gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Macrophage Uptake of Core−Shell Nanoparticles Surface Modified with Poly(ethylene glycol) (2006)

The in vitro uptake of core-shell nanoparticles encapsulated in a bio-macromolecular nanoshell assembled from multilayered polyelectrolytes was studied. Sulfate modified fluorescent polystyrene nanobeads (diameter 200 nm) were used as a solid core upon which charged multilayers of poly-l-lysine, chitosan, and heparin sulfate are electrostatically deposited utilizing a layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly process. The nanoshell composed of the multilayered polyelectrolytes was modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of varying molecular weights (either MW 2000, 5000, or 20 000 Da) to form a hydrophilic and long-circulating nanoparticle. The assembly of the nanoshell was confirmed by zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The reversal in charge upon the deposition of alternating polyelectrolytes was observed by zeta potential measurements. The nanometer thickness of the nanoshell was confirmed by TEM. The presence of the (C-C-O)(n)() backbone in PEG at the surface of the nanoshell was confirmed by the increase in (C-O,N) peak area concentrations compared to (C-C) peak area, and these results were gathered from XPS. In vitro studies between suspension macrophages and core-shell nanoparticles were performed to determine how the hydrophilicity and the charge on the nanoshell can promote or reduce uptake. Results showed that after 24 h uptake was decreased 3-fold when PEGs of 2000 and 20 000 Da were chemisorbed to the nanoshell, as opposed to a nanoshell with either a positive or highly negative charge. Confocal microscopy aided in verifying that core-shell nanoparticles were internalized within the cell cytoplasm and were not attached to the cell surface. Protein adhesion studies with bovine serum albumin were performed to determine the relationship between surface charge and opsonization of core-shell nanoparticles. It was found that a hydrophilic surface with a low negative charge reduced protein adsorption and uptake. The in vitro uptake of macrophages and protein adsorption onto core-shell nanoparticles formed using layer-by-layer assembly has not been previously studied.
Expression of the major glycoprotein G of human respiratory syncytial virus from recombinant vaccinia virus vectors. (1986)

The major glycoprotein, G, of human respiratory syncytial (RS) virus is a Mr 84,000-90,000 species that has about 60% of its mass contributed by carbohydrate, most of which is in the form of O-linked oligosaccharides. The G protein contains neither a hydrophobic N-terminal signal sequence nor a hydrophobic C-terminal anchor region. Instead, its amino acid sequence reveals only one region with significant hydrophobic character, which is between residues 38 and 66. In order to study the synthesis, processing, and functions of this unusual viral glycoprotein, full-length cDNA copies of the G protein mRNA were inserted into the DNA genome of vaccinia virus (VV) in a position that was adjacent to a strong VV promoter and within the VV gene for thymidine kinase (TK). The resulting TK- recombinant viruses were selected, plaque-purified, and characterized by Southern blot analysis of restriction enzyme digests of the viral DNA. Recombinant RNA transcripts that contained both G-specific and VV-specific sequences accumulated in cells infected with recombinant viruses having the G protein gene in the positive orientation. The translation product of these transcripts in infected cells was a Mr 84,000-90,000 glycoprotein that was indistinguishable from authentic RS virus G protein. It could be detected in cell lysates after metabolic labeling with [3H]glucosamine and was immunoprecipitated by anti-RS-virus antiserum. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the G protein accumulated intracellularly with the perinuclear distribution that is characteristic of newly synthesized glycoproteins. Furthermore, the protein was also clearly detectable on the surface of recombinant-infected cells, showing that it was transported to and inserted into the plasma membrane.
Partial Excision of the Chromosomal Cassette Containing the Methicillin Resistance Determinant Results in Methicillin-SusceptibleStaphylococcus aureus (2005)

We report a detailed characterization of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates from five French hospitals negative for both the mecA and the ccrAB loci but positive for the IS431::pUB110::IS431::dcs structure, present in some Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types. The presence of SCCmec-associated elements suggests that this unusual resistant phenotype is due to a partial excision of SCCmec from epidemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The hypothesis of a genetic relatedness is strengthened by common sequence and spa types and similar susceptibility patterns.
Optimization of Conditions for Formation and Analysis of Anti-CD19 FVS191 Single-Chain Fv Homodimer (scFv‘)2 (1997)

In this report, we present the production of a dimeric form of anti-CD19 scFv, the FVS191cys (scFv')2. Anti-CD19 scFv FVS191cys was constructed by engineering a cysteine residue at the C terminus of the V1, domain of scFv FVS191. FVS191cys (scFv')2 was formed through a disulfide bond between two FVS191cys molecules. To optimize the yield of FVS191cys (scFv')2, the effects of oxidation time, buffer pH, and temperature on the formation of dimeric scFv were analyzed. Our study indicates that the formation of FVS191cys (scFv')2 is oxidation time- and buffer pH-dependent; a high pH buffer facilitates the formation of disulfide-linked (scFv')2. The maximum yield of FVS191cys (scFv')2 can be achieved when FVS191cys is air-oxidized at 4 degrees C, in buffer with a pH of 8.5-9. The biological activity of FVS191cys (scFv')2 was analyzed by ELISA and an internalization assay. FVS191cys (scFv')2 has a CD19 binding ability similar to that of its parental mAb B43 and is internalized by CD19 positive Nalm 6 cells. This study indicates that FVS191cys (scFv')2 is a potential candidate for tumor diagnosis or therapy.
Rearrangements of Immunoglobulin Genes during Differentiation and Evolution (1981)

Immunoglobulin genes are shown to undergo dynamic rearrangements during differentiation as well as evolution. We have demonstrated that a complete immunoglobulin heavy chain gene is formed by at least two types of DNA rearrangement during B cell differentiation. The first type of rearrangement is V-D-J recombination to complete a variable region sequence and the second type is S-S recombination to switch a constant region sequence. Both types of recombination are accompanied by deletion of the intervening DNA segment. Structure and organization of CH genes are elucidated by molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence determination. Organization of H chain genes is summarized as VH-(unknown distance)-JH-(6.5 kb)-C mu-(4.5 kb)-C delta-(unknown distance)-C gamma 3-(34 kb)-C gamma 1-(21 kb)-C gamma 2b-(15 kb)-C gamma 2a-(14.5 kb)-C epsilon-(12.5 kb)-C alpha. The S-S recombination takes place at the S region which is located at the 5' side of each CH gene. Nucleotide sequence of the S region comprises tandem repetition of closely related sequences. The S-S recombination seems to be mediated by short common sequences shared among S regions. A sister chromatid exchange model was proposed as a mechanism for S-S recombination. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of CH genes indicates that immunoglobulin genes have scrambled by intervening sequence-mediated domain transfer during their evolution.
The ultrastructure of the stages of atheroembolic occlusion of renal arteries. (1973)

Atheromatous material enucleated from human atheromas was injected into the left renal arteries of 25 male rabbits. The kidneys were removed at varying periods after injection and the impacted atheromatous emboli with their surrounding tissue processed for electron microscopy. The ultrastructural changes in atheroembolism were followed by killing the animals at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 6 and 48 hours and 3, 4, 6, 7, 15 days and one month. The ultrastructural changes could be divided into 3 periods. The early period (30 min-2 days) was characterized by the induction of an occlusive thrombus in which was incorporated cholesterol crystals, myelin figures, debris, platelet aggregates and fibrin. The intermediate period (2-4 days) was characterized by partial, temporary resolution of the occlusive thrombus, often with the reforming of portion of the lumen by the covering of the crystals by the endothelial cells, which in these circumstances appear particularly labile as to their anchorage sites. Cholesterol crystals were coated with an electron dense layer at this stage and there were numbers of adherent platelets on their surfaces. The late period (5 days-1 month) was characterized by extensive fibrosis around the cholesterol crystals and by cells closely allied to the smooth muscle cells which had undergone fibroblastic change. The passages between crystals were now lined completely by endothelial cells in a new capillary-like form. There appeared to be migration of smooth muscle cells into the original lumen to surround cholesterol crystals. The cholesterol crystals themselves frequently impacted in a diameter of the elastic laminae encircling the vessel. The elastic laminae did not undergo extensive change and remained to delimit the original lumen of the vessel, in some instances until the late stage.
Fructosamine: structure, analysis, and clinical usefulness. (1987)

Glucose molecules are joined to protein molecules to form stable ketoamines, or fructosamines, through glycation, a nonenzymatic mechanism involving a labile Schiff base intermediate and the Amadori rearrangement. The amount of fructosamine in serum is increased in diabetes mellitus owing to the abnormally high concentration of sugar in blood. The concentration of fructosamine in serum thus reflects the degree of glycemic control attained by the diabetic patient and is useful in monitoring the effectiveness of therapy in diabetes over a period of several weeks, in a manner analogous to the determination of glycated hemoglobin. Of the analytical approaches used to measure fructosamine, affinity chromatography with m-aminophenylboronic acid and the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction method appear to be the most practical means for clinical chemists to assay fructosamine quickly, economically, and accurately. Fructosamine values can readily distinguish normal individuals and diabetic patients in good glycemic control from diabetics in poor control. Unlike glycated hemoglobin, which reflects the average blood sugar concentration over the past six to eight weeks, fructosamine reflects the average blood sugar concentration over the past two to three weeks. Thus a clinical advantage is that fructosamine responds more quickly to changes in therapy, thereby allowing for improved glycemic control. Used in conjunction with determinations of blood sugar and (or) of glycated hemoglobin, or by itself, the fructosamine assay can provide clinically useful information for the detection and control of diabetes.
The Flavr Savr Tomato, an Early Example of RNAi Technology (2008)

The Flavr Savr tomato was introduced as the first genetically engineered whole food in 1994. The commercial event, resulting from transformation with an antisense expression cassette of the endogenous polygalacturonase gene, was sequenced and found to contain two contiguous, linked, transfer DNA insertions. We found polygalacturonase suppression correlates with accumulation of ≈21-nt small interfering RNAs, the hallmark of an RNA interference-mediated suppression mechanism.
Intravenous Iron Does Not Augment the Hemoglobin Mass Response to Simulated Hypoxia (2018)

Iron supplementation appears necessary for optimal erythropoietic adaptation to altitude exposure. IV iron supplementation during 3 wk of simulated live high-train low altitude training offered no additional benefit in terms of the magnitude of the erythropoietic response for nonanemic endurance athletes compared with oral supplementation.
Synthetic Carbohydrate Polymers Containing Trehalose Residues in the Main Chain: Preparation and Characteristic Properties (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthetic Carbohydrate Polymers Containing Trehalose Residues in the Main Chain: Preparation and Characteristic PropertiesKeisuke Kurita, Naoko Masuda, Sadafumi Aibe, Kaori Murakami, Shigeru Ishii, and Shin-Ichiro NishimuraCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 26, 7544–7549Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00104a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00104a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views551Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effects of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Human Breast Cancer Growth and Metastases in Nude Mice (1993)

Dietary intervention trials to reduce recurrence risk in the postsurgical breast cancer patient should take account not only of the level of fat consumed, but also its fatty acid composition.
The Farnesoid X Receptor Controls Gene Expression in a Ligand- and Promoter-selective Fashion (2004)

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor for bile acids. Ligand activated-FXR regulates transcription of genes to allow feedback control of bile acid synthesis and secretion. There are five major bile acids in humans. We have previously demonstrated that lithocholate acts as an FXR antagonist, and here we show that the other four bile acids, chenodeoxycholate (CDCA), deoxycholate (DCA), cholate (CA), and ursodeoxycholate (UDCA), act as selective FXR agonists in a gene-specific fashion. In an in vitro coactivator association assay, CDCA fully activated FXR, whereas CA partially activated FXR and DCA and UDCA had negligible activities. Similar results were also obtained from a glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay in which only CDCA and the synthetic FXR agonist GW4064 significantly increased the interaction of SRC-1 with FXR. In FXR transactivation assays with a bile salt export pump (BSEP) promoter-driven luciferase construct, bile acids showed distinct abilities to activate the BSEP promoter: CDCA, DCA, CA, and UDCA increased luciferase activity by 25-, 20-, 18-, and 8-fold, respectively. Consistently, CDCA increased BSEP mRNA by 750-fold in HepG2 cells, whereas DCA, CA, and UDCA induced BSEP mRNA by 250-, 75-, and 15-fold, respectively. Despite the partial induction of BSEP mRNA, CA, DCA, and UDCA effectively repressed expression of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, another FXR target. We further showed that all four bile acids significantly increased FXR protein, suggesting the existence of an auto-regulatory loop in FXR signaling pathways. In conclusion, these results suggest that the binding of each bile acid results in a different FXR conformations, which in turn differentially regulates expression of individual FXR targets.
N,N‘-Carbonyldiimidazole-Mediated Cyclization of Amino Alcohols to Substituted Azetidines and Other N-Heterocycles (2006)

Amino alcohols are important synthons for N-heterocycles. We have developed an efficient method to activate hydroxyl groups, which avoids the use of toxic reagents and tolerates a wide variety of functional groups. Our strategy has been applied to the synthesis of functionalized p-methoxyphenyl-protected azetidines, pyrrolidines, and piperidines. The required amino alcohols were synthesized according to an optimized proline-catalyzed Mannich protocol. An azetidine analogue of ezetimibe was synthesized to demonstrate the potential for the synthesis of drug-like molecules.
Control of Hydrogen Sulfide in Oil and Gas Wells With Nitrite Injection (1999)

Abstract The downhole injection of nitrite-containing solutions into sour oil and gas wells under controlled conditions has been observed to effectively remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from aqueous and gas phases. Souring control using nitrite has been successfully applied to a gas well in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and to an oil well in the Amoco Netherlands Rijnfield. H2S removal from topsides water separations equipment was also facilitated using nitrite. Injected nitrite ((NO2−)) scavenges H2S and prevents the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria while it is present. H2S production from oil or gas wells treated with nitrite may be suppressed for much longer periods of time. In a 36-hour downhole squeeze in a gas well, injected NO2− removed H2S from produced gas for a period of 7 months. SRB populations in produced fluids were reduced for a period of 3 months following treatment. In an oil dehydrator, the addition of NO2− during regular operation resulted in a decrease in aqueous-phase H2S from 40-60 mg/l to less than 1 mg/l. Corrosion rate data indicated a less corrosive environment during the NO2− addition period than prior to the addition. In a downhole squeeze in an oil production well, injected NO2− decreased H2S in associated gas from 140 ppm to less than 1 ppm for 60 days following treatment. H2S levels remained below pre-injection levels for 6 months following treatment. Oil production increased immediately following the treatment, probably due to the dissolution of precipitated iron sulfides in the zone surrounding the well bore. This treatment has proven an effective means of controlling H2S in oil and gas wells as well as a method of removing iron sulfide scale from the near wellbore.
Physico-Chemical Properties of Soils: Role of Soil Technology (1959)

This paper defines and describes the applied science called soil technology. The powerful contributions that soil technology makes to soil engineering are next presented and illustrated. Some of the future developments in soil knowledge which can be expected are then discussed.
Prostate-specific antigen levels from completely sectioned, clinically benign, whole prostates (1991)

Clinically benign whole, untrimmed prostates and pelvic lymph nodes were obtained from 105 patients at autopsy. All 105 patients had premortem serum from which prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were obtained. Sixty-eight did not have carcinoma of the prostate (CAP), 28 had CAP less than 1 ml and 9 had CAP larger than 1 ml. Eleven untrimmed prostates weighed 80 g or more and eight had elevated PSA levels (more than 4.0 ng/ml): five of eight without CAP, two of two with CAP less than 1 ml, and one of one with CAP larger than 1 ml. Ninety-four whole untrimmed prostates weighed less than 80 g and 20 had elevated PSA levels: ten of 60 without CAP, two of 26 with CAP less than 1 ml, and eight of eight with CAP larger than 1 ml. This study suggests that PSA levels from patients with untrimmed prostates weighing 80 g or more (equivalent to a 60-g trimmed prostate) are usually elevated regardless whether CAP is present. However, CAP less than 1 ml, in untrimmed prostates less than 80 g, usually does not elevate PSA levels whereas CAP larger than 1 ml usually does (P less than 0.0001). The likelihood that elevated PSA levels, from patients with untrimmed prostates less than 80 g, are due to CAP larger than 1 ml increases as the PSA level increases.
RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts), RAGE Ligands, and their role in Cancer and Inflammation (2009)

The Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts [RAGE] is an evolutionarily recent member of the immunoglobulin super-family, encoded in the Class III region of the major histocompatability complex. RAGE is highly expressed only in the lung at readily measurable levels but increases quickly at sites of inflammation, largely on inflammatory and epithelial cells. It is found either as a membrane-bound or soluble protein that is markedly upregulated by stress in epithelial cells, thereby regulating their metabolism and enhancing their central barrier functionality. Activation and upregulation of RAGE by its ligands leads to enhanced survival. Perpetual signaling through RAGE-induced survival pathways in the setting of limited nutrients or oxygenation results in enhanced autophagy, diminished apoptosis, and (with ATP depletion) necrosis. This results in chronic inflammation and in many instances is the setting in which epithelial malignancies arise. RAGE and its isoforms sit in a pivotal role, regulating metabolism, inflammation, and epithelial survival in the setting of stress. Understanding the molecular structure and function of it and its ligands in the setting of inflammation is critically important in understanding the role of this receptor in tumor biology.
On-chip solenoid inductors with high quality factor for high frequency magnetic integrated circuits (2006)

On-chip solenoid inductors for high frequency magnetic integrated circuits are proposed. The eddy current loss was reduced by dividing the inductor into three consecutive inductors connected in series. The inductor has an inductance of 1.1nH and the maximum quality factor (Q/sub max/) of 50.5. The self-resonant frequency and the operating frequency at Q/sub max/ are greater than 17.5GHz and 16.7GHz, respectively.
Nanosecond laser coupling for increased filament ablation (2019)

Laser filaments can project intensities sufficient to ablate materials at long ranges, but the clamping of a filament's intensity to ∼10<sup>14</sup> W/cm<sup>2</sup> limits the effective ablation of targets with which the laser pulses interact. We seek to identify regimes in which auxiliary radiation can be used to augment the ablation created by single filaments. In this work, the combination of an 800 nm, 50 fs beam at single filament intensity and a 1064 nm, 8 ns laser pulse is studied. The ablation of GaAs is quantitatively evaluated for varying interpulse delays. Under optimum conditions, an ∼threefold increase in the ablation is observed. The metrology and surface features of the resultant ablation craters are examined to gain insight on the mechanisms of ablation in the dual-pulse cases.
Low-loss hollow-core fibers with improved single-modedness (2013)

Hollow-core fibers (HCFs) are a revolution in light guidance with enormous potential. They promise lower loss than any other waveguide, but have not yet achieved this potential because of a tradeoff between loss and single-moded operation. This paper demonstrates progress on a strategy to beat this tradeoff: we measure the first hollow-core fiber employing Perturbed Resonance for Improved Single Modedness (PRISM), where unwanted modes are robustly stripped away. The fiber has fundamental-mode loss of 7.5 dB/km, while other modes of the 19-lattice-cell core see loss >3000 dB/km. This level of single-modedness is far better than previous 19-cell or 7-cell HCFs, and even comparable to some commercial solid-core fibers. Modeling indicates this measured loss can be improved. By breaking the connection between core size and single-modedness, this first PRISM demonstration opens a new path towards achieving the low-loss potential of HCFs.