gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotection and Traumatic Brain Injury (2001)

During the last decade, experimental studies of traumatic brain injury (TBI) have provided important new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to posttraumatic tissue damage and associated neurological dysfunction. The concept of delayed or secondary tissue injury has strong experimental support and a cascade of secondary injury factors has been delineated. 1,2 These observations have led to the application of targeted pharmacotherapies, whose aim is to block specific pathobiological pathways. 2,3 Such research has been aided by the development of rodent models of head injury that simulate critical components of clinical neurotrauma, as well as by the development of novel neuroprotective agents. 3,4 These experimental studies have identified mechanisms of delayed tissue damage and have demonstrated the effectiveness of a number of pharmacological treatment strategies, 1-4 However, despite this enormous experimental promise, the clinical studies to date have been disappointing, 5,6 Here we explore the conceptual and methodological issues that have contributed to this discrepancy between preclinical and clinical studies.
SKIP-securing the Internet (2002)

Currently, two different approaches are being pursued for securing the Internet with respect to commercial use on a broad scale. The properties of these two approaches-application-coupled security vs. network-coupled security-are discussed and compared. We then focus on SKIP (Simple Key-management in the Internet Protocol) as an example of network-coupled security, and show how it can be used to provide easily upgradable 'plug & play' cryptographic security. Providing upgradable security is an ideal base for the employment of organically-growing security infrastructures, whose members still need to communicate with unsecured peers.
Kinetics and mechanism of general-acid-assisted oxidation of bromide by hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics and mechanism of general-acid-assisted oxidation of bromide by hypochlorite and hypochlorous acidKrishan Kumar and Dale W. MargerumCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 16, 2706–2711Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00263a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00263a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2299Altmetric-Citations259LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
p34cdc2: the S and M kinase? (1990)

In the yeast cell cycle, the induction of two very different processes, DNA synthesis (S-phase) and mitosis (M-phase), requires the same serine/threonine-specific protein kinase p34cdc2, which has been highly conserved through evolution. On the basis of work conducted largely in multicellular eukaryotes, it has recently been suggested that p34cdc2 is able to perform these two mutually exclusive roles by phosphorylating different sets of substrates through a cell cycle-dependent association with other proteins that dictate the substrate specificity of the protein kinase. To recognize its mitotic substrates, p34cdc2 associates with one of the cyclins--a family of proteins of two distinct but related types (A and B) characterized by their periodic destruction at each mitosis. In interphase, the formation of a complex between p34cdc2 and another protein (or proteins) would allow the phosphorylation of a different set of proteins involved in the G1 to S transition. This review focuses on the evidence for this appealing simple model and the nature of the putative substrates proposed.
Formation of the G-quadruplex and i-motif structures in retinoblastoma susceptibility genes (Rb) (2006)

The formation of G-quadruplex and i-motif structures in the 5' end of the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene was examined using chemical modifications, circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. It was found that substitutions of 8-methylguanine at positions that show syn conformations in antiparallel G-quadruplexes stabilize the structure in the G-rich strand. The complementary C-rich 18mer forms an i-motif structure, as suggested by CD spectroscopy. Based on the C to T mutation experiments, C bases participated in the C-C+ base pair of the i-motif structure were determined. Experiments of 2-aminopurine (2-AP) substitution reveal that an increase of fluorescence in the G-quadruplex relative to duplex is attributed to unstacked 2-AP within the loop of G-quadruplex. The fluorescence experiments suggest that formation of the G-quadruplex and i-motif can compete with duplex formation. Furthermore, a polymerase arrest assay indicated that formation the G-quadruplex structure in the Rb gene acts as a barrier in DNA synthesis.
First-principles simulation on Seebeck coefficient in silicon and silicon carbide nanosheets (2016)

Abstract The Seebeck coefficients of silicon and silicon carbide for both bulk and nanosheet structures were simulated on the basis of first-principles calculation. The simulation procedure by means of the electronic band structure with periodic boundary condition is presented, and the dependences of the Seebeck coefficient on temperature and carrier concentration have been demonstrated for many kinds of n- or p-doped models. Under the assumption that the relaxation time is constant regardless of energy, the calculated Seebeck coefficients for bulk structures are mostly in accordance with the measured values quantitatively. The typical quantum-mechanical confinement can be observed for all nanosheet models in this study owing to dimensional reduction from bulk to nanosheet structure, but it is not so effective on the Seebeck coefficient. By the simulation with consideration of the energy dependence of the relaxation time, it is confirmed that the Seebeck coefficient should be significantly affected by the relaxation time in a wide range of temperature.
Structure of a Calcium-Binding Carp Myogen (1972)

The amino-acid sequence and three-dimensional structure of a calcium-binding protein prepared from carp muscle has been determined. This protein, designated carp-muscle calcium-binding protein B, is one of three closely related parvalbumins found in this tissue. The electron density map, calculated by heavyatom substitution crystallographic methods to 2.0-A resolution, reveals the orientation of most of the amino-acid side chains. The calcium coordination site consists of one glutamic- and three aspartic-acid carboxyl groups in a tetrahedral arrangement. The core of this spherical molecule is remarkably hydrophobic, with 8 of its 10 phenylalanine side chains packed in an approximate herringbone pattern. 52 of the 108 residues are in six alpha-helixes; there is no beta-pleated sheet. The acetylated amino-terminal alanine appears not to be accessible to solvent. All of the heavy-atom derivatives are bound at the sole cysteine. The properties of this protein suggest a relationship to troponin A of mammalian tissue.
Structural changes in α‐synuclein affect its chaperone‐like activity in vitro (2000)

Alpha-synuclein, a major constituent of Lewy bodies (LBs) in Parkinson's disease (PD), has been implicated to play a critical role in synaptic events, such as neuronal plasticity during development, learning, and degeneration under pathological conditions, although the physiological function of alpha-synuclein has not yet been established. We here present biochemical evidence that recombinant alpha-synuclein has a chaperone-like function against thermal and chemical stress in vitro. In our experiments, alpha-synuclein protected glutathione S-transferase (GST) and aldolase from heat-induced precipitation, and alpha-lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin from dithiothreitol (DTT)-induced precipitation like other molecular chaperones. Moreover, preheating of alpha-synuclein, which is believed to reorganize the molecular surface of alpha-synuclein, increased the chaperone-like activity. Interestingly, in organic solvents, which promotes the formation of secondary structure, alpha-synuclein aggregated more easily than in its native condition, which eventually might abrogate the chaperone-like function of the protein. In addition, alpha-synuclein was also rapidly and significantly precipitated by heat in the presence of Zn2+ in vitro, whereas it was not affected by the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+. Circular dichroism spectra confirmed that alpha-synuclein underwent conformational change in the presence of Zn2+. Taken together, our data suggest that alpha-synuclein could act as a molecular chaperone, and that the conformational change of the alpha-synuclein could explain the aggregation kinetics of alpha-synuclein, which may be related to the abolishment of the chaperonic-like activity.
Cytokines Promote Wnt Signaling and Inflammation and Impair the Normal Differentiation and Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes (2006)

Obesity with enlarged fat cells is associated with high local concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in the adipose tissue. We examined the effects of this inflammatory state on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte development and differentiation to mature adipose cells. Both IL-6 and TNFalpha impaired the normal differentiation pattern and lipid accumulation. However, IL-6 allowed a normal early induction of differentiation with inhibition of Wnt10b and Pref-1, whereas expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, in contrast to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, was markedly reduced. TNFalpha also allowed a normal early induction of differentiation, whereas the terminal differentiation to adipose cells was completely prevented. However, both cytokines induced an inflammatory phenotype of the cells but with different profiles. Remarkably, both IL-6 and TNFalpha maintained and augmented the canonical Wnt signaling associated with low axin and high low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRD), Dishevelled, and beta-catenin levels. TNFalpha, but not IL-6, activated Wnt10b expression, whereas IL-6 increased the apparent phosphorylation of Dishevelled. Thus, both IL-6 and TNFalpha prevent the normal development of preadipocytes to fully differentiated adipose cells and, instead, promote an inflammatory phenotype of the adipocytes. These results provide an explanation as to why obesity and diabetes are associated with both local and systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and ectopic lipid accumulation.
1,2-Diarylcyclopentenes as Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors and Orally Active Anti-inflammatory Agents (1995)

A series of 1,2-diarylcyclopentene methyl sulfones and sulfonamides have been shown to be remarkably potent and selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. The methyl sulfone analogs 7 showed excellent COX-2 activity, with IC50s ranging from 0.003 (7f,n) to 0.87 (7o) microM. In addition, most analogs of 7 showed no activity (IC50 > 100 microM) against the COX-1 enzyme. Replacement of the methyl sulfone moiety with a sulfonamide group gave a slightly more potent (typically 2-5-fold) but less selective COX-2 inhibitor, mainly due to an increase (20- > 100-fold) in COX-1 activity. However, in vitro COX-1/COX-2 selectivity for the sulfonamides 8 could be increased in many cases by simply incorporating a substituent at the 3-position of the phenyl group. Furthermore, in vitro selectivity increased with the size and number of substituents, as demonstrated in the selectivity trend of 8k (8000) > 8j (1900) > 8i (500) > 8h (100). More importantly, the sulfonamide COX-2 inhibitors showed greatly enhanced oral activity in the rat model of established adjuvant-induced arthritis, with inhibition values of 79.0% (8a), 81.5% (8c), and 83.0% (8g) at 1 mg/kg. On the basis of its overall biological profile, sulfonamide 8c was evaluated as a potential clinical candidate, displaying an ED50 of 22 mpk in the rat carrageenan-induced paw edema model and an ED50 of 0.16 mpk in the rat established adjuvant-induced arthritis model with no indication of gastrointestinal toxicity in rats and mice at 200 mpk. In addition, a preparative-scale synthetic route to sulfonamide 8c has been developed.
Reactivity of large carbon clusters: spheroidal carbon shells and their possible relevance to the formation and morphology of soot (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXTReactivity of large carbon clusters: spheroidal carbon shells and their possible relevance to the formation and morphology of sootQ. L. Zhang, S. C. O'Brien, J. R. Heath, Y. Liu, R. F. Curl, H. W. Kroto, and R. E. SmalleyCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 4, 525–528Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100276a001https://doi.org/10.1021/j100276a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1458Altmetric-Citations444LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Suppression of Barkhausen noise in magnetoresistive sensors employing AC bias (1995)

A magnetic field rotating in the plane of a thin-film magnetoresistive sensor provides continuous saturation of the ferromagnetic material if the magnitude of the field is sufficiently large. This mode of excitation allows operation free of errors related to remanence and at the same time helps in suppressing Barkhausen noise. The experiment demonstrates that the contribution of the magnetic noise in the sensor output is negligible when the period of the field rotation is less than 1 ms. This enables resolution of dc and low-frequency magnetic fields of the order of 10/sup -10/ T//spl radic/Hz. This result can be improved by decreasing the sensor induced anisotropy and a resolution of 10/sup -11/-10/sup -12/ T//spl radic/Hz might be attainable.
2‐(Methylpyridyl or quinolyl)benz‐X‐azoles, salts and polymethine dyes (1979)

Abstract 2‐(Methylpyridyl or quinolyl)benz‐X‐azoles were synthesized by the general reaction between carboxylic acids and o ‐bifunctional compounds. By reaction of the bases with methyl iodide, a series of salts were recovered which were identified and when possible transformed into the corresponding polymethine dyes. The main spectroscopic features of these compounds are briefly discussed.
Scheme for an internet encapsulation protocol: Version 1 (1991)

This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.
It does not specify an Internet standard.
Elevated Intakes of Supplemental Chromium Improve Glucose and Insulin Variables in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes (1997)

Chromium is an essential nutrient involved in normal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The chromium requirement is postulated to increase with increased glucose intolerance and diabetes. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the elevated intake of supplemental chromium is involved in the control of type 2 diabetes. Individuals being treated for type 2 diabetes (180 men and women) were divided randomly into three groups and supplemented with: 1) placebo, 2) 1.92 micromol (100 microg) Cr as chromium picolinate two times per day, or 3) 9.6 micromol (500 microg) Cr two times per day. Subjects continued to take their normal medications and were instructed not to change their normal eating and living habits. HbA1c values improved significantly after 2 months in the group receiving 19.2 pmol (1,000 microg) Cr per day and was lower in both chromium groups after 4 months (placebo, 8.5 +/- 0.2%; 3.85 micromol Cr, 7.5 +/- 0.2%; 19.2 micromol Cr, 6.6 +/- 0.1%). Fasting glucose was lower in the 19.2-micromol group after 2 and 4 months (4-month values: placebo, 8.8 +/- 0.3 mmol/l; 19.2 micromol Cr, 7.1 +/- 0.2 mmol/l). Two-hour glucose values were also significantly lower for the subjects consuming 19.2 micromol supplemental Cr after both 2 and 4 months (4-month values: placebo, 12.3 +/- 0.4 mmo/l; 19.2 micromol Cr, 10.5 +/- 0.2 mmol/l). Fasting and 2-h insulin values decreased significantly in both groups receiving supplemental chromium after 2 and 4 months. Plasma total cholesterol also decreased after 4 months in the subjects receiving 19.2 micromol/day Cr. These data demonstrate that supplemental chromium had significant beneficial effects on HbA1c, glucose, insulin, and cholesterol variables in subjects with type 2 diabetes. The beneficial effects of chromium in individuals with diabetes were observed at levels higher than the upper limit of the Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake.
Nuclear magnetic resonance: in vivo proton chemical shift imaging. Work in progress. (1983)

Using a three-dimensional Fourier transform approach, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift images have been obtained in vivo for the first time. At a proton resonance frequency of 61.5 MHz, chemical shift-resolved images of simple phantoms indicate that a spectral resolution of 0.7 parts per million (ppm) is readily achievable at all locations within the image matrix, even when using a magnet not specifically designed for chemical shift spectroscopy. In vivo images of the human forearm and of a cat head yield separable signals from water and lipid protons. However, using simple radiofrequency pulse sequences, our data show that relatively little signal originates from membrane lipids (e.g., myelin) in the brain. The measurement of magnetic susceptibility using this technique is also demonstrated. While helping to elucidate the genesis of the NMR response in complex biological systems, this methodology also has potential applications in medical diagnosis. The technique is also applicable to the chemical shift imaging of other nuclei; for example, phosphorus (P-31).
Global impact of Torque teno virus infection in wild and domesticated animals (2015)

Infection with Torque teno viruses (TTVs) is not restricted to humans. Different domestic and wild animal species are naturally infected with species-specific TTVs worldwide. Due to the global spread of the infection, it is likely that essentially all animals are naturally infected with species-specific TTVs, and that co-evolution of TTVs with their hosts probably occurred. Although TTVs are potentially related to many diseases, the evidence of the widespread infection in healthy human and nonhuman hosts raised doubts about their pathogenic potential. Nonetheless, their role as superimposed agents of other diseases or as triggers for impairment of immune surveillance is currently under debate. The possible contribution of animal TT viruses to interspecies transmission and their role as zoonotic agents are currently topics of discussion.
Effects on tumor cells of ribozymes that cleave the RNA transcripts of human papillomavirus type 18. (1996)

Many human cervical and oral carcinomas express RNA of human papillomaviruses, and the RNA transcript provides a potential target for gene therapy of these carcinomas. Three hammerhead ribozymes that were targeted to RNA of human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV-18) were cloned into a plasmid expression vector. Each plasmid was then transfected into the HPV-18-expressing cell line. HeLa, or the non-HPV-expressing oral cancer cell line, Tu167. None of the ribozymes had any effect on the phenotype of Tu167 cells. In contrast, each ribozyme affected the phenotype of HeLa cells, causing reduced growth rates, increased serum dependency, and reduced focus formation in soft agar. A molecule that had the same antisense sequences as a ribozyme but lacked the catalytic sequences affected the HeLa cell phenotype to a much lesser extent. The effects of two of the ribozymes could be attributed in part to an increased intracellular concentration of the tumor suppressor protein p53. The most effective ribozyme was targeted to nucleotide 309 in the HPV-18 transcript, but each of the three ribozymes appears to have potential for gene therapy of cancers that express HPV-18.
IL-15 enhances immune functions during HIV infection (1997)

IL-15, a new cytokine primarily produced by macrophages, has been shown to exhibit several functional properties shared with IL-2. Treatment of PBMC from HIV-infected patients with IL-15 resulted in an increase in NK cell cytotoxicity to levels similar to those of untreated PBMC from healthy donors. This effect is independent of several well-characterized regulatory cytokines, as it is not prevented by Abs that neutralize IFNs, TNF-alpha, IL-2, or IL-12. Enhanced cytotoxicity was accompanied by a significant increase in expression of cytotoxic granules. IL-15 enhanced the proliferative ability in both controls and HIV-seropositive in response to mitogen and recall Ags. Although the addition of IL-15 has a preventive effect on the appearance of spontaneous cell death, this effect was not seen during mitogen-induced apoptosis. The production of IL-15 by PBMC from patients in response to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain 1 appeared heterogeneous and was not negatively regulated by cytokines that inhibited IL-12 production. No correlation was found between in vitro HIV infection and IL-15 production, as viral infection had no effect on the ability of monocytes to produce IL-15 in response to S. aureus. Interestingly IL-15 restored the deficient production of IL-12 by PBMC from HIV+ people and had no major effect on modulating viral expression in latently infected cell lines or PBMC from naturally infected people. Taken together, these results suggest a potent immunoregulatory role of IL-15 during HIV infection.