gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hyperbranched Poly(amino ester)s with Different Terminal Amine Groups for DNA Delivery (2006)

Hyperbranched poly(amino ester)s containing tertiary amines in the core and primary, secondary, and tertiary amines in the periphery, respectively, were evaluated for DNA delivery in vitro. The same core structure facilitated the investigation on the effects of the terminal amine type on the properties of hyperbranched poly(amino ester)s for DNA delivery. The hydrolysis of the poly(amino ester)s was monitored using (1)H NMR. The results reflected that the terminal amine type had negligible effects on the hydrolysis rate but was much slower than that of linear poly(amino ester)s, probably due to the compact hyperbranched spatial structure preventing the accessibility of water. In comparison with PEI 25 K, the hyperbranched poly(amino ester)s showed much lower cytotoxicity in Cos7, HEK293, and HepG2 cells. Gel electrophoresis indicated that poly(amino ester)s could condense DNA efficiently, and the zeta potentials and sizes of the complexes formed with different weight ratios of hyperbranched poly(amino ester)s and DNA were measured. Remarkably, all the hyperbranched poly(amino ester)s showed DNA transfection efficiency comparable to PEI 25 K in Cos7, HEK293, and HepG2 cells regardless of the terminal amine type. Therefore, the terminal amine type had insignificant effects on the hydrolysis rate, cytotoxicity, DNA condensation capability, and in vitro DNA transfection efficiency of the hyperbranched poly(amino ester)s.
Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases (2020)

It has been more than three decades since the first monoclonal antibody was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) in 1986, and during this time, antibody engineering has dramatically evolved. Current antibody drugs have increasingly fewer adverse effects due to their high specificity. As a result, therapeutic antibodies have become the predominant class of new drugs developed in recent years. Over the past five years, antibodies have become the best-selling drugs in the pharmaceutical market, and in 2018, eight of the top ten bestselling drugs worldwide were biologics. The global therapeutic monoclonal antibody market was valued at approximately US$115.2 billion in 2018 and is expected to generate revenue of $150 billion by the end of 2019 and $300 billion by 2025. Thus, the market for therapeutic antibody drugs has experienced explosive growth as new drugs have been approved for treating various human diseases, including many cancers, autoimmune, metabolic and infectious diseases. As of December 2019, 79 therapeutic mAbs have been approved by the US FDA, but there is still significant growth potential. This review summarizes the latest market trends and outlines the preeminent antibody engineering technologies used in the development of therapeutic antibody drugs, such as humanization of monoclonal antibodies, phage display, the human antibody mouse, single B cell antibody technology, and affinity maturation. Finally, future applications and perspectives are also discussed.
Leukemia Stem Cells and Microenvironment: Biology and Therapeutic Targeting (2011)

Acute myelogenous leukemia is propagated by a subpopulation of leukemia stem cells (LSCs). In this article, we review both the intrinsic and extrinsic components that are known to influence the survival of human LSCs. The intrinsic factors encompass regulators of cell cycle and prosurvival pathways (such as nuclear factor kappa B [NF-κB], AKT), pathways regulating oxidative stress, and specific molecular components promoting self-renewal. The extrinsic components are generated by the bone marrow microenvironment and include chemokine receptors (CXCR4), adhesion molecules (VLA-4 and CD44), and hypoxia-related proteins. New strategies that exploit potentially unique properties of the LSCs and their microenvironment are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3‐NITRO‐L‐TYROSINE PEPTIDES BY MEANS OF ACTIVE POLYESTER INTERMEDIATES DERIVED FROM THE NITROPHENOL SIDE CHAIN (1979)

Abstract Einwirkung von DCC auf die Nitrotyrosin‐Derivate (I) führt zur Selbstkondensation unter Bildung der aktiven Polyester (I die als nützliche Kupplungskomponenten für Synthesen von Peptiden, die den 3‐Nitro‐tyrosin‐Baustein enthalten, eingesetzt werden können.
Closed-Loop Control of Grasping With a Myoelectric Hand Prosthesis: Which Are the Relevant Feedback Variables for Force Control? (2014)

In closed-loop control of grasping by hand prostheses, the feedback information sent to the user is usually the actual controlled variable, i.e., the grasp force. Although this choice is intuitive and logical, the force production is only the last step in the process of grasping. Therefore, this study evaluated the performance in controlling grasp strength using a hand prosthesis operated through a complete grasping sequence while varying the feedback variables (e.g., closing velocity, grasping force), which were provided to the user visually or through vibrotactile stimulation. The experiments were conducted on 13 volunteers who controlled the Otto Bock Sensor Hand Speed prosthesis. Results showed that vibrotactile patterns were able to replace the visual feedback. Interestingly, the experiments demonstrated that direct force feedback was not essential for the control of grasping force. The subjects were indeed able to control the grip strength, predictively, by estimating the grasping force from the prosthesis velocity of closing. Therefore, grasping without explicit force feedback is not completely blind, contrary to what is usually assumed. In our study we analyzed grasping with a specific prosthetic device, but the outcomes are also applicable for other devices, with one or more degrees-of-freedom. The necessary condition is that the electromyography (EMG) signal directly and proportionally controls the velocity/grasp force of the hand, which is a common approach among EMG controlled prosthetic devices. The results provide important indications on the design of closed-loop EMG controlled prosthetic systems.
Effect of NaOH Treatments on Jute and Coir Fiber PP Composites (2009)

Changes occurring in jute and coir fiber composites with 2–8% concentration of a NaOH treatment for 24 h were investigated, respectively, for void content, microscopy images, mechanical properties and water absorption. The jute and coir fibers were vacuum dried before molding composite specimens. Mechanical properties indicated good adhesion between natural fibers and PP. Jute fibers, when alkali-treated with 2% concentration for 24 h, showed best improvement in tensile strength by 40% and modulus by 9%, respectively, while coir fibers, when alkali-treated with 6% concentration for 24 h, showed best improvement in tensile strengths by 62% and modulus by 17%, respectively. With 2% concentration of alkali-treatments, the elongation of jute and coir composites reached 8% and 13.5%, respectively. Moisture absorption for jute and coir composites are 50% and 60% lower than untreated fiber composites, respectively.
Capitalizing on Electronic Commerce (1996)

Abstract Electronic markets are rapidly emerging alongside interorganizational systems as a vehicle for electronic commerce. This article helps managers evaluate the business potential of electronic markets and the characteristics that make the Internet a highly visible forum for such markets. Principles followed by firms already capitalizing on the Internet's electronic market potential are outlined. Additional informationNotes on contributorsJames A. Senn JAMES A. SENN is director of the Information Technology Management Group (ITEC) at Georgia State University in Atlanta.
Quantitation of Inflammatory Responses to Bacteria in Young Cystic Fibrosis and Control Patients (1999)

Recent studies suggest that inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF). The goal of the present study was to quantitatively compare bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) inflammation and its relation to bacterial infection, between children with CF and children with other chronic respiratory problems. Differential cell counts, immunoreactive interleukin 8 (IL-8), and quantitative bacterial cultures were done in BALF from 54 CF (median age 1.8 yr) and 55 control patients (median age 1.0 yr) who underwent bronchoscopy for clinical indications. Among infected CF patients, those with Pseudomonas aeruginosa did not have more inflammation than those without P. aeruginosa. The ratio of neutrophils or of IL-8 to bacteria in BALF was significantly greater for CF patients compared with control subjects, regardless of pathogen. Calculation of linear regression for either neutrophils or IL-8, as a function of bacterial quantity, yielded positive slopes for both CF and control patients, but with significant elevations for CF. We conclude that the inflammatory response to bacterial infection is increased or prolonged in CF compared with control patients, and that this increase is not necessarily due to pathogens specific for CF (e.g., P. aeruginosa). These data may provide further rationale for anti-inflammatory therapy early in CF.
THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE HIGHCOMMISSIONER'S PROGRAMME IN 1997 (1997)

THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE HIGHCOMMISSIONER'S PROGRAMME IN 1997 Get access Raymond Hall Raymond Hall Secretary of the Executive Committee UNHCR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Refugee Survey Quarterly, Volume 16, Issue 4, 1997, Page 1, https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/16.4.1-a Published: 01 December 1997
NMDA receptor mediates tau-induced neurotoxicity by calpain and ERK/MAPK activation (2006)

The altered function and/or structure of tau protein is postulated to cause cell death in tauopathies and Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms by which tau induces neuronal death remain unclear. Here we show that overexpression of human tau and of some of its N-terminal fragments in primary neuronal cultures leads to an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated and caspase-independent cell death. Death signaling likely originates from stimulation of extrasynaptic NR2B-subunit-containing NMDARs because it is accompanied by dephosphorylation of cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) and it is inhibited by ifenprodil. Interestingly, activation of NMDAR leads to a crucial, sustained, and delayed phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinases 1 and 2, whose inhibition largely prevents tau-induced neuronal death. Moreover, NMDAR involvement causes the fatal activation of calpain, which, in turn, degrades tau protein into a 17-kDa peptide and possibly other highly toxic N-terminal peptides. Some of these peptides are hypothesized, on the basis of our in vitro experiments, to initiate a negative loop, ultimately leading to cell death. Thus, inhibition of calpain largely prevents tau degradation and cell death. Our findings unravel a cellular mechanism linking tau toxicity to NMDAR activation and might be relevant to Alzheimer's disease and tauopathies where NMDAR-mediated toxicity is postulated to play a pivotal role.
Expression Profiling and Breast Cancer Biology (2004)

DNA microarrays are ordered collections of tens to hundreds of thousands of DNA ‘probe’ sequences anchored to a solid substrate and capable of binding to, and thus detecting the presence of cDNA or cRNA ‘target’ sequences. Since their inception in the mid 1990’s, microarrays have evolved considerably. Originally developed to measure gene expression, they have since diverged into a variety of formats with a range of applications spanning comparative genomic hybridization [1], high through-put cell transfection [2] and even protein-protein interactions [3]. The most widely used array type is the expression microarray for measuring relative transcript levels [4]. The most popular formats of the expression array are the ‘spotted’ cDNA or long-oligonucleotide varieties (e.g., Amersham CodeLinkTM Bioarrays, Agilent inkjet-based arrays) and the ‘in situ’ oligonucleotide arrays (e.g., the Affymetrix GeneChip ) where the oligo probes are synthesized in situ. Both platforms estimate relative transcript levels from signal intensity measurements taken from individual probe spots where fluorescentlytagged target sequences have annealed [4]. Both are suited to rapid parallel analysis of multiple experimental samples, and are generally comparable in performance. Expression arrays are widely used to identify differentially expressed genes, uncover gene clusters with coordinated expression, and classify experimental samples according to their gene expression profiles in an effort to characterize and compare cellular states. Cancer
The LCC inverter as a cold cathode fluorescent lamp driver (2002)

LCD displays for notebook computers are backlit using cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs). An investigation of the LCC (series/parallel) resonant inverter as a potential power supply for these lamps is discussed. The attractiveness of this topology is primarily its simplicity compared to the widely used current-fed Royer oscillator based topologies. Experimental comparisons of LCC resonant inverter and Royer inverter performance are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
P-N-P-N Transistor Switches (1956)

The design, fabrication, and electrical characteristics of silicon p-n-p-n transistors with α>1 for use as switches is discussed. The increase of alpha with injection level can be used to construct two terminal p-n-p-n switches. The high impedance characteristic has an impedance determined chiefly by the capacitance of the junctions. This capacity is of the order of tens of micromicrofarads. The low impedance portion of the switching characteristics has a slope resistance of a few ohms and a total voltage drop of approximately one volt. Methods of fabrication include suitable combinations of solid diffusion and alloying. Possible applications of p-n-p-n switches include function generators, photorelay, and talking path switches.
Phorbol ester-induced differentiation of a non-T, non-B leukemic cell line: model for human lymphoid progenitor cell development. (1982)

The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was tested for its ability to induce phenotypic changes in the human non-T,. non-B ALL cell line REH. Cells were cultured with nanogram concentrations of TPA for up to 48 hr, and were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence with a panel of monoclonal antibodies and an antibody to the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). TPA induced REH cells to express the leukemia-associated antigen, p24 (detected with monoclonal antibody BA-2; p24/BA-2) by 8 hr of culture, with induction complete by 24 hr. TPA-treated cells also underwent a concomitant decrease in the expression of TdT when analyzed enzymatically or by immunofluorescence. Analysis of TPA-treated cells with monoclonal antibodies BA-1 (detecting a B cell-associated antigen), 7.2 (detecting a monomorphic HLA-DR antigen), or OKT11 (detecting a structure closely associated with the E receptor) showed no change compared to controls. In addition there was no detectable cytoplasmic immunoglobulin in control or TPA-treated cells. These results show clearly that TPA is capable of inducing phenotypic changes in REH cells. Such changes may reflect the differentiation-linked expression of antigens present in normal bone marrow lymphoid progenitor cells.
The Medical Face Lift: A Noninvasive, Nonsurgical Approach to Tissue Tightening in Facial Skin Using Nonablative Radiofrequency (2003)

Fourteen of 15 patients obtained cosmetic improvement from facial skin tightening induced by a novel nonlaser, nonablative, noninvasive source. Nonablative radiofrequency is a safe and effective method to achieve tissue tightening of the face to correct excessive sagging from photoaging. Patients had visible results as early as 1 week and generally within 3 months after the procedure without wounding or scarring.
Synthesis of 2',3'-differentiated ribonucleosides via glycosylation reactions with 2-O-Me or 2-O-TBDMS ribofuranose derivatives. 1. Pyrimidine series (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of 2',3'-differentiated ribonucleosides via glycosylation reactions with 2-O-Me or 2-O-TBDMS ribofuranose derivatives. 1. Pyrimidine seriesC. Chavis, F. Dumont, R. H. Wightman, J. C. Ziegler, and J. L. ImbachCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 2, 202–206Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00341a005https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00341a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views650Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reciprocal regulation of CD30 expression on CD4+ T cells by IL-4 and IFN-gamma (1997)

Prior studies have implicated CD30 as a marker for Th2 cells, but the mechanism that underlies this correlation was unknown. We show here that CD30 was expressed on activated CD4+ T cells in the presence of IL-4. In the absence of endogenously produced IL-4, however, even Th2 lineage cells lost CD30 expression. Thus, CD30 is not an intrinsic marker of Th2 cells, but is inducible by IL-4. CD30 was also found to be down-regulated by IFN-gamma. Committed Th1 effector cells do not express CD30, although differentiating Th1 lineage cells temporarily express CD30. The transient expression of CD30 on differentiating Th1 lineage cells was mainly the result of endogenously produced IL-4 induced by IL-12. Culture of IL-12-primed cells under conditions that reverse the phenotype (Ag plus IL-4) resulted in two cell populations based upon their ability to express CD30. One population responded to IL-4 upon restimulation and became a CD30-positive, Th0-like cell population, while the other remained CD30 negative and synthesized only IFN-gamma. Thus, CD30 expressed on CD4+ T cells reflected the ability of CD4+ T cells to respond to IL-4.
Modelling predicts that heat stress, not drought, will increase vulnerability of wheat in Europe (2011)

New crop cultivars will be required for a changing climate characterised by increased summer drought and heat stress in Europe. However, the uncertainty in climate predictions poses a challenge to crop scientists and breeders who have limited time and resources and must select the most appropriate traits for improvement. Modelling is a powerful tool to quantify future threats to crops and hence identify targets for improvement. We have used a wheat simulation model combined with local-scale climate scenarios to predict impacts of heat stress and drought on winter wheat in Europe. Despite the lower summer precipitation projected for 2050s across Europe, relative yield losses from drought is predicted to be smaller in the future, because wheat will mature earlier avoiding severe drought. By contrast, the risk of heat stress around flowering will increase, potentially resulting in substantial yield losses for heat sensitive cultivars commonly grown in northern Europe.
Pressure ulcer risk factors among hospitalized patients with activity limitation (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To identify specific demographic, medical, functional status, and nutritional characteristics that predict the development of stage 2 or greater pressure ulcers among patients whose activity is limited to bed or chair. <h3>Design.</h3> —Prospective inception cohort study. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Tertiary care, urban, university teaching hospital. <h3>Patients.</h3> —A total of 286 patients fulfilling the following criteria: admitted to the hospital within the previous 3 days, age 55 years or more, expected to be confined to bed or chair for at least 5 days or had a hip fracture, and without a stage 2 or greater pressure ulcer. <h3>Main Outcome Measure.</h3> —Time to in-hospital development of a stage 2 or greater pressure ulcer. <h3>Results.</h3> —Total cumulative incidence of pressure ulcers was 12.9% (n=37) after a median time of 9 days from admission to final skin examination. Age of 75 years or more, dry skin, nonblanchable erythema (a stage 1 pressure ulcer), previous pressure ulcer history, immobility, fecal incontinence, depleted triceps skinfold, lymphopenia (lymphocyte count &lt;1.50×10<sup>9</sup>/L), and decreased body weight (&lt;58 kg) were significantly associated with pressure ulcer development by univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analyses (<i>P</i>&lt;.05 by log-rank test). Risk ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for predictors (<i>P</i>≤.05) of pressure ulcer development after multivariable Cox regression analysis included the following: nonblanchable erythema, 7.52 (1.00 to 59.12); lymphopenia, 4.86(1.70 to 13.89); immobility, 2.36 (1.14 to 4.85); dry skin, 2.31 (1.02 to 5.21); and decreased body weight, 2.18 (1.05 to 4.52). The 3-week cumulative incidence of pressure ulcers with none, one, two, or three or more of these characteristics was 0%, 11.4%, 39.6%, and 67.9%, respectively (<i>P</i>&lt;.001 by log-rank test). <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —These results suggest that nonblanchable erythema, lymphopenia, immobility, dry skin, and decreased body weight are independent and significant risk factors for pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients whose activity is limited to bed or chair. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;273:865-870)
Vanilloid-Induced Conduction Analgesia: Selective, Dose-Dependent, Long-Lasting, with a Low Level of Potential Neurotoxicity (2008)

Vanilloid agonists (capsaicin, resiniferatoxin, [RTX]) applied to the peripheral nerves provide conduction blockade. In contrast to the analgesic component of conduction anesthesia produced by local anesthetics, vanilloid agonists provide conduction analgesia not associated with suppression of motor or sensory functions not related to pain. Vanilloid agonists provide conduction analgesia selectively because their effect on the nerve trunks is limited to C- and ADelta-fibers. RTX is much more potent than capsaicin and has a wider therapeutic window. In rat experiments, perineural RTX produced a long-lasting thermal and mechanical hypoalgesia with a very wide separation between effective concentrations (from 0.00003% to 0.001%) providing an effect lasting from several hours to several weeks. A nerve block with RTX prevented the development of thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia as well as pain behavior in a model of incisional pain. RTX-induced conduction blockade has an inherent drawback of TRPV1 agonists, the initial excitation (pain); therefore, a local anesthetic should be injected to prevent it. When RTX was applied to the rat's sciatic nerve in doses necessary to provide conduction analgesia, the frequency of unmyelinated fiber degeneration was more than an order of magnitude lower than that with the therapeutic concentration of lidocaine. These promising results should be confirmed by experiments in species other than rodents (pigs, sheep). Taken together, the data indicate possible clinical applicability of vanilloid-induced conduction analgesia.