gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nuclear pH gradient in mammalian cells revealed by laser microspectrofluorimetry (1996)

Intracellular pH has been measured by laser microspectrofluorimetry, using the pH-sensitive dyes SNARF-1, SNARF-calcein and SNARF-1-dextran. By this technique it was possible to accurately determine pH in volumes as small as 0.5 x 0.5 x 1 microns 3. The probes were loaded into the cells either by diffusion of their acetoxymethylester derivatives (SNARF-1-AM, SNARF-calcein-AM) or by microinjection (SNARF-1-dextran). When the five types of cells were studied in RPMI medium, the nuclear pH was consistently found to be 0.3 to 0.5 units above that of the cytosol. Although the presence of pores in the nuclear membrane has been taken as evidence that free diffusion of ions and small molecules can occur in and out the nucleus, we conclude that the nuclear membrane of these cells presents a permeability barrier to H+. The pH gradient was not observed in cells suspended in PBS.
Reversion of penile fibrosis: Current information and a new horizon (2011)

Ageing has a detrimental effect on cavernous tissue and the tunica albuginea of the penis. Furthermore, atherosclerosis of the penile vessels that occurs with ageing causes a decrease in penile oxygen tension. A reduction in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was shown in relation to diminution of oxygen tension. Chronic ischaemia is therefore not only associated with fibrosis but also with nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate reduction. The sensitivity of the α-adrenoceptors on the SMCs increases with ageing. The decrease in penile elasticity and compliance are explained by the changes in the ratio of penile collagen that occur with ageing. Contradictory to the view that testosterone is only necessary for sexual desire, numerous recent studies showed that androgen deprivation produces penile tissue atrophy, alterations in dorsal nerve structure, alterations in endothelial morphology, reduction in trabecular SM content, increase in deposition of extracellular matrix and accumulation of fat-containing cells (adipocytes) in the subtunical region of corpus cavernosum. The aim of the current review is to shed some light on the underlying aetiology of corporal fibrosis especially ageing, cavernous nerve damage, androgen deprivation and tunical fibrosis. Ultimately I will address the proposed prevention of erectile dysfunction associated with penile fibrosis.
Tumour Angiogenesis and Angiogenic Inhibitors: A Review (2015)

Angiogenesis is a complex process depending on the coordination of many regulators and there by activating angiogenic switch. Recent advances in understanding of angiogenic mechanism have lead to the development of several anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic agents that use the strategy of regulation of angiogenic switch. Antiangiogenic therapy is a form of treatment not cure for cancer and represents a highly effective strategy for destroying tumour because vascular supply is the fundamental requirement for growth of tumour. Because of the quiescent nature of normal adult vasculature, angiogenic inhibitors are expected to confer a degree of specificity when compared to nonspecific modalities of chemo and radiotherapy, so it has the advantage of less toxicities, does not induce drug resistance and deliver a relatively non toxic, long term treatment of tumour.
Characterization of a Micro Fluidic Oscillator for Flow Control (2004)

§The fluidic oscillator is a new micro-scale actuator developed for flow control applications. These patented devices can produce a 325-μ μ μ μm wide oscillating jet at high frequencies (over 22 kHz) and very low flow rates (~1 L/min or ~1 g/min). Furthermore, micro fluidic oscillators have no moving parts ‐ the jet oscillations depend solely on the internal fluid dynamics. In this work, the flowfield of a micro fluidic oscillator is characterized using pressure transducers, water visualization, and pressure-sensitive paint (PSP). The acoustic field and frequency spectrum were characterized for the oscillator at several flow rates. Recent advances in porous pressure-sensitive paint technology have enabled measurements of micro-scale flows, as well as at very high frequencies. A macro imaging system was used to provide a spatial resolution of approximately 3-μm per pixel. Porous pressure-sensitive paint allows time-resolved, full-unsteady pressure measurements. Full-field PSP images were acquired of the micro fluidic oscillator flow at oscillation frequencies up to 21 kHz. **
Evaluating the Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaf Supplemented Feed on the Growth and Carcass Quality of Broilers in Calabar (2019)

Background: Rapid population growth of human and livestock create increasing demands for food, nutrition security in developing countries and therefore alternative feed resources must be identified and evaluated. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on supplemented feed on the growth and carcass quality of broilers in Calabar.&#x0D; Methodology: Fresh leaves of Moringa oleifera were bought and collected from Calabar, Nigeria. The leaves were dried for four days and milled. A total of 40 broiler chicks that 48 day-olds, unsexed (rose 308) were sourced from a reputable poultry farm in Calabar. The broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four treatment groups (A, B, C and D). 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of MOLM were incorporated into the broiler feed which constituted the four treatment groups. Each group was replicated ten times at 10 birds per replicate. The following parameters were taken including feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate and carcass quality. Data were subjected to statistical analysis.&#x0D; Results: The diet supplemented with 5% of MOLM showed significantly high body weight and followed by 10% of MOLM. Feed intake values were significantly (p&lt;0.05) different across the treatment groups. The weight gain (WG) was statistically similar for group B and C but significantly (p&lt;0.05) different in group D; with birds fed with 10% MOLM based diet having the highest WG. The feed conversion ratio of the birds were not significantly (p&gt;0.05) different in group B and C, but differed significantly (P&lt;0.05) in group D when compared with the control in group A. Carcass characteristics showed higher values of dressing percentage in birds fed supplemented with 10% MOLM (group C). The levels of MOLM were not significantly different in terms of liver weight, heart weight, kidney weight and abdominal fat.&#x0D; Conclusion: Overall, the best significant improvement in the response indices were obtained in birds fed 10% MOLM, while there was a reduced performance of birds feed with 15% MOLM.
Quantification of Nonculprit Coronary Lesions: Comparison of Cardiac 64-MDCT and Invasive Coronary Angiography (2008)

In patients presenting with ACS, 64-MDCT provided an accurate grade of stenosis for nonculprit coronary lesions in proximal coronary segments. Calcified plaques and lesions in coronary segments <or= 3 mm diameter remained difficult to accurately quantify.
Mediodorsal nucleus: Areal, laminar, and tangential distribution of afferents and efferents in the frontal lobe of rhesus monkeys (1988)

The terminal distribution of thalamic afferents in primate prefrontal cortex has never been examined in any detail. In the present study, WGA-HRP was injected into major subdivisions of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) in the rhesus monkey in order to determine 1) The areal distribution of MD projections, 2) the layer(s) in which MD afferents terminate, 3) the tangential pattern of the MD axonal terminals, 4) the cells of origin of the reciprocal corticothalamic pathway, and 5) the degree of reciprocity between the corticothalamic and thalamocortical pathways in the different regions of the prefrontal cortex. As expected on the basis of retrograde degeneration and transport studies, injections centered in the magnocellular (MDmc) subnucleus of MD labeled cells and terminals in the ventral and medial prefrontal cortex. Injections involving ventral MDmc labeled the more lateral of these areas (Walker's areas 11 and 12); injections of the dorsal MDmc labeled the ventromedial regions (areas 13 and 14). In contrast, injections involving mainly the lateral, parvicellular (MDpc) moiety labeled cells and terminals in dorsolateral and dorsomedial areas (Walker's 46, 9, and 8B). Area 8A was labeled most prominently when injections included the multiform portion of MD (MDmf) and area 10 had connections with anterior portions of MD. A dorsal-ventral topography for MDpc exists with dorsal MDpc labeling dorsal and dorsomedial prefrontal areas and ventral MDpc labeling dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Our findings with respect to MD are consistent with a nucleus-to-field organization of its thalamocortical projection system. Outside of the traditional boundaries of prefrontal cortex, lateral MD projections extended to the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate (AC) whereas the medial MD projection targeted the ventromedial cingulate cortex and spared SMA. In addition, a few labeled cells and sparse terminals were found in the inferior parietal lobule, the superior temporal sulcus, and the anterior part of the insula after injections that involved the medial part of MD. Labeled terminals were invariably confined to layer IV and adjacent deep layer III. No terminal label was ever observed in layers I, II, superficial III, V, or VI in any part of the cerebral cortex following injections confined to any part of MD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Ley/H: An Endothelial-Selective, Cytokine-Inducible, Angiogenic Mediator (2000)

Endothelial cells (ECs) are key participants in angiogenic processes that characterize tumor growth, wound repair, and inflammatory diseases, such as human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We and others have shown that EC molecules, such as soluble E-selectin, mediate angiogenesis. Here we describe an EC molecule, Lewisy-6/H-5-2 glycoconjugate (Ley/H), that shares some structural features with the soluble E-selectin ligand, sialyl Lewisx (sialyl Lex). One of the main previously recognized functions of Lewisy is as a blood group glycoconjugate. Here we show that Ley/H is rapidly cytokine inducible, up-regulated in RA synovial tissue, where it is cell-bound, and up-regulated in the soluble form in angiogenic RA compared with nonangiogenic osteoarthritic joint fluid. Soluble Ley/H also has a novel function, for it is a potent angiogenic mediator in both in vitro and in vivo bioassays. These results suggest a novel paradigm of soluble blood group Ags as mediators of angiogenic responses and suggest new targets for therapy of diseases, such as RA, that are characterized by persistent neovascularization.
The Antianginal Drug Trimetazidine Shifts Cardiac Energy Metabolism From Fatty Acid Oxidation to Glucose Oxidation by Inhibiting Mitochondrial Long-Chain 3-Ketoacyl Coenzyme A Thiolase (2000)

Trimetazidine is a clinically effective antianginal agent that has no negative inotropic or vasodilator properties. Although it is thought to have direct cytoprotective actions on the myocardium, the mechanism(s) by which this occurs is as yet undefined. In this study, we determined what effects trimetazidine has on both fatty acid and glucose metabolism in isolated working rat hearts and on the activities of various enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 100 microU/mL insulin, 3% albumin, 5 mmol/L glucose, and fatty acids of different chain lengths. Both glucose and fatty acids were appropriately radiolabeled with either (3)H or (14)C for measurement of glycolysis, glucose oxidation, and fatty acid oxidation. Trimetazidine had no effect on myocardial oxygen consumption or cardiac work under any aerobic perfusion condition used. In hearts perfused with 5 mmol/L glucose and 0.4 mmol/L palmitate, trimetazidine decreased the rate of palmitate oxidation from 488+/-24 to 408+/-15 nmol x g dry weight(-1) x minute(-1) (P<0.05), whereas it increased rates of glucose oxidation from 1889+/-119 to 2378+/-166 nmol x g dry weight(-1) x minute(-1) (P<0.05). In hearts subjected to low-flow ischemia, trimetazidine resulted in a 210% increase in glucose oxidation rates. In both aerobic and ischemic hearts, glycolytic rates were unaltered by trimetazidine. The effects of trimetazidine on glucose oxidation were accompanied by a 37% increase in the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme for glucose oxidation. No effect of trimetazidine was observed on glycolysis, glucose oxidation, fatty acid oxidation, or active pyruvate dehydrogenase when palmitate was substituted with 0.8 mmol/L octanoate or 1.6 mmol/L butyrate, suggesting that trimetazidine directly inhibits long-chain fatty acid oxidation. This reduction in fatty acid oxidation was accompanied by a significant decrease in the activity of the long-chain isoform of the last enzyme involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation, 3-ketoacyl coenzyme A (CoA) thiolase activity (IC(50) of 75 nmol/L). In contrast, concentrations of trimetazidine in excess of 10 and 100 micromol/L were needed to inhibit the medium- and short-chain forms of 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase, respectively. Previous studies have shown that inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and stimulation of glucose oxidation can protect the ischemic heart. Therefore, our data suggest that the antianginal effects of trimetazidine may occur because of an inhibition of long-chain 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase activity, which results in a reduction in fatty acid oxidation and a stimulation of glucose oxidation.
Characterization of Functional Neuropeptide Y Receptors in a Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line (1990)

We identified receptors for neuropeptide Y (NPY) on an established human neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-MC, which are functionally coupled to adenylate cyclase through the inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding protein of adenylate cyclase, Gi. Intact SK-N-MC cells bound radiolabeled NPY with a KD of 2 nM and contained approximately 83,000 receptors/cell. Unlabeled porcine and human NPY and structurally related porcine peptide YY (PYY) competed with labeled NPY for binding to the receptors. NPY inhibited cyclic AMP accumulation in SK-N-MC cells stimulated by isoproterenol, dopamine, vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholera toxin, and forskolin. NPY inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP production in a dose-dependent manner, with half-maximal inhibition at 0.5 nM NPY. Porcine and human NPY and porcine PYY gave similar dose-response curves. NPY also inhibited basal and isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in disrupted cells. Pertussis toxin treatment of the cells completely blocked the ability of NPY to inhibit cyclic AMP production and adenylate cyclase activity. The toxin catalyzed the ADP-ribosylation of a 41-kDa protein in SK-N-MC cells that corresponds to Gi. The receptors on SK-N-MC cells appeared to be specific for NPY, as other neurotransmitter drugs, such as alpha-adrenergic, dopaminergic, muscarinic, and serotonergic antagonists, did not compete for either NPY binding or NPY inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Thus, SK-N-MC cells may be a useful model for investigating NPY receptors and NPY-mediated signal transduction.
Selective up-regulation of type II inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA expression in human leukemias. (1991)

The discovery of isozymes (types I and II) of IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH; EC 1.1.1.205), the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo GTP biosynthesis, has attracted attention as a possible novel approach to cancer diagnosis and selective tumor cell chemotherapy. To elucidate differences in expression and regulation of the two IMPDH isozymes, we examined the steady-state levels of these mRNAs in various types of leukemic cells from patients. Northern blot analysis revealed that type II IMPDH was more active transcriptionally (1.5- to 5.1-fold) in all the leukemic cells examined than in normal lymphocytes, whereas type I expression was similar. The increased expression of type II mRNA in leukemic cells was closely linked with the increase in total IMPDH activity (r = 0.92). When leukemic cells from a patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia in blast crisis were separated into blast-rich and mature leukocyte-rich fractions, the expression of type II mRNA correlated positively with the population of immature leukemic cells, whereas type I expression was unchanged. Treatment of leukemic blasts with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate for 5 days resulted in a 90% decrease in the expression of type II mRNA with macrophage-like differentiation, while the expression of type I mRNA was relatively stable. These observations suggest that expression of type II IMPDH is stringently linked with immature characteristics of leukemic cells; thus, it should be a selective target for antileukemic chemotherapy.
Gene transfer into the mammalian kidney: first steps towards renal gene therapy. (1993)

In this review we discuss two strategies for successful retrovirally-mediated transfer (transduction) of a reporter gene (bacterial beta-galactosidase) into the mammalian kidney. Retroviruses only integrate into dividing cells, but the adult kidney has a very low cell turnover. One approach used is the rapidly-dividing metanephros, or precursor of the adult kidney, as a target for proviral integration. After infection and microtransplantation of fragments of this tissue into the renal cortex of neonatal mice, the implants grew and developed within the host kidney and reporter gene expression was located in glomerular and interstitial cells. A similar approach has been used by other investigators to grow genetically-engineered metanephros in a subcapsular location in the kidney. However, access of the gene product to the parenchyma of the kidney may be limited using this approach. A second strategy was to induce renal tubular cell replication by causing nephrotoxic damage with a folic acid injection. This created a 'biological window' in which a specific cell population, that is, tubular cells, was targeted for retroviral infection. One to four weeks later foci of tubular cells were found to express the reporter gene product. In both models, 50 to 90% of the experiments showed evidence of proviral integration as judged by the presence of a 559 base-pair DNA fragment amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. This persisted for four to seven weeks, the limit of the period of observation.
Regulation of Macropinocytosis by p21-activated Kinase-1 (2000)

The process of macropinocytosis is an essential aspect of normal cell function, contributing to both growth and motile processes of cells. p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are targets for activated Rac and Cdc42 guanosine 5'-triphosphatases and have been shown to regulate the actin-myosin cytoskeleton. In fibroblasts PAK1 localizes to areas of membrane ruffling, as well as to amiloride-sensitive pinocytic vesicles. Expression of a PAK1 kinase autoinhibitory domain blocked both platelet-derived growth factor- and RacQ61L-stimulated uptake of 70-kDa dextran particles, whereas an inactive version of this domain did not, indicating that PAK kinase activity is required for normal growth factor-induced macropinocytosis. The mechanisms by which PAK modulate macropinocytosis were examined in NIH3T3 cell lines expressing various PAK1 constructs under the control of a tetracycline-responsive transactivator. Cells expressing PAK1 (H83,86L), a mutant that dramatically stimulates formation of dorsal membrane ruffles, exhibited increased macropinocytic uptake of 70-kDa dextran particles in the absence of additional stimulation. This effect was not antagonized by coexpression of dominant-negative Rac1-T17N. In the presence of platelet-derived growth factor, both PAK1 (H83,86L) and a highly kinase active PAK1 (T423E) mutant dramatically enhanced the uptake of 70-kDa dextran. Neither wild-type PAK1 nor vector controls exhibited enhanced macropinocytosis, nor did PAK1 (H83,86L) affect clathrin-dependent endocytic mechanisms. Active versions of PAK1 enhanced both growth factor-stimulated 70-kDa dextran uptake and efflux, suggesting that PAK1 activity modulated pinocytic vesicle cycling. These data indicate that PAK1 plays an important regulatory role in the process of macropinocytosis, perhaps related to the requirement for PAK in directed cell motility.
The Determination of Gliadin or Alcohol-Soluble Protein in Wheat Flour. (1911)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Determination of Gliadin or Alcohol-Soluble Protein in Wheat Flour.Ralph. HoaglandCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1911, 3, 11, 838–842Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1911Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1911https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50035a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50035a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views61Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Effect of pulse characteristics on temperature rise due to ultrasound absorption at a bone/soft-tissue interface (2005)

The transient temperature rise at a bone/soft-tissue interface is an important quantity in the safety evaluation of procedures involving trains of high-intensity ultrasound pulses. Mathematical models based upon the time-averaged intensity of the pulse train can provide rapid estimates of the temperature rise, but are known to underestimate the temperature rise during the on-time of the pulse. This paper extends a previous analytical model to account for pulse shape, and provides error estimates for simulations employing time-averaged intensities. A simple analytic expression for the interface temperature that accounts for both bone and soft-tissue properties is provided. The analytic expression agrees well with temperature rise predictions based upon the finite-element method, when the insonation time is large compared to the pulse repetition period. In this case of large relative insonation time, the pulse shape is found to be inconsequential.