gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar disorder (2003)

Atypical antipsychotic medications are widely used for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Most empirical support suggests that these medications are efficacious in the treatment of acute mania, but there is considerably less support for the utility of these drugs in other phases of bipolar disorder. However, it is likely that several of these drugs will demonstrate efficacy in relapse prevention, and perhaps antidepressant efficacy in bipolar disorder as more studies are conducted. Atypical antipsychotics offer different side effect profiles than older antipsychotics, which may be of benefit for some patients. Consequently, atypical antipsychotics provide an important treatment option for bipolar patients.
Defects in the differentiation and function of antigen presenting cells in NOD/Lt mice (1993)

Although T lymphocytes are the ultimate effectors of pancreatic beta cell destruction in autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes, previous work has established that beta cell autoreactive T cells are generated in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice as a result of APC dysfunctions. To determine if APC dysfunctions could result from developmental defects, we analyzed if macrophages (M phi) develop normally from NOD bone marrow stimulated with CSF-1 in the presence and absence of IFN-gamma. Due to interactions between the diabetogenic H-2g7 haplotype and background modifiers, NOD bone marrow cells were found to proliferate poorly to CSF-1 stimulation. IFN-gamma aberrantly increased CSF-1-stimulated proliferation of H-2g7 expressing bone marrow cells, although decreasing proliferation of bone marrow cells expressing diabetes resistant MHC haplotypes. FACS analysis indicated the diminished sensitivity of NOD hematopoietic precursors to CSF-1 was associated with a quantitative inability to generate phenotypically mature M phi. In addition to developmental defects, NOD M phi were also found to be functionally defective. Total MHC class I expression was aberrantly down-regulated in a tissue specific fashion in IFN-gamma-treated M phi from NOD mice, whereas MHC class I expression increased as expected in M phi from C57BL/KsJ (BKs) control mice. Total MHC class I expression also increased in IFN-gamma-treated M phi from NOR mice, a diabetes-resistant control strain that shares the H-2g7 haplotype of NOD, but contains BKs-derived genomic elements on chromosomes 2, 4, 11, and 12. This demonstrates differential trans-regulation of class I loci within the diabetogenic H-2g7 haplotype in NOD vs diabetes-resistant NOR mice. Aberrant down-regulation of MHC class I content in IFN-gamma-treated M phi from NOD mice was associated with decreased ability to activate CTL function. We propose these defects in M phi differentiation and function may interact with H-2g7 to generate APC in NOD mice that are unable to activate tolerogenic mechanisms, but remain capable of activating low level effector responses.
IL-22 is involved in atherosclerosis lesions by regulated impaired proliferation ability of oxidized low density lipoprotein treated CRL-1730 (2012)

Objective To investigate the association between IL-22 and the pathogenesis of coronary artery atherosclerosis(AS).Methods The relative expression of IL-22 mRNA in PBMC from 30 AS patients and 8 patients without any signs of coronary artery stenosis was detected by RT-PCR.Serum IL-22 levels of 22 patients without any signs of coronary artery stenosis and 79 AS patients were detected by ELISA.CRL-1730 cells(human umbilical vein endothelial cells) were stimulated with oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) at different dosage for 24 h,and the expression of IL-22R1 was detected by flowcytometry.The proliferation ability of CRL-1730 cells treated with IL-22(20 ng/ml) and/or ox-LDL(100 μg/ml)was measured by MTS assay,and the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF) was detected by RTPCR and ELISA.Results Decreased IL-22 expression in PBMC and serum was observed as worsen of AS.The expression of IL-22R1 in ox-LDL treated CRL-1730 cells was increased in dose dependent manner.OxLDL decreased proliferation ability,as well as bFGF expression and releasing,of CRL-1730 cells.This effect of ox-LDL was partially rescued by IL-22.Conclusion IL-22 may have anti-atherosclerosis effect.This effect may be mediated by regulating bFGF expression and endothelial cells proliferation ability in the presence of IL-22.

Key words: 
Atherosclerosis ;  Interleukin-22 ;  Human umbilical vein endothelial cell ;  Oxidized low density lipoprotein ;  Proliferation ;  Basic fibroblast growth factor
Transdifferentiated retinal pigment epithelial cells are immunoreactive for vascular endothelial growth factor in surgically excised age-related macular degeneration-related choroidal neovascular membranes. (1996)

Transdifferentiated RPE cells are the principal nonvascular stromal cells of both vascular and fibrotic ARMD-related CNVMs. Preferential localization of VEGF immunoreactivity with the cytoplasm of the polygonal transdifferentiated RPE cells in the highly vascularized regions of the surgically excised CNVMs suggests an important angiogenic role of these cells and this growth factor in the progression of ARMD-related choroidal neovascularization.
Targeted Quantitative Analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes Virulence Factors by Multiple Reaction Monitoring (2008)

In many studies, particularly in the field of systems biology, it is essential that identical protein sets are precisely quantified in multiple samples such as those representing differentially perturbed cell states. The high degree of reproducibility required for such experiments has not been achieved by classical mass spectrometry-based proteomics methods. In this study we describe the implementation of a targeted quantitative approach by which predetermined protein sets are first identified and subsequently quantified at high sensitivity reliably in multiple samples. This approach consists of three steps. First, the proteome is extensively mapped out by multidimensional fractionation and tandem mass spectrometry, and the data generated are assembled in the PeptideAtlas database. Second, based on this proteome map, peptides uniquely identifying the proteins of interest, proteotypic peptides, are selected, and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions are established and validated by MS2 spectrum acquisition. This process of peptide selection, transition selection, and validation is supported by a suite of software tools, TIQAM (Targeted Identification for Quantitative Analysis by MRM), described in this study. Third, the selected target protein set is quantified in multiple samples by MRM. Applying this approach we were able to reliably quantify low abundance virulence factors from cultures of the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes exposed to increasing amounts of plasma. The resulting quantitative protein patterns enabled us to clearly define the subset of virulence proteins that is regulated upon plasma exposure.
Crystal Structures of the Bacillus licheniformis BS3 Class A β-Lactamase and of the Acyl−Enzyme Adduct Formed with Cefoxitin, (2002)

The Bacillus licheniformis BS3 beta-lactamase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring of penicillins, cephalosporins, and related compounds. The production of beta-lactamases is the most common and thoroughly studied cause of antibiotic resistance. Although they escape the hydrolytic activity of the prototypical Staphylococcus aureus beta-lactamase, many cephems are good substrates for a large number of beta-lactamases. However, the introduction of a 7alpha-methoxy substituent, as in cefoxitin, extends their antibacterial spectrum to many cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. The 7alpha-methoxy group selectively reduces the hydrolytic action of many beta-lactamases without having a significant effect on the affinity for the target enzymes, the membrane penicillin-binding proteins. We report here the crystallographic structures of the BS3 enzyme and its acyl-enzyme adduct with cefoxitin at 1.7 A resolution. The comparison of the two structures reveals a covalent acyl-enzyme adduct with perturbed active site geometry, involving a different conformation of the omega-loop that bears the essential catalytic Glu166 residue. This deformation is induced by the cefoxitin side chain whose position is constrained by the presence of the alpha-methoxy group. The hydrolytic water molecule is also removed from the active site by the 7beta-carbonyl of the acyl intermediate. In light of the interactions and steric hindrances in the active site of the structure of the BS3-cefoxitin acyl-enzyme adduct, the crucial role of the conserved Asn132 residue is confirmed and a better understanding of the kinetic results emerges.
Significance of Atypical and Suspicious Small Acinar Proliferations, and High Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia on Prostate Biopsy: Implications for Cancer Detection and Biopsy Strategy (2006)

Patients with a suspicious biopsy were significantly more likely to have CaP on future biopsy than those with atypical findings or HGPIN, suggesting that there may be divisions with prognostic significance in the larger category of ASAP. To our knowledge the reproducibility of recognizing such divisions remains to be established. Neither atypical nor suspicious lesions were more likely than HGPIN to predict CaP at the same site or side of the prostate as the original diagnosis. Repeat biopsy may be indicated in any patient with HGPIN, or atypical or suspicious lesions and this biopsy should not be limited to the site or side of the original pathological findings.
Pulsed‐dosing with oral sodium phenylbutyrate increases hemoglobin F in a patient with sickle cell anemia (2007)

Increasing hemoglobin F (HbF) appears to be beneficial for patients with sickle cell anemia. We previously demonstrated that daily, oral sodium phenylbutyrate (OSPB) induces HbF synthesis in pediatric and adult patients with hemoglobin SS (HbSS). The high doses and need for daily therapy, however, have limited its use. Here, we report a patient treated with pulsed-dosing of OSPB for over 3 years. This patient developed a modest, but sustained elevation in HbF over the course of therapy without side effects. Although larger studies are needed, this case demonstrates that pulsed-dosing with OSPB enhances HbF synthesis.
An overview of STRUCTURE: applications, parameter settings, and supporting software (2013)

The guide offers a simplified view of how STRUCTURE, CLUMPP, distruct, and STRAT can be applied to provide researchers with an informed choice of parameter settings and supporting software when analyzing their own genetic data.
Chapter 7. Aromatic compounds (1987)

R. McCague, Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. B: Org. Chem., 1987, 84, 157 DOI: 10.1039/OC9878400157
Improved Synthesis of Anhydrohexitol Building Blocks for Oligonucleotide Synthesis (1997)

Abstract The synthesis of the four building blocks used for the preparation of hexitol nucleic acids were optimized. The nucleoside analogues with a purine base moiety are best prepared by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, whereas the pyrimidine nucleosides can best be obtained using Mitsunobu‐type conditions.
Coagulation and the xenograft endothelium (2007)

Acute humoral rejection remains the major barrier to long-term pig-to-primate xenograft survival, and microvascular thrombosis is a critical element of the rejection process. It appears that persistent endothelial cell activation and injury, by even low levels of anti-graft antibodies, eventually overwhelm the cellular anticoagulant defences and promote the development of thrombotic microangiopathy. Porcine endothelium may be particularly vulnerable because of cross-species molecular incompatibilities affecting the function of thrombomodulin and possibly TFPI. Recent data from small animal models suggest that transgenic overexpression of anti-thrombotic molecules on xenograft endothelium is capable of inhibiting intravascular thrombosis and preventing acute humoral rejection. In conjunction with existing genetic modifications (e.g. Gal KO, hDAF), this is a promising strategy to move xenotransplantation to the clinic.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy of cuprous-thiolate clusters in proteins and model systems (1993)

Cuprous-thiolate mutlimetallic clusters exist in a range of different biological molecules for which no structural information exists from X-ray crystallography. Spectroscopic tools such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy have provided the major structural insights into this family of biological molecules. Recent nuclear magnetic resonance data on silver substituted metallothionein, thought to be analogous with the copper proteins, have suggested the presence of digonal coordination marula, S. S.; Mehra, R. K.; Winge, D. R.; Armitage, I. M. J. Am. Chem. Sot. 1991, 113, 9354-93581. In order to test this in the copper case, we have examined a series of structurally characterized cuprous-thiolate model compounds, containing different proportions of digonal and trigonal copper sites using copper K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The edge spectra, which have been previously used as a probe for the average copper coordination environment in proteins, show little variation between the models, indicating that these are not useful as a probe of coordination environment in the case of cuprous thiolate clusters (as opposed-to isolated metal sites). We show that systematic trends in the average Cu-S bond length from EXAFS curve-fitting analysis can be used to obtain an estimate of the fraction of digonal, and trigonal copper sites. This correlation is applied to a series of different proteins containing $ cuprous thiolate clusters which are found to contain significant fractions of digonal copper.
Characterization of the Fecal Microbiota Using High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals a Stable Microbial Community during Storage (2012)

The handling and treatment of biological samples is critical when characterizing the composition of the intestinal microbiota between different ecological niches or diseases. Specifically, exposure of fecal samples to room temperature or long term storage in deep freezing conditions may alter the composition of the microbiota. Thus, we stored fecal samples at room temperature and monitored the stability of the microbiota over twenty four hours. We also investigated the stability of the microbiota in fecal samples during a six month storage period at -80°C. As the stability of the fecal microbiota may be affected by intestinal disease, we analyzed two healthy controls and two patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We used high-throughput pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the microbiota in fecal samples stored at room temperature or -80°C at six and seven time points, respectively. The composition of microbial communities in IBS patients and healthy controls were determined and compared using the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) pipeline. The composition of the microbiota in fecal samples stored for different lengths of time at room temperature or -80°C clustered strongly based on the host each sample originated from. Our data demonstrates that fecal samples exposed to room or deep freezing temperatures for up to twenty four hours and six months, respectively, exhibit a microbial composition and diversity that shares more identity with its host of origin than any other sample.
Primordial germ cells are capable of producing cells of the hematopoietic system in vitro (1995)

The identity of the cells giving rise to the hematopoietic system in the mouse embryo are unknown. The results presented here strongly suggest that hematopoietic cells are derived from a nonhematopoietic cell population that has been previously thought to give rise to the germ cells. These cells are called primordial germ cells (PGCs) and can be recognized as large cells showing blebbing and pseudopodial extrusions on their surface. They are alkaline phosphatase (AP) positive and possess a stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA-1) on their surface. They represent a small pool of cells in the extraembryonic mesoderm at the base of the allantois in late day-6 embryos. Primordial germ cells from 7.5- and 8.5-day visceral yolk sac and embryo proper form AP+ and SSEA-1+ colonies within 5 days when grown on an embryonic fibroblast feeder cell layer in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), stem cell factor (SCF), and interleukin-3 (IL-3). Individual colonies taken from day-5 cultures can be shown to differentiate into erythroid lineage cells in secondary methyl cellulose culture and produce secondary and tertiary PGCs in the presence of LIF, SCF, and IL-3. Cells taken from the region of the allantois and primitive streak can form colonies on hydrophilic Teflon (DuPont, Wilmington, DE) foils precoated with collagen and fibronectin. The cells from these colonies were then shown to form cobblestone areas on irradiated adult bone marrow stromal layers, indicating that the most primitive in vitro hematopoietic stem cell, the cobblestone-area forming cell (CAFC), was present. PGC colonies were grown in methyl cellulose in the presence of LIF, SCF, and IL-3 for 5 days, and the colonies were removed and passaged 3 times on pretreated extracellular matrix hydrophilic Teflon foils. After each passage, the cells were assayed for their differentiation capacity and PGC content. After the last passage, the number of CAFCs was also determined. It was found that, under these conditions, the PGC population expanded more than 400-fold and also contained CAFCs. It is postulated that the PGC represents a totipotent stem cell population capable of producing a variety of different cell types including cells of the hematopoietic system.
Isolation and characterization of ERBB3, a third member of the ERBB/epidermal growth factor receptor family: evidence for overexpression in a subset of human mammary tumors. (1989)

A related DNA fragment distinct from the epidermal growth factor receptor and ERBB2 genes was detected by reduced stringency hybridization of v-erbB to normal genomic human DNA. Characterization of the cloned DNA fragment mapped the region of v-erbB homology to three exons with closest identity of 64% and 67% to a contiguous region within the tyrosine kinase domains of the epidermal growth factor receptor and ERBB2 proteins, respectively. cDNA cloning revealed a predicted 148-kDa transmembrane polypeptide with structural features identifying it as a member of the ERBB gene family, prompting us to designate the gene as ERBB3. It was mapped to human chromosome 12q13 and was shown to be expressed as a 6.2-kilobase transcript in a variety of normal tissues of epithelial origin. Markedly elevated ERBB3 mRNA levels were demonstrated in certain human mammary tumor cell lines. These findings suggest that increased ERBB3 expression, as in the case of epidermal growth factor receptor and ERBB2, may play a role in some human malignancies.
Nitric Acid Purification of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2003)

We report a systematic evaluation of the use of refluxing nitric acid as a purification treatment for electric arc-produced single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), by using a combination of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Nitric acid is the standard reagent for purification of SWNTs and has traditionally constituted the first step in many different purification schemes. It has been suggested that nitric acid removes the transition metal catalyst that is used in the production of the SWNTs together with amorphous carbon. Under all conditions, we find that nitric acid destroys SWNTs to produce amorphous carbon while reducing the amount of transition metal catalyst remaining in the sample. Thus, nitric acid is suitable for removing the catalyst from SWNT samples, but only at the expense of a significant destruction of the SWNTs.
Roselipins, Inhibitors of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase, Produced by Gliocladium roseum KF-1040. (1999)

Gliocladium roseum KF-1040, a marine isolate, was found to produce a series of new inhibitors of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). Four active compounds, designated roselipins 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B, were isolated from the fermentation broth of the producing strain by solvent extraction, ODS column chromatography and preparative HPLC. The highest production of roselipins was observed when cultured in the medium containing natural sea water. Roselipins inhibit DGAT activity with IC50 values of 15 approximately 22 microM in an enzyme assay system using rat liver microsomes.
p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation Is Required for Fibroblast Growth Factor-2-stimulated Cell Proliferation but Not Differentiation (1999)

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) is a member of a family of polypeptides that have roles in a wide range of biological processes. To determine why different cell types show distinct responses to treatment with FGF-2, the array of FGF receptors present on the surface of a cell which differentiates in response to FGF-2 (PC12 cells) was compared with that present on the surface of a cell that proliferates in response to FGF-2 (Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts). Both cell types express exclusively FGFR1, suggesting that there are cell type-specific FGFR1 signaling pathways. Since mitogen-activated protein kinases function as mediators of cellular responses to a variety of stimuli, the roles of these proteins in FGF-mediated responses were examined. FGF-2 activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases with similar kinetics in both fibroblasts and PC12 cells, and a specific inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation blocks differentiation but has little effect on proliferation. In contrast, while p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated weakly and transiently in PC12 cells treated with FGF-2, a much stronger and sustained activation of this kinase is seen in FGF-2-treated fibroblasts. Furthermore, specific inhibitors of this kinase block proliferation but have no effect on differentiation. This effect on proliferation is specific for FGF-2 since the same concentrations of inhibitors have little or no effect on proliferation induced by serum.
Co-agonist of glucagon and GLP-1 reduces cholesterol and improves insulin sensitivity independent of its effect on appetite and body weight in diet-induced obese C57 mice (2013)

Dual agonism of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors reduce body weight without inducing hyperglycemia in rodents. However, the effect of a co-agonist on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism has not been thoroughly assessed. Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice received 0.5 mg·kg(-1) of co-agonist or 2.5 mg·kg(-1) of glucagon or 8 μg·kg(-1) of exendin-4 by subcutaneous route, twice daily, for 28 days. A separate group of mice was pair-fed to the co-agonist-treated group for 28 days. Co-agonist treatment reduced food intake and reduced body weight up to 28 days. In addition, it reduced leptin levels and increased fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels in plasma, when compared with control and pair-fed groups. Co-agonist treatment decreased triglyceride levels in serum and liver and reduced serum cholesterol, mainly due to reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. These changes were not seen with pair-fed controls. Co-agonist treatment improved glucose tolerance and increased insulin sensitivity, as observed during glucose and insulin-tolerance test, hyperinsulinemic clamp, and reduced gluconeogenesis, as observed in pyruvate-tolerance test. The effects on insulin sensitivity and lipid levels are mostly independent of the food intake or body weight lowering effect of the co-agonist.
P‐233: Late‐News‐Poster: Color Shift Improvement of AMOLED Device with Color Filter (2020)

RGB CF structure having different thicknesses is introduced on the TFE, instead of a polarizer, to reduce the total thickness of the flexible display. Through optical simulation, we choose the appropriate RGB CF thicknesses and demonstrate CF array working with optical cavity could effectively improve the color shift with different view angles.