gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structures of the sugar chains of rabbit immunoglobin G: occurrence of asparagine-linked sugar chains in Fab fragment (1985)

The asparagine-linked sugar chains of rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) and its Fc and Fab fragments were quantitatively liberated from the polypeptide portions by hydrazinolysis followed by N-acetylation and NaB3H4 reduction. After fractionation by paper electrophoresis, lectin chromatography, and gel filtration, their structures were studied by sequential exoglycosidase digestion in combination with methylation analysis. Rabbit IgG was shown to contain 2.3 mol of asparagine-linked sugar chains per molecule distributed in both the Fc and Fab fragments. The sugar chains were of the biantennary complex type containing four cores: Man alpha 1----6(Man alpha 1----3)(+/- GlcNAc beta 1----4)Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4(+/- Fuc alpha 1----6)-GlcNAc. A total of 16 distinct neutral oligosaccharide structures was found after sialidase treatment. The galactose residue in the monogalactosylated oligosaccharides was present on either the alpha 1----3 or alpha 1----6 side of the trimannosyl core. The Fab fragments contained neutral, monosialylated, and disialylated oligosaccharides, whereas the Fc fragment contained only neutral and monosialylated structures. The oligosaccharides isolated from the Fab fragments also contained more galactose and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine residues than those from the Fc fragments.
Recombinant Expression Systems for Allergen Vaccines (2006)

Allergen immunotherapy of future is likely to be based on allergy vaccines that contain engineered allergens modified to abolish or substantially reduce their IgE-binding activity in order to remove the risk of unwanted anaphylactic responses. The development of efficient systems for the production of recombinant allergens in sufficient quantities is requirement for establishing use of engineered allergens as components of allergy vaccines. This review outlines relative advantages and disadvantages of various heterologous systems for production of recombinant allergens. Microbial systems are most convenient and cost effective platforms for the production of recombinant allergens. However, lack of post-translational processing implies that some allergens have to be expressed in eukaryotic systems for proper folding and post-translational modifications such as glycosylation. Yeast systems can yield high levels of recombinant allergens but often are associated with hyper- glycosylation problems. Mammalian cell culture systems offer suitable post -translational modifications but are nearly hundred fold more expensive than microbial systems. The use of plants as bio-factories for production of recombinant allergens is emerging as a very attractive option as plants-based production system offer several advantages over other expression systems such as post translational processing of proteins, low production costs, scale up ability and enhanced safety due to absence of animal or human pathogens.
Resonant Magnetic Field Sensors Based On MEMS Technology (2009)

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology allows the integration of magnetic field sensors with electronic components, which presents important advantages such as small size, light weight, minimum power consumption, low cost, better sensitivity and high resolution. We present a discussion and review of resonant magnetic field sensors based on MEMS technology. In practice, these sensors exploit the Lorentz force in order to detect external magnetic fields through the displacement of resonant structures, which are measured with optical, capacitive, and piezoresistive sensing techniques. From these, the optical sensing presents immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and reduces the read-out electronic complexity. Moreover, piezoresistive sensing requires an easy fabrication process as well as a standard packaging. A description of the operation mechanisms, advantages and drawbacks of each sensor is considered. MEMS magnetic field sensors are a potential alternative for numerous applications, including the automotive industry, military, medical, telecommunications, oceanographic, spatial, and environment science. In addition, future markets will need the development of several sensors on a single chip for measuring different parameters such as the magnetic field, pressure, temperature and acceleration.
Tobacco specific N-nitrosamines: occurrence and bioassays. (1982)

A new GC-TEA method for the analysis of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) has been developed. Four TSNA have thus far been identified; these are N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB). The method is currently being applied to the development of cigarette filter-tips which will selectively remove these carcinogens from cigarette smoke. Since recent epidemiological studies have established a correlation between snuff dipping and oral cancer, we have analysed leading snuff brands for TSNA. Snuff products from Sweden, Denmark, Bavaria and the USA contained 5-106 mg/kg of the TSNA and the saliva of snuff dippers had TSNA levels of 20-890 micrograms/kg. NNN, NNK and NAB induce benign and malignant tumours of the respiratory tract of mice and rats. We have shown that NNN and NNK induce tumours in the upper respiratory tract of hamsters and that NNK is the most active carcinogen of the TSNA, also inducing adenoma and adenocarcinoma in the hamster lung. The reported chemical analyses and bioassay results support the epidemiological findings on the causal association of tobacco use and cancer in man.
Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA with thermophilic strand displacement amplification and fluorescence polarization (1996)

Strand displacement amplification (SDA) is an isothermal, in vitro method for diagnostics that amplifies a target DNA sequence by using a restriction enzyme and DNA polymerase. We have combined a new thermophilic form of SDA that involves restriction enzyme BsoBI and polymerase exo-Bca with fluorescence polarization for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA by using the IS6110 insertion element as the target sequence. A 5'-fluorescein-labeled oligodeoxynucleotide detector probe hybridizes to the amplified product as it rises in concentration during SDA, and the single- to double-stranded conversion is monitored through an increase in fluorescence polarization. The associated change in polarization upon amplification of the target sequence is enhanced by specific polymerase binding to the double-stranded detector probe. Fewer than 10 M. tuberculosis genomes can be amplified and detected with an extremely simple protocol that takes only 20 min and uses relatively simple instrumentation and reagents, all of which can be purchased off-the-shelf.
The Repair of Large Osteochondral Defects An Experimental Study in Horses (1972)

CONVERY, F. RICHARD M.D.; AKESON, WAYNE H. M.D.; KEOWN, GORDON H. D.V.M. Author Information
The use of mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering (2008)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are of great interest to both clinicians and researchers for their great potential to enhance tissue engineering. Their ease of isolation, manipulability and potential for differentiation are specifically what have made them so attractive. These multipotent cells have been found to differentiate into cartilage, bone, fat, muscle, tendon, skin, hematopoietic-supporting stroma and neural tissue. Their diverse in vivo distribution includes bone marrow, adipose, periosteum, synovial membrane, skeletal muscle, dermis, pericytes, blood, trabecular bone, human umbilical cord, lung, dental pulp and periodontal ligament. Despite their frequent use in research, no standardized criteria exist for the identification of mesenchymal stem cells; The International Society for Cellular Therapy has sought to change this with a set of guidelines elucidating the major surface markers found on these cells. While many studies have shown MSCs to be just as effective as unipotent cells for certain types of tissue regeneration, limitations do exist due to their immunosuppressive properties. This paper serves as a review pertaining to these issues, as well as others related to the use of MSCs in tissue engineering.
A microcellular processing study of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in the amorphous and semicrystalline states. Part I: Microcell nucleation (1996)

Abstract Microcellular semicrystalline polymers such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) show great promise for engineering applications because of their unique properties, particularly at higher densities. Recent studies reveal some high density microcellular polymers have longer fatigue lives and/or equal strengths to the neat polymer. Relatively few microcellular processing studies of semicrystalline polymers have been presented. In general, semicrystalline polymers are relatively difficult to microcellular process compared to amorphous polymers. In this paper and a companion paper, the microcellular processing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in the amorphous and semicrystalline states is studied in order to quantify the processing differences. The microcellular processing steps addressed in this paper include gas/polymer solution formation and microvoid nucleation. Particular emphasis is given to microvoid nucleation comparing the processing characteristics of semicrystalline and amorphous materials. Moreover, this study identifies a number of critical process parameters. In general, the semicrystalline materials exhibit ten to one thousand times higher cell nucleation densities compared with the amorphous materials, resulting from heterogeneous nucleation contributions. The amorphous materials show a strong dependence on cell density, while the semicrystalline materials show a weaker dependence. Moreover, classical nucleation theory is not adequate to quantitatively predict the effects of saturation pressure on cell nucleation for either the amorphous or semicrystalline polyesters. Both the semicrystalline and amorphous materials exhibit constant nucleation cell densities with increasing foaming time. Foaming temperatures near the glass transition are found to influence the cell density of the amorphous polyesters, indicating some degree of thermally activated nucleation. Furthermore, classical nucleation theory is not adequate to predict the cell density dependence on foaming temperature. Similar to the amorphous polyesters above the glass transition temperature, nucleation in the semicrystalline materials is found to be independent of the foaming temperature.
PCSK9 is not involved in the degradation of LDL receptors and BACE1 in the adult mouse brain (2010)

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secreted protein that regulates hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) levels in humans. PCSK9 has also been shown to regulate the levels of additional membrane-bound proteins in vitro, including the very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), which are all highly expressed in the CNS and have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease. To better understand the role of PCSK9 in regulating these additional target proteins in vivo, their steady-state levels were measured in the brain of wild-type, PCSK9-deficient, and human PCSK9 overexpressing transgenic mice. We found that while PCSK9 directly bound to recombinant LDLR, VLDLR, and apoER2 protein in vitro, changes in PCSK9 expression did not alter the level of these receptors in the mouse brain. In addition, we found no evidence that PCSK9 regulates BACE1 levels or APP processing in the mouse brain. In conclusion, our results suggest that while PCSK9 plays an important role in regulating circulating LDL cholesterol levels by reducing the number of hepatic LDLRs, it does not appear to modulate the levels of LDLR and other membrane-bound proteins in the adult mouse brain.
Adaptive routing for dynamic applications in massively parallel architectures (1995)

Routers in a dynamic environment must efficiently deliver messages without knowledge of an application's process allocation. We've developed an adaptive routing system for a completely dynamic environment. Our system proposes two different strategies, depending on the application's communication patterns. In the first solution, the Hot-Spot Avoiding (HSA) algorithm, each message separately finds the route toward the destination. Even messages exchanged between the same couple of processes follow different, possibly nonminimal, paths. The HSA algorithm uses neighborhood information to choose the node to which the message is forwarded. It limits the number of hops in the source-destination path by reducing the occurrence of loops in it. The second algorithm, Virtual Path (VP), is tailored to long-lasting entities that cooperate intensively by exchanging messages. It achieves efficiency by finding a path at the beginning and following that path for several messages. For performance's sake, this algorithm partially renounces the HSA algorithm's adaptiveness.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Functional domains of the AraC protein. (1993)

The AraC protein, which regulates the L-arabinose operons in Escherichia coli, was dissected into two domains that function in chimeric proteins. One provides a dimerization capability and binds the ligand arabinose, and the other provides a site-specific DNA-binding capability and activates transcription. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that a fusion protein consisting of the N-terminal half of the AraC protein and the DNA-binding domain of the LexA repressor dimerizes, binds well to a LexA operator, and represses expression of a LexA operator-beta-galactosidase fusion gene in an arabinose-responsive manner. In vivo and in vitro experiments also showed that a fusion protein consisting of the C-terminal half of the AraC protein and the leucine zipper dimerization domain from the C/EBP transcriptional activator binds to araI and activates transcription from a PBAD promoter-beta-galactosidase fusion gene. Dimerization was necessary for occupancy and activation of the wild-type AraC binding site.
Mature dendritic cells boost functionally superior CD8+ T-cell in humans without foreign helper epitopes (2000)

We have recently shown that a single injection of mature, antigen-pulsed, human dendritic cells (DCs) rapidly elicits CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell immunity in vivo. The DCs were pulsed with 2 foreign proteins, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and tetanus toxoid (TT), as well as an HLA A2.1-restricted influenza matrix peptide (MP). Responses to all 3 antigens peaked at 30-90 days after immunization and declined thereafter. To determine if the foreign helper proteins (TT and KLH) were essential for CD8(+) T-cell responses to the viral peptide, we reinjected 3 of the HLA-2.1 subjects with mature DCs pulsed with MP alone. All 3 volunteers showed a rapid boost in MP-specific immunity, and freshly sampled blood from 1 contained cytolytic T cells. In all 3 subjects, CD8(+) T-cell responses to booster DCs were faster and of greater magnitude than the responses to the first DC injection. Importantly, the T cells that proliferated after booster DC treatment secreted interferon-gamma upon challenge with much lower doses of viral peptide than those elicited after the first injection, indicating a higher functional avidity for the ligand. These data begin to outline the kinetics of T-cell immunity in response to DCs and demonstrate that booster injections of mature DCs enhance both qualitative and quantitative aspects of CD8(+) T-cell function in humans.
TCGF (IL 2)-receptor inducing factor(s). I. Regulation of IL 2 receptor on a natural killer-like cell line (YT cells). (1985)

A continuous cell line (YT cells) with inducible receptor for T cell growth factor (TCGF)/interleukin 2 (IL 2) was established from a 15-yr-old boy with acute lymphoblastic lymphoma and thymoma. YT cells were tetraploid, having 4q+ chromosomal markers, and proliferated continuously in vitro without conditioned medium (CM) or IL 2. They were weakly positive for OKT9, OKT11, and Tac antigen (Ag), a determinant closely associated with the receptor for IL 2 (IL 2-R), and were negative for OKT1, OKT3, OKT4, and OKT8 Ag. YT cells also expressed HNK-1 Ag and Fc receptors for IgG, which are expressed on natural killer (NK) cells. They retained a killing activity against human cell lines, including K562 (myeloid), T, and B cell lines. Unlike Tac Ag/IL 2-R(+) cell lines derived from adult T cell leukemia (ATL), YT cells were negative for HTLV, as proved by Southern blotting with cDNA for viral DNA. The expression of Tac Ag was markedly enhanced in 18 hr, when YT cells were incubated with CM from PHA-stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) or spleen cells, as determined by immunofluorescence by using flow cytometry and binding assay with 125I-anti-Tac antibody (Ab). The binding study with 125I-labeled recombinant IL 2 showed 3.2 X 10(4) IL 2 receptor sites on YT cells precultured with CM. PHA-P and Con A neither agglutinate nor enhance the expression of IL 2-R/Tac antigen on these non-T cell line cells. Furthermore, neither recombinant IL 2 nor gamma-interferon could induce IL 2-R on YT cells, suggesting the presence of a unique IL 2-R inducing factor in PBL or spleen CM. Unlike Tac Ag on HTLV(+), ATL-derived cell lines (Hut-102, MT-1, ATL-2), the expression of Tac Ag on YT cells was down-regulated by anti-Tac Ab. The induction of Tac Ag/IL 2-R on YT cells seemed specific, because the enhancement of Tac Ag expression was not associated with that of Ia Ag and T9/transferrin receptor.
Intersubband transitions in single AlGaAs/GaAs quantum wells studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (1988)

Infrared intersubband absorption in modulation-doped MOVPE-grown AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs single-quantum wells have been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. High signal to noise ratio was obtained by utilizing the multiple internal reflection (MIR) technique and a quantitative model of the absorption for this geometry was developed. Overlapping from multiphonon absorption was eliminated by using radiation polarized in two orthogonal directions and taking the difference between the resulting spectra, only one of them exhibiting the intersubband peak. The absorption wavelengths and intensities were fitted to theoretical expressions and the dimensions of the quantum wells were compared with independent determinations by photoluminescence, double crystal x-ray diffraction, and Hall-effect measurements. A narrow linewidth of about 6 meV was measured, corresponding to a 0.1-ps lifetime of electrons in the excited state.
Low profile (1996)

It is time society faced up the the realities of Alzheimer's disease, says Stephen Weeks
Extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of severe steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease: a pilot study (2000)

Extracorporeal exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to the photosensitizing agent 8-methoxypsoralen and UV-A radiation has been shown to be effective in the treatment of selected diseases mediated by T cells, rejection after solid organ transplantation, and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We present 21 patients with a median age of 38 years who developed steroid-refractory acute GVHD grades II to IV after stem cell grafting from sibling or unrelated donors and were referred to extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP). Three months after initiation of ECP 60% of patients achieved a complete resolution of GVHD manifestations. Complete responses were obtained in 100% of patients with grade II, 67% of patients with grade III, and 12% of patients with grade IV acute GVHD. Three months after start of ECP complete responses were achieved in 60% of patients with cutaneous, 67% with liver, and none with gut involvement. Adverse events observed during ECP included a decrease in peripheral blood cell counts in the early phase after stem cell transplantation (SCT). Currently, 57% of patients are alive at a median observation time of 25 months after SCT. Probability of survival at 4 years after SCT is 91% in patients with complete response to ECP compared to 11% in patients not responding completely. Our findings suggest that ECP is an effective adjunct therapy for acute steroid-refractory GVHD with cutaneous and liver involvement. However, in patients with acute GVHD grade IV or gut involvement other therapeutic options are warranted.
Targeting lactate-fueled respiration selectively kills hypoxic tumor cells in mice (2008)

Tumors contain oxygenated and hypoxic regions, so the tumor cell population is heterogeneous. Hypoxic tumor cells primarily use glucose for glycolytic energy production and release lactic acid, creating a lactate gradient that mirrors the oxygen gradient in the tumor. By contrast, oxygenated tumor cells have been thought to primarily use glucose for oxidative energy production. Although lactate is generally considered a waste product, we now show that it is a prominent substrate that fuels the oxidative metabolism of oxygenated tumor cells. There is therefore a symbiosis in which glycolytic and oxidative tumor cells mutually regulate their access to energy metabolites. We identified monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) as the prominent path for lactate uptake by a human cervix squamous carcinoma cell line that preferentially utilized lactate for oxidative metabolism. Inhibiting MCT1 with alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC) or siRNA in these cells induced a switch from lactate-fueled respiration to glycolysis. A similar switch from lactate-fueled respiration to glycolysis by oxygenated tumor cells in both a mouse model of lung carcinoma and xenotransplanted human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells was observed after administration of CHC. This retarded tumor growth, as the hypoxic/glycolytic tumor cells died from glucose starvation, and rendered the remaining cells sensitive to irradiation. As MCT1 was found to be expressed by an array of primary human tumors, we suggest that MCT1 inhibition has clinical antitumor potential.
IC identification circuit using device mismatch (2002)

Non-alterable identification is required for tracking work in progress, detecting part rebranding, radio frequency identification (RFID), IP protection, and transaction validation. Wafer-level techniques such as laser link cutting, and circuit-level EPROM techniques, require expensive machinery or special wafer processing. Integrated circuit identification (ICID) extracts unique and repeatable information from the randomness inherent in silicon processing. No external programming or special process steps are needed, and the technique may be used with any standard submicron CMOS process.