gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glutaraldehyde-Cross-linked Meniscal Allografts: Mechanical Properties (1988)

Removal of a severely damaged medial meniscus has been shown to lead to degradation of the articular cartilage and formation of degenerative arthritis. To counter this degenerative effect, meniscal prostheses, including glutaraldehyde-cross-linked allografts, have been evaluated in dogs. The purpose of this research was to quantify the mechanical properties of both fresh and glutaraldehyde-cross-linked canine medial menisci. Mechanical properties quantified were tensile strength, tensile modulus, and compressive stiffness. In addition, water content of compressive test samples was measured. Analysis of variance showed significantly lower tensile strength and tensile modulus and significantly higher compressive stiffness for the glutaraldehyde-cross-linked menisci, as compared to fresh specimens. Measurement of the weight percentage of water in fresh and cross-linked samples revealed no significant differences in water content. When implanted into a joint, the increased compressive stiffness could increase the peripheral tensile load. Due to the decreased tensile strength in this region, the prosthetic meniscus could be susceptible to peripheral tears.
Selective Phosphorylation of Antiviral Drugs by Vaccinia Virus Thymidine Kinase (2007)

The antiviral activity of a new series of thymidine analogs was determined against vaccinia virus (VV), cowpox virus (CV), herpes simplex virus, and varicella-zoster virus. Several compounds were identified that had good activity against each of the viruses, including a set of novel 5-substituted deoxyuridine analogs. To investigate the possibility that these drugs might be phosphorylated preferentially by the viral thymidine kinase (TK) homologs, the antiviral activities of these compounds were also assessed using TK-deficient strains of some of these viruses. Some of these compounds were shown to be much less effective in the absence of a functional TK gene in CV, which was unexpected given the high degree of amino acid identity between this enzyme and its cellular homolog. This unanticipated result suggested that the CV TK was important in the mechanism of action of these compounds and also that it might phosphorylate a wider variety of substrates than other type II enzymes. To confirm these data, we expressed the VV TK and human TK1 in bacteria and isolated the purified enzymes. Enzymatic assays demonstrated that the viral TK could efficiently phosphorylate many of these compounds, whereas most of the compounds were very poor substrates for the cellular kinase, TK1. Thus, the specific phosphorylation of these compounds by the viral kinase may be sufficient to explain the TK dependence. This unexpected result suggests that selective phosphorylation by the viral kinase may be a promising new approach in the discovery of highly selective inhibitors of orthopoxvirus replication.
Operation of the TRIUMF Proton Therapy Facility (2002)

The Proton Therapy Facility at TRIUMF is now in routine operation treating ocular tumours using 70 MeV protons extracted from the 500 MeV H/sup -/ cyclotron. This paper describes the proton beam line, treatment control and dosimetry systems which are designed to provide accurate treatment dose delivery. The reproducibility of the shape and range of the unmodulated Bragg peak for various operating conditions of the cyclotron is discussed along with the technique for producing a uniform modulated or spread-out Bragg peak. The patient positioning chair, which has six motorized degrees of freedom, the patient mask and bite-block, and the X-ray verification system ensure sub-millimeter positioning accuracy. Patient treatments are scheduled one week per month with the treatment dose of 50 proton-Gy delivered in four daily fractions.
Efficient search and retrieval in biometric databases (2005)

Biometric identification has emerged as a reliable means of controlling access to both physical and virtual spaces. Fingerprints, face and voice biometrics are being increasingly used as alternatives to passwords, PINs and visual verification. In spite of the rapid proliferation of large-scale databases, the research has thus far been focused only on accuracy within small databases. In larger applications, response time and retrieval efficiency also become important in addition to accuracy. Unlike structured information such as text or numeric data that can be sorted, biometric data does not have any natural sorting order. Therefore indexing and binning of biometric databases represents a challenging problem. We present results using parallel combination of multiple biometrics to bin the database. Using hand geometry and signature features we show that the search space can be reduced to just 5% of the entire database.
Storyspace as a hypertext system for writers and readers of varying ability (1991)

Article Free Access Share on Storyspace as a hypertext system for writers and readers of varying ability Author: Michael Joyce Center for Narrative and Technology, Jackson Community College, Jackson, MI Center for Narrative and Technology, Jackson Community College, Jackson, MIView Profile Authors Info & Claims HYPERTEXT '91: Proceedings of the third annual ACM conference on HypertextSeptember 1991 Pages 381–387https://doi.org/10.1145/122974.125110Published:01 September 1991Publication History 20citation506DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations20Total Downloads506Last 12 Months30Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration (2007)

Inflammation is implicated in the progressive nature of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. A single systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha, 0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) injection was administered in adult wild-type mice and in mice lacking TNFalpha receptors (TNF R1/R2(-/-)) to discern the mechanisms of inflammation transfer from the periphery to the brain and the neurodegenerative consequences. Systemic LPS administration resulted in rapid brain TNFalpha increase that remained elevated for 10 months, while peripheral TNFalpha (serum and liver) had subsided by 9 h (serum) and 1 week (liver). Systemic TNFalpha and LPS administration activated microglia and increased expression of brain pro-inflammatory factors (i.e., TNFalpha, MCP-1, IL-1beta, and NF-kappaB p65) in wild-type mice, but not in TNF R1/R2(-/-) mice. Further, LPS reduced the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) by 23% at 7-months post-treatment, which progressed to 47% at 10 months. Together, these data demonstrate that through TNFalpha, peripheral inflammation in adult animals can: (1) activate brain microglia to produce chronically elevated pro-inflammatory factors; (2) induce delayed and progressive loss of DA neurons in the SN. These findings provide valuable insight into the potential pathogenesis and self-propelling nature of Parkinson's disease.
Matriptase: Potent Proteolysis on the Cell Surface (2006)

Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease expressed in most human epithelia, where it is coexpressed with its cognate transmembrane inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1. Activation of the matriptase zymogen requires sequential N-terminal cleavage, activation site autocleavage, and transient association with HAI-1. Matriptase has an essential physiological role in profilaggrin processing, corneocyte maturation, and lipid matrix formation associated with terminal differentiation of the oral epithelium and the epidermis, and is also critical for hair follicle growth. Matriptase and HAI expression are frequently dysregulated in human cancer, and matriptase expression that is unopposed by HAI-1 potently promotes carcinogenesis and metastatic dissemination in animal models.
Quantification of Muscle Glycogen Synthesis in Normal Subjects and Subjects With Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes by13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. (1990)

1(Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX) 2Department of Physical Therapy Simmons College 300 The Fenway Boston, MA 02115
Matrix assembly, regulation, and survival functions of laminin and its receptors in embryonic stem cell differentiation (2002)

Laminin-1 is essential for early embryonic basement membrane assembly and differentiation. Several steps can be distinguished, i.e., the expression of laminin and companion matrix components, their accumulation on the cell surface and assembly into basement membrane between endoderm and inner cell mass, and the ensuing differentiation of epiblast. In this study, we used differentiating embryoid bodies derived from mouse embryonic stem cells null for gamma1-laminin, beta1-integrin and alpha/beta-dystroglycan to dissect the contributions of laminin domains and interacting receptors to this process. We found that (a) laminin enables beta1-integrin-null embryoid bodies to assemble basement membrane and achieve epiblast with beta1-integrin enabling expression of the laminin alpha1 subunit; (b) basement membrane assembly and differentiation require laminin polymerization in conjunction with cell anchorage, the latter critically dependent upon a heparin-binding locus within LG module-4; (c) dystroglycan is not uniquely required for basement membrane assembly or initial differentiation; (d) dystroglycan and integrin cooperate to sustain survival of the epiblast and regulate laminin expression; and (e) laminin, acting via beta1-integrin through LG1-3 and requiring polymerization, can regulate dystroglycan expression.
The genetic origins of human cancer (1988)

EDUCTIONISM HAS BEEN the driving obses-R sion of many biologists over the last decades. This obsession has camed us far through many of biology's thorniest problems, including the search for the origins of cancer. Only a decade ago, few could have perceived even the outlines of our current corpus of results and insights. I will review my own travels through this field over this decade, in large part because they illustrate how many disparate fields of basic biological research have impinged on and pushed forward the work of those struggling to divine the origins of human cancer.
CDC/AHA Workshop on Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease (2004)

Inflammation is a recognized key component of acute coronary syndromes. Such pathogenetic achievement has led to the use of inflammatory cells and proteins as prognostic markers in these syndromes. A number of markers have been proposed, including proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, interleukin-1RA, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, adhesion molecules such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular adhesion molecule-1 and markers of cell activation. Although all are of scientific interest, the clinical use of these markers is limited by their high cost, low availability, and unfavorable biological profile. Conversely, common markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP), the prototypic acute phase protein, and to a lesser extent fibrinogen, have been proven to be reliable and important markers of risk in ischemic heart disease. CRP, in particular, has been found to be associated with short- and long-term prognosis in acute coronary syndromes, including ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and in stable angina, and to predict the risk of restenosis and major events, including death, after revascularization procedures. CRP has been consistently found to be independent from other risk factors and to have an incremental value beyond the common risk factors and biochemical markers of risk, including troponin. Whether CRP also should be used as a guide to therapy is still a matter of discussion that deserves further, properly designed studies.
Segmental organization of visceral and somatic input onto C3-T6 spinothalamic tract cells of the monkey (1992)

1. Referred pain of visceral origin has three major characteristics: visceral pain is referred to somatic areas that are innervated from the same spinal segments as the diseased organ; visceral pain is referred to proximal body regions and not to distal body areas; and visceral pain is felt as deep pain and not as cutaneous pain. The neurophysiological basis for these phenomena is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the organization of viscerosomatic response characteristics of spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons in the rostral spinal cord. Interactions were determined among the following: 1) segmental location, 2) effects of input by cardiopulmonary sympathetic, greater splanchnic, lumbar sympathetic, and urinary bladder afferent fibers, 3) location of excitatory somatic field, e.g., hand, forearm, proximal arm, or chest, 4) magnitude of response to hair, skin, and deep mechanoreceptor afferent input, and 5) regional specificity of thalamic projection sites. 2. A total of 89 STT neurons in segments C3-T6 were characterized for responses to visceral and somatic stimuli. Neurons were activated antidromically from the contralateral ventroposterolateral oralis or caudalis nuclei of the thalamus. Cell responses to visceral and somatic stimuli were not different on the basis of the thalamic site of antidromic activation. Recording sites for 61 neurons were located histologically; 87% of lesion sites were located in laminae IV-VII or X. There was no relationship between response properties of the neurons and spinal laminar location. 3. Different responses to visceral stimuli were observed in three zones of the rostral spinal cord: C3-C6, C7-C8, and T1-T6. In C3-C6, urinary bladder distension (UBD) and electrical stimulation of greater splanchnic and lumbar sympathetic afferent fibers inhibited STT cells. Electrical stimulation of cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferents increased cell activity in C5 and C6 and either excited or inhibited STT cells in C3 and C4. In the cervical enlargement (C7-C8), STT cells generally were either inhibited or showed little response to stimulation of visceral afferent fibers. In T1-T6, input from greater splanchnic and cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent nerves increased activity of STT cells. Lumbar sympathetic afferent input inhibited cells in T1-T2 and had little effect on cells in T3-T6, whereas UBD decreased cell activity in all segments studied. 4. In general, stimulation of somatic structures increased activity of STT neurons in segments that received primary afferent innervation from the excitatory somatic receptive field or in the segments immediately adjacent to these segments. Only input from the forelimb, especially the hand, markedly excited cells in C7 and C8.+
Targeted plasmid integration into the human genome by an engineered zinc-finger recombinase (2011)

The development of new methods for gene addition to mammalian genomes is necessary to overcome the limitations of conventional genetic engineering strategies. Although a variety of DNA-modifying enzymes have been used to directly catalyze the integration of plasmid DNA into mammalian genomes, there is still an unmet need for enzymes that target a single specific chromosomal site. We recently engineered zinc-finger recombinase (ZFR) fusion proteins that integrate plasmid DNA into a synthetic target site in the human genome with exceptional specificity. In this study, we present a two-step method for utilizing these enzymes in any cell type at randomly-distributed target site locations. The piggyBac transposase was used to insert recombinase target sites throughout the genomes of human and mouse cell lines. The ZFR efficiently and specifically integrated a transfected plasmid into these genomic target sites and into multiple transposons within a single cell. Plasmid integration was dependent on recombinase activity and the presence of recombinase target sites. This work demonstrates the potential for broad applicability of the ZFR technology in genome engineering, synthetic biology and gene therapy.
In Situ Microphone Array Calibration for Parameter Estimation in Directional Audio Coding (2010)

Directional audio coding (DirAC) provides an efficient representation of spatial sound using a downmix audio signal and parametric information, namely direction-of-arrival (DOA) and diffuseness of sound. Input to the DirAC analysis are B-format signals, usually obtained via microphone arrays. The DirAC parameter estimation is impaired when phase mismatch between the array sensors occurs. We present an approach for the in situ microphone array calibration solely based on the DirAC parameters. The algorithm aims at providing consistent parameter estimates rather than matching the sensors explicitly. It does neither require to remove the sensors from the array, nor depend on a priori knowledge such as the array size. We further propose a suitable excitation signal to assure robust calibration in reverberant environments.
Evolving T cell responses in murine schistosomiasis. Th2 cells mediate secondary granulomatous hypersensitivity and are regulated by CD8+ T cells in vivo. (1993)

The dynamics of T cell maturation and regulation were examined during the granulomatous response to Schistosoma mansoni eggs under conditions of primary (PRIM), secondary vigorous (VIG), and secondary immunomodulated (MOD) immunity. The patterns of VIG and MOD GR (GR) formation were established in naive CBA mice by transfer of lymphoid cells from S. mansoni-infected donors at the VIG and MOD stages of infection. Sequential production of IFN, IL-2, and IL-4 was assessed at the GR and in draining lymph nodes (LN) to determine the participation of Th1 (IFN-producing) and Th2 (IL-4/IL-5-producing) cells. The PRIM GR produced IFN in the growth phase (2-16 days) and IL-4 was detected only after lesions were established (16-24 days). The PRIM LN showed coincident production of IFN, IL-2, and IL-4 on day 4 followed by mainly IL-4 and IL-2 production on day 8, consistent with Th2 differentiation via a Th0 precursor. The VIG GR produced high levels of IL-4 in the growth phase (4-8 days) although IFN remained at modest levels. The VIG LN showed increased cytokine levels consistent with an anamnestic response and again the pattern suggested Th2 differentiation from Th0 cells. The MOD mice had abrogated GR IL-4 levels and arrested Th2 differentiation in LN. In vitro mix studies indicated that the impaired cytokine production was not due to direct suppression. The role of Ts cells was next explored by T cell subset depletion. Pan-T cell depletion of VIG cells profoundly abrogated IL-4 production although CD8+ cell depletion augmented GR area by 70% as well as local and regional IL-4 production by 100 to 150%. Similarly, CD8+ cell depletion of MOD cells augmented GR size and IL-4 production but the response was less than corresponding VIG mice, suggesting that Th activity was reduced in MOD mice. Transfer studies indicated that CD8+ cells inhibited Th2 maturation in LN. Thus, the schistosome egg GR demonstrated a Th1-like pattern in the PRIM response followed by a Th2 pattern in the VIG stage and abrogated Th2 activity in the MOD stage. Finally, the phenomenon of "spontaneous modulation" likely represents the cumulative action of CD8+ cells which steadily erode the Th population.
Experimental Intervertebral Discolysis with Collagenase (1969)

AIN caused by herniation of the intervertebral disc is relieved by surgical decompression of the affected nerve root. This is accomplished, for the most part, by removal of the protruding nucleus pulposus and fibrocartilage. Usually a limited excision will satisfactorily relieve pain. However, techniques vary among surgeons and once an operation is undertaken, each operator on the basis of his own experience usually extends the procedure to include some individual modification. This may include conservative or radical foramenotomy, major unilateral curettage of the intervertebral joint space, or bilateral total discoidectomy. The dialogue continues between neurosurgeon and orthopedic surgeon regarding the indications for spine fusion. Most surgeons, however, are aware of the favorable results that often follow conservative removal of the herniated portion of the intervertebral disc. This consideration has led to speculation concerning the feasibility of achieving this same degree of nerve root decompression non-surgically by selective enzymatic dissolution of the underlying and protruding disc. If successful, such a technique would extend the possibility of treating patients by conservative methods. This paper deals with experimental studies conducted in the dog, using the enzyme Collagenase* for intervertebral discolysis.
Growth of Half-Meter Long Carbon Nanotubes Based on Schulz–Flory Distribution (2013)

The Schulz-Flory distribution is a mathematical function that describes the relative ratios of polymers of different length after a polymerization process, based on their relative probabilities of occurrence. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are big carbon molecules which have a very high length-to-diameter ratio, somewhat similar to polymer molecules. Large amounts of ultralong CNTs have not been obtained although they are highly desired. Here, we report that the Schulz-Flory distribution can be applied to describe the relative ratios of CNTs of different lengths produced with a floating chemical vapor deposition process, based on catalyst activity/deactivation probability. With the optimized processing parameters, we successfully synthesized 550-mm-long CNTs, for which the catalyst deactivation probability of a single growth step was ultralow. Our finding bridges the Schulz-Flory distribution and the synthesis of one-dimensional nanomaterials for the first time, and sheds new light on the rational design of process toward controlled production of nanotubes/nanowires.
EFFECTS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON HUMAN EEG: A BRAIN MAPPING STUDY (2003)

Cell phones emitting pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) may affect the human brain, but there are inconsistent results concerning their effects on electroencephalogram (EEG). We used a 16-channel telemetric electroencephalograph (ExpertTM), to record EEG changes during exposure of human skull to EMF emitted by a mobile phone. Spatial distribution of EMF was especially concentrated around the ipsilateral eye adjacent to the basal surface of the brain. Traditional EEG was full of noises during operation of a cellular phone. Using a telemetric electroencephalograph (ExpertTM) in awake subjects, all the noise was eliminated, and EEG showed interesting changes: after a period of 10-15 s there was no visible change, the spectrum median frequency increased in areas close to antenna; after 20-40 s, a slow-wave activity (2.5-6.0 Hz) appeared in the contralateral frontal and temporal areas. These slow waves lasting for about one second repeated every 15-20 s at the same recording electrodes. After turning off the mobile phone, slow-wave activity progressively disappeared; local changes such as increased median frequency decreased and disappeared after 15-20 min. We observed similar changes in children, but the slow-waves with higher amplitude appeared earlier in children (10-20 s) than adults, and their frequency was lower (1.0-2.5 Hz) with longer duration and shorter intervals. The results suggested that cellular phones may reversibly influence the human brain, inducing abnormal slow waves in EEG of awake persons.