gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation of quantum-dot quantum-well heteronanostructures with large lattice mismatch: ZnS/CdS/ZnS (2001)

Two-dimensional heterostructures have been exploited extensively in the synthesis of optoelectronic devices. Structures with small lattice mismatch can be synthesized readily. Large lattice mismatch in II–VI film heterostructures makes synthesis of devices with these materials more difficult. However, these large mismatch heterostructures usually have useful optical properties. One such heterostructure is the ZnS/CdS system with a large exciton binding energy and a large band gap useful for blue–green emitting devices. In this work, small II–VI nanoparticles are studied. We show that II–VI heterostructures can be made in quantum dots, despite the large bulk lattice mismatch. Two well-known techniques are combined to synthesize first very small ZnS and CdS seed nanoparticles and then do nanoepitaxy on them to produce ZnS/CdS core/shell quantum-dot quantum-well heteronanostructures. These structures are characterized by UV visible absorbance. Measured spectra are compared with electronic level structures calculated for the fabricated heteronanostructures with a tight-binding model. The consistency of the observed spectra with the predicted transitions indicates that the desired core/shell and core/shell/clad structures were grown. The metastability of the ZnS/CdS/ZnS heteronanostructures is attributed to low-temperature construction and small crystal size (&amp;lt;3 nm). The small particle size should produce large surface forces and ZnS core contraction. Also, the small particle size should accommodate strain, as a result of the ZnS/CdS interfacial curvature, which is not possible for planar systems. Furthermore, this new structure is kinetically stabilized against alloying by the large size difference between the Cd2+ ion and Zn2+ ions. We suggest that all of these factors contribute to the formation of quantum-dot quantum-well ZnS/CdS/ZnS heteronanostructures.
Amino acid sequence of the beta subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone from human pituitary glands. (1976)

The beta subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH-beta) from human pituitary glands was reduced and S-aminoethylated prior to thermolytic, tryptic, and chymotryptic digestions. Each digest was gel-filtered on Sephadex G-50 to seperate the glycopeptides. The glycopeptides and the peptides were isolated by high voltage paper electrophoresis at pH 6, 3.5, and 2.0. The purity of the isolated peptides was confirmed by amino acid analyses. The amino acid sequences of peptides were determined by Edman degradation followed by subtractive amino acid analysis and, in certain cases, confirmed by dansylation. COOH-terminal sequences of the peptides were determined by digestion with carboxypeptidases A and B and by hydrazinolysis. The tryptophan content of human follicle-stimulating hormone, of the beta subunit of human follicle-stimulating hormone, and of the glycopeptides obtained from the enzymic digests was determined by fluorescence spectra, titration against N-bromosuccinimide, colorimetric estimation with p-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde, hydrolysis with methane sulfonic acid containing 0.2% tryptamine followed by amino acid analysis, microbiological assay, and sequence analysis. The presence of 1 tryptophan residue in the beta subunit was indicated.
Transition-metal promoted hydroborations of alkenes, emerging methodology for organic transformations (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransition-metal promoted hydroborations of alkenes, emerging methodology for organic transformationsKevin. Burgess and Michael J. OhlmeyerCite this: Chem. Rev. 1991, 91, 6, 1179–1191Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00006a003https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00006a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4951Altmetric-Citations688LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Isolation of a Human cDNA That Complements a Mutant Hamster Cell Defective in Methotrexate Uptake (1995)

A clone has been isolated from a human lymphoblastic cDNA expression library that complements a mutant Chinese hamster cell defective in the uptake of the folate analogue methotrexate. When transfected with this clone the mutant cells regain the ability to transport the drug and, as a consequence, become sensitive to its cytotoxic action. The clone is 2863 base pairs long and has an open reading frame of 1770 base pairs that codes for a putative protein of 64 kDa. The putative protein has 51 and 50% identity at the amino acid level with the mouse and hamster functions, respectively, involved in the transport of reduced folates. Together these three proteins share 47% identity and have similar predicted structural features. The data are consistent with this human clone encoding either the reduced folate transporter or an auxiliary function that interacts with this transporter.
Identification of the Signal Directing Tim9 and Tim10 into the Intermembrane Space of Mitochondria (2009)

The intermembrane space of mitochondria contains the specific mitochondrial intermembrane space assembly (MIA) machinery that operates in the biogenesis pathway of precursor proteins destined to this compartment. The Mia40 component of the MIA pathway functions as a receptor and binds incoming precursors, forming an essential early intermediate in the biogenesis of intermembrane space proteins. The elements that are crucial for the association of the intermembrane space precursors with Mia40 have not been determined. In this study, we found that a region within the Tim9 and Tim10 precursors, consisting of only nine amino acid residues, functions as a signal for the engagement of substrate proteins with the Mia40 receptor. Furthermore, the signal contains sufficient information to facilitate the transfer of proteins across the outer membrane to the intermembrane space. Thus, here we have identified the mitochondrial intermembrane space sorting signal required for delivery of proteins to the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Epidermal β-catenin activation remodels the dermis via paracrine signalling to distinct fibroblast lineages (2016)

Sustained epidermal Wnt/β-catenin signalling expands the stem cell compartment and induces ectopic hair follicles (EFs). This is accompanied by extensive fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling in the underlying dermis. Here we show that epidermal Hedgehog (Hh) and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signalling mediate the dermal changes. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of these pathways prevents β-catenin-induced dermal reprogramming and EF formation. Epidermal Shh stimulates proliferation of the papillary fibroblast lineage, whereas TGF-β2 controls proliferation, differentiation and ECM production by reticular fibroblasts. Hh inhibitors do not affect TGF-β target gene expression in reticular fibroblasts, and TGF-β inhibition does not prevent Hh target gene induction in papillary fibroblasts. However, when Hh signalling is inhibited the reticular dermis does not respond to epidermal β-catenin activation. We conclude that the dermal response to epidermal Wnt/β-catenin signalling depends on distinct fibroblast lineages responding to different paracrine signals.
Optically pumped UV lasers grown on bulk AlN substrates (2012)

Abstract Sub‐300 nm optically pumped ultraviolet lasers were realized on low‐defect‐density (0001) AlN substrates fabricated from single crystalline AlN boules. The Al x Ga 1– x N/Al y Ga 1– y N hetero‐structures were grown by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy near atmospheric pressure. The high structural quality of the pseudomorphically deposited films was confirmed by X‐ray reciprocal space mappings and time‐resolved photoluminescence (PL) studies of the multiple quantum well emission. The initial PL‐decay times for a sample emitting at 267 nm were 0.87 ns and 1.14 ns for T = 295 K and T = 14 K, respectively. Laser resonators with a length of about 1 mm were formed by cleaving the AlN crystal to obtain m‐plane mirror facets. Lasing was demonstrated for various wavelengths between 267 and 291 nm with the threshold power density as low as 126 kW/cm 2 for the shortest attempted wavelength. The laser emission was TE polarized for all emission wavelengths. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonantimuscarinic treatment for overactive bladder: a systematic review (2016)

The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy and safety of nonantimuscarinic treatments for overactive bladder. Medline, Cochrane, and other databases (inception to April 2, 2014) were used. We included any study design in which there were 2 arms and an n > 100, if at least 1 of the arms was a nonantimuscarinic therapy or any comparative trial, regardless of number, if at least 2 arms were nonantimuscarinic therapies for overactive bladder. Eleven reviewers double-screened citations and extracted eligible studies for study: population, intervention, outcome, effects on outcome categories, and quality. The body of evidence for categories of interventions were summarized and assessed for strength. Ninety-nine comparative studies met inclusion criteria. Interventions effective to improve subjective overactive bladder symptoms include exercise with heat and steam generating sheets (1 study), diaphragmatic (1 study), deep abdominal (1 study), and pelvic floor muscle training exercises (2 studies). Pelvic floor exercises are more effective in subjective and objective outcomes with biofeedback or verbal feedback. Weight loss with diet and exercise, caffeine reduction, 25-50% reduction in fluid intake, and pelvic floor muscle exercises with verbal instruction and or biofeedback were all efficacious. Botulinum toxin A improves urge incontinence episodes, urgency, frequency, quality of life, nocturia, and urodynamic testing parameters. Acupuncture improves quality of life and urodynamic testing parameters. Extracorporeal magnetic stimulation improves urodynamic parameters. Mirabegron improves daily incontinence episodes, nocturia, number of daily voids, and urine volume per void, whereas solabegron improves daily incontinence episodes. Short-term posterior tibial nerve stimulation is more efficacious than pelvic floor muscle training exercises and behavioral therapy for improving: urgency, urinary incontinence episodes, daily voids, volume per void, and overall quality of life. Sacral neuromodulation is more efficacious than antimuscarinic treatment for subjective improvement of overactive bladder and quality of life. Transvaginal electrical stimulation demonstrates subjective improvement in overactive bladder symptoms and urodynamic parameters. Multiple therapies, including physical therapy, behavioral therapy, botulinum toxin A, acupuncture, magnetic stimulation, mirabegron, posterior tibial nerve stimulation, sacral neuromodulation, and transvaginal electrical stimulation, are efficacious in the treatment of overactive bladder.
Microphthalmia Gene Product as a Signal Transducer in cAMP-Induced Differentiation of Melanocytes (1998)

Melanocyte differentiation characterized by an increased melanogenesis, is stimulated by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone through activation of the cAMP pathway. During this process, the expression of tyrosinase, the enzyme that controls melanin synthesis is upregulated. We previously showed that cAMP regulates transcription of the tyrosinase gene through a CATGTG motif that binds microphthalmia a transcription factor involved in melanocyte survival. Further, microphthalmia stimulates the transcriptional activity of the tyrosinase promoter and cAMP increases the binding of microphthalmia to the CATGTG motif. These observations led us to hypothesize that microphthalmia mediates the effect of cAMP on the expression of tyrosinase. The present study was designed to elucidate the mechanism by which cAMP regulates microphthalmia function and to prove our former hypothesis, suggesting that microphthalmia is a key component in cAMP-induced melanogenesis. First, we showed that cAMP upregulates the transcription of microphthalmia gene through a classical cAMP response element that is functional only in melanocytes. Then, using a dominant-negative mutant of microphthalmia, we demonstrated that microphthalmia is required for the cAMP effect on tyrosinase promoter. These findings disclose the mechanism by which cAMP stimulates tyrosinase expression and melanogenesis and emphasize the critical role of microphthalmia as signal transducer in cAMP-induced melanogenesis and pigment cell differentiation.
Independently temperature programmed uncoated precolumn: A concept for improved sample introduction in capillary GC (1993)

Abstract In this paper, a GC sample introduction technique is described in which an uncoated precolumn and the analytical capillary column are individually temperature programmed. The influence of different rates of temperature programming of the retention gap on band broadening of a series of n ‐alkanes has been investigated for different lengths of the precolumn. It is shown that extra column band broadening of high boiling solutes is reduced when the temperature of the precolumn is ramped at a faster rate than the analytical column. This benefit is particularly pronounced when long retention gaps are employed. The technique extends the useful lifetime of the analytical column when complex real‐world samples with a wide volatility range are analyzed. This is due to the fact that the final temperature of the precolumn can be kept below the final temperature of the analytical column. Thus, the column is not contaminated with high boiling non‐elutable solutes.
Hepatic recruitment of macrophages promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through CCR2 (2012)

Inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver is a hallmark of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The chemokine-chemokine receptor interaction induces inflammatory cell recruitment. CC-chemokine receptor (CCR)2 is expressed on hepatic macrophages and hepatic stellate cells. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of CCR2 to NASH. Twenty-two weeks on a choline-deficient amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet induced steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and liver fibrosis with increased CCR2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 expression in the wild-type livers. The infiltrated macrophages expressed CD68, CCR2, and a marker of bone marrow-derived monocytes, Ly6C. CCR2(-/-) mice had less steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis, and hepatic macrophages expressing CD68 and Ly6C were decreased. Toll-like receptor (TLR)4(-/-), TLR9(-/-), and MyD88(-/-) mice had reduced hepatic macrophage infiltration with decreased MCP-1 and CCR2 expression because TLR signaling is a potent inducer of MCP-1. To assess the role of Kupffer cells at the onset of NASH, Kupffer cells were depleted by liposomal clodronate. The Kupffer cell depletion ameliorated steatohepatitis with a decrease in the MCP-1 expression and recruitment of Ly6C-expressing macrophages at the onset of NASH. Finally, to test the therapeutic potential of targeting CCR2, a CCR2 inhibitor was administered to mice on a CDAA diet. The pharmaceutical inhibition of CCR2 prevented infiltration of the Ly6C-positive macrophages, resulting in an inhibition of liver inflammation and fibrosis. We concluded that CCR2 and Kupffer cells contribute to the progression of NASH by recruiting bone marrow-derived monocytes.
In Vivo Fate and Distribution of Poly-γ- d -Glutamic Acid, the Capsular Antigen from Bacillus anthracis (2008)

Bacillus anthracis is surrounded by an antiphagocytic capsule composed of poly-gamma-d-glutamic acid (gammaDPGA). Bacterial and fungal capsular polysaccharides are shed into body fluids in large amounts during infection. The goal of our study was to examine the in vivo fate and distribution of the gammaDPGA capsular polypeptide. Mice were injected via the intravenous route with various amounts of purified gammaDPGA. Blood, urine, and various organs were harvested at different times after treatment. Sites of gammaDPGA accumulation were determined by immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies specific for gammaDPGA. The results showed that the liver and spleen were the primary sites for the accumulation of gammaDPGA. As found in previous studies of capsular polysaccharides, the Kupffer cells of the liver and splenic macrophages were sites for the cellular accumulation of gammaDPGA. Unlike capsular polysaccharides, the hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells were also sites for gammaDPGA accumulation. gammaDPGA was rapidly cleared from serum and was excreted into the urine. gammaDPGA in the urine showed a reduced molecular size relative to native gammaDPGA. The results indicate that in vivo clearance of the polypeptide capsular antigen of B. anthracis shares several features with the clearance of capsular polysaccharides. Key differences between the in vivo behaviors of gammaDPGA and capsular polysaccharides include the accumulation of gammaDPGA in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells and a gammaDPGA clearance rate that was more rapid than the clearance reported for capsular polysaccharides.
Preliminary results of a phase I study: A chimeric monoclonal anti IL-6 antibody CNTO 328 in combination with docetaxel in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer (2007)

15521 Background: High serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 may impact the progression and survival of metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). CNTO328, an anti IL-6 monoclonal antibody, inhibited prostate tumor growth in several preclinical xenograft mouse models. Methods: This Phase 1, open label study evaluates the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics of CNTO328 at three dose levels (6mg/kg q2 weeks, 9mg/kg q3 weeks and 12mg/kg q3 weeks) in combination with docetaxel (75mg/m 2 q3 weeks) in men with metastatic HPRC. C-reactive protein (CRP), a surrogate biomarker of serum IL-6, and circulating tumor cells (CTC) are evaluated. Results: Eight patients with a median baseline PSA value of 56.8 ng/ml (range 13.6- 436.9 ng/ml) were treated in the first cohort (6 mg/kg CNTO328 q2 weeks in combination with docetaxel 75 mg/m 2 q3 weeks). At baseline, 6 patients (75%) had detectable CRP and 6 patients had detectable CTCs. The median number of CNTO328 doses and docetaxel cycles administered was 6 (CNTO328: range 3 to 11 doses; docetaxel: range 3 to 13 cycles). No first-cycle DLT was observed for this combination. Three patients discontinued treatment due to docetaxel-related grade 3 adverse events (deep vein thrombosis, hyperbilirubinemia, and nail changes) after 6, 11, and 13 cycles of docetaxel, respectively. Serum CRP decreased to below detectable levels 7 days after the first dose of CNTO328 in all patients with measurable values at baseline and remained undetectable throughout treatment. Two patients with post-treatment CTC values showed CTC reduction from 82 to1, and 127 to1, respectively. Six of 8 patients had = 50% PSA reductions and all had stable or improved bone scans and/or CT scans. PK of CNTO328 and docetaxel, alone and in combination, will be presented. Conclusions: Thus far, anti-IL6 therapy with CNTO328 at 6mg/kg q2 weeks in combination with docetaxel 75mg/m 2 q3 week has been feasible and tolerable. Complete suppression of CRP and PSA reduction provide evidence of biological and anti-tumor activity of this approach and support further testing. [Table: see text]
A Cotton Rat Model of Human Parainfluenza 3 Laryngotracheitis: Virus Growth, Pathology, and Therapy (2002)

Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) infection led to laryngotracheitis in cotton rats. Laryngeal virus titers peaked at 10(5.0)-10(6.0) plaque-forming units (pfu)/g of tissue from days 2 through 5 after inoculation with 10(5.5) pfu of PIV3. Lymphocytic and neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrates were present in the subglottic and proximal tracheal regions, whereas respiratory epithelial cells were blunted with loss of cilia. Topical therapy with moderate doses of triamcinolone acetonide, an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid, greatly reduced the extent of lesions. Interferon-gamma messenger RNA production was increased by infection and was suppressed by the highest dose of glucocorticoid. Topical glucocorticoid therapy, with or without concurrent topical immunotherapy with antibody to PIV3, did not lead to a rebound of viral replication.
Modeling and analysis of slow CW decrease for IEEE 802.11 WLAN (2004)

The IEEE 802.11 medium access control (MAC) protocol provides a contention-based distributed channel access mechanism for mobile stations to share the wireless medium, which may introduce a lot of collisions in case of overloaded active stations. Slow contention window (CW) decrease scheme is a simple and efficient solution for this problem. In this paper, we use an analytical model to compare the slow CW decrease scheme to the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. Several parameters are investigated such as the number of stations, the initial CW size, the decrease factor value, the maximum backoff stage and the coexistence with the RequestToSend and ClearToSend (RTS/CTS) mechanism. The results show that the slow CW decrease scheme can efficiently improve the throughput of IEEE 802.11, and that the throughput gain is higher when the decrease factor is larger. Moreover, the initial CW size and maximum backoff stage also affect the performance of slow CW decrease scheme.
Lessons from the first hypertext digital library, the NLS/Augment Journal system, a hypertext management system (HMS) (2002)

Doug Engelbart's (1962; 1984) NLS system introduced working hypertext in the early 1960s. The NLS link had a syntax similar to today's HTTP uniform resource locators (URLs). NLS links pointed to specific files in specific directories on specific machines. This created a loose hyperbase, that is, an unmanaged collection of linked documents. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Engelbart's team at Stanford Research Institute added a formal hypertext digital library, the Journal system. The Journal system added a management layer to the hyperbase. The Journal system used a new approach to locating documents. Instead of asking for a document by location, you asked for it by accession number. The Journal system managed the physical retrieval from disk or archive tape. This paper discusses the Journal system and suggests how its managed approach to retrieval can be extended to provide richer tools for document access. In this expanded approach, access will be made through a hyperbase management system (HMS) which will not only hide the document location but will also provide new search tools and new types of links among managed documents described in the HMS's document information base (DIB). This approach would require a new type of URL, the managed URL.