gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6, but not IL-1, down-regulate the osteocalcin gene promoter (1992)

A proinflammatory cytokine cascade, including IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8, is activated in response to infection or immunologic insult. Besides their immunologic effects, several of these mediators stimulate bone resorption and inhibit bone formation. Osteocalcin, the most abundant noncollagenous protein present in bone, is an osteoblast-specific product whose production closely correlates with bone formation, and which has also been implicated in control of bone resorption. IL-1 and TNF have previously been shown to down-regulate osteocalcin production in vitro and in vivo, although the mechanism of this inhibition is unknown. In the present studies, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha both inhibited 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated production of osteocalcin protein and mRNA by ROS 17/2.8 osteosarcoma cells, whereas IL-6 had no effect on protein and only weakly inhibited mRNA. To determine if down-regulation was exerted at the transcriptional level, an osteocalcin promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) fusion gene was constructed (PHOC-CAT). After transient transfection of PHOC-CAT into ROS 17/2.8 osteosarcoma cells, reporter CAT activity was up-regulated by vitamin D at concentrations above 10(-12) M. In screening studies, TNF-alpha (-57%) and IL-6 (-37%) inhibited vitamin D-stimulated osteocalcin transcription, whereas IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-8 had no effect. Other immune cytokines and growth factors, including IL-2, IL-3, IL-7, and M-CSF, also failed to regulate osteocalcin transcription. Despite their lack of promoter regulation, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta also stimulated PGE2 production by ROS 17/2.8, further confirming the ability of the host cell to respond to these mediators. In dose-response experiments, down-regulation by TNF-alpha was significant at concentrations as low as 0.14 pM (0.1 U/ml), whereas approximately 10(4)-fold higher concentration of IL-6 was required to exert a similar effect. TNF-alpha-mediated down-regulation was unaffected by indomethacin. These data demonstrate that of these cytokines, TNF-alpha alone potently down-regulates osteocalcin promoter function, whereas IL-1 acts post-transcriptionally, possibly by reducing mRNA stability. Heterogeneity therefore exists among the proinflammatory cytokines with respect to the level at which control of osteocalcin expression is exerted.
Non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons: mechanisms, recent developments, and unanswered questions (2010)

Non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons are present in most eukaryotic genomes. In some species, such as humans, these elements are the most abundant genome sequence and continue to replicate to this day, creating a source of endogenous mutations and potential genotoxic stress. This review will provide a general outline of the replicative cycle of non-LTR retrotransposons. Recent findings regarding the host regulation of non-LTR retrotransposons will be summarized. Finally, future directions of interest will be discussed.
Porous silicon nanowires (2011)

In this mini-review, we summarize recent progress in the synthesis, properties and applications of a new type of one-dimensional nanostructures-single crystalline porous silicon nanowires. The growth of porous silicon nanowires starting from both p- and n-type Si wafers with a variety of dopant concentrations can be achieved through either one-step or two-step reactions. The mechanistic studies indicate the dopant concentration of Si wafers, oxidizer concentration, etching time and temperature can affect the morphology of the as-etched silicon nanowires. The porous silicon nanowires are both optically and electronically active and have been explored for potential applications in diverse areas including photocatalysis, lithium ion batteries, gas sensors and drug delivery.
Effect of a New Selective H<sub>1</sub> Receptor Antagonist (Levocabastine) in a Nasal and Conjunctival Provocation Test (1987)

Levocabastine is a new selective H1 receptor antagonist. The effect of the drug administered locally was compared to placebo in a quantified nasal and conjunctival provocation test with allergens performed in patients allergic to grass pollen. In the nasal provocation test, levocabastine was able to increase the 'reaction threshold' (dose of allergen necessary to trigger allergic symptoms) in 9 out of 12 patients; the drug inhibited rhinorrhea and sneezing, but not nasal obstruction. In the conjunctival provocation test, the 'reaction threshold' clearly increased in 10 out of 11 patients. The local administration of levocabastine might be useful in allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis.
Evaluating the Effect of Ionic Strength on Duplex Stability for PNA Having Negatively or Positively Charged Side Chains (2013)

The enhanced thermodynamic stability of PNA:DNA and PNA:RNA duplexes compared with DNA:DNA and DNA:RNA duplexes has been attributed in part to the lack of electrostatic repulsion between the uncharged PNA backbone and negatively charged DNA or RNA backbone. However, there are no previously reported studies that systematically evaluate the effect of ionic strength on duplex stability for PNA having a charged backbone. Here we investigate the role of charge repulsion in PNA binding by synthesizing PNA strands having negatively or positively charged side chains, then measuring their duplex stability with DNA or RNA at varying salt concentrations. At low salt concentrations, positively charged PNA binds more strongly to DNA and RNA than does negatively charged PNA. However, at medium to high salt concentrations, this trend is reversed, and negatively charged PNA shows higher affinity for DNA and RNA than does positively charged PNA. These results show that charge screening by counterions in solution enables negatively charged side chains to be incorporated into the PNA backbone without reducing duplex stability with DNA and RNA. This research provides new insight into the role of electrostatics in PNA binding, and demonstrates that introduction of negatively charged side chains is not significantly detrimental to PNA binding affinity at physiological ionic strength. The ability to incorporate negative charge without sacrificing binding affinity is anticipated to enable the development of PNA therapeutics that take advantage of both the inherent benefits of PNA and the multitude of charge-based delivery technologies currently being developed for DNA and RNA.
II MORROW'S LORAN-C BASED VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM. NAV 85 - LAND NAVIGATION AND LOCATION FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS - PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE 1985 CONFERENCE OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION, YORK, 9-11 SEPTEMBER 1985 (1985)

The II morrow vehicle tracking system (vts) is described -a versatile system that can track personnel as well as land, marine and airborne craft. A loran-c transponder is interfaced to a radio transceiver in the vehicles to be tracked. At the central control facility the control console polls each transponder in turn transmitting a voice frequency fsk digital burst at 300 baud. Latitude and longitude data transmitted via the existing communications system is processed and appears on the screen of a high resolution colour monitor. Up to 256 vehicles can be tracked and polled by one control console either at predetermined intervals or on command. A map area of 330 miles by 360 miles can be displayed on the screen with the facility to zoom down to the detail of an area of 4 square miles. Other features are described including an alarm transmitter which will redraw the map to place the distressed vehicle in the centre. A track table which lists all vehicles being polled to a resolution of a hundreth of a mile also forms part of the system. (TRRL)
Charge pumping SOS-MOS transistor memory (1978)

A new memory cell is proposed, utilizing the inherent features of the floating substrate of SOS-MOS transistors. The operations of the fabricated cell are also demonstrated. The potential of the floating substrate is found to be changed by the charge pumping action (WRITE "1"). The injected charge is stored in the substrate due to the reverse-biased junctions at the source and drain (STORE), and is removed by the avalanche multiplication current (WRITE "0"). The conditions to change the threshold voltage by the substrate bias is studied (READ). For the lower impurity concentration in the substrate or the higher substrate bias V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sub</inf> , it is found that threshold voltage is independent of V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sub</inf> .
SCREAM MicroElectroMechanical Systems (1996)

A process called SCREAM for Single Crystal Reactive Etching And Metallization is used to make MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS). The SCREAM process yields high-aspect-ratio (>50:1) released, single crystal silicon structures with micrometer-scale minimum features and a suspension span of greater than 5 millimeters. Such structures include picofarad sensing capacitors and high force actuators that generate milli-Newton forces (100mN/cm2 at 40 Volts) and controllable, three dimensional motion and displacements. Examples of SCREAM devices and microinstruments include a materials testing or loading instrument, and micro-scanning tunneling microscopes.
Protein‐resistant polyurethane via surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (2009)

Protein-resistant polyurethane (PU) surfaces were prepared by surface-initiated simultaneous normal and reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (s-ATRP) of poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (poly (OEGMA)). Oxygen plasma treatment was employed for initial activation of the PU surface. The grafted polymer chain length was adjusted by varying the molar ratio of monomer to sacrificial initiator in solution from 5:1 to 200:1. The modified PU surfaces were characterized by water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Protein adsorption experiments from tris-buffered saline (TBS) and plasma were carried out to evaluate the protein-resistance of the surfaces. Adsorption from single and binary protein solutions as well as from plasma was significantly reduced after modification. Adsorption decreased with increasing poly(OEGMA) chain length. Fibrinogen (Fg) adsorption on the 200:1 monomer/initiator surface was in the range of 3-33 ng/cm(2) representing 96-99% reduction compared with the unmodified PU. Fg adsorption from 0.01-10% plasma was as low as 1-5 ng/cm(2). Moreover, binary protein adsorption experiments using Fg and lysozyme (Lys) showed that protein size is a factor in the protein resistance of these surfaces.
Evaluation of a new PCR assay with competitive internal control sequence for blood donor screening (2000)

The assay provides sufficient sensitivity to be superior to HBsAg screening in transfusion medicine and will be useful in clinical laboratories because of its ease of handling.
Synthesis of 2-Acetamido-1,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-d-mannitol and of 2-Acetamido-1,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-d-glucitol, a Potent and Specific Inhibitor of a Number of β-N-Acetylglucosaminidases (1986)

Abstract The stereochemical outcome of the azide displacement of triflates derived from a piperidin-3-ol depends on the protecting group on the ring nitrogen and allows the synthesis of 2-acetamido-1,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-d-glucitol (a potent and specific inhibitor of a number of β-N-acetylglucosaminidases) and of 2-acetamido-1,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-d-mannitol.
RODENT MODELS OF INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTION (2005)

The first question to ask when deciding which model to use for the preclinical testing of a therapeutic agent should be: What exactly is it that the chosen model is attempting to model? Therefore, in the context of intra-abdominal models of infection, the question becomes, is the goal to mimic diffuse peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscesses, septic shock, or a multiple organ dysfunction-type syndrome. Having decided on the clinical situation to model, it becomes important to ensure that the model is as congruent with the clinical situation as feasible, especially when the goal is the preclinical testing of possible therapeutic agents. Consequently, different types of rodent intra-abdominal infection models will be reviewed, focusing on their rationales as well as their strengths and weaknesses as models of clinical disease.
Triplet Harvesting with 100% Efficiency by Way of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in Charge Transfer OLED Emitters (2013)

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have their performance limited by the number of emissive singlet states created upon charge recombination (25%). Recently, a novel strategy has been proposed, based on thermally activated up-conversion of triplet to singlet states, yielding delayed fluorescence (TADF), which greatly enhances electroluminescence. The energy barrier for this reverse intersystem crossing mechanism is proportional to the exchange energy (ΔEST ) between the singlet and triplet states; therefore, materials with intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) states, where it is known that the exchange energy is small, are perfect candidates. However, here it is shown that triplet states can be harvested with 100% efficiency via TADF, even in materials with ΔEST of more than 20 kT (where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature) at room temperature. The key role played by lone pair electrons in achieving this high efficiency in a series of ICT molecules is elucidated. The results show the complex photophysics of efficient TADF materials and give clear guidelines for designing new emitters.
Interconnecting Carbon Nanotubes with an Inorganic Metal Complex (2002)

Intermolecular carbon nanotube junctions were formed through amide linkage of amino functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes and [Ru (dcbpy)(bpy)2](PF6)2, an inorganic metal complex. Nanotube interconnects were visualized using atomic force microscopy. Absorption and emission spectroscopy showed significant changes between starting products and the resulting ruthenium nanotube complex, indicative of successful chemical modification.
Molecular cloning and expression of the genes encoding the Escherichia coli K4 capsular polysaccharide, a fructose-substituted chondroitin (1990)

The majority of capsular polysaccharides (K antigens) are linear molecules and their genes have a common functional organisation encoding common steps in capsule biogenesis. However, the K4 antigen is a substituted polymer composed of a chondroitin backbone with a fructose side chain. In order to determine whether K4 biosynthesis uses these common mechanisms the K4 antigen genes were cloned. DNA probes taken from the two conserved regions of the K1 genes were used to isolate one plasmid, pRD1, homologous to both probes. Immunological analysis was used to show that pRD1 directs the production of the substituted K4 antigen on the cell surface. Southern hybridisation was used to show that the cloned genes are organised in the same way as other K antigen gene clusters. We conclude that the branched K4 antigen is handled by the same post-polymerisation mechanisms as other linear K antigens.
WHAT IS BETWEEN TEXTILE ART AND CLOTHES (2004)

The fashion trend becomes diversified and far-reaching as a result of the developments in the medium digitalization. Consumer action is highly influenced by their knowledge on the science, the technology, the IT and the fashion. Based on the survey of the general characteristics of living organisms, we study the roles of the art of/on textiles and clothing in raising consumer sense/value. We introduce two grounds of the sensitivity for the interactions between textile objects and consumer sense. They have different meanings to the morphology of the consumer action. The expression in terms of textiles is a sort of language which verbalizes the human's thought deep inside, whether conscious or not, through the act of designing, the use of the necessities and the reflective activities. We perform a sensory test to elucidate the duality of sense/value (or KANSEI) in these interactions. The human sense is in the heart of system to make successful management in consumer life, and the application of good information technology may amplify the power of the sense and promote ability for the reflection and evaluation of the quality of life.
Antitumor Activity of 3-(Substituted cinnamoyl) pyridine and 1-Oxide (1970)

Some azachalcones (3-(substituted cinnamoyl) pyridine and its 1-oxide) were synthesized. Their antitumor activity on Yoshida sarcoma and rat ascites hepatoma AH-13, AH-66 and AH-7974 was determined. 2-Chloroazachalcone, 3-chloroazachalcone, 2-chloroazachalcone 1-oxide and 3-chloroazachalcone 1-oxide were found to be curative to AH-13, AH-66 and AH-7974 but negative to Yoshida sarcoma. A few experiments to elucidate the mechanism of antitumor effect of azachalcones were performed. Effects of 3-chloroazachalcone on the growth and on the content of DNA, RNA and protein of ascites hepatoma AH-66 was observed.
Mineral Sequestration of Carbon Dixoide in a Sandstone-Shale System (2004)

A conceptual model of CO2 injection in bedded sandstone-shale sequences has been developed using hydrogeologic properties and mineral compositions commonly encountered in Gulf Coast sediments. Numerical simulations were performed with the reactive fluid flow and geochemical transport code TOUGHREACT to analyze mass transfer between sandstone and shale layers and CO2 immobilization through carbonate precipitation. Results indicate that most CO2 sequestration occurs in the sandstone. The major CO2 trapping minerals are dawsonite and ankerite. The CO2 mineral-trapping capacity after 100,000 years reaches about 90 kg per cubic meter of the medium. The CO2 trapping capacity depends on primary mineral composition. Precipitation of siderite and ankerite requires Fe+2 supplied mainly by chlorite and some by hematite dissolution and reduction. Precipitation of dawsonite requires Na+ provided by oligoclase dissolution. The initial abundance of chlorite and oligoclase therefore affects the CO2 mineral trapping capacity. The sequestration time required depends on the kinetic rate of mineral dissolution and precipitation. Dawsonite reaction kinetics is not well understood, and sensitivity regarding the precipitation rate was examined. The addition of CO2 as secondary carbonates results in decreased porosity. The leaching of chemical constituents from the interior of the shale causes slightly increased porosity. The limited information currently available for the mineralogy of natural high-pressure CO2 gas reservoirs is also generally consistent with our simulation. The "numerical experiments" give a detailed understanding of the dynamic evolution of a sandstone-shale geochemical system.
III–V solar cells under monochromatic illumination (2008)

Photovoltaic cells illuminated with a monochromatic light source have revealed the highest ever reported photon-energy conversion efficiency. In this paper we investigate laser illuminated photovoltaic cells. III–V materials including GaInP, GaAs and GaSb were used to fabricate laser power converters. A special emphasis is given to the GaAs material. Here we report on the use of a lateral conduction layer which reduces the emitter sheet resistance. This solves the problem of ohmic losses due to the high current densities generated in the photovoltaic device. The highest measured efficiency under laser illumination (810 nm, 43 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) was 53.4 %. The application of laser power converters in electronic circuits often demands for high-voltage devices. We tackle this problem twofold: (i.) we developed a monolithic tandem structure which is adapted to one specific laser type and (ii.) we grew the photovoltaic active layer structure on a semi-insulating wafer and etched segments which are interconnected in series on the wafer. This technology leads to output voltages of up to 6 Volts.
Jurisdictional and definitional concerns with computer-mediated interpersonal crimes: An Analysis on Cyber Stalking (2008)

Cyber-stalking is a crime that transcends national and jurisdictional boundaries. Victims and perpetrators of cyber-stalking may be geographically separated by physical borders (for example, residing in different countries) when the offences occur. This is problematic for investigating the crime, in determining the jurisdiction in which alleged offences have taken place and in which charges may be filed. Legal definitions of stalking (and cyber-stalking) and applicable sentences vary across jurisdictions, if indeed they exist, further muddying the water. This paper provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on cyber-stalking and ends with an examination of the difficulties in investigating and prosecuting cyber-stalkers.
Functional characterization of the neuronal-specific K-Cl cotransporter: implications for [K+]oregulation (1997)

The neuronal K-Cl cotransporter isoform (KCC2) was functionally expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell lines. Two stably transfected HEK-293 cell lines were prepared: one expressing an epitope-tagged KCC2 (KCC2-22T) and another expressing the unaltered KCC2 (KCC2-9). The KCC2-22T cells produced a glycoprotein of approximately 150 kDa that was absent from HEK-293 control cells. The 86Rb influx in both cell lines was significantly greater than untransfected control HEK-293 cells. The KCC2-9 cells displayed a constitutively active 86Rb influx that could be increased further by 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) but not by cell swelling. Both furosemide [inhibition constant (Ki) approximately 25 microM] and bumetanide (Ki approximately 55 microM) inhibited the NEM-stimulated 86Rb influx in the KCC2-9 cells. This diuretic-sensitive 86Rb influx in the KCC2-9 cells, operationally defined as KCC2 mediated, required external Cl- but not external Na+ and exhibited a high apparent affinity for external Rb+(K+) [Michaelis constant (Km) = 5.2 +/- 0.9 (SE) mM; n = 5] but a low apparent affinity for external Cl- (Km > 50 mM). On the basis of thermodynamic considerations as well as the unique kinetic properties of the KCC2 isoform, it is hypothesized that KCC2 may serve a dual function in neurons: 1) the maintenance of low intracellular Cl- concentration so as to allow Cl- influx via ligand-gated Cl- channels and 2) the buffering of external K+ concentration ([K+]o) in the brain.
The Effect Of 1-Hydroxyphenazine And Pyocyanin From Pseudomonas Aeruginosa On Mammalian Cell Respiration (1972)

Summary Since 1-hydroxyphenazine was found to inhibit mitochondrial respiration, attempts were made to determine whether this material would affect whole cells. Oxygen uptake by mouse liver L “S” cells, hamster kidney cells (BHK strain C13) and guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages was inhibited by 1-hydroxyphenazine and pyocyanin. In-vivo experiments confirmed that these compounds permeated the cell membrane. Pyocyanin did not inhibit mitochondrial respiration, and the hypothesis was put forward that this compound is acted on by a demethylase to produce the inhibitory 1-hydroxyphenazine and thus cause inhibition of cell respiration.