gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of metabolic pathways of brain angiotensin II and III using specific aminopeptidase inhibitors: predominant role of angiotensin III in the control of vasopressin release. (1996)

Angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang III are two peptide effectors of the brain renin-angiotensin system that participate in the control of blood pressure and increase water consumption and vasopressin release. In an attempt to delineate the respective roles of these peptides in the regulation of vasopressin secretion, their metabolic pathways and their effects on vasopressin release were identified in vivo. For this purpose, we used recently developed selective inhibitors of aminopeptidase A (APA) and aminopeptidase N (APN), two enzymes that are believed to be responsible for the N-terminal cleavage of Ang II and Ang III, respectively. Mice received [3H]Ang II intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) in the presence or absence of the APN inhibitor, EC33 (3-amino-4-thio-butyl sulfonate) of the APN inhibitor, EC27 (2-amino-pentan-1,5-dithiol). [3H]Ang II and [3H]Ang III levels were evaluated from hypothalamus homogenates by HPLC. EC33 increased the half-life of [3H]Ang II 2.6-fold and completely blocked the formation of [3H]Ang III, whereas EC27 increased the half-life of [3H]Ang III 2.3-fold. In addition, the effects of EC33 and EC27 on Ang-induced vasopressin release were studied in mice. Ang II was injected i.c.v. in the presence or absence of EC33, and plasma vasopressin levels were estimated by RIA. While vasopressin levels were increased 2-fold by Ang II (5 ng), EC33 inhibited Ang II-induced vasopressin release in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, EC27 injected alone increased in a dose-dependent manner vasopressin levels. The EC27-induced vasopressin release was completely blocked by the coadministration of the Ang receptor antagonist (Sar1-Ala8) Ang II. These results demonstrate for the first time that (i) APA and APN are involved in vivo in the metabolism of brain Ang II and Ang III, respectively, and that (ii) the action of Ang II on vasopressin release depends upon the prior conversion of Ang II to Ang III. This shows that Ang III behaves as one of the main effector peptides of the brain renin-angiotensin system in the control of vasopressin release.
Accumulation of analgo of phosphocreatine in muscle of chicks fed 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine (cyclocreatine). (1976)

Newly hatched chicks fed a commercial diet containing 1% cyclocreatine (1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine) rapidly accumulate in breast muscle a derivative of cyclocreatine; within a few days concentrations up to 35 mumol of this derivative/g fresh weight of muscle are attained. The following evidence suggests that this derivative is N-phosphorylated cyclocreatine. (a) The derivative is adsorbed by Dowex 1 resin and eluted near phosphocreatine. (b) The derivative present in muscle is converted to free cyclocreatine either by homogenization of muscle in water at room temperature, conditions under which endogenous creatine kinase is active, or by heating a cold acidic muscle extract at 65 degrees for 45 min. (c) The isolated derivative reacts in vitro with the specific reagents crystalline creatine kinase and MgADP to give cyclocreatine. Essentially all of breast muscle cyclocreatine appears to be in the form of P-cyclocreatine, which persists in muscle long after cyclocreatine is removed from the diet. Long term conservation of P-cyclocreatine in muscle is aided by the fact that, unlike P-creatine, P-cyclocreatine is not continuously degraded to an inactive cyclic lactam. It is suggested that the maximal concentrations of P-cyclocreatine2- (and P-creatine2-) attained in sarcoplasm not only affect the phosphorylation potential of muscle cells, but also can account for more than half of the normal inorganic cation concentration of muscle sarcoplasm, and hence play an important role in muscle function. Other chick tissues active in accumulation of cyclocreatine are heart (up to 20 mumol/g fresh weight within 11 days on the diet) and brain (up to 10 mumol/g fresh weight after 30 days on the diet). Addition of 1% creatine to the diet of cyclocreatine-fed chicks does not prevent accumulation of cyclocreatine in muscle. Chicks fed cyclocreatine do not grow as rapidly as those on control diets, but they appear healthy, and mortality is very low when oxytetracycline is added to the drinking water. Cyclocreatine is also taken up by rat muscle, heart, and brain. A sensitive and specific assay for cyclocreatine has been developed. Cyclocreatine reacts with an aged aqueous solution of Na3[Fe(CN)8NH3] under alkaline conditions to give a blue product with a molar absorption coefficient (epsilon) of 4,400 M(-1) cm(¿ at 605 nm. The following compounds give an epsilon605 in this assay of less than 4 M%¿ cm(% N-phosphorylcyclocreatine, creatine, P-creatine, creatinine, 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminohexahydropyrimidine, guanidinoacetate, 3-guanidinopropionate, and arginine. Cyclocreatine does not interfere with the diacetyl-alpha-naphthol assay for creatine.
Measurement of bacterial growth rates on polymers (1996)

A video microscope system and a mathematical model were developed to observe and model the early stage of bacterial growth on polymer surfaces. Glass slides were coated with polyorthoester, poly(L-lactic acid), and polysulfone, and inserted into a laminar flow cell to expose them to bacterial cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Escherichia coli. The free energy of adhesion (ΔFadh) was determined from contact-angle measurements. The microscopic observations along with the mathematical model allowed measurement of the rates of adhesion, release, and growth. The growth rate of P. aeruginosa on the various surfaces correlated to the ΔFadh. The growth rates of all species on all of the surfaces were slower than the growth rates of the bacteria in suspension. The mathematical model is valid for early growth before the bacteria form a complete monolayer, and is useful in predicting and modeling early growth of bacteria on implanted biomaterials. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Catabolism of radioiodinated murine monoclonal antibody F(ab')2 fragment labeled using N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate and Iodogen methods (1995)

The F(ab')2 fragment of monoclonal antibody (MAb) Me1-14 was labeled with 125I using the Iodogen method and by reaction with N-succinimidyl 3-[125I]iodobenzoate (SIB). The labeled catabolites generated after exposure to tissue homogenates in vitro and following administration of labeled F(ab')2 into normal mice were investigated by size-exclusion HPLC, gel electrophoresis, and reverse-phase HPLC. Rapid conversion of F(ab')2 to Fab was observed with both labeling methods. With F(ab')2 labeled using the Iodogen method, the primary low molecular weight catabolites appeared to be [125I]iodide and, to a lesser extent, mono[125I]iodotyrosine. With SIB, [125I]iodide and [125I]iodobenzoic acid (IBA) as well as the glycine and lysine conjugates of IBA were all observed. Differences in low molecular weight catabolic products could explain the more rapid normal tissue clearance with MAbs and MAb fragments labeled with SIB compared with those labeled using iodogen.
A Hypothetical Mechanism for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Involving Ethanol Inhibition of Retinoic Acid Synthesis at the Alcohol Dehydrogenase Step (1991)

Ethanol acts as a teratogen causing brain, craniofacial, and limb abnormalities in those suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome. Normal embryonic development of the vertebrate nervous system and limbs has recently been shown to be governed by retinoic acid, the active form of vitamin A. Retinol dehydrogenase is an enzyme needed to convert vitamin A (retinol) to retinoic acid, a molecule that specifies embryonic pattern formation by controlling gene expression. Ethanol acts as a competitive inhibitor of the retinol dehydrogenase activity attributed to mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), an enzyme that uses both retinol and ethanol as substrates. An hypothesis is presented in which many of the abnormalities observed in fetal alcohol syndrome may be caused by high levels of ethanol acting as a competitive inhibitor of ADH-catalyzed retinol oxidation in the embryo or fetus. This would presumably result in a reduction of retinoic acid synthesis in embryonic tissues such as the nervous system and limbs that require critical levels of this molecule to specify spatial patterns.
Antidepressant-induced jitteriness/anxiety syndrome: systematic review (2009)

Jitteriness/anxiety syndrome remains poorly characterised. Despite this, clinicians' perception of this syndrome influences prescribing and it is cited to support postulated mechanisms of drug action. We recommend systematised evaluation of side-effects at earlier time points in antidepressant trials to further elucidate this clinically important syndrome.
Myocyte Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 Contributes to Blunted β-Adrenergic Response in Failing Human Hearts by Decreasing Ca 2+ Transients (2004)

NOS2 expression strongly limited ISO-induced increases in contraction, twitch Delta[Ca2+]i, and lusitropy in trabeculae and isolated myocytes from failing human hearts. Thus, the beta-AR hyporesponsiveness in human HF is mediated in large part by NO (or related congeners) produced within cardiac myocytes via NOS2.
The Putative Tumor Suppressor LRP1B, a Novel Member of the Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor Family, Exhibits Both Overlapping and Distinct Properties with the LDL Receptor-related Protein (2001)

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-deleted in tumor (LRP1B, initially referred to as LRP-DIT) was cloned and characterized as a candidate tumor suppressor. It is a new member of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. Its overall domain structure and large size (approximately 600 kDa) are similar to LRP and suggest that it is a multifunctional cell surface receptor. Herein, we characterize a series of ligands for the receptor using cell lines that stably express it as a domain IV minireceptor (mLRP1B4). Ligands of LRP including receptor-associated protein, urokinase plasminogen activator, tissue-type plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 each demonstrate binding, internalization, and degradation via mLRP1B4. Interestingly, the kinetics of ligand endocytosis is distinctly different from that of LRP, with LRP1B exhibiting a markedly diminished internalization rate. In addition, tissue expression analysis reveals that the LRP1B gene is expressed in brain, thyroid, and salivary gland. These studies thus extend the physiological roles of members of the LDL receptor family.
보문 : 한국산 (韓國産) 담수조류의 (淡水藻類) 추가 (2) (1982)

From recent collections in Kyung-gi area, excluding the summer months, the author identified 5 taxa of fresh-water algae which are new additions to the list of fresh-water algae in Korea. These include one new order, two new families and five new genera. The added species are Chlorogonium elongatum, Polyedriopsis spinulosa, Characiopsis minuta, Gymnodinium aeruginosum and Bumilleria sicula.
The epidermal growth factor receptor as a target for therapy with antireceptor monoclonal antibodies. (1990)

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is a potential target for antitumor therapy, because it is expressed at high levels on many human tumor cells and appears to be involved in autocrine stimulation of cell growth in a number of experimental studies. Anti-EGF receptor monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which block ligand binding can prevent the growth in culture of cells that are stimulated by EGF or TGF-alpha. Growth of human tumor xenografts bearing high levels of EGF receptors is also inhibited. A Phase I trial in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung has demonstrated the capacity of a single dose of 120 mg anti-EGF receptor MAb to localize in such tumors and to achieve saturating concentrations in the blood for more than 3 days, without causing toxicity.
Interspecific interaction of aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells. (1987)

The proliferation stimulating or inhibitory effect of aortic endothelial cells on aortic smooth muscle cells and vice versa was studied in cell culture by using a newly developed co-cultivation technique. The effect was registered as the incorporation of labelled thymidine detected by liquid scintillation counting. The experiments were performed in intra and interspecific combinations, using bovine, pig or rat aortic cell cultures. The endothelial cells stimulated smooth muscle cell proliferation in a species specific way. In interspecies combinations either inhibition or no effect was observed. The smooth muscle cells usually had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of endothelial cells except for the pig smooth muscle cells which had a stimulatory effect in both inter and intraspecies combinations. Co-cultivation of smooth muscle or endothelial cells with cells of the same type resulted mostly in inhibition or no effect in both intra and interspecies combinations. This phenomenon was particularly conspicuous with endothelial cells. The different stimulatory and inhibitory effects produced by these cells may play an important role in the regulation of neovascularization and in reendothelization of denuded intimal areas.
Function of the urokinase receptor (CD87) in neutrophil Chemotaxis (1995)

During recruitment, leukocytes respond to chemotaxins and traverse matrix barriers. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), bound to its receptor (uPAR; CD87) facilitates plasmin formation, which promotes matrix proteolysis. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are critical to the inflammatory response and express both uPA and CD87. To determine whether uPA and CD87 are required for PMN chemotaxis, PMNs were pretreated with an anti-CD87 monoclonal antibody (mAb), a neutralizing anti-uPA mAb, or uPA. PMN chemotaxis was profoundly suppressed by the anti-CD87 mAb but was unaffected by anti-uPA mAb or uPA. The role CD87 plays in chemotaxis may be related to its ability to associate with CR3. CD87/CR3 coupling can be disrupted by specific saccharides. The same saccharides that disrupt CD87/CR3 coupling (NADG, D-mannose, and mannoside) inhibit PMN chemotaxis. We conclude that CD87 plays a crucial role in PMN chemotaxis in vitro that is independent of uPA enzyme activity but may be related to the ability of CD87 to interact with CR3.
New intrinsic gettering process in silicon based on interactions of silicon interstitials (1986)

A new intrinsic gettering process was found in silicon crystals subjected to a three-step annealing sequence. The process involves native point defects (silicon interstitials) rather than residual oxygen impurity, and thus it can be realized in crystals with low or virtually zero oxygen concentration. The key characteristics of the process (i.e., denuding and gettering efficiency and the role of annealing ambient) are discussed in conjunction with a kinetic model involving diffusion of silicon interstitials. The identity of the intrinsic gettering centers was pursued by transmission electron microscopy.
EGFR family expression in breast carcinomas. c‐erbB‐2 and c‐erbB‐4 receptors have different effects on survival (2001)

One hundred patients with breast carcinoma followed for 7-11 years were included in the present study of EGFR family members, using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. By immunohistochemistry, 36%, 27%, 26%, and 82% of the tumours were positive for EGFR, c-erbB-2, c-erbB-3, and c-erbB-4. All the immunoreactive tumours were confirmed positive by RT-PCR. Tumour size, histological grade, lymph node status, S-phase fraction, and stage were confirmed to be significantly associated with both disease-free and cancer-specific survival in the present study. Methods of treatment, histological type, and ploidy had no significant effect on survival. Statistical analysis of EGFR family members in these tumours showed a significant association between c-erbB-2 expression and reduced disease-free and cancer-specific survival. c-erbB-4 expression was associated with a more favourable outcome. Co-expression of c-erbB-2 and EGFR was associated with a worse prognosis. c-erbB-4 expression, however, showed an antagonistic effect on the clinical influence of c-erbB-2 expression. In conclusion, c-erbB-2 expression in breast carcinomas is associated with an unfavourable clinical course and EGFR expression has a synergistic effect. However, c-erbB-4 antagonizes the c-erbB-2 effect on clinical course in breast carcinomas. To achieve best results with immunotherapy against the c-erbB-2 receptor, clarifying the status of c-erbB-4 expression may be of significance.
Quantification of HCV RNA levels and detection of core antigen in donations before seroconversion (2002)

A wide range of HCV RNA levels can be detected during the seronegative window phase of HCV infection. HCV core antigen can be used to detect HCV infection during the window phase of infection.
Spray-Drying of liposomes for a Pulmonary Administration. I. Chemical Stability of Phospholipids (1993)

Multilamellar vesicles constituted of soybean phosphatidyl-choline (SPC) and extruded through a 0.2 μm polycarbonate membrane were spray-dried in the presence of 10 % lactose. The particle mean diameter of the spray-dried product was about 7 μm when the liposomes were dispersed with a rotary atomizer. The dry residue can be resuspended in water to reconstitute liposomes without major change to the vesicle size distribution. Moreover, the chemical stability of the phospholipids was not significantly affected by this process, both in terms of hydrolysis and oxidation. It was concluded that spray-drying is a potentially interesting means to produce stable dried liposomes that could be administered to the lung by inhalation.
Multiple cell culture factors can affect the glycosylation of Asn-184 in CHO-produced tissue-type plasminogen activator (2000)

Human tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) contains a variably occupied glycosylation site at Asn-184 in naturally produced t-PA and in t-PA produced in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The presence of an oligosaccharide at this site has previously been shown to reduce specific activity and fibrin binding. In this report, the site occupancy of t-PA is shown to increase gradually over the course of batch and fed-batch CHO cultures. Additional cell culture factors, including butyrate and temperature, are also shown to influence the degree of glycosylation. In each of these cases, conditions with decreased growth rate correlate with increased site occupancy. Investigations using quinidine and thymidine to manipulate the cell cycle distribution of cultures further support this correlation between site occupancy and growth state. Comparison of the cell cycle distribution across the range of cell culture factors investigated shows a consistent relationship between site occupancy and the fraction of cells in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle. These results support a correlation between growth state and site occupancy, which fundamentally differs from site occupancy trends previously observed and illustrates the importance of the growth profile of CHO cultures in producing consistently glycosylated recombinant glycoproteins.
Structural plasticity of the cyclic-cystine-knot framework: implications for biological activity and drug design (2006)

The cyclotide family of plant proteins is of interest because of their unique topology, which combines a head-to-tail cyclic backbone with an embedded cystine knot, and because their remarkable chemical and biological properties make them ideal candidates as grafting templates for biologically active peptide epitopes. The present study describes the first steps towards exploiting the cyclotide framework by synthesizing and structurally characterizing two grafted analogues of the cyclotide kalata B1. The modified peptides have polar or charged residues substituted for residues that form part of a surface-exposed hydrophobic patch that plays a significant role in the folding and biological activity of kalata B1. Both analogues retain the native cyclotide fold, but lack the undesired haemolytic activity of their parent molecule, kalata B1. This finding confirms the tolerance of the cyclotide framework to residue substitutions and opens up possibilities for the substitution of biologically active peptide epitopes into the framework.
Singlet fission in pentacene dimers (2015)

Singlet fission (SF) has the potential to supersede the traditional solar energy conversion scheme by means of boosting the photon-to-current conversion efficiencies beyond the 30% Shockley-Queisser limit. Here, we show unambiguous and compelling evidence for unprecedented intramolecular SF within regioisomeric pentacene dimers in room-temperature solutions, with observed triplet quantum yields reaching as high as 156 ± 5%. Whereas previous studies have shown that the collision of a photoexcited chromophore with a ground-state chromophore can give rise to SF, here we demonstrate that the proximity and sufficient coupling through bond or space in pentacene dimers is enough to induce intramolecular SF where two triplets are generated on one molecule.
The Biology of Coronaviruses (1983)

Introduction The Coronaviridae is a monogeneric family comprising 11 viruses which infect vertebrates. Members of the group are responsible for diseases of clinical and economic importance, in particular respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders (Table 1). The group was originally recognized on the basis of a characteristic virion morphology (Tyrrell et al., 1968), but can now be defined by biological and molecular criteria. Various aspects of coronavirus biology have been dealt with in recent reviews (Robb & Bond, 1979; Siddell et al., 1982; Wege et al., 1982).
Mannose Polyethylenimine Conjugates for Targeted DNA Delivery into Dendritic Cells (1999)

Cell surface-bound receptors represent suitable entry sites for gene delivery into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Here we have taken advantage of the mannose receptor that is highly expressed on antigen-presenting dendritic cells for targeted gene transfer by employing mannosylpolyethylenimine (ManPEI) conjugates. Several ManPEI conjugates were synthesized and used for formation of ManPEI/DNA transfection complexes. Conjugates differed in the linker between mannose and polyethylenimine (PEI) and in the size of the PEI moiety. We demonstrate that ManPEI transfection is effective in delivering DNA into mannose receptor-expressing cells. Uptake of ManPEI/DNA complexes is receptor-specific, since DNA delivery can be competed with mannosylated albumin. Additionally, incorporation of adenovirus particles into transfection complexes effectively enhances transgene expression. This is particularly important for primary immunocompetent dendritic cells. It is demonstrated here that dendritic cells transfected with ManPEI/DNA complexes containing adenovirus particles are effective in activating T cells of T cell receptor transgenic mice in an antigen-specific fashion.
Application-specific Delta-encoding via Resemblance Detection. (2003)

Many objects, such as files, electronic messages, and web pages, contain overlapping content. Numerous past research projects have observed that one can compress one object relative to another one by computing the differences between the two, but these delta-encoding systems have almost invariably required knowledge of a specific relationship between them---most commonly, two versions using the same name at different points in time. We consider cases in which this relationship is determined dynamically, by efficiently determining when a sufficient resemblance exists between two objects in a relatively large collection. We look at specific examples of this technique, namely web pages, email, and files in a file system, and evaluate the potential data reduction and the factors that influence this reduction. We find that delta-encoding using this resemblance detection technique can improve on simple compression by up to a factor of two, depending on workload, and that a small fraction of objects can potentially account for a large portion of these savings.