gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency detection by urinary methylmalonic acid quantitation (1982)

A study was made to assess the value of cobalamin deficiency detection through quantitation of urinary methylmalonic acid (MMA). Urinary MMA was measured in 1118 patients suffering from megaloblastic anemia, other anemias, elevated red cell mean corpuscular volume, or unexplained neurologic disorders. Patients without proven cobalamin deficiency had urinary MMA levels less than 20 micrograms/ml. All patients (n = 27) confirmed to have cobalamin deficiency showed MMA levels greater than 20 micrograms/ml. Data are presented showing the Schilling test results, the comparison of serum cobalamin to urinary MMA levels, and other basic hematologic data. MMA levels are a good indication of cobalamin distribution and function since they are directly related to a cobalamin-dependent metabolic pathway. With rapid, reliable quantitation by mass spectrometry, urinary MMA can now be a useful clinical test.
In vivo efficacy and toxicity of intratumorally delivered mitomycin C and its combination with doxorubicin using microsphere formulations (2005)

The efficacy and toxicity of intratumorally (i.t.) administered anticancer drugs mitomycin C (MMC) and doxorubicin (Dox) incorporated in polymeric microspheres were investigated. Biodegradable sulfopropyl dextran microspheres and their oxidized products were used to load Dox and MMC, respectively. EMT6 mouse mammary cancer cells were injected into the hind leg of BALB/c mice. MMC microspheres, alone or combined with Dox microspheres, were injected i.t. once tumors had reached around 0.3 g. The tumor-plus-leg diameter was measured daily and the delay in time for the tumor to grow to 1.13 g relative to control (TGD) was employed as an indication of therapeutic effect. General toxicity was determined by monitoring weight, appearance and behavior of the mice. Morphology and histology of tumor and heart tissues were also examined. An average 79% TGD was observed after i.t. injection of MMC microspheres. The i.t. co-administration of MMC and Dox microspheres resulted in a 185% TGD. The i.t. injections of the microsphere formulations did not result in visible signs of toxicity in animals. In contrast, systemic (i.e. i.p.) injections of MMC solutions caused considerable general toxicity. This study suggests that i.t. delivery of anticancer drugs by polymeric microspheres is an effective way of improving the therapeutic index for cancer chemotherapy of selected solid tumors under special conditions.
INFLUENCE OF TEXT GENRE ON ADULTS' MONITORING OF UNDERSTANDING AND RECALL (1999)

Abstract We examined the influence of text genre on monitoring of understanding and recall in adults. Younger and older adults' sentence reading times, sentence rereadings, and memory for texts containing inconsistent information were assessed in an on-line analysis. Adults' reading times were affected by text genre, with age differences found for expository but not narrative passages. Reading times of all adults were hindered when reading expository passages, with proportionately more disruption for older adults. Although younger and older adults reread sentences more frequently in expository passages, they recalled more information in narratives and were more likely to accurately comment on inconsistencies after reading narratives. Use of a general rereading strategy was related to recall of narrative and expository passages, but the ability to selectively reread problematic text information was related only to expository text recall. Results indicate that adults' evaluation and regulation of understanding is affected by text genre and that effective regulation of understanding, as measured by the ability to selectively reread text problems, is more critical to expository than narrative text recall.
[The unique FauI restriction-modification system: cloning and comparative analysis of protein structure]. (2004)

The nucleotide sequence was established for the full-length Flavobacterium aquatile operon coding for the FauI restriction-modification system. The operon is unusual in structure and has the gene order control protein gene-DNA methyltransferase A gene-restriction endonuclease gene-DNA methyltransferase B gene, other than in the known analogs. The genes are similarly oriented and overlap. On evidence of sequence analysis, both methyltransferases are C5 enzymes, the control protein is similar to that of other restriction-modification systems, and restriction endonuclease is low-homologous to other enzymes cleaving the DNA upper strand in position 4 or 5 relative to the recognition site.
Nuclear DNA analyses in genetic studies of populations: practice, problems and prospects (2003)

Population-genetic studies have been remarkably productive and successful in the last decade following the invention of PCR technology and the introduction of mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers. While mitochondrial DNA has proven powerful for genealogical and evolutionary studies of animal populations, and microsatellite sequences are the most revealing DNA markers available so far for inferring population structure and dynamics, they both have important and unavoidable limitations. To obtain a fuller picture of the history and evolutionary potential of populations, genealogical data from nuclear loci are essential, and the inclusion of other nuclear markers, i.e. single copy nuclear polymorphic (scnp) sequences, is clearly needed. Four major uncertainties for nuclear DNA analyses of populations have been facing us, i.e. the availability of scnp markers for carrying out such analysis, technical laboratory hurdles for resolving haplotypes, difficulty in data analysis because of recombination, low divergence levels and intraspecific multifurcation evolution, and the utility of scnp markers for addressing population-genetic questions. In this review, we discuss the availability of highly polymorphic single copy DNA in the nuclear genome, describe patterns and rate of evolution of nuclear sequences, summarize past empirical and theoretical efforts to recover and analyse data from scnp markers, and examine the difficulties, challenges and opportunities faced in such studies. We show that although challenges still exist, the above-mentioned obstacles are now being removed. Recent advances in technology and increases in statistical power provide the prospect of nuclear DNA analyses becoming routine practice, allowing allele-discriminating characterization of scnp loci and microsatellite loci. This certainly will increase our ability to address more complex questions, and thereby the sophistication of genetic analyses of populations.
Lack of transmission to polymorphonuclear leukocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells as a marker of attenuation of human cytomegalovirus (2002)

The development of a human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) vaccine for the prevention of perinatal disease is urgently needed. However, markers of HCMV attenuation are not defined at present. An in vitro model for the study of interactions of HCMV-infected human fibroblasts and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes showed that (1) known laboratory-adapted HCMV strains as well as cell culture-adapted HCMV isolates were not transmitted to polymorphonuclear leukocytes; (2) each of the 80 HCMV recent isolates was consistently transmitted to polymorphonuclear leukocytes as both infectious virus and viral components (nucleic acid and proteins); and (3) all 15 polymorphonuclear leukocyte-tropic strains tested thus far were also endothelial cell-tropic. The in vitro transmissibility to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (and endothelial cells) is proposed as a surrogate marker of pathogenicity of HCMV strains. It seems reasonable to assume that a HCMV strain candidate for a vaccine be verified as deprived of the transfer property to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (and endothelial cells) before involvement in clinical trials assessing safety and immunogenicity.
Impact of Hypotension and Low Cerebral Perfusion Pressure on Outcomes in Children Treated with Hypothermia Therapy following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A post hoc Analysis of the Hypothermia Pediatric Head Injury Trial (2010)

Hypotension and low cerebral perfusion pressure are known to be associated with unfavorable outcome in children and adults with traumatic brain injury. Using the database from a previously published, randomized controlled trial of 24 h of hypothermia therapy in children with severe traumatic brain injury, we compared the number of patients with hypotension or low cerebral perfusion pressure between the hypothermia therapy and normothermia groups. We also determined the association between these physiologic insults and unfavorable outcome using regression analysis. There were more patients with episodes of hypotension or low cerebral perfusion pressure in the hypothermia therapy group than in the normothermia group. These physiologic insults were associated with unfavorable outcome in both intervention groups. Hypotension and low cerebral perfusion pressure should be anticipated and prevented in future trials of hypothermia therapy in patients with traumatic brain injury.
ANCA-associated vasculitides : immunological and clinical aspects (1993)

Preface: Pathophysiological Athophysiological Aspects and Antigen Specificity: cANCA-Targets. Proteinase 3 etc. pANCA-Targets: a. Myeloperoxidase. pANCA-Targets: b. Other Lysosomal Antigens. ANCA-Targets: Endothelial Cell Elements. Animal Studies and Animal Models. Clinical aspects of Wegener's Granulomatosis and other ANCA Associated Diseases: Wegener's and ANCA Associated Vasculitis. Therapeutic Strategies. ANCA and Inflamatory Bowel and Liver Diseases: Gastroenterologic Aspects. 100 articles. Index.
Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and FGF-receptors in human leukemic cells. (1995)

Recent reports have suggested that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) could play a permissive role in hematopoiesis, in combination with specific colony-stimulating factors. We investigated the expression of bFGF and FGF-receptors (FGF-Rs) in leukemic cell lines of various hematopoietic lineages. Three protein isoforms of bFGF of approximately 18, 22 and 24 kDa were detected in the myeloid cell line K562, but not in myelomonocytic or lymphoid (T or B) cell lines. In vitro-induced differentiation of K562 cells did not change the pattern of expression of the different bFGF isoforms. Accordingly, the mRNA of bFGF was found expressed in K562, but not in other leukemic lines tested, as assayed by reverse transcript amplification (RT-PCR). Using the same technique, we searched for the presence of high affinity FGF-Rs on these cells: in eight out of ten cell lines tested, mRNA for at least one FGF-R among FGF-R1, FGF-R3 or FGF-R4 was expressed, whereas FGF-R2 was never detected. We found that two cell lines were responsive to bFGF in different biological assays: (i) in K562 myeloid cells induced to differentiate by hemin, preincubation with bFGF and heparin increased cell viability and decreased hemin-induced DNA fragmentation, without affecting erythroid differentiation; and (ii) in U937 monocytic cells, the production of plasminogen activator was increased by bFGF or aFGF in combination with heparin. Binding experiments with 125I-bFGF (up to 200 pM) in the presence of heparin revealed high affinity receptors on the K562 and U937 cell lines (1177 +/- 440 and 392 +/- 184 sites/cell, Kd = 61.7 +/- 8.6 and 43.1 +/- 13.5 pM, respectively). Thus our results strongly suggest that cells of hematopoietic origin could express functional FGF-receptors.
Structural requirements for the carbohydrate ligand of E-selectin. (1991)

The acute inflammatory response requires that circulating leukocytes adhere to, and then migrate through, the vascular wall at the site of injury or infection. Several receptors have been implicated in this adhesion and migration process, including the selectins, a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins. The ligand for one of these proteins, E-selectin (LECAM-2, ELAM-1) has been described by several groups to contain a polylactosamine structure bearing a terminal sialic acid residue and at least one fucose residue. We report here a more detailed investigation into the minimum structural requirements for carbohydrate recognition by E-selectin. Using both direct binding and inhibition studies we demonstrate that the sialyl Lewisx tetrasaccharides Sia(alpha 2-3)Gal(beta 1-4)[Fuc(alpha 1-3)]GlcNAc, and Sia(alpha 2-3)Gal(beta 1-4)[Fuc(alpha 1-3)]Glc are the smallest oligosaccharides recognized by the lectin. In addition, an oligosaccharide containing the sialyl Lewisa epitope is also recognized, but less avidly. We propose a structural model of functional groups necessary for recognition by E-selectin, based on these data and additional experiments on modifications of sialic acid and the reducing terminal saccharide.
Recombinant Antibody Expression and Purification (2009)

Developments in the fields of bacterial expression of functional antibodies and methods to select genes from a library by using the phenotype of the encoded polypeptide have been a breakthrough in antibody technology. Today, phage display in combination with antibody gene libraries is widely used to select E. coli host cells that express desired antibody fragments. Such gene libraries are typically produced either from natural sources (e.g., from the spleen of an immunized animal or from plasma cells of human donors) or generated by genetic engineering. The latter has been used to create naïve libraries based on one or more antibody VH and VL gene segments that are diversified by cassette mutagenesis or similar approaches. Such libraries are typically unbiased and can be used for any given antigen (1–3). Modern naïve libraries are generally large (more than 1010 members), contain only few non-functional members, yield antibodies that are well expressed in E. coli (more than 1 mg of purified material per liter of culture) and are designed to allow further affinity maturation, if needed. Phage display is then most often used to select desired antibodies from such libraries (see refs. 4 and 5 for reviews).
Treatment of intrasynovial infection with gentamicin‐impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads (1996)

Gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads were used in the treatment of infective synovitis in 12 horses and 10 cattle. They had either proved refractory to standard treatments (lavage, debridement, joint drainage and systemic antibiotics) or had evidence of osteomyelitis adjacent to a synovial cavity. All the animals were severely lame. All the cattle and six of the horses had radiological evidence of osteomyelitis in communication with a synovial cavity. The beads were placed intrasynovially under general anaesthesia and left in place for 14 days. One horse and one calf were euthanased owing to continued infective arthritis. The infection was eliminated from the other 20 cases and six of the horses returned to full athletic use. Eight of nine calves with E-type infective arthritis and osteomyelitis returned to their intended food production or breeding programmes.
Dual antitumour effect of 5-azacytidine by inducing a breakdown of resistance-mediating factors and epigenetic modulation (2010)

Molecular evidence is provided for a novel 5-aza-CR-based translational approach enabling a twofold treatment of apoptosis-resistant tumour entities, not only by an epigenetic reversion of the malignancy-associated phenotype but also by an efficient resensitization to apoptosis-inducing substances such as TRAIL.
Depth perception with gaze-contingent depth of field (2014)

Blur in images can create the sensation of depth because it emulates an optical property of the eye; namely, the limited depth of field created by the eye's lens. When the human eye looks at an object, this object appears sharp on the retina, but objects at different distances appear blurred. Advances in gaze-tracking technologies enable us to reproduce dynamic depth of field in regular displays, providing an alternative way of conveying depth. In this paper we investigate gaze-contingent depth of field as a method to produce realistic 3D images, and analyze how effectively people can use it to perceive depth. We found that GC DOF increases subjective perceived realism and depth and can contribute to the perception of ordinal depth and distance between objects, but it is limited in its accuracy.
Preparation of Al Thin Films by Thermo-Electron Activation Ion Plating and Their Corrosion Resistance (1993)

Al thin films were prepared on SPCC steel substrates by a thermo-electron activation ion plating process. The influence of argon gas pressure and substrate bias voltage on the crystal orientation and morphology of the films was determined by using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron micrography (SEM), respectively. And the effect of crystal orientation and morphology of the Al thin films on corrosion behavior was estimated by measuring the anodic polarization curves in deaerated 3%NaCl solution.The crystal orientation of the Al films deposited at high argon gas pressure exhibited a (200) preferred orientation, regardless of the substrate bias voltage. Film morphology changed from a columnar to a granular structure with the increase of argon gas pressure. The morphology of the films depended not only on argon gas pressure but also bias voltage; i.e., the effect of increasing bias voltage was similar to that of decreasing argon gas pressure. The Al films which exhibited the (200) preferred orientation and the granular structure showed good corrosion resistance. Especially, the corrosion resistance of the film prepared with the bias voltage of −2.0 kV and the argon gas pressure of 7.3×10−1 Pa was better than a rolled plate of 99.99%Al. That is, this showed that the corrosion resistance of the Al thin films can be changed by controlling the crystal orientation and morphology. It appears well established that the properties of the Al films prepared by the thermo-electron activation ion plating process depend on the deposition conditions.
Effect of modulation scheme on LINC transmitterpower efficiency (1994)

The authors describe how the power efficiency of an LINC transmitter is affected by the modulation scheme when using a conventional power combiner to recombine the constant envelope signals. The efficiency originating from the recombining peak at 60% for low-level modulation schemes but decreases to below 20% for high level schemes.
Adjuvant Activity of Saponin: Antigen Localization Studies (1985)

The adjuvant saponin potentiates the antibody response of mice to the antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Studies using 125I-labelled KLH show that saponin significantly prolongs the retention of antigen at the subcutaneous injection site and also increases the amount reaching the spleen. Both these phenomena were associated with the inflammatory response to saponin and were markedly reduced following abolition of the inflammatory action of saponin by addition of cholesterol-containing liposomes. The adjuvant action of saponin was not modified by this treatment. Further evidence that neither antigen retention nor splenic localization is implicated in the adjuvant action of saponin for KLH is the demonstration that digitonin, which shares hemolytic and cholesterol binding activity with saponin, caused similar antigen retention and splenic localization but was not adjuvant active.
Complement Factor H as a Marker for Detection of Bladder Cancer (2005)

FH is a tumor marker for bladder cancer. To reveal the presence of bladder cancer, the BTA TRAK assay detects FH, whereas FHR-1 is able to partly inhibit this detection. This indicates a special mechanism for a diagnostic immunoassay based on the combined effect of simultaneous positive and negative signals in a single sample.
Myanmar Text-to-Speech System based on Tacotron-2 (2020)

Myanmar is one of the developing countries situated in South-East Asia, and there are still many areas that have been under-developed with respect to advanced natural language processing technologies, where text-to-speech is one of them. The main motivation of this paper is to improve the naturalness of Myanmar text-to-speech system that is able to generate human-like speech. In this paper, we apply the neural network architecture based on Tacotron-2 that generates a mel spectrogram for speech synthesis directly from the sequence of text. Our proposed method is composed of three steps. In the first step, we create a speech corpus of 5k sentences of text and audio pair of Myanmar text from a large set of news articles, novel books, daily usages and travel-related expressions. We segment the Myanmar text into a sequence of characters by using a syllable segmenter and text normalizer. In the second step, we utilize the recurrent sequence-to-sequence feature prediction network that maps character embedding to mel-scale spectrograms. In the final step, we use Griffin-Lim algorithm to convert the corresponding text into generate Myanmar speech output. We compare our proposed method with an end-to-end generative model based on Tacotron. Furthermore, we investigate the subjective evaluation for both methods in speech synthesis by using mean opinion score (MOS). The experimental results show that our proposed method obtains an improvement over Tacotron based speech synthesis in terms of naturalness and intelligibility.
Synthesis of yttrium aluminum garnet by the glycothermal method (1991)

The reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of aluminum isopropoxide and yttrium acetate in 1,4-butanediol at 300°C yielded crystalline yttrium aluminum garnet having an approximate particle size of 30 nm. No other phases were detected. The use of ethylene glycol in place of 1,4-butanediol afforded an amorphous product.
Accelerating Parallel Transmit Array B1 Mapping in High Field MRI With Slice Undersampling and Interpolation by Kriging (2014)

Transmit arrays have been developed to mitigate the RF field inhomogeneity commonly observed in high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), typically above 3T. To this end, the knowledge of the RF complex-valued B1 transmit-sensitivities of each independent radiating element has become essential. This paper details a method to speed up a currently available B1-calibration method. The principle relies on slice undersampling, slice and channel interleaving and kriging, an interpolation method developed in geostatistics and applicable in many domains. It has been demonstrated that, under certain conditions, kriging gives the best estimator of a field in a region of interest. The resulting accelerated sequence allows mapping a complete set of eight volumetric field maps of the human head in about 1 min. For validation, the accuracy of kriging is first evaluated against a well-known interpolation technique based on Fourier transform as well as to a B1-maps interpolation method presented in the literature. This analysis is carried out on simulated and decimated experimental B1 maps. Finally, the accelerated sequence is compared to the standard sequence on a phantom and a volunteer. The new sequence provides B1 maps three times faster with a loss of accuracy limited potentially to about 5%.
Think before you eat: photographic food diaries as intervention tools to change dietary decision making and attitudes (2008)

Abstract This paper examines the use of photographic and written food diaries as interventions to raise awareness of and change dietary habits. Weinstein's precaution adoption theory and Guagnano, Stern and Dietz's Attitude Behaviour Context theory provide the theoretical basis to explain why nutrition knowledge does not result in healthy eating behaviour and why an intervention may be necessary to change attitudes and behaviours. A pilot study using written and photographic food diaries was conducted with 43 participants. Qualitative analysis of participant interviews revealed that photographic food diaries can alter attitudes and behaviours associated with food choices, and they are more likely to do so than written diaries because they serve as an intervention at the point when decisions regarding what to eat are being made.