gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relieving Hot Spots on the World Wide Web (1997)

We describe a family of caching protocols for distributed networks that can be used to decrease or eliminate the occurrence of hot spots in the network. Hot spots are web sites that swamped by a large number of requests for their pages. Our protocols are particularly designed for use with very large networks such as the Internet, where delays caused by hot spots can be severe, and where it is not feasible for every server to have complete information about the current state of the entire network. The protocols are easy to implement using existing network protocols such as TCP/IP, and require very little overhead. The protocols work with local control, make efficient use of existing resources, and scale gracefully as the network grows. Our&#13;\n
Evaluation of a Rapid Immunochromatographic Test for Detection of Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1999)

A new immunochromatographic rapid test, Determine HIV-1/2, for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 in human whole blood, serum, and plasma was evaluated. Determine HIV-1/2 is a sandwich immunoassay and uses a nitrocellulose strip with a capture site for the patient's results and a procedural control site to confirm the validity of the assay. The results can be read visually, and a positive result is indicated by the formation of a red line within 15 min after sample application. The test showed 100% sensitivity for HIV-1 with 102 whole-blood, 152 serum, and 144 plasma samples obtained from Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. The sensitivity of the test for HIV-2 was 100% with 100 serum or plasma samples obtained from Ivory Coast. The sensitivity of the test with 4 anti-HIV-1 seroconversion panels from Boston Biomedica Inc. was equivalent to or better than those of another agglutination assay with serum or plasma and the enzyme immunoassay licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The specificity was 100% with 367 sets of whole-blood, serum, and plasma samples from Ramathibodi Hospital. This method had an analytical sensitivity for the detection of HIV-1 equivalent to or better than that of another agglutination assay with serum or plasma. This test had an analytical sensitivity for the detection of HIV-1 better than that of another immunochromatographic test with whole blood. This evaluation demonstrated the excellent performance of this immunochromatographic test with EDTA-anticoagulated whole-blood, serum, and plasma samples. We conclude that this test is suitable for use in emerging countries and is an excellent alternative to HIV antibody testing at remote sites, as well as in traditional laboratories.
Analytical Techniques in Combinatorial Chemistry: MAS CH Correlation in Solvent-Swollen Resin (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalytical Techniques in Combinatorial Chemistry: MAS CH Correlation in Solvent-Swollen ResinRobert C. Anderson, Mary Ann Jarema, Michael J. Shapiro, John P. Stokes, and Martine ZilioxCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 9, 2650–2651Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1995https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00114a003RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views208Altmetric-Citations113LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (262 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A frequency analysis of light transport (2005)

We present a signal-processing framework for light transport. We study the frequency content of radiance and how it is altered by phenomena such as shading, occlusion, and transport. This extends previous work that considered either spatial or angular dimensions, and it offers a comprehensive treatment of both space and angle.We show that occlusion, a multiplication in the primal, amounts in the Fourier domain to a convolution by the spectrum of the blocker. Propagation corresponds to a shear in the space-angle frequency domain, while reflection on curved objects performs a different shear along the angular frequency axis. As shown by previous work, reflection is a convolution in the primal and therefore a multiplication in the Fourier domain. Our work shows how the spatial components of lighting are affected by this angular convolution.Our framework predicts the characteristics of interactions such as caustics and the disappearance of the shadows of small features. Predictions on the frequency content can then be used to control sampling rates for rendering. Other potential applications include precomputed radiance transfer and inverse rendering.
<title>Construction and calibration of a new design of fiber optic respiratory plethysmograph (FORP)</title> (2001)

The Fiber Optic Respiratory Plethysmograph (FORP) is a non-invasive instrument for respiratory and heart monitoring in humans, based on the design of the Respiratory Inductive Plethysmograph (RIP. The FORP uses two sensors at thoracic and abdominal levels that measure circumferences rather than the cross sectional areas measured by the RIP. Each sensor is made of a specifically looped optical fiber that responds to elongation with variation in light transmission, via the macrobending loss effect. The design and construction of the original version of the FORP has been reported previously 1. This paper presents the results of a new figure-of-eight construction for the fiber loops. The resulting system shows greater signal range, increased linearity and less hysteresis than former constructions. Results are presented detailing the calibration of the respiratory measurements against a spirometer using a range of calibration protocols, one based on isovolume breathing and others on a Least Mean Square (LMS) fit. Additional improvements to signal processing and the increased sensitivity of the new design now make it practicable to detect torso motion arising from cardiac activity. This paper also presents results showing the simultaneous monitoring of respiratory and cardiac signals, using only the FORP transducers.
Synthesis of Methylidene Complexes that Contain a 2,6-Dimesitylphenylimido Ligand and Ethenolysis of 2,3-Dicarbomethoxynorbornadiene (2013)

Monoalkoxide pyrrolide (MAP) complexes that contain a 2,6-dimesitylphenylimido (NAr*) ligand react with ethylene to yield unsubstituted metallacyclobutanes that are in equilibrium with methylidene complexes, W(NAr*)(CH2)(Me2Pyr)(OR) (R = t-Bu, OCMe(CF3)2, SiPh3, or 2,6-Me2C6H3). Polymerization of 2,3-dicarbomethoxynorbornadiene (DCMNBD) with M═CHCMe2Ph (M = Mo or W) initiators is slow as a consequence of a slow propagation step. However, W(NAr*)(CH2)(Me2Pyr)(OR) (R = SiPh3 or 2,6-dimethylphenyl) complexes react readily with 1 equiv of DCMNBD to give a monoinsertion product. The facile reaction between the monoinsertion product and ethylene then allows these complexes to be catalyts for the ring-opening cross-metathesis (ethenolysis) of DCMNBD and DCMNBE (2,3-dicarbomethoxynorbornene) with minimal formation of polymer.
Identification of a Family of Avirulence Genes fromXanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae (1992)

Races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight of rice, interact with cultivars of rice in a gene-for-gene specific manner. Multiple DNA fragments of various sizes from all strains of X. o. pv. oryzae hybridized with avrBs3, an avirulence gene from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, in Southern blots; this suggests the presence of several homologs and possibly a gene family. A genomic library of a race 2 strain of X. o. pv. oryzae, which is avirulent on rice cultivars carrying resistance genes xa-5, Xa-7, and Xa-10, was constructed. Six library clones, which hybridized to avrBs3, altered the interaction phenotype with rice cultivars carrying either xa-5, Xa-7, or Xa-10 when present in a virulent race 6 strain. Two avirulence genes, avrXa7 and avrXa10, which correspond to resistance genes Xa-7 and Xa-10, respectively, were identified and partially characterized from the hybridizing clones. On the basis of transposon insertion mutagenesis, sequence homology, restriction mapping, and the presence of a repeated sequence, both genes are homologs of avirulence genes from dicot xanthomonad pathogens. Two BamHI fragments that are homologous to avrBs3 and correspond to avrXa7 and avrXa10 contain a different number of copies of a 102-bp direct repeat. The DNA sequence of avrXa10 is nearly identical to avrBs3. We suggest that avrXa7 and avrXa10 are members of an avirulence gene family from xanthomonads that control the elicitation of resistance in mono- and dicotyledonous plants.
Architectural Copolymers:  Rod-Shaped, Cylindrical Dendrimers (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTArchitectural Copolymers: Rod-Shaped, Cylindrical DendrimersR. Yin, Y. Zhu, D. A. Tomalia, and H. IbukiView Author Information Michigan Molecular Institute 1910 W. St. Andrews Road Midland, Michigan 48640 Biochemistry Department, Unitika Ltd. R&D Center 23 Kozakura, Uji, Kyoto, 611 Japan Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11, 2678–2679Publication Date (Web):March 6, 1998Publication History Received20 November 1997Published online6 March 1998Published inissue 1 March 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja973972ohttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja973972orapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views707Altmetric-Citations137LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Dendrons,Polymerization,Self organization,Sodium,Transmission electron microscopy Get e-Alerts
Male incontinence (2013)

Purpose of review Overactive bladder affects 10–12% of men, of which 13% are refractory to medical therapy and seek second-line treatment. This places a substantial clinical and economic burden on the National Health Service United Kingdom. Recent findings This review identifies current evidence for the use of onabotulinum toxin A and sacral nerve neuromodulation for the treatment of overactive bladder in patients who do not respond to optimal medical treatment. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation is not covered here. Clinical and financial implications of the treatments are reviewed. Summary The focus will remain on recently published evidence, which may be useful to clinicians managing refractory patients.
N -Acetylcysteine: A New Approach to Anti-HIV Therapy (1992)

Several investigators have implicated depletion of glutathione (GSH) and production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) in the regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We have shown directly that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) blocks HIV expression in chronic and acute infection models, and HIV replication in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. NAC is a cysteine prodrug which maintains intracellular thiol levels during oxidative stress and replenishes depleted GSH. The observed antiviral effect of NAC is due to inhibition of viral stimulation by ROIs, which are produced in response to inflammatory cytokines. We have also shown that HIV-infected individuals have decreased intracellular GSH levels in their circulating T cells. Since GSH is the major protection against the production of ROIs, we hypothesize that the observed decrease is due to a chronic oxidative stress induced by continual exposure to elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. Together, these results provide a rationale for clinical trials testing the efficacy of GSH-replenishing drugs such as NAC in the treatment of AIDS. NAC is different than many other antiviral drugs in that it inhibits host-mediated stimulation of viral replication arising in normal immune responses, and may thereby extend latency. In addition, it inhibits the action of inflammatory cytokines which may mediate cachexia, thereby raising the possibility that it may alleviate the deleterious wasting that accompanies late stage AIDS.
Epigenetic therapy for Friedreich ataxia (2014)

Drug exposure inducing epigenetic changes in neurons in vitro is comparable to the exposure required in patients to see epigenetic changes in circulating lymphoid cells and increases in gene expression. These findings provide a proof of concept for the development of an epigenetic therapy for this fatal neurological disease.
Analysis of Cell-Cycle Checkpoint Pathways in Head and Neck Cancer Cell Lines (2002)

To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore how paclitaxel and carboplatin, alone or in combination, differentially affect cell-cycle checkpoint response and HNSCC cell growth. These results provide molecular validation for the current clinical use of both drugs in combination and set the stage for analyses of patient tumor specimens.
Multiple Sclerosis as a Disease of Immune Regulation (1984)

ConclusionsMost available evidence suggests that infection with enveloped viruses of the myxo-, paramyxo-, herpes-, and poxvirus families may occasionally induce immunization to neural antigens, myelin antigens in particular, and a consequent encephalomyelitis localized to the white matter. In individuals with a genetically determined abnormality of immune regulation, this process may not be suppressed and may give rise to the recurrent or long-lasting periods of new lesion formation which we call multiple sclerosis. Exacerbations may be provoked by further virus infections or by childbirth. The responsible white matter antigen(s) have not been firmly identified and the immunoregu-latory abnormality is unknown. The character of the lesions appears to be determined by multiple simultaneous immune responses to different antigens and multiple superimposed immunopathologic effects.Much of what is presented in the present review may require revision as the further application of monoclonal antibody techniques ...
Predictive Blacklisting as an Implicit Recommendation System (2010)

A widely used defense practice against malicious traffic on the Internet is through blacklists: lists of prolific attack sources are compiled and shared. The goal of blacklists is to predict and block future attack sources. Existing blacklisting techniques have focused on the most prolific attack sources and, more recently, on collaborative blacklisting. In this paper, we formulate the problem of forecasting attack sources (also referred to as "predictive blacklisting") based on shared attack logs, as an implicit recommendation system. We compare the performance of existing approaches against the upper bound for prediction and we demonstrate that there is much room for improvement. Inspired by the recent NetFlix competition, we propose a multi-level collaborative filtering model that is adjusted and tuned specifically for the attack forecasting problem. Our model captures and combines various factors namely: attacker-victim history (using time-series) and attackers and/or victims interactions (using neighborhood models). We evaluate our combined method on one month of logs from Dshield.org and demonstrate that it improves significantly the prediction rate over state-of-the-art methods as well as the robustness against poisoning attacks.
Arbitrary Load Distribution on a Layered Half Space (2000)

This paper develops a method which allows one to calculate the complete elastic field (stress field and displacements) of layered materials of transverse and complete isotropy under given load conditions. It is assumed that the layered body consists of an infinite half-space and various infinite planes which are all ideally bonded to each other. Thus, the interfaces are parallel to the surface of the resulting “coated half space.” The approach is based on the method of images in classical electrostatics. The final solution for an arbitrary load problem can be presented as a series of potential functions, where corresponding functions may be interpreted as “image loads” the analogous to “image charges.” The solution for the elastic field for any arbitrary stress distribution on the surface of the coated half space can be obtained in a relatively straightforward manner by using the method described here as long as the corresponding solution for the homogeneous half space is known. Further, if this solution of the homogeneous case may be expressed in terms of elementary functions, then the solution for the coated half space is elementary, too. Explicit formulas for the stress fields for some particular examples are given. [S0742-4787(00)01204-2]
CO2 capture by solid adsorbents and their applications: current status and new trends (2010)

In the last few years there has been a rapid growth in governmental funding and research activities worldwide for CO2 capture, storage and utilization (CSU), due to increasing awareness of the link between CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere and global warming. Among the various technologies and processes that have been developed and are emerging for CSU of CO2, solid CO2-adsorbents are widely applied. In this review, these solid CO2-adsorbents are classified into three types according to their sorption/desorption temperatures: low-, intermediate- and high-temperature adsorbents with temperatures ranging from below 200 °C, between 200–400 °C and above 400 °C, respectively. For each type of solid CO2-adsorbent, the synthesis, interaction mechanism with CO2 and sorption performance, potential applications and problems are reviewed. In the last section, several representative CO2-sorption-enhanced catalytic reactions are discussed. It is expected that this review will not only summarize the main research activities in this area, but also find possible links between fundamental studies and industrial applications.
Cryptococcus neoformans Gene Expression during Experimental Cryptococcal Meningitis (2003)

Cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated basidiomycete fungus of medical importance, is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and causing meningitis in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. To gain insight into the adaptation of the fungus to the host central nervous system (CNS), serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was used to characterize the gene expression profile of C. neoformans cells recovered from the CNS of infected rabbits. A SAGE library was constructed, and 49,048 tags were sequenced; 16,207 of these tags were found to represent unique sequences or tag families. Of the 304 most-abundant tags, 164 were assigned to a putative gene for subsequent functional grouping. The results (as determined according to the number of tags that identified genes encoding proteins required for these functions) indicated that the C. neoformans cells were actively engaged in protein synthesis, protein degradation, stress response, small-molecule transport, and signaling. In addition, a high level of energy requirement of the fungal cells was suggested by a large number of tags that matched putative genes for energy production. Taken together, these findings provide the first insight into the transcriptional adaptation of C. neoformans to the host environment and identify the set of fungal genes most highly expressed during cerebrospinal fluid infection.
Drug-induced liver injury following a repeated course of ketamine treatment for chronic pain in CRPS type 1 patients: A report of 3 cases (2011)

Studies on the efficacy of ketamine in the treatment of chronic pain indicate that prolonged or repetitive infusions are required to ensure prolonged pain relief. Few studies address ketamine-induced toxicity. Here we present data on the occurrence of ketamine-induced liver injury during repeated administrations of S(+)-ketamine for treatment of chronic pain in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1 as part of a larger study exploring possible time frames for ketamine re-administration. Six patients were scheduled to receive 2 continuous intravenous 100-hour S(+)-ketamine infusions (infusion rate 10-20mg/h) separated by 16 days. Three of these patients developed hepatotoxicity. Patient A, a 65-year-old woman, developed an itching rash and fever during her second exposure. Blood tests revealed elevated liver enzymes (alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, and γ-glutamyl transferase, all ≥ 3 times the upper limit of normal) and modestly increased eosinophilic leukocytes. Patient E, a 48-year-old woman, developed elevated liver enzymes of similar pattern as Patient A during her second ketamine administration and a weakly positive response to antinuclear antibodies. In a third patient, Patient F, a 46-year-old man, elevated liver enzymes (alanine transaminase and γ-glutamyl transferase) were detected on the first day of his second exposure. In all patients, the ketamine infusion was promptly terminated and the liver enzymes slowly returned to reference values within 2 months. Our data suggest an increased risk for development of ketamine-induced liver injury when the infusion is prolonged and/or repeated within a short time frame. Regular measurements of liver function are therefore required during such treatments.