gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solving the Kinematics of the Most General Six- and Five-Degree-of-Freedom Manipulators by Continuation Methods (1985)

This paper presents a unique approach to the kinematic analysis of the most general six-degree-of-freedom, six-revolute-joint manipulators. Previously, the problem of computing all possible configurations of a manipulator corresponding to a given hand position was approached by reducing the problem to that of solving a high degree polynomial equation in one variable. In this paper it is shown that the problem can be reduced to that of solving a system of eight second-degree equations in eight unknowns. It is further demonstrated that this second-degree system can be routinely solved using a continuation algorithm. To complete the general analysis, a second numerical method—a continuation heuristic—is shown to generate partial solution sets quickly. Finally, in some special cases, closed form solutions were obtained for some commonly used industrial manipulators. The results can be applied to the analysis of both six and five-degree-of-freedom manipulators composed of mixed revolute and prismatic joints. The numerical stability of continuation on small second-degree systems opens the way for routine use in offline robot programming applications.
Pilocarpine (1972)

High resolution ultrasonic biometry was performed on 21 normal eyes of volunteers (18 to 30 years old) prior to and at 15-minute intervals after topical instillation of pilocarpine 2%. Pilocarpine has a measurable effect on the anterior chamber and lens thickness within 15 minutes, is maximal 45 to 60 minutes after instillation, and virtually gone after 100 minutes. Every eye measured demonstrated an axial thickening of the lens (average 0.32 mm), and narrowing of the anterior chamber (average 0.29 mm). In addition to axial thickening of the lens, there was a forward translational movement of the lens with pilocarpine-induced accommodative spasm. Pilocarpine-induced accommodation and voluntary accommodation produce similar changes in the anterior chamber and lens surfaces.
Neural network prediction of prostate tissue composition based on magnetic resonance imaging analysis. A pilot study. (2000)

These data suggest that the combined use of these neural networks may predict patient response to medical therapy targeting prostatic stroma or epithelium.
Virulence of Streptococcus suis type 2 strains in newborn germfree pigs depends on phenotype (1992)

To determine whether the virulence of Streptococcus suis type 2 is associated with the phenotype of the strain, we infected newborn germfree pigs with 10 strains of S. suis type 2 categorized by three phenotypes. In an earlier study, the phenotypes were distinguished by the presence or absence of the muramidase-released protein (MRP) and an extracellular factor (EF) and were designated MRP+ EF+, MRP+ EF- and MRP- EF-. Pigs were first inoculated with Bordetella bronchiseptica to predispose them to infection and were then intranasally inoculated with the streptococci. Strains of the MRP+ EF+ phenotype induced fever and increased the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in blood. Specific clinical signs of disease such as nervous disorders and lameness were also observed. At necropsy bacteriologic and pathologic examination disclosed meningoencephalitis, polyserositis, and polyarthritis. Strains of the MRP+ EF- phenotype induced only nonspecific clinical signs of disease such as recumbency, lack of appetite, and fever; only slight pathologic changes were detected in the serosae. The four strains of the MRP- EF- phenotype induced no signs of disease. These findings indicate that the 110-kDa EF and, to a lesser degree, the 136-kDa MRP may be associated with the virulence of the bacterium. The results demonstrated that S. suis type 2 strains producing both MRP and EF are pathogenic for pigs.
Efficient Synthesis of Optically Active Atropisomeric Anilides through Catalytic Asymmetric N-Arylation Reaction [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 3676−3677]. (2005)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionEfficient Synthesis of Optically Active Atropisomeric Anilides through Catalytic Asymmetric N-Arylation Reaction [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 3676−3677].Osamu Kitagawa, Masashi Takahashi, Masatoshi Yoshikawa, and Takeo TaguchiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 18, 6910Publication Date (Web):April 19, 2005Publication History Published online19 April 2005Published inissue 1 May 2005https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja051606whttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja051606wcorrectionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2005 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views794Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (11 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
N+-glucuronidation, a common pathway in human metabolism of drugs with a tertiary amine group. (1998)

Glucuronidation of either an aliphatic or aromatic tertiary amine group in a molecule results in a quaternary ammonium-linked glucuronide metabolite (i.e. N+-glucuronide). The development of sound information on N+-glucuronide metabolites, including their characterization, has been slow. In part, this is because the presence of both the carboxylic acid group and cationic center in their structure imparts physiochemical properties such that procedures used in their analysis, including extraction, require judicious selection. The techniques used in the identification of N+-glucuronide metabolites and those metabolites identified in human urine are the focus of this review. Especially useful in their identification are the availability of an authentic synthetic sample and the use of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques that, in the first instance, involve atmospheric pressure ionization or fast atom bombardment modes of ionization and high-resolution 1H NMR. More than 30 N+-glucuronide metabolites of xenobiotics have been identified in human urine. In particular, N+-glucuronidation is a common phenomenon in the metabolism of H1 antihistamine and antidepressant drugs with an aliphatic tertiary amine group. Those marketed drugs in which the reported N+-glucuronide mean urinary excretion of the orally administered dose exceeds 10% include cyclizine, cyclobenzaprine, cyproheptadine, dothiepin, doxepin, ketotifen, lamotrigine, mianserin, and tioconazole. The pharmacological importance of N+-glucuronidation has not been clarified.
A Simple and Efficient Method for the Preparation of Pyridine N-Oxides (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTA Simple and Efficient Method for the Preparation of Pyridine N-OxidesChristophe Copéret, Hans Adolfsson, Tinh-Alfredo V. Khuong, Andrei K. Yudin, and K. Barry SharplessView Author Information Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5, 1740–1741Publication Date (Web):February 18, 1998Publication History Received31 December 1997Published online18 February 1998Published inissue 1 March 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo9723467https://doi.org/10.1021/jo9723467brief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views8524Altmetric-Citations140LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Hydrocarbons,Organic reactions,Oxidation,Pyridines Get e-Alerts
Exhaled Ethane, a Marker of Lipid Peroxidation, is Elevated in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2000)

Ethane is a product of lipid peroxidation and can be measured in the exhaled air as an index of oxidative stress. Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance is important in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Therefore, we measured exhaled ethane in 22 patients with COPD (mean age +/- SEM, 59 +/- 8 yr; 19 male) and compared it with other noninvasive markers of oxidative stress and inflammation such as carbon monoxide (CO), measured electrochemically, and nitric oxide (NO), measured by chemiluminescence. Exhaled ethane was collected during a flow and pressure-controlled exhalation into a reservoir, discarding dead space air contaminated with ambient air. A sample of the collected expired air was analyzed by chromatography. Compared with normal subjects (n = 14; eight men; age, 33 +/- 2.8 yr), patients with COPD not on steroid treatment (n = 12; FEV(1), 58 +/- 6%) had elevated levels of exhaled ethane (2.77 +/- 0.25 and 0.88 +/- 0.09 ppb, respectively, p < 0.05), CO (5.96 +/- 0.50 and 2.8 +/- 0.25 ppm, p < 0.05) and NO (11.86 +/- 0.53 and 6.77 +/- 0.50 ppb, p < 0.05) levels. Ethane was correlated to FEV(1) (r = -0.67, p < 0.05). Patients receiving steroid treatment (n = 10; FEV(1), 56 +/- 2%) had lower levels of ethane (0.48 +/- 0.05 ppb) than did steroid-treated patients, whereas CO (5.99 +/- 0.63 ppm) and NO (9.11 +/- 0.53 ppb) levels were similar in the two treatment groups. Exhaled ethane is elevated, correlates with FEV(1), and is significantly lower in patients treated with steroids, so it may be complementary to the use of NO and CO in assessing and monitoring oxidative stress in COPD.
Prostaglandins with antiproliferative activity induce the synthesis of a heat shock protein in human cells. (1989)

Prostaglandins (PGs) A1 and J2 were found to potently suppress the proliferation of human K562 erythroleukemia cells and to induce the synthesis of a 74-kDa protein (p74) that was identified as a heat shock protein related to the major 70-kDa heat shock protein group. p74 synthesis was stimulated at doses of PGA1 and PGJ2 that inhibited cell replication, and its accumulation ceased upon removal of the PG-induced proliferation block. PGs that did not affect K562 cell replication did not induce p74 synthesis. p74 was found to be localized mainly in the cytoplasm of PG-treated cells, but moderate amounts were found also in dense areas of the nucleus after PGJ2 treatment. p74 synthesis was not necessarily associated with cytotoxicity or with inhibition of cell protein synthesis. The results described support the hypothesis that synthesis of the 70-kDa heat shock proteins is associated with changes in cell proliferation. The observation that PGs can induce the synthesis of heat shock proteins expands our understanding of the mechanism of action of these compounds whose regulatory role is well known in many physiological phenomena, including the control of fever production.
Commercial Banks'Borrowing from the Federal Home Loan Banks (2002)

Since 1990, when commercial banks were first eligible to join the Federal Home Loan Bank System, they have become an important constituency of the FHLBs. Currently, seven out of 10 banks are members, and nearly half of all banks have advances outstanding. Given the wide range of activities that commercial banks can engage in, this Commentary asks whether FHLB lending to them is consistent with their traditional housing finance mission, with the Gramm-Leach-Bliley extension of their mission to provide liquidity support to community banks, or with both.
Large-scale arrays of picolitre chambers for single-cell analysis of large cell populations (2010)

We present a new method to analyze the cytoplasmic contents of single cells in large cell populations. This new method consists of an array of microchambers in which individual cells are collected, enclosed, and lysed to create a reaction mixture of the cytoplasm with extracellular detection agents. This approach was tested for the analysis of red blood cells in 10,000 microchambers in parallel. Single cells were routinely collected in more than 60% of microchambers, the collected cells were robustly (up to 99%) lysed by electric fields, and the cytoplasm enclosed in each microchamber was analyzed with fluorescence microscopy. Using a heterogeneous cell mixture, we verified that the new method could distinguish individual cells by cytoplasmic composition and the analysis compared well with conventional flow-cytometric evaluation of mixed cell populations. In contrast to flow-cytometry, the new method monitored single cells over time, thus characterizing the distributions of caspase activities of 5000 individual cells. This approach should be interesting for a variety of applications that would benefit from the ability to measure the distribution of cytoplasmic compounds in complex cell populations, including hematology, oncology, and immunology.
The Archives of Surgery at Age 75 (1995)

MANY AMERICAN physicians, and even many nonphysicians, still know the name of Morris Fishbein, MD, the 25-year (1924 to 1949) legendary seventh editor of<i>JAMA</i>. In many ways, Fishbein was the voice of American medicine, serving much of his time as not only the editor of<i>JAMA</i>but also as chief administrative officer of the American Medical Association (AMA) and American medicine's loudest, most eloquent, and most influential spokesman.<sup>1</sup>However, few American physicians, and hardly any nonphysicians, remember his immediate predecessor, George H. Simmons, MD, who also served as the editor of<i>JAMA</i>for 25 years and held many other influential posts as well. It is my opinion that George Simmons had more impact on American medicine than did Morris Fishbein. Why? Because, during his 25 years (1899 to 1924), he brought<i>JAMA</i>circulation from 1000 to 80 000 and made it the foremost medical publication in the world.
Selective reduction of 2-ene-1,4-diones and 2-en-1-ones with di-i-butylaluminium hydride (1970)

Reduction of 2-ene-1,4-diones and 2-enones with di-i-butylaluminium hydride provides the corresponding unsaturated alcohols in excellent yields and this reagent appears to be superior to other metal hydrides including aluminium hydride.
Elevated Uric Acid Increases Blood Pressure in the Rat by a Novel Crystal-Independent Mechanism (2001)

An elevation in circulating serum uric acid is strongly associated with the development of hypertension and renal disease, but whether uric acid has a causal role or whether it simply indicates patients at risk for these complications remains controversial. We tested the hypothesis that uric acid may have a causal role in the development of hypertension and renal disease by examining the effects of mild hyperuricemia in rats. Mild hyperuricemia was induced in rats by providing a uricase inhibitor (oxonic acid) in the diet. Hyperuricemic rats developed elevated blood pressure after 3 weeks, whereas control rats remained normotensive. The development of hypertension was prevented by concurrent treatment with either a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (allopurinol) or a uricosuric agent (benziodarone), both of which lowered uric acid levels. Blood pressure could also be lowered by reducing uric acid levels with either allopurinol or oxonic acid withdrawal. A direct relationship was found between blood pressure and uric acid (r=0.75, n=69), with a 10-mm Hg blood pressure increase for each 0.03-mmol/L (0.5-mg/dL) incremental rise in serum uric acid. The kidneys were devoid of urate crystals and were normal by light microscopy. However, immunohistochemical stains documented an ischemic type of injury with collagen deposition, macrophage infiltration, and an increase in tubular expression of osteopontin. Hyperuricemic rats also exhibited an increase in juxtaglomerular renin and a decrease in macula densa neuronal NO synthase. Both the renal injury and hypertension were reduced by treatment with enalapril or L-arginine. In conclusion, mild hyperuricemia causes hypertension and renal injury in the rat via a crystal-independent mechanism, with stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system and inhibition of neuronal NO synthase.
“Nanofingers” Based on Binary Gold–Polypyrrole Nanowires (2008)

Round the bend: Reversible bending of conducting-polymer–gold nanowires is achieved by template synthesis and a selective coating process that leaves only one side of the polymer segment exposed. The bending motion of the resulting “nanofingers” can be tailored by adjusting the applied potential (see figure). This represents the smallest bending arm reported to date and the first example of electrochemically induced nanowire bending.
Population Dynamics ofXanthomonas campestrispv.vesicatoriaon Tomato Leaflets Treated with Copper Bactericides (1991)

Populations of copper-resistant (Cu r ) strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria were monitored in the field on nonsymptomatic tomato leaflets treated with copper or with a copper and mancozeb mixture over three and four seasons, respectively. Copper and a combination of copper and mancozeb reduced epiphytic populations of X. c. vesicatoria, compared to those in the untreated control. Populations of X. c. vesicatoria on leaflets receiving copper and the copper-mancozeb combination differed significantly in only one of three seasons. A positive correlation was observed between epiphytic populations and disease severity (...)
Hypoxia-Selective Antitumor Agents. 12. Nitrobenzyl Quaternary Salts as Bioreductive Prodrugs of the Alkylating Agent Mechlorethamine (1996)

A series of benzene-substituted analogues of the novel hypoxia-selective cytotoxin N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-methyl-N-(2-nitrobenzyl)ammonium chloride (3a), together with three corresponding tetrahydroisoquinolinium “cyclic” analogues 21a−23a and two naphthalene derivatives (19a and 20a), have been prepared and evaluated for cytotoxicity in cultured mammalian tumor cells under aerobic and hypoxic conditions. The parent compound 3a has a one-electron reduction potential of −358 mV and undergoes reductively-induced fragmentation to release the nitrogen mustard mechlorethamine. The compounds were prepared by halogenation (SOCl2) of the corresponding quaternary diols, which in turn were synthesized from N-methyldiethanolamine and substituted nitrobenzyl chlorides. The reduction potentials of the benzene-substituted compounds were generally well-predicted by Hammett substituent relationships. All of the compounds were much more toxic toward repair-deficient UV4 cells than the corresponding wild-type AA8 cells, as expected if the active cytotoxic species is a DNA alkylating agent. They were also more toxic toward the human cell lines EMT6 and FME compared to AA8, but the reasons for this are not known. Analogues of 3a substituted in the phenyl ring with electron-donating substituents provided compounds with widely differing selectivities for hypoxic AA8 cells, ranging from no selectivity for the 3-Me compound 9a to 3000-fold (at least as great as that of the parent 3a) for the 4-OMe compound 14a. The naphthalene derivatives 19a and 20a and the tetrahydroisoquinolinium compounds 21a−23a showed no hypoxic selectivity. Selective chemical reduction of 22a and 23a with nickel boride resulted in isolation of the corresponding stable amino derivatives, indicating that reduction of these compounds does not result in fragmentation. The reason(s) for the marked differences in hypoxic selectivity of the nitrobenzyl quaternary mustards is unknown, but may reflect differences in radical chemistry, cell uptake, or sensitivity to enzymatic reduction.
Presence of an inducible HIV-1 latent reservoir during highly active antiretroviral therapy (1997)

Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the form of triple combinations of drugs including protease inhibitors can reduce the plasma viral load of some HIV-1-infected individuals to undetectable levels, it is unclear what the effects of these regimens are on latently infected CD4+ T cells and what role these cells play in the persistence of HIV-1 infection in individuals receiving such treatment. The present study demonstrates that highly purified CD4+ T cells from 13 of 13 patients receiving HAART with an average treatment time of 10 months and with undetectable (<500 copies HIV RNA/ml) plasma viremia by a commonly used bDNA assay carried integrated proviral DNA and were capable of producing infectious virus upon cellular activation in vitro. Phenotypic analysis of HIV-1 produced by activation of latently infected CD4+ T cells revealed the presence in some patients of syncytium-inducing virus. In addition, the presence of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA in infected resting CD4+ T cells from patients receiving HAART, even those with undetectable plasma viremia, suggests persistent active virus replication in vivo.
Characterization of Stable Fluorine-Doped Silicon Oxide Film Prepared by Biased Helicon Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (1996)

Fluorine-doped silicon oxide (SiOF) film prepared by biased helicon plasma chemical vapor deposition with SiF 4 and O 2 is characterized. In this characterization, the SiOF film is compared with that prepared using a nonbiased plasma. SiOF films prepared using a biased plasma are stable in air. Whereas films prepared using a nonbiased plasma are not stable in air and the relative dielectric constant and stress vary in the ranges 3.2 to 3.5 and from -35 MPa to 0 MPa, respectively. Analysis Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and thermal desorption mass spectroscopy (TDS) spectra, clarifies the following. (1) Si-F bonds are formed in SiOF films prepared using a biased plasma. (2) Not only Si-F bonds but also F-Si-F bonds are formed in SiOF films prepared using a nonbiased plasma. (3) The F-Si-F bond structure formed in SiOF films absorbs water easily.
Erythrocytes from GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs: implications for xenotransfusion and testing in non‐human primates (2014)

Removal of aGal and Neu5Gc antigens from pig erythrocytes significantly reduced human preformed antibody-mediated cytotoxicity but may have complicated future in vivo analysis by enhancing reactivity from baboons. The creation of the GGTA1/CMAH KO pig has provided the xenotransplantation researcher with organs and cells that attract fewer human antibodies than baboon and our closest primate relative, chimpanzee. These finding suggest that while GGTA1/CMAH KO erythrocytes may be useful for human transfusions, in vivo testing in the baboon may not provide a direct transplantation to the clinic.