gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional finite element stress analysis of the dentate human mandible (1992)

The biomechanical events which accompany functional loading of the human mandible are not fully understood. The techniques normally used to record them are highly invasive. Computer modelling offers a promising alternative approach in this regard, with the additional ability to predict regional stresses and strains in inaccessible locations. In this study, we built two three-dimensional finite element (FE) models of a human mandible reconstructed from tomographs of a dry dentate jaw. The first model was used for a complete mechanical characterization of physical events. It also provided comparative data for the second model, which had an increased vertical corpus depth. In both cases, boundary conditions included rigid restraints at the first right molar and endosteal cortical surfaces of the articular eminences of temporal bones. Groups of parallel multiple vectors simulated individual masticatory muscle loads. The models were solved for displacements, stresses, strains, and forces. The simulated muscle loads in the first model deformed the mandible helically upward and toward its right (working) side. The highest principal stresses occurred at the bite point, anterior aspects of the coronoid processes, symphyseal region, and right and left sides of the mandibular corpus. In general, the observed principal stresses and strains were highest on the periosteal cortical surface and alveolar bone. At the symphyseal region, maximum principal stresses and strains were highest on the lower lingual mandibular aspect, whereas minimum principal stresses and strains were highest on its upper labial side. Subcondylar principal strains and condylar forces were higher on the left (balancing or nonbiting) side than on the right mandibular side, with condylar forces more concentrated on the anteromedial aspect of the working-side condyle and on the central and lateral aspects of the left. When compared with in vivo strain data from macaques during comparable biting events, the predictive strain values from the first model were qualitatively similar. In the second model, the reduced tensile stress on the working-side, and decreased shear stress bilaterally, confirmed that lower stresses occurred on the lower mandibular border with increased jaw depth. Our results suggested that although the mandible behaved in a beam-like manner, its corpus acted more like a combination of open and closed cross sections due to the presence of tooth sockets, at least for the task modelled.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Catalog of Cancer Genes at the Click of a Mouse (1997)

Webster Cavenee can't wait to start doing cancer research on the Web. Like thousands of other biologists, Cavenee, a cancer geneticist at the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research in San Diego, has already come to depend on a burgeoning array of online databases to help search for new genes and understand what they do. But sometime next month, Cavenee and his colleagues will be able to take their computer queries to a new level, thanks to the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP)—an ambitious effort that aims at nothing less than a complete catalog of all the genes expressed in cancer cells.
Cloning and expression of the luxY gene from Vibrio fischeri strain Y-1 in Escherichia coli and complete amino acid sequence of the yellow fluorescent protein (1990)

Vibrio fischeri strain Y-1 (ATCC 33715) emits light with a lambda max of 545 nm rather than the 485-nm emission typical of other strains of V. fischeri. The yellow emission is due to the interaction of the enzyme luciferase with a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). On the basis of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of YFP, a mixed-sequence oligonucleotide probe was synthesized and used to isolate a 1.6-kbp HindIII fragment containing the first 208 bases of the gene that codes for YFP (luxY). Another synthetic oligonucleotide complementary to bases 167-184 of the YFP coding sequence was used to isolate a second (ca. 1.9 kbp) DNA fragment generated by digestion with both EcoRI and ClaI that contained the remainder of the luxY gene. The intact luxY gene, which encoded a 22,211-dalton polypeptide composed of 194 amino acid residues, was reconstructed from the two primary clones and is contained within a 765-bp SspI-XhoII fragment. Both strands of the entire luxY coding sequence were determined from the reconstructed gene, while the region surrounding the junction used in the reconstruction was also determined from the original partial clones. As with other genes that have been studied from V. fischeri, the luxY gene was unusually AT-rich. The sequence of luxY did not bear any apparent similarity to any of the sequences contained in the current GenBank database. Escherichia coli containing a plasmid with the luxY gene expresses a protein that reacts with antibody raised to authentic YFP.
Micromachined Flow-Through Polymerase Chain Reaction Chip Utilizing Multiple Membrane-Activated Micropumps (2006)

This paper reports a new micromachined flow-through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) chip for applications of rapid pathogen diagnosis. The PCR chip comprised a micro thermal control module and a microfluidic control module fabricated using MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical-systems) technology. The micro thermal control module was formed with three individual heating and temperature-sensing sections, each modulating a specific temperature for denaturation, annealing and extension process, respectively. The membrane-activated micropumps were used to transport sample fluids through three reaction regions to adjust the time ratio and cycle numbers for PCR. The experimental results showed that S. pneumoniae detection gene (273 bps) could be amplified successfully using the new flow-through PCR chip. The new PCR chip could be promising for rapid clinical diagnosis of DNA-based infectious disease.
Immune Mechanisms Responsible for Vaccination against and Clearance of Mucosal and Lymphatic Norovirus Infection (2008)

Two cardinal manifestations of viral immunity are efficient clearance of acute infection and the capacity to vaccinate against secondary viral exposure. For noroviruses, the contributions of T cells to viral clearance and vaccination have not been elucidated. We report here that both CD4 and CD8 T cells are required for efficient clearance of primary murine norovirus (MNV) infection from the intestine and intestinal lymph nodes. Further, long-lasting protective immunity was generated by oral live virus vaccination. Systemic vaccination with the MNV capsid protein also effectively protected against mucosal challenge, while vaccination with the capsid protein of the distantly related human Lordsdale virus provided partial protection. Fully effective vaccination required a broad immune response including CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, and B cells, but the importance of specific immune cell types varied between the intestine and intestinal lymph nodes. Perforin, but not interferon gamma, was required for clearance of MNV infection by adoptively transferred T lymphocytes from vaccinated hosts. These studies prove the feasibility of both mucosal and systemic vaccination against mucosal norovirus infection, demonstrate tissue specificity of norovirus immune cells, and indicate that efficient vaccination strategies should induce potent CD4 and CD8 T cell responses.
A Phase 3 Randomized Trial of Voxelotor in Sickle Cell Disease (2019)

In this phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving participants with sickle cell disease, voxelotor significantly increased hemoglobin levels and reduced markers of hemolysis. These findings are consistent with inhibition of HbS polymerization and indicate a disease-modifying potential. (Funded by Global Blood Therapeutics; HOPE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03036813.).
Expression of selected tumor suppressor and oncogenes in endometrium of women with endometriosis (2009)

Our results suggest that up-regulation of AKT1 and 4EBP1 in eutopic endometrium may be associated with the pathogenesis of endometriosis, but their precise role remains to be established.
MPEG-4 authoring tool for the composition of 3D audiovisual scenes (2002)

Bringing much new functionality, MPEG-4 offers numerous capabilities and is expected to be the future standard for multimedia applications. In this paper, a novel authoring tool, fully exploiting the 3D functionalities of the MPEG-4 standard, is described. It is based upon an open and modular architecture able to progress with MPEG-4 versions and it is easily adaptable to newly emerging better and higher-level authoring features.
Introduction: Patients without borders. (2011)

This chapter discusses the reasons why medical tourism has emerged. It has become important for many reasons: (1) disappointments with medical treatments at home; (2) lack of access to health care at reasonable cost, in reasonable time or in a sympathetic context; (3) inadequate insurance and income to pay for local health care; (4) the rise of high quality medical care in 'developing' countries; (5) uneven legal and ethical responses to complex health issues; (6) greater mobility; and (7) perhaps, above all, a growing demand for cosmetic surgery that ties many other factors together.
Ten years of presymptomatic testing for Huntington's disease: the experience of the UK Huntington's Disease Prediction Consortium (2000)

Data on all presymptomatic genetic tests for Huntington's disease (HD) in the UK have been collected over the 10 year period since testing became available as a service. A total of 2937 completed tests have been performed up to the end of 1997, 2502 based on specific mutation testing, feasible since late 1993.A total of 93.1% of these were at 50% prior risk, with a significant excess of females (58.3%); 41.4% of results were abnormal or high risk, including 29.4% in subjects aged 60 or over. The trend in test numbers has currently levelled out at around 500 per year. Almost all presymptomatic tests are carried out in National Health Service genetics centres, with a defined genetic counselling protocol and with availability now in all regions of the UK. The introduction and establishment of HD presymptomatic testing shows that this form of predictive medicine for Mendelian disorders can be successfully incorporated into National Health Service structures. The comprehensive collection of simple data allows trends in demand and outcomes to be monitored and has also been the foundation for more detailed specific studies. A comparable approach to data collection in other genetic disorders will be important as presymptomatic testing becomes more generally feasible.
Thrombocytosis (2004)

Thrombocytosis is usually discovered incidentally, but the differential diagnosis is important. In cases of reactive, or secondary, thrombocytosis, the underlying disease may require treatment. Clonal thrombocytosis, in contrast, is associated with both thrombotic and bleeding complications, and cytoreductive treatment may be necessary. This review also summarizes the current understanding of platelet production.
A-803467, a potent and selective Na v 1.8 sodium channel blocker, attenuates neuropathic and inflammatory pain in the rat (2007)

Activation of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels contributes to action potential electrogenesis in neurons. Antisense oligonucleotide studies directed against Na v 1.8 have shown that this channel contributes to experimental inflammatory and neuropathic pain. We report here the discovery of A-803467, a sodium channel blocker that potently blocks tetrodotoxin-resistant currents (IC 50 = 140 nM) and the generation of spontaneous and electrically evoked action potentials in vitro in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. In recombinant cell lines, A-803467 potently blocked human Na v 1.8 (IC 50 = 8 nM) and was &gt;100-fold selective vs. human Na v 1.2, Na v 1.3, Na v 1.5, and Na v 1.7 (IC 50 values ≥1 μM). A-803467 (20 mg/kg, i.v.) blocked mechanically evoked firing of wide dynamic range neurons in the rat spinal dorsal horn. A-803467 also dose-dependently reduced mechanical allodynia in a variety of rat pain models including: spinal nerve ligation (ED 50 = 47 mg/kg, i.p.), sciatic nerve injury (ED 50 = 85 mg/kg, i.p.), capsaicin-induced secondary mechanical allodynia (ED 50 ≈ 100 mg/kg, i.p.), and thermal hyperalgesia after intraplantar complete Freund's adjuvant injection (ED 50 = 41 mg/kg, i.p.). A-803467 was inactive against formalin-induced nociception and acute thermal and postoperative pain. These data demonstrate that acute and selective pharmacological blockade of Na v 1.8 sodium channels in vivo produces significant antinociception in animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain.
Simplifying polygonal models using successive mappings (1997)

We present the use of mapping functions to automatically generate levels of detail with known error bounds for polygonal models. We develop a piece-wise linear mapping function for each simplification operation and use this function to measure deviation of the new surface from both the previous level of detail and from the original surface. In addition, we use the mapping function to compute appropriate texture coordinates if the original map has texture coordinates at its vertices. Our overall algorithm uses edge collapse operations. We present rigorous procedures for the generation of local planar projections as well as for the selection of a new vertex position for the edge collapse operation. As compared to earlier methods, our algorithm is able to compute tight error bounds on surface deviation and produce an entire continuum of levels of detail with mappings between them. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm on several models: a Ford Bronco consisting of over 300 parts and 70,000 triangles, a textured lion model consisting of 49 parts and 86,000 triangles, and a textured, wrinkled torus consisting of 79,000 triangles.
DHEA and sex steroids : intracrinology in target tissues (1996)

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfate (DHEA-S) are the major steroids produced by the adrenal glands. Although high concentrations of these steroids are found in the blood, they were not generally considered to have significant physiological or pathological roles. However, there is now considerable interest among scientists and the general media. This text concerns the role that DHEA/DHEA-S may have in the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, some forms of cancer, and perhaps most importantly, in regulating the immune system. DHEA/DHEA-S concentrations in the blood peak between the ages of 20-30 and then decline rapidly so that, by the age of 60, levels are only one third of those in young adults. The possibility of using DHEA/DHEA-S as a new type of anti-ageing hormone replacement therapy, to restore levels to those of young adults, is therefore attracting interest.
Synthesis and initial processing of gastric apomucin. (1989)

The initiation of the processing of apomucin was investigated using mucus glycoprotein synthesizing polysomes from rat gastric epithelial cells. The polysomes were isolated from cells labeled with [3H]palmitic acid and [14C]N-acetylgalactosamine, purified on Helix pomatia-Sepharose affinity column, dissociated to release peptidyl-tRNA, and chromatographed on DEAE-HPLC column to separate peptidyl-tRNA complexes from the free and ribosomal RNA and proteins. The analysis of the HPLC purified peptidyl-tRNA revealed that complexes were labeled with [3H]palmitic acid and [14C]N-acetylgalactosamine. Digestion of the peptidyl-tRNA with RNase released 3H and 14C labeled peptides, while alkaline degradation destroyed the complex and rendered the [3H]palmitic acid extractable with hexane. The treatment of the 3H and 14C labeled peptidyl-tRNA complexes with alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase led to the release of radiolabeled N-acetylgalactosamine, whereas alkaline borohydride reduction produced N-acetylgalactosaminitol. The fatty acid residues have been detected in peptidyl-tRNA containing 2,000Da peptides, whereas N-acetylgalactosamine was discernible on 5,000Da peptides.
The Internet multicast from ITS: how it was done and implications for the future (1995)

Many sessions at the International Telecommunications Symposium (ITS) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in August 1994, were multicast through the Internet as live audio and pictures to viewers in the US and elsewhere. The Multicast Backbone (MBONE) frequently carries meetings of the Internet community and special events such as Space Shuttle launchings. It is beginning to be used for workshops and other professional gatherings. Making one of its major conferences available through MBONE was a first for the Communications Society and a cooperative effort by many people that relied on the generous loan of equipment and staff members by a number of companies. A special satellite data connection extended MBONE from the United States to Brazil. The authors report on how it was done and what it means for the Communications Society.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Healing of Skin Wounds with Butyl Cyanoacrylate (1969)

This study on 32 rats was undertaken to determine the effect of butyl cyanoacrylate surface dressing on the healing of skin wounds. Animals which were killed front 0 to 21 days postoperatively showed that use of this adhesive greatly reduces edema, inflarnmatian, and the amount of granulation tissue.
Development of the Lipid-Rich Core in Human Atherosclerosis (1996)

In recent years the role of the atherosclerotic core in promoting plaque rupture has become well recognized. A new insight into core development is its origination early in atherogenesis, before formation of the fibrous plaque. The early core is associated with accumulation of vesicular lipid rich in free cholesterol. Later in core development, lipid deposits become more diverse. The weight of evidence points toward a direct extracellular process, probably lipoprotein aggregation and fusion, as the chief pathway of cholesteryl ester accumulation, although foam cell death may also contribute cholesteryl ester. The mechanism or mechanisms of formation of vesicular, cholesterol-rich deposits are unknown. Since the increase in free cholesterol is likely to have deleterious effects on cells bordering the core, the further elucidation of cellular and biochemical pathways leading to and responding to free cholesterol accumulation is of great importance. Complement activation and cellular stress responses are prominent in the vicinity of core lipids, but their pathogenetic roles remain to be established. Since the core appears so early in atherogenesis, these as well as other, yet to be determined cellular responses to core lipids, oxidized and unoxidized, could have a considerable effect on overall lesion development. Much remains to be learned about macrophage and smooth muscle responses, calcification, capillarization, and matrix protein alterations in the evolution of the core and surrounding arterial intima.
Synthesis of New Cardanol Derivatives through Combined Iodination/Palladium-Catalysed Cross-Coupling Reactions (2006)

A versatile approach to the synthesis of new cardanol derivatives through a combination of aromatic iodination of 3-n-pentadecylphenol and palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions has been developed. The extent of aromatic iodination is controlled by stoichiometry and affords either the mono-, di- or tri-iodo-cardanol derivatives. Suzuki, Heck and Sonogashira protocols were successfully applied for the vinylation, arylation and alkynylation of the iodo-cardanols. 2,4-Diiodo-5-n-pentadecylphenol underwent an unusual sequential regioselective dehalogenation/vinylation reaction. Sequential alkynylation/cyclisation of 2-iodo-3-n-pentadecylphenol derivatives were also investigated.
Breast-feeding, Adipokines, and Childhood Obesity (2007)

One mechanism by which breast-feeding may protect against the development of childhood obesity is through the activity of components of breast milk. In an article published in this issue of Epidemiology, Weyermann et al found that overweight at age 2 years was associated with higher levels of adiponectin, a hormone secreted by fat cells, in the breast milk of mothers who breast-fed their infants for at least 6 months. This finding is surprising for several reasons: it is doubtful that infants absorb ingested adiponectin; prior literature suggests that adiponectin would reduce, rather than increase, risk for overweight; and the authors did not find associations with breast milk leptin, another adipokine. It is possible that adipokine exposure in infancy determines later weight status, but fundamental research is needed on associations of circulating adipokines with excess weight gain and on determinants of adipokine levels.
Itk inhibitors: a patent review (2010)

Although some of the inhibitors show efficacy in different animal models, which implies potential for therapeutic use in human, there is not yet a chemical entity reported in clinical trials. The prospects for Itk inhibitors will rely on the quality of the compound and the validity of the target in patients within the selected therapeutic area.
Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase-Protected LixSi Nanoparticles: An Efficient and Stable Prelithiation Reagent for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2015)

Prelithiation is an important strategy to compensate for lithium loss in lithium-ion batteries, particularly during the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) from reduced electrolytes in the first charging cycle. We recently demonstrated that LixSi nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by thermal alloying can serve as a high-capacity prelithiation reagent, although their chemical stability in the battery processing environment remained to be improved. Here we successfully developed a surface modification method to enhance the stability of LixSi NPs by exploiting the reduction of 1-fluorodecane on the LixSi surface to form a continuous and dense coating through a reaction process similar to SEI formation. The coating, consisting of LiF and lithium alkyl carbonate with long hydrophobic carbon chains, serves as an effective passivation layer in the ambient environment. Remarkably, artificial-SEI-protected LixSi NPs show a high prelithiation capacity of 2100 mA h g(-1) with negligible capacity decay in dry air after 5 days and maintain a high capacity of 1600 mA h g(-1) in humid air (∼10% relative humidity). Silicon, tin, and graphite were successfully prelithiated with these NPs to eliminate the irreversible first-cycle capacity loss. The use of prelithiation reagents offers a new approach to realize next-generation high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries.
Plasma sprayed coatings of hydroxylapatite (1987)

The technique of plasma spraying has been applied to deposit a thin, dense layer of hydroxylapatite onto a titanium substrate. Bond strength of such apatite coatings with the substrate have been measured, as well as the (absence of) influence of the coating process on fatigue properties of the substrate. Animal studies showed similar histological reactions to apatite coatings as to (well documented) apatite bulk materials.