gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Radical Chain Polymerizations Initiated by Azo Compounds Covalently Bound to the Surface of Spherical Particles (1998)

The kinetics and mechanism of a radical chain polymerization reaction initiated from a self-assembled monolayer of an azo initiator attached to the surfaces of silica particles are investigated. The rate of the decomposition of the surface-attached initiator is followed by differential scanning calorimetry and volumetry. The kinetics of formation of the terminally attached polymer is studied by dilatometry. After polymerization the polymer is removed from the surfaces and the molecular weight averages and molecular weight distribution of the degrafted polymer are studied as a function of reaction parameters during polymerization. From the molecular weight, the mass of the attached polymer, and the specific surface area, the number of polymer molecules per area (or the distance between the anchoring sites) can be calculated and compared to the corresponding values of the initiator monolayers. The mechanism of a polymerization with surface-attached radicals is compared to that of conventional radical chain polymerization in solution.
Trimethoxyphenylthio as a Highly Labile Replacement for tert-Butylthio Cysteine Protection in Fmoc Solid Phase Synthesis (2012)

Trimethoxyphenylthio (S-Tmp) is described as a novel cysteine protecting group in Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis replacing the difficult to remove tert-butylthio. S-Tmp and dimethoxyphenylthio (S-Dmp) were successfully used for cysteine protection in a variety of peptides. Moreover, both groups can be removed in 5 min with mild reducing agents. S-Tmp is recommended for cysteine protection, as it yields crude peptides of high purity.
Potent selective inhibitors of protein kinase C (1989)

A series of potent, selective inhibitors of protein kinase C has been derived from the structural lead provided by the microbial broth products, staurosporine and K252a. Our inhibitors block PCK in intact cells (platelets and T cells), and prevent the proliferation of mononuclear cells in response to interleukin 2 (IL2).
The CD28 ligand B7/BB1 provides costimulatory signal for alloactivation of CD4+ T cells. (1991)

Activation via the T lymphocyte cell surface molecule CD28 provides a potent amplification signal for interleukin 2 (IL-2) production in several in vitro systems. The B lymphocyte activation antigen, B7/BB1, is a natural ligand for CD28. Here we investigate the role of CD28 and B7/BB1 in primary activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes stimulated with allogeneic B lymphoblastoid cell lines. A subset of peripheral CD4+ T cells that is unresponsive to crosslinking of CD3/T cell receptor (TCR) with CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) does proliferate in response to allogeneic B lymphoblasts. TCR binding to allogeneic major histocompatibility complex antigens was an absolute requirement for activation of these cells because mAbs to either CD3 or human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II completely inhibited activation. CD28 and B7/BB1 antibodies inhibited T cell proliferation 90% and 84%, respectively. Similar results were obtained with the total CD4+ T lymphocyte population. Crosslinking of HLA-DR antigens on small, resting B cells induced rapid expression of B7/BB1, which peaked at 6 h and returned to baseline levels within 18 h. These data demonstrate that CD28-B7/BB1 binding provides an important early second signal for alloactivation of CD4+ T lymphocyte by B lymphoblasts. The results also suggest that T cells interacting with allogeneic resting B cells may induce B7/BB1 expression in the alloantigen-presenting cell as a consequence of interaction between the TCR and class II molecules.
Sphingolipids (1971)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Anti-inflammatory effects of short-term pioglitazone therapy in men with advanced diabetic nephropathy (2005)

Patients with diabetic nephropathy have a high rate of cardiovascular events and mortality. Nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors such as oxidative stress and inflammation are thought to be particularly important in mediating these events. Studies suggest that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) can reduce the level of nontraditional cardiovascular risk in people with or without diabetes mellitus. Whether this benefit occurs in patients with diabetic nephropathy is unknown. I hypothesized that the TZD pioglitazone will mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation compared with glipizide in patients with overt diabetic nephropathy. Markers of oxidative stress (plasma and urine albumin carbonyl and total protein carbonyls and malondialdehyde), inflammation [white blood cell (WBC) count, C-reactive protein (CRP), plasma IL-6, TNF-alpha], and plaque stability [matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9)] were measured in frozen samples obtained from patients with overt diabetic nephropathy participating in a randomized, open-label, blinded end-point, 16-wk trial with glipizide (n = 22) or pioglitazone (n = 22). Pioglitazone therapy in men with advanced diabetic nephropathy reduced WBC count by 1,125/mul (P < 0.001), CRP by 41% (P = 0.042), IL-6 by 38% (P = 0.009), and MMP-9 by 29% (P = 0.016). Specific differential reductions in WBC count of 1,251/mul (P = 0.009) and reduction in IL-6 of 58% with pioglitazone (P = 0.001) were seen compared with glipizide. There were no statistically significant changes observed with plasma TNF-alpha concentrations or markers of oxidative stress with either hypoglycemic agent. In conclusion, pioglitazone reduces proinflammatory markers in patients with overt diabetic nephropathy, which indicates potentially beneficial effects on overall cardiovascular risk. This surrogate end point needs to be confirmed in trials designed to demonstrate cardiovascular protection.
The preparation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine (2003)

This review is focused on describing state-of-the-art synthetic routes for the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles useful for biomedical applications. In addition to this topic, we have also described in some detail some of the possible applications of magnetic nanoparticles in the field of biomedicine with special emphasis on showing the benefits of using nanoparticles. Finally, we have addressed some relevant findings on the importance of having well-defined synthetic routes to produce materials not only with similar physical features but also with similar crystallochemical characteristics.
Immunoglobulin M: Fixation of Human Complement by the Fc Fragment (1972)

The Fc fragment [(Fc)(5)micro with a molecular weight of 342,000] of human immunoglobulin M from patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia has a complement fixing ability approximately 19 times greater on a molar basis than that of the parent immunoglobulin M. This fragment, which occurs naturally as a pentamer fixes human but not guinea pig complement, and this activity remains unchanged even after the fragment is reduced to the monomeric form.
From the Triumvirate to the Ominous Octet: A New Paradigm for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2009)

Insulin resistance in muscle and liver and β-cell failure represent the core pathophysiologic defects in type 2 diabetes. It now is recognized that the β-cell failure occurs much earlier and is more severe than previously thought. Subjects in the upper tertile of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are maximally/near-maximally insulin resistant and have lost over 80% of their β-cell function. In addition to the muscle, liver, and β-cell (triumvirate), the fat cell (accelerated lipolysis), gastrointestinal tract (incretin deficiency/resistance), α-cell (hyperglucagonemia), kidney (increased glucose reabsorption), and brain (insulin resistance) all play important roles in the development of glucose intolerance in type 2 diabetic individuals. Collectively, these eight players comprise the ominous octet and dictate that: 1 ) multiple drugs used in combination will be required to correct the multiple pathophysiological defects, 2 ) treatment should be based upon reversal of known pathogenic abnormalities and not simply on reducing the A1C, and 3 ) therapy must be started early to prevent/slow the progressive β-cell failure that already is well established in IGT subjects. A treatment paradigm shift is recommended in which combination therapy is initiated with diet/exercise, metformin (which improves insulin sensitivity and has antiatherogenic effects), a thiazolidinedione (TZD) (which improves insulin sensitivity, preserves β-cell function, and exerts antiatherogenic effects), and exenatide (which preserves β-cell function and promotes weight loss). Sulfonylureas are not recommended because, after an initial improvement in glycemic control, they are associated with a progressive rise in A1C and progressive loss of β-cell function.

The natural history of type 2 diabetes has been well described in multiple populations (1–16) (rev. in (17,18). Individuals destined to develop type 2 diabetes inherit a set of genes from their parents that make their tissues resistant to insulin (1,16,19–24). In liver, the insulin resistance is manifested by …
A microprocessor system for multifunctional control of upper-limb prostheses via myoelectric signal identification (1978)

The paper deals with the problem of controlling artificial limbs in cases where several limb functions require control. These situations are of importance, especially to above-elbow upper-extremity amputees. Here, classical EMG (myoelectric) controllers have failed in the past, since they were based on only determining existence or nonexistence of an EMG signal. Recent work by Lyman et al. at UCLA has approached this multifunctional (MF) control problem via using a large number of electrodes, though still considering only a limited part of the EMG spectrum. The present approach is based on earlier work by Graupe et al. [4], considering the whole spectrum of the EMG signal via identifying its time series model such that several limb functions can be controlled from a single signal site. However, the present work subsequently employs parallel filtering to discriminate between the various limb functions of interest to achieve fast discrimination and control as required for practical applications, since this allows the identification itself to be performed off line. Real-time on-line results are presented in the paper, as recently obtained from tests carried out on a 1969 Vietnam above-elbow amputee who had most severe (90 percent) nerve and muscle loss at his stump, and could therefore not use more than one or two electrode pairs. The results, where complete discrimination was achieved within 0.15 to 0.2 seconds using 8-bit Intel 8080 microprocessors at double precision (incorporating hardware multipliers), have yielded an 85 percent success rate in discrimination between four to five limb functions using a single electrode pair. It is noted that the amputee mentioned had no previous EMG actuation training whatsoever.
MoodViews: Tools for Blog Mood Analysis (2006)

We demonstrate a system for tracking and analyzing moods of bloggers worldwide, as reflected in the largest blogging community, LiveJournal. Our system collects thousands of blog posts every hour, performs various analyses on the posts and presents the results graphically. Exploring the Blogspace From the point of view of information access, the blogspace offers many natural opportunities beyond traditional search facilities, such as trend detection, topic tracking, link tracking, feed generation, etc. But there is more. Many blog authoring environments allow bloggers to tag their entries with highly individual (and personal) features. Users of LiveJournal, currently the largest weblog community, have the option of reporting their mood at the time of the post; users can either select a mood from a predefined list of 132 common moods such as “amused” or “angry,” or enter free-text. A large percentage of LiveJournal users chooses to utilize this option, tagging their postings with a mood. This results in a stream of hundreds of weblog posts tagged with mood information per minute, from hundreds of thousands of different users across the globe. Our focus in this demo is on providing access to the blogspace using moods as the “central” dimension. The type of information needs that we are interested in are best illustrated by questions such as: How do moods develop? How are they related? How do global events impact moods? And: Can global mood swings be traced back to global events? We describe MoodViews, a collection of tools for analyzing, tracking and visualizing moods and mood changes in blogs posted by LiveJournal users.
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY, OCTANOL SOLUBILITY, AND OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT OF NINE HYDROPHOBIC DYES (1999)

The aqueous solubilities (Sw), the octanol/water partition coefficients (Kow), and the solubilities in octanol (Soct) of a series of nine hydrophobic anthraquinone and azo dyes have been experimentally determined. Some dyes show more than one aqueous solubility, which is probably due to their polymorphic crystalline forms. Sw ranged from 1 μg/L to 1 mg/L, the log Kow ranged from 3.6 to > 5.8, and Soct ranged from 10 to 3,000 mg/L. The dyes are not only hydrophobic but lipophobic as well. The most important finding is that there is a discrepancy between the Kow and the ratio Soct/Sw for the dyes, while there is a relatively good relationship between either Sw or Soct and the ratio Soct/Sw. The discrepancy probably explains why estimated values of Sw and Kow generally underestimated the experimental ones and that none of the calculated molecular properties (molecular weight, surface area, and volume) was highly correlated to either Sw or Kow. The results show that insufficient knowledge is available to understand and predict the magnitude of the physicochemical properties of the dyes. Therefore, these properties should be preferably experimentally determined.
Enhancement of Terahertz Pulse Emission by Optical Nanoantenna (2012)

Bridging the gap between ultrashort pulsed optical waves and terahertz (THz) waves, the THz photoconductive antenna (PCA) is a major constituent for the emission or detection of THz waves by diverse optical and electrical methods. However, THz PCA still lacks employment of advanced breakthrough technologies for high-power THz emission. Here, we report the enhancement of THz emission power by incorporating optical nanoantennas with a THz photoconductive antenna. The confinement and concentration of an optical pump beam on a photoconductive substrate can be efficiently achieved with optical nanoantennas over a high-index photoconductive substrate. Both numerical and experimental results clearly demonstrate the enhancement of THz wave emission due to high photocarrier generation at the plasmon resonance of nanoantennas. This work opens up many opportunities for diverse integrated photonic elements on a single PCA at THz and optical frequencies.
Achieving remission with venlafaxine and fluoxetine in major depression: its relationship to anxiety symptoms (2002)

Venlafaxine, a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), produces significantly higher remission rates in depressed patients than do the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In this analysis of pooled data, we explored the relationship between differences in treatment efficacy, early improvement of symptoms, and severity of baseline anxiety in depressed patients treated with either venlafaxine or fluoxetine. A pooled analysis was performed on data from 1,454 outpatients with major depression from five double-blind, randomized studies comparing the 6-week efficacy of venlafaxine (542 patients) with fluoxetine (555 patients). The Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D) total and item scores were analyzed at different treatment times up to 6 weeks. Venlafaxine and fluoxetine both produced statistically significant higher response and remission rates compared with placebo starting from week 2 for response and weeks 3 to 4 for remission. Venlafaxine was statistically significantly superior to fluoxetine from week 3 until week 6 in respect of response rate, and from week 2 until week 6 for remission rate. After 1 week of treatment, greater improvement in individual symptoms was observed in the depressed mood, suicide, and psychic anxiety items of the HAM-D scale for both venlafaxine- and fluoxetine-treated patients compared with placebo. Improvement in psychic anxiety was statistically significantly greater with venlafaxine than with fluoxetine. The presence of baseline psychic anxiety correlated significantly to treatment outcome when analyzing the remission rates. In depressed patients with moderate anxiety (HAM-D psychic anxiety score < or = 2), venlafaxine statistically significantly increased remission rates compared with placebo from week 4 until week 6, while a significant effect of fluoxetine on remission rates was observed starting at week 6. Remission rates in the severely anxious depressed patients (score > 2) were statistically significantly higher with venlafaxine than placebo starting from week 3 until the end of the study period, but no difference could be observed between fluoxetine and placebo. Baseline severity of psychic anxiety had a significant impact on remission rates after treatment of patients diagnosed with depression. Venlafaxine's superior remission rates in the more severely anxious patients and its ability to improve psychic anxiety as early as week 1 compared with fluoxetine suggest that venlafaxine's early efficacy on anxiety symptoms may be the basis for its superior efficacy in depression.
Heterocycles from Sulphamylphenylhydrazines. Part I. 2-(p-Sulphamylphenyl)-1,2,3-benzotriazoles and their 1-Oxides (1964)

2-(<em>p</em>-Sulphamylphenyl)-1,2,3-benzotriazoles and their 1-oxides have been obtained by condensation of halogen-nitrobenzenes and <em>p</em>-snlphamylphenylhydrazine and characteriaed. The hydrazo compound is find formed which cyclises to a benaotriazole 1-oxide in acetic acid medium and to benzotriazole in etha­nolic medium. The former can be reduced to the latter by treatment with ethanol.
Antagonism between penicillin and erythromycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo (2000)

The combination of beta-lactam antibiotics and macrolides is often recommended for the initial empirical treatment of acute pneumonia in order to obtain activity against the most important pathogens. Theoretically, this combination may be inexpedient, as the bacteriostatic agent may antagonize the effect of the bactericidal agent. In this study, the possible interaction between penicillin and erythromycin was investigated in vitro and in vivo against four clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with MICs of penicillin ranging from 0.016 to 0.5 mg/L and of erythromycin from 0. 25 to >128 mg/L. In vitro time-kill curves were generated with clinically relevant concentrations of penicillin (10 mg/L) and erythromycin (1 mg/L), either individually or in combination. Antagonism between penicillin and erythromycin was observed for the four isolates. In vivo interaction was investigated in the mouse peritonitis model. After intraperitoneal inoculation, penicillin and erythromycin were given either individually or in combination. For two of the four isolates, mortality was significantly higher in the groups treated with the combination of penicillin and erythromycin than in the groups treated with penicillin alone [32/36 (86%) vs. 3/12 (25%), P<0.05; and 24/36 (67%) vs. 3/12 (25%), P<0.05, respectively]. Using the mouse peritonitis model, in vivo time-kill curves showed that there was antagonism between erythromycin and penicillin for the examined isolate. The antagonism demonstrated in vitro and in vivo between penicillin and erythromycin suggests that ss-lactam antibiotics and macrolides should not be administered together unless pneumococcal infection is ruled out.
T mycoplasma in human reproductive failure. (1979)

In a study of 50 women of child-bearing age, half of whom had infertility problems, it was demonstrated that the infertile group more commonly yielded Ureaplasma urealyticum on culture (84% versus 60%), had more than twice the recoveries from the endocervical canal than fertile women had (80% verse 36%), and grew a much higher log number of T mycoplasma from this locus. No particular serotype predominated as an isolate from infertile women in this study, although antisera to serotype 3 inhibited growth of most of the T mycoplasma recovered. Strains insensitive to erythromycin were recoverable from more than half of the fertile women. Of 143 patients without fertility problems there was no significant difference in Ureaplasma isolation between women who used an intrauterine device (IUD) and those who did not.
Conversion of Biomass to a Pyrolytic Oil for Blending Gasoline as an Alternative Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines (2001)

Dried ground seven biomass samples were converted to charcoal, liquid, and gaseous products using pyrolysis at different temperatures. From 27.7 to 44.0% liquid pyrolysis products were obtained from pyrolysis of the biomass samples with a heating rate of 2.2 s/K at a 293-870 K temperature range. The acetone solubles of the pyrolysis products were added to gasoline. Solubilities of the acetone solubles in gasoline were tested as 3.4-6.8% by weight. When 10% methanol is added to gasoline, the octane number increased by 14%. The C3, C4, and C5 iso- and n-alcohols were found to be the most effective blending agents in reducing phaseseparation temperature. Iso-amyl alcohol was found to be the most effective blending agent for methanol-gasoline blending engine fuels.
A Memory-Efficient Parallel String Matching Architecture for High-Speed Intrusion Detection (2006)

The ability to inspect both packet headers and payloads to identify attack signatures makes network intrusion detection system (NIDS) a promising approach to protect Internet systems. Since most of the known attacks can be represented with strings or combinations of multiple substrings, string matching is a key component, as well as the bottleneck in NIDS to address the requirement of constantly increasing capacity. We propose a memory-efficient multiple-character-approaching architecture consisting of multiple parallel deterministic finite automata (DFAs), called TDP-DFA. By employing efficient representations for the transition rules in each DFA, TDP-DFA significantly reduces the complexity. We also present a novel scheme to share the storage of transition rules among multiple DFAs, substantially decreasing the total storage cost, and avoiding the cost increase being proportional to the number of DFAs. We evaluate this design through theoretical analysis and comprehensive experiments. Results show that TDP-DFA is able to meet the critical requirement of OC-768 wirespeed processing, as well as constituting a promising way for scaling up to cope with throughput over 100 Gb/s in the future.