gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mitoxantrone for multiple sclerosis (2005)

MX is moderately effective in reducing the disease progression and the frequency of relapses in patients affected by RR, PR and SP MS in the short-term follow-up (2 years), even if the results are based on trials heterogeneous in terms of drug dosage and inclusion criteria. No major neoplastic or symptomatic cardiotoxicity related to MX have been reported from the trials. However, longer follow-up studies are highly warranted to better explore the efficacy and safety of the drug, mainly as regards the long-term risk of therapy-related leukemias and cardiotoxicity. As a conclusion, MX has a partial efficacy, but, due to its unclear long-term safety profile, it should be used to treat patients with worsening RR and SP MS with evidence of worsening disability.
Inhibition of povidone-iodine's bactericidal activity by common organic substances: an experimental study. (1985)

An in vitro study demonstrated that some organic substances commonly present in the surgical field inhibit the bactericidal activity of dilute povidone-iodine solutions. The degree of inhibition was inversely proportional to the concentration of the povidone-iodine solutions and it was greatest by blood, followed by pus, fat, and glove powder. The pattern of bacterial kill was virtually identical for all the strains tested. The most likely explanation for this phenomenon is that iodine is bound by the organic substances, decreasing the iodine available for bacterial kill. To obtain an optimal benefit, we suggest eliminating these substances from the operative site or wound when possible before the use of povidone-iodine solution.
Multi-platform co-array fortran compiler * (2004)

Co-array Fortran (CAF) - a small set of extensions to Fortran 90 - is an emerging model for scalable, global address space parallel programming. CAF's global address space programming model simplifies the development of single-program-multiple-data parallel programs by shifting the burden for managing the details of communication from developers to compilers. This paper describes CAFC - a prototype implementation of an open-source, multiplatform CAF compiler that generates code well-suited for today's commodity clusters. The CAFC compiler translates CAF into Fortran 90 plus calls to one-sided communication primitives. The paper describes key details of CAFC's approach to generating efficient code for multiple platforms. Experiments compare the performance of CAF and MPI versions of several NAS parallel benchmarks on an Alpha cluster with a Quadrics interconnect, an Itanium 2 cluster with a Myrinet 2000 interconnect and an Itanium 2 cluster with a Quadrics interconnect. These experiments show that CAFC compiles CAF programs into code that delivers performance roughly equal to that of hand-optimized MPI programs.
Developmental changes in the mechanisms of duodenal calcium transport in the rat (1983)

Duodenal calcium transport was resolved into a saturable and a nonsaturable process by means of an in situ ligated loop procedure applied to Wistar rats at 3, 12, 19, 24, 30, 40, 60, 110, and 150 days of age. All postweaning animals were males that had been placed on a 1.5% calcium, 1.5% phosphorus semisynthetic diet. Duodenal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) levels were determined at all ages. The newborn rat had no saturable transport component and no CaBP. Its nonsaturable component was very high. With increasing age the saturable component and CaBP varied biphasically, increasing steeply until the animals were about 35 days old; thereafter, each decreased to low but detectable values. The nonsaturable component, on the other hand, decreased in near-linear fashion in the first 35 days; in animals beyond that age it remained invariant. The difference in age dependence between the saturable and nonsaturable components may be considered to constitute additional evidence for the existence of the two transport processes. CaBP and the saturable transport process were highly correlated, further proof that both are vitamin D dependent. Histological studies have revealed the presence of many vacuoles in the intestinal cells of the very young rats; these vacuoles were absent in rats older than 35 days. It is suggested that these vacuoles may be implicated in a pinocytosislike nonsaturable transport that is superimposed on the nonsaturable, non-vitamin D-dependent calcium transport found in all enterocytes.
Niclosamide induces mitochondria fragmentation and promotes both apoptotic and autophagic cell death (2011)

Mitochondrial dynamics not only involves mitochondrial morphology but also mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial distribution, and cell death. To identify specific regulators to mitochondria dynamics, we screened a chemical library and identified niclosamide as a potent inducer of mitochondria fission. Niclosamide promoted mitochondrial fragmentation but this was blocked by down-regulation of Drp1. Niclosamide treatment resulted in the disruption of mitochondria membrane potential and reduction of ATP levels. Moreover, niclosamide led to apoptotic cell death by caspase-3 activation. Interestingly, niclosamide also increased autophagic activity. Inhibition of autophagy suppressed niclosamide-induced cell death. Therefore, our findings suggest that niclosamide induces mitochondria fragmentation and may contribute to apoptotic and autophagic cell death.
The Replication Fork: Understanding the Eukaryotic Replication Machinery and the Challenges to Genome Duplication (2013)

Eukaryotic cells must accurately and efficiently duplicate their genomes during each round of the cell cycle. Multiple linear chromosomes, an abundance of regulatory elements, and chromosome packaging are all challenges that the eukaryotic DNA replication machinery must successfully overcome. The replication machinery, the "replisome" complex, is composed of many specialized proteins with functions in supporting replication by DNA polymerases. Efficient replisome progression relies on tight coordination between the various factors of the replisome. Further, replisome progression must occur on less than ideal templates at various genomic loci. Here, we describe the functions of the major replisome components, as well as some of the obstacles to efficient DNA replication that the replisome confronts. Together, this review summarizes current understanding of the vastly complicated task of replicating eukaryotic DNA.
TLR7 ligand prevents allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia in allergic asthma by a MYD88-dependent and MK2-independent pathway (2005)

Asthma is one of the leading causes of childhood hospitalization, and its incidence is on the rise throughout the world. Currently, the standard treatment for asthma is the use of corticosteroids to try to suppress the inflammatory reaction taking place in the bronchial tree. Using a murine model of atopic allergic asthma employing a methacholine-hyperresponsive (A/J) as well as a hyporesponsive (C57BL/6) strain of mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin, we show that treatment with a synthetic Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) ligand (S-28463, a member of the imidazoquinoline family) prevents development of the asthmatic phenotype. Treatment with S-28463 resulted in a reduction of airway resistance and elastance following ovalbumin sensitization and challenge. This was accompanied by a dramatic reduction in infiltration of leukocytes, especially eosinophils, into the lungs of both C57BL/6 and A/J mice following OVA challenge. Treatment with S-28463 also abolished both the elevation in serum IgE level as well as the induction of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 by OVA challenge. The protective effects of S-28463 were also observed in MK2 knockout, but not MYD88 knockout, mice. We did not observe a switch in cytokine profile from T(H)2 to T(H)1, as both IL-12p70 and IFN-gamma levels were reduced following S-28463 treatment. These results clearly demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effect of imidazoquinolines in an allergic asthma model as well as the clinical potential of TLR7 ligands in the treatment of allergic diseases.
Acute Safety and Effects on Mucociliary Clearance of Aerosolized Uridine 5'-Triphosphate +/- Amiloride in Normal Human Adults (1996)

Impaired mucociliary clearance contributes to the pathophysiology of several airways diseases including cystic fibrosis, asthma, and chronic bronchitis. Extracellular triphosphate nucleotides (adenosine 5'-triphosphate [ATP], uridine 5'-triphosphate [UTP]) activate several components of the mucociliary escalator, suggesting they may have potential as therapeutic agents for airways diseases. We conducted initial (Phase I) studies of acute safety and efficacy of aerosolized UTP alone and in combination with aerosolized amiloride, the sodium channel blocker, in normal human volunteers. Safety was assessed by measurement of pulmonary function. Neither UTP alone nor in combination with amiloride caused any clinically significant adverse effects on airway mechanics, (subdivisions of) lung volumes, or gas exchange. Acute efficacy of UTP and amiloride alone and in combination, was assessed by measuring changes in the clearance of inhaled radiolabeled particles. A 2.5-fold increase in mucociliary clearance was seen in response to UTP alone and in combination with amiloride. We conclude that aerosolized UTP +/- amiloride clearly enhances mucociliary clearance without acute adverse effects in normal adults, and may have therapeutic potential to enhance airways clearance in diseases characterized by retained airways secretions.
Differential sensitivity of RSVts (temperature-sensitive Rous-sarcoma virus)-infected rat kidney cells to nucleoside antibiotics at permissive and non-permissive temperatures (1985)

Among a variety of anti-tumour agents tested, oxanosine and 5-azacytidine were found to be significantly more effective in inhibiting growth of rat kidney cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus at a permissive temperature (33 degrees C) than at a non-permissive temperature (39 degrees C). These two nucleoside antibiotics were antagonistic to each other in cytotoxicity. They seem to share the same carrier-mediated membrane-transport system, because dipyridamole, a potent inhibitor of nucleoside transport, protected cells from the cytotoxicity of both drugs. Thymidine transport, which is twice as fast in cells at 33 degrees C as at 39 degrees C, was competitively inhibited by both drugs. Thus the differential toxicity of oxanosine and 5-azacytidine at the two temperatures is thought to be due to their increased transport via the thymidine-transport system, which is somehow under the influence of the active src-gene product.
A CMOS implantable multielectrode auditory stimulator for the deaf (1975)

Describes an implantable multielectrode neural stimulator developed for electrical stimulation of the auditory nerves with the aim of producing a sensation of sound in sensory deaf ears. Power and digitally coded amplitude and frequency data are transcutaneously transmitted to the implantable stimulator using an inductively coupled RF link and an ultrasonic link, respectively. A novel low-power low-component count CMOS charge-redistribution digital-to-analog (D/A) demultiplexer which produces a high resolution neuro-compatible charge output is described. An extended missing pulse code is developed which assures higher reliability and protection against excess and erroneous stimulations. An experimental 4-electrode system capable of stimulating up to a 5-kHz rate and consuming less than 10 mW of power is presented.
Investigation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 adherence characteristics and invasion potential reveals a new attachment pattern shared by intestinal E. coli (1995)

In this study, the interactions of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 strains with human ileocecal (HCT-8) epithelial cells and HEp-2 cells were examined. EHEC adhered to, but did not invade, HCT-8 cells by the localized adherence mechanism and a heretofore unrecognized pattern which we called log jam. The log jam formation was (i) not observed on HEp-2 cells, (ii) independent of the EHEC eaeA gene required for localized adherence, and (iii) shared by pathogenic and nonpathogenic E. coli strains but not K-12 strains. The log jam phenotype may represent a basal means by which E. coli bacteria attach to the human intestine.
Ionization and transmission efficiency in an electrospray ionization—mass spectrometry interface (2007)

The ionization and transmission efficiencies of an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface were investigated to advance the understanding of how these factors affect mass spectrometry (MS) sensitivity. In addition, the effects of the ES emitter distance to the inlet, solution flow rate, and inlet temperature were characterized. Quantitative measurements of ES current loss throughout the ESI interface were accomplished by electrically isolating the front surface of the interface from the inner wall of the heated inlet capillary, enabling losses on the two surfaces to be distinguished. In addition, the ES current lost to the front surface of the ESI interface was spatially profiled with a linear array of 340-microm-diameter electrodes placed adjacent to the inlet capillary entrance. Current transmitted as gas-phase ions was differentiated from charged droplets and solvent clusters by measuring sensitivity with a single quadrupole mass spectrometer. The study revealed a large sampling efficiency into the inlet capillary (>90% at an emitter distance of 1 mm), a global rather than a local gas dynamic effect on the shape of the ES plume resulting from the gas flow conductance limit of the inlet capillary, a large (>80%) loss of analyte ions after transmission through the inlet arising from incomplete desolvation at a solution flow rate of 1.0 microL/min, and a decrease in analyte ions peak intensity at lower temperatures, despite a large increase in ES current transmission efficiency.
TIM-3 Expression Characterizes Regulatory T Cells in Tumor Tissues and Is Associated with Lung Cancer Progression (2012)

TIM-3 is highly upregulated on both CD4(+) and CD8(+) TILs from human lung cancer tissues but negligibly expressed on T cells from patients' peripheral blood. Frequencies of IFN-γ(+) cells were reduced in TIM-3(+)CD8(+) TILs compared to TIM-3(-)CD8(+) TILs. However, the level of TIM-3 expression on CD8(+) TILs failed to associate with any clinical pathological parameter. Interestingly, we found that approximately 70% of TIM-3(+)CD4(+) TILs expressed FOXP3 and about 60% of FOXP3(+) TILs were TIM-3(+). Importantly, TIM-3 expression on CD4(+) T cells correlated with poor clinicopathological parameters of NSCLC such as nodal metastasis and advanced cancer stages. Our study reveals a new role of TIM-3 as an important immune regulator in the tumor microenvironment via its predominant expression in regulatory T cells.
结合代数的表示理论基础：第1卷：表示理论的技术 (2007)

一个复杂的数学对象通过另一个较简单的对象表示出来，是一个基本的数学思想，它在分类问题中特别有用。本书从箭图及同调代数的线性表示的观点给出代数闭域上有限维结合代数的表示理论的现代结果。全书分两卷，本书为第1卷，论述表示理论的基本技术，如箭图理论技术、殆分裂序列、标题理论、整二次型等，其中不少材料第一次由原始论文改写为专著的形式。
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (2011)

FIGURE 8. Palaemon powelli sp. nov., rostral variation NHM1980.325d. A. Ov. female, pocl 4.6. B. Ov. female, pocl 5.0. C. Ov. female, pocl 4.6. D. Female, pocl 3.0. E. Female, pocl 3.4. F. Female (pocl 3.5). Scale bar indicates 1 mm.
Platelets release mitochondria serving as substrate for bactericidal group IIA-secreted phospholipase A2 to promote inflammation (2014)

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a highly potent inflammatory trigger and is reportedly found outside the cells in blood in various pathologies. Platelets are abundant in blood where they promote hemostasis. Although lacking a nucleus, platelets contain functional mitochondria. On activation, platelets produce extracellular vesicles known as microparticles. We hypothesized that activated platelets could also release their mitochondria. We show that activated platelets release respiratory-competent mitochondria, both within membrane-encapsulated microparticles and as free organelles. Extracellular mitochondria are found in platelet concentrates used for transfusion and are present at higher levels in those that induced acute reactions (febrile nonhemolytic reactions, skin manifestations, and cardiovascular events) in transfused patients. We establish that the mitochondrion is an endogenous substrate of secreted phospholipase A2 IIA (sPLA2-IIA), a phospholipase otherwise specific for bacteria, likely reflecting the ancestral proteobacteria origin of mitochondria. The hydrolysis of the mitochondrial membrane by sPLA2-IIA yields inflammatory mediators (ie, lysophospholipids, fatty acids, and mtDNA) that promote leukocyte activation. Two-photon microscopy in live transfused animals revealed that extracellular mitochondria interact with neutrophils in vivo, triggering neutrophil adhesion to the endothelial wall. Our findings identify extracellular mitochondria, produced by platelets, at the midpoint of a potent mechanism leading to inflammatory responses.
Air-movement control for treatment and isolation rooms (1969)

SUMMARY The degree of protection provided by various air movement control systems, as applied to isolation and treatment rooms, has been assessed. The main factors influencing the efficiency of isolation were the air supply rate to the room and the time the door was left open. The effect of some other possible factors, such as temperature differences and method of air distribution, are discussed. The type of facilities provided must depend on the type of patient and economics, but prediction equations, which allow the assessment of positive, negative and balanced ventilation systems, are presented. The ventilation requirements for isolation rooms should be assessed individually, but for a treatment room a balanced system of ventilation with between 500 and 1000 ft. 3 /min. should be very effective. Precautions should be taken to ensure the air quantities are balanced and temperature differences are minimized. An air lock should not be necessary for balanced systems provided these rooms are in a mechanically ventilated ward. We thank Mr W. Carson and members of the Building Services Research Unit for their help and advice and Sister M. F. D. Muir and the staff of the experimental ward for their co-operation. This work was sponsored by the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust. Requests for reprints, or a fuller description of the ward unit and test results, should be addressed to George Baird, Building Services Research Unit, 3 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, W. 2.
Gold Nanoparticle Chemiresistor Sensors in Aqueous Solution: Comparison of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Nanoparticle Films (2009)

Chemiresistor sensors based on thin films of gold nanoparticles capped with hydrophobic hexanethiol or hydrophilic 6-hydroxyhexanethiol self-assembled monolayers are shown to respond to organic analytes in aqueous solution. Although considerable swelling of the 6-hydroxyhexanethiol-capped nanoparticle film by water occurred, the 6-hydroxyhexanethiol-capped nanoparticle film still responded toward the presence of organic analytes in aqueous solution. The response toward nonpolar analytes (toluene, hexane, dichloromethane) was reduced for the 6-hydroxyhexanethiol-capped chemiresistor compared to the hexanethiol-capped chemiresistor. However, for polar analytes such as ethanol the response sensitivity was reversed. A simple theoretical model describing the chemiresistor response in water is presented and was used to determine the partition coefficients between the nanoparticle film and water for ethanol and toluene.
The use of real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for the quantification of cytokine gene expression. (2003)

Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is becoming a widely used method to quantify cytokines from cells, tissues, or tissue biopsies. The method allows for the direct detection of PCR product during the exponential phase of the reaction, combining amplification and detection in a single step. Using TaqMan chemistry (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and the ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems), we validated a large panel of murine and human cytokines, as we as other factors playing a role in the immune system, such a chemokines and apoptotic markers. Although the method allows fast, sensitive, and accurate quantification, different control assays are necessary for the method to be reliable. By construction of complementary DNA (cDNA) plasmid clones, standard curves are generated that allow direct quantification of every unknown sample. Furthermore, the choice of a reliable housekeeping gene is very important. Finally, co-amplification of contaminating genomic DNA is avoided by designing sets of primers located in different exons or or intron-exon junctions. In conclusion, the real-time RT-PCF technique is very accurate and sensitive, allows high through put, and can be performed on very small samples. The development of real-time RT-PCR has resulted in an exponential increase in its use over the last couple of years, and the method has undoubtedly become the standard for quantifying cytokine patterns, clarifying many functional properties of immune cells and their associated diseases.
Conjugation of Small Molecules to RNA Using a Reducible Disulfide Linker Attached at the 2′‐OH Position through a Carbamate Function (2019)

A post‐synthesis conjugation method was developed to functionalize oligoribonucleotides with various small molecules of biological interest using a reduction‐sensitive disulfide linker connected to 2′OH via a carbamate function. For this, first we prepared a 2′‐ O ‐[( N ‐(acetylthio)‐ethylcarbamoyl] (2′‐ O ‐AcSEC) uridine phosphoramidite as the key precursor of the disulfide linker, that was incorporated into 21‐mer RNAs. Next the 2′‐ O ‐AcSEC group was converted on solid support to the activated 2′‐ O ‐[ N ‐(2‐pyridyldisulfanyl)‐ethylcarbamoyl] (2′‐ O ‐PySSEC) group. Finally, the coupling between 2′‐ O ‐PySSEC‐modified RNA and diverse small molecules bearing a thiol function was based on a thiol‐disulfide exchange reaction in solution. Several RNA‐small molecule conjugates were obtained with satisfactory conjugation yields. An RNA was successfully double‐conjugated with an anticancer drug (doxorubicin) attesting the efficiency and the robustness of the conjugation method. We have shown that the disulfide‐linked RNA‐small molecule conjugates were cleaved upon 5.6 m m glutathione treatment, featuring the release of the small molecules in cells.
UHF RFCPUs on Flexible and Glass Substrates for Secure RFID Systems (2008)

A radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) tag consisting of an 8 bit CPU, a 4 kB ROM, a 512B SRAM, and an RF circuit, which communicates using 915 MHz UHF RF signals, has been developed on both a flexible substrate and a glass substrate. Each of the RFIC tags employs a single DES and an anti-side channel attack routine in firmware for secured communication, and occupies an area of 10.5 mm in width and 8.9 mm in height. The RFIC tag on the flexible substrate is 145 mum thick and weighs 262 mg, and the RFIC tag on the glass substrate consumes 0.54 mW at a power supply voltage of 1.5 V and communicates with a maximum range of 43 cm at a power of 30 dBm. The high-performance poly-silicon TFT technology on flexible substrate and glass substrate of 0.8 mum design rule, and a gate plus one metal layer are used for fabrication. The RFIC tag realizes stable internal clock generation and distribution by a digital control clock generator and a two-phase nonoverlap clock scheme, respectively.