gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Realization of GaAs/AlGaAs Lasers on Si Substrates Using Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (2001)

In this paper, we report on the fabrication and characterizations of a GaAs-based laser using the epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) technique. ELO is an epitaxial growth technique capable of yielding low-dislocation-density III-V films on Si. To realize the effectivity of this procedure, two types of lasers were fabricated by changing the positions of the top p + -GaAs and metal contact in-line with the ELO layer and in-line with the line seed region. The longer lifetime for the lasers with the top p + -GaAs and metal contact in-line with the ELO layer proves the suitability of the ELO technique.
Energy level alignment in organic-based three-layer structures studied by photoelectron spectroscopy (2000)

The alignment of energy band edges at interfaces in three-layer structures, important in polymer-based electroluminescent devices, have been studied using photoelectron spectroscopy. Careful choice of the materials allows investigation of the role of the substrate work function. These results are in agreement with the energy level diagram commonly assumed for the metal/polymer/metal structure, with the potential drop over the polymer layer being equal to the difference between the work functions of the metal contacts. Direct indication of the alignment of the electrochemical potential across the three-layer structure has been observed by photoelectron spectroscopy.
Electrophoretic separation and confocal laser‐induced fluorescence detection at ultralow concentrations in constricted fused‐silica capillaries (2003)

Laser-induced fluorescence detection of labeled amino acids in a flowing stream at femtomolar (10(-15)M) concentrations was achieved by using a fused-silica capillary flow-cell comprising a constricted thin-walled detection region with inner diameters (IDs) ranging from 2 to 8 microm. The diameter of the constricted region was made to match a diffraction-limited focus of a uniphase transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM(00)) laser beam. Optimization of capillary dimensions and geometries (i.e., curvature, wall thickness, and outer-inner diameter ratio were performed in order to minimize cylindrical lensing of the focused laser beam. The fluorescence was collected in a confocal optical setup using a 1.3 numerical aperture (NA), 100x oil-immersion objective and a single-photon-counting avalanche diode (SPAD). Under conditions of fluid flow, the constriction in the capillary forces all analytes to traverse across the laser probe volume, resulting in a high sampling efficiency. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled glutamate (FITC-Glu) was electrophoretically separated and detected in capillaries having an ID of 2 microm at the constricted region with detection limits of 250 fM (signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) = 3) in the injected solution.
Optimizing Promoters for Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Gene Expression in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System Using Self-Complementary Vectors (2011)

With the increased use of small self-complementary adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, the design of compact promoters becomes critical for packaging and expressing larger transgenes under ubiquitous or cell-specific control. In a comparative study of commonly used 800-bp cytomegalovirus (CMV) and chicken β-actin (CBA) promoters, we report significant differences in the patterns of cell-specific gene expression in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The CMV promoter provides high initial neural expression that diminishes over time. The CBA promoter displayed mostly ubiquitous and high neural expression, but substantially lower expression in motor neurons (MNs). We report the creation of a novel hybrid form of the CBA promoter (CBh) that provides robust long-term expression in all cells observed with CMV or CBA, including MNs. To develop a short neuronal promoter to package larger transgenes into AAV vectors, we also found that a 229-bp fragment of the mouse methyl-CpG-binding protein-2 (MeCP2) promoter was able to drive neuron-specific expression within the CNS. Thus the 800-bp CBh promoter provides strong, long-term, and ubiquitous CNS expression whereas the MeCP2 promoter allows an extra 570-bp packaging capacity, with low and mostly neuronal expression within the CNS, similar to the MeCP2 transcription factor.
Parameters of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide‐induced protection against intravaginal HSV‐2 challenge (2003)

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within the context of certain flanking bases (CpG motifs) have been shown to induce potent innate and adaptive immune responses. Vaginal delivery of CpG ODN alone protects mice from vaginal herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) challenge. Here, we investigated the importance of timing of delivery, formulation, route and dose of vaginally administered CpG ODN in the prevention or treatment of intravaginal (IVAG) HSV-2 infection. Mice treated intravaginally with CpG ODN containing a phosphorothioate backbone 24 hours prior to IVAG HSV-2 challenge survived infection, showed minimal vaginal pathology, and had virtually no detectable virus in vaginal washes, when compared to mice treated with non-CpG ODN. Genital treatment of HSV-2 infected mice with CpG ODN 4 hours after infection resulted in increased survival and decreased pathology and vaginal virus titers, whereas treatment of infected mice with CpG ODN 24 and 72 hours after IVAG HSV-2 infection had no effect on disease progression. Both liquid and solid (delivered on a bio-erodible muco-adhesive film) formulations of CpG ODN were effective in protection against genital HSV-2 following vaginal delivery. Lastly, IVAG delivery of 10 micro g of CpG ODN protected as well as a 100 micro g dose.
Design and modeling of clustered RAID (2003)

A redundant array of independent disks (RAID) consisting of G disks provides protection against single disk failures by adding one parity block for each G-1 data blocks. In a clustered RAID, the G data/parity blocks are distributed over a cluster of C disks, C>G, thus reducing the additional load on each disk due to a single disk failure. The authors present a fast algorithm for distributing parity groups of size G over C disks. They create mappings for each parity group based on almost-random permutations. An analytical model is constructed to predict recovery time and read/write performance. The analysis shows that the clustered RAID is significantly more tolerant of disk failure than the basic RAID scheme. Both recovery time and performance degradation during recovery are substantially reduced in the clustered RAID.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
La cata: ¿arte o ciencia? (2006)

High salt intake is now endemic worldwide. It contributes to the generation and maintenance of high blood pressure, which is now the biggest risk factor for global disease. There is now compelling evidence to support salt reduction in hypertensives and a substantial body of evidence to support salt reduction in the general population to reduce risk of death from cardiovascular disease. In specific diseases such as heart failure and chronic kidney disease, guidelines support the World Health Organization target for reduced salt intake at 5 g daily. Achieving a diet that is lower in salt has challenges, but is more likely to be achieved through salt reduction strategies particularly focused on processed food and through educational programs. To be effective, these interventions require collaboration between industry, health agencies and governments.
Injection Site Effects on the Pharmacokinetics and Glucodynamics of Insulin Lispro and Regular Insulin (1996)

Slower absorption from deltoid and femoral administrations resulted in an increased duration of action for both regular insulin and insulin lispro when compared to abdominal administration. However, notable increases in the onset of action were only apparent with regular insulin. The consistency with insulin lispro response from abdominal and extremity injection sites allows more potential sites for subcutaneous injection with an assured rapid response.
Cystatins — Inhibitors of Cysteine Proteinases (1992)

The cystatin superfamily of proteins, derived from a common ancestor, is comprised of a diverse group of potent cysteine proteinase inhibitors and antibacterial/viral agents grouped into several families. This review concentrates on family 2 cystatins, namely, the human salivary cystatins and cystatin C. Emphasis is given to their physicochemical and functional properties at both the protein and the molecular level. The role of cystatins in disease processes, including those in the oral cavity, is also discussed. Finally, future directions for cystatin research in oral biology are presented.
Ambiguity of ultrashort pulse shapes retrieved from the intensity autocorrelation and the power spectrum (2001)

We construct several examples of distinct asymmetric-symmetric pulse pairs with identical or essentially identical intensity autocorrelations and power spectra. From these examples, we infer that pulse retrieval methods based on these two data sets alone produce ambiguous solutions. Furthermore, we used the constructed pulse pairs as test cases to assess the degree of difference in the corresponding interferometric autocorrelations. In several cases, we found that the differences in the interferometric autocorrelations are sufficiently small that they might be quite challenging to distinguish in a practical experimental context.
Pregnancy-Specific Glycoprotein (PSG) in Baboon (Papio hamadryas): Family Size, Domain Structure, and Prediction of a Functional Region in Primate PSGs1 (2001)

Pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) constitutes a major component of serum of pregnant women and appears to be essential for a successful pregnancy. Its function is, however, still unknown. Because of the evolutionary divergence between human and rodent PSG, functional studies may require a primate animal model. We have characterized PSG transcripts in a baboon placenta cDNA library and analyzed baboon genomic DNA. The main PSG isoform had the domain structure N-A1-B2-C similar to the human type IIa isoform. The type I isoform (N-A1-A2-B2-C) was also expressed. Fifteen similar PSG genes were identified of which at least nine were simultaneously expressed in third trimester baboon placenta. Thus, the baboon PSG family was as complex as that of humans. Recombinant baboon PSG (isoform IIa) had a molecular weight of 38 kDa and reacted with antibodies against human PSG. Comparative analysis of 43 N-domain amino acid sequences of PSG from four species and nine primate carcinoembryonic antigen subgroup N domain sequences identified a number of residues in the GFCC'C" ss-sheet and FG loop that are probable candidates for PSG binding to its putative ligand.
Single Silver Nanoparticles as Real-Time Optical Sensors with Zeptomole Sensitivity (2003)

This work utilizes dark-field optical microscopy to demonstrate the localized surface plasmon resonance λmax response of individual Ag nanoparticles to the formation of a monolayer of small-molecule adsorbates. The adsorption of fewer than 60 000 1-hexadecanethiol molecules on single Ag nanoparticles results in a localized surface plasmon resonance shift of 40.7 nm. Additionally, the kinetics of the single nanoparticle response was shown to be comparable to that of other real-time sensor technologies.
Lentivirus carrying the Atoh1 gene infects normal rat cochlea. (2013)

Lentivirus carrying the Atoh1 gene can infect Corti's organ and express a hair-like cell surface marker in the supporting cell area. However, expression of the gene carried by adenovirus is instantaneous, which undoubtedly limits its clinical application. Lentivirus acts as a carrier that can stably and continuously express genes. In this study, the cochlear structure and hearing level were not affected, and Atoh1 gene carried by lentivirus promoted the production of hair-like cells in the cochlear supporting cell area. This led to expression of the hair-like cell surface marker myosin 7a 30 days after lentivirus carrying Atoh1 was microinjected into the cochlear round window of rats.
Drug resistance results in alterations in expression of immune recognition molecules and failure to express Fas (CD95) (1998)

It is demonstrated that methotrexate/cisplatin-sensitive L1210 cells express low levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II relative to the high levels expressed on methotrexate (MTX)/cisplatin-resistant L1210/DDP cells. L1210 cells express cell-surface Fas, while the L1210/DDP cells express no cell-surface Fas. Expression of costimulatory molecules B7-1/B7-2 and Fas is increased on L1210 cells, but not L1210/DDP, in the presence of methotrexate or trimetrexate (TMTX). Therefore, a component of the mechanism of action of some anti-cancer agents may be to facilitate immune recognition and T cell-directed, Fas-induced cell death. Loss of cell-surface Fas expression and failure of Fas (CD95)-dependent apoptotic death has been observed when cells develop drug resistance. The defect in apoptosis can be overcome by anti-cancer agents or experimental manipulation that induce Fas expression on the drug-resistant cells.
Metal Complexes of 4,7‐Dithiadecane‐1,10‐dicarboxylic Acid and Allied Compounds (1975)

Abstract Silver and copper(I) complexes can be obtained from CO 2 H(CH 2 ) n SCH 2 CH 2 S(CH 2 ) n CO 2 H when n = 1, 2, and 3 (I, II and III resp.); the compound with n = 4 (IV) fails to give these complexes. magnified image does give a silver and a copper(I) complex, while the isomeric compound magnified image again fails to give these complexes. From IV, V, and VI we prepared the corresponding disulfones.
Bisphosphonates in the Adjuvant Setting of Breast Cancer Therapy—Effect on Survival: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2013)

Our meta-analysis indicates a positive effect for adjuvant BP on survival only in postmenopausal patients. Meta-regression demonstrated a negative association between chemotherapy use BP effect on survival. Further large scale RCTs are warranted to unravel the specific subgroups that would benefit from the addition of BP in the adjuvant setting.
Phospholipid Hydrolysate and Antistaling Amylase Effects on Retrogradation of Starch in Bread (1994)

ABSTRACT Effects of phospholipid hydrolysate and antistaling amylase on starch retrogradation in bread and wheat flour were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Phospholipid hydrolysate containing more than 90% lysophospholipid was obtained using phospholipase A 2 and was effective in forming amylose‐lipid complexes. Both wheat flour and bread containing phospholipid hydrolysate were retrograded to a lesser degree when stored at room temperature. The retrogradation rate for bread with antistaling amylase was low. We postulated that antistaling amylase broke links in amylose and amylopectin, thereby promoting the formation of amylopectin‐lipid complexes. The combined effect of phospholipid hydrolysate and antistaling amylase was greater than their individual effects.
Tellurium Compound AS101 Induces PC12 Differentiation and Rescues the Neurons from Apoptotic Death (2003)

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Studies show that anti-apoptotic and neurotrophic agents are suitable candidates to prevent delayed cell death and/or restore neural function. Here we present the nontoxic immunomodulating compound AS101, which has the ability to induce neurite outgrowth and neural differentiation in PC12 cells. The present study shows that components of the ras signaling pathway are crucial for AS101-induced PC12 differentiation. These include p21ras and its downstream effectors, c-raf-1 and MEK, as well as PI3K. Moreover, these components mediate AS101-induced upregulation of p21waf, which is obligatory for AS101-induced PC12 differentiation. Furthermore, nitric oxide plays a significant role in these AS101 activities. Finally, we show that AS101 prevents apoptosis of NGF-differentiated PC12 cells after NGF withdrawal. Taken together, these results suggest that AS101 induces PC12 cell differentiation and survival by activating the ras-ERK1/2 and ras-PI3K signal transduction pathways, as well as inducing NO production. Our findings may be important in understanding the regulation of survival/apoptosis of neurons deprived of neurotropic support. Futhermore the data propose that AS101 may have clinical potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease.
The Role of E6AP in the Regulation of p53 Protein Levels in Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative Cells (1998)

The E6 protein encoded by the oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) targets p53 for ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. E6-mediated p53 degradation requires the 100-kDa cellular protein E6-associated protein (E6AP). E6AP and E6 together provide the E3-ubiquitin protein ligase activity in the transfer of ubiquitin to p53. In vitro studies have shown that E6AP can form a high energy thiolester bond with ubiquitin and, in the presence of E6, transfer ubiquitin to p53. In this study we have addressed the role of E6AP in vivo in the degradation of p53. Overexpression of wild-type E6AP in HeLa cells, which are HPV18-positive and express E6, resulted in a decreased steady state level of p53 and a decrease in the half-life of p53. Mutant forms of E6AP proteins were identified that were catalytically incapable of participating in E6-dependent ubiquitination of p53 and functioned in a dominant-negative manner in that they inhibited the E6-mediated ubiquitination of p53 by the wild-type E6AP in vitro. Transient transfection of one of these dominant negative (dn) mutants resulted in an increase in both the steady state level and half-life of p53 in vivo in HeLa cells. Consistent with this observation, overexpression of the dn E6AP resulted in a marked G1 shift in the cell cycle profile. In contrast, dn E6AP had no effect on p53 levels in U2OS cells, an HPV-negative cell line that contains wild-type p53. These studies provide evidence for the involvement of E6AP in E6-mediated p53 degradation in vivo and also indicate that E6AP may not be involved in the regulation of p53 ubiquitination in the absence of E6.
NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY: Mechanisms of Selective Action (2004)

The neonicotinoids, the newest major class of insecticides, have outstanding potency and systemic action for crop protection against piercing-sucking pests, and they are highly effective for flea control on cats and dogs. Their common names are acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam. They generally have low toxicity to mammals (acute and chronic), birds, and fish. Biotransformations involve some activation reactions but largely detoxification mechanisms. In contrast to nicotine, epibatidine, and other ammonium or iminium nicotinoids, which are mostly protonated at physiological pH, the neonicotinoids are not protonated and have an electronegative nitro or cyano pharmacophore. Agonist recognition by the nicotinic receptor involves cation-pi interaction for nicotinoids in mammals and possibly a cationic subsite for interaction with the nitro or cyano substituent of neonicotinoids in insects. The low affinity of neonicotinoids for vertebrate relative to insect nicotinic receptors is a major factor in their favorable toxicological profile.
Outcomes of wavefront-guided laser in situ keratomileusis using a new-generation Hartmann-Shack aberrometer in patients with high myopia (2015)

Dr. Schallhorn is a consultant to Abbott Medical Optics, Inc. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Augmentation of demyelination in rat acute allergic encephalomyelitis by circulating mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against a myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. (1988)

In this study the authors have developed a model with which can be studied directly the influence of circulating anti-myelin antibody on the clinical and pathologic course of inflammatory T-cell-mediated experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the rat. EAE was induced by passive transfer of either myelin basic protein (MBP)-activated spleen cells derived from sensitized donors or long-term-cultured MBP-specific T-cell lines. At the onset of the disease, monoclonal antibodies against a myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) were injected intravenously. This antigen is exposed on the surface of central nervous system myelin and oligodendrocytes. Intravenous injection of the antibody in the course of T-cell-mediated transfer EAE augmented the severity and duration of clinical signs and resulted in the formation of large, confluent demyelinated plaques.
IL-33 is processed into mature bioactive forms by neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G (2012)

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) (NF-HEV) is a chromatin-associated nuclear cytokine from the IL-1 family, which has been linked to important diseases, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and cardiovascular diseases. IL-33 signals through the ST2 receptor and drives cytokine production in type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) (natural helper cells, nuocytes), T-helper (Th)2 lymphocytes, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, invariant natural killer T (iNKT), and natural killer (NK) cells. We and others recently reported that, unlike IL-1β and IL-18, full-length IL-33 is biologically active independently of caspase-1 cleavage and that processing by caspases results in IL-33 inactivation. We suggested that IL-33, which is released upon cellular damage, may function as an endogenous danger signal or alarmin, similar to IL-1α or high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). Here, we investigated the possibility that IL-33 activity may be regulated by proteases released during inflammation. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches, we demonstrate that neutrophil serine proteases cathepsin G and elastase can cleave full-length human IL-33(1-270) and generate mature forms IL-33(95-270), IL-33(99-270), and IL-33(109-270). These forms are produced by activated human neutrophils ex vivo, are biologically active in vivo, and have a ~10-fold higher activity than full-length IL-33 in cellular assays. Murine IL-33 is also cleaved by neutrophil cathepsin G and elastase, and both full-length and cleaved endogenous IL-33 could be detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in an in vivo model of acute lung injury associated with neutrophil infiltration. We propose that the inflammatory microenvironment may exacerbate disease-associated functions of IL-33 through the generation of highly active mature forms.
Tandem Nucleophilic Reaction Leading to Hydrofurans: Application to One-Pot Synthesis of Antitumor Naphthofuran Natural Product (1999)

The reaction of enolates of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds (I) with 3.4dibromo-2-butanone (2) afforded hydrofuran derivatives (4) or (5) in the presence of DBU in THF and the reaction was applied to the one-pot synthesis of antitumor naphthofuran natural products (29).The furan and hydrofuran moieties are important functional groups and several bio-active natural products invariably possess them as a part of their structural feature.' Although, a number of methods are available to effect their synthesis, the search for newer methods is continuously being pursued to 2 develop efficient and short synthetic procedures.4