gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Head and Neck Imaging (1990)

Section I: Sinonasal Cavities Embryology and Congenital Lesions Anatomy and Physiology The Osteomeatal Complex Postoperative Complications of Osteomeatal Surgery Inflammatory Diseases Tumor and Tumor-like Conditions Facial Fractures and Post-Operative Findings SECTION II: Orbit and Visual Pathways Eye: Embryology, Anatomy, and Pathology Orbit: Embryology, Anatomy and Pathology Lacrimal Apparatus: Embryology, Anatomy, and Pathology Visual Pathways: Embryology, Anatomy and Pathology SECTION III: Central Skull Base Skull Base: Embryology, Anatomy and Pathology Imaging of Perineural Tumor Spread in Head and Neck Cancer Section IV: Jaws and Temporomandibular Joints Embryology and Anatomy of the Jaws and Dentition Dental Implants and Related Pathology Dental CT Reformatting Programs and Dental Imaging Cysts, Tumors and Non-Tumorous Lesions of the Jaws Temporomandibular Joints: Anatomy and Pathology VOLUME II. Section V. Temporal Bone Temporal Bone: Embryology and Anatomy Temporal Bone: Imaging Anatomy Temporal Bone: Congenital Anomalies Temporal Bone: Inflammatory Disease Temporal Bone: Trauma Temporal Bone: Otosclerosis and Dysplasias Temporal BoneTumors and Cerebello-Pontine Angle Lesions Temporal Bone: Vascular Tinnitus Section VI. Upper Aerodigestive Tract Oral Cavity: Anatomy and Pathology Pharynx Pediatric Airway Disease Larynx: Anatomy, Pathology, and Post Operative Trachea: Anatomy and Pathology Swallowing Evaluation Section VII. Neck Embryology and Anatomy of the Neck Fascia and Spaces of the Neck Congenital Lesions Lymph Nodes Ultrasound of the Neck Parapharyngeal and Masticator Space Lesions Salivary Glands: Anatomy and Pathology Th
언어 단위별 말더듬 성인의 반복특성 연구 (2006)

정상적인 비유창성과 말더듬은 반복유형, 반복단위 등의 특성에 따라 구분할 수 있다. 한국어에는 영어와 달리 어절이 음절의 경계를 분명하게 하여 문장을 구성하고 있으므로, 말더듬 성인의 반복특성을 어절단위로 분석하여 기존의 단어단위 분석과 비교할 필요가 있다. 그러므로 이 연구에서는 말더듬 성인 15명의 언어 샘플을...
Carbon nanotube vias for future LSI interconnects (2004)

We have developed carbon nanotube (CNT) vias consisting of about 1000 tubes. The total resistance of the CNT via was measured as three orders of magnitude lower than the current flows in parallel through about 1000 tubes. There is no degradation observed for 100 hours at the via current density of 2/spl times/10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/, which is favourably with Cu vias. This is the first trial demonstration of CNT vias for future LSI interconnects.
Minced Articular Cartilage—Basic Science, Surgical Technique, and Clinical Application (2008)

Minced articular cartilage procedures are attractive surgical approaches for repairing articular cartilage, as they are 1-staged, autologous, and inserted on a carrier that can potentially be placed arthroscopically. The principle of mincing the autologous donor cartilage is to create a larger surface area for cartilage expansion. Placement on a scaffold carrier allows for a chondro-inductive and chondro-conductive milieu. Early animal and preclinical models have demonstrated hyaline-like tissue repair. Further work needs to be conducted in this promising approach.
Heparin Derivatives as Angiogenesis Inhibitors (2003)

Angiogenesis is the process of generating new capillary blood vessels. Uncontrolled endothelial cell proliferation is observed in tumor neovascularization and in angioproliferative diseases. Tumors cannot growth as a mass above few mm3 unless a new blood supply is induced. It derives that the control of the neovascularization process may affect tumor growth and may represent a novel approach to tumor therapy. Angiogenesis is controlled by a balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. The angiogenic switch represents the net result of the activity of angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors, suggesting that counteracting even a single major angiogenic factor could shift the balance towards inhibition. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are involved in the modulation of the neovascularization that takes place in different physiological and pathological conditions. This modulation occurs through the interaction with angiogenic growth factors or with negative regulators of angiogenesis. Thus, the study of the biochemical bases of this interaction may help to design glycosaminoglycan analogs endowed with angiostatic properties. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the structure / function of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in endothelial cells and to summarize the angiostatic properties of synthetic heparin-like compounds, chemically modified heparins, and biotechnological heparins. Keywords: angiogenesis, drug, endothelium, fgf, growth factors, heparin, proteoglycans, tumor
AE37: a novel T-cell-eliciting vaccine for breast cancer (2011)

Clinical trials have shown the AE37 vaccine to be safe and capable of generating peptide-specific, durable immune responses. This has been shown in patients with any level of HER-2/neu expression. Early clinical findings suggest there may be benefit to AE37 vaccination in preventing breast cancer recurrence.
FcγRIIB: a modulator of cell activation and humoral tolerance (2012)

An immune response needs to be tightly regulated to prevent excessive inflammation, which may result in the destruction of healthy tissues. At the molecular level, the strength of an immune response is determined by the integration of a multitude of positive and negative signals. This review will focus on IgG-dependent immune responses and discuss how the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIB may be involved in regulating both the afferent and efferent phases of such a response. Furthermore, we will discuss recent evidence suggesting that FcγRIIB may have important functions beyond the negative regulation of signals transduced by the B-cell receptor or activating FcγRs and could be responsible for the activity of agonistic antibodies in vivo.
The CD133 + Cell as Advanced Medicinal Product for Myocardial and Limb Ischemia (2014)

Ischemic diseases are the major cause of death and morbidity in Western countries. In the last decade, cell therapy has been suggested to be a promising treatment both in acute/chronic myocardial and peripheral ischemia. Different cell lineages have been tested, including endothelial progenitor cells. A subpopulation of bone marrow-derived immature ECPs, expressing the highly conserved stem cell glycoprotein antigen prominin-1 or CD133 marker, was shown to possess pro-angiogenic and antiapoptotic effects on ischemic tissues. The mechanisms implicated in CD133+ cells ability to contribute to neovascularization processes have been attributed to their ability to directly differentiate into newly forming vessels and to indirectly activate pro-angiogenic signaling by paracrine mechanisms. A large body of in vivo experimental evidences has demonstrated the potential of CD133+ cells to reverse ischemia. Moreover, several clinical trials have reported promising beneficial effects after infusion of autologous CD133+ into ischemic heart and limbs exploiting various delivery strategies. These trials have contributed to characterize the CD133+ manufacturing process as an advanced cell product (AMP). The aim of this review is to summarize available experimental and clinical data on CD133+ cells in the context of myocardial and peripheral ischemia, and to focus on the development of the CD133+ cell as an anti-ischemic AMP.
Injectable cartilage. Discussion (1995)

Slowly polymerizing calcium alginate gels were investigated as a means of delivering large numbers of isolated chondrocytes by means of injection to determine if these gels would promote engraftment and could provide three-dimensional templates for new cartilage growth. Chondrocytes isolated from the articular surface of calf forelimbs were added to a 1% sodium alginate dissolved in a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) to generate a final cellular density of 10 x 10 6 /ml (representing approximately 10 percent of the cellular density, of human juvenile articular cartilage). The calcium alginate-chondrocyte mixture was injected through a 22-gauge needle in 100-μl aliquots under the panniculus carnosus on the dorsum of nude mice and incubated for 6 (n = 4), 8 (n = 11), and 12 (n = 12) weeks in vivo. Time-zero specimens (n = 10) consisting of 100-μl aliquots of the calcium alginate-chondrocyte mixture were used to calculate initial weight. At harvest, all calcium alginate-chondrocyte specimens exhibited a pearly opalescence and were firm to palpation as early as 6 weeks after injection. By 12 weeks of in vivo incubation, the specimens weighed 0.15 ± 0.04 gm, significantly more than the initial weight of 0.11 ± 0.01 gm (p < 0.05). Specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin demonstrated lacunae within a basophilic ground-glass substance. Control specimens of calcium alginate without chondrocytes (n = 4) had a doughy consistency 12 weeks after injection and had no histologic evidence of cartilage formation. This study demonstrates that an injectable calcium alginate matrix can provide a three-dimensional scaffold for the successful transplantation and engraftment of chondrocytes. This technique holds the promise of a minimally invasive means of delivering autogenous cartilage to correct or reconstruct facial contour deficiencies.
Polynucleotide-mediated immunization therapy of cancer. (1996)

The novel observations that intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA preparations could result in myocyte gene expression and induce immune responses to encoded immunogens has generated intense interest in the form of gene therapy. This phenomena can occur with both DNA and RNA reagents, and can be used in immune protection (vaccine) or therapy strategies. Immunization with DNA plasmids has generated protective immunity to a wide variety of pathogens and tumor cells in murine animal models. Immune response has occurred in a broad range of animal species following intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA encoding various immunogens as well as following other routes of administration (intravenous, intradermal, etc). The mechanisms responsible for induction of the immune response are as yet unclear, but responses include antibody production, T-cell proliferation, lymphokine release, generation of cytolytic T cells, and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Plasmid DNA production and purification methods are relatively easy to standardize, and dual expressing plasmids allow incorporation of immune enhancement molecules or second immunogens. Plasmid DNA encoding nontransforming tumor-associated antigens are in development with a National Institutes of Health-approved protocol for carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancer patients. Transforming tumor-associated antigens (eg, HER2/neu) may be approached with RNA or replicative RNA constructs for immunization. The efficacy of this immune approach will soon be examined in clinical trials in patients with cancer and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Monocyte IL-8 release is induced by two independent Fc gamma R- mediated pathways (1996)

Cross-linking of PBMC and monocyte Fc gamma R on immobilized IgG stimulates IL-8 release. We used immobilized anti-Fc gamma R Abs to determine which of the three surface Fc gamma R regulated this IL-8 secretion. Fc gamma RIII cross-linking stimulated PBMC to release 5 times more IL-8 than did either Fc gamma RI or Fc gamma RII clustering (p = 0.001) and stimulated 77% more IL-8 release from PBMC than that from purified monocytes (p = 0.001). In contrast, only Fc gamma RI cross-linking significantly induced monocytes to release IL-8 (p = 0.05). Since purified lymphocytes release little IL-8 in response to immobilized IgG or anti-Fc gamma RIII Abs, we hypothesized that lymphocyte Fc gamma R cross-linking augmented monocyte IL-8 release. Supernatants from IgG- or Fc gamma RIII -stimulated lymphocytes induced monocytes to release more IL-8 than lymphocytes incubated on plastic alone (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively). THP-1 cells, which do not produce IL-8 in response to Fc gamma i]R cross-linking, also released IL-8 in response to supernatants from IgG- or Fc gamma RIII-stimulated lymphocytes, suggesting that the supernatant activity was not soluble immune complexes. The IL-8-stimulating activity was heat labile, suggesting that the activity is a protein. However, we could not reproduce or block this activity using recombinant cytokines or neutralizing anti-cytokine Abs. Thus, monocyte IL-8 is stimulated directly through Fc gamma RI cross-linking and indirectly through an Fc gamma RIII-stimulated soluble lymphocyte factor.
Helix Formation in Preorganized β/γ-Peptide Foldamers: Hydrogen-Bond Analogy to the α-Helix without α-Amino Acid Residues (2010)

We report the first high-resolution structural data for the beta/gamma-peptide 13-helix (i,i+3 C=O...H-N H-bonds), a secondary structure that is formed by oligomers with a 1:1 alternation of beta- and gamma-amino acid residues. Our characterization includes both crystallographic and 2D NMR data. Previous studies suggested that beta/gamma-peptides constructed from conformationally flexible residues adopt a different helical secondary structure in solution. Our design features preorganized beta- and gamma-residues, which strongly promote 13-helical folding by the 1:1 beta/gamma backbone.
Effect of bronchial thermoplasty on airway distensibility (2005)

Recent studies have reported that the application of thermal energy delivered through a bronchoscope (bronchial thermoplasty) impairs the ability of airways to narrow in response to methacholine. How such altered smooth muscle affects the response of airways to lung inflation may have important clinical implications, particularly as it relates to the abnormal response of asthmatic subjects to lung inflation and deep inspiration. The aim of this study was to examine whether bronchial thermoplasty affected airway distension with lung inflation in relaxed and contracted airways. A total of 230 airways were studied, ranging 2.5-15 mm, in six dogs. These airways were divided into two groups: an untreated (control) population and a bronchial thermoplasty-treated population. Prior to treatment, the airway pressure-area curves in the two groups of airways were identical. In contrast, the relaxed and contracted airway pressure-area curves in treated airways were shifted upward at all points, showing increased airway area at both 3 and 5 weeks post-treatment. In conclusion, these results show that reducing that amount of functional smooth muscle with bronchial thermoplasty leads to increased airway size in both relaxed and contracted states over a normal range of inflation pressures.
Visualizing Evolutionary Activity of Genotypes (1999)

We introduce a method for visualizing evolutionary activity of genotypes. Following a proposal of Bedau and Packard [11], we define a genotype's evolutionary activity in terms of the history of its concentration in the evolving population. To visualize this evolutionary activity we graph the distribution of evolutionary activity in the population of genotypes as a function of time. Adaptively significant genotypes trace a salient line or "wave" in these graphs. The quality of these waves indicates a variety of neutral variation, and random genetic drift. We apply this method in an evolutionary model of self-replicating assembly language programs competing for room in a two-dimensional space. Comparison with fitness graphs and with a nonadaptive analogue of this model shows how this method highlights adaptively significant events.
A high yield affinity purification method for specific RNA-binding proteins: isolation of the iron regulatory factor from human placenta (1990)

We describe a simple method for the affinity purification of specific RNA-binding proteins. DNA sequences corresponding to the protein-binding site of the RNA are subcloned into an in vitro transcription vector between the T7 viral promoter and a poly(A) track. A polyadenylated RNA transcript is bound to poly(U)-Sepharose and subsequently incubated with a cellular extract prepurified on heparin-agarose. Specifically adsorbed proteins are recovered in high yield and purity from the affinity matrix by high salt elution. Using this method we isolated the iron regulatory factor (IRF), a cytoplasmic protein which binds to specific palindromic elements in the 5' and 3' untranslated sequences of ferritin and transferrin receptor mRNA, respectively. Activation and binding of this regulatory factor correlates with increased transferrin receptor mRNA stability and inhibition of ferritin translation. The purified factor from human placenta migrates as a monomer in gel chromatography, but is present in equimolar amounts of two proteins with molecular weights of 95 and 100 kDa when analysed by SDS/PAGE. The two proteins are highly related as judged by the identity of their isoelectric points and their specificity to form RNA-protein complexes.
A rapid and efficient method to enrich SAF-protein from scrapie brains of hamsters (1984)

Scrapie hamster brains contain at least 5-10 micrograms of scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF) per brain as estimated by the amount of its major constituent, a protein of about 26 000 daltons (SAF-protein). It can be extracted efficiently by a 10% solution of sarkosyl and can be enriched by differential centrifugation and buffer extraction. Scrapie infectivity, SAF, and SAF-protein copurify.
Evacetrapib and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Vascular Disease (2017)

Although the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor evacetrapib had favorable effects on established lipid biomarkers, treatment with evacetrapib did not result in a lower rate of cardiovascular events than placebo among patients with high-risk vascular disease. (Funded by Eli Lilly; ACCELERATE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01687998 .).
Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (2002)

With a segmental isolation approach that targets at least 3 PVs, a clinically satisfactory result can be achieved in >80% of patients with paroxysmal AF. The clinical efficacy of pulmonary vein isolation is much lower when AF is persistent than when it is paroxysmal.
Design of a Novel Bimanual Robotic System for Single-Port Laparoscopy (2010)

This paper presents the design and fabrication of Single-Port lapaRoscopy bImaNual roboT (SPRINT), a novel teleoperated robotic system for minimally invasive surgery. SPRINT, specifically designed for single-port laparoscopy, is a high-dexterity miniature robot, able to reproduce the movement of the hands of the surgeon, who controls the system through a master interface. It comprises two arms with six degrees of freedom (DOFs) that can be individually inserted and removed in a 30-mm-diameter umbilical access port. The system is designed to leave a central lumen free during operations, thus allowing the insertion of other laparoscopic tools. The four distal DOFs of each arm are actuated by on-board brushless dc motors, while the two proximal DOFs of the shoulder are actuated by external motors. The constraints generated by maximum size and power requirements led to the design of compact mechanisms for the actuation of the joints. The wrist is actuated by three motors hosted in the forearm, with a peculiar differential mechanism that allows us to have intersecting roll-pitch-roll axes. Preliminary tests and validations were performed ex vivo by surgeons on a first prototype of the system.
Salicylate, A New Plant Hormone (1992)

Centuries ago, the American Indians and ancient Greeks independently discovered that the leaves and bark of the willow tree cured aches and fevers. It was not until 1828 that Johann Buchner, working in Munich, successfully isolated a tiny amount of salicin, the glucoside of salicyl alcohol, which was the major salicylate in willow bark (for review see ref.
Pyruvate:Quinone Oxidoreductase in Corynebacterium glutamicum : Molecular Analysis of the pqo Gene, Significance of the Enzyme, and Phylogenetic Aspects (2006)

Corynebacterium glutamicum recently has been shown to possess pyruvate:quinone oxidoreductase (PQO), catalyzing the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetate and CO2 with a quinone as the electron acceptor. Here, we analyze the expression of the C. glutamicum pqo gene, investigate the relevance of the PQO enzyme for growth and amino acid production, and perform phylogenetic studies. Expression analyses revealed that transcription of pqo is initiated 45 bp upstream of the translational start site and that it is organized in an operon together with genes encoding a putative metal-activated pyridoxal enzyme and a putative activator protein. Inactivation of the chromosomal pqo gene led to the absence of PQO activity; however, growth and amino acid production were not affected under either condition tested. Introduction of plasmid-bound pqo into a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-negative C. glutamicum strain partially relieved the growth phenotype of this mutant, indicating that high PQO activity can compensate for the function of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. To investigate the distribution of PQO enzymes in prokaryotes and to clarify the relationship between PQO, pyruvate oxidase (POX), and acetohydroxy acid synthase enzymes, we compiled and analyzed the phylogeny of respective proteins deposited in public databases. The analyses revealed a wide distribution of PQOs among prokaryotes, corroborated the hypothesis of a common ancestry of the three enzymes, and led us to propose that the POX enzymes of Lactobacillales were derived from a PQO.
Proteasome Structures Affected by Ionizing Radiation (2005)

Exposure of cells to ionizing radiation slows the rate of degradation of substrates through the proteasome. Because the 26S proteasome degrades most short-lived cellular proteins, changes in its activity might significantly, and selectively, alter the life span of many signaling proteins and play a role in promoting the biological consequences of radiation exposure, such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Experiments were therefore undertaken to identify the radiation target that is associated with the proteasome. Regardless of whether they were irradiated before or after extraction and purification from human prostate cancer PC3 cells, 26S proteasomes remained intact but showed a rapid 30% to 50% dose-independent decrease in their three major enzymatic activities following exposure to 1 to 20 Gy. There was no effect on 20S proteasomes, suggesting that the radiation-sensitive target is located in the 19S cap of the 26S proteasome, rather than in the enzymatically active core. Because the base of the 19S cap contains an ATPase ring that mediates substrate unfolding, pore opening, and translocation of substrates into the catalytic chamber, we examined whether the ATPase activity of purified 26S proteasomes was affected. In fact, in vitro irradiation of proteasomes enhanced their ATPase activity. Furthermore, pretreatment with low concentrations of the free radical scavenger tempol was able to prevent both the radiation-induced decrease in proteolytic activity and the increase in ATP utilization, indicating that free radicals are mediators of these radiation-induced phenomena. Finally, we have shown that cell irradiation results in the accumulation of proteasome substrates: polyubiquitinated proteins and ornithine decarboxylase, indicating that the observed decrease in proteasome function is physiologically relevant.
Cardiac-Specific Troponin I Levels to Predict the Risk of Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes (1996)

In patients with acute coronary syndromes, cardiac troponin I levels provide useful prognostic information and permit the early identification of patients with an increased risk of death.