gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical, computer-assisted prediction versus SRK prediction of postoperative refraction after intraocular lens implantation (1987)

The postoperative refraction prediction was evaluated in 99 patients with a 19.0-diopter standard power anterior chamber lens using a theoretical, computer-assisted method based on Gaussian optics and an empirical intraocular lens calculation method based on the SRK formula. Both the theoretical and the empirical predictions accorded with the observed values in the near emmetropia region. In the prediction of ametropia, the SRK method showed a tendency to predict refractions that were lower than the actual values in hyperopic eyes and higher than the actual values in myopic eyes. The bias of the SRK method may be due to the use of an erroneous refraction factor that converts the ametropia to the deviation in implant power from the emmetropia power. By introducing an individual refraction factor, the accuracy of the SRK method approached that of the theoretical method.
Epilepsy: an autoimmune disease? (2000)

Epilepsy: an autoimmune disease?
Cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers for neurodegenerative dementias: An update of the Consensus of the Task Force on Biological Markers in Psychiatry of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (2017)

In the 12 years since the publication of the first Consensus Paper of the WFSBP on biomarkers of neurodegenerative dementias, enormous advancement has taken place in the field, and the Task Force takes now the opportunity to extend and update the original paper. New concepts of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the conceptual interactions between AD and dementia due to AD were developed, resulting in two sets for diagnostic/research criteria. Procedures for pre-analytical sample handling, biobanking, analyses and post-analytical interpretation of the results were intensively studied and optimised. A global quality control project was introduced to evaluate and monitor the inter-centre variability in measurements with the goal of harmonisation of results. Contexts of use and how to approach candidate biomarkers in biological specimens other than cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), e.g. blood, were precisely defined. Important development was achieved in neuroimaging techniques, including studies comparing amyloid-β positron emission tomography results to fluid-based modalities. Similarly, development in research laboratory technologies, such as ultra-sensitive methods, raises our hopes to further improve analytical and diagnostic accuracy of classic and novel candidate biomarkers. Synergistically, advancement in clinical trials of anti-dementia therapies energises and motivates the efforts to find and optimise the most reliable early diagnostic modalities. Finally, the first studies were published addressing the potential of cost-effectiveness of the biomarkers-based diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders.
Lateral current spreading in GaN-based light-emitting diodes utilizing tunnel contact junctions (2001)

InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well light-emitting-diode structures utilizing tunnel contact junctions grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition have been demonstrated. The p+/n+ GaN tunnel junctions are located in the upper cladding layers of conventional devices, allowing n-type GaN instead of p-type GaN as a top contact layer. Thus, metal ohmic contacts are done at the same time on the top and the lower contact layers. The reverse-biased tunnel contact junction provides lateral current spreading without semitransparent electrode and spatially uniform luminescence exhibiting an improved radiative efficiency. The tunnel contact junction is shown to be an effective method to make possible hole injection via a lateral electron current, with only a small penalty in voltage drop compared to conventional devices.
Phase I Clinical Trial of an Adenovirus/Prostate-Specific Antigen Vaccine for Prostate Cancer: Safety and Immunologic Results (2009)

The adenovirus/PSA vaccine was proven safe with no serious vaccine-related adverse events. The majority of vaccinated patients produced anti-PSA T-cell responses and over half survived longer than predicted by nomogram. Although the latter data are only derived from a small number of patients in this phase I trial, they are encouraging enough to pursue further studies.
Neuropharmacological profile of bifeprunox: merits and limitations in comparison with other third-generation antipsychotics. (2007)

Schizophrenia is characterized by a range of positive and negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits. While positive symptoms respond to current antipsychotic agents, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits are often resistant to pharmacopea. Thus research is now focused on developing third-generation antipsychotics that combine antagonism or partial agonism at dopamine D(2)-like receptors with agonism at serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptors. Such an association is anticipated to provide therapeutic benefits against a broader range of schizophrenia symptoms. Bifeprunox is one such third-generation antipsychotic agent which acts as a partial agonist at D(2)-like receptors and is an efficacious agonist at 5-HT(1A) receptors, with little interaction at 5HT(2A/2C), muscarinic or histaminergic H(1) receptors. This review summarizes the pharmacological profiles of the current antipsychotic agents and describes the rationale behind the development of third-generation antipsychotics. It also evaluates current data concerning bifeprunox in comparison with currently available antipsychotics, as well as those that are still under clinical development.
Bioorthogonal Copper‐Free Click Chemistry In Vivo for Tumor‐Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticles (2012)

Right on target: An in vivo tumor-targeting strategy using nanoparticles has been developed. An unnatural sialic acid (green, see scheme) with azide groups is artificially generated on the target site by metabolic glycoengineering. These groups then effectively enhance the accumulation of nanoparticles in the target tumor site by an in vivo bioorthogonal copper-free click reaction.
They can hear your heartbeats (2011)

Wireless communication has become an intrinsic part of modern implantable medical devices (IMDs). Recent work, however, has demonstrated that wireless connectivity can be exploited to compromise the confidentiality of IMDs' transmitted data or to send unauthorized commands to IMDs---even commands that cause the device to deliver an electric shock to the patient. The key challenge in addressing these attacks stems from the difficulty of modifying or replacing already-implanted IMDs. Thus, in this paper, we explore the feasibility of protecting an implantable device from such attacks without modifying the device itself. We present a physical-layer solution that delegates the security of an IMD to a personal base station called the shield. The shield uses a novel radio design that can act as a jammer-cum-receiver. This design allows it to jam the IMD's messages, preventing others from decoding them while being able to decode them itself. It also allows the shield to jam unauthorized commands---even those that try to alter the shield's own transmissions. We implement our design in a software radio and evaluate it with commercial IMDs. We find that it effectively provides confidentiality for private data and protects the IMD from unauthorized commands.
Regeneration of Hair Follicles from Experimental Wounds on the Rabbit Ear (1974)

Hair growth during wound healing was studied in experimental wounds treated with ordinary tape on the rabbit ear by scanning electron microscopy and conventional light microscopy. Operations were performed on the inner or/and outer side of both ears of the animals. Most wounds were treated with adhesive tape. Some wounds were allowed to remain open with exposure to the air. Adhesive tape was found to provide a good method of wound treatment. Tuft-like growth of hair was observed in the centre of the wounds, in 67% of the tape-treated wounds and in 38% of the open-treated wounds, probably representing true neoformation of hair follicles. It is evident that hair growth and perhaps neoformation of hair follicles is stimulated by adhesive tape treatment.
Basic PCB Level Assembly Process Methodology for 3D Package-on-Package (2010)

The motivation for developing higher density IC packaging continues to be the market and the consumers’ expectation that each new generation of products furnish greater functionality. The miniature IC package evolution began with the development of chip-scale and die-size package technology. These miniature IC package innovations proved ideal for portable and hand-held electronic applications. To address the need for even more functionality without increasing their products size, a number of companies have adapted various forms of multiple-die 3D packaging. A majority of these early multiple function devices relied on the sequential stacking of die elements onto a single substrate interposer. Because the wire-bonding of multiple tiers of uncased die is rather specialized and the die used may have had relatively poor wafer level yields or were not always available in a pre-tested (KGD) condition, overall manufacturing yield of the stacked-die packaged devices have not always met acceptable levels. A key advantage of the package-on-package process is that each layer of the package can be pre-tested before joining. This capability greatly improves the overall manufacturing yield and the functional reliability of the final package assembly is assured. The information furnished in this paper will focus PoP package standards,, substrate design criteria and assembly methodology for efficient in-line assembly processing of vertically stacked IC package elements.
The Mechanism of Configuration Retention in the Substitution Reaction of C4-Tosyloxyproline with Lithium Diarylcuprate (1996)

The mechanism of configuration retention during the substitution reaction of C4-tosyloxyproline with lithium diarylcuprate was studied.Among the three possible intermediates (a-c), c has been found to be the'origin of the retention mechanism.4-Hydroxyproline is a useful starting material for the syntheses of alkaloids, and chiral ligands which are often synthesized by the substitution reaction of their ~4 -t 0 s ~l a t e . 1In 1986 Thottathil and Moniot reported an
Th2 responses induce humorally mediated injury in experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. (1997)

Acute autologous phase anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis was compared in Th1-prone (C57BL/6) and Th2-prone (BALB/c) mice. Sensitized BALB/c mice, given a subnephritogenic intravenous dose of anti-mouse glomerular basement membrane globulin, developed acute glomerulonephritis characterized by marked proteinuria and glomerular deposition of mouse immunoglobulin and complement. A significant glomerular neutrophil influx was observed, but few T cells and macrophages were present. C57BL/6 mice, given the same dose of disease-inducing globulin, also developed acute glomerulonephritis, although their proteinuria was significantly less. Glomerular deposition of mouse immunoglobulin and complement and the influx of neutrophils were also significantly less than in BALB/c mice. However, their glomerular accumulation of macrophages and T cells was significantly greater. Complement depletion attenuated neutrophil influx and proteinuria in BALB/c mice but did not affect T cell or macrophage accumulation or proteinuria in C57BL/6 mice. CD4+ T cell depletion significantly reduced glomerular macrophage, T cell influx, and proteinuria in C57BL/6 mice, but had no effect on proteinuria or neutrophil influx in BALB/c mice. Thus, immune responses to planted glomerular antigens in Th2-prone mice induce acute injury as a result of antibody deposition, complement activation, and neutrophil influx, whereas immune responses to the same antigen in Th1-prone mice induce delayed-type hypersensitivity-like lesions in affected glomeruli.
Immunoscintigraphy of prostatic cancer: Preliminary results with 111in‐labeled monoclonal antibody 7E11‐C5.3 (CYT‐356) (1991)

A phase 1 study was conducted with the investigational immunoscintigraphic agent, 111In-CYT-356, a radiolabeled, site-specific immunoconjugate of monoclonal antibody 7E11-C5.3, in 40 patients with prostatic carcinoma and known distant metastases. Each patient received a single intravenous infusion of CYT-356 (dose range, 0.1-5 mg) radiolabeled with approximately 5 mCi of 111In. None of the patients experienced adverse reactions. One patient who received a 5-mg dose developed antibodies to the CYT-356 immunoconjugate. 111In-CYT-356 immunoscintigraphy detected bony metastases in 21 of 38 patients (55%), including 12 of 14 (86%) receiving concomitant hormonal therapy, and soft tissue lesions in four of six patients (67%). Antibody imaging detected occult lesions in the bony pelvis and lumbar spine, which were confirmed by follow-up imaging tests, in one patient. Higher CYT-356 doses may clear the blood pool more slowly. These results suggest that 111In-CYT-356 can be safely administered to patients with prostatic carcinoma and that further clinical investigation of this agent is warranted.
ThePeterson Olefination Reaction (1990)

Abstract The Peterson olefination reaction provides a useful method for the preparation of alkenes from α‐silyl carbanions and carbonyl compounds. As alkenes hold a pivotal role in synthetic methodology for the introduction of vicinal functionality, particularly in a stereoselective manner, the Peterson reaction is increasing in importance in the reaction repertoire. This chapter discusses the reaction and its advantages over comparable methods such as the Wittig reaction. Although elimination of β‐silylalkoxides, was noted in 1947, it was not until Peterson described the preparation of functionalized alkenes from α‐silyl carbanions in 1968 that the full potential of the reaction became apparent. Alkenes are usually only isolated directly from the condensation when an anion‐stabilizing group is present in the carbanion; if not, the β‐hydroxysilane is formed. Many examples of the formation of alkenes from β‐hydroxysilanes are cited in the literature. These eliminations are discussed in this chapter, although they strictly should not be called Peterson olefination reactions. However, the “common” organic reactions of β‐hydroxysilanes which follow the usual pathways—such as the thermolytic elimination of esters derived from those alcohols—are omitted. The central nature of the Peterson reaction to organosilicon chemistry has led all reviews in this area to discuss the subject to some extent. In addition, the reaction itself has been reviewed previously.
A T-cell-specific transcriptional enhancer element 3' of C alpha in the human T-cell receptor alpha locus. (1989)

A transcriptional enhancer element has been identified 4.5 kilobases 3' of C alpha (constant region alpha chain) in the human T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha-chain locus. This enhancer is active on both a TCR V alpha (variable region alpha chain) promoter and the minimal simian virus 40 promotor in TCR alpha/beta Jurkat and EL4 cells but is inactive on a V alpha promoter in human TCR gamma/delta PEER and Molt-13 cells, clone 13 B cells, and HeLa fibroblasts. The enhancer has been localized to a 116-base-pair BstXI/Dra I restriction enzyme fragment, which lacks immunoglobulin octamer and kappa B enhancer motifs but does contain a consensus cAMP-response element (CRE). DNase I footprint analyses demonstrated that the minimal enhancer contains two binding sites for Jurkat nuclear proteins. One of these sites corresponds to the CRE, while the other does not correspond to a known transcriptional enhancer motif. These data support a model in which TCR alpha gene transcription is regulated by a unique set of cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors, which are differentially active in cells of the TCR alpha/beta lineage. In addition, the TCR alpha enhancer may play a role in activating oncogene expression in T-lymphoblastoid tumors that have previously been shown to display chromosomal translocations into the human TCR alpha locus.
Curcumin supplementation could improve diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction associated with decreased vascular superoxide production and PKC inhibition (2010)

Therefore, it is suggested that curcumin supplementation could improve diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction significantly in relation to its potential to decrease superoxide production and PKC inhibition.
Mutual pro-drugs of .BETA.-lactam antibiotics and .BETA.-lactamase inhibitors. (1980)

The principle of combining a beta-lactam antibiotic with a beta-lactamase inhibitor in a single molecule functioning as pro-drug for the two active components is illustrated by the linked esters 3 and 4 in which ampicillin and mecillinam, respectively, are combined with the beta-lactamase inhibitor penicillanic acid sulfone. It is shown that in man these esters are excellently absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and after absorption hydrolyzed with simultaneous liberation of the active components. As a result high blood and tissue levels of antibiotic and beta-lactamase inhibitor in a balanced ratio are attained. The advantages of "mutual pro-drugs" over simple combinations are discussed.
Enhanced Luminescence of CdSe Quantum Dots on Gold Colloids (2002)

We have studied the enhancement of luminescence of (CdSe)ZnS core−shell quantum dots on gold colloids as a function of semiconductor nanocrystal−metal nanoparticle distance. Using a layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition technique to insert well-defined spacer layers between gold colloids and quantum dots, a distance-dependent enhancement and quenching of quantum dot photoluminescence has been observed. The maximum enhancement by a factor of 5 is achieved for a 9-layer spacer (≈11 nm). The efficient quantum dot excitation within the locally enhanced electromagnetic field produced by the gold nanoparticles is evidenced by the observation of the surface plasmon resonance in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum of (CdSe)ZnS nanocrystals.
Aromatase, Aromatase Inhibitors, and Breast Cancer (2001)

Estrogens are involved in numerous physiologic processes and have crucial roles in particular disease states, such as mammary carcinomas. Estradiol, the most potent endogenous estrogen, is biosynthesized from androgens by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme complex called aromatase. Aromatase is found in breast tissue, and the importance of intratumoral aromatase and local estrogen production is being unraveled. Inhibition of aromatase is an important approach for reducing growth stimulatory effects of estrogens in hormone-dependent breast cancer. Effective aromatase inhibitors have been developed as therapeutic agents for controlling estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Investigations into the development of aromatase inhibitors began in the 1970s and have expanded greatly in the past three decades. Competitive aromatase inhibitors are molecules that compete with the substrate androstenedione for noncovalent binding to the active site of the enzyme to decrease the amount of product formed. Steroidal inhibitors that have been developed to date build on the basic androstenedione nucleus and incorporate chemical substituents at varying positions on the steroid. The structure-activity relationships for steroidal inhibitors have become more refined in the past decade, and only some modifications can be made to the steroid and still keep its affinity for aromatase. Nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors can be divided into three classes: aminoglutethimide-like molecules, imidazole/triazole derivatives, and flavonoid analogs. Mechanism-based aromatase inhibitors are inhibitors that mimic the substrate, are converted by the enzyme to a reactive intermediate, and result in the inactivation of aromatase. Aromatase inhibitors, both steroidal and nonsteroidal, have shown clinical efficacy for the treatment of breast cancer. The initial nonselective nature of nonsteroidal inhibitors such as aminoglutethimide has been greatly reduced in the later generations of inhibitors, anastrozole and letrozole. Mechanism-based steroidal inhibitors such as 4-hydroxyandrostenedione and exemestane produce prolonged aromatase inhibition in patients. The potent and selective third-generation aromatase inhibitors anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane are approved for clinical use as second-line endocrine therapy in postmenopausal patients failing antiestrogen therapy alone or multiple hormonal therapies.
All-trans-retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in human medulloblastoma: activation of caspase-3/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 pathway. (2003)

Current treatments for childhood brain tumor medulloblastoma (MB), radiation and chemotherapy, lead to undesirable side effects. Identification of antitumor agents that reduce the toxicity will thus have significant therapeutic value. In this study, we investigated all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) as an antitumor agent. Although high concentrations (1-10 microM) of retinoic acid derivatives are generally needed for significant antitumor effects in many cancer cells, we observed that pharmacologically relevant concentrations of ATRA were effective in inducing cell death in human MB cells. Using 10-fold lower concentrations (100-500 nM), we found that ATRA inhibits MB (DAOY, D283, D425, and D458) cell proliferation as determined by cell viability [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays. Furthermore, 100 nM ATRA was potent in inhibiting the anchorage-independent growth of the sensitive cell lines (D283, D425, and D458) in soft agar assays. We also demonstrate that the ATRA-induced decrease in cell viability was due to increased cell death by apoptosis, which was accompanied by a 20-fold induction of caspase-3 activity in the most sensitive cell line, D458. By contrast, induction of caspase-3 was only 2-fold in the relatively insensitive DAOY cells. Furthermore, ATRA-induced cell death in D283, D425, and D458 cells was accompanied by activation of caspase-3, a key executioner of apoptosis. We also demonstrate that activated caspase-3 resulted in cleavage of 116-kDa poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 to its signature fragments (85 and 29 kDa). Pretreatment with a specific caspase-3 inhibitor, DEVD-CHO, significantly reduced ATRA-induced apoptotic cell death. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that low concentrations of ATRA inhibit MB cell proliferation and induce apoptotic cell death in part by activating caspase-3/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 effector pathway, and we show that retinoic acids and novel retinoids are potential antitumor agents in MB therapy.
Laboratory Drilling Performance of PDC Bits (1988)

Summary A laboratory study of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit designs has generated data that give an insight into PDC-bit performance in the field. The tests reviewed in this paper include those for rate of penetration (ROP), torque response, hydraulic energy sensitivity, balling tendency, dull-bit performance, and bit performance after the removal of selected cutters. A total of four bit designs was tested. The designs included flat-faced profiles and parabolic profiles.