gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New directions in screen printed electroanalytical sensors: an overview of recent developments (2011)

Screen printing is widely used to fabricate disposable and economical electrochemical sensors and has helped us to establish the route from 'lab-to-market' for a plethora of sensors. We overview recent developments in the field where screen printed electrochemical sensors are utilised. Starting with their fundamental understanding, through to highlighting new developments in bulk metal and mediator modified electrodes, as well as novel advantageous electrode designs, we demonstrate the wide and diverse range of applications that sensors based on this fabrication approach have achieved.
Synthesis of Nanosized Gold−Silica Core−Shell Particles (1996)

Gold colloids have been homogeneously coated with silica using the silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane as a primer to render the gold surface vitreophilic. After the formation of a thin silica layer in aqueous solution, the particles can be transferred into ethanol for further growth using the Stöber method. The thickness of the silica layer can be completely controlled, and (after surface modification) the particles can be transferred into practically any solvent. Varying the silica shell thickness and the refractive index of the solvent allows control over the optical properties of the dispersions. The optical spectra of the coated particles are in good agreement with calculations using Mie's theory for core−shell particles.
The Direct Formation of Glycosyl Thiols from Reducing Sugars Allows One‐Pot Protein Glycoconjugation (2006)

Man nehme einen Zucker …︁: Eine Eintopfmethode mit direkter Thionierung (1) und anschließender thiolvermittelter chemoselektiver Ligation (2) führt zur ortsselektiven Glycosylierung von Proteinen. Dieses Verfahren nutzt das Lawesson-Reagens und eignet sich für ungeschützte Zucker. Die Produkte können direkt in einer Proteinglycosylierung mit Selenenylsulfid eingesetzt werden. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2006/z600685_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Identification of Multiple Forms of 180-kDa Ribosome Receptor in Human Cells (1998)

Herein, we describe the analysis and mapping of cDNA clones encoding variant forms of the human homolog of the canine 180-kDa ribosome receptor (p180). One form, similar to the chicken ES/130 homolog, possesses a large uninterrupted C-terminal region composed predominantly of heptad repeats predicted to form an alpha-helical double-stranded coiled-coil rod. Other forms contain in addition a 10-amino acid consensus motif, NQGKKAEGAQ, repeated up to 54 times in tandem close to the N-terminus. Such repeats in canine p180 represent a ribosome-binding domain. The cDNA hybridized to a major 6-kb transcript in all tissues examined, where very high expression was observed in tissues that carry out a high level of secretion such as pancreas, liver, and placenta. The ES130/p180 gene was mapped to chromosome 20p12, and a potential pseudogene appears to reside on chromosome 7. In summary, the data suggest that p180 exists in humans in different forms because of complete removal of tandem repeats, or partial intraexonic splicing, creating different repeat lengths with potentially novel ribosome-binding characteristics.
Adhesion of T lymphoblasts to epidermal keratinocytes is regulated by interferon gamma and is mediated by intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). (1988)

The cell surface expression and function of the LFA-1 ligand, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), on epidermal keratinocytes (EK) was studied. ICAM-1 expression on the surface of cultured EK was either absent or weak, but was induced by treating EK with rIFN-gamma or TNF for 4-48 h. IFN-gamma and TNF were synergistic. IFN-gamma treatment increased T lymphoblast adhesion from less than 2% to 20-40%, with a concentration dependence similar to that seen for ICAM-1 induction. All of the adhesion to EK was inhibited by LFA-1 and ICAM-1 mAbs, but not by HLA-DR, CD2, or LFA-3 mAbs. There was no difference in the level of T lymphoblast adhesion to IFN-gamma-treated allogeneic or autologous EK. ICAM-1 purified from the HeLa epithelioid cell line and reconstituted into planar membranes also supported efficient adhesion of T lymphoblasts that was blocked by LFA-1 mAb bound to the T lymphoblasts or ICAM-1 mAb bound to the planar membranes. T lymphoblasts adherent to EK or ICAM-1 planar membranes were isolated by panning, and surface markers were analyzed by immunofluorescence flow cytometry. The adherent T cells were a phenotypically skewed subpopulation. They were enriched for CD8+ cells and expressed 1.5-2.5-fold higher LFA-1 and CD2 compared with the unseparated population.
Isolation and partial characterization of melanoma-associated antigens identified by autologous antibody. (1988)

The study of the autologous immune response to cancer avoids the difficulties encountered in the use of xenoantisera and may identify antigens of physiological relevance. However, the low titer and incidence of autologous antibody to melanoma have hampered further evaluation. By utilizing acid dissociation and ultrafiltration of serum, we have been able to augment the detectable autologous immune response to melanoma in the majority of patients studied. In autologous system Y-Mel 84:420, serum S150 demonstrated a rise in titer from 1:32 in native sera to 1:262,044 after dissociation. The antigen detected by S150 was found to be broadly represented on melanoma, glioma, renal cell carcinoma, neuroblastoma, and head and neck carcinoma cell lines. It did not react with bladder or colon carcinoma, fetal fibroblasts, pooled platelets, lymphocytes and red blood cells, or autologous cultured lymphocytes. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, S150 detects a 66,000-mol wt antigen in spent tissue culture media and serum ultrafiltrate. In cell lysate two bands between 20,000 and 30,000 mol wt are detected by S150. The 66,000-mol wt antigen is sensitive to trypsin digestion and but is resistant to pepsin and heat inactivation. Exposure of spent media to trypsin results in the development of a 24,000-mol wt band that appears to correspond to the antigen detected in the cell lysate. The difference between the antigens detected in the cell lysate as compared with spent media and serum ultrafiltrate may be due to degradation during cell lysis. We conclude that melanoma-associated antigens are present in the serum of patients with melanoma and are shed or secreted by their tumor cells.
Ca 2+ spark-dependent and -independent sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ leak in normal and failing rabbit ventricular myocytes (2010)

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak is an important component of cardiac Ca2+ signalling. Together with the SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA)-mediated Ca2+ uptake, diastolic Ca2+ leak determines SR Ca2+ load and, therefore, the amplitude of Ca2+ transients that initiate contraction. Spontaneous Ca2+ sparks are thought to play a major role in SR Ca2+ leak. In this study, we determined the quantitative contribution of sparks to SR Ca2+ leak and tested the hypothesis that non-spark mediated Ca2+ release also contributes to SR Ca2+ leak. We simultaneously measured spark properties and intra-SR free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]SR) after complete inhibition of SERCA with thapsigargin in permeabilized rabbit ventricular myocytes. When [Ca2+]SR declined to 279 ± 10 μm, spark activity ceased completely; however SR Ca2+ leak continued, albeit at a slower rate. Analysis of sparks and [Ca2+]SR revealed, that SR Ca2+ leak increased as a function of [Ca2+]SR, with a particularly steep increase at higher [Ca2+]SR (>600 μm) where sparks become a major pathway of SR Ca2+ leak. At low [Ca2+]SR (<300 μm), however, Ca2+ leak occurred mostly as non-spark-mediated leak. Sensitization of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) with low doses of caffeine increased spark frequency and SR Ca2+ leak. Complete inhibition of RyR abolished sparks and significantly decreased SR Ca2+ leak, but did not prevent it entirely, suggesting the existence of RyR-independent Ca2+ leak. Finally, we found that RyR-mediated Ca2+ leak was enhanced in myocytes from failing rabbit hearts. These results show that RyRs are the main, but not sole contributor to SR Ca2+ leak. RyR-mediated leak occurs in part as Ca2+ sparks, but there is clearly RyR-mediated but Ca2+ sparks independent leak.
Potent growth inhibition of human tumor cells in culture by arginine deiminase purified from a culture medium of a Mycoplasma-infected cell line. (1990)

Two kinds of growth-inhibitory substances were found in culture of a Rous sarcoma virus-transformed rat liver cell line, RSV-BRL. The two substances were purified from the serum-free culture medium and identified as transforming growth factor beta 1 and Mycoplasma-derived arginine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.6), respectively. The arginine deiminase was an acid-labile but dithiothreitol-resistant protein with a molecular weight of 45,000 and pI 4.7. Its Km value for L-arginine was 0.3 mM, which is about 30 times lower than that of bovine liver arginase. It was stable and active under culture conditions. When added into cultures, the arginine deiminase inhibited the growth of various human cancer cell lines at a dose of 5 ng/ml or higher by depleting L-arginine in the culture media. This effective dose was about 1000 times lower than that of bovine liver arginase. These results suggested the possibility of chemotherapeutic use of arginine deiminase for human cancers.
Living specimen tomography by digital holographic microscopy: morphometry of testate amoeba (2006)

This paper presents an optical diffraction tomography technique based on digital holographic microscopy. Quantitative 2-dimensional phase images are acquired for regularly-spaced angular positions of the specimen covering a total angle of pi, allowing to built 3-dimensional quantitative refractive index distributions by an inverse Radon transform. A 20x magnification allows a resolution better than 3 microm in all three dimensions, with accuracy better than 0.01 for the refractive index measurements. This technique is for the first time to our knowledge applied to living specimen (testate amoeba, Protista). Morphometric measurements are extracted from the tomographic reconstructions, showing that the commonly used method for testate amoeba biovolume evaluation leads to systematic under evaluations by about 50%.
Monitoring and Guidance of HIFU Beams with Dual-Mode Ultrasound Arrays (2009)

We present experimental results illustrating the unique advantages of dual-mode array (DMUA) systems in monitoring and guidance of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) lesion formation. DMUAs offer a unique paradigm in image-guided surgery; one in which images obtained using the same therapeutic transducer provide feedback for: 1) refocusing the array in the presence of strongly scattering objects, e.g. the ribs, 2) temperature change at the intended location of the HIFU focus, and 3) changes in the echogenicity of the tissue in response to therapeutic HIFU. These forms of feedback have been demonstrated in vitro in preparation for the design and implementation of a real-time system for imaging and therapy with DMUAs. The results clearly demonstrate that DMUA image feedback is spatially accurate and provide sufficient spatial and contrast resolution for identification of high contrast objects like the ribs and significant blood vessels in the path of the HIFU beam.
Genetics of Powdery Mildew Resistance in Barley (1994)

Abstract A comprehensive, critical review on the present knowledge regarding the genetics of resistance of barley to the powdery mildew fungus is presented. The review deals with six kinds of resistance: Race-specific resistance; Mlo resistance; partial resistance; induced resistance; passive resistance; and non-host resistance. Most of the sections are subdivided into: phenotype of the interaction; resistance mechanisms; and genetics. A distinction is made between three groups of genes involved in the defense of plants to diseases: those that serve exclusively to mediate resistance; those that are mobilized to strengthen the plants' defense; and those that serve exclusively functions other than disease defense, but may bring about resistance. The more than 200 gene symbols assigned to race-specific mildew resistance genes over time are summarized and revised to 85 symbols that may be considered valid.
HSV-1 shedding by lontophoresis of 6-hydroxydopamine followed by topical epinephrine. (1983)

The development of an animal model for herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation is of great importance in studying HSV latency, reactivation, recurrence, and chemotherapy. Epinephrine iontophoresis to the cornea can induce HSV type 1 (HSV-1) ocular shedding from latently infected rabbits. In the present experiment, adrenergic induction of HSV-1 was enhanced by iontophoresis of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD) to the rabbit cornea followed by topical epinephrine to the eye. Eye swabs were utilized to determine HSV-1 shedding in the tear film. The combined treatment was performed on selected days during 66 to 292 days (mean 159) postinoculation, resulting in HSV-1 shedding from 100% of the eyes (17/17) within 6 days after the 6-HD treatment. The onset of initial shedding was as early as day 1. The highest frequency (93%) of shedding occurred on day 2. The mean duration of consecutive HSV-1 sheddings was 3.2 days. The importance of prior spontaneous HSV-1 ocular sheddings relative to this induced HSV-1 reactivation system also was demonstrated. Latently infected rabbits that shed virus spontaneously could be induced to shed virus at a much higher frequency and for a longer duration than rabbits that had not shed virus spontaneously. Iontophoresis of 6-HD produced ocular adrenergic supersensitization and with topical epinephrine it induced HSV-1 ocular shedding in 100% of eyes. This new model of induced HSV-1 ocular shedding will be useful for investigation of adrenergic mechanisms that may be involved in HSV reactivation and recurrence.
Calculating Derivatives for History Matching in Reservoir Simulators (2005)

Abstract The use of gradient-based optimization methods in automatic history matching requires that the reservoir simulator provides the necessary derivative information in the most efficient way. The implementation of these techniques in existing complex simulators is a difficult task, however. This paper describes the implementation of the forward and adjoint methods for derivative calculation in a full-featured adaptive implicit black-oil simulator. To show how the derivative calculation methods can be used even outside the framework of standard optimization algorithms, a new algorithm for automatic history matching, based on the truncated singular value decomposition, is proposed. Application to simple synthetic cases shows promising results.
HTSeq—a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data (2014)

HTSeq is released as an open-source software under the GNU General Public Licence and available from http://www-huber.embl.de/HTSeq or from the Python Package Index at https://pypi.python.org/pypi/HTSeq.
DMA and ATR FT‐IR studies of gas plasma modified silicone elastomer surfaces (1990)

Abstract The results obtained from ATR FT‐IR and DMA studies of gas/plasma surface modified silicone elastomers are presented. The structural analysis indicates that, upon the plasma treatment in the presence of argon and carbon dioxide gases, the primary components of the surface are short chain layers with carbonyl groups. Their presence significantly influences the viscoelastic properties of the elastomer. The measurements of the storage modulus ( E′ ) indicate a substantial decrease of the crosslink density upon the plasma treatment. Although the glass transition temperature also changes, these changes do not follow the trend observed of E′ values, and primarily depend on the chemical structures that develop upon the treatment. On the other hand, the ammonia–plasma surface modification introduces surface amide groups on the surface of the silicone elastomer, which effectively contribute to the increase of both T g and storage modulus of the elastomer.
Electron-beam microcolumns for lithography and related applications (1996)

Lithography with an array of miniaturized scanning electron-beam columns presents one of the most promising high-throughput possibilities for fabrication of devices with feature sizes less than 100 nm. With scanning electron beams no mask is required and the necessary resolution and alignment of overlay structures are realizable. With arrays of microcolumns, the lithography throughput of a single column can be multiplied. The approach can also be used for a number of lithography related applications such as metrology, inspection, testing, etc. We review the status of the microcolumn program and discuss opportunities and challenges of this approach to high-throughput nanolithography and related applications. Special emphasis is given to lithography in the 100 nm regime.
Target regulation of a motor neuron-specific epitope (1995)

In the adult rat nervous system, motor neurons are recognized specifically by a monoclonal antibody, MO-1. Because binding by MO-1 is lost following axotomy, contact with the target may regulate this motor neuron-specific epitope. To test this hypothesis, we examined the recovery of MO-1 immunoreactivity in hypoglossal neurons following unilateral damage to the hypoglossal nerve. During the first week following nerve crush, neurons in the ipsilateral hypoglossal nucleus lost all immunoreactivity for MO-1. Antibody binding returned with time, and by 4 weeks, 80% of the injured neurons had recovered the MO-1 epitope. Since motor neurons reinnervate their original targets readily following nerve crush, it appears that MO-1 binding is recovered when motor neurons return to their original target muscles in the tongue. When the hypoglossal nerve was cut and inserted into a foreign muscle nearby (the sternomastoid muscle), the MO-1 epitope was not detected in the injured neurons, even when examined 6 weeks after surgery. However, if the sternomastoid muscle was denervated prior to insertion of the hypoglossal nerve, thus allowing the hypoglossal nerve to synapse with this foreign target, increasing numbers of hypoglossal neurons reacquired MO-1 immunoreactivity with time. Our results suggest that the MO-1 epitope is only expressed in motor neurons that are in synaptic contact with skeletal muscle. Thus, a property that distinguishes mature motor neurons from other neuronal phenotypes appears to be regulated by direct synaptic interaction with the postsynaptic target.
Wireless Sensor Network Design for Transmission Line Monitoring, Metering, and Controlling: Introducing Broadband over Power Lines-Enhanced Network Model (BPLeNM) (2014)

This paper introduces the broadband over power lines-enhanced network model (BPLeNM) that is suitable for efficiently delivering the generated data of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) of overhead high-voltage (HV) power grids to the substations. BPLeNM exploits the high data rates of the already installed BPL networks across overhead HV grids. BPLeNM is compared against other two well-verified network models from the relevant literature: the linear network model (LNM) and the optimal arrangement network model (OANM). The contribution of this paper is threefold. First, the general mathematical framework that is necessary for describing WSNs of overhead HV grids is first presented. In detail, the general mathematical formulation of BPLeNM is proposed while the existing formulations of LNM and OANM are extended so as to deal with the general case of overhead HV grids. Based on these general mathematical formulations, the general expression of maximum delay time of the WSN data is determined for the three network models. Second, the three network models are studied and assessed for a plethora of case scenarios. Through these case scenarios, the impact of different lengths of overhead HV grids, different network arrangements, new communications technologies, variation of WSN density across overhead HV grids, and changes of generated WSN data rate on the maximum delay time is thoroughly examined. Third, to assess the performance and the feasibility of the previous network models, the feasibility probability (FP) is proposed. FP is a macroscopic metric that estimates how much practical and economically feasible is the selection of one of the previous three network models. The main conclusion of this paper is that BPLeNM defines a powerful, convenient, and schedulable network model for today’s and future’s overhead HV grids in the smart grid (SG) landscape.
The roles of sodium channels in nociception: Implications for mechanisms of pain (2007)

Understanding the role of voltage-gated sodium channels in nociception may provide important insights into pain mechanisms. Voltage-gated sodium channels are critically important for electrogenesis and nerve impulse conduction, and a target for important clinically relevant analgesics such as lidocaine. Furthermore, within the last decade studies have shown that certain sodium channel isoforms are predominantly expressed in peripheral sensory neurons associated with pain sensation, and that the expression and functional properties of voltage-gated sodium channels in peripheral sensory neurons can be dynamically regulated following axonal injury or peripheral inflammation. These data suggest that specific voltage-gated sodium channels may play crucial roles in nociception. Experiments with transgenic mice lines have clearly implicated Na(v)1.7, Na(v)1.8 and Na(v)1.9 in inflammatory, and possibly neuropathic, pain. However the most convincing and perhaps most exciting results regarding the role of voltage-gated sodium channels have come out recently from studies on human inherited disorders of nociception. Point mutations in Na(v)1.7 have been identified in patients with two distinct autosomal dominant severe chronic pain syndromes. Electrophysiological experiments indicate that these pain-associated mutations cause small yet significant changes in the gating properties of voltage-gated sodium channels that are likely to contribute substantially to the development of chronic pain. Equally exciting, recent studies indicate that recessive mutations in Na(v)1.7 that eliminate functional current can result in an apparent complete, and possibly specific, indifference to pain in humans, suggesting that isoform specific blockers could be very effective in treating pain. In this review we will examine what is known about the roles of voltage-gated sodium channels in nociception.
Double Binds and the Reproductive and Mothering Experiences of HIV-Positive Women (2000)

In spite of the increasing number of young women infected with HIV in the United States, little is known about the reproductive and mothering experiences of these women. The purpose of the grounded-theory research discussed in this article was to describe the reproductive and mothering experiences of HIV-positive women. Twenty HIV-positive women participated in 31 in-depth interviews. The grounded-theory method was used for data analysis. A communication pattern known in the psychiatric literature as a double bind was discovered to be a basic social psychological problem that affected the women's experiences with reproduction and mothering. An understanding of the power and influence of these double binds permits health care professionals to plan patient-centered programs and to individualize care specifically for HIV-positive women.