gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemokine Receptor Expression and Function in CD4+ T Lymphocytes with Regulatory Activity (2001)

We have investigated the chemokine receptor expression and migratory behavior of a new subset of nickel-specific skin-homing regulatory CD4(+) T cells (Th(IL-10)) releasing high levels of IL-10, low IFN-gamma, and undetectable IL-4. These cells inhibit in a IL-10-dependent manner the capacity of dendritic cells to activate nickel-specific Tc1 and Th1 lymphocytes. RNase protection assay and FACS analysis revealed the expression of a vast repertoire of chemokine receptors on resting Th(IL-10), including the Th1-associated CXCR3 and CCR5, and the Th2-associated CCR3, CCR4, and CCR8, the latter at higher levels compared with Th2 cells. The most active chemokines for resting Th(IL-10), in terms of calcium mobilization and in vitro migration, were in order of potency: CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, CCR2 ligand), CCL4 (macrophage-inflammatory protein-1beta, CCR5 ligand), CCL3 (macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha, CCR1/5 ligand), CCL17 (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, CCR4 ligand), CCL1 (I-309, CCR8 ligand), CXCL12 (stromal-derived factor-1, CXCR4), and CCL11 (eotaxin, CCR3 ligand). Consistent with receptor expression down-regulation, activated Th(IL-10) exhibited a reduced or absent response to most chemokines, but retained a significant migratory capacity to I-309, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine. I-309, which was ineffective on Th1 lymphocytes, attracted more efficiently Th(IL-10) than Th2 cells. I-309 and CCR8 mRNAs were not detected in unaffected skin and were up-regulated at the skin site of nickel-allergic reaction, with an earlier expression kinetics compared with IL-10 and IL-4. Results indicate that skin-homing regulatory Th(IL-10) lymphocytes coexpress functional Th1- and Th2-associated chemokine receptors, and that CCR8/I-309-driven recruitment of both resting and activated Th(IL-10) cells may be critically involved in the regulation of Th1-mediated skin allergic disorders.
ChemInform Abstract: Activation of Carboxylic Acids by Pyrocarbonates. Synthesis of Symmetric Anhydrides and Esters of N‐Protected Amino Acids Using Dialkyl Pyrocarbonates as Condensing Reagents. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Successful induction of immune tolerance to enzyme replacement therapy in canine mucopolysaccharidosis I (2004)

Immune responses can interfere with the effective use of therapeutic proteins to treat genetic deficiencies and have been challenging to manage. To address this problem, we adapted and studied methods of immune tolerance used in canine organ transplantation research to soluble protein therapeutics. A tolerization regimen was developed that prevents a strong antibody response to the enzyme alpha-l-iduronidase during enzyme replacement therapy of a canine model of the lysosomal storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis I. The tolerizing regimen consists of a limited 60-day course of cyclosporin A and azathioprine combined with weekly i.v. infusions of low-dose recombinant human alpha-l-iduronidase. The canines tolerized with this regimen maintain a reduced immune response for up to 6 months despite weekly therapeutic doses of enzyme in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs. Successful tolerization depended on high plasma levels of cyclosporin A combined with azathioprine. In addition, the induction of tolerance may require mannose 6-phosphate receptor-mediated uptake because alpha-l-iduronidase and alpha-glucosidase induced tolerance with the drug regimen whereas ovalbumin and dephosphorylated alpha-l-iduronidase did not. This tolerization method should be applicable to the treatment of other lysosomal storage disorders and provides a strategy to consider for other nontoleragenic therapeutic proteins and autoimmune diseases.
Decoupling the Effects of the Matrix Properties and Foam Structure on the Mechanical Properties of Microcellular Foam by Sub-Tg Annealing (1995)

Sub-T, annealing microcellular polycarbonate for 100 hours at 135°C increases yield strength but decreases fatigue life and ductility. Annealing reverses the effect of CO 2 saturation-cycling on the mechanical properties of the foam matrix by decreasing the free volume created by the saturation-cycle. Consequently, annealing decouples the effects of the matrix properties and the microstructure on the mechanical behavior of microcellular foam.
Self-Amplifying Replicon RNA Vaccine Delivery to Dendritic Cells by Synthetic Nanoparticles (2014)

Dendritic cells (DC) play essential roles determining efficacy of vaccine delivery with respect to immune defence development and regulation. This renders DCs important targets for vaccine delivery, particularly RNA vaccines. While delivery of interfering RNA oligonucleotides to the appropriate intracellular sites for RNA-interference has proven successful, the methodologies are identical for RNA vaccines, which require delivery to RNA translation sites. Delivery of mRNA has benefitted from application of cationic entities; these offer value following endocytosis of RNA, when cationic or amphipathic properties can promote endocytic vesicle membrane perturbation to facilitate cytosolic translocation. The present review presents how such advances are being applied to the delivery of a new form of RNA vaccine, replicons (RepRNA) carrying inserted foreign genes of interest encoding vaccine antigens. Approaches have been developed for delivery to DCs, leading to the translation of the RepRNA and encoded vaccine antigens both in vitro and in vivo. Potential mechanisms favouring efficient delivery leading to translation are discussed with respect to the DC endocytic machinery, showing the importance of cytosolic translocation from acidifying endocytic structures. The review relates the DC endocytic pathways to immune response induction, and the potential advantages for these self-replicating RNA vaccines in the near future.
Trabecular Bone Structure of the Calcaneus: Preliminary in Vivo MR Imaging Assessment in Men with Osteoporosis (2003)

Structural measurements derived from MR images of the calcaneus may be used in vivo to characterize trabecular bone architecture in men with osteoporosis.
A Recombinant Carboxy-Terminal Domain of the Protective Antigen of Bacillus anthracis Protects Mice against Anthrax Infection (2002)

The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of overlapping regions of the protective antigen (PA) polypeptide, cloned and expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins, have been assessed. Results show that protection can be attributed to individual domains and imply that it is domain 4 which contains the dominant protective epitopes of PA.
NK1, a Natural Splice Variant of Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor, Is a Partial Agonist In Vivo (1998)

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a potent mitogen, motogen, and morphogen for epithelial cells expressing its tyrosine kinase receptor, the c-met proto-oncogene product, and is required for normal development in the mouse. Inappropriate stimulation of Met signal transduction induces aberrant morphogenesis and oncogenesis in mice and has been implicated in human cancer. NK1 is a naturally occurring HGF/SF splice variant composed of only the amino terminus and first kringle domain. While the biological activities of NK1 have been controversial, in vitro data suggest that it may have therapeutic value as an HGF/SF antagonist. Here, we directly test this hypothesis in vivo by expressing mouse NK1 in transgenic mice and comparing the consequent effects with those observed for mice carrying an HGF/SF transgene. Despite robust expression, NK1 did not behave as an HGF/SF antagonist in vivo. Instead, NK1-transgenic mice displayed most of the phenotypic characteristics associated with HGF/SF-transgenic mice, including enlarged livers, ectopic skeletal-muscle formation, progressive renal disease, aberrant pigment cell localization, precocious mammary lobuloalveolar development, and the appearance of mammary, hepatocellular, and melanocytic tumors. And like HGF/SF-transgenic livers, NK1 livers had higher levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated complexes associated with Met, suggesting that the mechanistic basis for the effects of NK1 overexpression in vivo was autocrine activation of Met. We conclude that NK1 acts in vivo as a partial agonist. As such, the efficacy of NK1 as a therapeutic HGF/SF antagonist must be seriously questioned.
Properties of the guinea-pig lung platelet-activating factor receptor encoded by the cloned cDNA. (1992)

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a naturally occurring phospholipid possessing proinflammatory and shock-inducing activities. Although PAF exerts these functions via specific receptors, the molecular structures of the receptor has not been clarified. We have isolated a cDNA coding for PAF receptor through expression cloning. The PAF receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and COS-7 cells showed pharmacological properties consistent with those in previous reports. Sequence analysis revealed that PAF receptor belongs to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors.
Catalytic Acid−Base Groups in Yeast Pyruvate Decarboxylase. 3. A Steady-State Kinetic Model Consistent with the Behavior of both Wild-Type and Variant Enzymes at All Relevant pH Values (2001)

The widely quoted kinetic model for the mechanism of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase (YPDC, EC 4.1.1.1), an enzyme subject to substrate activation, is based on data for the wild-type enzyme under optimal experimental conditions. The major feature of the model is the obligatory binding of substrate in the regulatory site prior to substrate binding at the catalytic site. The activated monomer would complete the cycle by irreversible decarboxylation of the substrate and product (acetaldehyde) release. Our recent kinetic studies of YPDC variants substituted at positions D28 and E477 at the active center necessitate some modification of the mechanism. It was found that enzyme without substrate activation apparently is still catalytically competent. Further, substrate-dependent inhibition of D28-substituted variants leads to an enzyme form with nonzero activity at full saturation, requiring a second major branch point in the mechanism. Kinetic data for the E477Q variant suggest that three consecutive substrate binding steps may be needed to release product acetaldehyde, unlikely if YPDC monomer is the minimal catalytic unit with only two binding sites for substrate. A model to account for all kinetic observations involves a functional dimer operating through alternation of active sites. In the context of this mechanism, roles are suggested for the active center acid-base groups D28, E477, H114, and H115. The results underline once more the enormous importance that both aromatic rings of the thiamin diphosphate, rather than only the thiazolium ring, have in catalysis, a fact little appreciated prior to the availability of the 3-dimensional structure of these enzymes.
Safety and hazard control - are we doing too much? (1989)

The Chemical Industry has long been aware of the need for safe plants. The record of the industry as a whole is at least comparable and often better than other areas of man's activities. The better companies continue to improve their own safety standards, but it is not clear that this is the best way to improve safety for society as a whole. The poorer companies should do more. The failures of our industry are more likely to come from the poorer companies but these failures will tarnish our whole industry. The paper examines the effects of major accidents, our response to them and critically examines our options for the future.
Enzymes for animal feeding from Penicillium chrysogenum mycelial wastes from penicillin manufacture (2002)

An enzymatic precipitate from these P. chrysogenum wastes, comparable to a commercial enzymatic additive used in animal feeding, was obtained.
Post mortem sampling of the brain and other tissues in neurodegenerative disease (2004)

The importance of the autopsy in neurodegenerative disease is often not appreciated. Yet clinical diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease is relatively inaccurate, many neurodegenerative diseases are inherited or are associated with specific genetic risk factors, and several non-transmissible neurodegenerative diseases may be confused clinically with prion diseases. In all these cases, the autopsy is the only practical way in which brain tissue can be obtained for diagnosis. The pathologist should ensure that consent by the next-of-kin to post mortem examination is based on clear information as to the nature, scope and limitations of the autopsy, and that any constraints on retaining brain and other tissues are documented. The autopsy should be preceded by a careful review of the clinical notes and ante mortem studies, and consideration of the possible and likely pathological processes. This may suggest the need to retain fixed or frozen samples of cerebrospinal fluid, skeletal muscle, peripheral nerve and other tissues in addition to brain and spinal cord. Ideally, the brain should be fixed intact for 2-3 weeks before it is sliced and blocks are taken. If the period of fixation is limited to a few days only, it is best to slice the brain whilst it is fresh and to allow the diagnostically relevant slices to fix flat; after about 3 days the fixed slices can be sliced further, examined macroscopically and sampled. Even if consent is limited to the retention of only a few tissue samples for histology, a reasonably confident diagnosis can still usually be made, provided that the sampling is careful and systematic. The selection of blocks or brain and spinal cord for histology should be based on internationally accepted guidelines for the pathological diagnosis of different types of neurodegenerative disease, where such guidelines are available. Illustrations are provided to indicate which regions of the brain are critical to establishing a diagnosis in the main categories of neurodegenerative disease. When difficulties arise in the pathological diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease, inadequate post mortem sampling or rapid processing of poorly fixed brain tissue is usually to blame.
Apparent Copper(II)-Accelerated Azide−Alkyne Cycloaddition (2009)

Cu(II) salts accelerate azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions in alcoholic solvents without reductants such as sodium ascorbate. Spectroscopic observations suggest that Cu(II) undergoes reduction to catalytic Cu(I) species via either alcohol oxidation or alkyne homocoupling, or both, during an induction period. The reactions involving 2-picolylazide are likely facilitated by its chelation to Cu(II). The highly exothermic reaction between 2-picolylazide and propargyl alcohol completes within 1-2 min in the presence of as low as 1 mol % Cu(OAc)(2).
Isolation and characterization of Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants deficient in acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. (1988)

A protocol has been developed for isolating cholesterol ester-deficient cells from the Chinese hamster ovary cell clone 25-RA. This cell line previously was shown to be partially resistant to suppression of cholesterogenic enzyme activities by 25-hydroxycholesterol and to accumulate a large amount of intracellular cholesterol ester when grown in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (Chang, T. Y., and Limanek, J. S. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 7787-7795). The higher cholesterol ester content of 25-RA is due to an increase in the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis and low density lipoprotein receptor activity compared to wild-type Chinese hamster ovary cells, and not due to an abnormal acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase enzyme. The procedure to isolate cholesterol ester-deficient mutants utilizes amphotericin B, a polyene antibiotic known to bind to cholesterol and to form pore complexes in membranes. After incubation in cholesterol-free medium plus an inhibitor of endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis, 25-RA cells were found to be 50-500 times more sensitive to amphotericin B killing than were mutant cells containing reduced amounts of cholesterol ester. Twelve amphotericin B-resistant mutants were isolated which retained the 25-hydroxycholesterol-resistant phenotype. These mutants did not exhibit the perinuclear lipid droplets characteristic of 25-RA cells, and lipid analysis revealed a large (up to 40-fold) reduction in cellular cholesterol ester. The acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activities of these cholesterol ester-deficient mutants were markedly lower than 25-RA when assayed in intact cells or in an in vitro reconstitution assay. The tightest mutant characterized, AC29, was found to have less than 1% of the parental acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. These mutants all have reduced rates of sterol synthesis and lower low density lipoprotein receptor activity compared to 25-RA, probably as a consequence of their reduced enzyme activities. Cell fusion experiments revealed that the phenotypes of all the mutants examined are not dominant and that the mutants all belong to the same complementation group. We conclude that these mutants contain a lesion in the gene encoding acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase or in a gene encoding a factor needed for enzyme production.
Fiber-laser-pumped continuous-wave singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (2002)

We report on what is to our knowledge the first continuous-wave (cw) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) that is pumped by a tunable fiber laser. The OPO is singly resonant for the signal wave and consists of a 40-mm-long periodically poled LiNbO(3) crystal in a four-mirror ring cavity. At a pump power of 8.3 W provided by the wavelength-tunable Yb-doped fiber laser, the singly resonant OPO generates 1.9 W of 3200-nm cw idler radiation. The singly resonant OPO was tuned from 1515 to 1633 nm (signal) and from 3057 to 3574 nm (idler) by means of the crystal temperature and poling period. We obtained a wide idler tuning range, from 2980 to 3700 mn, by tuning the wavelength of the fiber laser from 1032 to 1095 nm.
Plasmids in Corynebacterium diphtheriae and diphtheroids mediating erythromycin resistance (1980)

Plasmids were isolated from erythromycin-resistant Corynebacterium diphtheriae and skin coryneforms. Six erythromycin-resistant C. diphtheriae strains, isolated from cutaneous lesions, all contained a 9.5-megadalton (Mdal) plasmid. Loss of resistance was associated with the deletion of a 1-Mdal segment from the plasmid or, less frequently, with loss of the plasmid. Two erythromycin-resistant diphtheroids were isolated from similar skin lesions. One contained a 38-Mdal plasmid that was lost in the conversion to erythromycin susceptibiliy. The other diphtheroid contained a 30- and a 14-Mdal plasmid. Erythromycin-susceptible derivatives of this strain were not recovered. Restriction enzyme analysis indicated that the 9.5-Mdal plasmids in the C. diphtheriae strains are very similar, if not identical, and that each of the deleted plasmids has lost the same 1-Mdal segment. However, the restriction patterns of the plasmids in the two diphtheroids are not closely related to each other nor to the plasmids in the C. diphtheriae strains.
Pharmaceutics : basic principles and application to pharmacy practice (2014)

Pharmaceutics: Basic Principles and Application to Pharmacy Practice is a valuable textbook covering the basic science as well as the role and application of pharmaceutics within pharmacy practice. Based on curricular guidelines mandated by the American Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), this book incorporates laboratory skills by identifying portions of each principle that can be used in a clinical setting. In this way, instructors are able to demonstrate their adherence to ACPE standards and objectives simply by using this book. A companion website for students and instructors further enhance the didactic content for students by including practice questions and answers and videos that feature difficult processes and procedures. Essential resources for instructors are also available and include chapter PowerPoint slides and full-color images. Full of practical examples and case studies for experiential learning, Pharmaceutics enables students to gain the scientific foundation to understand drug physicochemical properties, practical aspects of dosage forms and drug delivery systems, and the biological applications of drug administration. It features chapter objectives and chapter summaries that illustrate and reinforce key ideas. It is designed to meet curricular guidelines for pharmaceutics and laboratory skills mandated by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE). Companion website features resources for students and instructors, including videos illustrating difficult processes and procedures and practice questions and answers. Instructor resources include Powerpoint slides and a full-color image bank.
Time-resolved Balmer-alpha emission from fast hydrogen atoms in low pressure, radio-frequency discharges in hydrogen (1995)

Doppler-broadened Hα emission (656.28 nm) detected from a 13.56 MHz, parallel-plate, radio-frequency discharge in hydrogen indicates the presence of fast excited H atoms throughout the discharge volume. Time and spatially resolved measurements of the Doppler-broadened emission indicate that the fast H atoms are formed primarily at the surface of the powered electrode with kinetic energies exceeding 120 eV.
Low-power VLSI design for motion estimation using adaptive pixel truncation (2000)

Power consumption is very critical for portable video applications such as portable videophone and digital camcorder. Motion estimation (ME) in the video encoder requires a huge amount of computation, and hence consumes the largest portion of power. We propose a novel method of reducing power consumption of the ME by adaptively changing the pixel resolution during the computation of the motion vector. The pixel resolution is changed by masking or truncating the least significant bits of the pixel data, which is governed by the bit-rate control mechanism. Experimental results show that on average more than 4 bits ran be truncated without significantly affecting the picture quality. This results in more than 60% reduction in power consumption.
Baculovirus interaction with nontarget organisms: a virus-borne reporter gene is not expressed in two mammalian cell lines (1987)

The safety of baculoviruses with respect to mammalian species was studied by using a genetically engineered recombinant of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. This recombinant contains the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene under the control of a mammalian-active promoter and expresses substantial levels of CAT activity on infection of permissive and nonpermissive insect cells (L.F. Carbonell, M.J. Klowden, and L.K. Miller, J. Virol. 56:153-160, 1985). Extremely low levels of CAT activity were detected in mouse and human cell lines that were continuously exposed to the A. californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus recombinant. The appearance of CAT was not inhibited by cycloheximide. Isopycnic centrifugation of purified inoculum showed that a low level of CAT activity was associated with the insect-derived viral particles. Thus, the observed CAT activity is carried into the cells with the virus inoculum, and active expression of the baculovirus-borne CAT gene is not observed in either cell line. The inability of the CAT gene to be expressed in these cell lines with this model system provides additional assurance of the safety of insect baculoviruses with respect to mammalian species.