gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comparison of standard spell checking algorithms and a novel binary neural approach (2003)

In this paper, we propose a simple, flexible, and efficient hybrid spell checking methodology based upon phonetic matching, supervised learning, and associative matching in the AURA neural system. We integrate Hamming Distance and n-gram algorithms that have high recall for typing errors and a phonetic spell-checking algorithm in a single novel architecture. Our approach is suitable for any spell checking application though aimed toward isolated word error correction, particularly spell checking user queries in a search engine. We use a novel scoring scheme to integrate the retrieved words from each spelling approach and calculate an overall score for each matched word. From the overall scores, we can rank the possible matches. We evaluate our approach against several benchmark spellchecking algorithms for recall accuracy. Our proposed hybrid methodology has the highest recall rate of the techniques evaluated. The method has a high recall rate and low-computational cost.
Establishment of methylation-sensitive–representational difference analysis and isolation of hypo- and hypermethylated genomic fragments in mouse liver tumors (1997)

Methylation of CpG sites in the genome, which is generally conserved during cell replication, is considered to play important roles in cell differentiation and carcinogenesis. However, investigations on changes in methylation status have been limited to known genes. To make a genome-wide search for differentially methylated genes, we developed a methylation-sensitive-representational difference analysis (MS-RDA) method. The representation of the genome was prepared using the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme HpaII, and the mixture ratio of tester and driver DNAs was optimized to detect differences in methylation status of a single copy per diploid mammalian genome. By performing comparative MS-RDA of one hepatocellular carcinoma and of background liver tissue of one mouse treated with a food carcinogen (2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoline), we were able to identify (i) extensive hypomethylation of long interspersed nuclear element repetitive sequences in a number of hepatocellular carcinomas, (ii) reduction of the gene dosage of their mitochondrial DNA, and (iii) a hypermethylated DNA fragment of unknown origin. Furthermore, by adding the clones obtained in the first MS-RDA to the driver DNA [MS-RDA with elimination of excessive clones (MS-RDA-WEEC)], nine DNA fragments that could not be detected at the first MS-RDA were isolated as differentially methylated DNA fragments. MS-RDA, combined with MS-RDA-WEEC, is thus a promising approach to identify DNA fragments differentially methylated in two DNA sources.
The perils of portliness: causes and consequences of visceral adiposity. (2000)

Although an individual's total fat mass predicts morbidities such as coronary artery disease and diabetes, the anatomical distribution of adipose tissue is a strong and independent predictor of such adverse health outcomes. Thus, obese individuals with most of their fat stored in visceral adipose depots generally suffer greater adverse metabolic consequences than similarly overweight subjects with fat stored predominantly in subcutaneous sites. A fuller understanding of the biology of central obesity will require information regarding the genetic and environmental determinants of human fat topography and of the molecular mechanisms linking visceral adiposity to degenerative metabolic and vascular disease. Here we attempt to summarize the growing body of data relevant to these key areas and, in particular, to illustrate how recent advances in adipocyte biology are providing the basis for new pathophysiological insights.
Failure Analysis in Magnetic Tunnel Junction Nanopillar with Interfacial Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy (2016)

Magnetic tunnel junction nanopillar with interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA-MTJ) becomes a promising candidate to build up spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) for the next generation of non-volatile memory as it features low spin transfer switching current, fast speed, high scalability, and easy integration into conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits. However, this device suffers from a number of failure issues, such as large process variation and tunneling barrier breakdown. The large process variation is an intrinsic issue for PMA-MTJ as it is based on the interfacial effects between ultra-thin films with few layers of atoms; the tunneling barrier breakdown is due to the requirement of an ultra-thin tunneling barrier (e.g., <1 nm) to reduce the resistance area for the spin transfer torque switching in the nanopillar. These failure issues limit the research and development of STT-MRAM to widely achieve commercial products. In this paper, we give a full analysis of failure mechanisms for PMA-MTJ and present some eventual solutions from device fabrication to system level integration to optimize the failure issues.
Photochemistry of intercalated quaternary diazaaromatic salts (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochemistry of intercalated quaternary diazaaromatic saltsAnne M. Brun and Anthony HarrimanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 21, 8153–8159Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00021a047https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00021a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views337Altmetric-Citations74LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ciliary neurotrophic factor protects striatal output neurons in an animal model of Huntington disease. (1996)

Huntington disease is a dominantly inherited, untreatable neurological disorder featuring a progressive loss of striatal output neurons that results in dyskinesia, cognitive decline, and, ultimately, death. Neurotrophic factors have recently been shown to be protective in several animal models of neurodegenerative disease, raising the possibility that such substances might also sustain the survival of compromised striatal output neurons. We determined whether intracerebral administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3, or ciliary neurotrophic factor could protect striatal output neurons in a rodent model of Huntington disease. Whereas treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, or neurotrophin-3 provided no protection of striatal output neurons from death induced by intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid, an N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor agonist, treatment with ciliary neurotrophic factor afforded marked protection against this neurodegenerative insult.
Correction of beam hardening artefacts in microtomography for samples imaged in containers (2014)

We explore the use of referenceless multi-material beam hardening correction methods, with an emphasis on maintaining data quality for real-world imaging of geologic materials with a view towards automation. In particular, we consider cases where the sample of interest is surrounded by a container of uniform material and propose a novel container-only pre-correction technique to allow automation of the segmentation process required for such correction methods. The effectiveness of the new technique is demonstrated using both simulated and experimental data.
A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but Not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies (2013)

A desirable but as yet unachieved property of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine candidate is the ability to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). One approach to the problem is to create trimeric mimics of the native envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike that expose as many bNAb epitopes as possible, while occluding those for non-neutralizing antibodies (non-NAbs). Here, we describe the design and properties of soluble, cleaved SOSIP.664 gp140 trimers based on the subtype A transmitted/founder strain, BG505. These trimers are highly stable, more so even than the corresponding gp120 monomer, as judged by differential scanning calorimetry. They are also homogenous and closely resemble native virus spikes when visualized by negative stain electron microscopy (EM). We used several techniques, including ELISA and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), to determine the relationship between the ability of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to bind the soluble trimers and neutralize the corresponding virus. In general, the concordance was excellent, in that virtually all bNAbs against multiple neutralizing epitopes on HIV-1 Env were highly reactive with the BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140 trimers, including quaternary epitopes (CH01, PG9, PG16 and PGT145). Conversely, non-NAbs to the CD4-binding site, CD4-induced epitopes or gp41ECTO did not react with the trimers, even when their epitopes were present on simpler forms of Env (e.g. gp120 monomers or dissociated gp41 subunits). Three non-neutralizing MAbs to V3 epitopes did, however, react strongly with the trimers but only by ELISA, and not at all by SPR and to only a limited extent by EM. These new soluble trimers are useful for structural studies and are being assessed for their performance as immunogens.
Transcriptional Activation and Repression, Two Properties of the Lymphoid‐Specific Transcription Factor Oct‐2a (1995)

The lymphoid-specific transcription factor Oct-2a contains two transcriptional activation domains which are located within the N-terminal and C-terminal regions. To study their differential activation properties, we linked the isolated effector domains to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain. We have shown that both activating regions of Oct-2a, isolated from their natural context, can activate transcription as promoter factors. In contrast to the C-terminus, activation by the N-terminal domain is dependent on a yet unidentified factor(s) binding to the simian virus 40 enhancer. The results obtained by duplication of activation domains or their mixed combination suggest that the domains are functionally independent. However, activation from a remote position could only be achieved with the C-terminus of Oct-2a in B cells. In lymphoid cells, higher activation levels were observed, suggesting that distinct B-cell-specific cofactors in concert with the effector domains of Oct-2a might be involved in mediating transcription from proximal and remote positions. Furthermore, we identified a repression domain at the N-terminus of Oct-2a. When transferred to a potent activator, transcriptional stimulation was inhibited efficiently. These results underscore the modular structure of Oct-2a with separable domains for activation and repression and suggest that Oct-2a might have complex regulatory functions in vivo.
Fortschritte in der Technik der Ramanspektroskopie (1967)

Abstract Bei der Strukturaufklärung chemischer Verbindungen ergänzen sich Raman‐ und IR‐Spektroskopie in idealer Weise. Während IR‐Spektrometer aber seit Jahren schon fast zur alltäglichen Ausrüstung der meisten Analysenlaboratorien gehören, waren die handelsüblichen Ramanspektrometer apparativ noch nicht ausreichend entwickelt, um sich in der Praxis des Analytikers allgemein durchsetzen zu können. Die letzten Jahre brachten jedoch in der Technik der Ramanspektroskopie einige entscheidende Fortschritte, über die in dieser Arbeit ein Überblick gegeben wird. So wurden die Ramangeräte z. B. mit photoelektrischen Registrieranordnungen ausgestattet. Hg‐Niederdruck‐Brennflecklampen, Interferenzfilter und verbesserte Probenanordnungen führten zur Verringerung der erforderlichen Substanzmenge. Ganz neue Möglichkeiten ergaben sich durch die Anwendung von Laser‐Lichtquellen.
Qualitative and quantitative scoring and evaluation of the eye movement classification algorithms (2010)

This paper presents a set of qualitative and quantitative scores designed to assess performance of any eye movement classification algorithm. The scores are designed to provide a foundation for the eye tracking researchers to communicate about the performance validity of various eye movement classification algorithms. The paper concentrates on the five algorithms in particular: Velocity Threshold Identification (I-VT), Dispersion Threshold Identification (I-DT), Minimum Spanning Tree Identification (MST), Hidden Markov Model Identification (I-HMM) and Kalman Filter Identification (I-KF). The paper presents an evaluation of the classification performance of each algorithm in the case when values of the input parameters are varied. Advantages provided by the new scores are discussed. Discussion on what is the "best" classification algorithm is provided for several applications. General recommendations for the selection of the input parameters for each algorithm are provided.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoisomeric Peptide Libraries and Peptidomimetics for Designing Selective Inhibitors of αvβ3 Integrin for a New Cancer Therapy (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Nanoparticle-Based Oral Drug Delivery System for an Injectable Antibiotic – Streptomycin (2007)

Our results suggest that nanoencapsulation might be useful for developing a suitable oral dosage form for streptomycin and perhaps for other antibiotics that are otherwise injectable.
Bruceantin, a new potent antileukemic simaroubolide from Brucea antidysenterica (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBruceantin, a new potent antileukemic simaroubolide from Brucea antidysentericaS. Morris Kupchan, Ronald W. Britton, Myra F. Ziegler, and Carl W. SigelCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 1, 178–179Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00941a049https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00941a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views828Altmetric-Citations217LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Association between Abnormal Long Noncoding RNA MALAT-1 Expression and Cancer Lymph Node Metastasis: A Meta-Analysis (2016)

Previous studies have investigated that the expression levels of MALAT-1 were higher in cancerous tissues than matched histologically normal tissues. And, to some extent, overexpression of MALAT-1 was inclined to lymph node metastasis. This meta-analysis collected all relevant articles and explored the association between MALAT-1 expression levels and lymph node metastasis. We searched PubMed, EmBase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and OVID to address the level of MALAT-1 expression in cancer cases and noncancerous controls (accessed February 2015). And 8 studies comprising 696 multiple cancer patients were included to assess this association. The odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the strength of the association using Stata 12.0 version software. The results revealed there was a significant difference in the incidence of lymph node metastasis between high MALAT-1 expression group and low MALAT-1 expression group (OR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.15-3.28, P = 0.013 random-effects model). Subgroup analysis indicated that MALAT-1 high expression had an unfavorable impact on lymph node metastasis in Chinese patients (OR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.01-2.46). This study demonstrated that the incidence of lymph node metastasis in patients detected with high MALAT-1 expression was higher than that in patients with low MALAT-1 expression in China.
Systematic evaluation of chromosome conformation capture assays (2021)

Chromosome conformation capture (3C) assays are used to map chromatin interactions genome-wide. Chromatin interaction maps provide insights into the spatial organization of chromosomes and the mechanisms by which they fold. Hi-C and Micro-C are widely used 3C protocols that differ in key experimental parameters including cross-linking chemistry and chromatin fragmentation strategy. To understand how the choice of experimental protocol determines the ability to detect and quantify aspects of chromosome folding we have performed a systematic evaluation of 3C experimental parameters. We identified optimal protocol variants for either loop or compartment detection, optimizing fragment size and cross-linking chemistry. We used this knowledge to develop a greatly improved Hi-C protocol (Hi-C 3.0) that can detect both loops and compartments relatively effectively. In addition to providing benchmarked protocols, this work produced ultra-deep chromatin interaction maps using Micro-C, conventional Hi-C and Hi-C 3.0 for key cell lines used by the 4D Nucleome project.
Amlodipine Besylate–Excipients Interaction in Solid Dosage Form (2004)

This article studies the compatibility of amlodipine besylate in its solid formulations with various drug excipients. The various factors affecting amlodipine besylate stability were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It has been found that binary 1:1 mixtures of amlodipine besylate and an excipient are stable at 65 degrees C and 40 degrees C/75% RH. Further investigations were conducted to study the stability of amlodipine besylate in multicomponent mixtures, including mixtures with actual formulations. The study reveals that mixtures of lactose, magnesium stearate, and water induce some instability on amlodipine besylate. The major degradation product confirmed by HPLC-mass spectrometry is amlodipine besylate glycosyl. This is in conformity with the well-known Maillard reaction between primary amines and lactose. Thus, lactose-free amlodipine formulations are recommended from the safety, quality, efficacy, and process cost points of view.
Interaction of antimicrobial dermaseptin and its fluorescently labeled analogs with phospholipid membranes (1992)

Dermaseptin, a 34 amino-acid residue antimicrobial polypeptide [Mor, A., Nguyen, V. H., Delfour, A., Migliore-Samour, D., & Nicolas, P. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 8824-8830] was synthesized and selectively labeled at its N-terminal amino acid with either 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-yl (NBD), rhodamine, or fluorescein. The fluorescent emission spectra of the NBD-labeled dermaseptin displayed a blue-shift upon binding to small unilamellar vesicles (SUV), reflecting the relocation of the fluorescent probe to an environment of increased apolarity. Titrations of solutions containing NBD-labeled dermaseptin with SUV composed of zwitterionic or acidic phospholipids were used to generate binding isotherms, from which were derived surface partition constants of (0.66 +/- 0.06) x 10(4) M-1 and (2.8 +/- 0.3) x 10(4) M-1, respectively. The shape of the binding isotherms, as well as fluorescence energy transfer measurements, suggests that some aggregation of membrane-bound peptide monomers occurs in acidic but not in zwitterionic vesicles. The preferential susceptibility of the peptide to proteolysis when bound to zwitterionic but not to acidic SUV suggests that these aggregates might then penetrate a relatively short distance into the hydrophobic region of the acidic membrane. Furthermore, the results provide good correlation between the peptide's strong binding and its ability to permeate membranes composed of acidic phospholipids, as revealed by a dissipation of diffusion potential and a release of entrapped calcein from SUV.
ToolStone (2000)

The ToolStone is a cordless, multiple degree-of-freedom (MDOF) input device that senses physical manipulation of itself, such as rotating, flipping, or tilting. As an input device for the non-dominant hand when a bimanual interface is used, the ToolStone provides several interaction techniques including a toolpalette selector, and MDOF interactors such as zooming, 3D rotation, and virtual camera control. In this paper, we discuss the design principles of input devices that effectively use a human's physical manipulation skills, and describe the system architecture and applications of the Tool-Stone input device.
Studies on s-Triazines. I. Cotrimerization of Trichloroacetonitrile with Other Nitriles (1969)

Abstract 2-Substituted 4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-s-triazines have been prepared by the cotrimerization of CCl3CN with some nitriles. The reaction proceeds, in general, smoothly at ordinary pressure in the presence of hydrogen halide or Friedel-Crafts catalyst-hydrogen halide complex. An improved method was developed for the nitriles such as propionitrile with which CCl3CN did not easily cotrimerize under above mentioned conditions.
High-efficacy targeting of colon-cancer liver metastasis withSalmonella typhimuriumA1-R via intra-portal-vein injection in orthotopic nude-mouse models (2016)

Liver metastasis is the main cause of colon cancer-related death and is a recalcitrant disease. We report here the efficacy and safety of intra-portal-vein (iPV) targeting of Salmonella typhimurium A1-R on colon cancer liver metastasis in a nude-mouse orthotopic model. Nude mice with HT29 human colon cancer cells, expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) (HT29-RFP), growing in the liver were administered S. typhimurium A1-R by either iPV (1×104 colony forming units (CFU)/100 μl) or, for comparison, intra-venous injection (iv; 5×107 CFU/100 μl). Similar amounts of bacteria were delivered to the liver with the two doses, indicating that iPV delivery is 5×103 times more efficient than iv delivery. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by tumor fluorescent area (mm2) and total fluorescence intensity. Tumor fluorescent area and fluorescence intensity highly correlated (p<0.0001). iPV treatment was more effective compared to both untreated control and iv treatment (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively with iPV treatment with S. typhimurium arresting metastatic growth). There were no significant differences in body weight between all groups. The results of this study suggest that S. typhimurium A1-R administered iPV has potential for peri-operative adjuvant treatment of colon cancer liver metastasis.