gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of droplet splitting in an electrowetting based digital microfluidic system (2012)

This thesis focuses on the symmetric and asymmetric splitting of droplets, which is a prominent fluidic operation in a digital microfluidic system (DMFS). The prerequisite part of the investigation of droplet splitting is to understand the electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) based droplet actuation. This thesis demonstrates that not only the EWOD actuation is a self-feedback system - implying that the actuation force depends on the position of the droplet, but also the size of the droplet affects the magnitude of actuation force. However, a sensing mechanism is essential for complex operations, e.g. dispensing and splitting. One contribution of this thesis is a novel method of sensing the droplet position that requires connections to the two adjacent electrodes in the lower plate only. For the fabrication of prototype DMFS, a new polymeric material, cyanoethyl pullulan (CEP), is proposed as the dielectric layer resulting in a simple and low-cost fabrication of DMFS. The required voltage for droplet manipulation is drastically reduced owing to high relative permittivity of CEP. Droplet splitting is investigated both numerically and experimentally. Numerical investigation of droplet splitting in FLOW-3D®, a commercial computational fluid dynamics software, revealed that the strength of viscous forces relative to the surface tension force determines the success of splitting. For successful asymmetric splitting, performed by applying voltages of unequal magnitude to left-hand and right-hand sides of the droplet, there exists a minimum voltage for the low-voltage side that guarantees splitting. This minimum voltage increases if the aspect ratio (i.e., diameter to height) of the droplet is reduced while keeping the diameter of the droplet constant. Investigation of the asymmetric splitting with different ratios of applied voltage revealed that the ratio between the volumes of accumulated liquid on either sides increases with voltage ratio. The feasibility of asymmetric splitting as well as the effects of different ratios of applied voltages were studied in prototype DMFS. The results verify the existence of a minimum voltage for successful splitting. The ratio between the volumes of the sister droplets increases with that of the applied voltages. Moreover, the general characteristics of flow-rates and liquid accumulation were found to be similar to those in simulations.
Decoders Matter for Semantic Segmentation: Data-Dependent Decoding Enables Flexible Feature Aggregation (2019)

Recent semantic segmentation methods exploit encoder-decoder architectures to produce the desired pixel-wise segmentation prediction. The last layer of the decoders is typically a bilinear upsampling procedure to recover the final pixel-wise prediction. We empirically show that this oversimple and data-independent bilinear upsampling may lead to sub-optimal results. In this work, we propose a data-dependent upsampling (DUpsampling) to replace bilinear, which takes advantages of the redundancy in the label space of semantic segmentation and is able to recover the pixel-wise prediction from low-resolution outputs of CNNs. The main advantage of the new upsampling layer lies in that with a relatively lower-resolution feature map such as 1/16 or 1/32 of the input size, we can achieve even better segmentation accuracy, significantly reducing computation complexity. This is made possible by 1) the new upsampling layer's much improved reconstruction capability; and more importantly 2) the DUpsampling based decoder's flexibility in leveraging almost arbitrary combinations of the CNN encoders' features. Experiments on PASCAL VOC demonstrate that with much less computation complexity, our decoder outperforms the state-of-the-art decoder. Finally, without any post-processing, the framework equipped with our proposed decoder achieves new state-of-the-art performance on two datasets: 88.1% mIOU on PASCAL VOC with 30% computation of the previously best model; and 52.5% mIOU on PASCAL Context.
Biologic response to anti-CD16 monoclonal antibody therapy in a human immunodeficiency virus-related immune thrombocytopenic purpura patient (1993)

A patient with refractory human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) was treated with 3G8 (anti-CD16) monoclonal antibody on days 1, 3, and 8 (25, 25, and 50 mg were administered intravenously, respectively). Side effects were those expected after the administration of a xenogenic protein, but a severe bone pain occurred from the second injection. At the time of the initiation of the treatment the platelet count was 20,000/mm3 and the absolute CD4 number was 100/mm3. We obtained a long-term correction of thrombocytopenia and, to a lesser extent, there was a stabilization of CD4 lymphocytes for 18 months. We observed a significant stimulation of natural killer (NK) function and an elevation in the serum level of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor. This suggests that in HIV-related ITP the removal of platelets is mediated by low-affinity Fc gamma receptors (CD16). The stimulation of NK function and elevation in CD4+ lymphocytes may be related to the production of cytokines by activated human NK cells through the interaction of their CD16-bearing receptor with the 3G8 monoclonal antibody. This observation warrants confirmation and further clinical trials.
Characterization of Mutations Contributing to Sulfathiazole Resistance in Escherichia coli (1998)

A sulfathiazole-resistant dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) present in two different laboratory strains of Escherichia coli repeatedly selected for sulfathiazole resistance was mapped to folP by P1 transduction. The folP mutation in each of the strains was shown to be identical by nucleotide sequence analysis. A single C-->T transition resulted in a Pro-->Ser substitution at amino acid position 64. Replacement of the mutant folP alleles with wild-type folP significantly reduced the level of resistance to sulfathiazole but did not abolish it, indicating the presence of an additional mutation(s) that contributes to sulfathiazole resistance in the two strains. Transfer of the mutant folP allele to a wild-type background resulted in a strain with only a low level of resistance to sulfathiazole, suggesting that the presence of the resistant DHPS was not in itself sufficient to account for the overall sulfathiazole resistance in these strains of E. coli. Additional characterization of an amplified secondary resistance determinant, sur, present in one of the strains, identified it as the previously identified bicyclomycin resistance determinant bcr, a member of a family of membrane-bound multidrug resistance antiporters. An additional mutation contributing to sulfathiazole resistance, sux, has also been identified and has been shown to affect the histidine response to adenine sensitivity displayed by these purU strains.
Chemical structure of the core region of Campylobacter jejuni serotype O:2 lipopolysaccharide (1993)

The complete structure for the core region of Campylobacter jejuni serotype O:2 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was assigned through studies on derivatives of the liberated oligosaccharide (OS 2) and the intact LPS. Structure determinations were performed using 1H-NMR spectroscopy, methylation studies supported by fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry and linkage analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Smith degradation, and oxidation with chromium trioxide. It was concluded that complete oligosaccharide chains had the following structure: [formula: see text]
Biomembranes and new hemocompatible materials (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBiomembranes and new hemocompatible materialsDennis ChapmanCite this: Langmuir 1993, 9, 1, 39–45Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00025a012https://doi.org/10.1021/la00025a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views444Altmetric-Citations158LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Electromyogram synergy control of a dexterous artificial hand to unscrew and screw objects (2014)

The proposed synergy controller reduced average task completion time compared to commercially available prostheses. Additionally, the synergy controller is able to function in a small workspace and requires less physical effort since arm movements are not required. The synergy controller is driven by conventional dual site EMG signals that are commonly used for prosthetic hand control, offering a viable solution for people with an upper limb absence to use a more dexterous artificial hand to screw or unscrew objects.
Huntingtin Expression Stimulates Endosomal–Lysosomal Activity, Endosome Tubulation, and Autophagy (2000)

An expansion of polyglutamines in the N terminus of huntingtin causes Huntington's disease (HD) and results in the accrual of mutant protein in the nucleus and cytoplasm of affected neurons. How mutant huntingtin causes neurons to die is unclear, but some recent observations suggest that an autophagic process may occur. We showed previously that huntingtin markedly accumulates in endosomal-lysosomal organelles of affected HD neurons and, when exogenously expressed in clonal striatal neurons, huntingtin appears in cytoplasmic vacuoles causing cells to shrink. Here we show that the huntingtin-enriched cytoplasmic vacuoles formed in vitro internalized the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D in proportion to the polyglutamine-length in huntingtin. Huntingtin-labeled vacuoles displayed the ultrastructural features of early and late autophagosomes (autolysosomes), had little or no overlap with ubiquitin, proteasome, and heat shock protein 70/heat shock cognate 70 immunoreactivities, and altered the arrangement of Golgi membranes, mitochondria, and nuclear membranes. Neurons with excess cytoplasmic huntingtin also exhibited increased tubulation of endosomal membranes. Exogenously expressed human full-length wild-type and mutant huntingtin codistributed with endogenous mouse huntingtin in soluble and membrane fractions, whereas human N-terminal huntingtin products were found only in membrane fractions that contained lysosomal organelles. We speculate that mutant huntingtin accumulation in HD activates the endosomal-lysosomal system, which contributes to huntingtin proteolysis and to an autophagic process of cell death.
Anchoring proteins for protein kinase C: a means for isozyme selectivity (1998)

Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes comprise a family of related enzymes. There are only limited differences between these isozymes in substrate specificity or sensitivity to activators. However, there are multiple isozymes within a cell mediating isozyme-specific functions. Differential subcellular localization has been proposed to explain this specificity. When members of the PKC family are activated by lipid-derived second messengers, they translocate from one cell compartment to another. Isozyme specificity appears to be mediated in part by association of each PKC isozyme with specific anchoring proteins. This review will cover the proteins involved in the anchoring of PKC isozymes at specific subcellular sites, the domains in the PKC isozymes that mediate protein-protein interaction with isozyme-specific anchoring proteins, and identification of peptides that interfere with or promote these protein-protein interactions, thus altering the localization and function of individual isozymes.
An improved novelty criterion for resource allocating networks (1997)

In this paper, we introduce a new novelty criterion for resource allocating RBF networks (RANs) based on standard signal processing theory.This network growth prescription is considerably less sensitive to noise and outliers than those of previous RANs, and also removes the need for ad-hoc hyperparameters.An added advantage of this novelty criterion is that, as it is independent of the parameters of the extended Kalman filter training algorithm, the filter can be modified for application to slowly varying nonstationary environments without adversely affecting the network's capacity for growth.We demonstrate the relative improvement of this criterion on two non-stationary real-world problems : electricity load forecasting and exchange rate prediction.
Antiferroelectric liquid crystal on silicon (2002)

We have explored the two combinations of tristate antiferroelectric liquid crystal on silicon, and thresholdless antiferroelectric (or V-shaped) liquid crystal on silicon. The primary aim of our work has been to characterise the suitability of such materials for use on reflective silicon backplanes and to design and evaluate an AFLCoS microdisplay.
Speakeasy-a new direction in tactical communications for the 21st century (2003)

Speakeasy, now in its advanced development model phase, will be able to communicate with any of fifteen presently fielded radio types: a waveform ensemble spanning HF through X-band and comprising skywave, line-of-sight, tropo and satellite communications media. In addition, Speakeasy contains a new, advanced, waveform which, together with advanced receiver processing and automatic link reconfiguration/control, provides unprecedented resistance to interception, exploitation, interference, and propagation impairments such as multipath. The Speakeasy system is based on a 'library' of common standardized modules. Each deployment is composed of a particular combination of modules according to the platform and mission. The manpack, because of the relatively large number envisioned for the future battlefield, is the determiner of the module designs and standards. This permits other platforms to enjoy reduced initial and life cycle costs from module commonality with the numerically dominant manpack. An overview of the Speakeasy concept is presented, and its functional design concept is examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Molecular Keypad Lock:  A Photochemical Device Capable of Authorizing Password Entries (2006)

This paper describes a new concept in the way information can be protected at the molecular scale. By harnessing the principles of molecular Boolean logic, we have designed a molecular device that mimics the operation of an electronic keypad lock, e.g., a common security circuit used for numerous applications, in which access to an object or data is to be restricted to a limited number of persons. What distinguishes this lock from a simple molecular logic gate is the fact that its output signals are dependent not only on the proper combination of the inputs but also on the correct order by which these inputs are introduced. In other words, one needs to know the exact passwords that open this lock. The different password entries are coded by a combination of two chemical and one optical input signals, which can activate, separately, blue or green fluorescence output channels from pyrene or fluorescein fluorophores. The information in each channel is a single-bit light output signal that can be used to authorize a user, to verify authentication of a product, or to initiate a higher process. This development not only opens the way for a new class of molecular decision-making devices but also adds a new dimension of protection to existing defense technologies, such as cryptography and steganography, previously achieved with molecules.
Improving Text Normalization via Unsupervised Model and Discriminative Reranking (2014)

Various models have been developed for normalizing informal text. In this paper, we propose two methods to improve normalization performance. First is an unsupervised approach that automatically identifies pairs of a non-standard token and proper word from a large unlabeled corpus. We use semantic similarity based on continuous word vector representation, together with other surface similarity measurement. Second we propose a reranking strategy to combine the results from different systems. This allows us to incorporate information that is hard to model in individual systems as well as consider multiple systems to generate a final rank for a test case. Both word- and sentence-level optimization schemes are explored in this study. We evaluate our approach on data sets used in prior studies, and demonstrate that our proposed methods perform better than the state-of-the-art systems.
Rapid identification of urinary tract infection bacteria using hyperspectral whole-organism fingerprinting and artificial neural networks (1998)

Three rapid spectroscopic approaches for whole-organism fingerprinting-pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) and dispersive Raman microscopy--were used to analyse a group of 59 clinical bacterial isolates associated with urinary tract infection. Direct visual analysis of these spectra was not possible, highlighting the need to use methods to reduce the dimensionality of these hyperspectral data. The unsupervised methods of discriminant function and hierarchical cluster analyses were employed to group these organisms based on their spectral fingerprints, but none produced wholly satisfactory groupings which were characteristic for each of the five bacterial types. In contrast, for PyMS and FT-IR, the artificial neural network (ANN) approaches exploiting multi-layer perceptrons or radial basis functions could be trained with representative spectra of the five bacterial groups so that isolates from clinical bacteriuria in an independent unseen test set could be correctly identified. Comparable ANNs trained with Raman spectra correctly identified some 80% of the same test set. PyMS and FT-IR have often been exploited within microbial systematics, but these are believed to be the first published data showing the ability of dispersive Raman microscopy to discriminate clinically significant intact bacterial species. These results demonstrate that modern analytical spectroscopies of high intrinsic dimensionality can provide rapid accurate microbial characterization techniques, but only when combined with appropriate chemometrics.
Biochemical engineering of the N-acyl side chain of sialic acid: biological implications (2001)

N-Acetylneuraminic acid is the most prominent sialic acid in eukaryotes. The structural diversity of sialic acid is exploited by viruses, bacteria, and toxins and by the sialoglycoproteins and sialoglycolipids involved in cell-cell recognition in their highly specific recognition and binding to cellular receptors. The physiological precursor of all sialic acids is N-acetyl D-mannosamine (ManNAc). By recent findings it could be shown that synthetic N-acyl-modified D-mannosamines can be taken up by cells and efficiently metabolized to the respective N-acyl-modified neuraminic acids in vitro and in vivo. Successfully employed D-mannosamines with modified N-acyl side chains include N-propanoyl- (ManNProp), N-butanoyl- (ManNBut)-, N-pentanoyl- (ManNPent), N-hexanoyl- (ManNHex), N-crotonoyl- (ManNCrot), N-levulinoyl- (ManNLev), N-glycolyl- (ManNGc), and N-azidoacetyl D-mannosamine (ManNAc-azido). All of these compounds are metabolized by the promiscuous sialic acid biosynthetic pathway and are incorporated into cell surface sialoglycoconjugates replacing in a cell type-specific manner 10-85% of normal sialic acids. Application of these compounds to different biological systems has revealed important and unexpected functions of the N-acyl side chain of sialic acids, including its crucial role for the interaction of different viruses with their sialylated host cell receptors. Also, treatment with ManNProp, which contains only one additional methylene group compared to the physiological precursor ManNAc, induced proliferation of astrocytes, microglia, and peripheral T-lymphocytes. Unique, chemically reactive ketone and azido groups can be introduced biosynthetically into cell surface sialoglycans using N-acyl-modified sialic acid precursors, a process offering a variety of applications including the generation of artificial cellular receptors for viral gene delivery. This group of novel sialic acid precursors enabled studies on sialic acid modifications on the surface of living cells and has improved our understanding of carbohydrate receptors in their native environment. The biochemical engineering of the side chain of sialic acid offers new tools to study its biological relevance and to exploit it as a tag for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
Simple Syllable Structure and English Pre-nucleus Glides (1999)

The purpose of this paper is to test whether the Simple Syllable Structure (SSS) proposed by Duanmu (1990:[2]) is true of English onsets or not. If the SSS holds for English onset, English onglides should be secondary articulations on the onset consonant rather than separate sounds. We will test this by measuring the duration of the initial consonant –glide combination, to determine whether it is as long as two sounds or as one sound. If the consonant – glide combination is as short as one consonant, we can say that glides are secondary articulations supporting a simpler syllable structure hypothesis (Duanmu 1990:[2], Kim 1997:[6]) for English onsets.
Isolation and Quantification of Plant Extracellular Vesicles (2017)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication by transporting proteins and RNA. While plant cells secrete EVs, they have only recently been isolated and questions regarding their biogenesis, release, uptake and function remain unanswered. Here, we present a detailed protocol for isolating EVs from the apoplastic wash of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> leaves. The isolated EVs can be quantified using a fluorometric dye to assess total membrane content.
Biologic Properties and Therapeutic Potential of Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2 (1999)

GLP-2 is an intestine-derived peptide with intestinotrophic properties that may be therapeutically useful in diseases characterized by intestinal damage or insufficiency.
Carbohydrate structures of a human tissue plasminogen activator variant expressed in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells (1990)

The carbohydrate structures of a genetically engineered human tissue plasminogen activator variant bearing a single N-glycosylation site at Asn 448 are reported. After isolation of the tryptic glycopeptide and liberation of the N-linked carbohydrates by polypeptide:N-glycosidase F, 6 major oligosaccharide fractions were separated by HPLC on NH2-bonded phase. Their structures were determined by compositional and methylation analyses combined with fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Seventy percent of the carbohydrates were of the biantennary complex type with fucose at the proximal GlcNAc and zero, one or two alpha 2-3 linked NeuAc. The remainder were triantennary structures with one, two or three NeuAc.
P ‐450 Cytochromes: Structure and Function (1987)

Introduction General Properties of Cytochrome P-450 Structural Features of Isozymes of Cytochrome P-450 Mechanism of Action of Cytochrome P-450