gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon optical modulator with shield coplanar waveguide electrodes (2014)

A silicon Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) optical modulator with a shield coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line electrode design was demonstrated. This shield-CPW electrode suppresses the signal distortion caused by the parasitic slot-line (SL) mode and improves the electrical bandwidth and the electro-optical (EO) bandwidth. With the shield-CPW electrodes and 5.5 mm-long phase shifters, the silicon MZI optical modulator delivered an EO bandwidth of above 24 GHz and a V (π) = 3.0 V was achieved at λ = 1310 nm. When modulated at 28-Gb/s data rate, it achieved an extinction ratio of 5.66 dB under a driving voltage of V (pp) = 1.3 V, corresponding to a power consumption of 0.8 pJ/bit.
Sphingosomal vincristine in CHOP is a promising new treatment for elderly, as well as poor prognosis patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL): Follow-up results of a phase II study (2004)

8080 Background: Individuals older than 60 years have a worse prognosis than younger patients with aggressive NHL. Vincristine is active in malignant lymphomas. Sphingosomal vincristine (SV) was well tolerated with 45% ORR in multiply relapsed aggressive NHL (ASH Abst. 412, 1999). Based on these data, a phase II study of CHOP with or without rituximab, and substituting SV for free vincristine, was undertaken in patients with previously untreated aggressive NHL. Methods: Patients were treated with standard dose CHOP that included SV 2.0 mg/m2 without dose capping ± rituximab 375 mg/m2, given every 21 days for 6 to 8 courses (ASH abst. 338, 2002). Results: Of 73 patients enrolled on study, 68 were evaluable for response. Median age was 63 (range 22–80), 37 pts (54%) were > 60. Overall, 24 pts (23 elderly) had an IPI score ≥ 3. Patients received a median of 6 study treatments (range 1–8). ORR was 92.6% (63/68 pts) with 55 pts achieving CR (80.1%), 7 CRu (10.3%), and 1 PR (1.5%). 3 pts had PD (4.4%) and 2 were not assessed for response (2.9%). ORR was similar in both elderly (>60) and younger pts (≤ 60): 91.9% and 93.5% respectively. The median PFS and OS have not been reached at a median follow up of 22 months. The probability of being progression free at 17 mos was 0.88 (5 relapses) for elderly pts and 0.86 (4 relapses) for pts ≤ 60. Overall survival probability was 0.98 (1 death) at 22 mos. Neuropathy was generally mild (Gr.1-2). Hematological toxicities were as follows: 56% Gr.3-4 neutropenia, 6% Gr.3 anemia, and 13% Gr.3-4 thrombocytopenia. Toxicites were comparable in both elderly and younger patients. Conclusions: CHOP plus rituximab regimen with sphingosomal vincristine substituted for free vincristine is a well tolerated therapy with only mild neurotoxicity. Remarkably, the activity in the elderly is comparable to that in younger patients. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration INEX
Imaging Techniques for Analyzing Shale Pores and Minerals (2014)

Unconventional oil and gas shales are not only being exploited for their hydrocarbons, but are also being examined for their potential to act as seals and/or reservoirs for carbon storage. In order to understand the sealing and storage capabilities of shales, the pore structures and minerals that control storage volume and flow pathways must also be understood. This report explores the various imaging techniques that can be applied to shales to obtain data on structure, composition, texture/fabric, porosity, permeability, and diagenesis.
Plasma density profile and electron temperature in discharge positive columns at intermediate pressures: examination of Ingold's approximation (1993)

Ingold's model (1978) for the medium pressure positive column is examined and compared with the original quasi-neutral theory of Self (1966). The model for cylindrical geometry is extended to plane and spherical cases, and their plasma balance equations (PBE) are further simplified without loss of accuracy. It is found that Ingold's model is inappropriate to predict the plasma density profiles, producing lower values than the exact curves. For helium plane and cylindrical positive columns, it is shown that the electron temperatures obtained from Ingold's and simplified PBES are accurate within several percent of the exact values and are in good agreement with reported observations.
Aquaporin CHIP: the archetypal molecular water channel (1993)

Despite longstanding interest by nephrologists and physiologists, the molecular identities of membrane water channels remained elusive until recognition of CHIP, a 28-kDa channel-forming integral membrane protein from human red blood cells originally referred to as "CHIP28." CHIP functions as an osmotically driven, water-selective pore; 1) expression of CHIP conferred Xenopus oocytes with markedly increased osmotic water permeability but did not allow transmembrane passage of ions or other small molecules; 2) reconstitution of highly purified CHIP into proteoliposomes permitted determination of the unit water permeability, i.e., 3.9 x 10(9) water molecules.channel subunit-1 x s-1. Although CHIP exists as a homotetramer in the native red blood cell membrane, site-directed mutagenesis studies suggested that each subunit contains an individually functional pore that may be reversibly occluded by mercurial inhibitors reacting with cysteine-189. CHIP is a major component of both apical and basolateral membranes of water-permeable segments of the nephron, where it facilitates transcellular water flow during reabsorption of glomerular filtrate. CHIP is also abundant in certain other absorptive or secretory epithelia, including choroid plexus, ciliary body of the eye, hepatobiliary ductules, gall bladder, and capillary endothelia. Distinct patterns of CHIP expression occur at these sites during fetal development and maturity. Similar proteins from other mammalian tissues and plants were later shown to transport water, and the group is now referred to as the "aquaporins." Recognition of CHIP has provided molecular insight into the biological phenomenon of osmotic water movement, and it is hoped that pharmacological modulation of CHIP function may provide novel treatments of renal failure and other clinical problems.
Expression of α1‐6 fucosyltransferase in rat tissues and human cancer cell lines (1997)

GDP-L-Fuc:N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide α1-6 fucosyltransferase (α1-6FucT) catalyzes the transfer of a fucosyl residue from GDP-fucose to the asparagine-linked GlcNAc residue of complex N-glycans via α1-6 linkage. These oligosaccharide structures are essential for the attachment of polysialic acid to the neural-cell-adhesion molecule, and its levels are useful for the differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinomas with respect to the microheterogeneity of α-fetoprotein. We have been successful in the purification and cDNA cloning of α1-6FucT from porcine brain and from a human gastric-cancer cell line. In the present study, mRNA expression of α1-6FucT in various rat tissues and human cancer cell lines was examined, along with the expression of α1-6FucT mRNA and the induction by treatment with several cytokines. Northern-blot analysis indicated high expression levels of α1-6FucT in brain and gastrointestinal-tract tissues of normal rats, as well as for a number of lung-cancer, gastric-cancer and colon-cancer cell lines. Although various cytokines did not induce α1-6FucT mRNA, differentiation of a tumor cell enhanced the mRNA by 2- to 3-fold. These results may provide new insight into studies on α1-6FucT in terms of carcinogenesis or differentiation. Int. J. Cancer 72:1117–1121, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Growth and structures of surface disturbances of a round liquid jet in a coaxial airflow (2004)

An experimental study is carried out to investigate the growth and the structures of surface disturbances in a round turbulent water jet with a coaxial airflow. The experimental conditions include a liquid jet Reynolds number of 2940, an airflow Reynolds number of 0-3680 and an aerodynamic Weber number of 0.02–52.7. The growth rate of surface disturbances and the time–space spectra between two different disturbances on the jet surface are obtained from the surface displacements measured using a high-speed video camera and an image analysis system. When the momentum of the airflow at the nozzle exit is superior to that of the water jet, asymmetric disturbances caused by the shear stress on the water jet surface develop significantly. As a result, the effect of the asymmetric disturbances on the jet breakup is comparable to that of the axi-symmetric disturbances.
Deterministic annealing for semi-supervised kernel machines (2006)

An intuitive approach to utilizing unlabeled data in kernel-based classification algorithms is to simply treat unknown labels as additional optimization variables. For margin-based loss functions, one can view this approach as attempting to learn low-density separators. However, this is a hard optimization problem to solve in typical semi-supervised settings where unlabeled data is abundant. The popular Transductive SVM algorithm is a label-switching-retraining procedure that is known to be susceptible to local minima. In this paper, we present a global optimization framework for semi-supervised Kernel machines where an easier problem is parametrically deformed to the original hard problem and minimizers are smoothly tracked. Our approach is motivated from deterministic annealing techniques and involves a sequence of convex optimization problems that are exactly and efficiently solved. We present empirical results on several synthetic and real world datasets that demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Blockade of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Expression by Caveolin-1 (2002)

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a major protein constituent of caveolae, a type of plasma membrane raft. We observed that coexpression of human Cav-1 with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) blocked virion production from cells that are ordinarily highly permissive. Further investigation showed that this effect is specific, occurs at low ratios of Cav-1 to HIV-1 DNA, depends on expression of Cav-1 protein, and involves severely impaired expression of HIV-1 proteins. Cav-1 also blocked HIV-2 expression. In contrast, Cav-1 did not inhibit protein expression by a paramyxovirus and did not induce apoptosis or affect cellular morphology, cell viability, or cell cycle progression. Although only small amounts of HIV-1 virions were released from Cav-1-transfected cells, these were fully infectious. Deletion mutagenesis showed that the C-terminal 78 residues were as active as the full-length (178-amino-acid) protein in producing the block. In contrast, the 100 most N-terminal amino acids of Cav-1, which include the previously identified oligomerization and scaffolding domains, were shown to be dispensable. Study of single-amino-acid-exchange mutants of Cav-1 established that palmitoylation was not required. Additional deletion mutants then identified the hydrophobic, membrane-associated domain (residues 101 to 135) as the main determinant. Cellular distribution of wild-type and mutant proteins correlated with ability to block HIV-1 expression. Finally, Cav-2 also blocked HIV-1 expression. These data show that coexpression of caveolins can markedly inhibit expression of HIV proviral DNA and establish that the inhibition is mediated by the hydrophobic, membrane-associated domain.
Murine TOLL-like Receptor 4 Confers Lipopolysaccharide Responsiveness as Determined by Activation of NFκB and Expression of the Inducible Cyclooxygenase (2000)

Genetic evidence indicating that TOLL-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor in mice was reported. However, biochemical evidence that murine Tlr4 confers LPS responsiveness has not been convincingly demonstrated. Inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) is selectively expressed in LPS-stimulated macrophages in part mediated through the activation of NF kappa B. Thus, we determined whether murine Tlr4 confers LPS responsiveness as evaluated by the activation of NF kappa B and COX-2 expression. Transfection of a murine macrophage-like cell line (RAW264.7) with the constitutively active form (delta Tlr4) of Tlr4 is sufficient to activate NF kappa B and COX-2 expression. However, the truncated form (delta Tlr4(P712H)) of the missense mutant Tlr4(P712H) found in LPS-hyporesponsive mouse strain (C3H/HeJ) inhibits LPS-induced NF kappa B activation and COX-2 expression. The inability of delta Tlr4(P712H) to activate NF kappa B and induce COX-2 expression is rescued by a constitutively active adapter protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which interacts directly with the cytoplasmic domain of Tlr proteins. Furthermore, MyD88 is co-immunoprecipitated with the wild-type delta Tlr4 but not with the delta Tlr4(P712H) mutant. Together, these results indicate that Tlr4 confers LPS responsiveness in RAW264.7 cells and suggest that hyporesponsiveness of C3H/HeJ mice to LPS is attributed to the disruption of Tlr4-mediated signaling pathways that results from the inability of the mutant Tlr4(P712H) to interact with MyD88.
A review of p53 expression and mutation in human benign, low malignant potential, and invasive epithelial ovarian tumors (2003)

Although these pooled estimates might appear to offer support for various hypotheses regarding the role of p53 in ovarian carcinoma, the limitations inherent in these data hamper the interpretation of the significance of any of the findings. Future studies will require innovative methods to address the limitations of many previous investigations and more comprehensive investigation into defective tumor suppression mechanisms.
V/sub TH/-hopping scheme to reduce subthreshold leakage for low-power processors (2002)

In order to suppress the power consumption in low-voltage processors, a threshold voltage hopping (V/sub TH/-hopping) scheme is proposed where the threshold voltage is dynamically controlled through software depending on a workload. V/sub TH/-hopping is shown to reduce the power to 18 % of the fixed low-threshold voltage circuits in 0.5-V supply voltage regime for multimedia applications. A positive back-gate bias scheme with V/sub TH/-hopping is presented for the high-performance and low-voltage processors. In order to verify the effectiveness of V/sub TH/-hopping, a small-scale RISC processor with V/sub TH/-hopping capability and the positive back-gate bias scheme is fabricated in a 0.6-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. MPEG4 encoding is simulated based on the measured data. The result shows that 86% power saving can be achieved by using V/sub TH/-hopping compared with the fixed positive back-gate bias scheme.
Voice activity detection based on multiple statistical models (2006)

One of the key issues in practical speech processing is to achieve robust voice activity detection (VAD) against the background noise. Most of the statistical model-based approaches have tried to employ the Gaussian assumption in the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) domain, which, however, deviates from the real observation. In this paper, we propose a class of VAD algorithms based on several statistical models. In addition to the Gaussian model, we also incorporate the complex Laplacian and Gamma probability density functions to our analysis of statistical properties. With a goodness-of-fit tests, we analyze the statistical properties of the DFT spectra of the noisy speech under various noise conditions. Based on the statistical analysis, the likelihood ratio test under the given statistical models is established for the purpose of VAD. Since the statistical characteristics of the speech signal are differently affected by the noise types and levels, to cope with the time-varying environments, our approach is aimed at finding adaptively an appropriate statistical model in an online fashion. The performance of the proposed VAD approaches in both the stationary and nonstationary noise environments is evaluated with the aid of an objective measure.
Antigenic Structure of Human Interferon 1 (Interferon II1): Comparison with Other Human Interferons (1987)

Recombinant human interferon (IFN) omega 1 (IFN-alpha II1) was compared with other human IFNs with regard to antigenic structure, using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Antisera to recombinant IFN-alpha 1 or IFN-alpha 2c cross-neutralized the antiviral activity of other species of IFN-alpha, but not that of IFN-omega 1. Antisera to IFN-beta or IFN-gamma likewise had no effect on IFN-omega 1. Conversely, antiserum to IFN-omega 1 did not neutralize any of the other IFNs examined (IFN-alpha 1, -alpha 2c, -alpha 10, -alpha B, -alpha F, -beta, -gamma). None of four monoclonal antibodies to IFN-alpha, including a broad-spectrum antibody that neutralized all five recombinant species of IFN-alpha tested, had any effect on the biological activity of IFN-omega 1. Various immunoassays for IFN-alpha did not recognize IFN-omega 1. In immunoprecipitation experiments, radiolabelled IFN-alpha 2c was not precipitated by antiserum to IFN-omega 1. In contrast, antisera to human leukocyte IFN or 'lymphoblastoid' IFN did neutralize IFN-omega 1, although with titres significantly lower than those towards the immunogen or recombinant species of IFN-alpha. In conclusion, human IFN-omega 1 is antigenically different from human IFN-alpha, IFN-beta or IFN-gamma, but is a component of 'natural' mixtures of IFN species produced by virus-induced leukocytes or Burkitt's lymphoma cells.
The Elastin Receptor: A Galactoside-Binding Protein (1988)

The elastin receptor complex contains a component of 67 kilodaltons that binds to a glycoconjugate affinity column containing beta-galactoside residues and is eluted from this column with lactose. This protein component is also released from the surface of cultured chondroblasts by incubation with lactose, and its association with immobilized elastin is inhibited by lactose. Since lactose also blocks elastic fiber formation by cultured chondroblasts, the galactoside-binding property of the elastin receptor is implicated in this process.
The NOD Mouse: Recessive Diabetogenic Gene in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (1986)

Examination of the histocompatibility region of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse with antibodies against class II glycoproteins (products of immune response genes of the major histocompatibility complex I-A and I-E), hybrid T-cell clones, and mixed-lymphocyte cultures and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms indicate that the NOD mouse has a unique class II major histocompatibility complex with no expression of surface I-E, no messenger RNA for I-E alpha, and an I-A not recognized by any monoclonal antibodies or hybrid T-cell clones studied. In crosses of NOD mice with control C3H mice, the development of diabetes was dependent on homozygosity for the NOD mouse's unique major histocompatibility region.
The relationship between membrane status and fertility of boar spermatozoa after flow cytometric sorting in the presence or absence of seminal plasma (1999)

The motility, viability (percent live), capacitation status and in vitro fertility of boar spermatozoa were examined, after staining with Hoechst 33,342 and flow cytometric sorting in the absence or presence of seminal plasma. Viability was higher in unstained controls and when seminal plasma was present in the medium used to collect spermatozoa from the cell sorter than when seminal plasma was absent or in the staining extender only, but motility was highest when seminal plasma was included in the extender only, compared with the controls and other treatments. The proportions of capacitated spermatozoa were increased by sorting, but were lower when seminal plasma was present, rather than absent, from the staining extender and the collection medium. Compared with unstained controls, extension and staining without sorting only increased the proportion of capacitated spermatozoa after washing in preparation for in vitro fertilization. The percentages of polyspermic, penetrated and cleaved oocytes were lower when inseminated with unsorted (stained) than control (unstained) spermatozoa, regardless of the presence or absence of seminal plasma. These parameters were higher for sorted than for control spermatozoa in the absence of seminal plasma, but in its presence penetration and cleavage were substantially lower. The proportions of capacitated spermatozoa were lower when seminal plasma was present in the collection medium only than in the staining extender or when it was absent altogether, but the former treatment substantially reduced the proportions of polyspermic, penetrated and cleaved oocytes, and the proportion of blastocysts. These findings indicate that sperm capacitation associated with flow cytometric sorting can be reduced by the inclusion of seminal plasma in the collection medium, but this treatment reduces the ability of spermatozoa to fertilize oocytes in vitro under these conditions.
Maize MADS-Box Genes Galore (2002)

MADS-box genes encode a family of transcription factors which control diverse developmental processes in flowering plants ranging from root to flower and fruit development. A large screening for MIKC-type MADS-box gene cDNAs in maize yielded sequences for 31 different genes, 29 of which are of the MIKC-type. 15 of these MIKC-type genes were novel. Together with three published genes for which a cDNA did not appear in our screen 32 different MIKC-type genes have thus been identified in maize now. All of these genes are members of subfamilies known from eudicots. However, it appears that in many subfamilies there are more gene members in maize than in eudicot model plants such as Arabidopsis. Phylogeny reconstructions involving all published MADS-box genes identified two major reasons for this. First, after the establishment of the defined gene subfamilies in a common ancestor of eudicots and monocots, a number of gene duplications occurred in the lineage that led to extant monocots after the eudicots had branched off, but before the separation of the lineages that led to extant maize and rice. Based on our gene collection we could estimate that there must have been at least 20 different MIKC-type genes in the most recent common ancestor of maize and rice about 50-70 million years ago. In contrast, the same data set supports only the presence of at least 11 different genes in the last common ancestor of monocots and eudicots about 200 million years ago. Second, phylogenetic trees in line with chromosomal mapping data revealed that the event that gave rise to the ancient segmental allotetraploidy of the maize genome established typically two young paralogs for many orthologous rice MADS-box genes. By chromosomal mapping also candidate genes for some interesting maize developmental gene loci could be identified. The genes reported here are a rich ressource for further studies on the evolutionary dynamics of a complex gene family, the developmental genetics of maize, and a rational crop design employing developmental control genes as tools.