gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Some New Principles in the Design of X-ray Apparatus (1934)

FIVE years ago the writer had the privilege of reading a paper in this city before the Radiological Society of North America on the subject of “Self-protecting Tubes and Their Influence on the Development of X-ray Technic.”2 Some of the principles already mentioned in that paper led to the design of fully protected, shock-proof x-ray tubes and apparatus, both for diagnosis and therapy. It is with great pleasure that to-day he finds opportunity to report on a few of the newer principles worked out by this laboratory. Some of these new features have been published in European periodicals only recently; the others, however, have not hitherto been published anywhere. A. Reduction of exposure time for x-ray tubes with stationary anode by a new method of loading.—The maximum temperature of the anode surface is normally reached only at the end of the exposure time. The temperature rises, as is indicated in the drawn line of Figure 1-A. A larger load would be permissible at the beginning of the exposure, as the temperature of the anode is then far below its admissible limit. The increase of load may be such that the temperature limit is reached practically at once and then maintained during the whole exposure time. With such an increased load it is obvious that an exposure may be made in a shorter time than would be possible with a normal load. Figure 1-B represents in the drawn line the exposure of constant load, the dotted line represents the initially increased and then decreased load, the total exposure being the same in both cases. Calculation and experiment show that a reduction of exposure time of about 40 per cent is possible with this new method. Figure 2-A shows the results of the calculation of temperatures in and behind the anode surface for different exposure times for constant load. Figure 2-B shows the temperature curves for decreasing load, the maximum temperature of 3,000° being maintained from the beginning. A more complete descriptior has been recently published.3 The decreased load with constant voltage is obtained by automatically altering the filament resistance of the tube after a very short time. The electron emission of the filament decreases with the decrease of temperature of the filament. B. Automatic load-control.—The method of decreasing load has proven to be very useful, quite apart from the effect of reduction of exposure time which has just been described. To explain this fully, we will make a comparison between radiological technic and lighting technic. An incandescent lamp, used with its proper voltage, will automatically burn at a temperature which guarantees at the same time a reasonable lifetime and a good luminous power. It is not necessary to adjust the filament current, which would, by the way, be very difficult; it would certainly result in a considerable reduction of the life of the lamp and in most cases in a useless reduction of light.
Transcriptional responses of the nerve agent-sensitive brain regions amygdala, hippocampus, piriform cortex, septum, and thalamus following exposure to the organophosphonate anticholinesterase sarin (2011)

Identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in sarin-induced neurotoxicity in these sensitive brain regions will facilitate the development of novel therapeutics that can potentially provide broad-spectrum protection in five areas of the central nervous system known to be damaged by nerve agent-induced seizure.
Chemomechanics at cell-cell and cell-matrix interfaces critical to angiogenesis (2013)

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, February 2014.
Synthesis of Reagents for Fluorescence-Tagging of DNA (1989)

Abstract A general route for the synthesis of alkynylamino nucleoside triphosphates is described. These nucleosides can be selectively coupled through the alkynylamino group to a variety of reporter groups and used to enzymatically label DNA.
Electrogenerated chemiluminescent emission from an organized (L-B) monolayer of a tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(2+)-based surfactant on semiconductor and metal electrodes (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrogenerated chemiluminescent emission from an organized (L-B) monolayer of a tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(2+)-based surfactant on semiconductor and metal electrodesXun Zhang and Allen J. BardCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 20, 5566–5569Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100331a007https://doi.org/10.1021/j100331a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views307Altmetric-Citations116LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Photo‐oxidation of Water at Barium Titanate Electrodes (1976)

Photoeffects at polycrystalline, semiconducting barium titanate were investigated. Photocurrent efficiencies were related to solid‐state properties and agreement was found between donor densities calculated from efficiency‐potential plots and those calculated from Mott‐Schottky plots. The existence of a significant temperature effect on the photocurrent efficiency was demonstrated. The influence of pH on the flatband potential was also determined.
Magnetic properties of Co nanocolumns fabricated by oblique-angle deposition (2003)

The magnetic properties of columnar Co films on SiO2 substrates fabricated by oblique-angle incident thermal evaporation at room temperature were systematically examined by multiple techniques, including magnetic force microscopy (MFM), magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Films with thickness ranging from 50 to 500 nm were deposited at the incident angles θ (with respect to substrate normal) from 0° to 85°. For films with thickness of ∼500 nm, the SEM shows the column tilt angle β increases as the θ angle increases and β&amp;lt;θ. The MFM images show that for 55°&amp;lt;θ&amp;lt;75°, stripe domains are formed and are nearly parallel to the direction of incident vapor beam. The hysteresis loops obtained from MOKE show that along the direction perpendicular to the incident vapor beam the coercivity Hc stays almost constant for all θ angles and the squareness decreases as the θ increases. This is in contrast to the increase of Hc and the increase of squareness in the direction parallel to the incident vapor beam for θ&amp;gt;60° . The result implies that for θ&amp;gt;60°, the axis parallel to the incident beam behaves more like the in-plane easy axis. These magnetic anisotropies are correlated to the angular-dependent columnar structure of Co films.
Upper‐body morbidity after breast cancer (2012)

The purpose of this paper is to review the incidence of upper-body morbidity (arm and breast symptoms, impairments, and lymphedema), methods for diagnosis, and prevention and treatment strategies. It was also the purpose to highlight the evidence base for integration of prospective surveillance for upper-body morbidity within standard clinical care of women with breast cancer. Between 10% and 64% of women report upper-body symptoms between 6 months and 3 years after breast cancer, and approximately 20% develop lymphedema. Symptoms remain common into longer-term survivorship, and although lymphedema may be transient for some, those who present with mild lymphedema are at increased risk of developing moderate to severe lymphedema. The etiology of morbidity seems to be multifactorial, with the most consistent risk factors being those associated with extent of treatment. However, known risk factors cannot reliably distinguish between those who will and will not develop upper-body morbidity. Upper-body morbidity may be treatable with physical therapy. There is also evidence in support of integrating regular surveillance for upper-body morbidity into the routine care provided to women with breast cancer, with early diagnosis potentially contributing to more effective management and prevention of progression of these conditions.
Low threshold levels of ultraviolet‐B in a background of photosynthetically active radiation trigger rapid degradation of the D2 protein of photosystem‐II (1996)

Summary The photosystem II reaction centre has at its core a heterodimer made up of two proteins, D1 and D2. The D1 protein is known to be rapidly degraded by photosyn‐thetically active radiation while the D2 protein is relatively stable. This paper reports that when the aquatic higher plant, Spirodela was exposed to ultraviolet‐B radiation, D2 degradation accelerated markedly and half life times approached those of the D1 protein. Moreover, in the presence of an environmentally relevant background of photosynthetically active radiation, low fluxes of ultraviolet‐B (but not ultraviolet‐A) radiation synergistically stimulated degradation of the D2 protein within functional reaction centres. Thus, above a critical threshold, ultraviolet‐B specifically targets the D1–D2 heterodimer for accelerated degradation.
An etiological role for aeroallergens and eosinophils in experimental esophagitis (2001)

Eosinophil infiltration into the esophagus is observed in diverse diseases including gastroesophageal reflux and allergic gastroenteritis, but the processes involved are largely unknown. We now report an original model of experimental esophagitis induced by exposure of mice to respiratory allergen. Allergen-challenged mice develop marked levels of esophageal eosinophils, free eosinophil granules, and epithelial cell hyperplasia, features that mimic the human disorders. Interestingly, exposure of mice to oral or intragastric allergen does not promote eosinophilic esophagitis, indicating that hypersensitivity in the esophagus occurs with simultaneous development of pulmonary inflammation. Furthermore, in the absence of eotaxin, eosinophil recruitment is attenuated, whereas in the absence of IL-5, eosinophil accumulation and epithelial hyperplasia are ablated. These results establish a pathophysiological connection between allergic hypersensitivity responses in the lung and esophagus and demonstrate an etiologic role for inhaled allergens and eosinophils in gastrointestinal inflammation.
Erastin Disrupts Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore (mPTP) and Induces Apoptotic Death of Colorectal Cancer Cells (2016)

We here evaluated the potential anti-colorectal cancer activity by erastin, a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC)-binding compound. Our in vitro studies showed that erastin exerted potent cytotoxic effects against multiple human colorectal cancer cell lines, possibly via inducing oxidative stress and caspase-9 dependent cell apoptosis. Further, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening was observed in erastin-treated cancer cells, which was evidenced by VDAC-1 and cyclophilin-D (Cyp-D) association, mitochondrial depolarization, and cytochrome C release. Caspase inhibitors, the ROS scavenger MnTBAP, and mPTP blockers (sanglifehrin A, cyclosporin A and bongkrekic acid), as well as shRNA-mediated knockdown of VDAC-1, all significantly attenuated erastin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. On the other hand, over-expression of VDAC-1 augmented erastin-induced ROS production, mPTP opening, and colorectal cancer cell apoptosis. In vivo studies showed that intraperitoneal injection of erastin at well-tolerated doses dramatically inhibited HT-29 xenograft growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Together, these results demonstrate that erastin is cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic to colorectal cancer cells. Erastin may be further investigated as a novel anti-colorectal cancer agent.
Development of a novel artificial medium based on utilization of algal photosynthetic metabolites by symbiotic heterotrophs (2008)

Synthetic bacterial growth medium is an important and basic tool for bacterial isolation from environmental samples. The current study shows that preferential separation of typical bacterial subset can be achieved by using artificial medium that mimics photosynthetic metabolites.
The osteoclast: review of ultrastructure, origin, and structure-function relationship. (1976)

Multinucleated cells of the giant cell tumor and the genuine osteoclasts exhibit a number of common morphological characteristics and may or may not originate from similar progenitor cells. Judging from the present preliminary results, it is obvious that the differentiation of the plasma membrane into a specialized area, the ruffled border, is not as conspicuous in the giant cell as in the osteoclast. A series of interrelated investigations including histochemical methods at the ultrastructural level applied both in giant cell tissue and cultured giant tumor cells are in progress. These studies may further elucidate the possible relationship between the osteoclast and the multinucleated giant cell tumor as well as the possible relationships between giant cells and other cell types of tumors.
The inhibition of phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase induces neurite retraction and activates GSK3 (2001)

It has been extensively described that neuronal differentiation involves the signalling through neurotrophin receptors to a Ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. However, signalling pathways from other neuritogenic factors have not been well established. It has been reported that cAMP may activate protein kinase (PKA), and it has been shown that PKA-mediated stimulation of MAPK pathway regulates not only neuritogenesis but also survival. However, extracellular regulated kinases (ERKs) mediated pathways are not sufficient to explain all the processes which occur in neuronal differentiation. Our present data show that: in cAMP-mediated neuritogenesis, using the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line, there exists a link between the activation of PKA and stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Both kinase activities are essential to the initial elongation steps. Surprisingly, this neuritogenic process appears to be independent of ERKs. While the activity of PI3K is essential for elongation and maintenance of neurites, its inhibition causes retraction. In this neurite retraction process, GSK3 is activated. Using both a pharmacological approach and gene transfer of a dominant negative form of GSK3, we conclude that this induced retraction is a GSK3-dependent process which in turn appears to be a common target for transduction pathways involved in lysophosphatidic acid-mediated and PI3K-mediated neurite retraction.
Regeneration of Bladder Urothelium, Smooth Muscle, Blood Vessels and Nerves Into an Acellular Tissue Matrix (1996)

We demonstrated the regeneration of urothelium, smooth muscle, blood vessels and nerves within a full thickness grafted acellular tissue matrix scaffold in the rat. The spatial orientation of these elements suggests that mesenchymal-epithelial interactions occur during phenotypic regeneration of the bladder. Urothelium appears to regulate the early forming smooth muscle. This in vivo model provides a suitable method to study cellular events during regeneration.
Dry beans ofphaseolus. A review. Part 2. Chemical composition: Carbohydrates, fiber, minerals, vitamins, and lipids (1984)

Beans of Phaseolus are an important food crop both economically and nutritionally, and are cultivated and consumed worldwide. With ever rising costs of meats and fresh fruits and vegetables, dry beans are expected to contribute more to the human nutrition in coming years. Traditionally, they have been referred to as "poor man's meat" and have contributed significantly to the diets of many people of several countries in Asia, Africa, Middle East, and South America. In recent years, a renewed interest in bean research in Western European countries and the U.S. is evident. In this review, certain biochemical, technological, nutritional, and toxicological aspects are discussed and the limitations and problems associated with dry beans of Phaseolus as human food are addressed.
Liver Tumor Promoting Effects of Fenbendazole in Rats (1999)

In order to examine whether fenbendazole has tumor-promoting activity, a total of 70 male Fischer 344 rats were initiated with a single intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or were given the saline vehicle alone; beginning 1 wk later, rats were given a diet containing 3,600; 1,800; 600; 200; 70; or 0 ppm of fenbendazole for 8 wk. Subgroups of 5 rats each from the DEN+ 1,800; DEN+0; 1,800; and 0 ppm groups were euthanatized after 1 wk of fenbendazole treatment, and the remaining animals were euthanatized at 8 wk. After 1 wk, relative liver weights (ratios to body weights) were significantly increased in the DEN+ 1,800 and 1,800 ppm groups, and based on light microscopy, periportal hepatocellular hypertrophy was evident in these groups. After 8 wk, relative liver weights were significantly increased in the groups given > or =600 ppm with or without DEN initiation. Periportal hepatocellular hypertrophy, characterized by a marked increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, was observed in the groups given > or =600 ppm with or without DEN initiation. Induction of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A2, 2B1, or 4A1 was noted in the fenbendazole-treated groups with or without DEN initiation; that associated with CYP 1A2 was most marked. Positive immunostaining for anti-CYP 1A1/2 or CYP 2B1/2 was observed diffusely in the livers of animals in the DEN+1,800 and DEN+3,600 ppm groups. The numbers and areas of connexin 32 (Cx32)-positive spots per square centimeter in centrilobular hepatocytes were significantly decreased in an almost dose-dependent manner with fenbendazole treatment after DEN initiation. In situ hybridization for Cx32 mRNA revealed a remarkable decrease in its expression in the centrilobular hepatocytes in the DEN+70 ppm group. The numbers of glutathione S-transferase placental-form positive single cells (plus mini foci) were significantly increased in the DEN+ 1,800 and DEN+3,600 ppm groups. Since those agents that induce CYP 2B1/2 isozymes and reduce Cx32 in centrilobular hepatocytes have been suggested to be liver tumor promoters, the present results indicate that fenbendazole may be a liver tumor promoter.
Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Alkyl-Grignard Reagents with Aryl Chlorides, Tosylates, and Triflates (2002)

Aryl chlorides are better substrates than the corresponding bromides or iodides in the presented cross-coupling with alkyl Grignard reagents that is catalyzed by iron salts (see scheme); even aryl tosylates are converted efficiently. This situation is attributed to a novel catalytic cycle, which probably involves iron complexes with formally negative oxidation states (probably Fe−II).
Structure and Development of Viruses as Observed in the Electron Microscope (1968)

It is suggested that, after attachment of influenza virus to the cell, the viral coat disintegrates. With fusion of virus to the cytoplasmic membrane, the latter undergoes dissolution. Rupture of the viral core permits release of nucleoprotein directly into the cytoplasm. Stages in the process are illustrated.
Confinement of charge carriers and molecular excitons within 5-nm-thick emitter layer in organic electroluminescent devices with a double heterostructure (1990)

Organic electroluminescent devices with a double-heterostructure indium-tin-oxide substrate/hole transport layer/emitter layer/electron transport layer/MgAg have been fabricated by vacuum vapor deposition. The organic carrier transport and emitter layers were composed of amorphous films. In the double-heterostructure devices, the luminance continued to lie in high level, even when the emitter thickness was 50 Å. The confinement of charge carriers and molecular excitons within a narrow emitter layer was achieved.
Structure and Nuclease Activity of Simple Dinuclear Metal Complexes:  Quantitative Dissection of the Role of Metal Ions (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure and Nuclease Activity of Simple Dinuclear Metal Complexes: Quantitative Dissection of the Role of Metal IonsNicholas H. Williams, Bryan Takasaki, Mark Wall, and Jik ChinView Author Information Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6 Cite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 6, 485–493Publication Date (Web):January 29, 1999Publication History Received9 January 1998Published online29 January 1999Published inissue 1 June 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar9500877https://doi.org/10.1021/ar9500877research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3025Altmetric-Citations490LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Genetics,Hydrolysis,Lewis acids,Metals,Phosphates Get e-Alerts
Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer After Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (2004)

Women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are at substantially increased risk for a second breast cancer, but few strong predictors for these subsequent tumors have been identified. We used Cox regression modeling to examine the association between mammographic density at diagnosis of DCIS of 504 women from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-17 trial and risk of subsequent breast cancer events. In this group of patients, mostly 50 years old or older, approximately 6.6% had breasts categorized as highly dense (i.e., > or =75% of the breast occupied by dense tissue). After adjusting for treatment with radiotherapy, age, and body mass index, women with highly dense breasts had 2.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3 to 6.1) times the risk of subsequent breast cancer (DCIS or invasive), 3.2 (95% CI = 1.2 to 8.5) times the risk of invasive breast cancer, and 3.0 (95% CI = 1.2 to 7.5) times the risk of any ipsilateral breast cancer, compared with women with less than 25% of the breast occupied by dense tissue. Our results provide initial evidence that the risk of second breast cancers may be increased among DCIS patients with highly dense breasts.