gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An algorithm for computing the distance spectrum of trellis codes (1989)

A class of quasiregular codesis defined for which the distance spectrum can be calculated from the codeword corresponding to the all-zero information sequence. Convolutional codes and regular codes are both quasiregular, as well as most of the best known trellis codes. An algorithm to compute the distance spectrum of linear, regular, and quasiregular trellis codes is presented. In particular, it can calculate the weight spectrum of convolutional (linear trellis) codes and the distance spectrum of most of the best known trellis codes. The codes do not have to be linear or regular, and the signals do not have to be used with equal probabilities. The algorithm is derived from a bidirectional stack algorithm, although it could also be based on the Viterbi algorithm. The algorithm is used to calculate the beginning of the distance spectrum of some of the best known trellis codes and to compute tight estimates on the first-event-error probability and on the bit-error probability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Circulating Tumour DNA for Detecting Minimal Residual Disease in Multiple Myeloma (2018)

Circulating tumor DNA faithfully recapitulates somatic mutations detected in bone marrow aspirates from patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed or recurrent myeloma. Extending these methods to enable detection of minimal residual disease will require increased sensitivity and breadth of genomic assays to maximize information content from small quantities of cell-free DNA; as well as definition of a clinically meaningful ctDNA concentration in comparison with conventional bone marrow cell-count thresholds. This review describes the use of cell-free DNA sequencing in myeloma to date, identifies challenges associated with pushing limit of detection of these assays into the realm of detecting minimal residual disease, and describes potential strategies to overcome these challenges.
Ferrofluids and Magnetorheological Fluids (2008)

Composition, synthesis and structural properties of ferrofluids and magnetorheological fluids are reviewed and compared. The similarities and main differences between the two types of magnetically controllable fluids are outlined and exemplified in the paper. Chemical synthesis and structural characterization of magnetizable fluids for engineering and biomedical applications are thoroughly discussed.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Primer (2002)

The vertical temperature distribution in the open ocean can be simplistically described as consisting of two layers separated by an interface. The upper layer is warmed by the sun and mixed to depths of about 100 m by wave motion. The bottom layer consists of colder water formed at high latitudes. The interface or thermocline is sometimes marked by an abrupt change in temperature but more often the change is gradual. The temperature difference between the upper (warm) and bottom (cold) layers ranges from 10°C to 25°C, with the higher values found in equatorial waters. This implies that there are two enormous reservoirs providing the heat source and the heat sink required for a heat engine. A practical application is found in a system (heat engine) designed to transform the thermal energy into electricity. This is referred to as OTEC for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. Several techniques have been proposed to use this ocean thermal resource; however, at present it appears that only the closed cycle (CC-OTEC) and the open cycle (OC-OTEC) schemes have a solid foundation of theoretical as well as experimental work. In the CC-OTEC system, warm surface seawater and cold seawater are used to vaporize and condense a working fluid, such as anhydrous ammonia, which drives a turbine-generator in a closed loop producing electricity. In the OC-OTEC system, seawater is flash-evaporated in a vacuum chamber. The resulting low-pressure steam is used to drive a turbine-generator. Gold seawater is used to condense the steam after it has passed through the turbine. The open-cycle can, therefore, be configured to produce desalinated water as well as electricity.
Rubbing the Fisheye: Precise Touch-Screen Interaction with Gestures and Fisheye Views (2003)

Fisheye lenses are powerful tools for visualizing dense data while simultaneously providing focus and context. Unfortunately, target acquisition in fisheye lenses is complicated by magnification effects that make it seem as if objects in the fisheye view are moving when the view is changed. These problems become even more evident with touchscreen --controlled fisheye views, where there is no continuous navigation and pointing is inaccurate.
논문 / 5083 Al 합금 용접재의 조직 및 저온 인장성질에 미치는 시효처리의 영향 (2000)

The microstructural characteristics and low temperature tensile properties between 25℃ and -196℃ for as-welded and age hardened specimen by using Al 5083-H321 for base metal, 5083-5356 and 5083-4043 weldments have been investigated. The hardness of 5083-5356 weldment decreases with aging treatment, whereas the weld region of 5083-4043 weldment shows remarkable increase in hardness after aging due to the precipitation of fine Si particle at the grain boundaries and interiors. Low temperature tensile properties of 5083 Al base metal, 5083-5356 and 5083-4043 weldments appear to be the increment of tensile strengths and elongations at the room temperature and -196℃, while the decrement of tensile properties around -50℃ is shown. Through the observation of fine serration to fracture in the stress-strain curve and tensile fractography, the increment of localized deformation leading to promote the neck initiation and the increment of the dimple size cause to decrease in tensile strengths and elongations around -50℃. For the tensile specimen of the 5083 base metal, 5083-5356 and 5083-4043 weldments, the reason to increase in elongation after solution and aging treatment is the diminishment of fine pit, the resolution of Mg into the matrix and the spheridization of the eutectic Si.
Mitigation of laser damage growth in fused silica with a galvanometer scanned CO 2 laser (2005)

At the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), mitigation of laser surface damage growth on fused silica using single and multiple CO<sub>2</sub> laser pulses has been consistently successful for damage sites whose lateral dimensions are less than 100 &#956;m, but has not been for larger sites. Cracks would often radiate outward from the damage when a CO<sub>2</sub> pulse was applied to the larger sites. An investigation was conducted to mitigate large surface damage sites using galvanometer scanning of a tightly focused CO<sub>2</sub> laser spot over an area encompassing the laser damage. It was thought that by initially scanning the CO<sub>2</sub> spot outside the damage site, radiating crack propagation would be inhibited. Scan patterns were typically inward moving spirals starting at radii somewhat larger than that of the damage site. The duration of the mitigation spiral pattern was ~110 ms during which a total of ~1.3 J of energy was delivered to the sample. The CO<sub>2</sub> laser spot had a 1/e<sup>2</sup>-diameter of ~200 &#956;m. Thus, there was general heating of a large area around the damage site while rapid evaporation occurred locally at the laser spot position in the spiral. A 30 to 40 &#956;m deep crater was typically generated by this spiral with a diameter of ~600 &#956;m. The spiral would be repeated until there was no evidence of the original damage in microscope images. Using this technique, damage sites as large as 300 &#956;m in size did not display new damage after mitigation when exposed to fluences exceeding 22 J/cm<sup>2</sup> at 355 nm, 7.5 ns. It was found necessary to use a vacuum nozzle during the mitigation process to reduce the amount of re-deposited fused silica. In addition, curing spiral patterns at lower laser powers were used to presumably "re-melt" any re-deposited fused silica. A compact, shearing interferometer microscope was developed to permit in situ measurement of the depth of mitigation sites.
Protein Localization and Membrane Traffic in Yeast (1985)

Cells organize many of their biochemical reactions in non-membrane compartments. Recent evidence has shown that many of these compartments are liquids that form by phase separation from the cytoplasm. Here we discuss the basic physical concepts necessary ...Read More
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus in Children and Young Adults (1987)

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is generally considered to be a disorder of adult and geriatric patients. We report four patients who are children or young adults with chronic neurological disorders, recent deterioration of their levels of function, normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressures, and ventricular enlargement. All four patients improved after the placement or revision of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Frequent symptoms and signs included irritability (three patients), vomiting (three patients), and abnormal limb posturing (two patients). Correct diagnosis was hampered by two factors: (a) Multiple or prolonged recordings of CSF pressures were invariably well within the normal ranges with respect to age, and (b) the patients had chronic neurological deficits. After ventriculoperitoneal shunting, subjective and objective improvement was seen in all cases. Young patients with large ventricles may benefit from shunting procedures despite low CSF pressures. These patients may be clinically identified by symptoms of new neurological dysfunction in cases of previously static neurological disease or acceleration of slowly progressive neurological dysfunction. Some of these underlying neurological disorders may predispose children and young adults to NPH.
RTOG 0825: Phase III double-blind placebo-controlled trial evaluating bevacizumab (Bev) in patients (Pts) with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM). (2013)

1 The full, final text of this abstract will be available at abstract.asco.org at 7:30 AM (EDT) on Sunday, June, 2, 2013, and in the Annual Meeting Proceedings online supplement to the June 20, 2013, issue of Journal of Clinical Oncology. Onsite at the Meeting, this abstract will be printed in the Sunday edition of ASCO Daily News.
Synchronized phasor measurements in power systems (1993)

The use of time synchronizing techniques, coupled with the computer-based measurement technique, to measure phasors and phase angle differences in real time is reviewed, and phasor measurement units are discussed. Many of the research projects concerned with applications of synchronized phasor measurements are described. These include measuring the frequency and magnitude of phasor, state estimation, instability prediction, adaptive relaying, and improved control.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Retroviral Stem Cell Gene Therapy (1997)

Long-term in vivo gene transfer studies in mice have shown that recombinant murine retroviruses are able to infect murine hemopoietic stem cells with high efficiency. Taken together the results indicated that the proviral structure was present at high frequency in circulating hemopoietic cells resulting in significant expression levels. Because of the success of these murine studies, it was believed that gene therapy would soon be applicable to treat a wide variety of congenital or acquired human diseases associated with the hemopoietic system. However, results from gene transfer studies in nonhuman primates and first human clinical trails have indicated that murine retrovirus infection of primate hemopoietic stem cells is inefficient. Although there are essential differences between the murine and primate gene therapy studies with respect to the recombinant viruses and transduction protocols used, these differences cannot solely account for the differences observed in infection efficiency. Therefore, in recent years effort has been spent on the identification of factors limiting retroviral transduction of primate hemopoietic stem cells. Increasing knowledge concerning hemopoiesis and retroviral infection has helped in identifying a number of limiting factors. Novel transduction strategies and tools have been generated which attempt to circumvent these limiting factors. These factors as well as the strategies that showed increased retroviral infection of primate hemopoietic stem cells will be discussed.
Field-portable wide-field microscopy of dense samples using multi-height pixel super-resolution based lensfree imaging (2012)

We report a field-portable lensfree microscope that can image dense and connected specimens with sub-micron resolution over a large field-of-view of ~30 mm(2) (i.e., ~6.4 mm × ~4.6 mm) using pixel super-resolution and iterative phase recovery techniques. Weighing ~122 grams with dimensions of 4 cm × 4 cm × 15 cm, this microscope records lensfree in-line holograms of specimens onto an opto-electronic sensor-array using partially coherent illumination. To reconstruct the phase and amplitude images of dense samples (with >0.3 billion pixels in each image, i.e., >0.6 billion pixels total), we employ a multi-height imaging approach, where by using a mechanical interface the sensor-to-sample distance is dynamically changed by random discrete steps of e.g., ~10 to 80 μm. By digitally propagating back and forth between these multi-height super-resolved holograms (corresponding to typically 2-5 planes), phase and amplitude images of dense samples can be recovered without the need for any spatial masks or filtering. We demonstrate the performance of this field-portable multi-height lensfree microscope by imaging Papanicolaou smears (also known as Pap tests). Our results reveal the promising potential of this multi-height lensfree computational microscopy platform for e.g., pathology needs in resource limited settings.
Development of Dielectric Properties of Niobium Oxide, Tantalum Oxide, and Aluminum Oxide Based Nanolayered Materials (2001)

and solid solutions and nanolaminates were grown using atomic layer deposition technique. Electrical properties of the materials deposited were comparatively characterized by studying the behavior of Al/niobium-aluminum (tantalum) oxide/indium-tin oxide capacitor structures. The films with high Nb content demonstrated high polarizability and leakage current density. The films with high Al content demonstrated low leakage current densities. The leakage currents in Nb-based films were reduced by depositing thin alternate layers of or and thereby increasing the number of interfaces between distinct oxide layers. The permittivity of films could be increased with concentration without considerable loss in resistivity. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Alkylarylsulphonate: Beziehungen zwischen chemischer Struktur und ihren physikochemischen Eigenschaften / Alkylarenesulphonates: The Effect of Chemical Structure on Physico-chemical Properties (1992)

Article Alkylarylsulphonate: Beziehungen zwischen chemischer Struktur und ihren physikochemischen Eigenschaften / Alkylarenesulphonates: The Effect of Chemical Structure on Physico-chemical Properties was published on May 1, 1992 in the journal Tenside Surfactants Detergents (volume 29, issue 3).
Isolation of three proteins that bind to mammalian RNA polymerase II. (1985)

We have used affinity chromatography on columns containing immobilized calf thymus RNA polymerase II to isolate three phosphoproteins (RAP72, RAP38, and RAP30) that bind directly to RNA polymerase II. All could be isolated from cell nuclei, and all three could be detected in mouse and human tissue culture cell lines, but only RAP38 and RAP30 have so far been isolated from calf thymus. RAP38 stimulates nonspecific transcription of native DNA templates by RNA polymerase II in the presence of Mn2+; it appears to be similar or identical to SII, a previously identified RNA polymerase II stimulatory factor (Nakanishi, Y., Mitsuhashi, Y., Sekimizu, K., Yokoi, H., Tanaka, Y., Horikoshi, M., and Natori, S. (1981) FEBS Lett. 130, 69-72). Unlike RAP38, RAP72 and RAP30 do not affect nonspecific transcription by RNA polymerase II. However, RAP30 may have a role in regulating some alterations of transcription that accompany cellular differentiation; RAP30 is partially dephosphorylated when murine erythroleukemia cells are induced with dimethyl sulfoxide to undergo terminal erythroid differentiation. We suggest that phosphate groups in RNA polymerase II-binding proteins may regulate transcription by modulating the interaction of RNA polymerase II with other regulatory proteins that possess sequence recognition specificity.
Contribution of the Lymphotoxin β Receptor to Liver Regeneration (2005)

The liver has an enormous capacity to regenerate in response to insults, but the cellular events and molecules involved in liver regeneration are not well defined. In this study, we report that ligands expressed on the surface of lymphocytes have a substantial effect on liver homeostasis. We demonstrate that a T cell-restricted ligand, homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, competes with herpesvirus glycoprotein D for herpesvirus entry mediator on T cells (LIGHT), signaling through the lymphotoxin receptor (LTbetaR) expressed on mature hepatocytes induces massive hepatomegaly. Using genetic targeting and a receptor fusion protein, we further show that mice deficient in LTbetaR signaling have a severe defect in their ability to survive partial hepatectomy with marked liver damage and failure to initiate DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy. We further show that mice deficient in a LTbetaR ligand, LTalpha, also show decreased ability to survive partial hepatectomy with similar levels of liver damage and decreased DNA synthesis. Therefore, our study has revealed an unexpected role of lymphocyte-restricted ligands and defined a new pathway in supporting liver regeneration.
Update on Zika Virus (2016)

As public health experts work to contain the outbreak of Zika virus in South America and minimize the devastating prenatal complications, the international sports community prepares for the 2016 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Athletes have publicly expressed concern regarding the health risks of competition in Zika-endemic areas.(33) Ensuring the safety of the athletes during training and competition is the primary role of the team physician. Special consideration is needed for sports teams preparing for travel to areas affected by Zika virus.
Diet and Murine Atherosclerosis (2005)

Lipid-enriched diets are often used to induce or accelerate the rate of atherosclerotic lesion development in murine models of atherosclerosis. It appears that the induction of persistent hypercholesterolemia to levels > or approximately to 300 mg/dL is required for the development of experimental atherosclerosis in the mouse. A variety of different diets have been used that vary in the level of cholesterol, the level and type of fatty acid, and the absence or presence of cholate. Each of these components as well as the protein source has been shown to influence lipoprotein level and/or atherosclerosis, with dietary cholesterol being the major proatherogenic component. In some instances the effects of these components on the expression of hepatic genes relevant to lipid homeostasis has been observed. An appreciation of the effect of the differences in diet composition on these processes is important to compare results from different atherosclerosis studies, so the composition of the diets used should always be reported or referenced. Cholate should not be used unless its effects are being specifically investigated.
Amplification of IL-1β-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression by Superoxide in Rat Glomerular Mesangial Cells Is Mediated by Increased Activities of NF-κB and Activating Protein-1 and Involves Activation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways (2000)

The modulation of cell signaling by free radicals is important for the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Recently, we have shown that NO reduces IL-1beta-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) expression in glomerular mesangial cells (MC). Here we report that exogenously administrated superoxide, generated by the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system (HXXO) or by the redox cycler 2, 3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphtoquinone, caused a marked amplification of IL-1beta-primed, steady state, MMP-9 mRNA level and an increase in gelatinolytic activity in the conditioned medium. Superoxide generators alone were ineffective. Cytokine-induced steady state mRNA levels of TIMP-1, an endogenous inhibitor of MMP-9, were affected similarly by HXXO. Transient transfection of rat mesangial cells with 0.6 kb of the 5'-flanking region of the rat MMP-9 gene proved a transcriptional regulation of MMP-9 expression by superoxide. HXXO augmented the IL-1beta-triggered nuclear translocation of p65 and c-Jun and, in parallel, increased DNA binding activities of NF-kappaB and AP-1. Mutation of either response element completely prevented MMP-9 promoter activation by IL-1beta. Moreover, specific inhibitors of the classical extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, partially reversed the HXXO-mediated effects on MMP-9 mRNA levels, thus demonstrating involvement of ERKs and p38 MAPKs in MMP-9 expression. Furthermore, IL-1beta-triggered phosphorylation of all three MAPKs, including p38-MAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and ERK, was substantially enhanced by superoxide. Our data identify superoxide as a costimulatory factor amplifying cytokine-induced MMP-9 expression by interfering with the signaling cascades leading to the activation of AP-1 and NF-kappaB.
Purification and Characterization of Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Serine Hydroxymethyltransferases from Rat Liver (1981)

The cytosolic and mitochondrial forms of serine hydroxymethyltransferase [EC 2.1.2.1] were purified to homogeneity from a whole homogenate of rat liver without the prior separation of mitochondria. The molecular weight of the cytosolic enzyme was 230,000, and that of the mitochondrial enzyme was 200,000. Each of the isozymes contained 4 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate/mol. Tryptic peptide analyses of the NaBH4-reduced and carboxymethylated isozymes showed that each contained a single peptide containing phosphopyridoxyllysine. The numbers of peptides obtained were about one-fourth of those expected from their contents of lysine plus arginine residues. These findings together with the identity of subunit molecular weight indicate that each of the isozymes is composed of 4 identical polypeptide chains. The isoelectric pH values of the cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes were 4.95 and 5.30, respectively. Other differences between the isozymes include the amino acid composition, stability of the apoenzyme, reactivity toward L-allothreonine, and immunochemical properties.
Starving the Addiction: New Opportunities for Durable Suppression of AR Signaling in Prostate Cancer (2009)

Clinical data and models of human disease indicate that androgen receptor (AR) activity is essential for prostate cancer development, growth, and progression. The dependence of prostatic adenocarcinoma on AR signaling at all stages of disease has thereby been exploited in the treatment of disseminated tumors, for which ablation of AR function is the goal of first-line therapy. Although these strategies are initially effective, recurrent tumors arise with restored AR activity, and no durable treatment has yet been identified to combat this stage of disease. New insights into AR regulation and the mechanisms underlying resurgent AR activity have provided fertile ground for the development of novel strategies to more effectively inhibit receptor activity and prolong the transition to therapeutic failure.