gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anti-biofilm Dentin Primer with Quaternary Ammonium and Silver Nanoparticles (2012)

Antibacterial bonding agents could combat recurrent caries at the tooth-composite margins. The objectives of this study were to develop novel antibacterial dentin primers containing quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM) and nanoparticles of silver (NAg), and to investigate the effects on dentin bond strength and dental plaque microcosm biofilms for the first time. Scotchbond Multi-Purpose ("SBMP") bonding agent was used. QADM and NAg were incorporated into SBMP primer, yielding 4 primers: SBMP primer (control), control + 10% QADM (mass), control + 0.05% NAg, and control + 10% QADM + 0.05% NAg. Human saliva was collected to grow microcosm biofilms. The NAg particle size (mean ± SD; n = 100) was 2.7 ± 0.6 nm. Dentin shear bond strengths (n = 10) with human third molars were approximately 30 MPa for all groups (p > 0.1). QADM-NAg-containing primer increased the bacteria inhibition zone by 9-fold, compared with control primer (p < 0.05). QADM-NAg-containing primer reduced lactic acid production and colony-forming units of total micro-organisms, total streptococci, and mutans streptococci by an order of magnitude. In conclusion, novel QADM-NAg-containing primers were strongly antibacterial without compromising dentin bond strength, and hence are promising to inhibit biofilms and secondary caries. The processing method of incorporating QADM and NAg together into the same primer produced the strongest antibacterial effect, which could have a wide applicability to other bonding systems.
Linguistic diversity of the Americas can be reconciled with a recent colonization (1999)

The Americas harbor a very great diversity of indigenous language stocks, many more than are found in any other continent. J. Nichols [(1990) Language 66, 475-521] has argued that this diversity indicates a great time depth of in situ evolution. She thus infers that the colonization of the Americas must have begun around 35,000 years ago. This estimate is much earlier than the date for which there is strong archaeological support, which does not much exceed 12,000 years. Nichols' assumption is that the diversity of linguistic stocks increases linearly with time. This paper compares the major continents of the world to show that this assumption is not correct. In fact, stock diversity is highest in the Americas, which are by consensus the youngest continents, intermediate in Australia and New Guinea, and lowest in Africa and Eurasia where the time depth is greatest. If anything, then, after an initial radiation, stock diversity decreases with time. A simple model is outlined that predicts these dynamics. It assumes that early in the peopling of continents, there are many unfilled niches for communities to live in, and so fissioning into new lineages is frequent. As the habitat is filled up, the rate of fissioning declines and lineage extinction becomes the dominant evolutionary force.
The Lowest Surface Free Energy Based on −CF3 Alignment (1999)

Free energy was measured for the surface of regular aligned closest hexagonal packed −CF3 groups. n-Perfluoroeicosane was vapor deposited onto glass, which gave epitaxially grown single-like crystallites with their molecular axes perpendicular to the glass surface. The dynamic contact angle of water on its surface was 119°, which corresponds to a surface free energy of 6.7 mJ/m2. This value is considered to be the lowest surface free energy of any solid, based on the hexagonal closed alignment of −CF3 groups on the surface.
Q/R editing of the rat GluR5 and GluR6 kainate receptors in vivo and in vitro: evidence for independent developmental, pathological and cellular regulation (1999)

Kainate (KA) is a potent neuroexcitatory agent in several areas of the adult brain, with convulsant and excitotoxic properties that increase as ontogeny proceeds. Besides its depolarizing actions, KA may enhance intracellular accumulation of Ca2+ to promote selective neuronal damage. The effects of KA are mediated by specific receptors recently considered to be involved in fast neurotransmission and that can be activated synaptically. KA receptors, e.g. GluR5 and GluR6 have been characterized by molecular cloning. Structure-function relationships indicate that in the MII domain of these KA receptors, a glutamine (Q) or arginine (R) residue determines ion selectivity. The arginine stems from post-transcriptional editing of the GluR5 and GluR6 pre-RNAs, and the unedited and edited versions of GluR6 elicit distinct Ca2+ permeability. Using a PCR-based approach, we show that in vivo, Q/R editing in the GluR5 and GluR6 mRNAs is modulated during ontogeny and differs substantially in a variety of nervous tissues. GluR5 editing is highest in peripheral nervous tissue, e.g. the dorsal root ganglia, where GluR6 expression is barely detectable. In contrast, GluR6 editing is maximal in forebrain and cerebellar structures where GluR5 editing is lower. Intra-amygdaloid injections of KA provide a model of temporal lobe epilepsy, and we show that following seizures, the extent of GluR5 and GluR6 editing is altered in the hippocampus. However, in vitro, high levels of glutamate and potassium-induced depolarizations have no effect on GluR5 and GluR6 Q/R editing. GluR6 editing is rapidly enhanced to maximal levels in primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons but not in cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Finally, we show that cultured glial cells express partially edited GluR6 mRNAs. Our results indicate that Q/R editing of GluR5 and GluR6 mRNAs is structure-, cell type- and time-dependent, and suggest that editing of these mRNAs is not co-regulated.
Facial tris cyclometalated rhodium(3+) and iridium(3+) complexes: their synthesis, structure, and optical spectroscopic properties (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFacial tris cyclometalated rhodium(3+) and iridium(3+) complexes: their synthesis, structure, and optical spectroscopic propertiesMirco G. Colombo, Thomas C. Brunold, Toni Riedener, Hans U. Guedel, Marcel Fortsch, and Hans-Beat BuergiCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1994, 33, 3, 545–550Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00081a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00081a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3527Altmetric-Citations369LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Evaluation of the efficacy of a canine influenza virus (H3N8) vaccine in dogs following experimental challenge. (2009)

Canine influenza virus (CIV) subtype H3N8 is an emerging pathogen with sustained horizontal transmission in the dog population in the United States. This study evaluated the efficacy of an inactivated CIV vaccine in 6- to 8-week-old beagle pups challenged with virulent CIV. One group of CIV-seronegative pups was vaccinated with two doses of a CIV vaccine 3 weeks apart; a second group of pups received adjuvanted placebo as a control. Blood samples were collected at various times to determine antibody titers. All pups were challenged with a virulent CIV isolate 13 days after the second vaccination and monitored for clinical signs of respiratory disease, virus shedding, and lung consolidation. Vaccinated pups developed hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers after vaccination. The severity of clinical signs (P < .001) and the magnitude and duration of virus shedding (P < .0001) were significantly lower in vaccinated pups compared with control pups. These results demonstrate that the CIV vaccine used in this study provides protection against virulent CIV challenge in dogs.
Spatially organized layers of cardiomyocytes on biodegradable polyurethane films for myocardial repair (2003)

Tissue engineering constructs should match the physical and mechanical properties of the native tissue. This implies that pliable scaffolds might be better suited for soft-tissue applications than rigid polymeric materials. In this study, we examined spatially organized cardiomyocyte cultures on biodegradable, elastomeric polyurethane films patterned by microcontact printing of laminin lanes. The resulting cardiomyocyte patterns on polyurethane displayed a similar morphology to those previously achieved for up to 7-10 days on other substrates, such as polystyrene dishes. However, the integrity of the cardiomyocyte patterns on thin, spin-cast or solvent-cast polyurethane films was retained for up to 4 weeks in culture. When additional cardiomyocytes (labeled with Cell Tracker reagents) were seeded onto the patterned cultures, secondary and tertiary cell populations aligned between and on top of the primary patterned cells to form a multilayered, organized tissue construct approximately 2-3 cell layers thick. In addition, dense, highly aligned monolayers of patterned cardiomyocytes were able to contract the thin, solvent-cast polyurethane films. These results indicate that elastomeric, biodegradable polyurethane films can serve as an appropriate scaffold material to support stably the engineering of spatially organized layers of cardiomyocytes in vitro. This approach may serve as a novel method for transplantation of organized cardiac tissue constructs to the heart for myocardial repair.
MECHANISM OF METHIONINE PROTECTION AGAINST THE NEPHROTOXICITY OF POLYMYXIN A (1952)

Of the five polypeptide antibiotics derived from various strains of Bacillus polymyxa, one of them, polymyxin A, has a nephrotoxic action in both animals and man (Brownlee, Bushby, and Short, 1949). The kidney damage, as indicated by proteinuria, occurs within twenty-four hours of administration, the peak protein excretion lasting between three and four days, the proteinuria then gradually decreasing in spite of continued dosage with the antibiotic. Cellular and granular casts continue to be excreted occasionally for several weeks after the cessation of treatment.
p185HER2 signal transduction in breast cancer cells (1991)

A partially agonistic monoclonal antibody, 4D5, known to bind to the extracellular domain of p185HER2 and shown to inhibit long term growth of p185HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells, was used to study signal transduction and phosphotyrosyl protein substrates associated with this receptor. Normal breast epithelial cells and breast carcinoma cells expressing low levels of p185HER2 were not affected by 4D5. HER2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer cells (BT-474 and SK-Br-3) exposed to 4D5 exhibited rapid phosphorylation of both p185HER2 and an associated 56-kDa phosphotyrosyl protein (ptyr56). Paralleling the 4D5- stimulated phosphorylation of p185HER2 and ptyr56 was a 5-10-fold induction of c-fos mRNA and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity and a 2-fold induction of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3'-kinase activity. The increased phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity immunoprecipitated with p185HER2 and also co-eluted with ptyr56 from an antiphosphotyrosine immunoaffinity column. These results indicate that short term (less than 6 h) 4D5 activation of p185HER2 in overexpressing breast cancer cells produces agonistic-like signaling typical of homologous tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor. The data also suggest that ptyr56 represents a novel phosphorylated substrate associated with 4D5-stimulated p185HER2.
Role of autophagy in the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A controversial issue (2014)

Autophagy is a mechanism involved in cellular homeostasis under basal and stressed conditions delivering cytoplasmic content to the lysosomes for degradation to macronutrients. The potential role of autophagy in disease is increasingly recognised and investigated in the last decade. Nowadays it is commonly accepted that autophagy plays a role in the hepatic lipid metabolism. Hence, dysfunction of autophagy may be an underlying cause of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, controversy of the exact role of autophagy in the lipid metabolism exists: some publications report a lipolytic function of autophagy, whereas others claim a lipogenic function. This review aims to give an update of the present knowledge on autophagy in the hepatic lipid metabolism, hepatic insulin resistance, steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrogenesis.
An Experimental Study on Compaction Characteristics of Gravel-mixed Decomposed Granite Soil (2007)

In order to clarify the influence of gravel content on the mechanical properties of gravel-mixed decompose granite soils, large-scale one-dimensional compression tests were performed. The sample used in the study was a decomposed granite soil from Shimonoseki in Yamaguchi prefecture in Japan. After adjusting the grain size of the said soils, the specimen compacted with a certain level of compaction energy was put to the test. Based on the results obtained, when gravel-mixed decomposed granite soil was compacted at the same energy level, there existed the specific gravel content at which dry density was maximum and which also produced the minimum compression index. Furthermore, from these results, an expression based on a two-phase mixture theory was proposed to quantitatively evaluate the effects of gravel content and initial dry density and the material parameters calculated through the proposed method proved to exactly estimate the actual measuring value.
Alpha 1-interferon gene transfer into metastatic Friend leukemia cells abrogated tumorigenicity in immunocompetent mice: antitumor therapy by means of interferon-producing cells. (1993)

Highly metastatic alpha/beta-interferon (IFN-alpha/beta)-resistant Friend leukemia cells (FLC) were transfected with a retroviral vector (pLTneoL-5) containing the mouse IFN-alpha 1 gene. Transfected clones were isolated and tested for their capacity to secrete IFN-alpha 1 and their tumorigenicity when injected s.c. into immunocompetent syngeneic DBA/2 mice. Almost all FLC clones producing IFN in the range of 16-512 units/ml failed to grow when injected s.c. or i.p. into normal mice, whereas control FLC (transfected with a vector without the IFN gene) exhibited the highly malignant phenotype of the original FLC. High levels of IFN were detected in peritoneal fluid, tumor extracts, and sera of mice given injections of IFN-producing cells. Injection of mice with antibodies to IFN-alpha/beta resulted in the development of tumor ascites in mice transplanted i.p. with IFN-producing FLC. In contrast to the tumor rejection observed in immunocompetent mice, IFN-producing FLC were highly tumorigenic when transplanted into immunosuppressed nude mice. Mice given injections of IFN-producing FLC developed a long-lasting tumor-specific immune resistance to subsequent injection with highly metastatic FLC. Simultaneous s.c. injection of both metastatic FLC (approximately 10(3) 50% lethal doses) and IFN-producing cells resulted in potent inhibition of the tumor growth, with a survival rate of approximately 50% for injected mice. Contralateral injection (s.c.) of IFN-producing FLC into mice with established metastatic tumors produced a marked inhibition of tumor growth, with a survival rate of 10% for injected mice. These results indicate that: (a) the genetic modification of highly metastatic FLC by means of transfer of the IFN-alpha 1 gene results in potent tumor cell rejection, which is mediated by an IFN-induced host immune response; (b) injections of IFN-producing tumor cells are effective in inhibiting tumor growth in mice with established metastatic tumors. These data suggest that tumor cells transfected with the IFN-alpha gene might be used as an effective therapy for the treatment of certain human metastatic tumors, provided that suitable strategies are defined to prevent growth of the cytokine-producing cells.
Protection against lethal Escherichia coli bacteremia in baboons (Papio anubis) by pretreatment with a 55-kDa TNF receptor (CD120a)-Ig fusion protein, Ro 45-2081 (1996)

Fusion proteins of the human 55-kDa TNF receptor extracellular domain with hinge and C2/C3 constant domains of human IgG1 or IgG3 heavy chains were tested in a primate sepsis model. Twenty-four baboons received 4.6, or 0.2 mg/kg of TNFR5-G1,3, or placebo, before the administration of a lethal dose of live Escherichia coli. Treatment with TNFR5-G1,3 decreased 5-day mortality from 88% in the placebo group to 12% in the TNFR5-G1,3-treated animals (p < 0.01 by Fisher's exact test). Treatments with TNR5-G1 and TNFR5-G3 in doses from 0.2 to 4.6 mg/kg were efficacious. Free plasma TNF was neutralized by all treatments, but inactive TNF/TNFR5-G1,3 complexes remained in circulation for prolonged periods. TNFR5-1,3 treatments attenuated the hemodynamic disturbances, reduced fluid requirements, and decreased the systemic IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8 responses. In addition, TNFR5-G1,3 treatment shortened the granulocytopenia and reduced the loss of cellular TNF receptors from granulocytes. The decrease in fibrinogen concentrations and increase in prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times were significantly attenuated by TNFR5-G1,3 treatment. TNFR5-G1,3 treatment markedly attenuated the rise in plasma lactate concentration. Histologic studies of TNFR5-G1,3 revealed dose-dependent protection against tissue injury by Escherichia coli administration.
Nodular lesions on the face and trunk. Xanthoma disseminatum (XD) (1991)

<h3>REPORT OF A CASE</h3> A 42-year-old woman presented for evaluation of multiple papular and nodular lesions on her face and trunk. These lesions had first appeared 10 years previously, and their number had gradually increased. Most of the lesions had been growing slowly for years. Moreover, spontaneous resolution of an occasional lesion had occurred. Some lesions were removed surgically on previous occasions. No history of similar manifestations in her family was found, and the patient's medical history was otherwise unremarkable. She was a well-developed, tall woman with a somewhat large head circumference due to frontal and biparietal bulging and mild hypertelorism (Fig 1). Skin lesions were predominantly flesh-colored or slightly erythematous papules scattered over the chest and abdomen; on the face were translucent nodules with telangiectatic vessels and white epidermal cysts (Fig 2). She also had vitiligo. Laboratory test results were undiagnostic. Radiographic examination showed calcification of the falx cerebri,
Alkyl Carbon−Nitrogen Reductive Elimination from Platinum(IV)−Sulfonamide Complexes (2007)

Platinum(IV) complexes containing monodentate sulfonamide ligands, fac-(dppbz)PtMe(3)(NHSO(2)R) (dppbz = o-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene; R = p-C(6)H(4)(CH2)(3)CH(3) (1a), p-C(6)H(4)CH(3) (1b), CH(3) (1c)), have been synthesized and characterized, and their thermal reactivity has been explored. Compounds 1a-c undergo competitive C-N and C-C reductive elimination upon thermolysis to form N-methylsulfonamides and ethane, respectively. Selectivity for either C-N or C-C bond formation can be achieved by altering the reaction conditions. Good yields of the C-N-coupled products were observed when the thermolyses of 1a-c were conducted in benzene-d(6). In contrast, exclusive C-C reductive elimination occurred upon themolysis of 1a,b in nitrobenzene-d(5). When the thermolyses of 1a were performed in the presence of sulfonamide anion NHSO2R- in benzene-d(6), ethane elimination was completely inhibited and C-N reductive elimination products were formed in high yield. Mechanistic studies support a two-step reaction pathway involving initial dissociation of NHSO(2)R(-) from the platinum center, followed by nucleophilic attack of this anion on a methyl group of the resulting five-coordinate platinum(IV) cation to form MeNHSO(2)R and (dppbz)PtMe(2). C-C reductive elimination to form ethane occurs directly from the five-coordinate Pt(IV) cation.
Therapy of relapsed/refractory metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC) with an anti-Trop-2-SN-38 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), sacituzumab govitecan (IMMU-132): Phase II results. (2016)

LBA509 Notice of Retraction: “Therapy of relapsed/refractory metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC) with an anti-Trop-2-SN-38 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), sacituzumab govitecan (IMMU-132): Phase II results.” ASCO's Confidentiality Policy requires that abstracts be considered confidential and embargoed from the time of submission until the findings have been publicly released in conjunction with the ASCO Annual Meeting. Abstract LBA509, published in the 2016 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings Part II, violated this policy and was retracted from publication and presentation at the 2016 ASCO Annual Meeting.
Autoinducer of Virulence As a Target for Vaccine and Therapy AgainstStaphylococcus aureus (1998)

Staphylococcus aureus causes pathologies ranging from minor skin infections to life-threatening diseases. Pathogenic effects are largely due to production of bacterial toxin, which is regulated by an RNA molecule, RNAIII. The S. aureus protein called RAP (RNAIII activating protein) activates RNAIII, and a peptide called RIP (RNAIII inhibiting peptide), produced by a nonpathogenic bacteria, inhibits RNAIII. Mice vaccinated with RAP or treated with purified or synthetic RIP were protected from S. aureus pathology. Thus, these two molecules may provide useful approaches for the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by S. aureus.
Learning to predict where humans look (2009)

For many applications in graphics, design, and human computer interaction, it is essential to understand where humans look in a scene. Where eye tracking devices are not a viable option, models of saliency can be used to predict fixation locations. Most saliency approaches are based on bottom-up computation that does not consider top-down image semantics and often does not match actual eye movements. To address this problem, we collected eye tracking data of 15 viewers on 1003 images and use this database as training and testing examples to learn a model of saliency based on low, middle and high-level image features. This large database of eye tracking data is publicly available with this paper.