gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
"SMART" MEDIATORS FOR SELF-CONTROLLED INDUCTIVE HEATING (2002)

INTRODUCTION: Hyperthermia is a rapidly developing technique in cancer therapy. It takes advantage of the higher sensitivity of tumor tissue to heat and typically involves heating of the affected organ to 43 – 45 °C. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia [1] attracts increasing attention, since it allows minimizing side effects by the localized heating of only desired parts of the organism, including tumors located deep inside the patient’s body. The method involves introduction of ferromagnetic particles (mediators) into the desired part of the organism and heating them with an alternating electromagnetic field of radio-frequency range (RF). Magnetic fluids based on nanocrystalline Fe3O4, stabilized by biocompatible surfactants [2-6], are typically used as mediators. Unfortunately, it is impossible to control the local temperature near the mediator particles, possibly causing local overheating and necrosis of normal tissue. This problem could be solved with ferromagnetic particles of high RF absorption and a Curie temperature (Tc) of ca. 42 45 °C. Thus, local temperature control can be ensured even with a nonuniform distribution of mediator particles throughout the tissue, variable RF intensity and uneven dissipation of the evolving heat. If Tc of this material can be purposefully varied, mediators could be adapted to the particular medical application. Similar approach is used in cancer thermal therapies, which utilize implantable “thermoseeds” with a particular Curie temperature [7,8]. These macroscopically sized solid units are surgically inserted in the affected organ and are heated by an external RF. The Tc of the “thermoseed” determines the temperature of the heating. Significant limitations of these methods are the necessity of a stressful surgical intervention and a relatively small volume around each “thermoseed” which can be effectively heated. The reduction of size of the heatproducing elements so that they can be delivered as a suspension via catheter into the bloodstream of the tumor and spread throughout its capillaries, is the obvious solution of these problems. Sato et al [9,10] reported using 50 μm flakes of an amorphous ferromagnetic metal alloy with Tc of ca. 45 °C for intratissue hyperthermia in dogs. However, these relatively large electrically conducting particles are heated in an RF field by eddy currents even above Tc. and do not penetrate into small capillaries. Numerous studies [1-6,12,13] have shown that submicron-sized non-conducting particles are most effective for hyperthermia. The goal of this work was to produce biologically compatible, electrically non-conductive nanoparticles with Tc in the range of 40-50°C. Individual ferromagnetic substances with Tc in this range do not exist, but by combining several elements and by varying the composition of the mixture it is possible to produce alloys, amorphous structures, ferrites and other multi-component systems consisting of metals and metalloids. We used several synthesis techniques to produce a variety of ultradisperse particles with suitable Tc and tested their behavior in an RF field.
Self-Cleaning Antireflective Optical Coatings (2013)

Low-cost antireflection coatings (ARCs) on large optical surfaces are an ingredient-technology for high-performance solar cells. While nanoporous thin films that meet the zero-reflectance conditions on transparent substrates can be cheaply manufactured, their suitability for outdoor applications is limited by the lack of robustness and cleanability. Here, we present a simple method for the manufacture of robust self-cleaning ARCs. Our strategy relies on the self-assembly of a block-copolymer in combination with silica-based sol-gel chemistry and preformed TiO2 nanocrystals. The spontaneous dense packing of copolymer micelles followed by a condensation reaction results in an inverse opal-type silica morphology that is loaded with TiO2 photocatalytic hot-spots. The very low volume fraction of the inorganic network allows the optimization of the antireflecting properties of the porous ARC despite the high refractive index of the embedded photocatalytic TiO2 nanocrystals. The resulting ARCs combine high optical and self-cleaning performance and can be deposited onto flexible plastic substrates.
Aberrant expression of the neuronal transcription factor FOXP2 in neoplastic plasma cells (2010)

FOXP2 mutation causes a severe inherited speech and language defect, while the related transcription factors FOXP1, FOXP3 and FOXP4 are implicated in cancer. FOXP2 mRNA and protein expression were characterised in normal human tissues, haematological cell lines and multiple myeloma (MM) patients' samples. FOXP2 mRNA and protein were absent in mononuclear cells from different anatomical sites, lineages and stages of differentiation. However, FOXP2 mRNA and protein was detected in several lymphoma (8/20) and all MM-derived cell lines (n = 4). FOXP2 mRNA was expressed in bone marrow samples from 96% of MM patients (24/25), 66.7% of patients with the pre-neoplastic plasma cell proliferation monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (6/9), but not in reactive plasma cells. The frequency of FOXP2 protein expression in CD138(+) plasma cells was significantly higher in MGUS (P = 0.0005; mean 46.4%) and MM patients (P < or = 0.0001; mean 57.3%) than in reactive marrows (mean 2.5%). FOXP2 (>10% nuclear positivity) was detectable in 90.2% of MM (55/61) and 90.9% of MGUS (10/11) patients, showing more frequent expression than CD56 and labelling 75% of CD56-negative MM (9/12). FOXP2 represents the first transcription factor whose expression consistently differentiates normal and abnormal plasma cells and FOXP2 target genes are implicated in MM pathogenesis.
Report of the ILAE Classification Core Group (2006)

A Core Group of the Task Force on Classification and Terminology has evaluated the lists of epileptic seizure types and epilepsy syndromes approved by the General Assembly in Buenos Aires in 2001, and considered possible alternative systems of classification. No new classification has as yet been proposed. Because the 1981 classification of epileptic seizure types, and the 1989 classification of epilepsy syndromes and epilepsies are generally accepted and workable, they will not be discarded unless, and until, clearly better classifications have been devised, although periodic modifications to the current classifications may be suggested. At this time, however, the Core Group has focused on establishing scientifically rigorous criteria for identification of specific epileptic seizure types and specific epilepsy syndromes as unique diagnostic entities, and is considering an evidence-based approach. The short-term goal is to present a list of seizure types and syndromes to the ILAE Executive Committee for approval as testable working hypotheses, subject to verification, falsification, and revision. This report represents completion of this work. If sufficient evidence subsequently becomes available to disprove any hypothesis, the seizure type or syndrome will be reevaluated and revised or discarded, with Executive Committee approval. The recognition of specific seizure types and syndromes, as well as any change in classification of seizure types and syndromes, therefore, will continue to be an ongoing dynamic process. A major purpose of this approach is to identify research necessary to clarify remaining issues of uncertainty, and to pave the way for new classifications.
HPLC Glycosaminoglycan Analysis in Patients with Graves' Disease (1997)

1. Orbital accumulation of hydrophilic, interstitial glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and subsequent expansion of retrobulbar tissue lead to the clinical manifestation of exophthalmos in patients with Graves' eye disease. 2. A highly specific method to determine the concentration and biochemical composition of different GAGs was developed in order to obtain a sensitive test system for the activity of the disease. By means of this method, GAG excretion in 24 h urine collections of 56 patients and 21 controls was analysed by precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride and potassium acetate in ethanol, followed by sequential enzymic hydrolysis with chondroitin AC lyase, chondroitin ABC lyase and hyaluronate lyase, with HPLC analysis of the resulting α,β-unsaturated disaccharides by anion-exchange chromatography. 3. Concentrations of GAG, chondroitin sulphate A (CA), dermatan sulphate (DS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) were determined in patients and controls, with high recovery rates [72.2 ± 5.3%, mean ± SEM; detection limit, 4.2 μg/l (0.01 μmol/l)], revealing marked differences in urinary concentrations of total GAG and HA, as well as an elevation of CA in patients compared with controls. 4. Method sensitivity was 0.86 for patients with active Graves' eye disease, and 0.87 for patients with untreated ophthalmopathy, whereas specificity was 1.0 for patients with inactive disease. Patients with increased GAG concentration responded well to steroids and/or orbital irradiation (before therapy: GAG, 111.49 ± 40.32; CA, 59.58 ± 21.34; DS, 25.05 ± 8.12; HA, 26.88 ± 11.63 mg/24 h; during therapy: GAG, 54.22 ± 10.94; CA, 20.52 ± 4.58; DS, 17.65 ± 3.46; HA, 16.05 ± 3.69 mg/24 h), whereas GAG excretion increased markedly 2–3 months after stopping prednisone therapy in patients with still active eye disease (GAG, 109.9 ± 10.51; CA, 63.8 ± 7.34; DS, 24.1 ± 5.07; HA, 22.0 ± 6.28 mg/24 h). 5. This sensitive method determines the nature of renally excreted GAGs, reflecting the aberrant synthesis pattern of fibroblasts in patients with Graves' disease.
Marketing (Маркетинг), 6th ed. (2001)

This comprehensive marketing book is organized around the marketing mix. It is lively, interesting, and filled with current examples. The latest concepts and theories are covered in a practical and contemporary manner. Popular themes include coverage of Internet marketing, marketing plans, customer value, small business, global and multicultural marketing, ethics, and careers in marketing. Marketing, 4e is a necessity for all successful marketers! Представленный учебник построен на обсуждении вопросов, связанных с комплексом маркетинга, и наполнен современными примерами. Самые современные концепции и теории рассматриваются с практической точки зрения. Наиболее популярные темы, изложенные в книге: интернет-маркетинг, план маркетинга, потребительская ценность, малый бизнес, глобальный маркетинг, этика и карьера в маркетинге.
Silicone emulsions and surfactants (2000)

Abstract This review is intended to supply the practicing chemist with a working knowledge of the chemistry of silicone compounds. It has been divided into two parts, the first dealing with basic chemistry of silicones [O'Lenic, A.J., JSD 2 , 229 (2000)] and the second with silicone‐based surfactants, specifically dimethicone copolyols and their derivatives. This is the second part of the review. Although silicone compounds have been known for over 50 yr, the chemistry of these materials remains elusive to the average formulating chemist. This is indeed unfortunate, since the chemistry of the silicon atom and silicone compounds is every bit as wide in scope and rich in content as the chemistry of the carbon atom and the surfactant chemistry upon which it is based. This article will deal with the various methods of delivering silicone from aqueous systems. The two approaches are (i) to make emultions that contain silicone oil and a surfactant pair and the (ii) to make modify the molecule chemically to make the product more water‐compatible. Both approaches find applications in a variety of industrial applications, with different challenges to the formulator.
Expression of a proline-enriched protein in Escherichia coli (1982)

The feasibility of expressing repeated synthetic codons in bacterial cells was demonstrated by showing that repeated codons for proline were expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant DNA technology was used to clone synthetic polydeoxyguanylate:polydeoxycytidylate into the PstI site of plasmid pBR322. Recombinant plasmid pGC139 was shown by means of HaeIII restriction digestion to contain approximately 41 cloned base pairs; the cloned sequence was expressed as a fusion to an ampicillinase protein. The resulting protein, enriched in proline, was expressed from plasmid pGC139 in E. coli maxicells. Extension of this technology could lead to improvement in the production of amino acids and to nutritional enrichment of single-cell protein.
Nef Inhibits Glucose Uptake in Adipocytes and Contributes to Insulin Resistance in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Infection (2011)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with insulin resistance. HIV type 1 Nef downregulates cell surface protein expression, alters signal transduction, and interacts with the cytoskeleton and proteins involved in actin polymerization. These functions are required for glucose uptake by insulin-stimulated adipocytes. We sought to determine whether Nef alters adipocyte glucose homeostasis. Using radiolabeled glucose, we found that adipocytes exposed to recombinant Nef took in 42% less glucose after insulin stimulation than did control cells. This reduction resulted from a Nef-dependent inhibition of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) trafficking, as assessed by means of immunofluorescence microscopy. Immunoblot analysis revealed a decrease in phosphorylation of signal transducing proteins after Nef treatment, and fluorescence microscopy showed a dramatic alteration in cortical actin organization. We conclude that Nef interferes with insulin-stimulated processes in adipocytes. We have identified HIV Nef, which is detectable and antigenic in serum samples from HIV-infected people, as a novel contributor to the development of insulin resistance.
Characterization of spore forming Bacilli isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract (2008)

To our knowledge this is the first detailed characterization of spore-forming Bacilli from the human GIT. Our data suggest that the isolated species do not transit, but rather colonize this specific habitat and propose them as probiotic strains for human use.
Effect of thalidomide on the incidence of iodine-induced and spontaneous lymphocytic thyroiditis and spontaneous diabetes mellitus in the BB/Wor rat (1990)

Thalidomide, a derivative of glutamic acid, has immunosuppressive effects and suppresses graft-vs-host disease in the rat and following bone marrow transplantation in man. It is effectively used in the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum and has a potential therapeutic effect in a variety of autoimmune diseases. In view of these observations, we evaluated the effect of thalidomide on the incidence of spontaneous and iodine-induced lymphocytic thyroiditis and spontaneous insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in the BB/Wor rat. Thalidomide did not suppress the incidence of lymphocytic thyroiditis and serum anti-thyroglobulin antibodies or affect the serum concentrations of T4, T3 and TSH in this rat model. Thalidomide also did not affect the incidence of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In contrast to preliminary studies in man and rat demonstrating efficacy in the therapy of autoimmune diseases, thalidomide did not prevent or suppress autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the BB/Wor rat.
Infection and Pathogenesis of Canine, Equine, and Human Influenza Viruses in Canine Tracheas (2014)

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have entered new host species in recent history, sometimes with devastating consequences. Canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N8 originated from a direct transfer of an equine influenza virus (EIV) in the early 2000s. We studied the infection patterns of IAVs that circulate in dogs or to which dogs are commonly exposed and showed that CIV emergence was likely caused by an adaptive driver, as evolutionarily distinct EIVs display distinct infection phenotypes. We also showed that many human viruses can infect dog tracheas and that reassortment with CIV results in viable viruses. Finally, we showed that the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of CIV act as virulence factors. Our findings have significant implications because they show that dogs might act as "mixing vessels" in which novel viruses with pandemic potential could emerge and also provide experimental evidence supporting the role of viral evolution in influenza virus emergence.
Effects of Amplitude Distortion upon the Intelligibility of Speech (1946)

In order to study the effects of amplitude distortion upon the intelligibility of speech, articulation tests were conducted with non-linear circuits introduced into otherwise high-quality audio systems. The non-linear circuits represented basic types of amplitude distortion and provided controlled amounts of each type. The test results indicated that: (1) Non-linear distortion of the kind commonly introduced when audio amplifiers are overdriven has very little detrimental effect upon intelligibility. Speech which has been subjected to sharp symmetrical overload—peak clipping—is almost perfectly intelligible, even if it has been stripped down to one-tenth of the amplitude it would have had with linear amplification. (2) The extreme tolerance for peak clipping is matched by an equally marked intolerance for center clipping. Cutting out even a small fraction of the part of the speech wave nearest the time axis impairs intelligibility. (3) Insofar as the severity of their effects upon intelligibility is concerned, other types of non-linear distortion are intermediate between peak clipping and center clipping. (4) Amplitude distortion causes greater impairment of intelligibility when noise is mixed with the speech than when the signal is noise-free. Noise which passes with the speech through the non-linear circuit is especially harmful—unless the non-linear circuit is a peak clipper and the noise consists of pulses, in which case the clipper acts as a noise limiter and reduces the adverse effect of the noise.
ChemInform Abstract: Zintl Chemistry for Designing High Efficiency Thermoelectric Materials. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
An Internet Attribute Certificate Profile for Authorization (2010)

This specification defines a profile for the use of X.509 Attribute Certificates in Internet Protocols.Attribute certificates may be used in a wide range of applications and environments covering a broad spectrum of interoperability goals and a broader spectrum of operational and assurance requirements.The goal of this document is to establish a common baseline for generic applications requiring broad interoperability as well as limited special purpose requirements.The profile places emphasis on attribute certificate support for Internet electronic mail, IPsec, and WWW security applications.This document obsoletes RFC 3281.
Effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on hematopoietic progenitor cells in cancer patients (1988)

Hematopoietic progenitor cell levels were monitored in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of 30 cancer patients receiving recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating-factor (rG-CSF) in a phase I/II clinical trial. The absolute number of circulating progenitor cells of granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid, and megakaryocyte lineages showed a dose-related increase up to 100-fold after four days of treatment with rG-CSF and often remained elevated two days after the cessation of therapy. The relative frequency of different types of progenitor cells in peripheral blood remained unchanged. The frequency of progenitor cells in the marrow was variable after rG-CSF treatment but in most patients was slightly decreased. The responsiveness of bone marrow progenitor cells to stimulation in vitro by rG-CSF and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor did not change significantly during rG-CSF treatment. In patients nine days after treatment with melphalan and then rG-CSF, progenitor cell levels were very low with doses of rG-CSF at or below 10 micrograms/kg/d, but equaled or exceeded pretreatment values when 30 or 60 micrograms/kg/d of rG-CSF was given.
Annual Changes in Serum Sex Steroids in Male and Female Black (Ursus Americanus) and Polar (Ursus Maritimus) Bears1 (1988)

The adaptation of black and polar bears to their environments is proportional to the severity of climate and food restriction. Both black and polar bears mate during the spring, despite differences in their recent metabolic state. Reproductive activity in black bears follows 4 mo of torpor, whereas reproduction in polar bears occurs prior to torpor. The goals of this study were to measure the annual changes in serum sex steroids in male and female black and polar bears, and to determine if changes in serum levels of these steroids were associated with metabolic condition or photoperiod. Serum testosterone (T) concentrations were elevated during spring in black and polar bears. Moreover, this increase in serum T in polar bears during spring was correlated with age and testis size. Serum progesterone (P4) concentrations increased in pregnant polar bears in fall coincident with the time of expected implantation. No increases in serum P4 were observed in nonpregnant black and polar bears. Serum estradiol (E2) was elevated in nonpregnant and pregnant polar bears 2 mo prior to the time of expected implantation. We found that serum sex steroids measured in black and polar bears change independent of torpor. Therefore, our results suggest that photoperiod may be a more important regulator of serum steroid levels and reproduction than metabolic condition.
Shotgun lipidomics of cardiolipin molecular species in lipid extracts of biological samples (2006)

Cardiolipin is a prominent component of the mitochondrial inner membranes contributing to the regulation of multiple discrete mitochondrial functions. Here, we extend shotgun lipidomics to identify and quantitate cardiolipin molecular species directly from lipid extracts of biological samples. Three shotgun lipidomics approaches for analyses of cardiolipin molecular species were developed using either a continuous ion-transmission instrument (i.e., triple-quadrupole type) with either low or high mass resolution settings or a high mass resolution hybrid pulsed instrument [i.e., quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF) type]. Three chemical principles were used for the development of these approaches. These include the marked enrichment of linoleate in cardiolipin to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, the specific neutral loss of ketenes from doubly charged cardiolipin molecular ions to yield doubly charged triacyl monolysocardiolipins, and the doubly charged character of two phosphates in each cardiolipin molecular species. Through these techniques, we identified and quantified the specific molecular species profiles of cardiolipin directly from lipid extracts of mouse heart, liver, and skeletal muscle. The accuracy ( approximately 5%) and the low end of the linear dynamic range (10 fmol/microl) for quantitation make these approaches useful for studying alterations in cardiolipin metabolism in multiple disease states using either type of mass spectrometer.