gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Research of Text Classification Model Based on Latent Semantic Analysis and Improved HS-SVM (2010)

A text classification model based on Latent Semantic Analysis and Improved Hyper-sphere Support Vector Machine, is proposed in order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of text classification. Latent Semantic Analysis is used in this model for feature extraction, eliminating the text representation errors caused by synonyms and polysemes, and reducing the dimension of text vector. At the same time, a new decision-making approach based on concentration, is designed for improving the classification of texts in overlapping regions. Experimental results show that the model will give good classification results when the number of classes is small. And the improved algorithm is effective and feasible.
Inclusion of new types in relational data base systems (1986)

This paper explores a mechanism to support user-defined data types for columns in a relational data base system. Previous work suggested how to support new operators and new data types. The contribution of this work is to suggest ways to allow query optimization on commands which include new data types and operators and ways to allow access methods to be used for new data types.
A multimedia chipset for consumer audio-visual applications (1997)

The market for applications using digital video and audio is rapidly expanding and has become a target for increasing system integration, to meet hard requirements on cost and functionality. Recent designs address some requirements, providing, e.g. MPEG 2 decoding at reasonable cost, but are typically fixed-focus and limited in scope. This paper describes a chip set, encapsulating many of the functions required in high quality consumer audio-visual platforms. It is powerful, and also very flexible, but of low cost. Based around a low-cost, high-performance RISC processor core, it is intended to serve in a wide range of applications.
Activation of Neuronal Caspase-3 by Intracellular Accumulation of Wild-Type Alzheimer Amyloid Precursor Protein (1999)

Forced overexpression of wild-type Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (APP) causes postmitotic neurons to degenerate. Caspase-3 (CPP32) is a principal cell death protease involved in neuronal apoptosis during physiological development and under pathological conditions. Here, we investigated whether APP overexpression activates caspase-3 in human postmitotic neurons using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. When a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing human wild-type APP695 was infected in vitro into neurally differentiated embryonal carcinoma NT2 cells, only postmitotic neurons underwent severe degeneration. Before neurodegeneration, full-length APP- and Abeta-immunoreactive peptides were accumulated in infected neurons, and caspase-3-like protease activity was markedly elevated. Western blot analysis revealed that activated caspase-3 subunits were generated in APP-accumulating neurons. Such neuronal caspase-3 activation was undetectable in NT2 neurons infected with beta-galactosidase-expressing adenovirus. Addition of the caspase-3 inhibitor acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde to the culture medium significantly reduced the severity of degeneration exhibited by APP-overexpressing neurons. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed that some APP-accumulating neurons contained activated caspase-3 subunits and exhibited the characteristics of apoptosis, such as chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. Activation of caspase-3 was also observed in vivo in rat hippocampal neurons infected with the APP-expressing adenovirus. These results suggest that wild-type APP is an intrinsic activator of caspase-3-mediated death machinery in postmitotic neurons.
Relationship Between Positive Clinical Outcomes of Foot Orthotic Treatment and Changes in Rearfoot Kinematics (2007)

The effect of orthoses on frontal plane rearfoot motion is considered small and probably insufficient to account for the extent of symptom reduction found in this study. Other parameters of orthotic function, such as kinetic and neuromechanical variables, should be further investigated.
Antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: De-escalation in the real world* (2007)

Department of Intensive Care, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium Supported by a clinical doctoral grant from the Fund for Scientific Research–Flanders (1.7.201.07. N.00) (PD). The authors have not disclosed any potential conflicts of interest.
High prevalence of anti-phospholipid antibodies and anti-thyroglobulin antibody in patients with hepatitis C virus infection treated with interferon-alpha. (1995)

The pathogenesis of production and clinical significance of aPL, ATG/aTPO in this clinical setting are unclear, but immunological disturbances, such as the effects of HCV infection and/or IFN treatment, were considered to be a possibility. Further investigation is needed to clarify whether HCV/aPL- and/or aTG/aTPO-positive patients treated with IFN might develop aPL-associated complications and/or autoimmune disease(es), in the future and to confirm whether IFN treatment justifies the outcome in this clinical setting.
Smart block copolymer masks with molecule-transport channels for total wet nanopatterning (2008)

Total wet nanopatterning on silicon wafer surface by using liquid-crystalline (LC) integrated amphiphilic block copolymer (BC) masks with perpendicularly aligned poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) cylindrical domains as molecule-transport channels is demonstrated. This smart BC mask enables us to fabricate hexagonally arranged nanohole arrays, by nanopatterning of silicon wafer surfaces, with tunable periodicity in a range of 16–40 nm and precise transcription with an accuracy of a few nanometers. Blending poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether into the PEO cylinders to be nanochannels is a key trick to induce effective transportation of both etching reagents and products in the successful wet nanopatterning. The BC lithography with our smart BC masks and wet etching processes may be evaluated as a low-cost and mass-productive wet nanopatterning of silicon wafers, and may be applied to wide variety of substrates such as metals, semiconductors, glasses, and polymers by choosing appropriate etching reagents.
Familial Aggregation of Lipids and Lipoproteins in Families Ascertained through Random and Nonrandom Probands in the Iowa Lipid Research Clinics Family Study (1991)

The aggregation of lipids [total cholesterol (CH) and triglyceride (TG)] and lipoproteins [high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)] in families ascertained through random and nonrandom probands in the Iowa Lipid Research Clinics family study was examined. Nonrandom probands were selected because their lipid levels (at a prior screening visit) exceeded a certain pre-specified threshold. The statistical method conditions the likelihood function on the actual event that the proband's value is beyond the threshold. This method allows for estimation of the path model parameters in randomly and nonrandomly ascertained families jointly and separately, thus enabling tests of heterogeneity between the two types of samples. Marked heterogeneity between the random and the hyperlipidemic samples is detected in the multifactorial transmission for TG and HDL, and moderate heterogeneity is detected for CH and LDL, with a pattern of higher genetic heritability estimates in the random than nonrandom samples. The observed pattern of heterogeneity is compatible with a higher prevalence in the random sample of certain dyslipoproteinemias that are associated with nonelevated lipids. For the random samples, genetic heritabilities are higher for CH and HDL (about 60%) than for TG and LDL (about 50%). For the nonrandom samples those estimates are about 45, 40, 35 and 30% for HDL, CH, LDL and TG, respectively. Little to no cultural (familial environmental) heritability is evident for CH and LDL, although 10-20% of the phenotypic variance is due to cultural factors for TG and HDL. These results suggest that the etiologies for lipids and lipoproteins may be quite different in random versus hyperlipidemic samples.
Chondroadherin Fragmentation Mediated by the Protease HTRA1 Distinguishes Human Intervertebral Disc Degeneration from Normal Aging (2013)

Chondroadherin, a member of the leucine-rich repeat family, has previously been demonstrated to be fragmented in some juveniles with idiopathic scoliosis. This observation led us to investigate adults with disc degeneration. Immunoblotting analysis demonstrated that non-degenerate discs from three different age groups show no chondroadherin fragmentation. Furthermore, the chondroadherin fragments in adult degenerate disc and the juvenile scoliotic disc were compared via immunoblot analysis and appeared to have a similar size. We then investigated whether or not chondroadherin fragmentation increases with the severity of disc degeneration. Three different samples with different severities were chosen from the same disc, and chondroadherin fragmentation was found to be more abundant with increasing severity of degeneration. This observation led us to the creation of a neoepitope antibody to the cleavage site observed. We then observed that the cleavage site in adult degenerate discs and juvenile scoliotic discs was identical as confirmed by the neoepitope antibody. Consequently, investigation of the protease capable of cleaving chondroadherin at this site was necessary. In vitro digests of disc tissue demonstrated that ADAMTS-4 and -5; cathepsins K, B, and L; and MMP-3, -7, -12, and -13 were incapable of cleavage of chondroadherin at this site and that HTRA1 was indeed the only protease capable. Furthermore, increased protein levels of the processed form of HTRA1 were demonstrated in degenerate disc tissues via immunoblotting. The results suggest that chondroadherin fragmentation can be used as a biomarker to distinguish the processes of disc degeneration from normal aging.
A synthetic peptide binds 16 base pairs of A,T double helical DNA (1987)

One approach to the design of synthetic sequence specific DNA binding molecules that bind large sequences of double helical DNA is to couple together DNA binding domains of similar or diverse base pairs specificities. The DNA binding domains should be linked together in a way that allows simultaneous binding of the units to contiguous DNA sequences.
Thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidines as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents (1979)

Abstract A series of new thieno[2,3‐ d ]pyrimidine derivatives with a carbocyclic ring fused at positions 5 and 6 have been synthesised in order to study their pesticidal activity. Some of the compounds exhibit significant biological activity.
Localization of binding sites of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a superantigen, for HLA-DR by inhibition with synthetic peptides of SEB (1994)

Staphylococcal enterotoxins are major causes of food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. Their ability to bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules has been suggested to be the first step in the mechanism whereby they cause illness. By flow cytometric analysis, the sites of interaction of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) with HLA-DR molecules were probed in the present study by inhibiting the binding of biotinylated SEB to a human T-cell line (HUT-78) with synthetic peptides of SEB. Five peptides of SEB gave significant inhibition of binding: a peptide containing amino acids 9 to 20 [SEB(9-20)], SEB(30-38), SEB(61-70), SEB(90-114), and SEB(169-181). One peptide, SEB(39-51), enhanced binding. Among the inhibitory peptides, SEB(90-114), a peptide spanning the entire disulfide loop, showed the most efficient inhibition of binding. Peptides SEB(9-20) and SEB(39-51) include amino acid residues that have been identified by previous mutation studies (J.W. Kappler, A. Herman, J. Clements, and P. Marrack, J. Exp. Med. 175:387-396, 1992) as being important in binding to MHC class II. Amino acids lining the alpha 5 groove of SEB have also been postulated to be involved in binding to MHC class II molecules. However, only two of the residues that line the alpha 5 groove of SEB, His-12 and Tyr-17, are on peptide SEB(9-20) that inhibits binding. These results confirm previous studies that implicated the amino-terminal portion of the molecule in binding to MHC class II molecules and further indicate an important role for residues in other regions, particularly the disulfide loop.
Structural and numerical variations of the carbohydrate moiety of immunoglobulin G. (1982)

Oligosaccharide patterns obtained from human IgG by hydrazinolysis were fairly constant from sample to sample. In contrast, a variety of oligosaccharide patterns were obtained from IgG myeloma proteins. Structural analysis of each oligosaccharide by sequential exoglycosidase digestion and methylation studied indicated that the different patterns of IgG myeloma proteins are produced by different degrees of incompleteness of the formation of a single sugar chain: Sia alpha 2 leads to Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2 Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Sia alpha 2 leads to Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to Man alpha 1 leads to 3)(GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6)GlcNAcOT.
Telomerase activity in human renal cell carcinoma. (1996)

Telomeres have a vital role in maintaining chromosome stability and are essential for long term viability. Since the very ends of linear chromosomes cannot replicate, telomeres shorten in normal somatic cells eventually resulting in growth inhibition. However, most immortal cell lines maintain stable telomeres indicating that mechanisms exist to compensate for the end replication problem. Telomerase activity, leading to synthesis of telomeric DNA repeats, has been proposed to be an important step in the immortalization process of tumor cells. In the present study, 56 renal cell carcinomas were tested for telomerase activity using the sensitive TRAP (telomeric repeat amplification protocol). Forty of the analysed tumors (71%) were positive for telomerase activity, whereas none of the 56 corresponding normal kidney samples showed telomerase activity. All telomerase negative tumors had a reduction in mean telomere restriction fragment (TRF) length and a decrease in total telomere repeat hybridization signal, though cases were observed with an increase in peak TRF lengths. No obvious association between the presence of telomerase activity and clinicopathological parameters (histopathologic grade, DNA-ploidy, stage and clinical outcome) was found. The high frequency of detection of telomerase activity in the renal cell carcinomas indicates that this enzyme is likely to be an important factor involved in the evolution of this tumor type.
Detection of Enhanced In Vivo Platelet α-Granule Release in Different Patient Groups - Comparison of β-Thromboglobulin, Platelet Factor 4 and Thrombospondin Assays (1984)

During the platelet release reaction beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG), platelet factor 4 (PF4) and thrombospondin (TSP) are released from the platelet into plasma and assays of these proteins can be used to monitor in vivo platelet activation. We have assessed their relative merits as markers of the in vivo platelet alpha-granule release reaction in a number of patient groups which have previously been shown to have elevated plasma beta TG and/or PF4 levels. It is concluded that in diseases or conditions not complicated by its reduced clearance, beta TG is the most sensitive marker of in vivo platelet alpha-granule release. However, the TSP assays may be the least ambiguous when monitoring the platelet alpha-granule release reaction in patients with renal failure who are undergoing haemodialysis with heparin anticoagulation. Under these circumstances plasma beta TG, but not PF4 or TSP, levels are elevated because of impaired renal catabolism, and the presence of a heparin-releasable reservoir of PF4 on the endothelium complicates the use of the PF4 assay. In liver failure none of these assays may accurately reflect platelet alpha-granule release because of impaired hepatic or renal elimination of the proteins.
Bile Acids Activate YAP to Promote Liver Carcinogenesis (2013)

Elevated bile acid levels increase hepatocellular carcinoma by unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that mice with a severe defect in bile acid homeostasis due to the loss of the nuclear receptors FXR and SHP have enlarged livers, progenitor cell proliferation, and Yes-associated protein (YAP) activation and develop spontaneous liver tumorigenesis. This phenotype mirrors mice with loss of hippo kinases or overexpression of their downstream target, YAP. Bile acids act as upstream regulators of YAP via a pathway dependent on the induction of the scaffold protein IQGAP1. Patients with diverse biliary dysfunctions exhibit enhanced IQGAP1 and nuclear YAP expression. Our findings reveal an unexpected mechanism for bile acid regulation of liver growth and tumorigenesis via the Hippo pathway.
Protective effects of berberine against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats by inhibiting metabolism of doxorubicin (2015)

1. The clinical use of doxorubicin, an effective anticancer drug, is severely hampered by its cardiotoxicity. Berberine, a botanical alkaloid, has been reported to possess cardioprotective and antitumor effects. In this study, we investigated the cardioprotective effect of berberine on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and the effect of berberine on the metabolism of doxorubicin. 2. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered doxorubicin in the presence or absence of berberine for 2 weeks. Administration of berberine effectively prevented doxorubicin-induced body weight reduction and mortality in rats. 3. Berberine reduced the activity of myocardial enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), CK isoenzyme (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Echocardiographic examination further demonstrated that berberine effectively ameliorated cardiac dysfunction induced by doxorubicin. 4. Berberine inhibited the metabolism of doxorubicin in the cytoplasm of rat heart and reduced the accumulation of doxorubicinol (a secondary alcohol metabolite of doxorubicin) in heart. 5. These data showed that berberine alleviated the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats via inhibition of the metabolism of doxorubicin and reduced accumulation of doxorubicinol selectively in hearts.
Macrophages secrete a novel heparin-binding protein with inflammatory and neutrophil chemokinetic properties. (1988)

We report the identification and purification of a new inflammatory monokine synthesized by the macrophage tumor cell line RAW 264.7 in response to endotoxin. This monokine, which we term "macrophage inflammatory protein" (MIP), is a doublet with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 8,000 daltons on SDS-PAGE but forms aggregates of greater than 2 x 10(6) daltons as assessed by gel filtration. Partial NH2-terminal amino acid sequence data reveal no significant homology with any previously described protein. Although the monokine is anionic under physiological conditions, it is one of two major macrophage-secreted proteins that bind to heparin at high salt concentrations. At 100 ng/ml or greater, MIP is chemokinetic for human polymorphonuclear cells and triggers hydrogen peroxide production. Subcutaneous injection of 10 ng or greater of MIP into footpads of C3H/HeJ mice elicits an inflammatory response, characterized by neutrophil infiltration. These findings suggest that MIP is an endogenous mediator that may play a role in the host responses that occur during endotoxemia and other inflammatory events.
The renaissance of x-ray optics (1984)

There has been a spectacular resurgence of interest in the soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in the past few years. In part, this is due to the development of new x-ray optical devices that have given us an x-ray view of the universe on scales ranging from the microscopic to the astronomical (see figure 1).
F-actin dynamics control segregation of the TCR signaling cascade to clustered lipid rafts (2002)

Following ligand binding the TCR segregates to plasma membrane microdomains, termed lipid rafts, characterized by a highly ordered lipid structure favoring partitioning of glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol-linked costimulatory receptors and acylated signaling molecules. Here we show that the inducible association of the TCR and key signaling proteins with lipid rafts is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton through a mechanism involving raft coalescence. Although lipid rafts are required for full activation of the TCR-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation cascade and sustained signaling, triggering of TCR-proximal events, including Fyn activation and a first wave of Vav phosphorylation, is independent of lipid rafts, while a second wave of raft-dependent Vav phosphorylation occurs after raft coalescence, as also supported by the finding that Vav is phosphorylated in response to lipid raft clustering by GM1 aggregation. The constitutive association found between Vav and the CD3zeta chain suggests a model whereby the TCR-associated signaling machinery initiates raft aggregation by promoting F-actin reorganization, which permits full activation of the tyrosine phosphorylation cascade, further reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and sustained signaling, leading to cell activation.
Aldose Reductase from Rhodotorula (1971)

Abstract A TPN-specific aldose reductase has been purified 1310-fold from yeast (Rhodotorula sp.). Cell growth and preparation of a crude extract are described. Acidification of the extract (pH 5.0) resulted in precipitation of approximately 60% of the inert protein. Further treatment with protamine sulfate, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and negative absorption to calcium phosphate gel produced a 24-fold purification over the crude extract. Electrofocusing (pH 4 to 6 range) gave greater than a 1000-fold purification and subsequent column chromatography on Sephadex G-100 removed the Ampholine and remaining proteins from the reductase enzyme. Recovery of aldose reductase units averaged about 57% of those present in the initial extract. Homogeneity of the purified enzyme was indicated by both disc gel electrophoretical and immunological criteria. In the presence of 10-3m mercaptoethanol, the enzyme was dissociated into two protein bands by disc gel electrophoresis. The enzyme has an average molecular weight of 61,000 as estimated by gel filtration, and an isoelectric point of 5.05 (electrofocusing). When TPNH was the varied substrate, competitive inhibition was given by both TPN+ (Ki = 2.0 x 10-5 m) and 2'-AMP (Ki = 5.0 x 10-4 m).
The UCS family of myosin chaperones (2002)

The canonical UCS (UNC-45/Cro1/She4p) protein, Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-45, was one of the earliest molecules to be shown genetically to be necessary for sarcomere assembly. Genetic analyses of homologues in several fungal species indicate that the conserved UCS domain functionally interacts with conventional type II and unconventional type V myosins. In C. elegans and other invertebrate species, UNC-45 and its orthologues interact with both sarcomeric and non-sarcomeric myosins whereas, in vertebrates, there are two UNC-45 isoforms: a general cell (GC) and a striated muscle (SM) isoform. Although the mechanism of action of UCS proteins is unknown, recent biochemical studies suggest that they may act as molecular chaperones that facilitate the folding and/or maturation of myosin.