gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multifunctional composite materials for optical power limiting applications in space environments (2009)

A novel optical power limiter (OPL) has been designed and fabricated by synergistically combining the different optical power limiting mechanisms of various chromophores that include nanoparticulates such as fullerenes. The multi-mechanistic material, thus obtained, has been put together in a hyperbranched-polymer-based matrix system. Solid films and filters have been successfully fabricated using a solventless curing process, resulting in OPL filters of very high optical quality. These OPL filters have been subjected to gamma radiation and the effects on the OPL properties have been evaluated. The fabricated filters show potential for protecting optical sensors from laser-pulse damage in the space environment. Temperature- and space-radiation-induced effects in optical and electronic materials are well known and can cause disruption in OPL functions or, in the worst case, even failure of a sensor.
Architecture for interworking data over PCS (1996)

This article presents a new approach for wireless service providers to offer data services by taking advantage of the existing infrastructure for voice services and interworking with existing wireline-based data services. The article presents a framework: for interworking between any wireless radio system and any data application on the wireline network. The interworking is provided by a common interworking function that uses a generic interworking control protocol (ICP). Any radio system capable of using the ISDN-based C-interface and implementing ICP can take advantage of the proposed approach. ICP is a generic protocol and can be implemented using different networks. The article considers an ISDN network for the lower-layer transport of ICP. Though the article focuses on interworking with the PSTN and the Internet, the architecture also allows access to other data networks.
Transgenic interleukin 11 expression causes cross-tissue fibro-inflammation and an inflammatory bowel phenotype in mice (2020)

Interleukin 11 (IL11) is a profibrotic cytokine, secreted by myofibroblasts and damaged epithelial cells. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) also secrete IL11 under pathological conditions and express the IL11 receptor. Here we examined the effects of SMC-specific, conditional expression of murine IL11 in a transgenic mouse (Il11SMC). Within days of transgene activation, Il11SMC mice developed loose stools and progressive bleeding and rectal prolapse, which was associated with a 65% mortality by two weeks. The bowel of Il11SMC mice was inflamed, fibrotic and had a thickened wall, which was accompanied by activation of ERK and STAT3. In other organs, including the heart, lung, liver, kidney and skin there was a phenotypic spectrum of fibro-inflammation, together with consistent ERK activation. To investigate further the importance of stromal-derived IL11 in the inflammatory bowel phenotype we used a second model with fibroblast-specific expression of IL11, the Il11Fib mouse. This additional model largely phenocopied the Il11SMC bowel phenotype. These data show that IL11 secretion from the stromal niche is sufficient to drive inflammatory bowel disease in mice. Given that IL11 expression in colonic stromal cells predicts anti-TNF therapy failure in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, we suggest IL11 as a therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease.
Autoimmunity to type II collagen an experimental model of arthritis. (1977)

We have found that intradermal injection of native type II collagen extracted from human, chick or rat cartilage induces an inflammatory arthritis in approximately 40% of rats of several strains whether complete Freund's adjuvant or incomplete Freund's adjuvant is used. Type I or III collagen extracted from skin, cartilage proteoglycans and alpha1(II) chains were incapable of eliciting arthritis, as was type II collagen injected without adjuvant. The disease is a chronic proliferative synovitis, resembling adjuvant arthritis in rats and rheumatoid arthritis in humans. Native type II co-lagen modified by limited pepsin digestion still produces arthritis, suggesting that type-specific determinants residing in the helical region of the molecule are responsible for the induction of disease. Since homologous type II collagen emulsified in oil without bacterial preparations regularly causes the disease, this new animal model of arthritis represents a unique example of experimentally-inducible autoimmunity to a tissue component.
Effect of Serine Protease Inhibitor, N-α-Tosyl-L-lysyl-Chloromethyl Ketone (TLCK), on Cell-Mediated and Cell-Free HIV-1 Spread (1994)

The effect of a serine protease inhibitor, N-alpha-tosyl-L-lysyl-chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), on cell adhesion and resulting cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission was examined. Cell-mediated viral spread was blocked by 10(-4) M TLCK--the nontoxic dose at which the maximum inhibition of cell adhesion was achieved. TLCK (10(-4)-10(-8) M range) exhibited a similar dose-dependent effect when tested against cell-free virus infection. These findings suggest that TLCK acts by preventing both cell-cell adhesion and viral binding to the target cell. The effect of TLCK could be attributed to an irreversible modification of surface and/or intracellular proteases required for functional activation of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins.
Snapshot Distillation: Teacher-Student Optimization in One Generation (2018)

Optimizing a deep neural network is a fundamental task in computer vision, yet direct training methods often suffer from over-fitting. Teacher-student optimization aims at providing complementary cues from a model trained previously, but these approaches are often considerably slow due to the pipeline of training a few generations in sequence, i.e., time complexity is increased by several times. This paper presents snapshot distillation (SD), the first framework which enables teacher-student optimization in one generation. The idea of SD is very simple: instead of borrowing supervision signals from previous generations, we extract such information from earlier epochs in the same generation, meanwhile make sure that the difference between teacher and student is sufficiently large so as to prevent under-fitting. To achieve this goal, we implement SD in a cyclic learning rate policy, in which the last snapshot of each cycle is used as the teacher for all iterations in the next cycle, and the teacher signal is smoothed to provide richer information. In standard image classification benchmarks such as CIFAR100 and ILSVRC2012, SD achieves consistent accuracy gain without heavy computational overheads. We also verify that models pre-trained with SD transfers well to object detection and semantic segmentation in the PascalVOC dataset.
Rapid detection and serotyping of adenovirus by direct immunofluorescence (1997)

Four fluorescent antibody reagents were evaluated for their suitability for the identification of adenovirus isolates by immunofluorescence. The antibodies used in the reagents consist of monoclonal antibodies against adenovirus type 3 (Ad3), Ad4, Ad8, and adenoviruses of subgroup C (Ad1,2,5,6), serotypes known to occur in outbreaks of disease. Most of the monoclonal antibodies employed were reactive against type-specific antigens found on the hexon protein. Reagents employing two noncompeting anti-hexon antibodies were more sensitive than reagents prepared with only one monoclonal antibody, although both types of reagents exhibited a high degree of specificity. Five hundred and seventeen adenovirus isolates (359 of which had previously been typed by other methods) and 46 nonadenovirus isolates were examined with all four type-specific reagents in parallel with an adenovirus group-specific reagent. The results indicate that direct typing of adenovirus isolates is feasible, leading to significant savings in time compared to other typing methods and should contribute to the management of certain adenovirus infections, particularly during outbreaks.
Stereocontrolled ring-opening of some enantiomerically enriched epoxy ketones and epoxy alcohols using trimethylaluminium: synthesis of (S )-2-arylpropanoic acids (2000)

Poly-(D)-leucine-catalysed epoxidation of chalcone furnished epoxide (+)-6; treatment of this epoxide with trimethylaluminium followed by zinc borohydride reduction and oxidative cleavage furnished (S)-2-phenylpropanoic acid 11. In a complementary sequence epoxy ketones (−)-6 and 25 were converted into (S)-2-phenylpropanoic acid and (S)-fenoprofen 5 respectively by reduction with zinc borohydride, reaction with trimethylaluminium and oxidative cleavage. Similarly epoxy ketones (−)-6, 21 and 28 were treated with methylmagnesium iodide, trimethylaluminium and the resultant alcohols subjected to oxidative cleavage to afford (S)-2-phenylpropanoic acid (from the first two substrates) and (S)-naproxen 1.
A Designed Buried Salt Bridge in a Heterodimeric Coiled Coil (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTA Designed Buried Salt Bridge in a Heterodimeric Coiled CoilJoel P. Schneider, James D. Lear, and William F. DeGradoView Author Information The Johnson Research Foundation Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 24, 5742–5743Publication Date (Web):June 18, 1997Publication History Received17 February 1997Published online18 June 1997Published inissue 1 June 1997https://doi.org/10.1021/ja970493gCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views473Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (118 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Chemical specificity,Free energy,Noncovalent interactions,Peptides and proteins,Salts Get e-Alerts
Hierarchical Ensemble of Global and Local Classifiers for Face Recognition (2009)

In the literature of psychophysics and neurophysiology, many studies have shown that both global and local features are crucial for face representation and recognition. This paper proposes a novel face recognition method which exploits both global and local discriminative features. In this method, global features are extracted from the whole face images by keeping the low-frequency coefficients of Fourier transform, which we believe encodes the holistic facial information, such as facial contour. For local feature extraction, Gabor wavelets are exploited considering their biological relevance. After that, Fisher's linear discriminant (FLD) is separately applied to the global Fourier features and each local patch of Gabor features. Thus, multiple FLD classifiers are obtained, each embodying different facial evidences for face recognition. Finally, all these classifiers are combined to form a hierarchical ensemble classifier. We evaluate the proposed method using two large-scale face databases: FERET and FRGC version 2.0. Experiments show that the results of our method are impressively better than the best known results with the same evaluation protocol.
Introduction of Allylic Side Chains onto Peptides by Pd(0)-Catalyzed "Ester Enolate Claisen Rearrangement" (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntroduction of Allylic Side Chains onto Peptides by Pd(0)-Catalyzed "Ester Enolate Claisen Rearrangement"Uli KazmaierCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 22, 6667–6670Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00101a026https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00101a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views313Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Aβ1-40 Peptide Radiopharmaceuticals for Brain Amyloid Imaging:  111In Chelation, Conjugation to Poly(ethylene glycol)-Biotin Linkers, and Autoradiography with Alzheimer's Disease Brain Sections (2000)

The amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are formed by the neuropeptide Abeta(1)(-)(42/43), and carboxyl terminal truncated forms of this neuropeptide, designated Abeta(1)(-)(40), bind to amyloid plaques of AD autopsy tissue sections. Therefore, Abeta(1)(-)(40) is a potential peptide radiopharmaceutical that could be used for imaging brain amyloid in living subjects with AD, should this neuropeptide be made transportable through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To accomplish this, the neuropeptide must be modified to enable (i) attachment to a BBB drug targeting system and (ii) labeling with a radionuclide, e.g., 111-indium, suitable for brain imaging by external detection modalities such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The present studies describe the synthesis of an Abeta(1)(-)(40) analogue that contains a biotin at the amino terminus and a diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) moiety conjugated to one of the internal lysine residues. The DTPA-[N-biotin]-Abeta(1)(-)(40) was purified by gel filtration fast-protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) using two Superose 12HR columns in series, and the structure of the purified peptide was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. The binding of the [(111)In]DTPA-[N-biotin]-Abeta(1)(-)(40) to amyloid plaques of AD autopsy tissue sections was demonstrated by film and emulsion autoradiography. A poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker of 3400 Da molecular mass, designated PEG(3400), was inserted between the Abeta(1)(-)(40) and the biotin moiety, but this modification diminishes binding of Abeta(1)(-)(40) to the AD amyloid plaques. In summary, these studies describe a novel formulation of biotinylated Abeta(1)(-)(40) that allows radiolabeling with 111-indium. The peptide radiopharmaceutical may be conjugated to an avidin-based BBB drug targeting system to enable transport through the BBB and imaging of brain amyloid in vivo.
Induction of ICAM-1 HLA-DR Molecules by IFN-Gamma and Oncogene Expression in Human Bladder Cancer Cell Lines (1997)

It is well known that the expression level of the ICAM-1 and MHC is frequently altered in accordance with tumor progression, and the expression of oncogenes is significantly related to tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and/or metastatic potential. In this study, to investigate the relationship between the alteration in ICAM-1 and MHC expression with the tumor grade and/or cell differentiation, we examined the expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR before and after treatment with IFN-gamma in 4 human bladder cancer cell lines. We also analyzed the expression of c-Ha-ras and c-myc. Using flow cytometry, highly constitutive expression of ICAM-1 was detected in all cell lines tested except RT4 (grade I, well-differentiated, superficial). IFN-gamma was found to somewhat induce the expression of ICAM-1 in all cell lines except RT4. The constitutive expression of HLA-DR was not detected in any of the cell lines tested by flow cytometry and Northern blot. HLA-DR expression was induced by IFN-gamma in RT4 and J82 (grade III, anaplastic, invasive). Codon 12 point mutation of c-Ha-ras (GGC-->GTC; Gly-->Val) was detected in T24 (grade III, epidermoid, superficial) through single-strand conformation polymorphism, and sequencing analysis. Another point mutation at codon 27 was detected in TCCSUP (grade IV, distant metastatic), but this mutation was found to be silent (CAT-->CAC; His). Expression of c-myc was detected in J82 and TCCSUP by Northern blot. These findings, along with the clinical and pathological characteristics of the patients from whom the cell lines were established, might suggest that the expression of ICAM-1 seems to be associated with cell differentiation, and the inducibility of HLA-DR by IFN-gamma seems to be associated with the degree of malignancy. Expression of c-myc seems to be associated with invasiveness. However, a significant correlation between c-Ha-ras activation and tumor grade could not be observed.
Glass Transition Explanation for the Effect of Polyhydroxy Compounds on Protein Denaturation in Dehydrated Solids (1996)

ABSTRACT Dehydrated proteins are frequently subjected to thermal stress in the presence of other components. The effect such substances may have upon protein structure, and therefore function, has not been fully investigated. Thus, the effect of added polyhydroxy components on the denaturation of lyophilized β‐lactoglobulin, ovalbumin, and ribonuclease, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry, was evaluated. The denaturation temperature, T m , of the globular proteins decreased in the dry state after the addition of sucrose, sorbitol, or glycerol. The thermal stability (based on T m ) of the dehydrated proteins appeared to correlate with the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the polyhydroxy component, which was assumed to be related to the T g of the mixture. The lower the T g of the component, the greater was the degree of protein destabilization. Thus, glass transition data may be used to predict the effect that a component would have on denaturation of dehydrated proteins at elevated temperatures.
Comparative Evaluation of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays Based on Crude and Recombinant Leishmanial Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Leishmania infantum Visceral Infections in Dogs (2007)

The diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis remains difficult in rural areas where the disease is endemic, and serologic methods still need assessment, as they are not very sensitive for the detection of asymptomatic infectious dogs. Here we present data on the development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based methods for the detection of antibodies against recombinant leishmanial antigens (namely, the recombinant K26 [rK26] and rK39 antigens from Leishmania infantum and the rA2 protein from Leishmania donovani) in comparison to ELISAs employing crude soluble antigen (CSA). The assays utilized sera from known negative controls (n=25) and clinically asymptomatic (n=50) and symptomatic (n=50) dogs with confirmed L. infantum infections. Additional studies were also done using sera from animals harboring other infections (n=14) for the evaluation of cross-reactivity. Our study indicated that rK26 and rK39 used in ELISAs provided very high sensitivities for the detection of symptomatic dogs (94% and 100%, respectively), followed by CSA (88%) and rA2 (70%). Conversely, rA2 was more sensitive for asymptomatic dogs (88%) than rK39 and rK26 (both 66%) and CSA (30%). Some cross-reactivity in sera from dogs with other infections (Leishmania braziliensis and Leptospira interrogans) was identified, but the rA2 protein provided the greatest specificity (98%). Data further indicate that all three recombinant proteins must be used in parallel to detect essentially all infected dogs. Efforts should be made to develop a cheap and reliable serologic test based on epitope selection from these diagnostic markers for the sensitive detection of L. infantum-infected dogs.
Bioactive organosulfur phytochemicals in Brassica oleracea vegetables—A review (1995)

Sulfur-containing phytochemicals of two different kinds are present in all Brassica oleracea (Cruciferae) vegetables (cabbage, broccoli, etc.). They are glucosinolates (previously called thioglucosides) and S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide. These compounds, which are derived in plant tissue by amino acid biosynthesis, show quite different toxicological effects and appear to possess anticarcinogenic properties. Glucosinolates have been extensively studied since the mid-nineteenth century. They are present in plant foods besides Brassica vegetables with especially high levels in a number of seed meals fed to livestock. About 100 different kinds of glucosinolates are known to exist in the plant kingdom, but only about 10 are present in Brassica. The first toxic effects of isothiocyanates and other hydrolytic products from glucosinolates that were identified were goitre and a general inhibition of iodine uptake by the thyroid. Numerous studies have indicated that the hydrolytic products of at least three glucosinolates, 4-methyl-sulfinylbutyl (glucoraphanin), 2-phenylethyl (gluconasturtiin) and 3-indolylmethyl (glucobrassicin), have anticarcinogenic activity. Indole-3-carbinol, a metabolite of glucobrassicin, has shown inhibitory effects in studies of human breast and ovarian cancers. Kale poisoning, or a severe haemolytic anaemia, was discovered in cattle in Europe in the 1930s, but its link with the hydrolytic product of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide was only shown about 35 years later. S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide and its metabolite methyl methane thiosulfinate were shown to inhibit chemically-induced genotoxicity in mice. Thus, the cancer chemopreventive effects of Brassica vegetables that have been shown in human and animal studies may be due to the presence of both types of sulfur-containing phytochemicals (i.e. certain glucosinolates and S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide).
CD40-mediated signaling in B cells. Balancing cell survival, growth, and death (1996)

Multimerization of CD40 molecules on B cells by binding CD40 ligand on activated T cells initiates signaling events essential for B cell differentiation. In mature B cells, CD40 mediates stimulation and costimulation of cell growth, switch recombination, and transcriptional regulation. CD40-mediated signaling also regulates cell death, rescuing B cells from anti-Ig-induced apoptosis and inducing the expression of the Fas surface molecule. Recent efforts to elucidate the biochemistry of CD40-mediated signaling pathways have identified members of the TRAF protein family that are associated with the cytoplasmic tail of CD40. CD40 cross-linking probably multimerizes TRAF proteins which may act as direct transcriptional regulators. Modulation of protein tyrosine kinase and protein tyrosine phosphatase activity also occurs after CD40-mediated signaling; however, a connection to the TRAF pathway has not been established. Multiple pathways of B cell triggering are probably integrated at the level of transcriptional activation to produce differentiation stage-specific B cell responses.