gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Update on Terminology and Reporting (1995)

The terms chronic active hepatitis (CAH), chronic persistent hepatitis (CpH), and chronic lobular hepatitis (CLH) have become obsolete, and their use without further specifications should be discontinued. This recommendation has become necessary because these names have changed from descriptive terms, intended for grading, to terms that are used either as morphologic diagnoses or disease designations or both, depending on individual preferences. Because this practice has caused serious misunderstandings, many authors and two international groups have recommended the use of a clear etiologic terminology. For the reporting practice of pathologists, we recommend that the pathologist routinely sign out biopsy samples with features of chronic hepatitis by indicating etiology, grade, and stage. An example would be autoimmune hepatitis, severe, stage 3. The stage in this case would indicate the presence of well-developed septal fibrosis but no nodular regeneration. Obviously, for the etiologic diagnosis, morphologic findings must be integrated with clinical and laboratory data. If this information is not available, clear morphologic diagnoses should be reported. Thus, instead of CPH, the diagnosis should be portal hepatitis, cause undetermined. This reporting practice eliminates ambiguous terminology and avoids the risk of inappropriate treatment as might occur, for example, when a term such as CAH is used to describe Wilson's disease and is misunderstood to mean autoimmune hepatitis. For a transitional period and to facilitate relearning, the terms CAH, CPH, and CLH can be reported in parentheses behind the etiologic diagnosis.
Pathways for Carboxylic Acid Decomposition on Transition Metal Oxides (1994)

Abstract The concept of structure sensitivity is well established for reactions catalyzed by metals as it has been generally demonstrated by the use of supported metal catalysts exhibiting different particle size [l-71. The con-cept of structure sensitivity in catalysis by metal oxides is considerably less well developed than in catalysis by metals, in spite of the growing number of examples of such reactions. Characterization of oxide catalyst is generally more problematical than that of metal; it is difficult, for example, to titrate the active surface areas of supported oxides by chemisorption techniques. Carboxylic acid decomposition could be used as a probe to establish struc-tural dependence and selectivity on metal oxides. For example, in the case of formic acid decomposition, bimolecular decomposition of two adsorbed formates occurs on a surface with Ti4+ cation of fourfold oxygen coordi-znation while unimolecular decomposition occurs in the case of formates adsorbed on Ti4+ fivefold coordinated cations [8]. Similarly, acetic acid adsorbed on Ti02 with Ti0,(011) leads to the production of ketene by unimolecular dehydration whereas on the Ti02(l 14) faceted surface, bi-molecular reaction of surface acetate takes place to form acetone [9, 101. Thus understanding the pathway of decomposition of carboxylic acid is likely not only to throw light on the new catalyst search for ketene formation but also to establish the use of this molecular decomposition model as a probe for the study of the structural property of metal oxide catalysts.
Fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia: genome-wide association studies suggest a regulatory region in the 5′ olfactory receptor gene cluster (2009)

In a genome-wide association study of 848 blacks with sickle cell anemia, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with fetal hemoglobin concentration. The most significant SNPs in a discovery sample were tested in a replication set of 305 blacks with sickle cell anemia and in subjects with hemoglobin E or beta thalassemia trait from Thailand and Hong Kong. A novel region on chromosome 11 containing olfactory receptor genes OR51B5 and OR51B6 was identified by 6 SNPs (lowest P = 4.7E-08) and validated in the replication set. An additional olfactory receptor gene, OR51B2, was identified by a novel SNP set enrichment analysis. Genome-wide association studies also validated a previously identified SNP (rs766432) in BCL11A, a gene known to affect fetal hemoglobin levels (P = 2.6E-21) and in Thailand and Hong Kong subjects. Elements within the olfactory receptor gene cluster might play a regulatory role in gamma-globin gene expression.
Using a prototype-based language for user interface (1995)

Object-oriented user interface frameworks are usually implemented in a class-based language. We chose instead to develop a prototype-based language, NewtonScript, for this purpose. We found that prototype inheritance has compelling advantages over classes in the domain of user interface programming, and can help overcome the memory constraints of a small machine.
Elastic wave propagation in anisotropic media : source theory, traveltime computations and migration (1992)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1992.
ERα Gene Expression in Human Primary Osteoblasts: Evidence for the Expression of Two Receptor Proteins (2001)

Abstract The beneficial influence of E2 in the maintenance of healthy bone is well recognized. However, the way in which the actions of this hormone are mediated is less clearly understood. Western blot analysis of ERα in osteoblasts clearly demonstrated that the well characterized 66-kDa ERα was only one of the ERα isoforms present. Here we describe a 46-kDa isoform of ERα, expressed at a level similar to the 66-kDa isoform, that is also present in human primary osteoblasts. This shorter isoform is generated by alternative splicing of an ERα gene product, which results in exon 1 being skipped with a start codon in exon 2 used to initiate translation of the protein. Consequently, the transactivation domain AF-1 of this ERα isoform is absent. Functional analysis revealed that human (h)ERα46 is able to heterodimerize with the full-length ERα and also with ERβ. Further, a DNA-binding complex that corresponds to hERα46 is detectable in human osteoblasts. We have shown that hERα46 is a strong inhibitor of hERα66 when they are coexpressed in the human osteosarcoma cell line SaOs. As a functional consequence, proliferation of the transfected cells is inhibited when increasing amounts of hERα46 are cotransfected with hERα66. In addition to human bone, the expression of the alternatively spliced ERα mRNA variant is also detectable in bone of ERα knockout mice. These data suggest that, in osteoblasts, E2 can act in part through an ERα isoform that is markedly different from the 66-kDa receptor. The expression of two ERα protein isoforms may account, in part, for the differential action that estrogens and estrogen analogs have in different tissues. In particular, the current models of the action of estrogens should be reevaluated to take account of the presence of at least two ERα protein isoforms in bone and perhaps in other tissues.
Organometallic chemical vapor deposition of high T c superconducting Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O films (1989)

Films of the high Tc Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor have been prepared by organometallic chemical vapor deposition using the volatile metalorganic precursors Cu(acetylacetonate)2 , Sr(dipivaloylmethanate)2 , and Ca(dipivaloylmethanate)2, and triphenylbismuth. Deposition is carried out at 2 Torr with argon as the carrier gas and oxygen and water vapor as reactants. Film growth rates of 2–3 μm/h are achieved. After annealing under oxygen, energy dispersive x-ray analysis and x-ray diffraction data reveal that such films on [100] single-crystal MgO consist predominantly of the Bi2(Sr,Ca)3Cu2Ox, Tc=85 K, phase and have preferential orientation of the crystallite c axes perpendicular to the substrate surface. Four-probe resistivity measurements reveal the onset of film superconductivity at ∼110 K and zero resistance by 75 K.
Responses of white spruce (Picea glauca) to experimental warming at a subarctic alpine treeline (2006)

Abstract From 2001 to 2004 we experimentally warmed 40 large, naturally established, white spruce [ Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] seedlings at alpine treeline in southwest Yukon, Canada, using passive open‐top chambers (OTCs) distributed equally between opposing north and south‐facing slopes. Our goal was to test the hypothesis that an increase in temperature consistent with global climate warming would elicit a positive growth response. OTCs increased growing season air temperatures by 1.8°C and annual growing degree‐days by one‐third. In response, warmed seedlings grew significantly taller and had higher photosynthetic rates compared with control seedlings. On the south aspect, soil temperatures averaged 1.0°C warmer and the snow‐free period was nearly 1 month longer. These seedlings grew longer branches and wider annual rings than seedlings on the north aspect, but had reduced Photosystem‐II efficiency and experienced higher winter needle mortality. The presence of OTCs tended to reduce winter dieback over the course of the experiment. These results indicate that climate warming will enhance vertical growth rates of young conifers, with implications for future changes to the structure and elevation of treeline contingent upon exposure‐related differences. Our results suggest that the growth of seedlings on north‐facing slopes is limited by low soil temperature in the presence of permafrost, while growth on south‐facing slopes appears limited by winter desiccation and cold‐induced photoinhibition.
Finite volume method for stress analysis in complex domains (1994)

Abstract In this paper an alternative to the widely used finite element method for the solution of stress analysis problems is presented. The method employs a finite volume discretization of solid body equilibrium equation written in an integral form with displacement vector as a dependent variable in conjunction with an efficient iterative procedure for the solution of resulting algebraic equations. It uses unstructured meshes with arbitrary cell topology, which greatly facilitates the solution domain discretization. The method is verified on a number of test cases and it is shown to possess all the geometrical flexibility of the finite element methods and the simplicity and efficiency of the finite volume methods.
Relative brain displacement and deformation during constrained mild frontal head impact (2010)

This study describes the measurement of fields of relative displacement between the brain and the skull in vivo by tagged magnetic resonance imaging and digital image analysis. Motion of the brain relative to the skull occurs during normal activity, but if the head undergoes high accelerations, the resulting large and rapid deformation of neuronal and axonal tissue can lead to long-term disability or death. Mathematical modelling and computer simulation of acceleration-induced traumatic brain injury promise to illuminate the mechanisms of axonal and neuronal pathology, but numerical studies require knowledge of boundary conditions at the brain-skull interface, material properties and experimental data for validation. The current study provides a dense set of displacement measurements in the human brain during mild frontal skull impact constrained to the sagittal plane. Although head motion is dominated by translation, these data show that the brain rotates relative to the skull. For these mild events, characterized by linear decelerations near 1.5g (g = 9.81 m s⁻²) and angular accelerations of 120-140 rad s⁻², relative brain-skull displacements of 2-3 mm are typical; regions of smaller displacements reflect the tethering effects of brain-skull connections. Strain fields exhibit significant areas with maximal principal strains of 5 per cent or greater. These displacement and strain fields illuminate the skull-brain boundary conditions, and can be used to validate simulations of brain biomechanics.
Effect of Solvent on Drug Release and a Spray-Coated Matrix of a Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Coated with Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (2014)

Sirolimus (SRL) release from the biodegradable poly(l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) matrix was investigated for the application of drug-eluting stents (DES). In particular, this study focused on whether various organic solvents affect the interaction between SRL and PLGA and the formation of microstructures during ultrasonic coating. The SRL-loaded PLGA coated by tetrahydrofuran or acetone showed a significant initial burst, whereas that from acetonitrile was constantly released during a period of 21 days. On the basis of these results, the interactions at the molecular level of SRL with the polymer matrix were estimated according to various organic solvents. Although the topographies of the coated surface were obviously different, the correlation between surface roughness and SRL release was very poor. Irrespective of organic solvents, FT-IR data showed significantly weak SRL-PLGA interactions. From the result of wide-angle X-ray diffraction, it was confirmed that SRL was dispersed in an amorphous state in the polymer matrix after ultrasonic coating. The glass-transition temperature was also influenced by organic solvents, resulting in a plasticizing effect. The particle size of SRL appeared to determine the release profile from the PLGA matrix, which was the combination of diffusion and polymer degradation at an SRL size of more than 800 nm and the Fickian release at that of less than 300 nm. Therefore, organic solvents can lead to a heterogeneous microstructure in the SRL-loaded PLGA matrix, which is at or near the surface, consisting of aggregated drug- and polymer-rich regions. It is expected that the drug release can be controlled by physicochemical properties of organic solvents, and this study can be used effectively for localized drug release in biomedical devices such as drug-eluting stents.
Points of action of estrogen antagonists and a calmodulin antagonist within the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell cycle. (1989)

Tamoxifen and other structurally related nonsteroidal antiestrogens possess properties in addition to their estrogen antagonist activity including inhibition of both calmodulin and protein kinase C. The present studies were designed to test whether the estrogen-reversible (estrogen receptor mediated) and estrogen-irreversible effects of nonsteroidal antiestrogens on cell cycle progression in vitro were mediated at the same or different points within the cell cycle and if the estrogen-irreversible effects coincided temporally with that of a calmodulin antagonist, R24571. Initial experiments investigated the effects of ICI 164384, a pure estrogen antagonist, on proliferation kinetics in asynchronous cultures of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. At concentrations greater than 1 nM ICI 164384 significantly reduced growth rate while at greater than or equal to 50 nM, ICI 164384 completely arrested growth after the first 24 h of exposure. Concentrations up to 5 microM failed either to cause more profound effects on growth or induce cytotoxicity. Growth inhibition was associated with a decrease in the proportion of S phase cells and an accumulation of cells in G1 phase, and was completely reversed by the simultaneous addition of equimolar estradiol. In order to identify the points of action within the cell cycle of ICI 164384, and the estrogen-reversible and estrogen-irreversible components of the nonsteroidal estrogen antagonist, hydroxyclomiphene, and the calmodulin antagonist, R24571, experiments were undertaken with MCF-7 cells synchronized by mitotic selection. The mean point of action was assessed by delaying addition of the drugs for increasing time periods following mitotic selection and using DNA flow cytometry to determine the proportion of the population affected by drug administration at a specific time within G1 phase. These studies showed that sensitivity to ICI 164384 was restricted to the early part of G1 phase and that the mean time of action was 4.9 h after the beginning of G1 for this pure estrogen antagonist. The mean times of action of the estrogen-reversible (4.1 h into G1 phase) and estrogen-irreversible (4.1 h) mechanisms of action of hydroxyclomiphene, and R24571 (4.0 h), all appeared to be within a similar time frame in early to mid G1 phase. It is concluded that ICI 164384 inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation by inducing a transition delay in G1 phase and that the point of action of this pure estrogen antagonist in early G1 phase is indistinguishable temporally from that of nonsteroidal antiestrogens and calmodulin antagonists.
Maximum-likelihood estimation of molecular haplotype frequencies in a diploid population. (1995)

Molecular techniques allow the survey of a large number of linked polymorphic loci in random samples from diploid populations. However, the gametic phase of haplotypes is usually unknown when diploid individuals are heterozygous at more than one locus. To overcome this difficulty, we implement an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm leading to maximum-likelihood estimates of molecular haplotype frequencies under the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg proportions. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated for simulated data representing both DNA sequences and highly polymorphic loci with different levels of recombination. As expected, the EM algorithm is found to perform best for large samples, regardless of recombination rates among loci. To ensure finding the global maximum likelihood estimate, the EM algorithm should be started from several initial conditions. The present approach appears to be useful for the analysis of nuclear DNA sequences or highly variable loci. Although the algorithm, in principle, can accommodate an arbitrary number of loci, there are practical limitations because the computing time grows exponentially with the number of polymorphic loci. Although the algorithm, in principle, can accommodate an arbitrary number of loci, there are practical limitations because the computing time grows exponentially with the number of polymorphic loci.
Adjuvants and Delivery Issues Related to Immunization: A Survey of the Recent Patent Literature (1998)

Vaccines have provided generations of individuals with protection against a number of devastating childhood diseases and, in the case of smallpox, have eradicated the disease. Arguably, this preventive approach to health care may have saved more lives than all other therapeutic approaches combined. Being commonly composed of killed-whole or live-attenuated organisms, successful vaccines have been capable of not only presenting crucial epitopes required for protective immunity but also components which stimulate the immune system provide a response of sufficient intensity to provide sustained protection. It is unlikely, however, that these same vaccines would be approved in today's regulatory climate where manufacturers must validate a highly reproducible manufacturing process and demonstrate the exact composition of the final product through stringent quality control (Gupta, 1997). Therefore, companies involved in the identification of new vaccines and their production appear to be moving away from the ill-defined and poorly-controlled immunogens of the past. Instead, they have started employing recombinant biotechnology to produce large quantities of specific antigens with the hope that these antigens will provide protective immunity. Antigen identification can take years of investigation. This process could be speeded up, however, by understanding the mechanisms which pathogens such as viruses and bacteria use to infect the host, their replication cycle and the steps they frequently take to evade the host immune system. Such a rational approach to immunogen design results in what has been termed an "intelligent" vaccine (Plough, 1998). "Intelligent" vaccines will likely be completely composed of artificial or synthetically derived products using recombinant and cell culture technologies and hopefully will allow manufacturers to develop products with the desired efficacy and safety profiles required by regulatory authorities. But unlike the complex and ill-defined immunogens of the past, these specific antigens are frequently poorly antigenic by themselves when compared to whole organisms. Co-delivery with a variety of agents, known as adjuvants, has been shown to increase the antigenicity of these poorly antigenic immunogens. In this editorial, I review the recent patent literature as it pertains to targeting of specific antigens and the role played by various classes of adjuvants to enable or enhance such targeted deliveries.
Molecular recognition in the solid state: controlled assembly of hydrogen-bonded molecular sheets (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular recognition in the solid state: controlled assembly of hydrogen-bonded molecular sheetsFernando Garcia-Tellado, Steven J. Geib, Shyamaprosad Goswami, and Andrew D. HamiltonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 24, 9265–9269Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00024a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00024a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views557Altmetric-Citations191LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced T cells prevent the development and adoptive transfer of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice (1993)

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the islet of Langerhans. We have recently reported that the induction of the disease in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice can be prevented by a single injection of CFA. In this study, we have explored the cellular basis and the time course of the disease protection. Since CFA contains a mycobacterial cell wall that has adjuvant property, we investigated the protective role of mycobacteria in young NOD mice. Mice injected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis (BCG vaccine) at 4 wk of age were also found to be protected from diabetes. We have found that complete protection from diabetes is only achieved by administration of CFA between 4 and 10 wk of age. Draining lymph node cells or spleen cells from CFA-treated NOD mice transfer the protection. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from CFA-treated mice with spleen cells from acutely diabetic mice delayed the induction of disease into irradiated recipient mice. CFA-treated old NOD mice were also resistant to passive transfer of disease by spleen cells from acutely diabetic mice. Depletion of the Thy 1.2+ cells or CD4(+)-bearing T cells abrogated the protection. However, disease can be induced in the protected mice by cyclophosphamide treatment. We also found that thymocytes from NOD mice responded only weakly to mitogen Con A. CFA treatment, however, restored the ability of these cells to respond to Con A. Finally, our results suggest that T cells induced after CFA treatment of NOD mice prevent both the induction and effector phases of the disease.