gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluorinated ethers: A new family of halons. Rept. for Feb 90-Oct 91 (1991)

The paper discusses the possibility of fluorinated ethers' being a new family of halons. Work at the University of Tennessee to find suitable replacements for fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons has centered on the incorporation of oxygen as a heteroatom. The most stable class of compounds, fluorinated ethers, potentially doubles the number of candidates versus just the halogenated alkanes, with minimal change in physical properties. The first comparison of compounds involves the dimethyl ether series of compounds which provide substitutionally similar analogs to ethanes. The synthesis, characterization, and physical properties of all of the perfluorinated ethers are discussed briefly and their extinguishment concentrations are tabulated. The work indicates that the mechanism by which perfluorocarbons achieve their flame extinguishment capability is rooted more in the ability to dissipate the energy of free radicals and permit their recombindation, than it is by any bond dissociative or other purely chemical mechanism. This implies that, in the absence of overriding chemical effects (bromine), there should be a correlation between infrared absorptivity and extinguishant effectiveness.
A Chemical Model for the Inner‐Ring Deiodination of Thyroxine by Iodothyronine Deiodinase (2010)

The I of the beholder: The presented chemical model for the inner-ring deiodination of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) by iodothyronine deiodinase (see scheme) highlights the importance of an in-built thiol group in proximity to the selenium atom. The effective removal of iodine in the case of T4 indicates that an enol–keto tautomerism is not required for deiodination. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Efficient Syntheses of Pyrofolic Acid and Pteroyl Azide, Reagents for the Production of Carboxyl-Differentiated Derivatives of Folic Acid (1997)

Reaction of folic acid (1) with excess trifluoroacetic anhydride provides access to both the previously unknown N10-(trifluoroacetyl)pyrofolic acid (8) and pyrofolic acid (9). Reaction of either of these materials with hydrazine selectively affords pteroyl hydrazide (13), which may be oxidized to pteroyl azide (27) on a large scale (62% overall from 1 without the need for chromatography). Treatment of 27 with differentially protected glutamates provides a convenient and high-yielding synthesis of differentially protected, optically pure folates.
Viral Strategies of Immune Evasion (1998)

The vertebrate body is an ideal breeding ground for viruses and provides the conditions that promote their growth, survival, and transmission. The immune system evolved and deals with this challenge. Mutually assured destruction is not a viable evolutionary strategy; thus, the study of host-virus interactions provides not only a glimpse of life at immunity's edge, but it has also illuminated essential functions of the immune system, in particular, the area of major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen presentation.
Robotic assembly operation based on task-level teaching in virtual reality (2003)

The authors propose a robot teaching interface which uses virtual reality. The teaching method provides a user interface with which a novice operator can easily direct a robot. The operator performs the assembly task in a virtual workspace generated by a computer. The operator's movements are recognized as robot task-level operations by using a finite automation. The system interprets the recognized operations into manipulator-level commands using task-dependent interpretation rules and a world model. A robot executes the assembly task in the workplace by replicating the operator's movements in the virtual workspace.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Bromothymol blue broth: improved medium for detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain mycoplasma) (1978)

Bromothymol blue (B) broth for the cultivation, detection, and identification of Ureaplasma urealyticum is described. In this medium, strains Cook and 960 had shorter generation times (60 min or less) and reached higher populations (over 10(8)) than have yet been reported for this species. Furthermore, the indicator changes color before the end of logarithmic growth, and the cultures retain viability for at least 1 day thereafter, greatly simplifying the handling of the organism. When the populations in cultures of these two strains and seven new isolates were determined, growth was detected earlier and proceeded to higher final titers in B broth than in urease test color medium (U-9 broth). The inclusion of antibiotics in B broth for use in clinical laboratories (B/NL broth) made the medium selective, specific, and more sensitive for the isolation of U. urealyticum. Comparison of B/NL broth with genital mycoplasma (GM) agar and U-9 broth for the primary isolation of U. urealyticum was made with 183 urethral swabs. All 70 isolates were detected on B/NL broth, but only 66 and 63 isolates were detected on GM agar and in U-9 broth, respectively. Moreover, the cultures in B/NL broth were pure and at titers that generally showed good correlation with colony counts on GM agar.
Sexual Behavior and Evidence for an Infectious Cause of Prostate Cancer (2001)

The association of geographic/racial heterogeneity of prostate cancer rates with the effects of migration has been interpreted as evidence of the impact of environmental factors on the risk of prostate tumorigenesis. A number of epidemiologic studies have supported the hypothesis that ethnic differences observed in prostate cancer rates are attributed to cultural variations in male sexual behavior. Several case-control investigations have also suggested the association of prostate cancer with sexual history particularly the history of sexually transmitted disease but such relations have not been firmly established. Furthermore virologic studies have initially focused on herpes viruses since it was thought that such agents play a major role in cervical cancer. Although the herpes viruses are human cancer viruses there is little evidence on the effect of herpes viruses on the risk of prostate cancer. In this regard researches have focused on the etiologic role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in prostate cancer. However inconsistency of HPV detection in prostate cancer cells is noted due to failure of studies using sensitive polymerase chain reaction assays in contrast to its marked association with cervical cancer. In this regard the search for an infectious etiology of prostate cancer would require a special commitment by researchers epidemiologists and clinicians to overcome high costs and risks of failures.
Field Testing of Different Chemical Combinations as Odour Baits for Trapping Wild Mosquitoes in The Gambia (2011)

Odour baited traps have potential use in population surveillance of insect vectors of disease, and in some cases for vector population reduction. Established attractants for human host-seeking mosquitoes include a combination of CO(2) with L-lactic acid and ammonia, on top of which additional candidate compounds are being tested. In this field study in rural Gambia, using Latin square experiments with thorough randomization and replication, we tested nine different leading candidate combinations of chemical odorants for attractiveness to wild mosquitoes including anthropophilic malaria vectors, using modified Mosquito Magnet-X (MM-X) counterflow traps outside experimental huts containing male human sleepers. Highest catches of female mosquitoes, particularly of An. gambiae s.l. and Mansonia species, were obtained by incorporation of tetradecanoic acid. As additional carboxylic acids did not increase the trap catches further, this 'reference blend' (tetradecanoic acid with L-lactic acid, ammonia and CO(2)) was used in subsequent experiments. MM-X traps with this blend caught similar numbers of An. gambiae s.l. and slightly more Mansonia and Culex mosquitoes than a standard CDC light trap, and these numbers were not significantly affected by the presence or absence of human sleepers in the huts. Experiments with CO(2) produced from overnight yeast cultures showed that this organic source was effective in enabling trap attractiveness for all mosquito species, although at a slightly lower efficiency than obtained with use of CO(2) gas cylinders. Although further studies are needed to discover additional chemicals that increase attractiveness, as well as to optimise trap design and CO(2) source for broader practical use, the odour-baited traps described here are safe and effective for sampling host-seeking mosquitoes outdoors and can be incorporated into studies of malaria vector ecology.
Interactions of  Viruses with Dendritic Cells: A Double-edged Sword (1997)

Diverse mechanisms are used by viruses to inhibit, block, or evade the immune response (see review in reference ([1][1])). These include reduced expression of critical antigenic epitopes (e.g., EBV in latency), genetic variation of class I–restricted CTL epitopes (HIV-1), clonal exhaustion of CTLs
Study of wound-healing properties of chitosan (2008)

The wound-healing properties of chitosan in thermal and chemical burns and possibility of its use in veterinary practice and, particularly, in fur farming are given.
Review article: irritable bowel syndrome (1997)

Irritable bowel syndrome is a disease that can be diagnosed positively on the basis of an established series of criteria and limited exclusion of organic disease. It is the most common disease diagnosed by gastroenterologists and affects about 20% of all people at any one time. Symptoms fluctuate, and the overall prevalence rate is relatively constant in Western communities. Ten per cent of patients present to their physicians; the illness has a large economic impact on health-care utilization and absenteeism. Irritable bowel syndrome is a biopsychosocial disorder in which three major mechanisms interact: psychosocial factors; altered motility; and/or sensory function of the intestine. Management of patients is based on positive diagnosis of the symptom complex, limited exclusion of underlying organic disease and institution of a therapeutic trial. If patient symptoms are intractable, further investigations are needed to exclude significant motility or other disorders. Symptomatic treatment includes fibre for constipation, loperamide for diarrhoea and low-dose antidepressants or infrequent use of antispasmodics for pain; novel pharmacological agents, psychotherapy and hypnotherapy are being evaluated.
A Multifunctional High-Spin Biradical Pyrazolylbipyridine-bisnitronylnitroxide (2004)

[structure: see text] Synthesis and UV-vis, IR, and EPR spectroscopic characterizations, together with X-ray structural analysis, of functional nitronyl- and iminonitroxides attached to pyrazolylbipyridine are described. The exchange interactions between the nitronylnitroxides are found to be stronger than for the iminonitroxides. Although the substitution of a pyridine with the pyrazole ring leads to shorter distances and larger dipolar couplings, the exchange interaction is diminished. While compound 1 forms dimers in the solid state, the terpyridine 3 leads to supramolecular pi-stacking.
Flexible Conjugated Polymer-Based Plastic Solar Cells: From Basics to Applications (2005)

Triggered by the outstanding worldwide growth of the photovoltaic market as well as by the need of alternative energy sources in future, organic solar cells are the object of vivid interest from both industrial and academic sides. Based on the semiconducting properties of organic conjugated macromolecules, these devices possess the potential to be processed by common printing techniques. Besides being easily upscalable on rigid as well as on flexible substrates, they open the route of roll-to-roll production of low cost renewable energy sources. Today, up to 5% power conversion efficiencies are reported in this kind of plastic solar cells.
Correlation of immunochemical detection of HPV L1 capsid protein in pap smears with regression of high-risk HPV positive mild/moderate dysplasia. (2004)

Low and moderate dysplastic squamous lesions without immunochemically detectable HPV L1 protein are significantly more likely to progress than are L1-positive cases. Immunochemical L1 capsid detection in routine Pap smears thus offers prognostic information about early dysplastic lesions.
Association of Ezrin with Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and -2 (ICAM-1 and ICAM-2) (1998)

Ezrin is a cytoplasmic linker molecule between plasma membrane components and the actin-containing cytoskeleton. We studied whether ezrin is associated with intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, -2, and -3. In transfected cells, ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 colocalized with ezrin in microvillar projections, whereas an ICAM-1 construct attached to cell membrane via a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor was uniformly distributed on the cell surface. An interaction of ICAM-2 and ezrin was seen by affinity precipitation, microtiter binding assay, coimmunoprecipitation, and surface plasmon resonance methods. The calculated KD value was 3.3 x 10(-7) M. Phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) induced an interaction of ezrin and ICAM-1 and enhanced the interaction of ezrin and ICAM-2, but ICAM-3 did not bind ezrin even in the presence of PtdIns(4,5)P2. PtdIns(4, 5)P2 was shown to bind to cytoplasmic tails of ICAM-1 and ICAM-2, which are the first adhesion proteins demonstrated to interact with PtdIns(4,5)P2. The results indicate an interaction of ezrin with ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 and suggest a regulatory role of phosphoinositide signaling pathways in regulation of ICAM-ezrin interaction.
Increased mutation rate at the hprt locus accompanies microsatellite instability in colon cancer. (1995)

Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC) tumors and some sporadic colon cancers acquire somatic changes in the length of microsatellite sequences. We hypothesized that this 'replication error' (RER) phenotype in these cancers reflects a more general defect which should result in hypermutability of expressed genes. To test this hypothesis mutations of hprt were studied in RER and non-RER tumor cell lines. Increased mutation rates of greater than 100-fold were found in RER compared to non-RER lines. Heterogeneity within the RER group suggests the likely existence of different classes of RER tumors. One non-RER cell line demonstrated a greater than 10-fold increase in mutation rate, suggesting that a novel mutator phenotype may exist in some non-RER tumors.
Ligand‐induced internalization of CD38 results in intracellular Ca 2+ mobilization: role of NAD + transport across cell membranes (1999)

CD38, a transmembrane glycoprotein widely expressed in vertebrate cells, is a bifunctional ectoenzyme catalyzing the synthesis and hydrolysis of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR). cADPR is a universal second messenger that releases calcium from intracellular stores. Since cADPR is generated by CD38 at the outer surface of many cells, where it acts intracellularly, increasing attention is paid to addressing this topological paradox. Recently, we demonstrated that CD38 is a catalytically active, unidirectional transmembrane transporter of cADPR, which then reaches its receptor-operated intracellular calcium stores. Moreover, CD38 was reported to undergo a selective and extensive internalization through non clathrin-coated endocytotic vesicles upon incubating CD38(+) cells with either NAD+ or thiol compounds: these endocytotic vesicles can convert cytosolic NAD into cADPR despite an asymmetric unfavorable orientation that makes the active site of CD38 intravesicular. Here we demonstrate that the cADPR-generating activity of the endocytotic vesicles results in remarkable and sustained increases of intracellular free calcium concentration in different cells exposed to either NAD+, or GSH, or N-acetylcysteine. This effect of CD38-internalizing ligands on intracellular calcium levels was found to involve a two-step mechanism: 1) influx of cytosolic NAD+ into the endocytotic vesicles, mediated by a hitherto unrecognized dinucleotide transport system that is saturable, bidirectional, inhibitable by 8-N3-NAD+, and characterized by poor dinucleotide specificity, low affinity, and high efficiency; 2) intravesicular CD38-catalyzed conversion of NAD+ to cADPR, followed by outpumping of the cyclic nucleotide into the cytosol and subsequent release of calcium from thapsigargin-sensitive stores. This unknown intracellular trafficking of NAD+ and cADPR based on two distinctive and specific transmembrane carriers for either nucleotide can affect the intracellular calcium homeostasis in CD38(+) cells.
Flexibility in Statically Scheduled Real-Time Systems (1994)

Static scheduling has been shown to be appropriate for a variety of hard real-time systems, mainly due to the verifiable timing behavior of the system and the complex task models supported.

Its a ...
Secondary structure and limited proteolysis give experimental evidence that the precursor of pulmonary surfactant protein B contains three saposin‐like domains (1998)

The 42 kDa precursor of surfactant protein B generates the 79 residue mature SP-B polypeptide, which belongs to the family of saposin-like proteins and has unique functional roles in pulmonary surfactant. From sequence comparisons it has been suggested that proSP-B, in addition to SP-B, contains two saposin-like domains, but their existence has until now not been experimentally verified. The 381 residue human proSP-B was now fused to an N-terminal poly-His tag, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified from inclusion bodies by resolubilisation with 2.5% (w/v) SDS and, after removal of SDS, subsequent metal affinity chromatography. Recombinant proSP-B thus obtained exhibits about 35% alpha-helical structure in sodium phosphate buffer and is proteolytically cleaved preferentially between the three saposin-like domains. These results experimentally support that proSP contains, in addition to SP-B, two further saposin-like domains.
Robust Recognition of Degraded Documents Using Character N-Grams (2012)

In this paper we present a novel recognition approach that results in a 15% decrease in word error rate on heavily degraded Indian language document images. OCRs have considerably good performance on good quality documents, but fail easily in presence of degradations. Also, classical OCR approaches perform poorly over complex scripts such as those for Indian languages. We address these issues by proposing to recognize character n-gram images, which are basically groupings of consecutive character/component segments. Our approach is unique, since we use the character n-grams as a primitive for recognition rather than for post processing. By exploiting the additional context present in the character n-gram images, we enable better disambiguation between confusing characters in the recognition phase. The labels obtained from recognizing the constituent n-grams are then fused to obtain a label for the word that emitted them. Our method is inherently robust to degradations such as cuts and merges which are common in digital libraries of scanned documents. We also present a reliable and scalable scheme for recognizing character n-gram images. Tests on English and Malayalam document images show considerable improvement in recognition in the case of heavily degraded documents.
Esters of N,N-disubstituted 2-hydroxyacetamides as a novel highly biolabile prodrug type for carboxylic acid agents (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEsters of N,N-disubstituted 2-hydroxyacetamides as a novel highly biolabile prodrug type for carboxylic acid agentsHans Bundgaard and Niels NielsenCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1987, 30, 3, 451–454Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00386a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00386a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views591Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Real-time occlusion culling for models with large occluders (1997)

Article Real-time occlusion culling for models with large occluders Share on Authors: Satyan Coorg Computer Graphics Group, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science Computer Graphics Group, MIT Laboratory for Computer ScienceView Profile , Seth Teller Computer Graphics Group, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science Computer Graphics Group, MIT Laboratory for Computer ScienceView Profile Authors Info & Claims I3D '97: Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphicsApril 1997 Pages 83–ff.https://doi.org/10.1145/253284.253312Online:30 April 1997Publication History 99citation1,038DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations99Total Downloads1,038Last 12 Months47Last 6 weeks7 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Improved pharmacokinetics and reduced toxicity of brucine after encapsulation into stealth liposomes: role of phosphatidylcholine (2012)

PC composition could exert significant influence on the stabilities, pharmacokinetics, and toxicities of brucine-loaded stealth liposomes. DSPC or HSPC with T(m) above 50°C should be used to prepare the stealth liposomal formulation for the intravenous delivery of brucine. However, it was found in the present paper that the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of BSL were not influenced by the PC composition when the T(m) of the PC was in the range of -20°C to 41°C.