicker when receiving methotrexate although severe and 'unstable' widespread plaque-type patients had their clearance times possibly prolonged by short-term methotrexate administration. Although methotrexate is commonly used for long-term management of patients with severe psoriasis, short-term methotrexate administered in this manner cannot necessarily be recommended for severe widespread plaque-type disease. Measurement of methotrexate levels in a further 24 patients with severe psoriasis receiving 47 low-dose infusions revealed relatively constant and predictable methotrexate concentrations. Acute side-effects of methotrexate given by the infusion method were minor and uncommon, the infusion being well tolerated by patients. However, the low-dose infusion technique did not, apparently, offer any advantage over conventional methotrexate administration.
Comparative analysis of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), placental alpha-microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) and nitrazine test to diagnose premature rupture of membranes in pregnancy (2010)

PAMG-1 was the most accurate test in diagnosing rupture of membranes and had the highest sensitivity, specificity, PPVs and NPVs.
<title>Measuring Surfaces Space-Coded By A Laser-Projected Dot Matrix</title> (1979)

We describe a mathematically-rigorous easy-to-use portable topographical mapping technique that within seconds or less can determine the heights of a surface at 16,000 (128x128) distinct sample points. The necessary data derive from (narrow-optical-bandpass) TV images of a surface which has been illuminated and space-coded by a rapid sequence of laser-projected dot patterns.
Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature (2009)

The IUPAC system of polymer nomenclature has aided the generation of unambiguous names that re ect the historical development of chemistry. However, the explosion in the circulation of information and the globalization of human activities mean that it is now necessary to have a common language for use in legal situations, patents, export-import regulations, and environmental health and safety information. Rather than recommending a ‘unique name’ for each structure, rules have been developed for assigning ‘preferred IUPAC names’, while continuing to allow alternatives in order to preserve the diversity and adaptability of nomenclature.Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature is the only publication to collect the most important work on this subject into a single volume. It serves as a handy compendium for scientists and removes the need for time consuming literature searches. One of a series issued by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), it covers the terminology used in many and varied aspects of polymer science as well as the nomenclature of several di erent types of polymer including regular and irregular single-strand organic polymers, copolymers and regular double-strand (ladder and spiro) organic polymers.
All Solid-State Lithium-Polymer Battery Using a Self-Cross-Linking Polymer Electrolyte (2003)

A self-cross-linking polymer electrolyte based on polystyrene-incorporated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) containing LiTFSI has been tested in an all solid-state lithium-polymer battery with a solid polymer electrolyte. The polymer electrolyte showed high stability toward metallic lithium. Mechanical properties of the electrolyte film were much improved by incorporating the polystyrene, but ion conductivity was decreased to half of the value obtained in pure PEO electrolyte film. The cell was charged and discharged at a high temperature (80°C), providing about 80% utilization of the positive electrode. The cell showed good cycle life at 80°C, keeping 90% of the initial capacity after 50 cycles. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
CLINICAL PROFILES (1968)

Abstract Experience by many observers in the last few years has shown that intravenously administered iron dextran is a useful and safe agent in the management of iron-deficiency anemia. The conscientious physician, who has diagnosed iron deficiency by the absence of hemosiderin in marrow or by the characteristic serum values for iron and total iron-binding capacity, may well prefer to inject the calculated correct amount of iron rather than depend on the capriciousness of the patient’s gastrointestinal tract or pill-taking habits. In clinical situations in which the doctor-patient contacts are severely limited in number, intravenous injection may be the only reliable way to administer the proper amount of iron. Treatment by intravenous injection, only after employing firm diagnostic criteria, may restore iron to its proper place in the physician’s armamentarium and elevate it from buckshot to bullet.
Novel tyrosine kinase substrates from Rous sarcoma virus-transformed cells are present in the membrane skeleton. (1989)

We have previously reported the production of monoclonal antibodies directed against phosphotyrosine, which is the modification induced by many oncogene products and growth factor receptors. One of these antiphosphotyrosine antibodies (py20) was used in affinity chromatography to isolate phosphotyrosine (PY)-containing proteins from Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chick embryo fibroblasts (RSV-CEFs). Mice were immunized with these PY-proteins for the production of monoclonal antibodies to individual substrates. Fifteen antibodies were generated in this way to antigens with molecular masses of 215, 76, 60, and 22 kD. Antibodies to individual substrates were used to analyze the subcellular location in normal and RSV-CEFs. Antibodies to the 215- and 76-kD antigen stained focal contacts when used in immunofluorescence microscopy while anti-22-kD protein antibodies resulted in punctate staining concentrated in the margins of cells and in parallel arrays. Both distributions were altered in transformed cells. When cells were extracted with nonionic detergent under conditions that stabilize the cytoskeleton, 50% of the 76-kD protein and greater than 90% of the 22-kD protein fractionated with the cytoskeleton. This study offers a new approach to both the identification of membrane skeletal proteins in fibroblasts and changes that occur upon transformation by an activated tyrosine kinase.