gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enterogastrone-like effect of peptide YY is vagally mediated in the dog. (1986)

Intraluminal fat inhibits gastric secretion through as yet undetermined mechanisms which involve release of one or more hormonal enterogastrones. As intraluminal fat releases Peptide YY (PYY) in amounts sufficient to inhibit meal-stimulated acid secretion, this ileo-colonic peptide exhibits the characteristics required of an enterogastrone. The present study seeks to determine the mechanism by which PYY inhibits acid secretion by examining the effects of PYY on gastric acid stimulated by pentagastrin, histamine, and bethanechol. In addition, effects of PYY on the acid response to sham feeding and distention of a denervated gastric pouch were examined. A dose of PYY (400 pmol X kg-1 X h-1) was employed that reproduced blood levels observed after intestinal perfusion with oleic acid and inhibited the acid secretory response to an intragastric meal by 35 +/- 6%. This same dose of PYY maximally inhibited histamine- and pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion by 28 +/- 7% (P less than 0.05), and 17 +/- 4% (P less than 0.05), respectively. Although PYY had no effect on bethanechol-stimulated secretion it markedly inhibited the secretory response to sham feeding, maximally reducing secretion by 90 +/- 4% (P less than 0.01). We speculate that PYY acts by inhibiting acetylcholine release from vagal nerve fibers rather than by inhibiting acetylcholine's action on the parietal cell. The demonstration that PYY virtually abolishes cephalic phase acid secretion while having little if any effect on the response to exogenous secretogogues gives PYY unique characteristics among the known hormonal inhibitors of gastric secretion.
Evaluation of P/sup 3/T+: a performance estimator for distributed and parallel applications (2002)

In this paper, we report on experiences with P/sup 3/T+, a performance estimator for distributed and parallel programs which is used to examine at compile time the performance outcome of changes in code, problem and machine sizes, and target architectures. P/sup 3/T+ computes a variety of performance parameters including work distribution, number of transfers, amount of data transferred, transfer times, computation times, and number of cache misses. It is unique in that it models programs, code transformations and parallel and distributed architectures and derives a performance prediction based on all three of these elements. P/sup 3/T+ is the successor tool of P/sup 3/T which computed a similar set of performance parameters, however for parallel programs only. P/sup 3/T+ has been re-designed and re-implemented from scratch and goes beyond P/sup 3/T by extending the class of programs that cart be handled and by employing several novel estimation methods (symbolic analysis, simulation, pre-measured kernel codes, etc.). The core part of this paper reports on the evaluation of P/sup 3/T+ to demonstrate both accuracy and usefulness of this tool for realistic kernel codes taken from real-world applications (pricing of financial derivatives and quantum mechanical calculations of solids).
Identification of candidate prostate cancer biomarkers in prostate needle biopsy specimens using proteomic analysis (2007)

Although serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a well-established diagnostic tool for prostate cancer (PCa) detection, the definitive diagnosis of PCa is based on the information contained in prostate needle biopsy (PNBX) specimens. To define the proteomic features of PNBX specimens to identify candidate biomarkers for PCa, PNBX specimens from patients with PCa or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were subjected to comparative proteomic analysis. 2-DE revealed that 52 protein spots exhibited statistically significantly changes among PCa and BPH groups. Interesting spots were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS. The 2 most notable groups of proteins identified included latent androgen receptor coregulators [FLNA(7-15) and FKBP4] and enzymes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation (DCI and ECHS1). An imbalance in the expression of peroxiredoxin subtypes was noted in PCa specimens. Furthermore, different post-translationally modified isoforms of HSP27 and HSP70.1 were identified. Importantly, changes in FLNA(7-15), FKBP4, and PRDX4 expression were confirmed by immunoblot analyses. Our results suggest that a proteomics-based approach is useful for developing a more complete picture of the protein profile of PNBX specimen. The proteins identified by this approach may be useful molecular targets for PCa diagnostics and therapeutics.
Specificity of the requirement for Foxo3 in primordial follicle activation (2007)

Primordial follicles are long-lived structures assembled early in life. The mechanisms that control the balance between the conservation and the activation of primordial follicles are critically important for fertility and dictate the onset of menopause. The forkhead transcription factor Foxo3 serves an essential role in these processes by suppressing the growth of primordial follicles, thereby preserving them until later in life. While other factors regulating primordial follicle growth have been described, most serve multiple functions at several stages of female germ cell or follicle development, and corresponding mouse mutants exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes with disruption of multiple stages of follicle assembly, development, or survival. To investigate the possibility that Foxo3 also functions in other aspects of ovarian development beyond its known role in primordial follicle activation (PFA), we performed detailed analyses of mouse ovaries including electron microscopy to study primordial follicle structure, assembly, and early growth. These analyses revealed that the timing of primordial follicle assembly, early oocyte survival, and the expression of early germ line markers were unaffected in early Foxo3 ovaries. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the phenotype associated with Foxo3 deficiency is remarkably specific for PFA and further support the placement of Foxo3 in a unique phenotypic class among mammalian female sterile mutants. Lastly, we discuss the implications of the specificity of this mutant phenotype with regard to the hypothesis that oocyte regeneration may occur in adults and serves as a means to replenish oocytes lost via natural physiological processes.
Inflammation Controls B Lymphopoiesis by Regulating Chemokine CXCL12 Expression (2004)

Inflammation removes developing and mature lymphocytes from the bone marrow (BM) and induces the appearance of developing B cells in the spleen. BM granulocyte numbers increase after lymphocyte reductions to support a reactive granulocytosis. Here, we demonstrate that inflammation, acting primarily through tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), mobilizes BM lymphocytes. Mobilization reflects a reduced CXCL12 message and protein in BM and changes to the BM environment that prevents homing by cells from naive donors. The effects of TNFalpha are potentiated by interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), which acts primarily to expand the BM granulocyte compartment. Our observations indicate that inflammation induces lymphocyte mobilization by suppressing CXCL12 retention signals in BM, which, in turn, increases the ability of IL-1beta to expand the BM granulocyte compartment. Consistent with this idea, lymphocyte mobilization and a modest expansion of BM granulocyte numbers follow injections of pertussis toxin. We propose that TNFalpha and IL-1beta transiently specialize the BM to support acute granulocytic responses and consequently promote extramedullary lymphopoiesis.
Hidden surface removal using polygon area sorting (1977)

A polygon hidden surface and hidden line removal algorithm is presented. The algorithm recursively subdivides the image into polygon shaped windows until the depth order within the window is found. Accuracy of the input data is preserved.The approach is based on a two-dimensional polygon clipper which is sufficiently general to clip a concave polygon with holes to the borders of a concave polygon with holes.A major advantage of the algorithm is that the polygon form of the output is the same as the polygon form of the input. This allows entering previously calculated images to the system for further processing. Shadow casting may then be performed by first producing a hidden surface removed view from the vantage point of the light source and then resubmitting these tagged polygons for hidden surface removal from the position of the observer. Planar surface detail also becomes easy to represent without increasing the complexity of the hidden surface problem. Translucency is also possible.Calculation times are primarily related to the visible complexity of the final image, but can range from a linear to an exponential relationship with the number of input polygons depending on the particular environment portrayed. To avoid excessive computation time, the implementation uses a screen area subdivision preprocessor to create several windows, each containing a specified number of polygons. The hidden surface algorithm is applied to each of these windows separately. This technique avoids the difficulties of subdividing by screen area down to the screen resolution level while maintaining the advantages of the polygon area sort method.
Superresolution of Optical Disks Using a Small Aperture (1992)

We realized magnetically induced super resolution (MSR) using magneto-optical (MO) disks with a thermally formed aperture. The aperture size and position affect the spatial frequency response of the readout signal. Using the principle of superresolution in laser scanning microscopy, we analyze the optical transfer function (OTF) for various apertures. Applying the analysis to MSR readout, OTF of MSR is calculated using scalar diffraction theory. The calculated results agree well with experimental values.
Social media analytics (2011)

Online social media represent a fundamental shift of how information is being produced, transferred and consumed. The present tutorial investigates techniques for social media modeling, analytics and optimization. First we present methods for collecting large scale social media data and then discuss techniques for coping with and correcting for the effects arising from missing and incomplete data. We proceed by discussing methods for extracting and tracking information as it spreads among the users. Then we examine methods for extracting temporal patterns by which information popularity grows and fades over time. We show how to quantify and maximize the influence of media outlets on the popularity and attention given to particular piece of content, and how to build predictive models of information diffusion and adoption. As the information often spreads through implicit social and information networks we present methods for inferring networks of influence and diffusion. Last, we discuss methods for tracking the flow of sentiment through networks and emergence of polarization.
A Model for Copper Electroplating of Multilayer Printed Wiring Boards (1976)

An analytical model is developed for predicting electroplated copper thickness distributions on multilayer printed wiring boards. Plated copper thickness distributions are predicted within a plated‐through hole (PTH) by coupled solutions of the potential, kinetics, and mass diffusion equations. The model establishes: (a) correlation parameters including geometric, charge transfer, mass transfer, and ohmic solution effects, and (b) the minimum electrolyte convection required in a PTH to avoid rough or powdery deposits. Predictions are compared with experimental data obtained over a wide range of operating scales from breakers to full‐scale production tanks.
Age-Specific Seroprevalence of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus, BK Virus, and JC Virus (2011)

We produced capsids of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in a baculovirus expression system and developed a virus-like particle (VLP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To determine age-specific seroprevalence, serum samples were collected from 947 individuals attending hospital outpatient clinics and ranging in age from 1 to 93 years. To evaluate the association between exposure to MCPyV and Merkel cell cancer (MCC), plasma samples were obtained from 33 MCC patients and 37 controls. MCPyV seroprevalence was 45% in children under 10 years of age, increased to 60% in the next decade of life, and peaked at 81% among those 60 to 69 years of age. Levels of MCPyV capsid antibodies were positively correlated with age (P = 0.007). Virus specificity of MCPyV seroreactivity was supported by competitive inhibition of reactivity by MCPyV VLPs and not by BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) VLPs. MCPyV seroprevalence was greater among MCC patients (91%) than controls (68%; age-adjusted P value, 0.32); the mean level of MCPyV antibodies was also greater (P = 0.04). The age-specific seroprevalence of MCPyV shares with previously known polyomaviruses, BKPyV and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), evidence of widespread exposure in human populations beginning early in life. MCPyV age-specific seroprevalence also has unique features. Seroprevalence among children is higher than that of JCPyV but lower than that of BKPyV. Among older adults, MCPyV seroprevalence remains high, while that of BKPyV declines and that of JCPyV continues to rise. In agreement with results from other studies, we found an association between MCPyV seropositivity and MCC, and higher levels of serum MCPyV capsid antibodies in MCC patients than in controls.
Soot-overcladding process for enlarging modified chemical vapor deposition preforms (1995)

The equipment and the process for soot sleeving of optical fiber preforms made by the modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) method has been developed. The equipment consists of a soot-sleeving lathe that is used for deposition of soot glass particles onto the surface of an MCVD core preform and a separate furnace that is used for drying and sintering the deposited porous glass layer. An outline of the equipment is presented. This equipment has then been used to study the basic parameters of flame hydrolysis deposition as well as sintering of the porous layer. The raw material and the fuel gas flow as well as the substrate diameter proved to be the most important parameters affecting the process. The basic knowledge achieved is used to optimize the process for three different preform sizes. In the soot-sleeving process for 80-km optical fiber preforms, an average deposition rate of 5.2 g/min is achieved with a double burner. The overall quality of the drawn fiber proved to be good. The typical attenuations were 0.330 and 0.215 dB/km at 1310- and 1550-nm wavelengths, respectively. The geometry of the drawn fibers was found to be very good.
Reduction of Non-Specific Protein Adsorption Using Poly(ethylene) Glycol (PEG) Modified Polyacrylate Hydrogels In Immunoassays for Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Detection (2009)

Three PEG molecules (PEG-methacrylate, -diacrylate and -dimethacrylate) were incorporated into galactose-based polyacrylate hydrogels and their relative abilities to reduce non-specific protein adsorption in immunoassays were determined. Highly crosslinked hydrogels containing amine-terminated functionalities were formed and used to covalently attach antibodies specific for staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Patterned arrays of immobilized antibodies in the PEG-modified hydrogels were created with a PDMS template containing micro-channels for use in sandwich immunoassays to detect SEB. Different concentrations of the toxin were applied to the hydrogel arrays, followed with a Cy3-labeled tracer antibody specific for the two toxins. Fluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy of the tracer molecules provided both qualitative and quantitative measurements on the detection sensitivity and the reduction in non-specific binding as a result of PEG incorporation. Results showed the PEG-modified hydrogel significantly reduced non-specific protein binding with a detection limit for SEB of 1 ng/mL. Fluorescence signals showed a 10-fold decrease in the non-specific binding and a 6-fold increase in specific binding of SEB.
Sustained acoustic medicine: wearable, long duration ultrasonic therapy for the treatment of tendinopathy (2015)

Daily multi-hour ultrasonic therapy was associated with improved pain and increased function in subjects with chronic tendon injuries. This trial showed the safety and feasibility of self-administration of sustained acoustic medicine, and suggests that this therapy may be clinically beneficial in the treatment of tendinopathies of the elbow and Achilles tendon. A randomized controlled trial appears warranted to more definitively investigate the therapeutic potential of this treatment modality. Registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02466308.
X-ray Crystallographic Studies of Alanine-65 Variants of Carbonic Anhydrase II Reveal the Structural Basis of Compromised Proton Transfer in Catalysis (1996)

The three-dimensional structures of A65F, A65L, A65H, A65T, A65S, and A65G human carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) variants have been solved by X-ray crystallographic methods to probe the importance of residue 65 and the structural implications of its evolutionary drift in the greater family of carbonic anhydrase isozymes. Structure-activity relationships in this series of CAII variants are correlated with those established for other carbonic anhydrase isozymes. We conclude that a bulky side chain at position 65 hinders the formation of an effective solvent bridge between zinc-bound water and H64 and thereby hinders solvent-mediated proton transfer between these two groups [Jackman, J. E., Merz, K. M., Jr., & Fierke, C. A. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 16421-16428]. Despite the introduction of a polar hydroxyl group at this position, smaller side chains such as serine or threonine substituted for A65 do not perturb the formation of a solvent bridge between H64 and zinc-bound solvent. Thus, the evolution of residue 65 size is one factor affecting the trajectory of catalytic proton transfer.
Participant Spending at Sporting Events: An Examination of Survey Methodologies (2013)

Through this study the authors examine the differences between direct spending reported through in person surveys administered during a sporting event and post event online surveys. The event was a participant oriented individual running event. The overall purpose of the study was to identify and examine potential differences between the “during event” data collection methods and “post event” data collection methods. Subjects for the study were participants in a mid-sized 14-kilometer running event held in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Results showed that direct spending figures were significantly higher for the “during event” in person survey respondents when compared to direct spending figures for the “post event” online survey respondents.
Materials for field emission displays (2001)

The design, development, and manufacture of field emission displays present the materials scientist with a myriad of issues and constraints. These range from the suitability of the cold cathode layer, the compatibility and adhesion of the various layers that form the device, and the overall approach to sealing and operating the display in a product oriented package. This paper considers the various components of a field emission display, details the material properties that are important in each case, reviews how existing devices have solved the issues, and looks at how future devices may achieve reality.
Synthese von 3.4‐ sowie 4‐Substituierten Uracilen und Thiouracilen (1972)

Abstract Die Darstellung von Uracilen bzw. Thiouracilen und ihrer C‐sowie N‐substituierten Derivate wird beschrieben.
Thematic Review Series: Glycerolipids. DGAT enzymes and triacylglycerol biosynthesis (2008)

Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) (TGs) are the major storage molecules of metabolic energy and FAs in most living organisms. Excessive accumulation of TGs, however, is associated with human diseases, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and steatohepatitis. The final and the only committed step in the biosynthesis of TGs is catalyzed by acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes. The genes encoding two DGAT enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2, were identified in the past decade, and the use of molecular tools, including mice deficient in either enzyme, has shed light on their functions. Although DGAT enzymes are involved in TG synthesis, they have distinct protein sequences and differ in their biochemical, cellular, and physiological functions. Both enzymes may be useful as therapeutic targets for diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of DGAT enzymes, focusing on new advances since the cloning of their genes, including possible roles in human health and diseases.
Strategies for use of IL‐10 or its antagonists in human disease (2008)

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine with broad anti-inflammatory properties by its suppression of both macrophage and dendritic cell function, including antigen-presenting cell function and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. This can result subsequently in the feedback regulation of both T-helper 1 (Th1)-type and Th2-type responses. This review discusses the potential use of IL-10 or agents that induce IL-10 as potential anti-inflammatory therapies in inflammatory diseases. Although IL-10-deficient mice develop colitis in the presence of normal gut flora and clear certain intracellular pathogens more efficiently, this is often accompanied by immunopathology, which can be lethal to the host. This reinforces the anti-inflammatory properties of IL-10, although it should be noted that as discussed below, IL-10 can also promote B-cell and other immune responses under particular settings. A penalty of its role to limit the immune and inflammatory responses to pathogens and prevent damage to the host is that high or dysregulated levels of IL-10 may result in chronic infection. Thus, antagonists of IL-10 show great potential as adjuvants in preventative or therapeutic vaccines against chronic infection or cancer. This article reviews basic published studies on IL-10, which may lead to potential uses of IL-10 or its antagonists in human disease.
Comparison of the recovery and half‐life of a high‐purity factor IX concentrate with those of a factor IX complex concentrate. Factor IX Study Group (1995)

The equivalence in pharmacokinetics and bioavailability indicates that the dosage schedule for Immunine should be the same as or very similar to that of Bebulin. The high specific activity of the former, however, allows administration at lower volumes.
Bacterial Genome Instability (2014)

Bacterial genomes are remarkably stable from one generation to the next but are plastic on an evolutionary time scale, substantially shaped by horizontal gene transfer, genome rearrangement, and the activities of mobile DNA elements. This implies the existence of a delicate balance between the maintenance of genome stability and the tolerance of genome instability. In this review, we describe the specialized genetic elements and the endogenous processes that contribute to genome instability. We then discuss the consequences of genome instability at the physiological level, where cells have harnessed instability to mediate phase and antigenic variation, and at the evolutionary level, where horizontal gene transfer has played an important role. Indeed, this ability to share DNA sequences has played a major part in the evolution of life on Earth. The evolutionary plasticity of bacterial genomes, coupled with the vast numbers of bacteria on the planet, substantially limits our ability to control disease.