gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oral Acyclovir To Suppress Frequently Recurrent Herpes Labialis: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (1993)

Oral acyclovir, 400 mg twice daily, is effective in suppressing herpes labialis in immunocompetent adults confirmed to have frequently recurrent infection. Treatment with acyclovir in this study resulted in a 53% reduction in the number of clinical recurrences and a 71% reduction in virus culture-positive recurrences compared with placebo therapy.
TNF[alpha]-inhibition in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (2003)

Definition of TNFa as a Therapeutic Target for Rheumatoid Arthritis, M. Feldman, F.M. Brennan, R.O. Williams, and R.N. Maini Infliximab Therapy, R.N. Maini and M. Feldman Etanercept, S.Sule and J.M. Bathan Adalimumab, L. van de Putte, J. Salfeld, and S. Kaymakcalan p-55 TNF Receptor Therapy, J.J. Cash TNFa-Inhibition in Practical Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: The US Model, J.C. Shanahan and L.W. Moreland TNFa-inhibition in Practical Management: The UK/European Model, P. Emery Safety Issues with Anti-TNF Agents: Immunomodulation and Infection, J.C. Shanahan Index
Comparative Efficacy of Three Forms of Parenteral Iron (2012)

Intravenous iron therapy is a useful treatment for the rapid correction of iron deficiency anaemia and can be used to avoid or reduce the requirement for allogeneic blood transfusion. Several intravenous iron preparations are available commercially which differ in cost, mode of administration and side effect profile. There are few data directly comparing the efficacy of these preparations. In this retrospective single-centre study, we present the results from two hundred and eight patients treated using three different iron preparations (iron dextran, iron sucrose and ferric carboxymaltose) and compare the effect on haemoglobin levels and other measures of iron deficiency six weeks after treatment. Within the limitations of our study design, we show a statistically and clinically significant difference in efficacy between these preparations.
Synthetic Recombinant Vaccines against Viral Agents (1995)

Synthetic recombinant vaccines are expression vectors incorporating defined epitope(s) of microbial agents. They are prepared by inserting synthetic oligonucleotide(s) coding for previously identified relevant epitopes into the genome of a desired vector, using recombinant DNA technology. The results discussed indicate that immunization with such vaccines carrying viral epitopes may lead to protective immunity against viral agents. Oligonucleotides coding for three influenza epitopes stimulating B cells, T helper cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes were individually inserted into the flagellin gene of a Salmonella vaccine strain. Immunization of mice with the resultant recombinant bacteria or their isolated flagella induced a specific mucosal anti-influenza protective response. The most efficient vaccine consisted of all three recombinant flagella, administered intranasally. The protection elicited was cross-strain specific, long-lasting and efficient against a lethal viral challenge.
Extensive Contact between Gi2 and N-Formyl Peptide Receptor of Human Neutrophils: Mapping of Binding Sites Using Receptor-Mimetic Peptides (1995)

The N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) of human neutrophils is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. Sites on agonist-occupied FPR involved in binding the Gi2 protein were investigated by competition with synthetic receptor-mimetic peptides. Twenty-three synthetic FPR-mimetic and control peptides were tested for their ability to disrupt functionally active complexes of FPR and Gi2 in octyl glucoside, assayed by changes in sedimentation rates of FPR in detergent-containing sucrose gradients. GPCRs are thought to contain seven transmembrane segments with three cytoplasmic connecting loops and a cytoplasmic tail. Only certain peptides from regions in or adjoining each of the four predicted cytoplasmic domains of the 350 amino acid FPR, including the first cytoplasmic loop, were able to disrupt the reconstituted FPR-Gi2 complex. The IC50s of the peptides that were able to fully disrupt the FPR-Gi2 complex ranged from 20 microM (C2W 122-134) to 1.4 mM (C3A 230-246), a range similar to peptide inhibition of other G protein-coupled receptor-G protein interactions. Detergent concentrations above and below the critical micelle concentration had no effect on the activity of even the most hydrophobic peptide, C3B, and there was no apparent correlation of activity with hydrophobic moment, hydrophilic index, or net charge of the peptides. Control peptides from irrelevant proteins with similar physical properties and FPR extracellular domains did not dissociate the reconstituted FPR-Gi2 complex up to 5 mM, the highest concentration tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vertically p–n-junctioned GaN nano-wire array diode fabricated on Si(111) using MOCVD (2013)

We demonstrate the fabrication of n-GaN:Si/p-GaN:Mg nanowire arrays on (111) silicon substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method .The nanowires were grown by a newly developed two-step growth process. The diameter of as-grown nanowires ranges from 300-400 nm with a density of 6-7 × 10(7) cm(-2). The p- and n-type doping of the nanowires is achieved with Mg and Si dopant species. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) indicates that the nanowires are relatively defect-free. The room-temperature photoluminescence emission with a strong peak at 370 nm indicates that the n-GaN:Si/p-GaN:Mg nanowire arrays have potential application in light-emitting nanodevices. The cathodoluminscence (CL) spectrum clearly shows a distinct optical transition of GaN nanodiodes. The nano-n-GaN:Si/p-GaN:Mg diodes were further completed using a sputter coating approach to deposit Au/Ni metal contacts. The polysilazane filler has been etched by a wet chemical etching process. The n-GaN:Si/p-GaN:Mg nanowire diode was fabricated for different Mg source flow rates. The current-voltage (I-V) measurements reveal excellent rectifying properties with an obvious turn-on voltage at 1.6 V for a Mg flow rate of 5 sccm (standard cubic centimeters per minute).
Gene transfer and bone marrow transplantation with special reference to Gaucher's disease. (1993)

Gene therapy following gene transfer into hematopoietic cells is now being investigated for several genetic disorders (1). The candidate diseases under consideration and active experimental investigation are disorders that can be fully or partially corrected by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, where the gene defect is known and the normal gene has been cloned and characterized. Together with ADA deficiency Gaucher's disease is a leading candidate among these disorders. We have developed high titer retroviral vectors containing the glucocerebrosidase gene that can transduce murine bone marrow stem cells with high efficiency and will result in high levels of human glucocerebrosidase in macrophages of long-term reconstituted mice. "Gene therapy" for Gaucher's disease has therefore been accomplished in the mouse. We have also developed high titer amphotropic vectors containing the glucocerebrosidase gene that can transduce human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors with a high degree of efficiency. Up to 70% of CFU-GM colonies from these infected CD34+ cells contained the transferred gene as determined by PCR. Our vectors can also correct the enzyme deficiency of hematopoietic cells from Gaucher patients following gene transfer.
Electric Field Gradient Focusing of Proteins Based on Shaped Ionically Conductive Acrylic Polymer (2004)

Electric field gradient focusing (EFGF) is a separation technique that uses an electric field gradient and an opposing hydrodynamic flow to separate and concentrate charged analytes. This work describes miniaturized EFGF devices that are used for protein analysis. These devices employ a unique ionically conductive polymer that enables the required electric field gradient to be established. This polymer has good protein compatibility and allows the transport of small buffer ions while retaining large analytes such as proteins. With the use of an EFGF device, green fluorescent protein was concentrated 10 000-fold and the separation of a protein mixture was demonstrated. The development of these ionically conductive polymer-based devices represents a step toward making EFGF a useful analytical tool for proteomics investigations.
Dendrimers and Dendrons: Concepts, Syntheses, Applications (2001)

Masses, sizes, shapes of macromolecules from multifunctional monomers from theory to practice - historical perspectives, self-similarity, and preparative considerations dendrimers derived by divergent procedures using 1-2 branching motifs dendrimers derived by divergent procedures using 1-3 branching motifs convergent methodologies hyperbranched materials chiral dendritic macromolecules metallodendrimers dendritic networks utilitarian aspects.
Kinetics of the induction of three translation-regulatory enzymes by interferon. (1979)

Three enzymes that cause inhibition of mRNA translation, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 protein kinase PK-i, oligoisoadenylate synthetase E, and phosphodiesterase 2'-PDi, have been recently isolated from interferon-treated cells. We show that the rise in these three enzyme activities may be used to study the response of uninfected cells to interferon. For each enzyme, a specific microassay that can be carried out on extracts from 2-5 x 10(4) monolayer cells from mouse, monkey, or man was developed. With these assays, the kinetics of induction of the three enzymes in mouse L cells are compared. The dose dependence for protein kinase PK-i induction is shown to be similar to that for the development of the antiviral state. Actinomycin D and anti-interferon serum block enzyme induction if added to the cells early after interferon treatment. The quantitative measurements of the intracellular level of these enzymes provide a new and convenient model to study the cell's response to interferon.
Variable supply-voltage scheme for low-power high-speed CMOS digital design (1998)

This paper describes a variable supply-voltage (VS) scheme. From an external supply, the VS scheme automatically generates minimum internal supply voltages by feedback control of a buck converter, a speed detector, and a timing controller so that they meet the demand on its operation frequency. A 32-b RISC core processor is developed in a 0.4-/spl mu/m CMOS technology which optimally controls the internal supple voltages with the VS scheme and the threshold voltages through substrate bias control. Performance in MIPS/W is improved by a factor of more than two compared with its conventional CMOS design.
1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine stimulates ceramide and diglyceride formation in HL-60 cells. (1994)

The effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) on phospholipid metabolism was investigated in HL-60 cells. Treatment of cells with ara-C resulted in a time- and dose-dependent increase in the mass of ceramide and diglyceride. When cells were treated with 10 microM ara-C, an increase in the mass of ceramide and diglyceride was detectable at 5 min and reached a plateau at 30 min with a 2-fold increase compared to control cells. Treatment of cells with 10 microM ara-C resulted in the activation of neutral sphingomyelinase with a peak at 30 min that represented a 2-fold increase in specific activity. ara-C also increased expression of the transcription factor NF-kappa B which is related to the control of monocyte differentiation. These findings suggest that ara-C activates phospholipid hydrolytic pathways to generate second messengers that control gene expression and differentiation in the HL-60 cell line.
Lymphocyte activation provokes modification of a lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (p56lck). (1989)

The protein tyrosine kinase p56lck is implicated in the control of lymphocyte growth by virtue of its overexpression in some lymphoid malignancies and its transforming activity in heterologous systems. Previous studies have demonstrated that levels of lck mRNA and of p56lck decline rapidly after T cell activation. The disappearance of p56lck results primarily from post-translational conversion of p56lck to more slowly migrating forms with apparent sizes of approximately 60 kDa. This modification can be provoked by treatment of lymphocytes with PMA, and has been associated with increased serine phosphorylation of the p56lck molecule. Here we demonstrate that conversion of p56lck to p60lck is a feature of the physiologic activation of T lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells. In addition, we show that the PMA-induced modification of p56lck proceeds via a mechanism distinct from conventional protein kinase C activation. The rapid conversion of p56lck to p60lck after antigenic stimulation is consistent with the view that this membrane-associated protein tyrosine kinase regulates some aspects of the lymphocyte activation sequence.
Expression of WNT signalling pathway genes during chicken craniofacial development (2009)

A comprehensive expression analysis of WNT signalling pathway genes during several stages of chicken facial development was performed. Thirty genes were surveyed including: WNT1, 2B, 3A, 4, 5A, 5B, 6, 7A, 7B, 8B, 8C, 9A, 9B, 11, 11B, 16, CTNNB1, LEF1, FRZB1, DKK1, DKK2, FZD1-8, FZD10. The strictly canonical WNTs (2B, 7A, 9B, and 16) in addition to WNT4 WNT6 (both canonical and non-canonical) are epithelially expressed, whereas WNT5A, 5B, 11 are limited to the mesenchyme. WNT16 is limited to the invaginating nasal pit, respiratory epithelium, and lip fusion zone. Antagonists DKK1 and FRZB1 are expressed in the fusing primary palate but then are decreased at stage 28 when fusion is beginning. This suggests that canonical WNT signalling may be active during lip fusion. Mediators of canonical signalling, CTNNB1, LEF1, and the majority of the FZD genes are expressed ubiquitously. These data show that activation of the canonical WNT pathway is feasible in all regions of the face; however, the localization of ligands and antagonists confers specificity.
Elevated plasma levels of neuropeptide Y in female fibromyalgia patients (1999)

Neuropeptide Y(NPY) co-exists with norepinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system, and NPY may represent the sympathetic-neuronal output. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients have perturbations in the hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and in the sympathetic stress axis as well. As opioid peptides, monoamines and sex steroids are integrated in the regulation of stress, it is interesting to further explore the role of NPY in FMS patients, as they show many symptoms that are related to perturbations of those systems.In this study, plasma NPY levels were assessed in subgroups of FMS patients: cyclic (regular menstrual cycles), non-cyclic (post-menopausal), depressed and non-depressed patients. In order to examine whether pain and other symptoms seen in FMS patients are correlated to the NPY levels, the patients were also registering 15 different symptoms daily during 28 days. Sex and age-matched healthy controls were recruited for comparisons. Non-parametric tests were used for the statistical analyses.The results showed that the NPY levels were significantly elevated in the patients compared to the controls. In the luteal phase of the cyclic patients, the levels of the peptide were higher than in the corresponding controls. For the non-cyclic patients, there was a positive correlation between physical symptoms and NPY levels, however, pain per se did not reach the significant level of correlation. The non-depressed patients had the same levels of NPY as the depressed FMS patients, who also had a positive correlation between anxiety and NPY levels.These results suggest that FMS patients have an altered activity in the NPY system, most likely due to prolonged and/or repeated stress, and that the hormonal state and time of the menstrual cycle also may be of importance in the complex pathophysiologic mechanism behind the development of FMS. Copyright 1999 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain.
Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Materials with Charge Density Waves: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications (2017)

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) charge density wave (CDW) materials have attracted extensive interest due to potential applications as high performance functional nanomaterials. As other 2D materials, 2D CDW materials are layered materials with strong in-plane bonding and weak out-of-plane interactions enabling exfoliation into layers of single unit cell thickness. Although bulk CDW materials have been studied for decades, recent developments in nanoscale characterization and device fabrication have opened up new opportunities allowing applications such as oscillators, electrodes in supercapacitors, energy storage and conversion, sensors and spinelectronic devices. In this review, we first outline the synthesis techniques of 2D CDW materials including mechanical exfoliation, liquid exfoliation, chemical vapor transport (CVT), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and electrochemical exfoliation. Then, the characterization procedure of the 2D CDW materials such as temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy, temperature-dependent resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are reviewed. Finally, applications of 2D CDW materials are reviewed.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is sufficient for the chemotaxis of monocytes and lymphocytes in transgenic mice but requires an additional stimulus for inflammatory activation (1997)

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a chemotactic cytokine, acts in vitro as a chemotactic and activating factor for multiple types of leukocytes. To determine the chemotactic and activating effects of MCP-1 in vivo, we constructed transgenic mice that express human MCP-1 in type II alveolar epithelial cells and secrete it into the bronchoalveolar space. We found that MCP-1 overexpression led to a marked increase in the numbers of both monocytes and lymphocytes that could be recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. This accumulation of mononuclear leukocytes could be reversed by the administration of an MCP-1-blocking Ab. In spite of its chemotactic effect, MCP-1 expression did not cause the inflammatory activation of accumulated leukocytes. Lungs of MCP-1 transgenic mice also showed no morphologic evidence of inflammation. However, MCP-1 mice had an increased sensitivity to other inflammatory stimuli. MCP-1 mice treated with either i.p. LPS or i.v. yeast wall glucan developed consolidated pulmonary infiltrates consisting predominantly of macrophages. Nontransgenic mice developed no such infiltrates. These results demonstrate that MCP-1 is chemotactic for monocytes and lymphocytes in vivo and that MCP-1 expression alone does not cause inflammatory activation of cells, but leads to an enhanced inflammatory response upon treatment with other stimuli.
An assessment of oral epithelial dysplasia using criteria of `Smith & Pindborg Grading System' & `Ljubljana Grading System' in oral precancerous lesions (2004)

Histopathologically assessed severity of Oral Epithelial Dysplasia (OED) are considered as 'gold standards' for the prediction of malignant transformation of precancerous lesions, since the role of immunohistochemical and molecular biological parameters is still uncertain. Grades such as mild, moderate and severe dysplasia obtained with conventional grading system do not provide adequate information regarding therapeutic management of OED. Also assessing risk and deciding management of 'moderate dysplasia' an intermediate category remains problematic. H & E stained slides of precancerous lesions (30 cases) were comparatively assessed using 'Smith & Pindborg' grading system and 'Ljubljana' grading system for Epithelial Hyperplastic Laryngeal Lesions' (EHLL). Our study showed that, Ljubljana grading system provides more objectivity in evaluation of OED. It attempts to utilize a two-grade system, i.e. A 'Low' and 'High' grade thus having merit since it eliminates intermediate category. Also, it is a therapeutically informative system of grading, which provides immense information to the clinician and surgeons regarding accurate diagnosis and management of the same.
Resistance to antimicrobial peptides in Gram-negative bacteria (2012)

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are present in virtually all organisms and are an ancient and critical component of innate immunity. In mammals, AMPs are present in phagocytic cells, on body surfaces such as skin and mucosa, and in secretions and body fluids such as sweat, saliva, urine, and breast milk, consistent with their role as part of the first line of defense against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. AMPs are microbicidal and have also been shown to act as immunomodulators with chemoattractant and signaling activities. During the co-evolution of hosts and bacterial pathogens, bacteria have developed the ability to sense and initiate an adaptive response to AMPs to resist their bactericidal activity. Here, we review the various mechanisms used by Gram-negative bacteria to sense and resist AMP-mediated killing. These mechanisms play an important role in bacterial resistance to host-derived AMPs that are encountered during the course of infection. Bacterial resistance to AMPs should also be taken into consideration in the development and use of AMPs as anti-infective agents, for which there is currently a great deal of academic and commercial interest.
Unique Primary Structure of 2‐Nitropropane Dioxygenase from Hansenula Mrakii (1994)

We have isolated the gene encoding 2-nitropropane dioxygenase from Hansenula mrakii, an FAD enzyme that catalyzes the oxygenative denitrification of various anionic nitroalkanes. The gene contained an open reading frame consisting of 1122 nucleotides corresponding to 374 amino acid residues. The protein molecular mass was estimated to be 41,466 Da, which was similar to the subunit molecular mass of the enzyme determined by SDS/PAGE. Several FAD enzymes such as D-amino acid oxidase and glucose oxidase also catalyze the oxidation of nitroalkanes as a side-reaction, although not so efficiently [Kido, T. & Soda, K. (1984) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 234, 468-475]. However, we found no proteins in the databases (GenBank, EMBL, PIR and SWISS-PROT) which are homologous to 2-nitropropane dioxygenase of H. mrakii in primary structure. No protein motifs, including a nucleotide-binding motif, GXGXXG, were found in PROSITE, a database of biologically significant protein sites and patterns. Accordingly, 2-nitropropane dioxygenase is a new type of flavoprotein with a unique structure.