gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Activity of Daptomycin and Teicoplanin against Enterococci Isolated from Blood and Urine (1991)

The authors compared the activity of daptomycin with that of ampicillin, penicillin, teicoplanin and vancomycin against 304 strains of Enterococcus species isolated from blood and urine. Daptomycin was as active as penicillin against Enterococcus faecalis: 90% of strains were inhibited by 2 mg/L. Daptomycin was more active than vancomycin (90% minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC(90)] 2 mg/L; 90% minimal bactericidal concentration [MBC(90)] 8 mg/L) but was less active than teicoplanin (MIC(50) 0.25; MBC(90) 8 mg/L) or ampicillin (MIC(90) 1 mg/L; MBC(90) 2 mg/L) against E faecalis. In time-kill studies daptomycin was not more rapidly bactericidal than ampicillin or penicillin but was significantly more rapidly bactericidal than either teicoplanin or vancomycin. In combination with gentamicin, daptomycin has activity similar to that of penicillin, vancomycin and teicoplanin. Daptomycin may be a suitable alternative to penicillin in patients allergic to penicillins or for the treatment of enterococcal infections caused by beta-lactamase-producing enterococci.
동아시아 해군력 현대화 추세와 전망 (2009)

본 논문은 최근 급격히 발전하고 있는 동아시아 국가 해군력 현대화에 대한 새로운 시각에서의 분석과 평가를 목적으로 작성되었다. 동아시아 국가들이 해군력 현대화에 있어 주된 논제는 “과연 어떤 기준에 의거 해군력을 건설해야 하는가”이었다. 전통적 해군력 구분은 주로 함정 크기, 척수 및 톤수 등의 기준에 의거 진행되었으나, 냉전 종식 이후 해군력 구분 기준이 역사적 자부심, 함대 운용능력, 군사과학기술 개발, 시너지 효과 생산 그리고 함정 건조에 필요한 경제적 지원 능력 등으로 새롭게 나타나고 있다. 아울러 해군력 현대화를 추진하는 국가들도 동아시아의 지리적, 사회적 및 자원적 분포 상황에 따른 안보인식에 따라 각기 다른 양상의 해군력 현대화를 추진하고 있다. 동아시아 국가들의 해군력 현대화 추진에 있어 공통된 목표는 원정작전 능력, 기동함대 운용능력 그리고 해양으로부터의 군사력 투사 능력 향상으로 요약할 수 있다. 이러한 해군력 현대화 목표에 따라 추진된 성과는 `해군력 경쟁` 또는 `해군협력` 중 어느 한쪽으로 귀결될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 동아시아 국가 해군력 현대화가 단기적으로는 소규모 해군력 경쟁(Mini naval race)로 나타날 것이나, 중·장기적으로는 해군협력(Naval cooperation)으로 나타날 것으로 결론내리고 있다. 그 주된 이유로는 우선 가장 심각한 위협으로 대두되고 있는 중국 해군 능력이 양적으로 확장되었으나, 여전히 때늦은 군사과학기술 채택으로 시너지 효과 생산에 부족하며, 그나마 러시아에 크게 의존하고 있기 때문이다. 또한 해군력 건설에 소요되는 재원의 증가 그리고 점차 국가안보 보다 지역 내 공동안보를 위한 협력소요가 증대될 것이기 때문이다. 향후 동아시아 국가들이 해군력 현대화 발전을 위해 냉전 종식 이후 적극적으로 추진되고 있는 유럽 주요 국가들의 해군력 현대화 협력사례를 모범으로 삼아야 하는 주된 이유가 여기에 있다. 향후 동아시아 해군력 현대화는 지금 보다 다소 완화되고 느슨하며 협력적 현대화 방향으로 변화되어야 할 것이다.
Dynamic Imaging of T Cell-Dendritic Cell Interactions in Lymph Nodes (2002)

T cell immune responses begin within organized lymphoid tissues. The pace, topology, and outcomes of the cellular interactions that underlie these responses have, so far, been inferred from static imaging of sectioned tissue or from studies of cultured cells. Here we report dynamic visualization of antigen-specific T cells interacting with dendritic cells within intact explanted lymph nodes. We observed immunological synapse formation and prolonged interactions between these two cell types, followed by the activation, dissociation, and rapid migration of T cells away from the antigenic stimulus. This high-resolution spatiotemporal analysis provides insight into the nature of cell interactions critical to early immune responses within lymphoid structures.
COVID-19 treatment combinations and associations with mortality in a large multi-site healthcare system (2021)

This study found that anticoagulation was the most significant treatment for the reduction of COVID-related mortality. Anticoagulation Only was the sole treatment category associated with a significant decrease in mortality for both intensive care and non-intensive care patients. Treatment combinations that additionally included corticosteroids and/or remdesivir were also associated with decreased mortality, though only in the non-intensive care stratum. Further, we found that factors other than measured changes in demographics, clinical characteristics or pharmacological interventions accounted for an additional decrease in the COVID-19-related mortality rate over time.
Inhibition of RNA Polymerase III Elongation by a T10 Peptide Nucleic Acid (2001)

The terminator elements of eukaryotic class III genes strongly contribute to overall transcription efficiency by allowing fast RNA polymerase III (pol III) recycling. Being constituted by a run of thymidine residues on the coding strand (a poly(dA) tract on the transcribed strand), pol III terminators are expected to form highly stable triple-helix complexes with oligothymine peptide nucleic acids (PNAs). We analyzed the effect of a T10 PNA on in vitro transcription of three yeast class III genes (coding for two different tRNAs and the U6 small nuclear RNA) having termination signals of at least ten T residues. At nanomolar concentrations, the PNA almost completely inhibited transcription of supercoiled, but not linearized, templates in a sequence-specific manner. The total RNA output of the first transcription cycle was not affected by PNA concentrations strongly inhibiting multiple round transcription. Thus, an impairment of pol III recycling fully accounts for the observed inhibition. As revealed by the size and the state (free or transcription complex-associated) of the RNAs produced in PNA-inhibited reactions, pol III is "roadblocked" by the DNA-PNA adduct before reaching the terminator region. On different templates, the distance between the active site and the leading edge of the arrested polymerase ranged from 10 to 20 base pairs. Given their ability to efficiently block pol III elongation, oligothymine PNAs lend themselves as potential cell growth inhibitors interfering with eukaryotic class III gene transcription.
Role of Genomic Markers in Colorectal Cancer Treatment (2005)

For the last four decades, fluorouracil (FU) has been the main treatment of choice in colorectal cancer (CRC) in both the advanced and adjuvant settings. In the advanced setting, FU monotherapy produces response rates of only 10% to 20%. Furthermore, in resected stage III CRC, FU monotherapy has increased overall survival by only 20%. The combination of FU with newer therapies such as oxaliplatin and irinotecan has significantly improved response rates to 40% to 50%. Despite these improvements, more than half of advanced CRC patients derive no benefit from treatment; this is due to either acquired or inherent drug resistance. This review aims to highlight the current prognostic and predictive markers that have been identified for CRC to date. The limited use of these predictive markers underscores the importance of and need for multiple marker testing in order to improve response rates and decrease toxicity. This review will also focus on high throughput methods to identify panels of predictive markers for CRC, which ultimately aim to tailor treatment according to an individual patient and tumor profile.
Nanomedicine (2010)

Nanotechnology involves the design of structures measuring 1 to 100 nm in diameter. Nanomaterials are being developed as drug-delivery vehicles, contrast agents, and diagnostic devices, and some are now being studied in clinical trials.
Expression of Cyclin Protein after Thermal Skin Injury in a Guinea Pig Model (1997)

In this study, an immunohistochemical stain for cyclin was used to quantitate proliferating elements in hair follicles at the edge of and within thermal burn areas. Biopsy specimens from thermal injury in the guinea pig (day 1 through day 28) were sectioned and stained with MIB-1 antibody, which recognizes cyclin, a protein expressed during epithelial cell proliferation. At the edge of the burn, 89 +/- 6.1 (SD) cells per medium power field (x 10, mpf) were MIB-1-positive on days 1 through 16. On day 17, the number of positive cells increased, reaching peak values on days 20 to 28 (271 +/- 12.7 cells/mpf). Within the burn, minimal staining was observed from day 1 to day 15 (12.7 +/- 1.6 cells/mpf). Thereafter the number of MIB-1-positive cells increased and plateaued with an average of 96.4 +/- 9.0 cells/mpf on days 20 through 28. In conclusion, immunohistochemical staining of dermal biopsy specimens with MIB-1 antibody may provide a quantitative method for the evaluation of tissue damage and healing after thermal injury.
Dummynet revisited (2010)

Dummynet is a widely used link emulator, developed long ago to run experiments in user-configurable network environments. Since its original design, our system has been extended in various ways, and has become very popular in the research community due to its features and to the ability to emulate even moderately complex network setups on unmodified operating systems. We have recently made a number of extensions to the emulator, including loadable packet schedulers, support for better MAC layer modeling, the inclusion in PlanetLab, and development of Linux and Windows versions in addition to the native FreeBSD and OS X ones. The goal of this paper is to present in detail the current features of Dummynet, compare it with other emulation solutions, and discuss what operating conditions should be considered and what kind of accuracy to expect when using an emulation system.
Synthesis, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral studies of 3-aroyloxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-1-pyrazoline N-oxides (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral studies of 3-aroyloxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-1-pyrazoline N-oxidesElie Abushanab, Iou-Iou Sytwu, August Zabbo, and Leon GoodmanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 10, 2017–2020Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00404a038https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00404a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views92Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mammalian Tyrosinase Catalyzes Three Reactions in the Biosynthesis of Melanin (1982)

The biosynthesis of melanin is initiated by the catalytic oxidation of tyrosine to dopa by tyrosinase in a reaction that requires dopa as a cofactor. Tyrosine then catalyzes the dehydrogenation of dopa to dopaquinone. The subsequent reactions can proceed spontaneously in vitro. Tyrosinase, purified from murine melanomas and the skins of brown mice, has now been shown to catalyze a third reaction in mammalian melanogenesis, namely the conversion of 5,6-dihydroxyindile to melanochrome. This reaction requires dopa as a cofactor and is inhibited by tyrosine. Conversely, 5,6-dihydroxyindole inhibits the oxidation of tyrosine to dopa, so that the relative concentrations of tyrosine and 5,6-dihydroxyindole within the mammalian pigment cell are capable of regulating melanogenesis in a previously unrecognized fashion. Tyrosinase has the unusual property of catalyzing three distinct reactions within a single biochemical pathway: the hydroxylation of a monophenol, the dehydrogenation of a catechol, and the dehydrogenation of a dihydroxyindole. The first and third of these reactions require dopa as a cofactor; in the second reaction, dopa is a substrate.
Wideband W-band patch antenna (2011)

A W-band patch antenna designed to be compatible with a sequential surface micromachining process known as PolyStrata™ is demonstrated in this paper. The antenna is cavity backed and excited with differential probe feed. A copper wall is introduced in the middle of the patch to reduce the port coupling and mechanically support the patch. A 180° hybrid designed as combination of a 90° coupled line hybrid and 90° phase shifter is monolithically integrated with the antenna to provide the necessary differential input. The presented antenna achieves VSWR&#60;2 from 76.5GHz to 99.5GHz, and VSWR&#60;2.5 from 75GHz to 120GHz, respectively. Broadside realized gain above 7dBi is predicted from 75GHz to 115GHz. The theoretical results are verified using finite element method code Ansys-HFSS and finite integration technique code CST-MWS.
Worldwide Occurrences of Arsenic in Ground Water (2002)

Numerous aquifers worldwide carry soluble arsenic at concentrations greater than the World Health Organization--and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency--recommended drinking water standard of 10 mg per liter. Sources include both natural (black shales, young sediments with low flushing rates, gold mineralization, and geothermal environments) and anthropogenic (mining activities, livestock feed additives, pesticides, and arsenic trioxide wastes and stockpiles). Increased solubility and mobility of arsenic is promoted by high pH (>8.5), competing oxyanions, and reducing conditions. In this Policy Forum,
 Nordstrom
 argues that human health risks from arsenic in ground water can be minimized by incorporating hydrogeochemical knowledge into water management decisions and by more careful monitoring for arsenic in geologically high-risk areas.
Structure-Activity Relationships of a Synthetic Pentapeptide that Specifically Releases Growth Hormonein Vitro* (1980)

Tyr-dTrp-Gly-Phe-Met-NH2 is a unique synthetic Met5-enkephalin peptide analog that at concentrations of 1–100 μg/ml incubation medium acts directly on the pituitary of rats in vitro to release GH specifically but not LH, FSH, TSH, PRL, or ACTH. Structure-activity studies of this pentapeptide emphasize the prime importance of an aromatic amino acid residue at the 2 position for in vitro GH-releasing activity. Both Tyr-dTrp-Gly-Phe-Met-NH2, and Tyr-dPhe-Gly-Phe-Met-NH2 released GH in vitro, while large concentrations of seven enkephalin analogs, which did not have an aromatic amino acid residue in the 2 position, had essentially no GH-releasing activity. In addition, the importance of a dTrp or dPhe rather than an lTrp or lPhe residue in the 2 position was apparent, since neither Tyr-lTrp-Gly-Phe-Met-NH2 nor Tyr-lPhe-Gly-Phe- Met-NH2 were active. Although the GH-releasing activity of the C-terminal nonamidated Tyr-dTrp-Gly-Phe-Met peptide was not determined, the nonamidated Tyr-dPhe-Gly-Phe-Met peptide was ...
Evidence for Highly Cooperative Binding between Molecular Umbrella−Spermine Conjugates and DNA (1997)

Double- and tetrawalled molecular umbrella-spermine conjugates (I and II) have been synthesized, and their binding to calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA), poly[d(AT)], and poly[d(GC)] compared with that of a single-walled analogue (III). At moderate salt concentrations (8 mM NaCl), I and II show significantly greater affinity toward each DNA, relative to III; at high salt concentrations (150 mM NaCl), strong binding of I and II (but not III) was maintained toward poly[d(GC)]. Examination of the influence of I-III on the melting behavior of poly[d(AT)] has provided strong evidence that the binding of I and II reflects highly cooperative interactions among DNA-bound conjugates and that the DNA duplex serves as a nucleation site for umbrella aggregation. The implications of these findings for the rational design of novel drug conjugates that operate at the nuclear level, and also novel transfection agents, are briefly discussed.
A high‐throughput strategy for protein profiling in cell microarrays using automated image analysis (2007)

Advances in antibody production render a growing supply of affinity reagents for immunohistochemistry (IHC), and tissue microarray (TMA) technologies facilitate simultaneous analysis of protein expression in a multitude of tissues. However, collecting validated IHC data remains a bottleneck problem, as the standard method is manual microscopical analysis. Here we present a high-throughput strategy combining IHC on a recently developed cell microarray with a novel, automated image-analysis application (TMAx). The software was evaluated on 200 digital images of IHC-stained cell spots, by comparing TMAx annotation with manual annotation performed by seven human experts. A high concordance between automated and manual annotation of staining intensity and fraction of IHC-positive cells was found. In a limited study, we also investigated the possibility to assess the correlation between mRNA and protein levels, by using TMAx output results for relative protein quantification and quantitative real-time PCR for the quantification of corresponding transcript levels. In conclusion, automated analysis of immunohistochemically stained in vitro-cultured cells in a microarray format can be used for high-throughput protein profiling, and extraction of RNA from the same cell lines provides a basis for comparing transcription and protein expression on a global scale.
Localization of a retroviral element within the rd gene coding for the beta subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase. (1993)

Retinal degeneration in the rd mouse is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and is caused by a defect in the gene encoding the beta subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase. Recently, a close genetic association of the rd gene with an endogenous xenotropic murine leukemia virus (Xmv-28) was established by linkage analysis using recombinant inbred strains of mice. In this study, genomic DNA mapping and sequence analyses clarify the position of the proviral sequences in relation to the rd gene. We find that the Xmv-28 provirus is integrated into intron I of the rd gene 1511 bp downstream of the exon-intron boundary. The transcriptional orientation of the provirus is opposite to that of the gene for the beta subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase. Reverse transcription-PCR demonstrates that the integrated Xmv-28 sequences are transcribed in the retina. The provirus is present in every strain of rd mouse tested.
Prediction of Zero Quantized DCT Coefficients in H.264/AVC Using Hadamard Transformed Information (2008)

This paper presents an efficient approach for detecting zero quantized discrete cosine transform (ZQDCT) coefficients using the sum of absolute transformed difference (SATD). Previously, all the ZQDCT prediction approaches employ the sum of absolute difference (SAD) available ahead of DCT and quantization (Q) for early detection. However, when the Hadamard transform is enabled for H.264/AVC encoding, only the SATD instead of SAD is available before DCT and Q, and all the prediction approaches can not be directly applied. To solve this problem, the Gaussian distribution is applied to study the integer 4x4 DCT coefficients in H.264/AVC and hence an adaptive scheme with multiple thresholds against SATD is derived to realize different types of DCT and Q implementations. In addition, another two SATD based sufficient conditions are proposed for early detecting zero quantized DC coefficients for the luma components encoded with the intra 16 times 16 mode and the chroma components. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can greatly reduce the DCT and Q computations and obtain almost the same rate-distortion performance as the original encoder.
Enhanced isobutanol production from acetate by combinatorial overexpression of acetyl‐CoA synthetase and anaplerotic enzymes in engineered Escherichia coli (2018)

Acetic acid is an abundant material that can be used as a carbon source by microorganisms. Despite its abundance, its toxicity and low energy content make it hard to utilize as a sole carbon source for biochemical production. To increase acetate utilization and isobutanol production with engineered Escherichia coli, the feasibility of utilizing acetate and metabolic engineering was investigated. The expression of acs, pckA, and maeB increased isobutanol production by up to 26%, and the addition of TCA cycle intermediates indicated that the intermediates can enhance isobutanol production. For isobutanol production from acetate, acetate uptake rates and the NADPH pool were not limiting factors compared to glucose as a carbon source. This work represents the first approach to produce isobutanol from acetate with pyruvate flux optimization to extend the applicability of acetate. This technique suggests a strategy for biochemical production utilizing acetate as the sole carbon source.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of 4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase, an Enzyme Involved in the Resistance Response of Soybean (Glycine max L.) against Pathogen Attack (1993)

We have isolated three classes of cDNAs that probably encode three 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) isoenzymes in soybean (Glycine max L.). The deduced amino acid sequences reveal several regions of extended sequence identity among 4CLs of all plants analyzed to date. The sequences of two of these regions are consistent with a domain structure proposed for a group of enzymes catalyzing the ATP-dependent covalent binding of AMP to their substrates during the reaction sequence. By using two cDNA fragments that do not cross-hybridize under the conditions used, we demonstrate that 4CL in soybean is very likely encoded by a small gene family. Members of this family are differentially expressed in soybean cell cultures treated with beta-glucan elicitors of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea or in soybean roots infected with either an incompatible or compatible race of the fungus. These results are in agreement with our previous observation that elicitor treatment of soybean cells caused a preferential enhancement in the activity level of one of the 4CL isoenzymes. In soybean, 4CL isoenzymes possessing different substrate affinities for substituted cinnamic acids, and showing differential regulation to environmental stress, may play a pivotal role in distributing substituted cinnamate intermediates at a branch point of general phenylpropanoid metabolism into subsequent specific pathways.
Anomaly intrusion detection in dynamic execution environments (2002)

We describe an anomaly intrusion-detection system for platforms that incorporate compilation and profiling. We call this approach dynamic sandboxing. By gathering information about applications' behavior usually unavailable to other anomaly intrusion-detection systems, sandboxing is able to detect anomalies at the application layer. We show our implementation in a Java Virtual Machine is both effective and efficient at stopping a backdoor and a virus, and has a low false positive rate.
The complexity of the B7-CD28/CTLA-4 costimulatory pathway (1998)

There have been significant recent advances in our understanding of the role of the B7-CD28/CTLA-4 costimulatory pathway in T-cell activation and self-tolerance. Recent studies have begun to clarify how signaling through this pathway can influence cytokine production. The critical role for CTLA-4 in regulating T-cell activation and autoreactivity has been demonstrated, revealing a previously unsuspected means by which costimulation is involved in the maintenance and breakdown of self-tolerance. In vivo studies indicate the therapeutic potential of manipulating this important, but complex, immunoregulatory pathway.