gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and expression of germ line immunoglobulin heavy-chain epsilon transcripts: interleukin-4 plus lipopolysaccharide-directed switching to C epsilon. (1990)

We have isolated cDNA clones complementary to a truncated immunoglobulin heavy-chain C epsilon RNA transcript previously found to be induced in B lymphoid cells by treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with interleukin-4 (IL-4). We demonstrate that this transcript initiates from a promoter upstream of the germ line epsilon class-switch recombination region (S epsilon region). The major germ line C epsilon transcript contains a small 5' exon contributed by sequences upstream of the S epsilon region spliced to the normal C epsilon exons. Treatment of splenic B lymphoid cells with LPS plus IL-4 induces the expression of transcripts from the germ line epsilon transcription unit followed by expression of normal immunoglobulin epsilon heavy-chain mRNA. Furthermore, we demonstrate that similar treatment of transformed precursor B cell lines induces the expression of germ line epsilon transcripts followed by class switching to epsilon expression in these lines. This is the first demonstration of switching to epsilon in cells of the pre-B stage. The general structure of the germ line epsilon transcript and transcription unit is similar to that previously characterized for germ line gamma 2b transcripts. However, expression of these two germ line transcription units in B-lineage cells is inversely regulated by IL-4 (plus LPS) treatment, correlating with the effects of these treatments on switching to these loci.
Evaluation of a Nested Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay Based on the Nucleoprotein Gene for Diagnosis of Spontaneous and Experimental Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections (1999)

The first nested reverse transcription (RT)-PCR based on the nucleoprotein gene (n RT-PCR-N) of the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) has been developed and optimized for the detection of BRSV in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells of calves. This test is characterized by a low threshold of detection (0.17 PFU/ml), which is 506 times lower than that obtained by an enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) test (RSV TESTPACK ABBOTT). During an experimental infection of 17 immunocompetent calves less than 3 months old, BRSV RNA could be detected up to 13 days after the onset of symptoms whereas isolation in cell culture was possible only up to 5 days. Compiling results obtained by conventional techniques (serology, antigen detection, and culture isolation) for 132 field samples collected from calves with acute respiratory signs revealed that n RT-PCR-N showed the highest diagnostic sensitivity and very good specificity. This n RT-PCR-N with its long period of detection during BRSV infection thus provides a valuable tool for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes.
Reduction of Cobalt and Iron Corroles and Catalyzed Reduction of CO2 (2002)

The role of cobalt and iron corroles in catalytic CO2 reduction has been studied. Chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical reductions of the stable metal corroles Ph3PCoIII(tpfc) (tpfc = 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole), ClFeIV(tpfc), and ClFeIV(tdcc) (tdcc = 5,10,15-tris(2,6-dichlorophenyl)corrole) have been carried out in acetonitrile solutions. Stepwise reduction to the [MII(tpfc)]- and [MI(tpfc)]2- states was observed in all cases. Gradual reduction with sodium amalgam permitted recording of the optical absorption spectra of the various oxidation states and showed that the MI state reacts with CO2. Cyclic voltammetry in Ar-saturated acetonitrile solutions permitted determination of the following half-wave potentials: for Ph3PCoIII(tpfc), 1.11 V, 0.72 V, −0.42 V (Epc), −1.44 V, −2.3 V (Epc); for ClFeIV(tpfc), 0.44 V, −1.01 V (Epc), −1.60 V, −2.2 V (Epc); for ClFeIV(tdcc), 0.24 V, −1.18 V (Epc), −1.78 V vs SCE with a scan rate of 0.1 V s-1. Cyclic voltammetry in CO2-saturated solutions indicated that the CoI and FeI complexes react with CO2 and that the reduced Fe(tdcc) complex is the most efficient electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction, showing the largest catalytic currents among these corroles. Photochemical reduction in CO2-saturated acetonitrile solutions containing p-terphenyl (TP) as a sensitizer and triethylamine (TEA) as a reductant led to production of CO and H2. These experiments also show that Fe(tdcc) is more effective than the other corroles as a CO2 reduction catalyst. The present finding that the MI oxidation states of the cobalt and iron corroles can react with CO2 is in contrast with the case of the respective porphyrins and phthalocyanines, which do not react with CO2 until they are reduced beyond the MI state.
卢布暴跌寒冬来袭 “沙上筑塔”的俄罗斯经济 (2015)

俄罗斯经济在俄乌事件爆发前就碰到了困难,由于政府在革新、投资等结构性改革上作为有限,于是2011年后的经济增长逐年放缓。卢布贬值给普通俄国民众的生活造成不小影响。俄罗斯的食品和日常消费品有很大一块份额仰赖进口,随着货币持续贬值,其购买力相应大幅度地缩水。俄罗斯享受了普京上台后连续十多年的经济增长,老百姓渐渐过上相对高品质的生活,轻工业仰仗进口,交通则借用他国企业,在背后支撑这
Yagi antenna design (1976)

This report presents data, using modeling techniques, for the optimum design of different length Yagi antennas.This information is presented in graphical form to facilitate the design of practical length antennas--f rom 0.2A to k.2X long--for operation in the HF, VHF, and UHF frequency range.The effects of different antenna parameters on realizable gain were also investigated and the results are presented.Finally, supplemental data are presented on the stacking of two or more antennas to provide additional gain.
Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B and flucytosine (1979)

The absorption of flucytosine from the digestive tract is very good but minimal with amphotericin B. For this reason, amphotericin B has to be injected intravenously. Fungistatic levels are achieved rapidly with flucytosine and slowly with amphotericin B, since the dose has to be increased slowly. Distribution of flucytosine in other body fluids is high, whereas with amphotericin B it is poor. Flucytosine is excreted mainly via the kidney without metabolism, whereas amphotericin B is eliminated mainly by metabolism. Therefore, amphotericin B dosage does not have to be adapted to kidney function, which is the case for flucytosine. The half-life of flucytosine is short (hours), that of amphotericin B is long (days); flucytosine is haemodialysable, whereas amphotericin B, probably owing to the high protein binding, is not.
Differential sensitivity of p53(-) and p53(+) cells to caffeine-induced radiosensitization and override of G2 delay. (1995)

Most drug discovery efforts have focused on finding new DNA-damaging agents to kill tumor cells preferentially. An alternative approach is to find ways to increase tumor-specific killing by modifying tumor-specific responses to that damage. In this report, we ask whether cells lacking the G1-S arrest in response to X-rays are more sensitive to X-ray damage when treated with agents that override G2-M arrest. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts genetically matched to be (+) or (-) p53 and rat embryonic fibroblasts (+) or (-) for wild-type p53 function were irradiated with and without caffeine, a known checkpoint inhibitor. At low doses (500 microM), caffeine caused selective radiosensitization in the p53(-) cells. At this low dose (where no effect was seen in p53(+) cells), the p53(-) cells showed a 50% reduction in the size of the G2-M arrest. At higher doses (2 mM caffeine), where sensitization was seen in both p53(+) and p53(-) cells, the radiosensitization and the G2-M override were more pronounced in the p53(-) cells. The greater caffeine-induced radiosensitization in p53(-) cells suggests that p53, already shown to control the G1-S checkpoint, may also influence aspects of G2-M arrest. These data indicate an opportunity for therapeutic gain by combining DNA-damaging agents with compounds that disrupt G2-M arrest in tumors lacking functional p53.
Arterial function in renal failure (1998)

Chronic renal failure is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases which is the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease patients [1]. The ill effects of uremia are generally attributed to de­generative changes in the muscular and elastic conduit arteries, related to occlusive lesions at the site of an atherosclerotic plaque, with compromised blood flow leading to myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events [2]. There has been far less concern with the role of alterations of arteries as vascular cushions. Indeed, the function of the arterial system is not only to deliver blood to body tissues and organs, but also to minimise the pressure and flow pulsatility, which is the consequence of intermittent cardiac ejection and represents the “unproductive” component of external heart work. The arterial system thus acts as conduits and cushions [3]. These two aspects of arterial func­tion can be dealt with independently, since their functional alterations have different origins and conse­quences. Both are influenced by the changes in vascular geometry and the structure of arteries, with disorders of conduit function affecting the tissues and organs downstream, while disorders of cushioning functions, due to arterial wall stiffening, have deleteri­ous effects on the heart upstream [3].
Efficient Backtracking Instruction Schedulers (2000)

Current schedulers for acyclic regions schedule operations in dependence order and never undo a scheduling decision. In contrast, backtracking schedulers may unschedule operations and can often generate better schedules. In this paper, we describe a conventional cycle schedule, followed by two novel backtracking schedulers, OperBT and ListBT. The full-backtracking OperBT scheduler enables backtracking for all operations and unschedules operations to make space for the current operation. The OperBT scheduler increases the percentage of super-blocks scheduled optimally over a conventional non-backtracking scheduler from an average of 66.9% to 81.4%, an increase of 21.7%. The selective backtracking ListBT scheduler enables backtracking only when scheduling operations for which backtracking is likely to be advantageous. This hybrid scheduler is almost as good as the OperBT backtracking scheduler in terms of generated code quality, but backtracks about four times less often.
Hypercholesterolemia in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice and its reversal by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery. (1993)

We employed homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to produce mice lacking functional LDL receptor genes. Homozygous male and female mice lacking LDL receptors (LDLR-/- mice) were viable and fertile. Total plasma cholesterol levels were twofold higher than those of wild-type litter-mates, owing to a seven- to ninefold increase in intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) and LDL without a significant change in HDL. Plasma triglyceride levels were normal. The half-lives for intravenously administered 125I-VLDL and 125I-LDL were prolonged by 30-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively, but the clearance of 125I-HDL was normal in the LDLR-/- mice. Unlike wild-type mice, LDLR-/- mice responded to moderate amounts of dietary cholesterol (0.2% cholesterol/10% coconut oil) with a major increase in the cholesterol content of IDL and LDL particles. The elevated IDL/LDL level of LDLR-/- mice was reduced to normal 4 d after the intravenous injection of a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus encoding the human LDL receptor driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter. The virus restored expression of LDL receptor protein in the liver and increased the clearance of 125I-VLDL. We conclude that the LDL receptor is responsible in part for the low levels of VLDL, IDL, and LDL in wild-type mice and that adenovirus-encoded LDL receptors can acutely reverse the hypercholesterolemic effects of LDL receptor deficiency.
End results of thoracolumbar sympathectomy for advanced essential hypertension. (1948)

Abstract
In a six-year period from February 1942 to February 1948, 473 patients (185 males and 288 females) were operated upon for essential hypertension and most of them were in advanced stages of hypertensive disease.

Patients were selected or rejected for operation on the basis of a set of rules drawn to guide clinical judgment.

The total of deaths in and out of the hospital over this period was 79 or a total mortality of 16 per cent. There were 38 inhospital deaths, or a mortality of 8 per cent. The causes of deaths occurring in the hospital were in the following order: cerebral accident, cardiac failure, and renal insufficiency. The out-of-the-hospital deaths were in the following order: cardiac failure, cerebral accident, and renal insufficiency.

Operations done early in the series followed the Smithwick procedure from T-9 through L-2, but later the minimal procedure was extended from T-3 through D-3, and in addition about 40 total sympathectomies which included the stellate ganglion were done. Results from the more extensive operation were better than those from the lesser procedure, but the mortality also was greater. Conclusion that complete or nearly complete sympathectomy is preferable to a less extensive procedure must await the collection of more data which can be used in weighing the respective end results against the mortality.

Thoracolumbar sympathectomy has a definite place in the treatment of hypertensive vascular disease, but its role in advanced cases is chiefly that of palliation.
Identification of the B-Raf/Mek/Erk MAP kinase pathway as a target for all-trans retinoic acid during skin cancer promotion (2009)

These results indicate that ATRA targets the B-Raf/Mek/Erk signaling pathway in the 2-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model and this activity coincides with its chemopreventive action. This demonstrates the potential for targeting the B-Raf/Mek/Erk pathway for chemoprevention and therapy of skin SCC in humans. In addition our DNA microarray results provide the first expression signature for the chemopreventive effect of ATRA in a mouse skin cancer model. This is a potential source for novel targets for ATRA and other chemopreventive and therapeutic agents that can eventually be tested in the clinic.
Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay: Its Clinical Use for Detecting Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male Infertility and Comparisons With Other Techniques (2002)

The Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA) was first described in the December 5, 1980 issue of Science (Evenson et al, 1980a). The data described in that article showed a significant difference between proven fertile and subfertility or infertility in men and bulls and the susceptibility to denaturation of their sperm nuclear DNA. A subsequent study The data were heterogeneous, and begged the question, what was SCSA measuring? Great effort has been spent over the past 15 years on animal model systems, mostly related to dose-response toxicology experiments and large animal fertility trials. The results from these studies showed that SCSA was highly dose-responsive to toxicants, highly repeatable, and provided meaningful biological information on sperm nuclear DNA defects.
Chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis (1995)

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a granulomatous interstitial lung disease caused by the inhalation of a variety of antigens and is characterized by a dramatic accumulation of inflammatory cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages, in the lung. The mechanisms implicated in the inflammatory cell recruitment observed in hypersensitivity pneumonitis are unknown. We examined the concentrations of two important chemokines, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCP-1/MCAF), in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis (n = 8), and compared them with those in patients with sarcoidosis (n = 13) and with controls (n = 8). In the BALF of summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis, the levels both of IL-8 and MCP-1 were significantly increased compared with levels measured in control subjects. On the other hand, compared to the control value, the MCP-1 level in the BALF of the sarcoidosis patients was significantly increased, but IL-8 was only slightly and nonsignificantly increased. Since IL-8 is a chemoattractant for neutrophils and T-lymphocytes, whereas MCP-1 acts mainly on monocytes/macrophages, our findings may indicate that these two chemokines participate in the cellular accumulation observed in hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
One‐step measurement of firefly luciferase activity in yeast (2003)

Firefly luciferase is often used as a sensitive genetic reporter in various cell types. The pitfall in yeast, however, has been the need to break down the rigid cells in order to measure the enzyme activity. In this study we have removed the peroxisomal targeting codons from the Photinus pyralis luciferase gene (luc) and shown that in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae this modified luciferase gives high levels of light emission that is easy to measure from intact living cells. Furthermore, cells with the modified luciferase grew essentially faster than those with the wild-type luciferase, indicating that peroxisomal targeting of a foreign enzyme puts some constraints to cellular viability. As a model system we used two different reporter constructs. In the first, expression of the luciferase gene is under control of CUP1-promoter, a well known yeast promoter that is inducible by copper ions. In the second, luciferase activity is dependent on activation of the human oestrogen receptor and its interaction with oestrogen-responsive elements incorporated in a yeast promoter. The luciferase activity measurement could be done on a 96-well plate by simple addition of the substrate, D-luciferin, at a moderately acidic pH of 5.0. The ease of use of the non-peroxisomal luciferase makes it an interesting alternative for reporter genes that are conventionally used in yeast, such as lacZ.
Distribution, frequency, and quantitative analysis of estrogen, progesterone, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors in human breast cancer. (1979)

The distribution and frequency of steroid hormone receptors are described 329 patients with breast cancer. The distribution of each of the steroid hormone receptors is unimodal with a progressive increase in the proportion of patients positive at lower receptor values. Receptor values expressed as fmol/mg cytoplasmic protein are well correlated with values expressed as fmol/mg breast tumor. Estrogen receptor was positive in 53% of the patients; progesterone receptor was positive in 38% of the patients; glucocorticoid receptor was positive in 52% of the patients; and androgen receptor was positive in 31% of the patients. The type of tissue assayed did not affect steroid hormone receptor positivity. For primary tumors, there was no correlation between steroid hormone receptor positivity and location of the tumor in the breast, size of the tumor, or extent of the disease. Each of the steroid hormone receptors was positively associated with each of the other steroid hormone receptors. Estrogen receptor was correlated with menopausal status and axillary nodal status, but these correlations did not exist for the other steroid hormone receptors. Estrogen receptor was not correlated with age after adjustment for menopausal status. The other steroid hormone receptors were not correlated with age.
Comamonas testosteroni meningitis in a patient with recurrent cholesteatoma (2003)

Comamonas testosteroni, a lesser-known member of the genus, has shown little apparent capacity for causing infections in humans. We here present a case of purulent meningitis due to C. testosteroni, which occurred in a patient who had recurrent cholesteatoma. Ceftriaxone treatment was not effective in this patient even though in vitro the bacteria were susceptible to the drug. The patient responded well to meropenem therapy.
Comparison of ResMed AutoSet (version 3.03) with polysomnography in the diagnosis of the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (1997)

In patients with the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (SAHS), accurate and timely diagnostic evaluation and initiation of effective treatment is important. Therefore, an increasing number of limited sleep studies are now performed nowadays diagnosing the SAHS in typical patients. It was the aim of the present study to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of one such system, the updated ResMed Sullivan AutoSet, against polysomnography. Sixty seven patients underwent full overnight polysomnography and simultaneous data acquisition with the AutoSet. Up to now, the AutoSet was designed for apnoea detection only. The new AutoSet, with software version 3.03, detects apnoeas if ventilation drops to <25%, and apnoeas+hypopnoeas if ventilation drops to <50%, compared with the recent average (100 s), using two independent detectors. A two page report with graphically displayed information on oximetry, snoring and breathing parameters, and an apnoea+hypopnoea index (AHI) and an apnoea index (AI) are provided at the end of each study night. There was a correlation between the AHI assessed by the AutoSet (AHI-AutoSet) and by polysomnography (AHI-PSG; r=0.95). The mean difference between the AHI-AutoSet minus the AHI-PSG was 4.2 (SD 7.2) respiratory events x h(-1) (p<0.001). The AutoSet identified patients with an AHI-PSG >20 events x h(-1) (a level of respiratory disturbance that would warrant consideration for treatment in most centres for sleep disorders), with a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 77%. The AutoSet was superior to oximetry alone. As event counting was similar between the two methods, the AHI-AutoSet may provide a reasonable indicator of the respiratory disturbance at night, especially when taking the patients graphic study report into consideration. In conjunction with full clinical information on the patients under investigation, the AutoSet might become a useful device in diagnosing the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome.
Insular hypocretin transmission regulates nicotine reward (2008)

Damage to the insular cortex can profoundly disrupt tobacco addiction in human smokers, reflected in spontaneous cessation of the tobacco habit and persistently decreased urge to smoke. Little is known concerning the neurobiological mechanisms through which the insula may control the maintenance of the tobacco habit. Emerging evidence suggests that hypocretin (orexin) transmission may play an important role in drug reinforcement processes, but its role in the rewarding actions of nicotine, considered the key addictive component of tobacco smoke, remains largely unexplored. Here we show that blockade of hypocretin transmission at hypocretin-1 (Hcrt-1; orexin-1) receptors decreases i.v. nicotine self-administration in rats and the motivation to obtain the drug. Blockade of Hcrt-1 receptors also abolished the stimulatory effects of nicotine on brain reward circuitries, as measured by reversal of nicotine-induced lowering of intracranial self-stimulation thresholds. In addition, we show that hypocretin-containing fibers innervate the insula, Hcrt-1 receptors are located on insular cells, and blockade of Hcrt-1 receptors in the insula but not in the adjacent somatosensory cortex decreases nicotine self-administration. These data demonstrate that insular hypocretin transmission plays a permissive role in the motivational properties of nicotine, and therefore may be a key neurobiological substrate necessary for maintaining tobacco addiction in human smokers.