gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. A review of the evidence and its application in a UK setting (2004)

Abstract Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic, multifactorial disease, which affects the quality, quantity and style of life. People with T2DM have a life expectancy that can be shortened by as much as 15 years, with up to 75% dying of macrovascular complications. To reduce the impact of T2DM in the 21st century, we need an approach that not only optimally treats the person with established diabetes but also prevents diabetes from occurring in the first place. The best evidence for prevention of diabetes is for interventions that target individuals at highest risk. Targeting patients who have impaired glucose tolerance with lifestyle changes including physical activity and dietary factors has been shown to be effective in the Chinese, North American and Finnish populations. In order for such lifestyle interventions to be successful in other populations, they need to be culturally sensitive, individualized and sustained. Some pharmacological agents including metformin and acarbose have also been shown to be effective, although the profile of those who respond is different. There continues to be a need to develop and evaluate interventions that target communities and populations at risk in a UK setting.
Fowlpox virus recombinants expressing the envelope glycoprotein of an avian reticuloendotheliosis retrovirus induce neutralizing antibodies and reduce viremia in chickens (1993)

Eight stable fowlpox virus (FPV) recombinants which express the envelope glycoprotein of the spleen necrosis virus (SNV) strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), an avian retrovirus, were constructed. These recombinants differ in the genomic location of the inserted genes, in the orientation of the insert relative to flanking viral sequences, and in the promoter used to drive expression of the env gene. Of these variables, promoter strength seems to be the most crucial. The P7.5 promoter of vaccinia virus, which is commonly used in the construction of both vaccinia virus and FPV recombinants, resulted in lower levels of expression of the envelope antigen in infected chicken cells compared with a strong synthetic promoter, as determined by immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two peptides encoded by the env gene, the 21-kDa transmembrane peptide and a 62-kDa precursor, were detected by immunoprecipitation of labeled proteins from cells infected with recombinant FPVs, using monoclonal antibodies against REV. These peptides comigrated with those precipitated from REV-infected cells. One of the recombinants (f29R-SNenv) was used for vaccination of 1-day-old chickens. Vaccinated chicks developed neutralizing antibodies to SNV more rapidly than did unvaccinated controls following SNV challenge and were protected against both viremia and the SNV-induced runting syndrome.
Studies on peptide acetylation for stable‐isotope labeling after 1‐D PAGE separation in quantitative proteomics (2004)

Acetylation is a single labeling process to label peptides in control and experimental samples universally, and is independent of amino acid composition or post-translational modification. Here, we propose a new strategy especially useful to quantify either hydrophobic or extremely acidic and basic proteins involved in acetylation of tryptic peptides after sodium dodecyl sulfate polyarcylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) separation. We studied some essential parameters of acetylation labeling reactions in either in-solution tryptic peptides or in-gel digested extracts systematically. We have found that the acetylation efficiency varies markedly on account of different reactive systems, and demonstrated that stable isotope labeling can be steadily obtained with in-gel digested peptides under optimized conditions. We use this protocol to quantify some proteins of two kinds of hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, non-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells, Hep3B, and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells, MHCC97-H. The experimental results provide positive evidence for the potential application of an acetylation labeling strategy in quantitative proteomics, and an efficient way for global proteome quantification.
Multiple signals activate cleavage of the membrane transforming growth factor-alpha precursor. (1991)

Cleavage of the membrane-anchored precursor for transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), a rate-limiting step in the generation of soluble TGF-alpha, can be stimulated by phorbol esters acting via protein kinase C. In the present study, activators of other intracellular signaling pathways were tested for their ability to stimulate pro-TGF-alpha cleavage in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with a pro-TGF-alpha cDNA. Treatment with the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, rapidly increased the rate of pro-TGF-alpha cleavage over 25-fold. This effect of A23187 on pro-TGF-alpha cleavage was dependent on the influx of extracellular calcium and was largely independent of protein kinase C activation. In contrast, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation of pro-TGF-alpha cleavage via activation of protein kinase C did not require extracellular calcium. Stimulation of pro-TGF-alpha cleavage by serum was largely independent of both protein kinase C and extracellular calcium influx, whereas activators of protein kinase A and protein kinase G did not stimulate pro-TGF-alpha cleavage. These results suggest that regulation of pro-TGF-alpha cleavage is a complex process that can be controlled by extracellular agents via at least three distinct signal transduction pathways.
Practical Guide to Clinical Data Management (2006)

The management of clinical data, from its collection to its extraction for analysis, has become a critical element in the steps to prepare a regulatory submission and to obtain approval to market a treatment. As its importance has grown, clinical data management (CDM) has changed from an essentially clerical task in the late 1970s and early 1980s t
Oxygen Delivery from Fluorocarbon Emulsions-Aspects of Convective and Diffusive Transport (1992)

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) deliver oxygen due to their physical characteristics and the convective delivery to tissues; this has been amply demonstrated in numerous animal models and in clinical trials. PFC emulsions have also been used for organ perfusion and augmentation of oxygenation to cell cultures. By reason of their small particle size, PFC emulsions penetrate collateral capillaries of an ischemic microcirculation, both supplying oxygenation and possibly restoring flexibility of acidotically stiffened erythrocytes by reinstituting aerobic metabolism. There is also evidence that PFCs can augment tissue oxygenation by increasing oxygen solubility in the plasma phase of blood; this improves diffusion gradients between plasma and tissues even at relatively low doses of PFC. This hypothesis is supported by the ability of PFCs to increase oxygen tensions in tissues such as blood, brain, liver, kidney, pancreas, skeletal muscle, retina etc. PFCs can also on occasions increase critical oxygen extraction coefficients and should therefore be effective in supporting oxidative metabolism in states of extreme cardio-respiratory insufficiency. This theory represents a new concept in oxygen delivery and may define a new class of therapeutic agents that can improve tissue oxygen supply in various pathological states involving low oxygen delivery and ischemia.
Chiral π-Complexes of Heterocycles with Transition Metals:  A Versatile New Family of Nucleophilic Catalysts (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUECommunicationNEXTChiral π-Complexes of Heterocycles with Transition Metals: A Versatile New Family of Nucleophilic CatalystsJ. Craig Ruble and Gregory C. FuView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 21, 7230–7231Publication Date (Web):October 18, 1996Publication History Received30 July 1996Published online18 October 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo961433ghttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo961433grapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3715Altmetric-Citations200LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Alcohols,Catalysts,Heterocyclic compounds,Organic reactions,Post-translational modification Get e-Alerts
Bacillus subtilis PB6 improves intestinal health of broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis (2013)

Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an enterotoxemic disease caused by Clostridium perfringens that results in significant economic losses, averaging damage of $0.05 per bird. The present study investigated the influence of a dietary supplement, Bacillus subtilis PB6, on performance, intestinal health, and gut integrity against C. perfringens-induced NE in broiler birds. Bacillus subtilis PB6 (ATCC-PTA 6737) is a natural strain isolated from healthy chicken gut that has been shown in in vitro to produce antimicrobial substances with broad activity against various strains of Campylobacter and Clostridium species. The animal study was conducted on broiler chickens (Cobb 400) for the period of 35 d using a completely randomized design. The experimental design included 3 treatments groups. Each treatment group contained 6 replicates, 3 male and 3 female, with 12 birds in each replicate. The 3 treatment groups were an uninfected control, an infected control, and an infected group supplemented with B. subtilis PB6 at 500 g/t of feed, containing 5 × 10(11) cfu/kg. Necrotic enteritis was induced in the broiler birds via oral inoculation of 30,000 oocysts of mixed strains of Eimeria species on d 14 followed by C. perfringens (10(8) cfu/mL) on d 19 through 21 of trial. The birds were analyzed for BW gain, mortality, feed conversion ratio (FCR), intestinal lesion score, intestinal C. perfringens counts, and villus histomorphometry. The infected control group showed markedly thickened mucosa, hemorrhages, intestinal lesions, and ballooning of intestine. The supplementation of B. subtilis PB6 reduced the FCR (P < 0.05) and intestinal C. perfringens counts significantly (P < 0.05) compared with the infected control group. It was also observed that B. subtilis PB6 improved villi length by 10.88 and 30.46% (P < 0.05) compared with uninfected and infected control groups, respectively. The group supplemented with B. subtilis PB6 significantly (P < 0.05) increased the villi length to crypt depth ratio by 49.11% compared with the infected group. In conclusion, the supplementation of B. subtilis PB6 not only controlled C. perfringens-induced NE, but also improved intestinal health in the broiler birds.
When PDMS isn't the best (2007)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVFEATURESNEXTWhen PDMS isn't the bestRajendrani MukhopadhyayCite this: Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 9, 3248–3253Publication Date (Web):May 1, 2007Publication History Published online1 May 2007Published inissue 1 May 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac071903ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/ac071903enewsACS Publications. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views15501Altmetric-Citations267LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (853 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Remington : the science and practice of pharmacy (2005)

Part 1: Orientation Part 2: Pharmaceutics Part 3: Pharmaceutical Chemistry Part 4: Pharmaceutical Testing, Analysis, and Control Part 5: Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Part 6: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Part 7: Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Agents Part 8: Pharmacy Practice Fundamentals of Pharmacy Practice Social, Behavioral, Economic, and Administrative Sciences Patient Care
CD14 enhances cellular responses to endotoxin without imparting ligand-specific recognition. (1995)

Binding of the lipid A portion of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to leukocyte CD14 activates phagocytes and initiates the septic shock syndrome. Two lipid A analogs, lipid IVA and Rhodobacter sphaeroides lipid A (RSLA), have been described as LPS-receptor antagonists when tested with human phagocytes. In contrast, lipid IVA activated murine phagocytes, whereas RSLA was an LPS antagonist. Thus, these compounds displayed a species-specific pharmacology. To determine whether the species specificity of these LPS antagonists occurred as a result of interactions with CD14, the effects of lipid IVA and RSLA were examined by using human, mouse, and hamster cell lines transfected with murine or human CD14 cDNA expression vectors. These transfectants displayed sensitivities to lipid IVA and RSLA that reflected the sensitivities of macrophages of similar genotype (species) and were independent of the source of CD14 cDNA. For example, hamster macrophages and hamster fibroblasts transfected with either mouse or human-derived CD14 cDNA responded to lipid IVA and RSLA as LPS mimetics. Similarly, lipid IVA and RSLA acted as LPS antagonists in human phagocytes and human fibrosarcoma cells transfected with either mouse or human-derived CD14 cDNA. Therefore, the target of these LPS antagonists, which is encoded in the genomes of these cells, is distinct from CD14. Although the expression of CD14 is required for macrophage-like sensitivity to LPS, CD14 cannot discriminate between the lipid A moieties of these agents. We hypothesize that the target of the LPS antagonists is a lipid A recognition protein which functions as a signaling receptor that is triggered after interaction with CD14-bound LPS.
Human Cryptosporidiosis in Immunocompetent and Immunodeficient Persons (1983)

Infection with cryptosporidium occurred in 12 immunocompetent persons who had direct contact with the feces of infected calves during three unrelated outbreaks of calf cryptosporidiosis. Nine of the twelve subjects had diarrhea and abdominal cramps that lasted 1 to 10 days. Infections were diagnosed and monitored by detection of oocysts in feces, with a modified Sheather's flotation technique and phase-contrast microscopy. Oocysts of cryptosporidium were isolated from calves but not from other animals with which these subjects had been in contact. Oocysts of cryptosporidium were also detected during repeated examinations of feces from two immunodeficient patients with persistent cryptosporidiosis. An apparently identical infection was transmitted to calves and mice, using oocysts from infected calves and human beings. Oocysts from an immunodeficient person also produced infections in kittens, puppies, and goats. This study shows that cryptosporidium may produce a moderate self-limited illness in immunocompetent persons, which contrasts sharply with the prolonged severe diarrhea in immunocompromised patients who contract cryptosporidiosis. Calves with diarrhea should be considered a potential source of human infection, and immunocompromised persons should avoid contact with such animals.
Synthesis of Dimethyl Oxalate from CO and CH3ONO on Carbon Nanofiber Supported Palladium Catalysts (2004)

A series of novel palladium catalysts supported on carbon nanofibers of various nanostructures have been prepared, characterized, and tested in gas-phase synthesis of dimethyl oxalate. Significant improvements in both activity and selectivity have been achieved over well-defined carbon nanofiber supported palladium catalysts. Carbon nanofiber produced on 20% NiFe/Al2O3 (CNF-05) supported palladium catalyst possesses the highest activity, which can be ascribed to the high surface area of the support, relatively weak metal−support interaction, and smaller metal particles. The low metal−support interaction might improve the redox properties of the catalyst, and thus the activity. The functionalization of CNF-05 in air is found to dramatically increase the conversion of methyl nitrite compared to the functionalization in HNO3.
Inhibition of intractable, nucleases with ribonucleoside-vanadyl complexes: isolation of messenger ribonucleic acid from resting lymphocytes (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInhibition of intractable, nucleases with ribonucleoside-vanadyl complexes: isolation of messenger ribonucleic acid from resting lymphocytesShelby L. Berger and Connie S. BirkenmeierCite this: Biochemistry 1979, 18, 23, 5143–5149Publication Date (Print):November 13, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 13 November 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00590a018https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00590a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views833Altmetric-Citations309LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Proteolytic activity directed toward pigment epithelium-derived factor in vitreous of bovine eyes. Implications of proteolytic processing. (1996)

These data indicated that vitreous has a serine-proteolytic activity associated with a novel 49/53-kDa enzyme that cleaves the PEDF protein in a serpinase fashion. In addition to cleavage in vitro, these proteases might play a role in modulating PEDF in vivo.
Air Pollution and Forest Damage (1991)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTAir Pollution and Forest DamageRegional air pollution is one of the man-made stresses causing gradual and subtle changes over wide, forested areas of the U.S. and CanadaWILLIAM H. SMITHView Author Information Yale UniversityCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1991, 69, 45, 30–43Publication Date (Print):November 11, 1991Publication History Published online10 November 2010Published inissue 11 November 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v069n045.p030https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v069n045.p030newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1991 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views11Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Air pollution,Energy,Environmental pollution,Precipitation,Testing and assessment Get e-Alerts
Internal binding of eucaryotic ribosomes on poliovirus RNA: translation in HeLa cell extracts (1989)

Translation initiation on poliovirus mRNA in poliovirus-infected cells has been shown to occur by internal binding of ribosomes to the 5' noncoding region (J. Pelletier and N. Sonenberg, Nature [London] 334:320-325, 1988). Here we show that internal ribosome binding can occur in HeLa cell extracts in vitro. Internal binding to the 5' noncoding region of poliovirus mRNA in a bicistronic context was independent of the upstream open reading frame and did not require poliovirus proteins.
Pharmacokinetics of Pentazocine and Its Occupancy of Opioid Receptors in Rat Brain. (1997)

In order to assess quantitatively the pharmacodynamic process of pentazocine (PTZ), time courses of its plasma concentration and of the occupation of specific opioid receptors in the brain were investigated after intravenous (i.v.) administration of PTZ to rats. The plasma concentration of PTZ was determined by HPLC and the pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using nonlinear least-squares analysis. Measurement of ex vivo receptor occupation was made by comparing the specific [3H]naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) binding in vitro to the crude P2-synaptosomal fractions between vehicle-treated rats (control) and PTZ-treated rats. Following the i.v. administration of PTZ, the occupancy of specific opioid receptors decreased rapidly until 10 min, depending on the two pharmacological doses (2.5 and 10 mg/kg). The results strongly suggest the fast binding kinetics of PTZ in terms of its association with and dissociation from specific opioid receptor sites in the brain in addition to its fast rate of disappearance from the brain compartment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the time profile of receptor occupancy correlated well (r = 0.8650) with that of the unbound concentration in plasma until 120 min after the i.v. administration of PTZ to rats.