gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulation of cardiac genes by mechanical stress. The oncogene signalling hypothesis. (1991)

In cardiac muscle, the selectivity and specificity of gene regulation by heparin-binding and transforming growth factors resembles the characteristic program of fetal gene induction during myocardial hypertrophy produced by load. Shared by isolated cardiac myocytes and intact hearts, these complex and heterogeneous responses provide intriguing systems, which are distinct from other lineages and models of cell growth, for the study of trophic signal transduction by cellular oncogenes. A functional role for peptide growth factors and other oncogene-encoded proteins in myocardial hypertrophy suggests biological pathways which might usefully be exploited to promote compensatory growth following infarction or to interfere with maladaptive changes during a hemodynamic load.
Gel formation in polyolefins exposed to ionizing radiation (1965)

Abstract It is shown that a reasonable value for the ratio of main chain scission to crosslinking rates in a number of polyolefins at infinite dose is close to zero. Moreover, the sum of the sol fraction ( s ) and its square root \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (\sqrt s) $\end{document} in almost all of the polymers studied is proportional to some fractional power of reciprocal dose. There is some slight evidence to suggest that \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ s + \sqrt s $\end{document} in relatively low molecular weight polyolefins, which initially contain small amounts of reactive carbon–carbon unsaturation and have random distributions, may be proportional to the square root of the reciprocal dose. There is already good evidence that main chain scission rates in polypropylene and poly‐1‐pentene decrease with increasing dose: such a variation may account for the observed relationship in these polymers and presumably also in polyethylene. Another possible explanation is that the chance of a molecule becoming attached to the crosslinked network depends not only on the number of monomer units it contains, but also on the chance that a previous radiation event (such as trans ‐vinylene formation) has already occurred in that molecule.
Antitumor Effect of VNP20009, an Attenuated Salmonella, in Murine Tumor Models (2001)

VNP20009, a genetically modified strain of Salmonella typhimurium with deletions in the msbB and purI loci, exhibited antitumor activities when given systemically to tumor-bearing mice. VNP20009 inhibited the growth of subcutaneously implanted B16F10 murine melanoma, and the human tumor xenografts Lox, DLD-1, A549, WiDr, HTB177, and MDA-MB-231. A single intravenous injection of VNP20009, at doses ranging from 1 x 10(4) to 3 x 10(6) cfu/mouse, produced tumor growth inhibitions of 57-95%. Tumor volume doubling time, another indicator for tumor growth inhibition, also significantly increased in mice treated with VNP20009. Using mice with immune system deficiencies, we also demonstrated that the antitumor effects of VNP20009 did not depend on the presence of T and B cells. In addition, VNP20009, given intravenously, inhibited the growth of lung metastases in mice. Only live bacteria showed the antitumor effect.
Wideband antireflective polarizers based on integrated diffractive multilayer microstructures (2006)

Microstructures of composite materials can exhibit properties significantly different from their individual constitution. By utilizing these unique characteristics, we design diffractive optical elements to demonstrate transmission-only polarizers for telecommunications. The transmittance and the extinction ratio of the proposed structure are >95% and >40 dB at 1470-1910 nm wavelengths, respectively. The average reflectance for random polarization is less than 1% at 1350-1580 nm. The methods are applicable to diffractive optics, e.g., in the ultraviolet and visible spectrum.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as add-on therapy to basal insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review (2012)

The prevalence of obesity and diabetes continues to rise in the US. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) is an effective treatment option for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that promotes weight loss. Common and effective treatment options added to metformin therapy (basal insulin, sulfonylureas, and pioglitazone) contribute to weight gain, which makes the addition of GLP-1RAs advantageous. Exenatide was the first agent in this class and has recently been approved for use in combination with insulin glargine by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. Until recently, there was a lack of data examining basal insulin combined with these agents. The main purpose of this article is to review the prospective interventional data on the safety and efficacy of GLP-1RAs (exenatide, liraglutide, albiglutide, lixisenatide) combined with basal insulin therapy in nonpregnant adults with T2DM. Databases searched were PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Database of Systematic Reviews (inception to January 2012). Abstracts presented at relevant diabetes and endocrine meetings from 2009 to 2011 were also reviewed, as were reference lists of identified publications. A total of five studies met the criteria and were included in the review. Data from these studies demonstrated that this combination therapy offers advantages for the treatment of diabetes, such as additional lowering of A1c without major risk for hypoglycemia, lower basal insulin requirements, decreased postprandial glucose levels (with or without fasting plasma glucose decreases), and weight loss, or at the very least, less weight gain. However, the gastrointestinal side effects and high cost of these agents may limit their use. This review demonstrates that adding a GLP-1RA to an existing basal insulin regimen is a reasonable treatment strategy in nonpregnant adult patients with T2DM.
Electrokinetic characterization of poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannels (2003)

This paper characterizes the basic electrokinetic phenomena occurring within native poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchannels. Using simple buffers and current measurements, current density and electroosmosis data were determined in trapezoidal, reversibly sealed PDMS/PDMS and hybrid PDMS/glass channels with a cross-sectional area of 1035.5 microm(2) and about 6 cm length. This data was then compared to that obtained in an air-thermostated 50 microm inner diameter (1963.5 microm(2) cross-sectional area) fused-silica (FS) capillary of 70 cm length. Having a pH 7.8 buffer with an ionic strength (I) of 90 mM, Ohms's law was observed in the microchannels with electric field strengths of up to about 420 V/cm, which is about twice as high as for the FS capillary. The electroosmotic mobility (micro(EO)) in PDMS and FS is shown to exhibit the same general dependences on I and pH. For all configurations tested, the experimentally determined micro(EO) values were found to correlate well with the relationship micro(EO) = a + b log(I), where a and b are coefficients that are determined via nonlinear regression analysis. Electroosmotic fluid pumping in native PDMS also follows a pH dependence that can be estimated with a model based upon the ionization of silanol. Compared to FS, however, the magnitude of the electroosmotic flow in native PDMS is 50-70% smaller over the entire pH range and is difficult to maintain at acidic pH values. Thus, the origin of the negative charge at the inner wall of PDMS, glass, and FS appears to be similar but the density is lower for PDMS than for glass and FS.
Stereotaxic Injection of Tetanus Toxin in Rat Central Nervous System Causes Alteration in Normal Levels of Monoamines (1991)

A single intraventricular injection of tetanus toxin produced a time-dependent elevation of serotonin levels in brain and spinal cord of adult rats. This tetanus toxin-induced increase was produced in areas of high density of serotonergic innervation, such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and spinal cord. Little or no effect was found in the thalamus, cerebellum, and frontal cortex, areas that are poorly innervated by serotonergic terminals. The responses of catecholamines (no change in dopamine level and generalized decrease in norepinephrine) pointed to a specific action of tetanus toxin on the serotonergic system. Stereotaxic injections of tetanus toxin in dorsal or magnus raphe nuclei did not have an evident effect on biogenic amine levels in the brain and spinal cord, respectively. Because direct stereotaxic injections of the toxin in the hypothalamus or hippocampus produced significant serotonin increases in both areas, it is proposed that tetanus toxin interacts with presynaptic targets to produce serotonin accumulation; this is probably due in part to an activation of tryptophan 5-hydroxylase.
Bulk micromachining of Ge for IR gratings (1996)

While silicon can be easily etched anisotropically using a KOH solution, the anisotropic etching of germanium is difficult to achieve. We describe experiments using different etchants and different masking layers. The best technological results are obtained using a solution of phosphoric acid and hydrogen peroxide . As a mask, a thin film of chromium is preferable. The slow-etching plane is the plane. At , the etch rate is . With this technology it is possible to fabricate V grooves and the other typical structures of anisotropic etching known from silicon technology. One possible application is the production of infrared optical devices in germanium.
Generation of a Conditionally Replicating Adenovirus Based on Targeted Destruction of E1A mRNA by a Cell Type-Specific MicroRNA (2008)

MicroRNAs have emerged as important players in tissue-specific mammalian gene regulation and have also been exploited in experimental targeting of gene expression. We have constructed a recombinant adenovirus that contains sequences complementary to the liver-specific microRNA 122 (miR122) in the 3' untranslated region of the E1A gene. In Huh7 cells, which resemble normal hepatocytes in expressing high levels of miR122, this feature resulted in strongly reduced levels of E1A mRNA and protein. This property allowed us to generate a novel recombinant adenovirus that was severely attenuated in cells of hepatic origin but replicated normally in other cells. This strategy may be useful in circumventing liver toxicity associated with the systemic delivery of oncolytic adenoviruses. These data provide the first example of exploiting differential microRNA expression patterns to alter the natural tropism of a DNA virus. In addition, these results suggest that other microRNAs expressed in a tissue- or transformation-specific manner may also be used for the targeting of adenoviral replication and that the same principle may be applied to other viruses that have shown promise as oncolytic or gene delivery platforms.
Variation of Influenza Viruses and Their Recognition of the Receptor Sialo-Sugar Chains (1993)

Influenza A, B viruses contain 2 viral specific, membrane associated glycoprotein antigens, hemagglutinin and sialidase. Hemagglutinin is essential for the initial binding of the virus to the cell membrane receptors that contain sialic acid such as gangliosides and sialo-glycoproteins. Hemagglutinin is also important for the intracellular viral uncoating by the low pH fusion processes. The evolution of the influenza viruses and host range variation come from the mutation of hemagglutinin and sialidase genes and change of their sialo-sugar chain recognition together with alteration in the antigenic epitopes. In this report, the molecular mechanism of the relationship between the evolutional change of the viral glycoproteins, especially hemagglutinin molecules and the change of the receptor binding specificity is reported, and also the strategy for the development of a new universal vaccine which generates the antibody whose supervariable region mimics the common receptor sialo-sugar chains for all the subtypes of influenza viruses is also described.
The Yucatan miniature pig: characterization and utilization in biomedical research. (1986)

Yucatan miniature swine have a variety of applications in biomedical research. Sublines developed from the primary population at Colorado State University have been characterized genetically with special attributes. This report describes this unique laboratory animal, genetic selection programs, and its utilization in biomedical research.
Chimeric NGF-EGF Receptors Define Domains Responsible for Neuronal Differentiation (1991)

To determine the domains of the low-affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor required for appropriate signal transduction, a series of hybrid receptors were constructed that consisted of the extracellular ligand-binding domain of the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the human low-affinity NGF receptor (NGFR). Transfection of these chimeric receptors into rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells resulted in appropriate cell surface expression. Biological activity mediated by the EGF-NGF chimeric receptor was assayed by the induction of neurite outgrowth in response to EGF in stably transfected cells. Furthermore, the chimeric receptor mediated nuclear signaling, as evidenced by the specific induction of transin messenger RNA, an NGF-responsive gene. Neurite outgrowth was not observed with chimeric receptors that contained the transmembrane domain from the EGFR, suggesting that the membrane-spanning region and cytoplasmic domain of the low-affinity NGFR are necessary for signal transduction.
The Relationship of Mood, Endocrine, and Sexual Disorders in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive (HIV+) Women (1998)

Objective This exploratory study assessed the prevalence of mood disorders, sexual disorders, and endocrine abnormalities, and explored the relationship between these parameters in a sample of HIV+ women. Method Fifty-four HIV+ women were evaluated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) and measures of psychiatric symptom severity, psychological well-being, and sexual problems. Women also provided blood to establish CD4 cell count, serum total testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels. Results Although overall levels of current Axis I diagnosis were low, Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD) was diagnosed in 39% of the women. Forty-eight percent of the sample had deficient testosterone levels (below 20.0 ng/dl) and 27% had deficient DHEAS levels (below 35.0 [micro sign]g/dl). We found no significant relationship between diminished sexual desire and deficient levels of testosterone, DHEAS, or mood disorder diagnoses. However, HSDD was significantly related to more depressive symptoms and lower life satisfaction. Women whose perceived risk factor for HIV infection included sexual contact were more than five times more likely to be diagnosed with a new onset HSDD than women who reported intravenous drug use (IVDU) as their only risk factor (47% vs. 9%, respectively). Conclusions We observed what seems to be high rates of HSDD and endocrine abnormalities with very low rates of mood disorders. Interestingly, endocrine abnormalities were not associated with low sexual desire. Our findings suggest that there is a significant unmet need for treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder among urban HIV+ women.
Intraoperative Gamma Detection Probe With Presurgical Antibody Imaging in Colon Cancer (1991)

In this study, presurgical gamma camera imaging and an intraoperative gamma detection probe were used in 12 consecutive patients 6 to 22 days after infusion with indium 111-labeled anticarcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody (111In-MoAb). In three of 11 patients who underwent laparotomy, clinical management was affected by the probe findings: localization of occult retroperitoneal disease, identification of an occult cecal lesion, and localization of residual disease at a site of local recurrence. Of all intra-abdominal lesions seen using any method, the probe identified 18 (86%) of 21, compared with 14 (67%) of 21 with the 111In-MoAb scan, 10 (48%) of 21 by computed tomographic scan, and 16 (76%) of 21 after surgical exploration. Uptake of 111In-MoAb in the portal (n = 3) and mediastinal (n = 3) lymph nodes was not associated with histologic findings of malignant neoplasms. For all pathologically confirmed extrahepatic and nonportal sites of cancer, the probe localized nine of nine, compared with five of nine by 111In-MoAb scan, two of nine by computed tomographic scan, and six of nine by surgical exploration. Important clinical uses of the intraoperative probe included occult lesion identification, localization of areas with 111In uptake shown with MoAb scanning, and verification of complete resection of areas with 111In-MoAb uptake.
Direct Compression Controlled Release Tablets Using Ethylcellulose Matrices (1993)

Controlled release erodible matrix tablets were manufactured by a simple, direct compression process using ethylcellulose alone as the matrix former. Each of four different viscosity grades of ethylcellulose (10, 20, 45 and 100 cp) was dry mixed with either indomethacin or theophylline and a small amount of lubricant, then directly compressed into tablets. In initial trials, compression force was held constant, resulting in tablets of varying hardness. In a second study, the compression force was varied to produce tablets of equal hardness. Lower viscosity grades of ethylcellulose were more compressible than higher viscosity grades, allowing production of harder tablets for a given drug. Harder tablets resulted in controlled release of the drug over a longer time period. Dissolution studies indicated that tablet hardness is more important in determining dissolution rate than is the polymer viscosity grade. A mathematical model combining diffusion and erosion mechanisms was developed to describe drug release. Improved r2 values over pure diffusion, erosion and diffusion/relaxation models were obtained. Examination of residuals indicated that the derived composite model was more appropriate for the data
Formation of genes coding for hybrid proteins by recombination between related, cloned genes inE. coli (1983)

We describe a method for the formation of hybrid genes by in vivo recombination between two genes with partial sequence homology. DNA structures consisting of plasmid vector sequences, flanked by the alpha 2 interferon gene on the one side and a portion of the alpha 1 interferon gene (homology about 80%) on the other, were transfected into E. coli SK1592. Appropriate resistance markers allowed the isolation of colonies containing circular plasmids which arose by in vivo recombination between the partly homologous interferon gene sequences. Eleven different recombinant genes were identified, six of which encoded new hybrid interferons not easily accessible by recombinant DNA techniques.
Terahertz electronics for chemical and biological warfare agent detection (2003)

The capability of solid-state electronics within the terahertz frequency regime is reviewed and assessed. Recent developments in chemical and biological science are presented that provide important insight and motivations for future uses of THz electronics in spectroscopic sensing. Finally, the impact of new advances in nanotechnology and molecular physics on the detection of chemical and biological warfare agents is addressed.
IL-21 Induces the Apoptosis of Resting and Activated Primary B Cells (2003)

Cytokines play an important role in regulating the development and homeostasis of B cells by controlling their viability. In this study, we show that the recently described T cell-derived cytokine IL-21 induces the apoptosis of resting primary murine B cells. In addition, the activation of primary B cells with IL-4, LPS, or anti-CD40 Ab does not prevent IL-21-mediated apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis by IL-21 correlates with a down-regulation in the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L), two antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family. Furthermore, the reconstitution of Bcl-x(L) or Bcl-2 expression protects primary B cells from IL-21-induced apoptosis. In addition, a short-term preactivation of B cells with anti-CD40 Ab confers protection from IL-21-mediated apoptosis through the up-regulation of Bcl-x(L). These studies reveal a novel pathway that mediates B cell apoptosis via the IL-21R and suggest that IL-21 may play a role in regulating B cell homeostasis.
Antigenic analysis of iron-regulated proteins in Pasteurella haemolytica A and T biotypes by immunoblotting reveals biotype-specific epitopes (1992)

The antigenic relationships of the iron-regulated proteins (IRPs) in Pasteurella haemolytica A and T biotype strains were examined by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. P. haemolytica cells of the A biotype, grown under conditions of iron-limitation, expressed two IRPs, of 35 and 70 kDa. All T biotype strains expressed IRPs with slightly different molecular masses of 37 and 78 kDa. Immunoblotting of all 16 P. haemolytica serotypes was carried out using a panel of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against serotype A2 antigens. Polyclonal antibodies revealed inter-serotype cross-reactivity towards the 35 and 70 kDa IRPs within the A biotype but no cross-reactivity against a T biotype protein in the 78 kDa region. Monoclonal antibody against the 35 kDa antigen reacted only with the A biotype 35 kDa IRP. Identical profiles were obtained for 10 field isolates of serotype A2, further emphasizing the antigen conservation within the A biotype. These findings reinforce the view that the A and T biotypes of P. haemolytica should be considered as separate species and suggest that IRPs from single A and T biotype strains incorporated into a vaccine might provide cross-protection against all P. haemolytica serotypable strains. Similar studies on the IRPs of 10 untypable strains revealed some of these to have different antigenic reactivities from those observed within the A and T biotypes.
Catalytic Combustion of Methane over CeO2-MOx (M=La3+, Ca2+) Solid Solution Promoted Pd/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts (2008)

Solid solution CeO2-MOx (M=La3+, Ca2+) promoted Pd/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by a deposition-precipitation method. The structural properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that Mn+ ions incorporated into CeO2 lattice and solid solutions formed in Pd/γ-Al2O3-CeO2-MOx catalysts. The formation of solid solution was confirmed by the change in lattice parameters of CeO2 and the shift of 2θ angles as compared with pure CeO2. A strain formed in the O2− sub-lattice of CeO2 was revealed by Raman analyses, which decreased the intensity of the Raman-active band at around 463 cm−1 owing to the F2g symmetric stretching of Ce−O bond. The appearance of a new band at 615 cm−1 (in the case of Pd/γ-Al2O3-CeO2-CaO) and a shoulder at 320 cm−1 (in the case of Pd/γ-Al2O3-CeO2-La2O3) was also confirmed. Ionic Pdδ+ species were formed in the catalysts, which exhibited higher binding energies (0.5−0.6 eV higher for Pd 3d5/2) than that of normal PdO. The catalysts showed high activity and stability for low temperature methane combustion. 10% and 100% conversions of methane could be obtained at temperatures of 254 and 340 °C, respectively, over Pd/γ-Al2O3-CeO2-La2O3 catalyst under an hourly space velocity of 50000 h−1.