gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Do built‐in fields improve solar cell performance? (2008)

Abstract Intrinsic fields can be built into solar cells by varying the doping level and/or the cell bandgap with potential benefits long recognised. A counteracting effect is that varying the doping or bandgap from the optimum for a particular material system will result in poorer material quality. New solutions are described to the standard semiconductor transport and recombination equations that allow such effects to be incorporated and the impact of these fields on device current and voltage to be assessed. Clear boundaries are found between when built‐in fields are beneficial or deleterious. For the case of doping gradients, built‐in fields decrease both cell current and voltage if carrier lifetime decrease more quickly than as the inverse square of doping; decrease current but can increase voltage if the inverse variation is between linear and square; can improve both if less than linear but only significantly if lifetime varies less than the inverse square root of doping. In the case of a graded bandgap, an optimal field exists as a trade‐off between decreased absorption and increased carrier collection. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Tissue response to implanted polymers: The significance of sample shape (1976)

Abstract Studies were designed to demonstrate the need for standardization of shape of samples used as implants to evaluate histotoxicity of polymer materials. Six medical‐grade polymers (polypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane, silicone rubber, poly(vinyl chloride), and Teflon) were extruded as rods with circular‐, triangular‐, and pentagonal‐shaped crosss ections, and were implanted in rat gluteal muscles for 14 days. Evaluation of the tissue response was assessed by quantitating cellular lysosomal acid phosphatase enzyme activity by using microspectrophotometry. All triangular‐shaped implants showed the highest enzyme activity and cellular response; pentagon shapes showed less, and circular rods showed the lowest activity. The results demonstrate the need for standard sample shape for valid comparative studies of tissue response to implanted polymers.
Pipelined Block-Serial Decoder Architecture for Structured Ldpc Codes (2006)

We present a pipelined block-serial decoder architecture for structured LDPC codes, implementing the layered-mode belief-propagation. We introduce the concept of LLR-update and mirror memory to enforce a pipelined decoding schedule. The pipelined architecture improves the latency of the LDPC decoder by about 2x-3x and has negligible performance loss when implemented with clever layer scheduling. We also present a low-complexity check-node architecture suitable for block-serial processing and utilize the properties of the min approximation to significantly reduce the memory requirement. The proposed architecture is suitable for mobile devices with data-rates of tens of mbps
Don't Clone Humans! (2001)

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: an overview of classical and recently discovered novel players,
Evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma aggressiveness by a panel of extracellular matrix antigens. (1991)

Invasion and metastasis requires a series of interactions between malignant cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Antigen markers that relate to these interactions were evaluated for prognostic correlation in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Basement membrane type IV collagen (cIV), type IV collagenase (cIVase), laminin, and laminin receptors (LRs)--all ECM antigens previously proposed to be modulated in association with tumor aggressiveness--were immunohistochemically investigated in 30 cases of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). The pattern of antigen expression was correlated with 1) 36 months' clinical follow-up and 2) the pathologic grade. As a means of estimating the proliferation fraction, an additional antigen, Ki67, was also studied in this series. There were major differences in the distribution of cIV and laminin, and in the quantity of cIVase-, LR-, and Ki67-positive cells associated with grade and prognosis. A smaller quantity of cIV and laminin and a higher number of cIVase-, LR-, and Ki67-positive cells were detected in the poorly differentiated compared with the well-differentiated HCCs. The tumors with lower immunoreactivity for cIV and laminin components accompanied by a higher number of cIVase-, LR-, and Ki67-positive cells fall into a group with the poorest overall survival (P less than 0.006). The panel of antigens is proposed as a useful prognostic tool for evaluating HCC tumor aggressiveness.
Degradation of anion exchange membranes used for hydrogen production by ultrapure water electrolysis (2014)

Solid-state alkaline water electrolysis using a pure water feed offers several distinct advantages over liquid alkaline electrolyte water electrolysis and proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. These advantages include a larger array of electrocatalyst available for oxygen evolution, no electrolyte management, and the ability to apply differential pressure. To date, there have been only a handful of reports on solid-state alkaline water electrolyzers using anion exchange membranes (AEMs), and there have been no reports that investigate loss in system performance over time. In this work, a solid-state alkaline water electrolyzer was successfully demonstrated with several types of polysulfone-based AEMs using a relatively expensive but highly active lead ruthenate pyrochlore electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. The electrolysis of ultrapure water at 50 °C resulted in a current density of 400 mA cm−2 at 1.80 V. We demonstrated that the short-term degradation of water electrolyzer performance over time was largely a consequence of carbon dioxide intrusion into the system and could be easily remedied, while long-term deterioration was a consequence of irreversible AEM polymer degradation.
Synthesis and characterization of soluble low‐bandgap oligothiophene‐[all]‐S,S‐dioxides‐based conjugated oligomers and polymers (2011)

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of a new family of soluble oligothiophene‐ S , S ‐dioxides and their use as building blocks to form polythiophene‐ S , S ‐dioxides via microwave‐assisted Stille coupling polymerization are described. Incorporation of the sulfone group into the polythiophene backbone leads to narrowing of the polymer bandgap, and while the energies of both Frontier orbitals in polythiophene‐ S , S ‐dioxide are lower with respect to polythiophenes, this tendency is considerably stronger for the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital than for the highest occupied molecular orbital, resulting in greater electron‐accepting ability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
PTEN activity could be a predictive marker of trastuzumab efficacy in the treatment of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer (2006)

Trastuzumab is the only HER2/neu-directed therapy to have received Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer. The efficacy of trastuzumab depends on the HER2/neu status of the tumour and the patient's prior treatment, but even when patients are selected on the basis of HER2/neu gene amplification, the single-agent response rate ranges from 12 to 30% and few patients respond to trastuzumab monotherapy. Here, we propose PTEN as a predictive biomarker for trastuzumab efficacy. Human breast cancer SKBR3 and drug-resistant SKBR3/R cells were investigated. We also examined clinical samples from patients who had been treated with trastuzumab and analysed the relationship between trastuzumab efficacy and PTEN level. The PI3K/Akt signalling pathway was observed to be highly active in the drug-resistant cells, and their level of PTEN was low. Delivery of antisense PTEN duplex siRNA significantly decreased the trastuzumab chemosensitivity of parental SKBR3 cells, and marked activation of Akt signalling pathway was also recognised. Moreover, immunohistochemical investigation revealed that trastuzumab treatment was remarkably successful in cells with elevated PTEN expression. Along with the immune-system-associated cytotoxic mechanism, several mechanisms have been proposed for the effect of trastuzumab. PTEN activity might play an important and major role in its HER2/PI3K/Akt-mediated antitumour effect, and could be a useful biomarker for predicting the efficacy of trastuzumab in the treatment of breast cancer.
Construction of delta aroA his delta pur strains of Salmonella typhi (1988)

Salmonella typhi strains with two deletion mutations, each causing an attenuating auxotrophy, have been constructed from strains Ty2 and CDC 10-80 for possible use as oral-route live vaccines. An aroA(serC)::Tn10 transposon insertion was first transduced from a Salmonella typhimurium donor into each wild-type S. typhi strain. Transductants of the Aro- SerC- phenotype were treated with transducing phage grown on an S. typhimurium strain with an extensive deletion at aroA; selection for SerC+ yielded transductants, some of which were delta aroA. A his mutation was next inserted into a delta aroA strain in each line by two steps of transduction. Two deletions affecting de novo purine biosynthesis were used as second attenuating mutations: delta purHD343, causing a requirement for hypoxanthine (or any other purine) and thiamine, and delta purA155, causing an adenine requirement. The purHD343 deletion was introduced into the delta aroA his derivatives of each strain by cotransduction with purH::Tn10, and the purA155 deletion was introduced into the CDC 10-80 delta aroA his derivative by cotransduction with an adjacent silent Tn10 insertion by selection for tetracycline resistance. Tetracycline-sensitive mutants of each of the three delta aroA his delta pur strains were isolated by selection for resistance to fusaric acid. The tetracycline-sensitive derivative of the CDC 10-80 delta aroA his delta purA155 strain, designated 541Ty, and its Vi-negative mutant, 543Ty, constitute the candidate oral-route live-vaccine strains used in a recent volunteer trail (M. M. Levine, D. Herrington, J. R. Murphy, J. G. Morris, G. Losonsky, B. Tall, A. A. Lindberg, S. Stevenson, S. Baqar, M. F. Edwards, and B. A. D. Stocker, J. Clin. Invest. 79:885-902, 1987). Tetracycline-sensitive mutants of the delta aroA his delta purHD derivative of strains Ty2 and CDC 10-80 may also be appropriate as live vaccines but have not been tested as such.
A Protein Interaction between β-Catenin and Dnmt1 Regulates Wnt Signaling and DNA Methylation in Colorectal Cancer Cells (2015)

Two critical oncoproteins, Dnmt1 and β-catenin, mutually regulate one each other's levels and activities in colorectal cancer cells.
Integrin Signaling: The Platelet Paradigm (1998)

Resting platelets contain about 80,000 surface copies of IIb 3 , with additional pools of
Laser operation with nearly diffraction-limited output from a Yb:YAG multimode channel waveguide (1999)

We report laser action of a crystal channel-waveguide laser consisting of a diffusion-bonded Yb:YAG-YAG core-cladding structure. By use of diode bars a side-pumped arrangement adapted to the channel-waveguide geometry was realized, resulting in up to 1-W output power and a low threshold. With a rectangular core with a 100-mum cross section, nearly diffraction-limited performance is demonstrated. The influence of the guiding properties of the channel waveguide on the resonator mode was studied with a nearly concentric resonator.
Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system after endotoxin administration to normal human volunteers (1993)

The objective of this study was to determine the role of the kallikrein- kinin system in healthy humans after intravenous administration of either Escherichia coli endotoxin or saline. We studied a total of 18 healthy nonsmoking volunteers, 23 to 38 years old, in an open-label study at the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, MD) in which some of the patients served as their own controls. After baseline data collection, the subjects received intravenously either E coli endotoxin (n = 15, 4 ng/kg of body weight) or saline (n = 8, controls). Signs, symptoms, systemic blood pressure, factor XII, plasma prekallikrein (PK), factor XI (FXI), antithrombin III (AT-III), high molecular weight kininogen (HK), and alpha 2-macroglobulin-kallikrein complexes were measured at baseline and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 24 hours after injection of either saline or endotoxin. After infusion of endotoxin, we found the functional plasma levels of FXI decreased at 2 hours (P &lt; .05) and at 5 hours (P &lt; .05). Functional PK was significantly depressed by 2 hours (P &lt; .05), at 5 hours (P &lt; .05), and at 24 hours (P &lt; .01), whereas the PK antigen was only low at 5 hours (P &lt; .05). These changes were accompanied by a significant increase in circulating alpha 2-macroglobulin-kallikrein complexes at 3 hours (P &lt; .05) and 5 hours (P &lt; .01). No significant changes occurred in the plasma levels of factor XII or HK. We concluded that clinical response to intravenous endotoxin in healthy human volunteers is associated with activation of the kallikrein-kinin systems. Further investigation is needed with specific inhibitors of the kallikrein-kinin system to define its primary or secondary role in the endotoxin-mediated reactions.
BJ-TSA-9, a Novel Human Tumor-Specific Gene, Has Potential as a Biomarker of Lung Cancer (2005)

Using bioinformatics, we have identified a novel tumor-specific gene BJ-TSA-9, which has been validated by Northern blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). BJ-TSA-9 mRNA was expressed in 52.5% (21 of 40) of human lung cancer tissues and was especially higher in lung adenocarcinoma (68.8%). To explore the potential application of BJ-TSA-9 for the detection of circulating cancer cells in lung cancer patients, nested RT-PCR was performed. The overall positive detection rate was 34.3% (24 of 70) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with various types of lung cancers and was 53.6% (15 of 28) in PBMCs of lung adenocarcinoma patients. In combination with the detection of two known marker genes SCC and LUNX, the detection rate was increased to 81.4%. A follow-up study was performed in 37 patients after surgical removal of tumor mass. Among nine patients with persistent detection of two to three tumor marker transcripts in PBMCs, six patients had recurrence/metastasis. In contrast, 28 patients with transient detection of one tumor marker or without detection of any tumor marker were all in remission. Thus, BJ-TSA-9 may serve as a marker for lung cancer diagnosis and as a marker, in combination with two other tumor markers, for the prediction of the recurrence and prognosis of lung cancer patients.
Onset of Keratin 17 Expression Coincides with the Definition of Major Epithelial Lineages during Skin Development (1998)

The type I keratin 17 (K17) shows a peculiar localization in human epithelial appendages including hair follicles, which undergo a growth cycle throughout adult life. Additionally K17 is induced, along with K6 and K16, early after acute injury to human skin. To gain further insights into its potential function(s), we cloned the mouse K17 gene and investigated its expression during skin development. Synthesis of K17 protein first occurs in a subset of epithelial cells within the single-layered, undifferentiated ectoderm of embryonic day 10.5 mouse fetuses. In the ensuing 48 h, K17-expressing cells give rise to placodes, the precursors of ectoderm-derived appendages (hair, glands, and tooth), and to periderm. During early development, there is a spatial correspondence in the distribution of K17 and that of lymphoid-enhancer factor (lef-1), a DNA-bending protein involved in inductive epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. We demonstrate that ectopic lef-1 expression induces K17 protein in the skin of adult transgenic mice. The pattern of K17 gene expression during development has direct implications for the morphogenesis of skin epithelia, and points to the existence of a molecular relationship between development and wound repair.
Defibrotide, a Polydisperse Mixture of Single-stranded Phosphodiester Oligonucleotides with Lifesaving Activity in Severe Hepatic Veno-occlusive Disease: Clinical Outcomes and Potential Mechanisms of Action (2006)

Veno-occlusive disease of the liver (VOD) remains a troubling and potentially fatal complication of high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation conditioning regimens. No effective therapy has been available for these patients to date, and the best supportive care measures remain woefully inadequate. Defibrotide (DF) (Gentium, S.p.A., Como, Italy), a polydisperse mixture of all the single-stranded phosphodiester oligodeoxyribonucleotides that can be obtained from the controlled depolymerization of porcine intestinal mucosal genomic DNA, seems to offer a safe and effective treatment for some patients suffering from severe VOD, a condition for which no accepted standard therapy currently exists. Early clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of DF for the treatment of severe VOD in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have been very encouraging. Approximately 45% of the patients treated in multiple initial phase II clinical trials achieved a complete response at day +100, demonstrating normalization of serum bilirubin and resolution of the clinical syndrome. However, although multi-institutional, these represented single arm studies. A large, FDA-approved, pivotal, prospective, multi-institutional, global phase III trial of DF vs. historical controls (best available therapy) commenced in the first quarter of 2006 and should provide further validation of DF's efficacy. The drug seems to have few significant side effects, and almost all test subjects who have received this treatment have tolerated it well. Although the mechanism of action remains unclear, the drug exerts minimal systemic anticoagulant effects yet appears to induce numerous antithrombotic and profibrinolytic effects both in vitro and in vivo. It may function as an adenosine receptor agonist and causes increased concentrations of endogenous prostaglandins, which modulate thrombomodulin, platelets, and fibrinolysis. It also appears to block lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tissue factor (TF) expression. However, despite the fact the DF is composed of oligonucleotides, its mechanism of action, which at the present time is unclear, is not related to Watson-Crick base pair-dependent downregulation of gene expression but is rather likely a result of its polyanionic nature.
A Peptide Sequence from Bax That Converts Bcl-2 into an Activator of Apoptosis (1996)

Bcl-2 and Bax are members of a family of cytoplasmic proteins that regulate apoptosis. The two proteins have highly similar amino acid sequences but are functionally opposed: Bcl-2 acts to inhibit apoptosis, whereas Bax counteracts this effect. The antagonism appears to depend upon dimerization between Bcl-2 and Bax, but its mechanism is otherwise unknown. Here we report that overexpressing Bax induces apoptosis in a mammalian fibroblast cell line, and we identify a novel, short "suicide domain" in Bax that is required for this effect. Inserting this domain in place of the corresponding, divergent sequence in Bcl-2 converts Bcl-2 from an inhibitor into an activator of cell death. These findings imply that a specific region in Bax confers an active propensity for apoptosis in mammalian cells and support the view that Bcl-2 may block death primarily by suppressing Bax activity.
Structure-Function of the Glucagon Receptor Family of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: The Glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, and GLP-2 Receptors (2002)

The glucagon-like peptides include glucagon, GLP-1, and GLP-2, and exert diverse actions on nutrient intake, gastrointestinal motility, islet hormone secretion, cell proliferation and apoptosis, nutrient absorption, and nutrient assimilation. GIP, a related member of the glucagon peptide superfamily, also regulates nutrient disposal via stimulation of insulin secretion. The actions of these peptides are mediated by distinct members of the glucagon receptor superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors exhibit unique patterns of tissue-specific expression, exhibit considerable amino acid sequence identity, and share similar structural and functional properties with respect to ligand binding and signal transduction. This article provides an overview of the biology of these receptors with an emphasis on understanding the unique actions of glucagon-related peptides through studies of the biology of their cognate receptors.
The seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori and nitric oxide in acne rosacea (2002)

The results of the study indicate that the inflammatory species NO, which has been hypothesized to be associated with H. pylori, has no role in the inflammatory mechanism of acne rosacea.
Hypomethylation of Urokinase (uPA) Promoter in Breast and Prostate Cancer: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications (2005)

Methylation of CpG islands of tumor suppressor genes, growth factors, and hormone receptors among other genes causes epigenetic changes in chromatin structure without altering DNA sequence to regulate transcription of these genes. This epigenetic regulation of gene expression plays an important role in the process of tumor invasion, growth and metastasis in malignancies. In hormone dependent malignancies such as breast and prostate cancer, sex steroids play an important role in the process of tumor initiation and progression. These malignancies are often initiated as a less aggressive hormone-responsive type that gradually progresses to become highly invasive and hormone-insensitive. At the early stages, cells lose a functional hormone receptor due to mutations, blockage of signaling pathway or hormone receptor gene silencing. This transition of cancer cells causes them to become refractory to the standard hormone therapies. In later stages, important factors like growth factors, cytokines and proteases promote tumor growth, invasion and metastases. The most commonly implicated protease in these processes is urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), which is known to be expressed in a number of malignancies including breast and prostate cancer and is directly associated with the higher invasive and metastatic potential of malignancies. In this chapter, we will review DNA methylation as the underlying molecular mechanism regulating uPA gene expression and its potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implication.