gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellular receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. Carboxyl-terminal processing and membrane anchoring by glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (1991)

The cellular receptor for human urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PAR) is shown by several independent criteria to be a true member of a family of integral membrane proteins, anchored to the plasma membrane exclusively by a COOH-terminal glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol moiety. 1) Amino acid analysis of u-PAR after micropurification by affinity chromatography and N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)-ethyl]glycine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of 2-3 mol of ethanolamine/mol protein. 2) Membrane-bound u-PAR is efficiently released from the surface of human U937 cells by trace amounts of purified bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. This soluble form of u-PAR retains the binding specificity toward both u-PA and its amino-terminal fragment holding the receptor-binding domain. 3) Treatment of purified u-PAR with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C or mild alkali completely alters the hydrophobic properties of the receptor as judged by temperature-induced detergent-phase separation and charge-shift electrophoresis. 4) Biosynthetic labeling of u-PAR was obtained with [3H]ethanolamine and myo-[3H]inositol. 5) Finally, comparison of amino acid compositions derived from cDNA sequence and amino acid analysis shows that a polypeptide of medium hydrophobicity is excised from the COOH terminus of the nascent u-PAR. A similar proteolytic processing has been reported for other proteins that are linked to the plasma membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol membrane anchor.
Insulin-like growth factor I does not inhibit insulin secretion in adult human pancreatic islets in tissue culture (1995)

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been found to increase insulin sensitivity and suppress insulin secretion, thereby having a potential interest as a therapeutic agent for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The aim of the present study was to investigate the direct actions of IGF-I (400 ng/ml) on human pancreatic islets, or on rat pancreatic islets, during a 48 h period in tissue culture. Insulin-like growth factor I did not affect medium insulin accumulation, DNA or insulin content or short-term glucose-induced insulin release of human islets. However, in rat islets the peptide induced a significant decrease in the insulin increase ratio in response to 16.7 mmol/l glucose. In conclusion, the present data suggest that IGF-I does not directly affect the function of human pancreatic beta-cells. If this in vitro data can be extrapolated to the in vivo situation, it suggests that the observed inhibitory effects of IGF-I on serum insulin levels may be secondary to peripheral effects of the peptide.
Human NKG2D-ligands: cell biology strategies to ensure immune recognition (2012)

Immune recognition mediated by the activating receptor NKG2D plays an important role for the elimination of stressed cells, including tumors and virus-infected cells. On the other hand, the ligands for NKG2D can also be shed into the sera of cancer patients where they weaken the immune response by downmodulating the receptor on effector cells, mainly NK and T cells. Although both families of NKG2D-ligands, major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain (MIC) A/B and UL16 binding proteins (ULBPs), are related to MHC molecules and their expression is increased after stress, many differences are observed in terms of their biochemical properties and cell trafficking. In this paper, we summarize the variety of NKG2D-ligands and propose that selection pressure has driven evolution of diversity in their trafficking and shedding, but not receptor binding affinity. However, it is also possible to identify functional properties common to individual ULBP molecules and MICA/B alleles, but not generally conserved within the MIC or ULBP families. These characteristics likely represent examples of convergent evolution for efficient immune recognition, but are also attractive targets for pathogen immune evasion strategies. Categorization of NKG2D-ligands according to their biological features, rather than their genetic family, may help to achieve a better understanding of NKG2D-ligand association with disease.
A Bispecific Antibody Composed of a Nonneutralizing Antibody to the gp41 Immunodominant Region and an Anti-CD89 Antibody Directs Broad Human Immunodeficiency Virus Destruction by Neutrophils (2008)

In addition to the direct neutralization of virus, there is a broader potential for antibody-mediated inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by targeting HIV to effector cells. We demonstrate here that a bispecific antibody incorporating a broadly reactive anti-gp41 antibody, F240, and an anti-IgA receptor (CD89) antibody is effective at directing neutrophils to destroy HIV. Not only are neutrophils the predominant type of white blood cells and very efficient at mediating cell cytotoxicity, they are relatively resistant to infection with HIV. Therefore, they represent a significant weapon against infection if they can be directed and armed to destroy HIV and infected cells.
Prevention of UVB-induced immunosuppression in mice by the green tea polyphenol (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate may be associated with alterations in IL-10 and IL-12 production (1999)

UV exposure of the skin, particularly UVB (290-320 nm), causes adverse biological effects, including alterations in cutaneous immune cells, photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. Several studies have shown that polyphenolic compounds isolated from green tea afford protection against UVB-induced inflammatory responses and photocarcinogenesis in murine models. In this study we show that topical application of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) (3 mg/mouse), a major polyphenolic component of green tea, before a single low dose UVB exposure (72 mJ/cm(2)) to C3H/HeN mice prevented UVB-induced inhibition of the contact hypersensitivity response and tolerance induction to the contact sensitizer 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Topical application of EGCG before UVB exposure reduced the number of CD11b+ monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils infiltrating into skin inflammatory lesions, which are considered to be responsible for creating the UV-induced immunosuppressive state. In addition, application of EGCG before UVB exposure decreased UVB-induced production of the immunomodulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 in skin as well as in draining lymph nodes (DLN), whereas production of IL-12, which is considered to be a mediator and adjuvant for induction of contact sensitivity, was found to be markedly increased in DLN when compared with UVB alone-exposed mice. Taken together, our data demonstrate that EGCG protects against UVB-induced immunosuppression and tolerance induction by: (i) blocking UVB-induced infiltration of CD11b+ cells into the skin; (ii) reducing IL-10 production in skin as well as in DLN; (iii) markedly increasing IL-12 production in DLN. Protection against UVB-induced immunosuppression by EGCG may be associated with protection against UVB-induced photocarcinogenesis.
Liquid crystal and grating-based multiple-wavelength cross-connect switch (1995)

We propose and demonstrate a liquid-crystal and grating based optical cross-connect add-drop switch that operates simultaneously on several wavelengths channels. We demonstrate an 8 channels switch with 4 nm channel spacing, a flat-top frequency response and 30 dB extinction ratio.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Current Perspectives on Role of Chromatin Modifications and Deacetylases in Lung Inflammation in COPD (2009)

Chromatin modifications and epigenetic regulation are critical for sustained and abnormal inflammatory response seen in lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) because the activities of enzymes that regulate these epigenetic modifications are altered in response to cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke induces chromatin modifications and epigenetic changes by causing post-translational modifications of histone acetyltransferases, and histone/non-histone deacetylases (HDACs), such as HDAC2 and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), which leads to chromatin remodeling. In this review, we discussed the current knowledge on cigarette smoke/oxidants-induced post-translational modifications of deacetylases (HDAC2 and SIRT1), disruption of HDAC2/SIRT1-RelA/p65 corepressor complex associated with acetylation of RelA/p65, and chromatin modifications (histone H3 phospho-acetylation) leading to sustained pro-inflammatory gene transcription. Knowledge on molecular mechanisms of epigenetic changes in abnormal lung inflammation will help in understanding the pathophysiology of COPD which may lead to the development of novel epigenetic therapies in the near future.
Phosphoryl chloride induced ring contraction of 1,4‐benzodiazepinones to chloromethylquinazolines (1986)

Abstract A ring contraction of 1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐one to 2‐chloromethylquinazoline in phosphoryl chloride is described. The intermediacy of an aziridinoquinazoline is proposed.
Evaluation of specific absorption rate as a dosimeter of MRI‐related implant heating (2004)

The findings revealed marked differences across two MR systems in the level of radiofrequency (RF)-induced temperature changes per unit of whole body SAR for a conductive implant. Thus, these data suggest that using SAR to guide MR safety recommendations for neurostimulation systems or other similar implants across different MR systems is unreliable and, therefore, potentially dangerous. Better, more universal, measures are required in order to ensure patient safety.
Significance measures and data dependency in classification methods (2002)

This paper is a comparative study to reveal the factors that have caused the contradictions among the previous comparative studies. The emphasis has been placed on the significance analysis of input variables, causality analysis and comparative biases. The role of attributes in the classification task with respect to their information bearing nature, and how this is approached by the classification algorithms are studied. The authors show that the ranked order of significance variables generally differs among the classification methods. The authors argue that data dependency is a key factor in the analysis of the contradictions among the previous comparative studies. The important role of class prototypes and significance measures, particularly the notion of positional causality introduced in this paper, facilitates future investigation on data transparency, particularly in neural networks. Positional causality means the ability to explain the significance of a variable in each partition of the problem space. Unlike the positional indicators, the authors argue that global indicators are not reliable. The authors show that global indicators do not satisfy the reasoning expectations of a human expert, but may cause confusion. The authors conclude that neural networks are reliable tools with which to analyse the positional causality of problem features.
Quantitative Trait Loci Near the Insulin-Degrading Enzyme (IDE) Gene Contribute to Variation in Plasma Insulin Levels (2004)

Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) plays a principal role in the proteolysis of several peptides in addition to insulin and is encoded by IDE, which resides in a region of chromosome 10q that is linked to type 2 diabetes. Two recent studies presented genetic association data on IDE and type 2 diabetes (one positive and the other negative), but neither explored the fundamental question of whether polymorphism in IDE has a measurable influence on insulin levels in human populations. To address this possibility, 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from a linkage disequilibrium block encompassing IDE have been genotyped in a sample of 321 impaired glucose tolerant and 403 nondiabetic control subjects. Analyses based on haplotypic genotypes (diplotypes), constructed with SNPs that differentiate common extant haplotypes extending across IDE, provided compelling evidence of association with fasting insulin levels (P = 0.0009), 2-h insulin levels (P = 0.0027), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (P = 0.0001), and BMI (P = 0.0067), with effects exclusively evident in men. The strongest evidence for an effect of a single marker was obtained for rs2251101 (located near the 3' untranslated region of IDE) on 2-h insulin levels (P = 0.000023). Diplotype analyses, however, suggest the presence of multiple interacting trait-modifying sequences in the region. Results indicate that polymorphism in/near IDE contributes to a large proportion of variance in plasma insulin levels and correlated traits, but questions of sex specificity and allelic heterogeneity will need to be taken into consideration as the molecular basis of the observed phenotypic effects unfolds.
Strategies for automated sequencing of human mitochondrial DNA directly from PCR products. (1992)

A rapid, robust and sensitive method has been developed for the amplification and direct sequencing of human mitochondrial DNA. A 403-bp hypervariable segment was amplified by two successive rounds of nested PCR. This was then sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination method using dye-labeled universal sequencing primers in conjunction with an automated DNA sequencer. This paper describes the assessment of four different strategies for this amplification and sequencing process. Optimal results were obtained by immobilizing the biotinylated PCR product on Dynabeads followed by solid-phase sequencing with Sequenase. Degraded samples and those containing trace amounts of DNA such as extracts from hair shafts can be analyzed by this method.
Sacral nerve root stimulation for lower urinary tract dysfunction: overcoming the problem of lead migration (2001)

The response rate to trial stimulation was greater than in previous studies, possibly reflecting reduced migration of the new lead. The new electrode may reduce the number of test failures caused by lead migration rather than no response.
Enzymatically Synthesized Conducting Polyaniline (1998)

A novel strategy for the enzymatic synthesis of a water-soluble, conducting polyaniline (PANI)/sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) complex is presented. The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is used to polymerize aniline in the presence of a polyanionic template, sulfonated polystyrene. The synthesis is simple, and the conditions are mild in that the polymerization may be carried out in a 4.3 pH buffered aqueous solution, with a stoichiometric amount of hydrogen peroxide and a catalytic amount of enzyme. UV−visible absorption, FTIR, GPC, elemental analysis, and conductivity measurements all confirm that the electroactive form of PANI, similar to that which is traditionally chemically synthesized, is formed and complexed to the SPS. The reversible redox activity of the polyaniline displays a unique hysteresis loop with pH change. Cyclic voltammetry studies show only one set of redox peaks over the potential range of −0.2 to 1.2V, which suggests that the PANI/SPS complex is oxidatively more stable. The conductivity of the complex is found to increase with the molar ratio of PANI to SPS. Conductivities of 0.005 S/cm are obtained with the pure complex and may be increased to 0.15 S/cm after additional doping by exposure to HCl vapor. This enzymatic approach offers unsurpassed ease of synthesis, processability, stability (electrical and chemical), and environmental compatibility.
Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by Hospitalized Patients: Evidence for Colonized New Admissions as a Source of Infection (1992)

The frequency of introduction and spread of specific Clostridium difficile strains among hospitalized patients were assessed by serial cultures of patients admitted to a medical-surgical ward with endemic C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Stool cultures were obtained from 634 (94%) of 678 consecutive admissions to the ward (ward admissions), and all C. difficile isolates were typed by restriction endonuclease analysis. Sixty-five ward admissions introduced C. difficile to the ward, and 54 initially culture-negative admissions acquired C. difficile on the ward. Ward admissions hospitalized within the prior 30 days in the medical center were more likely to be culture-positive for C. difficile at admission to the study ward than those not previously hospitalized at the institution (16% vs. 7%, P less than .001). Nosocomial acquisition of a C. difficile strain was preceded by a documented introduction of that strain to the ward by another asymptomatic ward admission in 16 (84%) of 19 instances, suggesting that C. difficile-colonized new admissions are a major source of nosocomial C. difficile infections.
Learning Race from Face: A Survey (2014)

Faces convey a wealth of social signals, including race, expression, identity, age and gender, all of which have attracted increasing attention from multi-disciplinary research, such as psychology, neuroscience, computer science, to name a few. Gleaned from recent advances in computer vision, computer graphics, and machine learning, computational intelligence based racial face analysis has been particularly popular due to its significant potential and broader impacts in extensive real-world applications, such as security and defense, surveillance, human computer interface (HCI), biometric-based identification, among others. These studies raise an important question: How implicit, non-declarative racial category can be conceptually modeled and quantitatively inferred from the face? Nevertheless, race classification is challenging due to its ambiguity and complexity depending on context and criteria. To address this challenge, recently, significant efforts have been reported toward race detection and categorization in the community. This survey provides a comprehensive and critical review of the state-of-the-art advances in face-race perception, principles, algorithms, and applications. We first discuss race perception problem formulation and motivation, while highlighting the conceptual potentials of racial face processing. Next, taxonomy of feature representational models, algorithms, performance and racial databases are presented with systematic discussions within the unified learning scenario. Finally, in order to stimulate future research in this field, we also highlight the major opportunities and challenges, as well as potentially important cross-cutting themes and research directions for the issue of learning race from face.
Industrial-Scale Synthesis and Applications of Asymmetric Hydrogenation Catalysts (2007)

This Account provides an overview of our activities in the area of asymmetric hydrogenation over the last 12 years. We discuss the manufacture of metal-containing precatalysts and their use in asymmetric hydrogenation processes. Many of the metal complexes have been made on a multikilogram scale for our own use and also provided to our customers. In addition, we review some of the applications that we have developed for our asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts, many of which have been operated on commercial scales. This all underlines that asymmetric hydrogenation is a mature technology that has been adopted for use in the pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industries.
Cleaving Yeast and Escherichia coli Genomes at a Single Site (1990)

The 15-megabase pair Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the 4.7-megabase pair Escherichia coli genomes were completely cleaved at a single predetermined site by means of the Achilles' heel cleavage (AC) procedure. The symmetric lac operator (lacOs) was introduced into the circular Escherichia coli genome and into one of the 16 yeast chromosomes. Intact chromosomes from the resulting strains were prepared in agarose microbeads and methylated with Hha I (5'-GCGC) methyltransferase (M.Hha I) in the presence of lac repressor (LacI). All Hae II sites (5'-[sequence: see text]) with the exception of the one in lacOs, which was protected by LacI, were modified and thus no longer recognized by Hae II. After inactivation of M.Hha I and LacI, Hae II was used to completely cleave the chromosomes specifically at the inserted lacOs. These experiments demonstrate the feasibility of using the AC approach to efficiently extend the specificity of naturally occurring restriction enzymes and create new tools for the mapping and precise molecular dissection of multimegabase genomes.
Clotrimazole (Bay b 5097): In Vitro and Clinical Pharmacological Studies (1972)

Clotrimazole (Bay b 5097) is a new synthetic antifungal drug with in vitro activity against Candida spp., Torulopsis glabrata, and Saccharomyces spp. Pharmacological studies in man after the oral administration of 1.5 and 3 g of clotrimazole produced mean peak concentrations in the serum of 1.16 and 1.29 mug/ml, respectively, 2 hr after administration. In six patients taking 1.5 g of clotrimazole every 6 hr, there was a progressive decline in the serum concentrations after administration of a dose on days 1, 4, and 8. Nine other patients begun on a similar schedule manifested gastrointestinal symptoms attributed to the clotrimazole and were unable to complete the study. Concentrations of active drug in the urine were less than 1% of the administered dose.
Phase II Study of Temozolomide in Relapsed or Refractory High-Risk Neuroblastoma: A Joint Société Française des Cancers de l’Enfant and United Kingdom Children Cancer Study Group–New Agents Group Study (2006)

Temozolomide shows activity in heavily pretreated patients with NB, and deserves further evaluation in combination with another drug.
Variational surface modeling (1992)

We present a new approach to interactive modeling of freeform surfaces. Instead of a fixed mesh of control points, the model presented to the user is that of an infinitely malleable surface, with no fixed controls. The user is free to apply control points and curves which are then available as handles for direct manipulation. The complexity of the surface's shape may be increased by adding more control points and curves, without apparent limit. Within the constraints imposed by the controls, the shape of the surface is fully determined by one or more simple criteria, such as smoothness. Our method for solving the resulting constrained variational optimization problems rests on a surface representation scheme allowing nonuniform subdivision of B-spline surfaces. Automatic subdivision is used to ensure that constraints are met, and to enforce error bounds. Efficient numerical solutions are obtained by exploiting linearities in the problem formulation and the representation.
Protein homology detection by HMM–HMM comparison (2004)

We have generalized the alignment of protein sequences with a profile hidden Markov model (HMM) to the case of pairwise alignment of profile HMMs. We present a method for detecting distant homologous relationships between proteins based on this approach. The method (HHsearch) is benchmarked together with BLAST, PSI-BLAST, HMMER and the profile-profile comparison tools PROF_SIM and COMPASS, in an all-against-all comparison of a database of 3691 protein domains from SCOP 1.63 with pairwise sequence identities below 20%.Sensitivity: When the predicted secondary structure is included in the HMMs, HHsearch is able to detect between 2.7 and 4.2 times more homologs than PSI-BLAST or HMMER and between 1.44 and 1.9 times more than COMPASS or PROF_SIM for a rate of false positives of 10%. Approximately half of the improvement over the profile-profile comparison methods is attributable to the use of profile HMMs in place of simple profiles. Alignment quality: Higher sensitivity is mirrored by an increased alignment quality. HHsearch produced 1.2, 1.7 and 3.3 times more good alignments ('balanced' score >0.3) than the next best method (COMPASS), and 1.6, 2.9 and 9.4 times more than PSI-BLAST, at the family, superfamily and fold level, respectively.Speed: HHsearch scans a query of 200 residues against 3691 domains in 33 s on an AMD64 2GHz PC. This is 10 times faster than PROF_SIM and 17 times faster than COMPASS.