gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
1.3‐Dipolare Cycloadditionen Rückschau und Ausblick (1963)

Abstract Einer sehr großen Zahl spezieller Synthesewege in die heterocyclische in die Reihe steht ein nur bescheidener Satz an Aufbaumethoden von allgemeiner Verwendbarkeit gegenüber. Eine erstaunliche Anwendungsbreite bei der Synthese fünfgliedriger Heterocyclen kommt der 1.3‐Dipolaren Addition zu. Dabei vereinigt sich der nur mit zwitterionischen Oktett‐Grenzformeln wiederzugebende „1.3‐Dipol”︁ mit einem Mehrfachbindungssystem, dem „Dipolarophil”︁, in einer Cycloaddition zum ladungsfreien fünfgliedrigen Ring. Wenngleich die Kenntnis zahlreicher Einzelbeispiele bis ins vorige Jahrhundert zurückreicht, gelangte das Syntheseprinzip erst in den letzten Jahren zu fruchtbarer Entfaltung.
Trichomonas vaginalisInfection in Male Sexual Partners: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention (2006)

The majority of male partners of women with trichomoniasis were infected; however, few factors predicted infection. T. vaginalis causes a highly prevalent STI, necessitating vastly improved partner management, application of sensitive nucleic-acid based testing, and better clinical recognition.
Emerging human B cell repertoire. Influence of developmental stage and interindividual variation (1992)

In B cell precursors developing in fetal lymphopoietic tissue, the selection of VH, DH, and JH gene segments for initial H chain gene assembly is biased. The present study was designed to determine whether these biases persist in fully developed human fetal B cells and to examine specificities encoded by the favored elements. B cells were prepared from two sites representing different stages of development, i.e., fetal liver as a source of cells newly generated in that lymphopoietic environment and fetal spleen as a source of more mature cells, potentially subject to selective environmental factors. The expressed repertoires were sampled by two methods. EBV transformation so binding and structure could be examined simultaneously and generation of cDNA from individual, sorted, unstimulated B cells. We found that mature B cells in liver and secondary lymphoid tissue exhibit the same degree of bias in VH use we previously reported in lymphopoietic tissue of the same gestational age. However, the pattern of DH and JH use more nearly resembled that of the adult, suggesting that some constraints imposed by the rearrangement process are normalized rapidly. Sequences recovered from EBV-transformed clones were not distinguishable from transcripts recovered from single cells by direct amplification. Among antibodies expressed by the EBV clones, binding to self-Ag was common, binding profiles varied, and, in contrast to mice, there was little relationship between specificity and VH element. Interestingly, the two individuals studied differed in the VH element most commonly used. One resembled previously studied fetal repertoires in that VH56p1 encoded about 20% of expressed antibodies, whereas the other did not express VH56p1 and used VH26 in 25% of expressed antibodies. This was found to reflect a lack of the genomic VH56p1 allele, suggesting that genetic variation at the VH locus may significantly influence the emerging human antibody repertoire.
Proximal Atrioventricular Bundle, Atrioventricular Node, and Distal Atrioventricular Bundle Are Distinct Anatomic Structures With Unique Histological Characteristics and Innervation (2000)

The PAVB, AVN, and DAVB have distinct histological features. Collagen septation of primary and secondary fascicles presents natural barriers within the tissues and to surrounding myocardium and structures. These findings confirm that the AV junction region contains a specialized conduction system that is anatomically isolated from ordinary myocardium.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURAL BASIS OF ALVEOLAR-CAPILLARY MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TO PEROXIDASE USED AS A TRACER (1968)

The permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane to a small molecular weight protein, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), was investigated by means of ultrastructural cytochemistry. Mice were injected intravenously with HRP and sacrificed at varying intervals. Experiments with intranasally instilled HRP were also carried out. The tissue was fixed in formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative. Frozen sections were cut, incubated in Graham and Karnovsky's medium for demonstrating HRP activity, postfixed in OsO4, and processed for electron microscopy. 90 sec after injection, HRP had passed through endothelial junctions into underlying basement membranes, but was stopped from entering the alveolar space by zonulae occludentes between epithelial cells. HRP was demonstrated in pinocytotic vesicles of both endothelial and epithelial cells, but the role of these vesicles in net protein transport appeared to be minimal. Intranasally instilled HRP was similarly prevented from permeating the underlying basement membrane by epithelial zonulae occludentes. Pulmonary endothelial intercellular clefts stained with uranyl acetate appeared to contain maculae occludentes rather than zonulae occludentes. HRP did not alter the ultrastructure of these junctions.
B cell differentiation and isotype switching is related to division cycle number. (1996)

The mature, resting immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgD+ B lymphocyte can be induced by T cells to proliferate, switch isotype, and differentiate into Ig-secreting or memory cells. Furthermore, B cell activation results in the de novo expression or loss of a number of cell surface molecules that function in cell recirculation or further interaction with T cells. Here, a novel fluorescent technique reveals that T-dependent B cell activation induces cell surface changes that correlate with division cycle number. Furthermore, striking stepwise changes are often centered on a single round of cell division. Particularly marked was the consistent increase in IgG1+ B cells after the second division cycle, from an initial level of < 3% IgG1+ to a plateau of approximately 40% after six cell divisions. The relationship between the percentage of IgG1+ B cells and division number was independent of time after stimulation, indicating a requirement for cell division in isotype switching. IgD expression became negative after four divisions, and a number of changes centered on the sixth division, including the loss of IgM, CD23, and B220. The techniques used here should prove useful for tracking other differentiation pathways and for future analysis of the molecular events associated with stepwise differentiation at the single cell level.
Microwave tomography: a two-dimensional Newton iterative scheme (1998)

In this paper, a variant of the Newton method, which uses a fast solution of the direct problem and a dual mesh, is proposed. Computational and physical experiments with simple two-dimensional high-contrast phantoms are discussed, and a full-scaled image of a two-dimensional mathematical model of a human torso is obtained.
Anti-Chemokine Therapy for Inflammatory Diseases (2007)

Chemokines are inflammatory proteins acting via G-protein coupled chemokine receptors that trigger different signaling pathways. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1) and regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (CCL5/RANTES) are the two major members of the CC chemokine beta subfamily. The roles of RANTES and MCP-1 are emerging in regulating the recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissue during inflammation. The inhibition of MCP-1 and RANTES with corresponding antibodies or other inhibitors may provide benefits in different clinical scenarios including cancer, inflammation, CNS disorders, parasitic disease, autoimmune and heart diseases. RANTES and MCP-1 may represent targets for diagnostic procedures and therapeutic intervention, and may be useful as a prognostic factor in the above diseases.
Effect on active oxygen species of alliin and Allium sativum (garlic) powder. (1991)

Considering that oxygen toxicity and the related free radical attack are involved in many pathophysiological conditions, and that Allium sativum (ASP) has been used therapeutically for many of them since antiquity, we examined the intervention of ASP and alliin in free radical processes. It was found that ASP presented antioxidant activity and alliin was a very good hydroxyl radical scavenger. ASP presented good reducing ability, interacting with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl stable free radical (DPPH). These results indicate an involvement of the active Alluim sativum ingredients in free radical processes.
gli, a zinc finger transcription factor and oncogene, is expressed during normal mouse development (1993)

The oncogene GLI is amplified and expressed in some cases of human malignant glioma and undifferentiated childhood sarcoma and is the prototype for a gene family characterized by a highly conserved set of five tandem zinc fingers and a consensus cysteine-histidine link. This zinc finger motif has been shown to bind DNA with sequence specificity and may mediate transcriptional regulation. Since GLI is expressed in embryonal carcinoma cell lines but not in most normal adult tissues and shows significant sequence similarity within its zinc finger domain to cubitus interruptus dominant (ciD), a Drosophila segmentation gene known to be important in the morphogenesis of the posterior portion of each larval segment, we established the temporal and tissue expression patterns of the mouse homologue of human GLI in day 10 through 18 mouse embryos with Northern blotting, reverse transcriptase coupled PCR, and in situ hybridization. gli transcripts were demonstrated on days 10 through 18 of mouse embryonic development as well as in normal adult uterus, brain, testis, and limb. Tissue expression of gli during gestation was demonstrated in Meckel's precartilage mesenchyme, the basis occipitus, rib mesenchymal condensations, primordial vertebral bodies, digital mesenchymal condensations in forefoot and hindfoot plates, the ependymal layer of the spinal cord, and the mesoderm of the gastrointestinal tract. Expression persisted throughout gestation in developing bone and cartilage of the extremities, the ribs, and the vertebral bodies, as well as the gastrointestinal tract mesoderm. These findings support a role for gli family genes in normal craniofacial and digital development in mammals first suggested by the demonstration of translocation breakpoints within the GLI3 gene in families with the Greig cephalopolysyndactylyl syndrome and subsequently by reduced gli3 expression in the mouse mutant extra toes. It is surprising that a single gene would be expressed in such a wide range of mesenchymal structures.
Mortality and Morbidity in Patients Receiving Encainide, Flecainide, or Placebo (1991)

There was an excess of deaths due to arrhythmia and deaths due to shock after acute recurrent myocardial infarction in patients treated with encainide or flecainide. Nonlethal events, however, were equally distributed between the active-drug and placebo groups. The mechanisms underlying the excess mortality during treatment with encainide or flecainide remain unknown.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF APPENDICITIS AND APPENDECTOMY IN THE UNITED STATES (1990)

To describe the epidemiology of appendicitis and appendectomy in the United States, the authors analyzed National Hospital Discharge Survey data for the years 1979-1984. Approximately 250,000 cases of appendicitis occurred annually in the United States during this period, accounting for an estimated 1 million hospital days per year. The highest incidence of primary positive appendectomy (appendicitis) was found in persons aged 10-19 years (23.3 per 10,000 population per year); males had higher rates of appendicitis than females for all age groups (overall rate ratio, 1.4:1). Racial, geographic, and seasonal differences were also noted. Appendicitis rates were 1.5 times higher for whites than for nonwhites, highest (15.4 per 10,000 population per year) in the west north central region, and 11.3% higher in the summer than in the winter months. The highest rate of incidental appendectomy was found in women aged 35-44 years (43.8 per 10,000 population per year), 12.1 times higher than the rate for men of the same age. Between 1970 and 1984, the incidence of appendicitis decreased by 14.6%; reasons for this decline are unknown. A life table model suggests that the lifetime risk of appendicitis is 8.6% for males and 6.7% for females; the lifetime risk of appendectomy is 12.0% for males and 23.1% for females. Overall, an estimated 36 incidental procedures are performed to prevent one case of appendicitis; for the elderly, the preventive value of an incidental procedure is considerably lower.
Societal cost of rheumatoid arthritis patients in the US (2009)

Societal costs of RA in the US are $19.3 billion and $39.2 billion (in 2005 dollars) without and with intangible costs, respectively. This study was one of the first to attempt to quantify the comprehensive burdens of RA. Despite several assumptions made in areas in which few data exist, the findings generate useful insights into the full burden of RA.
The Study on the Synthesis of Polyfluoroacrylate (2013)

Cationic polyfluoroacrylate has been synthesized in the dual presence of cationic and non-ionic emulsifiers. Optimization studies indicated that the optimal proportions of cationic emulsifier 1631 and non-ionic emulsifiers FSA and AEO-9 were 1.75%, 1.25%, and 0.08%, respectively. Under these conditions, the conversion to the polymer was 92.5%, the particle size was 142 nm, and the water contact angle on a polymer film surface was 94.0°. With increasing dosage of hydrocarbon emulsifier, the water contact angles of copolymer films decreased dramatically. The magnitude of this decrease for a polymer with low fluoride content was greater than that for a polymer with high fluoride content. The fluorinated emulsifier FSA behaved similarly to the hydrocarbon emulsifier.
Drilling to the Extreme: The Micro-Coring Bit Concept (2008)

Abstract The growing interest in deeply buried reservoirs increasingly leads operators into extreme drilling conditions characterized by high hydrostatic pressure (over 20.000 psi) and high temperatures (over 300 °F), combined with hard formations (high CCS– 40,000+ psi). Drilling in such environments requires specific adaptations of well design and in equipment selection. Additionally, these wells present multiple issues in well control, drilling and completion operations, and make the entire operation technically more complex and financially more risky. Referencing the specific example of drilling operations, the great depths and increased formation compaction leads to very low rates of penetration (ROP) and considerably extended operation time. These low ROPs equate to low depth of cut, and as a direct consequence the typical size of the drilled cuttings recovered at the shakers is extremely low (0.020 to 0.20 mm). This makes the cuttings irrelevant for the purpose of geological identification of the formations. This situation occurs with both impregnated diamond and PDC drill bits in these applications at low ROPs. If the downhole conditions (HPHT) exceed the MWD or LWD specifications, accessing critical geological information will necessarily require a challenging coring job, dramatically increasing the operation time and thus the cost of the well. In order to solve these problems, TOTAL S.A. and Diamant Drilling Services (DDS) developed a specific drill bit which generates micro-cores of formations during conventional drilling operations (from 10 to 40mm diameter depending upon application). This paper presents the different steps of the Micro-Coring Bit (MCB) development, starting with a description of the intial design concept. The experimental results of the drilling tests are presented. These tests validated the theoretical approach and led to the development of the first generation prototypes. Finally the first case histories (6″ PDC bit application for Total Indonesia, Tunu DX32 well – 8 ½″ Impreg bit application in exploratory environment) are reported, demonstrating the feasibility of the concept and highlighting the real benefits in terms of ROP improvement and cuttings quality.
V-Net: Fully Convolutional Neural Networks for Volumetric Medical Image Segmentation (2016)

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been recently employed to solve problems from both the computer vision and medical image analysis fields. Despite their popularity, most approaches are only able to process 2D images while most medical data used in clinical practice consists of 3D volumes. In this work we propose an approach to 3D image segmentation based on a volumetric, fully convolutional, neural network. Our CNN is trained end-to-end on MRI volumes depicting prostate, and learns to predict segmentation for the whole volume at once. We introduce a novel objective function, that we optimise during training, based on Dice coefficient. In this way we can deal with situations where there is a strong imbalance between the number of foreground and background voxels. To cope with the limited number of annotated volumes available for training, we augment the data applying random non-linear transformations and histogram matching. We show in our experimental evaluation that our approach achieves good performances on challenging test data while requiring only a fraction of the processing time needed by other previous methods.
Stochastic Detection of Motor Protein–RNA Complexes by Single‐Channel Current Recording (2007)

A label- and immobilization-free approach to detecting the reversible formation of complexes between nucleic acids and proteins at the single-molecule level is described. The voltage-driven translocation of individual oligoribonucleotides through a nanoscale protein pore is observed by single-channel current recordings. The oligoribonucleotide 5'-C25A(25)-3' gives rise to current blockades with an average duration of approximately 0.5 ms. In the presence of the RNA-binding ATPase P4, a viral packaging motor from bacteriophage phi8, longer events of tens to hundreds of milliseconds are observed. Upon addition of ATP the long events disappear, indicating the dissociation of the P4RNA complex. The frequency of events also depends on the concentration of P4 and the length of the oligoribonucleotide, thereby confirming the specificity of the P4RNA events. This study shows that single-channel current recordings can be used to monitor RNA-protein complex formation, thus opening up a new means to examine the motor activity of RNA- or DNA-processing enzymes.
Quantum generative adversarial network for discrete data (2018)

Quantum machine learning has recently attracted much attention from the community of quantum computing. In this paper, we explore the ability of generative adversarial networks (GANs) based on quantum computing. More specifically, we propose a quantum GAN for generating classical discrete distribution, which has a classical-quantum hybrid architecture and is composed of a parameterized quantum circuit as the generator and a classical neural network as the discriminator. The parameterized quantum circuit only consists of simple one-qubit rotation gates and two-qubit controlled-phase gates that are available in current quantum devices. Our scheme has the following characteristics and potential advantages: (i) It is intrinsically capable of generating discrete data (e.g., text data), while classical GANs are clumsy for this task due to the vanishing gradient problem. (ii) Our scheme avoids the input/output bottlenecks embarrassing most of the existing quantum learning algorithms that either require to encode the classical input data into quantum states, or output a quantum state corresponding to the solution instead of giving the solution itself, which inevitably compromises the speedup of the quantum algorithm. (iii) The probability distribution implicitly given by data samples can be loaded into a quantum state, which may be useful for some further applications.
Extended large-mode-area single-mode microstructured fiber laser (2004)

We report on a real single-mode microstructured ytterbium-doped air-clad fiber with a mode-field-diameter as high as 45 mum and a pump light absorption of 16 dB/m. This fiber exhibits a significantly reduced nonlinearity
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Boron Nitride Nanosheets on Metallic Substrates via Decaborane/Ammonia Reactions (2011)

A simple CVD method, employing the thermally induced reactions of ammonia with decaborane, has been found to generate boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) on polycrystalline nickel and copper foils. Most of the BNNS deposited on Ni were two- or three-layered; however, some regions were thicker, containing up to six BN layers.
Non-invasive cardiac output trending during exercise recovery on a bathroom-scale-based ballistocardiograph (2009)

Cardiac ejection of blood into the aorta generates a reaction force on the body that can be measured externally via the ballistocardiogram (BCG). In this study, a commercial bathroom scale was modified to measure the BCGs of nine healthy subjects recovering from treadmill exercise. During the recovery, Doppler echocardiogram signals were obtained simultaneously from the left ventricular outflow tract of the heart. The percentage changes in root-mean-square (RMS) power of the BCG were strongly correlated with the percentage changes in cardiac output measured by Doppler echocardiography (R(2) = 0.85, n = 275 data points). The correlation coefficients for individually analyzed data ranged from 0.79 to 0.96. Using Bland-Altman methods for assessing agreement, the mean bias was found to be -0.5% (+/-24%) in estimating the percentage changes in cardiac output. In contrast to other non-invasive methods for trending cardiac output, the unobtrusive procedure presented here uses inexpensive equipment and could be performed without the aid of a medical professional.
Cecal Ligation and Puncture as a Model of Sepsis in the Rat: Influence of the Puncture Size on Mortality, Bacteremia, Endotoxemia and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Levels (2001)

The severity of sepsis obtained with cecal ligation and puncture in rats can be easily modulated varying the size of the puncture.
Scalable, Shape-Specific, Top-Down Fabrication Methods for the Synthesis of Engineered Colloidal Particles (2009)

The search for a method to fabricate nonspherical colloidal particles from a variety of materials is of growing interest. As the commercialization of nanotechnology continues to expand, the ability to translate particle-fabrication methods from a laboratory to an industrial scale is of increasing significance. In this feature article, we examine several of the most readily scalable top-down methods for the fabrication of such shape-specific particles and compare their capabilities with respect to particle composition, size, shape, and complexity as well as the scalability of the method. We offer an extensive examination of particle replication in nonwetting templates (PRINT) with regard to the versatility and scalability of this technique. We also detail the specific methods used in PRINT particle fabrication, including harvesting, purification, and surface-modification techniques, with an examination of both past and current methods.