gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Para una teoría de las prácticas del ambientalismo mundial (2005)

The article analyzes the plurality of senses that the different environmentalism approaches takes at presen. It considers three of their dimensions: the historical, the ethics and the psychological one. The diversities presents in each one of those dimensions are framed in a wide model that understands environmentalism neither as a group of pressure nor as a new social or historical movement; rather the world environmentalist reaction is conceived as a vital movement (transocial and transpolítical) taking into account the theoretical thought of Bergson, Jung and others for the interactive relationship biology-society-spirit.
A Review of Chilean Snailfishes (Liparididae, Scorpaeniformes) with Descriptions of a New Genus and Three New Species (1991)

David L. Stein, Roberto Meléndez C., Ismael Kong U., A Review of Chilean Snailfishes (Liparididae, Scorpaeniformes) with Descriptions of a New Genus and Three New Species, Copeia, Vol. 1991, No. 2 (May 16, 1991), pp. 358-373
Secretoneurin promotes neuroprotection and neuronal plasticity via the Jak2/Stat3 pathway in murine models of stroke (2008)

Secretoneurin (SN), a neuropeptide derived from secretogranin II, promotes neurite outgrowth of immature cerebellar granule cells. SN also aids in the growth and repair of neuronal tissue, although the precise mechanisms underlying the promotion of brain tissue neuroprotection and plasticity by SN are not understood. Here, in a rat model of stroke and in ischemic human brain tissue, SN was markedly upregulated in both neurons and endothelial cells. SN-mediated neuroprotection rescued primary cortical cell cultures from oxygen/glucose deprivation. SN also induced expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL through the Jak2/Stat3 pathway and inhibited apoptosis by blocking caspase-3 activation. In addition, rats with occluded right middle cerebral arteries showed less cerebral infarction, improved motor performance, and increased brain metabolic activity following i.v. administration of SN. Furthermore, SN injection enhanced stem cell targeting to the injured brain in mice and promoted the formation of new blood vessels to increase local cortical blood flow in the ischemic hemisphere. Both in vitro and in vivo, SN not only promoted neuroprotection, but also enhanced neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Our results demonstrate that SN acts directly on neurons after hypoxia and ischemic insult to further their survival by activating the Jak2/Stat3 pathway.
Recent advances in the intellectual property landscape of filamentous fungi (2020)

For centuries, filamentous fungi have been used in the making of food and beverages, and for decades for the production of enzymes and pharmaceuticals. In the last decades, the intellectual property (IP) landscape for fungal technology has seen an ever increasing upward trend, introducing new and promising applications utilising fungi. In this review, we highlight fungi-related patent applications published during the last 5 years (2015-2020), identify the key players in each field, and analyse future trends. New developments in the field of fungal technology include the increased use of filamentous fungi as a food source (mycoprotein), using fungi as biodegradable materials, in wastewater treatment, in integrated biorefineries and as biological pest agents. Biotechnology companies in Europe and the US are currently leading when it comes to the number of patents in these areas, but Asian companies and research institutes, in particular in China, are becoming increasingly important players, for example in pesticide formulation and agricultural practices.
Hot-Electron Photodetection with a Plasmonic Nanostripe Antenna (2014)

Planar metal-oxide-metal structures can serve as photodetectors that do not rely on the usual electron-hole pair generation in a semiconductor. Instead, absorbed light in one of the metals can produce a current of hot electrons when the incident photon energy exceeds the oxide barrier energy. Despite the desirable traits of convenient fabrication and room-temperature operation at zero bias of this type of device, the low power conversion efficiency has limited its use. Here, we demonstrate the benefits of reshaping one of the metallic contacts into a plasmonic stripe antenna. We use measurements of the voltage-dependence, spectral-dependence, stripe-width dependence, and polarization-dependence of the photocurrent to show that surface plasmon excitations can result in a favorable redistribution in the electric fields in the stripe that enhances the photocurrent. We also provide a theoretical model that quantifies the spectral photocurrent in terms of the electrical and optical properties of the junction. This model provides an accurate estimate of the bias dependence of the external quantum efficiency of different devices and shows that both the spatial and vectorial properties of the electric field distribution are important to its operation.
Photovoltaic Properties of Nano-particulate and Nanorod Array ZnO Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (2006)

Gratzel-type dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has been considered as a new candidate for the next solar cell device in the near future. Its distinct colorful and transparent features as well as the possibility of low-price production allow much extended applications of DSSC compared to conventional silicon solar cells. Nanocrystalline semiconducting electrode in DSSC, usually made of anatase TiO2, is the one of essential component of this device, which serves as a supporting transparent film for dye-molecules and then receives the photoelectrons injected from dye-molecules and furnishes them adequate diffusion path to the back-contact. Among various kinds of semiconducting materials with photovoltaic properties, anatase TiO2 has been known as the best due to good matching of conduction band (CB) edge with LUMO level of ruthenium dye-molecule. Considering that CB edge of ZnO has nearly the same energy level with that of TiO2, 7,8 ZnO should have shown a good photovoltaic performance like TiO2 or even more enhanced performance, in that ZnO has a wide conduction band originated from the strong covalent interaction of Zn-O through sp-hybridization while CB of TiO2 consists of narrow π3d-2p component. 9 Despite such good intrinsic electronic properties of ZnO, however, simple nanocrystalline ZnO electrodes were found to have very poor photovoltaic properties with solar energy conversion efficiency, η < 1% under 1 sun condition, and recently reported nanostructured ZnO electrode showed slightly improved values 1.5-3.9%. Such low photovoltaic properties of ZnO are mainly related with the unstable surface chemistry of ZnO to acidic dye molecule. In this regard, we prepared two kinds of ZnO electrodes, a sintered nano-pariculate electrode and an oriented nanorod electrode and investigated their photovoltaic properties.
Snapshot Image Mapping Spectrometer (IMS) for Hyperspectral Fluorescence Microscopy (2010)

Image Mapping Spectrometer (IMS) is a snapshot hyperspectral imaging technique based on redirection and dispersion of image zones. Recently, two generations of IMS systems have been built in our group: a low-sampling IMS prototype with datacube size 100×100×25 (x, y, λ) and a high-sampling IMS with datacube size 285×285×60 (x, y, λ). In this paper, the operating principle of IMS is illustrated and preliminary cell fluorescent images are shown. Experiment results demonstrate that IMS has a promising perspective in hyperspectral biomedical imaging applications.
Laser welding of aluminium alloy 5083 (2002)

There are two laser welding mechanisms, keyhole mode and conduction mode. Keyhole welding is widely used because it produces welds with high aspect ratios and narrow heat affected zones. However keyhole welding can be unstable, as the keyhole oscillates and closes intermittently. This intermittent closure causes porosity due to gas entrapment. Conduction welding, on the other hand, is more stable since vaporisation is minimal and hence there is no further absorption below the surface of the material. Conduction welds are usually produced using low-power focused laser beams. This results in shallow welds with a low aspect ratio. In this work, high-power CO2 and YAG lasers have been used to produce laser conduction welds on 2mm and 3mm gauge AA5083 respectively by means of defocused beams. Full penetration butt-welds of 2mm and 3mm gauge AA5083 using this process have been produced. It has been observed that in this regime the penetration depth increases initially up to a maximum and then decreases with increasing spot size (corresponding to increase in distance of focus above the workpiece). Results of comparison of tensile strength tests for keyhole and conduction welds are shown. This process offers an alternative method of welding aluminium alloys, which have a high thermal conductivity.
Synthesis of Mono Protected 1,10‐Diaza‐18‐Crown‐6 (2004)

Abstract A synthetic procedure for the preparation of unsymmetrically protected 1,10‐diaza‐18‐crown‐6 has been elaborated. In contrast to previously published routes, no unprotected 1,10‐diaza‐18‐crown‐6 is needed as precursor and cheap bulk chemicals can be used.
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1–Dependent Leukocytic Infiltrates Are Responsible for Autoimmune Disease in Mrl-Faslpr Mice (1999)

Infiltrating leukocytes may be responsible for autoimmune disease. We hypothesized that the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 recruits macrophages and T cells into tissues that, in turn, are required for autoimmune disease. Using the MRL-Fas(lpr) strain with spontaneous, fatal autoimmune disease, we constructed MCP-1-deficient MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. In MCP-1-intact MRL-Fas(lpr) mice, macrophages and T cells accumulate at sites (kidney tubules, glomeruli, pulmonary bronchioli, lymph nodes) in proportion to MCP-1 expression. Deleting MCP-1 dramatically reduces macrophage and T cell recruitment but not proliferation, protects from kidney, lung, skin, and lymph node pathology, reduces proteinuria, and prolongs survival. Notably, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes and kidney Ig/C3 deposits are not diminished in MCP-1-deficient MRL-Fas(lpr) mice, highlighting the requirement for MCP-1-dependent leukocyte recruitment to initiate autoimmune disease. However, MCP-1-deficient mice are not completely protected from leukocytic invasion. T cells surrounding vessels with meager MCP-1 expression remain. In addition, downstream effector cytokines/chemokines are decreased in MCP-1-deficient mice, perhaps reflecting a reduction of cytokine-expressing leukocytes. Thus, MCP-1 promotes MRL-Fas(lpr) autoimmune disease through macrophage and T cell recruitment, amplified by increasing local cytokines/chemokines. We suggest that MCP-1 is a principal therapeutic target with which to combat autoimmune diseases.
Electrotactile stimulation on the tongue: Intensity perception, discrimination, and cross-modality estimation (2009)

Due to its high sensitivity and conductivity, electrotactile stimulation (ETS) on the tongue has proven to be a useful and technically convenient tool to substitute and/or augment sensory capabilities. However, most of its applications have only provided spatial attributes and little is known about (a) the ability of the tongue's sensory system to process electrical stimuli of varying magnitudes and (b) how modulation of ETS intensity affects subjects' ability to decode stimulus intensity. We addressed these questions by quantifying: (1) the magnitude of the dynamic range (DR; maximal comfortable intensity/perception threshold) and its sensitivity to prolonged exposure; (2) subjects' ability to perceive intensity changes; and (3) subjects' ability to associate intensity with angular excursions of a protractor's handle. We found that the average DR (17 dB) was generally large in comparison with other tactile loci and of a relatively constant magnitude among subjects, even after prolonged exposure, despite a slight but significant upward drift (p < 0.001). Additionally, our results showed that as stimulus intensity increased, subjects' ability to discriminate ETS stimuli of different intensities improved (p < 0.05) while estimation accuracy, in general, slightly decreased (increasing underestimation). These results suggest that higher ETS intensity may increase recruitment of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor fibers, as these are specialized for coding stimulus differences rather than absolute intensities. Furthermore, our study revealed that the tongue's sensory system can effectively convey electrical stimuli despite minimal practice and when information transfer is limited by memory and DR drift.
Plasma erythropoietin levels and acquired cystic disease of the kidney in patients receiving regular haemodialysis treatment (1991)

Acquired cystic disease of the kidney (ACDK) in patients with end-stage renal failure can be associated with development of polycythaemia. The relationship between plasma erythropoietin levels and ACDK in 17 patients on long-term haemodialysis treatment was studied. There was a significantly higher level of plasma erythropoietin in patients with multiple renal cysts than in those patients with less than five cysts or no cysts. Haemoglobin tended to be higher in the ACDK group, but the difference was not significant. These results indicate that the development of renal cysts results in increased secretion of erythropoietin.
JAK2 Exon 14 Deletion in Patients with Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (2010)

These data suggest that expression of the JAK2 Deltaexon14 splice variant, leading to a truncated JAK2 protein, is common in patients with MPNs. This alternatively spliced transcript appears to be more frequent in MPN patients without V617F mutation, in whom it might contribute to leukemogenesis. This mutation is missed if DNA rather than RNA is used for testing.
Analysis of cis-active sequences involved in the leaf-specific expression of a potato gene in transgenic plants (1987)

ST-LS1 is a light-inducible, single-copy gene from potato that is expressed only in photosynthetic tissues. Various sequences derived from the 5'-upstream region of this gene were fused to the coding region of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and to the gene 7 termination region of the transfer DNA (T-DNA) from the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid pTiACH5 and transferred to tobacco using Ti-plasmid vectors. After regeneration of whole plants, tissues were assayed for the expression of the CAT gene. Sequences derived from the 5'-upstream region of the ST-LS1 gene comprising positions -334 to +11 were sufficient to confer a leaf/stem-specific as well as a light-inducible expression of the CAT gene. Destruction of chloroplasts by treatment with the herbicide norfluorazon and subsequent exposure to light drastically reduced the expression of the CAT gene indicating that this upstream sequence most likely interacts with a chloroplast-dependent signal. When sequences from position -98 to position +675 were fused to a truncated inactive fragment of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in a head-to-head manner, the corresponding chimeric genes were again expressed in photosynthetic tissues only, indicating that these sequences have enhancer-like properties.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Chiral β-Amino Acid Derivatives via Asymmetric Hydrogenation (2002)

The Rh-TangPhos complex is an efficient hydrogenation catalyst for making chiral beta-amino acid derivatives. With the Rh-TangPhos system, high enantioselectivities (up to 99.6%) and turnover numbers have been obtained in the hydrogenation of E/Z isomeric mixtures of both beta-alkyl and beta-aryl beta-(acylamino)acrylates. [reaction: see text]
UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646 (2003)

ISO/IEC 10646-1 defines a large character set called the Universal Character Set (UCS) which encompasses most of the world's writing systems.The originally proposed encodings of the UCS, however, were not compatible with many current applications and protocols, and this has led to the development of UTF-8, the object of this memo.UTF-8 has the characteristic of preserving the full US-ASCII range, providing compatibility with file systems, parsers and other software that rely on US-ASCII values but are transparent to other values.This memo obsoletes and replaces RFC 2279.
Broad tumor-associated expression and recognition by tumor-derived γδ T cells of MICA and MICB (1999)

Human MHC class I-related molecules, MICA and MICB, are stress-induced antigens that are recognized by a subset of γδ T cells expressing the variable region V δ 1. This functional association has been found to be limited to intestinal epithelium, where these T cells are prevalent and where MICA and, presumably, MICB are mainly expressed. However, increased frequencies of V δ 1 γδ T cells have been observed in various epithelial tumors; moreover, MICA/B are expressed on diverse cultured epithelial tumor cells. With freshly isolated tumor specimens, expression of MICA/B was documented in many, but not all, carcinomas of the lung, breast, kidney, ovary, prostate, and colon. In tumors that were positive for MICA/B, the frequencies of V δ 1 γδ T cells were significantly higher than in those that were negative. V δ 1 γδ T cell lines and clones derived from different tumors recognized MICA/B on autologous and heterologous tumor cells. In accord with previous evidence, no constraints were observed in these interactions, such as those imposed by specific peptide ligands. Thus, MICA/B are tumor-associated antigens that can be recognized, in an apparently unconditional manner, by a subset of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells. These results raise the possibility that an induced expression of MICA/B, by conditions that may be related to tumor homeostasis and growth, could play a role in immune responses against tumors.
Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to Dopaminergic Neurons in Serum‐Free Suspension Culture (2004)

The use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a source of dopaminergic neurons for Parkinson's disease cell therapy will require the development of simple and reliable cell differentiation protocols. The use of cell cocultures, added extracellular signaling factors, or transgenic approaches to drive hESC differentiation could lead to additional regulatory as well as cell production delays for these therapies. Because the neuronal cell lineage seems to require limited or no signaling for its formation, we tested the ability of hESCs to differentiate to form dopamine-producing neurons in a simple serum-free suspension culture system. BG01 and BG03 hESCs were differentiated as suspension aggregates, and neural progenitors and neurons were detectable after 2-4 weeks. Plated neurons responded appropriately to electrophysiological cues. This differentiation was inhibited by early exposure to bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-4, but a pulse of BMP-4 from days 5 to 9 caused induction of peripheral neuronal differentiation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and whole-mount immunocytochemistry demonstrated the expression of multiple markers of the midbrain dopaminergic phenotype in serum-free differentiations. Neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were killed by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a neurotoxic catecholamine. Upon plating, these cells released dopamine and other catecholamines in response to K+ depolarization. Surviving TH+ neurons, derived from the cells differentiated in serum-free suspension cultures, were detected 8 weeks after transplantation into 6-OHDA-lesioned rat brains. This work suggests that hESCs can differentiate in simple serum-free suspension cultures to produce the large number of cells required for transplantation studies.
A Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Model to Predict the Elastic Behavior of Sandstone Rocks (2019)

Rock mechanical properties play a key role in the optimization process of engineering practices in the oil and gas industry so that better field development decisions can be made. Estimation of these properties is central in well placement, drilling programs, and well completion design. The elastic behavior of rocks can be studied by determining two main parameters: Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Accurate determination of the Poisson’s ratio helps to estimate the in-situ horizontal stresses and in turn, avoid many critical problems which interrupt drilling operations, such as pipe sticking and wellbore instability issues. Accurate Poisson’s ratio values can be experimentally determined using retrieved core samples under simulated in-situ downhole conditions. However, this technique is time-consuming and economically ineffective, requiring the development of a more effective technique. This study has developed a new generalized model to estimate static Poisson’s ratio values of sandstone rocks using a supervised artificial neural network (ANN). The developed ANN model uses well log data such as bulk density and sonic log as the input parameters to target static Poisson’s ratio values as outputs. Subsequently, the developed ANN model was transformed into a more practical and easier to use white-box mode using an ANN-based empirical equation. Core data (692 data points) and their corresponding petrophysical data were used to train and test the ANN model. The self-adaptive differential evolution (SADE) algorithm was used to fine-tune the parameters of the ANN model to obtain the most accurate results in terms of the highest correlation coefficient (R) and the lowest mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results obtained from the optimized ANN model show an excellent agreement with the laboratory measured static Poisson’s ratio, confirming the high accuracy of the developed model. A comparison of the developed ANN-based empirical correlation with the previously developed approaches demonstrates the superiority of the developed correlation in predicting static Poisson’s ratio values with the highest R and the lowest MAPE. The developed correlation performs in a manner far superior to other approaches when validated against unseen field data. The developed ANN-based mathematical model can be used as a robust tool to estimate static Poisson’s ratio without the need to run the ANN model.
Addressing Unmet Medical Needs in Type 1 Diabetes: A Review of Drugs Under Development (2016)

The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is increasing worldwide and there is a very large need for effective therapies. Essentially no therapies other than insulin are currently approved for the treatment of T1D. Drugs already in use for type 2 diabetes and many new drugs are under clinical development for T1D, including compounds with both established and new mechanisms of action. Content of the Review: Most of the new compounds in clinical development are currently in Phase 1 and 2. Drug classes discussed in this review include new insulins, SGLT inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, immunomodulatory drugs including autoantigens and anti-cytokines, agents that regenerate β-cells and others. Regulatory Considerations: In addition, considerations are provided with regard to the regulatory environment for the clinical development of drugs for T1D, with a focus on the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. Future opportunities, such as combination treatments of immunomodulatory and beta-cell regenerating therapies, are also discussed.
Ethylene in plant biology (1973)

Preface. Reference System Usage. Frequently Used Abbreviations. Introduction and Historical Perspectives. Ethylene Analysis and Properties of the Gas. The Biosynthesis of Ethylene. Regulation of Ethylene Production by Internal, Environmental, and Stress Factors. Roles and Physiological Effects of Ethylene in Plant Physiology: Dormancy, Growth and Development. Fruit Ripening, Abscission and Postharvest Disorders. The Mechanisms of Ethylene Action. Ethylene in the Environment. The Role of Ethylene in Agriculture. References. Index.