gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal‐Particle‐Induced, Highly Localized Site‐Specific Etching of Si and Formation of Single‐Crystalline Si Nanowires in Aqueous Fluoride Solution (2006)

A straightforward metal-particle-induced, highly localized site-specific corrosion-like mechanism was proposed for the formation of aligned silicon-nanowire arrays on silicon in aqueous HF/AgNO3 solution on the basis of convincing experimental results. The etching process features weak dependence on the doping of the silicon wafers and, thus, provides an efficient method to prepare silicon nanowires with desirable doping characteristics. The novel electrochemical properties between silicon and active noble metals should be useful for preparing novel silicon nanostructures and also new optoelectronic devices.
Additive effect of three noradrenergic genes (ADRA2A, ADRA2C, DBH) on attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities in Tourette syndrome subjects (1999)

Halperin et al. (Halperin JM. Newcorn JH, Koda VH, Pick L, McKay KE, Knott P. Noradrenergic mechanisms in ADHD children with and without reading disabilities: a replication and extension. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997: 36: 1688 1696) reported a significant increase in plasma norepinephrine (NE) in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children with reading and other cognitive disabilities compared to ADHD children without learning disabilities (LD). We examined the hypothesis that ADHD + LD was associated with NE dysfunction at a molecular genetic level by testing for associations and additive effects between polymorphisms at three noradrenergic genes the adrenergic alpha2A receptor (ADRA2A), adrenergic alpha2C receptor (ADRA2C), and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) genes. A total of 336 subjects consisting of 274 individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) and 62 normal controls were genotyped. Regression analysis showed a significant correlation between scores for ADHD, a history of LD, and poor grade-school academic performance that was greatest for the additive effect of all three genes. Combined, these three genes accounted for 3.5% of the variance of the ADHD score (p = 0.0005). There was a significant increase in the number of variant NE genes progressing from subjects without ADHD (A-) or learning disorders (LD-) to A + LD - to A - LD + to A + LD + (p = 0.0017), but no comparable effect for dopamine genes. These data support an association between NE genes and ADHD, especially in ADHD + LD subjects.
Effects of naproxen on connective tissue changes in the adjuvant arthritic rat (1979)

The Freund's adjuvant-injected rat shares a number of features with the arthritis patient, viz the presence of a proliferative synovitis, joint swelling, and cartilage and bone erosion. Naproxen, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor which is an effective antiinflammatory agent in laboratory animals and humans, was evaluated as an inhibitor of connective tissue destruction in this model by use of radiologic and histopathologic analyses. Sixteen days after rats were injected with Freund's complete adjuvant, marked joint swelling was noted. On day 17, vehicle or naproxen, 7 mg/kg/day, was administered orally. Twenty-eight days later vehicle-treated animals demonstrated the following pathologic changes in their hindpaws; swelling, cartilage loss, large amounts of pannus within the joint spaces, osteoporosis, bone erosions, periosteal new bone formation, heterotopic ossification, and bony ankylosis. Rats treated 28 days with naproxen had significantly milder disease than the vehicle controls. The incidence of severe juxtaarticular bone destruction was 10/10 in the vehicle controls versus 2/10 of the drug-treated group (P less than 0.01). A comparable reduction in cartilage erosion, incidence of pannus, and new bone formation was noted in the drug-treated group. These effects may relate to an inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis; prostaglandins have been shown to: 1) stimulate collagenase secretion from macrophages, 2) stimulate bone resorption in vivo and in vitro, and 3) diminish proteoglycan synthesis in cartilage.
Proximal gastric distension modifies ingestion rate in pigs (1997)

Control of food ingestion related to proximal gastric distension has never been demonstrated in pigs. The aim of this study was to demonstrate its existence. Meal duration, food intake rate and characteristics of non-ingestion periods were evaluated during the ingestion of a 500 g meal with simultaneous balloon distension of the proximal stomach. Distensions were performed either at fixed pressure levels or at fixed volume levels. Five pressure levels and five volume levels were tested in duplicate experiments in random order and on different days in each animal. Pressures equal or above 11 mmHg increased meal duration (656 +/- 12 vs 562 +/- 30 s, 11 mmHg vs control) because of a lower rate of food intake and longer period of non-ingestion. On the contrary, irrespective of the gastric bag volume, isovolumic distensions did not alter feeding behaviour. We concluded that a short term control of food intake exists in pigs.
Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in synovial sarcoma: association with an aggressive phenotype. (1999)

It is well known that insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays a crucial role in proliferation and survival of transformed cells. Overexpression of IGF-1R in certain tumors has been reported, but there is still little known about its importance in vivo. Here, we evaluated the IGF-1R levels in 35 human synovial sarcoma tumors by Western blot and reverse transcriptase-PCR. In 18 of these, IGF-1R was detectable by Western blot, whereas 17 were nondetectable. There was a significant association between the amount of receptor proteins and mRNA transcripts. Furthermore, we found that the IGF-1R Western blot-positive tumors were associated with a high incidence of lung metastases. Eleven of 18 (61%) developed metastases in the IGF-1R detectable group, compared to 3 of 17 (18%) in the nondetectable group (P = 0.01). Moreover, in the detectable group of IGF-1R, 12 of 18 (67%) exhibited a high tumor cell proliferative rate, compared to 5 of 16 (31%) in the nondetectable group (P = 0.04). On the other hand, no association was found between the IGF-1R and type of fusion gene transcript (SYT-SSX1 or SYT-SSX2). Our results suggest that expression of IGF-1R can underlie an aggressive phenotype in synovial sarcoma.
Cellular Transforming Genes (1982)

Cellular genes potentially capable of inducing oncogenic transformation have been identified by homology to the transforming genes of retroviruses and by the biological activity of cellular DNA's in transfection assays. DNA's of various tumors induce transformation with high efficiencies, indicating that oncogenesis can involve dominant genetic alterations resulting in activation of cellular transforming genes. The identification and characterization of cellular transforming genes and their possible involvement in naturally occurring cancers, is discussed.
Isolation of mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that survive without sphingolipids. (1990)

Sphingolipids comprise a large, widespread family of complex eucaryotic-membrane constituents of poorly defined function. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is particularly suited for studies of sphingolipid function because it contains a small number of sphingolipids and is amenable to molecular genetic analysis. Moreover, it is the only eucaryote in which mutants blocked in sphingolipid biosynthesis have been isolated. Beginning with a nonreverting sphingolipid-defective strain that requires the addition of the long-chain-base component of sphingolipids to the culture medium for growth, we isolated two strains carrying secondary, suppressor mutations that permit survival in the absence of exogenous long-chain base. Remarkably, the suppressor strains made little if any sphingolipid. A study of how the suppressor gene products compensate for the lack of sphingolipids may reveal the function(s) of these membrane lipids in yeast cells.
CE with LED‐based detection: An update (2008)

CE detectors based on LEDs as light sources are attracting considerable attention and having increasing applications. They show excellent stable output with less energy consumption, have long lifetime, and are low-cost, small in size, and able to work at various wavelengths. This review updates our last review article published in 2007 (Electrophoresis 2007, 28, 233-242) and focuses on the development and application of CE detectors based on LEDs reported in recent years. It describes the exciting new approaches and improved techniques. Three configurations of absorption and fluorescence detection techniques including right-angle-type, collinear-type, and optical-fiber fluorescence detector are introduced and compared. Lastly, it also discusses their applications and future perspectives in this field.
Comparison between acarbose, metformin, and insulin treatment in type 2 diabetic patients with secondary failure to sulfonylurea treatment. (1995)

The purpose of this study was to determine the most suitable treatment for Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with secondary failure to sulfonylureas (SFS). In a four-month comparative study, 36 Type 2 diabetic patients given SFS were allocated to three treatment groups: A (n = 12, M/F 6/6, HbAlc 9.1 +/- 1.6%) received 0.3 IU/Kg body weight (BW) of insulin-Zn between 10 and 11 p.m.; B (n = 12, M/F 6/6, HbAlc 9.2 +/- 1.6%) SFS plus 850 mg/day of metformin; and C (n = 12, M/F 6/6, HbAlc 9.5 +/- 2.4%) SFS plus acarbose 3 x 100 mg daily. Modifications in HbAlc, BW, blood pressure (BP), lipoprotein profile and insulin sensitivity were evaluated. HbAlc decreased in the three groups (A: 17.9 +/- 13.5%; B: 18.2 +/- 4.5%; C: 7.6 +/- 16.8%; all p < 0.05; A and B vs C = p < 0.05). BW increased in group A and decreased in the other groups. BP decreased statistically in group B. HDL-cholesterol increased (1.26 +/- 0.46 vs 1.49 +/- 0.36 mmol/L; p < 0.05) and triglyceride levels decreased (1.68 +/- 0.85 vs 1.16 +/- 0.43 mmol/L; p < 0.05) in group A. There were no significant changes in the other studied parameters. We conclude that, for Type 2 diabetic patients given SFS, both insulin and metformin plus SFS provided better glycaemic control than acarbose plus SFS. Metformin combined with SFS offered further advantages for the control of BW and BP.
Soil Calcium and pH Monitoring Sensor System (2007)

An agrarian sensorial system based on temperature, moisture, and all solid-state ion-selective potentiometric sensors was developed with the objective of monitoring the behavior of H+ and Ca2+ ions in soil and in real conditions, contributing with a new tool that tries to complement the current precision agriculture technology. The evaluation of the sensorial system to pH monitoring presented a good correlation between the results obtained by the system and the standard methodology, allowing us to notice the soil buffer capacity at different soil depths. With regard to calcium, the sensor system also presented an agreement between its results and those obtained by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, using a calibration model based on multiple linear regressions that allows the correct determination of Ca2+ concentrations in soil depths where the relative moisture is different. In this way, using well-known potentiometric sensors in a complex, discontinued, and heterogeneous matrix, such as soil, the sensorial system proved to be a useful task for agrochemical field applications.
Unifocal origin of advanced human epithelial ovarian cancers. (1992)

Ovarian cancers are often diagnosed at a late stage, after the cancer cells have spread to extraovarian sites. Failure to diagnose these tumors earlier may reflect the lack of symptoms and the need for a sensitive, reliable screening test. Alternatively, this can be explained by the hypothesis that some of the extraovarian tumor implants do not represent metastatic spread from the primary cancer but instead are multiple primary tumors developing simultaneously in the peritoneal epithelium. If this is the case, some patients with advanced ovarian cancer may never have had a stage I disease, making early detection theoretically impossible. In this study, we examined the mutational pattern of the p53 gene in 9 patients with epithelial ovarian cancers using tissue collected from different sites within the same patient. In all 9 cases, the mutational pattern of the p53 gene was identical in cancer cells from different sites within the same patient, strongly suggesting that these ovarian tumors were of unifocal origin and that cancer tissues collected from different sites are derived from a single origin.
Nerve growth factor regulates VR-1 mRNA levels in cultures of adult dorsal root ganglion neurons (2001)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) regulates the nociceptive properties including sensitivity to capsaicin of a subset of dorsal root ganglion neurons, which express the high-affinity NGF receptor, trkA. Capsaicin sensitivity co-localizes with the expression of a cloned capsaicin receptor, vanilloid receptor type 1 (VR-1), which displays properties similar to the native capsaicin response. To determine whether VR-1 mRNA levels are regulated by NGF, VR-1 mRNA levels and the ability to respond to capsaicin by release of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) were measured as a function of NGF concentration in cultures of adult dorsal root ganglion neurons. NGF treatment increased both VR-1 mRNA expression and capsaicin evoked release of CGRP. These effects were inhibited by treatment with the trkA inhibitor k252a.
Single-mode operation of mushroom structure surface emitting lasers (1991)

Mushroom structure vertical cavity surface emitting lasers with a 0.6- mu m GaAs active layer sandwiched by two Al/sub 0.6/Ga/sub 0.4/As-Al/sub 0.08/Ga/sub 0.92/As multilayers as top and bottom mirrors are discussed. The lasers exhibit a 15-mA pulses threshold current at 880 nm. Single longitudinal and single transverse mode operation was achieved on lasers with a 5- mu m-diameter active region of current levels near 2*l/sub th/. The light output above threshold current was linearly polarized with a polarization ratio of 25:1.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Antiseptics on Wounds: An Area of Controversy (2003)

Antiseptics� have� long� and� commonly� been� used� on� wounds� to� prevent� or� treat� infection.� However,� citing� cytotoxicity data,� many� authors� have� advised� against� their� use� on� open� wounds.� This� article� discusses� antiseptics� and� their� use on� open� wounds,� as� well� reviews� relevant� animal� studies� and� clinical� trials� examining� the� effects� of� commonly� used antiseptics,� including� iodine� compounds� (povidone� iodine� and� cadexomer� iodine),� chlorhexidine,� hydrogen� peroxide, acetic� acid,� and� silver� compounds.� This� article� examines� their� effects� on� wound� healing� and� reepithelization� and� their efficacy� on� reducing� bacterial� number� in� wounds� and� incidence� of� wound� infections.� The� authors� found� despite cytotoxicty� data,� most� antiseptics� have� not� been� shown� to� clearly� impede� healing,� especially� newer� formulations� like cadexomer� iodine� (which� speeds� healing)� and� novel� silver� delivery� systems.� These� compounds� appear� to� be relatively� safe� and� efficient� in� preventing� infection� in� human� wounds.� Given� this� review,� the� role� of� antiseptics� on wounds� and� their� role� in� wound� care� management� should� be� reconsidered.
Distinct mechanisms control the accumulation of the Rb-related p107 and p130 proteins during cell growth. (1998)

A variety of studies have demonstrated the critical role of the Rb/E2F pathway in the control of cell growth and have highlighted a complexity in the accumulation of both the E2F family proteins and the Rb family of proteins. Whereas the Rb protein is found in both growing and quiescent cells, the accumulation of p130 and p107 is tightly regulated with respect to the growth state of the cell. The p130 protein is found in quiescent cells but not in growing cells, whereas the inverse is true for the p107 protein. Control of p130 accumulation is posttranscriptional, because p130 RNA is relatively constant in growing and quiescent cells. The disappearance of the p130 protein after stimulation of cell growth coincides with cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation and is blocked by inhibitors of the 26S proteasome. In contrast, the cell growth-dependent regulation of p107 expression reflects the transcriptional regulation of the p107 gene. Similar to several other growth-regulated genes, the control of p107 expression is largely the result of E2F-dependent repression in quiescent cells. These experiments thus demonstrate a control of Rb family member expression mediated through distinct mechanisms of both transcriptional and posttranslational control and also suggest an intimate relationship in which p130 controls the expression of p107.
Formation of multiscale surface structures on nickel via above surface growth and below surface growth mechanisms using femtosecond laser pulses (2013)

The formation of self-organized micro- and nano-structured surfaces on nickel via both above surface growth (ASG) and below surface growth (BSG) mechanisms using femtosecond laser pulse illumination is reported. Detailed stepped growth experiments demonstrate that conical mound-shaped surface structure development is characterized by a balance of growth mechanisms including scattering from surface structures and geometric effects causing preferential ablation of the valleys, flow of the surface melt, and redeposition of ablated material; all of which are influenced by the laser fluence and the number of laser shots on the sample. BSG-mound formation is dominated by scattering, while ASG-mound formation is dominated by material flow and redeposition. This is the first demonstration to our knowledge of the use of femtosecond laser pulses to fabricate metallic surface structures that rise above the original surface. These results are useful in understanding the details of multi-pulse femtosecond laser interaction with metals.
Regulation of synthesis and activity of the PLSTIRE protein (cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (cdk6)), a major cyclin D-associated cdk4 homologue in normal human T lymphocytes. (1995)

The PLSTIRE protein (cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (cdk6)), which shares extensive sequence homology (approximately 70%) with cdk4, was identified as the earliest inducible member of the cdk family of proteins in human T lymphocytes induced to proliferate in vitro by stimulation either with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate and ionomycin (PDB/I) or PHA. The p40cdk6 protein was present in resting cells and increased amounts were detected 6 h after stimulation. It increased in amount throughout the first cell cycle but was present in reduced amounts at later times. Activity of the kinase, determined by in vitro phosphorylation of recombinant truncated retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene (Rb) protein (p60Rb), paralleled p40cdk6 protein amounts. Cyclins D2 and D3 were the major cyclins associated with p40cdk6, with D2 predominating in early G1 phase. Both PDB and ionomycin were required for maximal accumulation of p40cdk6, but either agent alone stimulated some increase in amount and activity of the protein. p40cdk6 also increased in amount in cells activated in the presence of cyclosporin A or FK506, drugs that inhibit production of IL-2 and cell proliferation, suggesting that initial induction occurred independently of IL-2-mediated cell cycle progression. Furthermore, increased accumulation of p40cdk6 protein and activity occurred in cells rendered "competent" (responsive to IL-2) by a brief treatment with PDB/I. Thus, increased accumulation of the protein and its activity begin before IL-2/IL-2 receptor interaction, suggesting that the cdk6-cyclin D2 complex might be involved in acquisition of the competent state in human T lymphocytes.
Early Growth Response-1 in Cardiovascular Pathobiology (2006)

The immediate-early gene product and zinc finger transcription factor early growth response (Egr)-1 plays a key master regulatory role in multiple cardiovascular pathological processes. This article reviews the amazing recent evidence implicating Egr-1 in atherosclerosis, intimal thickening after acute vascular injury, ischemic pathology, angiogenesis, allograft rejection, and cardiac hypertrophy.
Asphaltene Stability in Crude Oils and Petroleum Materials by Solubility Profile Analysis (2010)

A new method to evaluate the colloidal stability of crude oils and related products was developed on the basis of the evaluation of the solubility profile or solubility distribution of asphaltenes in these materials. The new method uses an on-column precipitation coupled with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). The new method requires a small amount of sample, takes only 35 min to perform, and can work for asphaltene concentrations as low as 500 ppm. Using this method, different patterns for asphaltene solubility profile distributions were found depending upon the origin and processing history of the samples. Extracted asphaltenes from virgin and processed materials exhibit uni- and bimodal distributions, respectively. On-column precipitated asphaltenes usually have bimodal distributions, where the separation between the peaks is related to the colloidal stability of the asphaltenes. In general, asphaltenes from unstable materials are characterized by wider solubility profile distributions than asphaltenes from stable materials. A characteristic parameter of the solubility profile distribution, ΔPS, can be obtained and correlated to the colloidal stability of the samples.
Ras-responsive genes and tumor metastasis. (1993)

Transfected ras oncogenes have been shown to induce metastatic properties in some cells. Clarification of the mechanisms by which ras is able to increase the metastatic ability in model systems will improve our understanding of tumor progression to metastasis, even in those cells in which ras activation has not been implicated. Many of the consequences of ras expression also have been detected in cells that have become metastatic in the apparent absence of an altered ras gene, suggesting that there is a set of common changes that can lead to metastasis with multiple signals capable of eliciting these changes. These changes, which have been documented for some ras-transformed cells, include increased expression or activity of various degradative enzymes, including metalloproteinases (type IV collagenases) and cysteine proteinases (cathepsins L and B), as well as decreased expression or activity of their inhibitors (TIMPs and cystatins, respectively). In addition, some metastatic ras-transformed cells have an increased expression of calcyclin, a cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein, and osteopontin, a secreted calcium-binding protein with possible adhesive function. Not all cells, however, respond in the same fashion to a ras oncogene signal. Some cells are resistant to ras-mediated tumor progression to metastasis. Understanding the mechanism by which these cells fail to respond to a specific oncogene signal may provide clues with broader applicability and potential therapeutic relevance. In this review, we summarize some of the studies in which ras has been used as a tool to learn about the molecular requirements for metastasis. We discuss ras-mediated changes in gene expression and how these may contribute to metastatic ability, as well as some possible mechanisms by which ras expression may result in altered expression of other genes. We also consider some cell lines which appear to be resistant to an oncogenic ras signal and possible mechanisms for this nonresponsiveness. These studies are providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of tumor metastasis and the responses of cells to oncogenic signals.