gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Disrupting Two Arabidopsis thaliana Xylosyltransferase Genes Results in Plants Deficient in Xyloglucan, a Major Primary Cell Wall Component (2008)

Xyloglucans are the main hemicellulosic polysaccharides found in the primary cell walls of dicots and nongraminaceous monocots, where they are thought to interact with cellulose to form a three-dimensional network that functions as the principal load-bearing structure of the primary cell wall. To determine whether two Arabidopsis thaliana genes that encode xylosyltransferases, XXT1 and XXT2, are involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis in vivo and to determine how the plant cell wall is affected by the lack of expression of XXT1, XXT2, or both, we isolated and characterized xxt1 and xxt2 single and xxt1 xxt2 double T-DNA insertion mutants. Although the xxt1 and xxt2 mutants did not have a gross morphological phenotype, they did have a slight decrease in xyloglucan content and showed slightly altered distribution patterns for xyloglucan epitopes. More interestingly, the xxt1 xxt2 double mutant had aberrant root hairs and lacked detectable xyloglucan. The reduction of xyloglucan in the xxt2 mutant and the lack of detectable xyloglucan in the xxt1 xxt2 double mutant resulted in significant changes in the mechanical properties of these plants. We conclude that XXT1 and XXT2 encode xylosyltransferases that are required for xyloglucan biosynthesis. Moreover, the lack of detectable xyloglucan in the xxt1 xxt2 double mutant challenges conventional models of the plant primary cell wall.
仲裁者比扰乱者好:国际金融市场与国家经济政策(上) (1998)

仲裁者比扰乱者好：国际金融市场与国家经济政策（上）〔德〕Ｌ．约希姆森＊孙瑜译许多欧洲大陆工业国家的戏剧性的低就业问题和持续的低增长，似乎表明传统的对外贸易理论是谬论。因为按照传统的对外贸易理论，随着市场的全球化（尤其是欧洲的一体化），不仅长期的整体经...
Exploiting symmetries for low-cost comparison of file copies (2003)

A novel technique for comparison of remotely located file copies is examined. With this technique up to two differing pages can be located, and any other number of multiple differing pages can be detected. It uses a communication overhead of O(log/sup 2/(N)), where N is the number of pages in the file. It is based on a set of symmetries of a hypercube with dimension log(N).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Branching morphogenesis of human mammary epithelial cells in collagen gels (1994)

To study the morphogenesis of human epithelial cells in vitro we have used a three-dimensional collagen matrix and a newly developed mammary epithelial cell line, 1-7 HB2. In standard medium 1-7 HB2 cells formed compact balls/spheres inside collagen type I gels, while cocultivation with various fibroblast cell lines or growth in fibroblast-conditioned media resulted in the appearance of branching structures. At least two different soluble factors secreted by fibroblasts were found to be implicated in the branching morphogenesis. Firstly, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor could induce branching in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, a polyclonal serum against hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor completely inhibited the branching morphogenesis induced by medium conditioned by MRC-5 fibroblast cells. In contrast, a morphogenetic activity secreted by human foreskin fibroblasts was identified that appears to be different from hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and from a number of other well-characterized growth factors or cytokines. This model system has been used to examine the role of integrins in mammary morphogenesis. The expression of the alpha 2 beta 1, alpha 3 beta 1 and alpha 6 beta 4 integrins was decreased when cells were plated on collagen gels. The addition of specific blocking monoclonal antibodies directed to the alpha 2- and beta 1-integrin subunits to growth media impaired cell-cell interactions and interfered with the formation of compact structures inside collagen gels, suggesting that the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin can control intercellular adhesion in mammary morphogenesis. In contrast one of the blocking monoclonal antibodies against the alpha 3-integrin subunit (P1B5) mimicked the effect of soluble 'morphogens'. Our results suggest that the modulation of alpha 3 beta 1 activity may represent an important event in the induction of branching morphogenesis of human mammary epithelial cells.
A case-control study of lipoprotein particles in two populations at contrasting risk for coronary heart disease. The ECTIM Study. (1992)

The incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in middle-aged men is more than three times higher in Northern Ireland than in France. The ECTIM study, which is based on WHO MONICA centers in Belfast (Northern Ireland), Strasbourg (eastern France), Toulouse (southwestern France), and Lille (northern France), has been established to investigate this striking difference. Male patients aged 25-64 years with myocardial infarction (MI) and control subjects sampled from the general population were recruited in the four centers. Hypolipidemic drug treatment was much more frequent in France than in Belfast. "Hypercholesterolemia" defined by the presence of hypolipidemic drug treatment or a low density liproprotein cholesterol level greater than 200 mg/dl was more frequent in cases than in controls in both countries but was similar in both control groups. An in-depth study of lipid variables, including measurements of cholesterol fractions, triglycerides, apolipoproteins (apo), and lipoprotein particles (Lp), was performed in nonhypercholesterolemic subjects. In Northern Ireland and France, patients in comparison with controls had lower levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apo A-I, apo A-II, Lp A-I, and Lp A-II:A-I and higher levels of Lp E:B and Lp(a):B. The levels of triglycerides, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, apo B, and Lp C-III:B were higher in cases than in controls only in Belfast. In control subjects, the mean levels of cholesterol fractions and apolipoproteins were similar in Northern Ireland and France; however, the level of Lp A-I was lower and the levels of Lp E:B and Lp(a):B were higher in Northern Ireland than in France.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bovine Islets of Langerhans: Potential Source for Transplantation? (1989)

Two methods are described for large-scale isolation of islets from the bovine pancreas. With the single-endpoint technique the average number of islets isolated from a 73.3-g pancreas sample was 150,560, representing an estimated total islet volume of 0.391 ml. Pancreases processed by the continuous digestion-filtration method yielded an average of 246,229 islets from a 93.9-g pancreas sample, representing an estimated total islet volume of 0.458 ml. Isolated bovine pancreatic islets demonstrated a well-preserved endocrine cell ultrastructure, responded to acute stimulation with propionic acid, and temporarily reversed experimental diabetes in mice.
C-3 Epimers Can Account for a Significant Proportion of Total Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Infants, Complicating Accurate Measurement and Interpretation of Vitamin D Status (2006)

Significant concentrations of C-3 epimers of 25OHD(2) or 25OHD(3) are commonly found in infants. This can lead to overestimation of 25-OHD levels. Measurements in children less than 1 yr should therefore be performed with an assay that allows accurate detection of 25-OHD in the presence of its C-3 epimers.
The Role of Excitatory Amino Acids and NMDA Receptors in Traumatic Brain Injury (1989)

Brain injury induced by fluid percussion in rats caused a marked elevation in extracellular glutamate and aspartate adjacent to the trauma site. This increase in excitatory amino acids was related to the severity of the injury and was associated with a reduction in cellular bioenergetic state and intracellular free magnesium. Treatment with the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist dextrophan or the competitive antagonist 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid limited the resultant neurological dysfunction; dextrorphan treatment also improved the bioenergetic state after trauma and increased the intracellular free magnesium. Thus, excitatory amino acids contribute to delayed tissue damage after brain trauma; NMDA antagonists may be of benefit in treating acute head injury.
Phase Ia Study of FoxP3+ CD4 Treg Depletion by Infusion of a Humanized Anti-CCR4 Antibody, KW-0761, in Cancer Patients (2015)

The findings showed Tregs depletion and the possible occurrence of an immune response following KW-0761 infusion. Combined use of KW-0761 to deplete FoxP3(+) Tregs with other immunotherapies, such as cancer vaccines or checkpoint inhibitors, is a promising approach to augment immune responses.
A Neural Network Based Image Abstraction Technique (2012)

Image abstraction is a method of enhancing or highlighting the visualization of main information contents of image and smoothing the other portion. It is quite important for many multimedia applications like cartooning and animation where symbolic presentation matters; hence it is an important part in the field of image processing. In this paper we are proposing a neural network based approach which not only abstract the image but also avoids the enhancement of noise. This particular task is performed by empirically training the neural network for noise patterns on images by mixing the plane image with noise finally the algorithm is simulated on MATLAB and results showing that the proposed technique is fast and efficient in performing the particular task.
The Analytical Method of Web Services Composition Based on Action Patterns (2014)

In the word of service-oriented architecture and collaboration, it is important to deal with sub-services of cooperating components. In existing research, functions to meet and behavior predictability are two major aspects of Web services composition, but there are some limitations to treatment of behavioral constraints. In this paper, we model a component by an open Petri net, and investigate action patterns as a means to descript and analysis of behavior constraint under the condition that subnets composition are satisfied. This approach can effectively describe the constraint of behaviors, achieve behavior interaction between services and model a component that meets specific behavioral relations. Finally, the theoretical analysis and simulation results show the effectiveness of the method.
A Fibronectin Fragment Stimulates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration In Vivo (2003)

Fn-f appears to induce a progressive degenerative process within the intervertebral disc after injection that resembles degenerative disc disease. This model has several significant advantages for the study of disc degeneration at the molecular level. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanism and molecular events associated with Fn-f-mediated disc degeneration.
Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells and Their Application in Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering (2009)

The adipose tissue was considered a reserve of energy until the '80s, when it was found that this tissue was involved in the metabolism of sex steroids such as estrogens. From then on, the importance attributed to this tissue radically changed as it was then considered an active organ, involved in important functions of the human body. In 2001, for the first time, the existence of stem cells within this tissue was reported, and since then, this tissue has been gaining an increased importance as a stem cell source for a wide range of potential applications in cell therapies and/or tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies, mainly due to its wide availability and easy access. This manuscript provides an overview on adipose stem cells (i.e., adipose tissue-derived stem cells, ASCs) considering the tissue of origin, the niche of the ASCs, and their phenotype in all aspects. In this paper it is also discussed the markers that have been used for the characterization of these cells, their differentiation properties, and their immunological reactivity, reporting studies from 2001 until this date. The ASCs are also compared with bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), until now considered as the gold standard source of stem cells, underlining the common characteristics and the differences between the stem cells obtained from these two sources, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their potential use in different applications. Finally, this review will also focus on the potential application of ASCs in tissue engineering applications, particularly in the regeneration of bone and cartilage, commenting on the progress of this approach and future trends of the field.
Positive and negative regulatory regions control the spatial distribution of polygalacturonase transcription in tomato fruit pericarp. (1993)

The tomato fruit consists of a thick, fleshy pericarp composed predominantly of highly vacuolated parenchymatous cells, which surrounds the seeds. During ripening, the activation of gene expression results in dramatic biochemical and physiological changes in the pericarp. The polygalacturonase (PG) gene, unlike many fruit ripening-induced genes, is not activated by the increase in ethylene hormone concentration associated with the onset of ripening. To investigate ethylene concentration-independent gene transcription in ripe tomato fruit, we analyzed the expression of chimeric PG promoter-beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene fusions in transgenic tomato plants. We determined that a 1.4-kb PG promoter directs ripening-regulated transcription in outer pericarp but not in inner pericarp cells, with a sharp boundary of PG promoter activity located midway through the pericarp. Promoter deletion analysis indicated that a minimum of three promoter regions influence the spatial regulation of PG transcription. A positive regulatory region from -231 to -134 promotes gene transcription in the outer pericarp of ripe fruit. A second positive regulatory region from -806 to -443 extends gene activity to the inner pericarp. However, a negative regulatory region from -1411 to -1150 inhibits gene transcription in the inner pericarp. DNase I footprint analysis showed that nuclear proteins in unripe and ripe fruit interact with DNA sequences within each of these three regulatory regions. Thus, temporal and spatial control of PG transcription is mediated by the interaction of negative and positive regulatory promoter elements, resulting in gene activity in the outer pericarp but not the inner pericarp of ripe tomato fruit. The expression pattern of PG suggests that, although they are morphologically similar, there is a fundamental difference between the parenchymatous cells within the inner and outer pericarp.
Assessment of cocaine use with quantitative urinalysis and estimation of new uses (1997)

Qualitative urinalysis methods of monitoring cocaine use may over-detect frequency of use, possibly decreasing the ability of clinical trials to detect effective treatments. Quantitative urinalysis and newly developed criteria for identifying new cocaine use were evaluated as alternative measures of cocaine use. Urine specimens collected in a cocaine dosing study in non-treatment-seeking subjects (n = 5) and a cocaine treatment trial (n = 37) were analyzed for the cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine, with qualitative and quantitative methods. Pharmacokinetic criteria ('New Use' rules) were applied to quantitative data to identify occasions of new cocaine use. Results were compared to known cocaine administrations in the laboratory study and to self-reported drug use and qualitative urinalysis for subjects in the clinical trial. New Use criteria correctly identified cocaine administrations in the cocaine dosing study in all but a small number of specimens. In the clinical trial, quantitative urinalysis and estimated New Uses provided more information about patterns and frequency of use than qualitative urinalysis in the different treatment conditions in the clinical trial. Interpretation of quantitative urinalysis with New Use rules appears to be a useful method for monitoring treatment outcome and may be more accurate than traditional qualitative urinalysis in estimating frequency of cocaine use.
Two new disposable bioreactors for plant cell culture: The wave and undertow bioreactor and the slug bubble bioreactor (2006)

The present article describes two novel flexible plastic-based disposable bioreactors. The first one, the WU bioreactor, is based on the principle of a wave and undertow mechanism that provides agitation while offering convenient mixing and aeration to the plant cell culture contained within the bioreactor. The second one is a high aspect ratio bubble column bioreactor, where agitation and aeration are achieved through the intermittent generation of large diameter bubbles, "Taylor-like" or "slug bubbles" (SB bioreactor). It allows an easy volume increase from a few liters to larger volumes up to several hundred liters with the use of multiple units. The cultivation of tobacco and soya cells producing isoflavones is described up to 70 and 100 L working volume for the SB bioreactor and WU bioreactor, respectively. The bioreactors being disposable and pre-sterilized before use, cleaning, sterilization, and maintenance operations are strongly reduced or eliminated. Both bioreactors represent efficient and low cost cell culture systems, applicable to various cell cultures at small and medium scale, complementary to traditional stainless-steel bioreactors.
Efficient up-conversion of triplet excitons into a singlet state and its application for organic light emitting diodes (2011)

A material possessing a very small energy gap between its singlet and triplet excited states, ΔE1−3, which allows efficient up-conversion of triplet excitons into a singlet state and leads to efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), is reported. The compound, 2-biphenyl-4,6-bis(12-phenylindolo[2,3-a] carbazole-11-yl)-1,3,5-triazine, breaks the restriction of a large energy gap, with a ΔE1−3 of just 0.11 eV, while maintaining a high fluorescent radiative decay rate (kr∼107). The intense TADF provides a pathway for highly efficient electroluminescence.
Properties of mouse CD40. Ligation of CD40 activates B cells via a Ca++‐dependent, FK506‐sensitive pathway (1994)

The immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporine A (CsA) and FK506 selectively abrogate Ca(++)-regulated activation pathways in both T cells and B cells. We show here that anti-CD40-induced murine B cell proliferation, in the presence or absence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) is, like the response to anti-immunoglobulin (Ig), abrogated by 1-5 ng/ml (concentration causing 50% inhibition ca. 1 nM) FK506. However, the effects of the drug on proliferative responses elicited by anti-Ig or anti-CD40 differ significantly: firstly, the response to anti-CD40 + IL-4 becomes completely FK506-resistant within 24 h, whilst that to anti-Ig remains sensitive significantly longer. Secondly, stimulating B cells concurrently via CD40, surface Ig (sIg) and IL-4 receptors invokes an FK506-resistant activation pathway. We previously reported that ligation of either sIg or CD40 receptors, in conjunction with IL-4, induces the transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) in B cells, via a CsA/FK506-sensitive pathway. However, NF-AT induction elicited by anti-Ig/anti-CD40/IL-4 is still FK506 sensitive, implying that the drug resistance of the response to these three stimuli involves additional components than NF-AT. These results indicate that CD40 activates murine B cells via a Ca(++)-dependent pathway. In agreement with this, anti-CD40 induces a modest increase in intracellular Ca++ levels in these cells, which appears to be largely due to Ca++ influx through the plasma membrane.
Rheumatoid factor is the major predictor of increasing severity of radiographic erosions in rheumatoid arthritis: Results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register Study, a large inception cohort (2002)

High-titer RF is an important variable in predicting continuing severity of radiographic damage during the first 5 years after presentation with inflammatory polyarthritis.
Interferon-gamma in alopecia areata. (2004)

Alopecia areata is a common type of hair loss. In clinical practice most patients will present with reversible patchy hair loss whereas others may develop complete baldness. Although the etiopathogenesis of alopecia areata is poorly understood, evidence is accumulating that it can be regarded as a T-cell mediated tissue-restricted autoimmune disease of the hair follicle, especially expressing the T-helper-type 1 cytokines interleukin-1beta, interleukin-2, and interferon-gamma. The aim of the study was to compare the serum levels of interferon-gamma in patients with alopecia areata and the control group and also to investigate the difference between the localized form of the disease with the extensive forms like alopecia totalis (AT) and alopecia universalis (AU). Forty patients with alopecia areata and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Nineteen patients had localized AA (LAA) and twenty-one patients had AT, AU or AT/AU. The serum levels of interferon-y were measured using enzyme immunoassay techniques. The mean serum IFN-gamma level in AA patients (n = 40) was 14.25 +/- 8.76 pg/mL (mean +/- SD), whereas that of LAA (n = 19) or extensive (AT, AU or AT/AU) (n = 21) was 13.45 +/- 6.75 pg/mL or 14.98 +/- 10.37 pg/mL, respectively. The mean serum IFN-gamma level in controls was 9.95 +/- 2.6 pg/mL. Serum levels of IFN-gamma in patients with AA were significantly higher than those in controls (p < 0.05). Significant difference was observed in serum levels of IFN-y between patients with LAA and control group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of IFN-gamma in patients with AT, AU or AT/AU were significantly higher than those in controls (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in levels of IFN-gamma between patients with LAA and extensive group (p > 0. 05). We conclude that the elevated serum levels of IFN-gamma may reflect the inflammatory symptoms in AA, especially in the extensive form and that control of IFN-gamma production may be important to management of this disease. And also the measurement of serum IFN-gamma in patients with AA may be useful in discriminating those likely to progress to AU from the remaining LAA, or as a prognostic indicator.
DNA-Coated Nanosensors for Breath Analysis (2009)

The analysis of breath and body odors can provide valuable information relevant to disease detection, diagnosis and treatment. A variety of technical developments are being pursued to develop electronic devices intended to analyze volatile components of breath and body odors with the sensitivity, selectivity, and learning ability of high-end mammalian olfactory systems. Here, we describe a new sensor technology that has the potential to supply a large set of diverse and sensitive odorant sensors with electronic readout to provide information-rich odorant-elicited signals for analysis by pattern recognition algorithms. In addition, we demonstrate that these sensors can provide discrimination of odorant homologues consisting of aldehydes and organic acids commonly found in human breath and other body emanations over a range of concentrations.
Molecular principles underlying hepatitis C virus diagnosis. (2001)

Although the rate of new cases of HCV infection has decreased as a result of public health policies related to intravenous drug users, the overall rate of infection in the U.S. is still high. With an estimated 3.9 million people infected nationwide, combined with the observation that, for over 50% of all cases of HCV infection, a route of infection is unknown, HCV will continue to be a major cause of infectious disease related morbidity and mortality for years to come. The benefit of molecular assays resides in providing for more effective treatment of HCV-infected patients, which will certainly justify the expense.