gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neonatal Exposure to a Self-Peptide–Immunoglobulin Chimera Circumvents the Use of Adjuvant and Confers Resistance to Autoimmune Disease by a Novel Mechanism Involving Interleukin 4 Lymph Node Deviation and Interferon γ–mediated Splenic Anergy (1998)

Induction of neonatal T cell tolerance to soluble antigens requires the use of incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). The side effects that could be associated with IFA and the ill-defined mechanism underlying neonatal tolerance are setbacks for this otherwise attractive strategy for prevention of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Presumably, IFA contributes a slow antigen release and induction of cytokines influential in T cell differentiation. Immunoglobulins (Igs) have long half-lives and could induce cytokine secretion by binding to Fc receptors on target cells. Our hypothesis was that peptide delivery by Igs may circumvent the use of IFA and induce neonatal tolerance that could confer resistance to autoimmunity. To address this issue we used the proteolipid protein (PLP) sequence 139-151 (hereafter referred to as PLP1), which is encephalitogenic and induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice. PLP1 was expressed on an Ig, and the resulting Ig-PLP1 chimera when injected in saline into newborn mice confers resistance to EAE induction later in life. Mice injected with Ig-PLP1 at birth and challenged as adults with PLP1 developed T cell proliferation in the lymph node but not in the spleen, whereas control mice injected with Ig-W, the parental Ig not including PLP1, developed T cell responses in both lymphoid organs. The lymph node T cells from Ig-PLP1 recipient mice were deviated and produced interleukin (IL)-4 instead of IL-2, whereas the spleen cells, although nonproliferative, produced IL-2 but not interferon (IFN)-gamma. Exogenous IFN-gamma, as well as IL-12, restored splenic proliferation in an antigen specific manner. IL-12-rescued T cells continued to secrete IL-2 and regained the ability to produce IFN-gamma. In vivo, administration of anti-IL-4 antibody or IL-12 restored disease severity. Therefore, adjuvant-free induced neonatal tolerance prevents autoimmunity by an organ-specific regulation of T cells that involves both immune deviation and a new form of cytokine- dependent T cell anergy.
Introduction (2001)

Much of what Lenin did and wrote, especially in his early political career, was determined by the previous development of the Russian revolutionary movement and by the history of Marx's ideas in Russia. His approach to revolutionary practice and theory are also to be explained by the peculiar way in which Marxist doctrine and the Russian revolutionary movement interacted in the period during Lenin's childhood and youth. It was at that time that Marx's ideas began to circulate in Russia, and their implications discussed for the country's future economic development and for the tactics which revolutionaries might adopt. Lenin entered the Russian revolutionary movement at a time when both its politics and its ideology were in a state of flux. As a result he was able to make a profound impact on both. Examining historically the interrelationship of Marxism and the Russian revolutionary movement provides the political context in which Lenin operated and gives an insight into what Lenin's relationship to Marx was.KeywordsPolitical EconomyPolitical StrugglePeasant CommuneFuture Economic DevelopmentPeculiar CombinationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Aluminium Phosphate but Not Calcium Phosphate Stimulates the Specific IgE Response in Guinea Pigs to Tetanus Toxoid (1978)

The ability of aluminium phosphate and calcium phosphate to stimulate the synthesis of tetanus toxoid-specific anaphilactic and antitoxic antibodies is compared. The observed differences in the kinetics of IgG1a, IgG1b and antitoxines are quantitative--titres after application of aluminium phosphate are higher. Booster immunization with aluminium but not calcium phosphate-adsorbed toxoid leads to a prolonged synthesis of specific IgE. It is hypothesized that the regular application of aluminium compound-containing vaccines on the entire population could be one of the factors leading to the observed increase of allergic diseases.
Distributed State Estimator Advances and Demonstration (2008)

Present state estimator performance is not 100% reliable. Specifically, there is significant probability that the state estimators may not converge to an acceptable solution. On an industry wide basis, the probability of non convergence is about 5%. The reasons for this performance have been investigated and have been reported in earlier papers. In this paper we report on a new approach that alleviates the sources of state estimator unreliability and at the same time distributes the computational procedure to each substation of the system, assuming there is at least one GPS-synchronized device (relay, PMU, recorder, meter, etc.) at each substation. This results in a true distributed estimator. The results of the distributed state estimator are communicated to the control center where the overall system state is constructed. The approach has been implemented to two subsystems of two substations each. This paper describes the overall approach and provides results from the two pilot implementations. Glossary GPS: Global Positioning System PMU: Phasor Measurement Unit CT: Current Transformer VT: Voltage Transformer CCVT : Capacitor Coupled Voltage Transformer
The Nature of the Starter Unit for the Rapamycin Polyketide Synthase (1996)

A remarkably high level of incorporation is observed when 2,2,5,5-tetradeutero -3,4- dihydroxycyclo -hexanecarboxylic acid is fed to the rapamycin-producing organism. Intriguingly, however, analysis of the gene sequence for the rapamycin polyketide synthase has suggested that the free acid may not normally be involved in rapamycin biosynthesis.
Programmatic orchestration of WiFi networks (2014)

With wireless technologies becoming prevalent at the last hop, today's network operators need to manage WiFi access networks in unison with their wired counterparts. However, the non-uniformity of feature sets in existing solutions and the lack of programmability makes this a challenging task. This paper proposes Odin, an SDN-based solution to bridge this gap. With Odin, we make the following contributions: (i) Light Virtual Access Points (LVAPs), a novel programming abstraction for addressing the IEEE 802.11 protocol stack complexity, (ii) a design and implementation for a software-defined WiFi network architecture based on LVAPs, and (iii) a prototype implementation on top of commodity access point hardware without modifications to the IEEE 802.11 client, making it practical for today's deployments. To highlight the effectiveness of the approach we demonstrate six WiFi network services on top of Odin including load-balancing, mobility management, jammer detection, automatic channel-selection, energy management, and guest policy enforcement. To further foster the development of our framework, the Odin prototype is made publicly available.
Melanocyte culture lines from Tyr-SV40E transgenic mice: models for the molecular genetic evolution of malignant melanoma. (1993)

Transgenic Tyr-SV40E mice previously produced on the C57BL/6 inbred-strain background, with SV40 oncogenic sequences specifically expressed in pigment cells, are predisposed to melanoma [Bradl, M., Klein-Szanto, A., Porter, S. & Mintz, B. (1991). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 164-168]. Separate lines of these animals differ genetically only in the number of copies and chromosomal site of integration of the transgene. Skin melanocytes from young mice with no apparent skin lesions were established in continuous culture from hemizygous donors with low, medium and high numbers of transgene copies, and from a homozygous offspring of the low-copy mouse line. The standard culture conditions enable C57BL/6 wild-type melanocytes to become stably immortalized without transformation. The transgenic cell lines all changed over time in an orderly progression. However, with greater numbers of transgene copies, the cells more rapidly displayed shorter doubling times, increased anchorage independence, reduced serum and growth factor requirements, decreased tyrosinase expression and melanin content, increased oncogene expression, and capacity to form malignant melanomas when tested by grafting. Melanocytes with the lowest number of transgene copies were of special interest. They grew more rapidly than the wild-type cells from the outset, but did not become tumorigenic until an apparently small number of still-unknown genetic changes had spontaneously occurred, or until the number of transgene copies was increased slightly by homozygosity. In contrast to the hemizygous low-copy cells, the homozygous counterparts underwent striking and rapid transformational changes and early conversion to malignancy. Thus such low-copy transgenic melanocyte lines afford an exceptional opportunity for molecular analysis of somatic genetic evolution toward malignant melanoma.
SCNet: A simplified encoder-decoder CNN for semantic segmentation (2016)

We present a simplified and novel fully convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture for semantic pixel-wise segmentation named as SCNet. Different from current CNN pipelines, proposed network uses only convolution layers with no pooling layer. The key objective of this model is to offer a more simplified CNN model with equal benchmark performance and results. It is an encoder-decoder based fully convolution network model. Encoder network is based on VGG 16-layer while decoder networks use upsampling and deconvolution units followed by a pixel-wise classification layer. The proposed network is simple and offers reduced search space for segmentation by using low-resolution encoder feature maps. It also offers a great deal of reduction in trainable parameters due to reusing encoder layer's sparse features maps. The proposed model offers outstanding performance and enhanced results in terms of architectural simplicity, number of trainable parameters and computational time.
Stereoselective Synthesis of L-Amino Acids via Strecker and Ugi Reaktions on Carbohydrate Templates (1991)

L-Amino acid derivatives are stereoselectively synthesized in high yield using 2,3,4-tri-O-pivaloyl-α-D-arabinopyranosylamine or 2,3, 4-tri- O-pivaloyl-β-L-fucopyranosylamine as the chiral auxiliary in Strecker and Ugi reactions.
Junction characteristics of Al-Al2O3-CdS diodes fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy (1979)

The I-C and C-V characteristics of Al-Al2O3-CdS diodes have been investigated, the diodes being fabricated by growing CdS films by MBE on epitaxial aluminum. The forward-bias current is proportional to exp(qv)/nkt, and under certain growth conditions n values of 2.2 have been obtained. The epitaxial CdS films exhibit a thermo-emf appropriate to p-type CdS, which is considered to be due to an inversion layer within the CdS and adjacent to the Al2O3-CdS interface. The polarity of the bias voltage for forward-bias conduction suggests that a p-n junction may exist within the CdS film.
Localization of mammary tumors in vivo with131i-labeled fab fragments of antibodies against mouse mammary epithelial (mme) antigens (1981)

The Fab fragments of antibodies against cell-type-specific surface antigens of mouse mammary epithelial cells (MME-antigens) were used to localize mammary tumors successfully. The radioiodine-labeled anti-MME (Fab) was injected into mice carrying simulated mammary metastases, and after 24 hours the amount of label per gram of excised tissue was several times greater in the tumor than in liver, brain, lung, or muscle. Kidney showed considerable accumulation of label but this appeared to be nonspecific. Kinetic studies revealed a rapid elimination of labeled Fab in the urine with only 1% of the injected dose remaining in the entire blood pool after 24 hours. Wit a high-purity germanium camera, mammary tumors were clearly located ty the 131I-labeled anti-MME (Fab), and normalization to 99mTc-pertechnetate distribution in the animal increased the specificity. The density of 131I-label was fourfold greater over the mammary tumor than over comparable areas of the mouse. No accumulation of 131I-anti-MME (Fab) was observed in nonmammary tumors nor in mammary tumors when labeled nonspecific Fab was used. An analogous system using an antihuman mammary epithelial antiserum is being developed for localization of breast metastases in humans.
A Novel Method of Preparing Rat-Monoclonal Antibody-Producing Hybridomas by Using Rat Medial Iliac Lymph Node Cells. (1995)

A novel method of preparing hybridomas producing rat monoclonal antibodies was established. The enlarged medial iliac lymph nodes from rats injected via hind footpads with an emulsion of antigen and Freund's adjuvant were used for cell fusion. Ovalbumin was used as a representative antigen. The incidence of hybridomas producing antibody of interest with this method was about 10 times higher than that of hybridomas with the conventional method using mouse or rat spleen cells. The average percentages of hybridomas producing IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG2c were 37.1%, 47.0%, 15.9% and 0.0%, respectively. A single injection with antigen was sufficient for immunization in this method.
Gabapentin for the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia<SUBTITLE>A Randomized Controlled Trial</SUBTITLE> (1998)

Gabapentin is effective in the treatment of pain and sleep interference associated with PHN. Mood and quality of life also improve with gabapentin therapy.
Does OKT3 monoclonal antibody react with an antigen-recognition structure on human T cells? (1981)

OKT3 monoclonal antibody to human T cells inhibits the target cell lysis mediated by allogeneic cytotoxic T cells and the generation of these effector cells in mixed lymphocyte culture. This marked inhibition of cell-mediated lysis is not found with other monoclonal antibodies also reactive with cell surface antigens of human T cells (OKT1, OKT4, OKT5, OKT6, OKT8, and OKT11). OKT3 antibody is mitogenic and this effect appears to require receptor activation in that it occurs at low concentrations (10(-12) M range) of OKT3 antibody, requires intact OKT3 IgG, and is inhibited by a factor(s) in human plasma. By contrast, the inhibition of allogeneic cell-mediated lysis by OKT3 antibody appears to be due to steric hindrance in that it requires higher concentrations of OKT3 antibody (10(-8) M range), Fab fragments retain approximately 10% activity, and inhibition is demonstrable in the presence of human plasma. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that OKT3 antibody reacts with the human T-cell antigen-recognition structure.
Effects of eleven cytokines and of IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in a human B cell assay (1992)

The effects of different recombinant human cytokines and cytokine inhibitors were compared in a culture system in which cell contact with mutant EL-4 thymoma cells of murine origin efficiently stimulates human B cell proliferation and Ig secretion in conjunction with human T cell supernatant. IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-2 co-stimulated B cell proliferation and IgM, IgG, and IgA secretion, whereas IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IFN-gamma, or GM-CSF had weak or no activity in this regard. In contrast, TGF-beta 1 was strongly inhibitory. A very strict hierarchy of cytokine interactions was found in that IL-1 was necessary to induce TNF-alpha responsiveness, and TNF-alpha the IL-2 responsiveness, of the B cells. Most likely the small number of starting B cells in the present assay (300 FACS-separated B cells/200 microliters) minimized the effects of autocrine B cell factors. IL-4 together with IL-1 induced IgE secretion, and the IgE secretion was further increased by TNF-alpha. IFN-gamma had no modulatory effect on the IL-4 dependent IgE response in this system. Pretreatment of B cells with IL-1R antagonist (IL-1ra, which binds to IL-1R) or addition of soluble TNF receptor type 1 (sTNF-R55, which binds to TNF) completely inhibited the IL-1 or TNF-alpha effects, respectively. This occurred in a specific manner; the inhibition was reversed by a large excess of cytokine. IL-1ra also inhibited a B cell response induced by PMA-preactivated EL-4 cells alone. Because B cells responding to such preactivated EL-4 cells did not acquire TNF-alpha responsiveness, no IL-1 was apparently involved under this assay condition. It appears, therefore, 1) that IL-1ra can act on B cells and 2) that this antagonist may not only block IL-1R, but may provide a direct or indirect inhibitory signal interfering even with IL-1-independent B cell activation.
Composition and Metabolic Activities of Bacterial Biofilms Colonizing Food Residues in the Human Gut (2006)

Bacteria growing in the human large intestine live in intimate association with the host and play an important role in host digestive processes, gut physiology, and metabolism. Fecal bacteria have been investigated extensively, but few studies have been done on biofilms that form on digestive wastes in the large bowel. The aims of this investigation were to investigate the composition and metabolic activities of bacterial communities that colonize the surfaces of food residues in fecal material, with respect to their role in the fermentation of complex carbohydrates. Fresh stools were obtained from 15 healthy donors, and food residues were separated by filtration. Adherent bacteria were removed by surfactant treatment for microbiological analysis and fermentation studies. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridization in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to visualize intact biofilms. Results showed that bacterial populations strongly adhering to particulate matter were phenotypically similar in composition to unattached communities, with bacteroides and bifidobacteria predominating. Biofilms comprised a mixture of living and dead bacteria, and CLSM showed that bifidobacteria in the biofilms occurred as isolated dispersed cells and in microcolonies near the interface with the substratum. Fermentation experiments with a variety of complex carbohydrates demonstrated that biofilm populations were more efficient in digesting polysaccharides, while nonadhering communities fermented oligosaccharides most rapidly. Acetate was the principal fermentation product formed by biofilm bacteria, whereas higher levels of butyrate were produced by nonadherent populations, showing that the two communities were metabolically distinct.
Photonic Spin Hall Effect at Metasurfaces (2013)

The spin Hall effect (SHE) of light is very weak because of the extremely small photon momentum and spin-orbit interaction. Here, we report a strong photonic SHE resulting in a measured large splitting of polarized light at metasurfaces. The rapidly varying phase discontinuities along a metasurface, breaking the axial symmetry of the system, enable the direct observation of large transverse motion of circularly polarized light, even at normal incidence. The strong spin-orbit interaction deviates the polarized light from the trajectory prescribed by the ordinary Fermat principle. Such a strong and broadband photonic SHE may provide a route for exploiting the spin and orbit angular momentum of light for information processing and communication.
Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of ovine TNFα (1991)

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) is a cytokine with a wide range of effects on both lymphoid and non-lymphoid cell types. By hybridization with a human TNF alpha cDNA probe the corresponding ovine cDNA was isolated from a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated alveolar macrophage cDNA library. The sequence of the cDNA clone showed that ovine TNF alpha encodes a polypeptide of 234 amino acids that, based on analysis of human TNF alpha, is processed to a protein of 157 amino acids. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed a high degree of homology to the equivalent human and mouse molecules. In a mammalian COS cell expression system the ovine cDNA was found to encode a protein which was able to lyse actinomycin-D treated WEHI-164 cells and induce COS cells to produce and secrete interleukin 6 (IL-6). Further experiments demonstrated the importance of sequences within the 3' untranslated region of the cDNA in determining the level of expression of ovine TNF alpha. Northern blot analysis was used to analyse the kinetics of induction of ovine TNF alpha mRNA in alveolar macrophages stimulated with a variety of mitogens. Addition of LPS increased mRNA encoding TNF alpha at 1 h and 5 h but not 24 h post stimulation. In contrast, addition of phorbol myristic acid (PMA) led to increased TNF alpha mRNA at 5 h while the combination of PMA and ionomycin increased the level of specific mRNA detected at 1 h, 5 h and 24 h. From genomic analysis ovine TNF alpha appears to exist as a single copy.
Characterization of the isolated rat flexor digitorum brevis for the study of skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase phosphorylation. (1987)

The flexor digitorum brevis skeletal muscle, a nearly homogeneous fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fiber type, has been examined for its suitability to explore the regulation of phosphorylase kinase by multisite phosphorylation. A characterization of the adrenergic response of glycogenolytic enzymes, together with the previous data on contractile properties (Carlsen, R. C., Larson, D. B., and Walsh, D. A. (1985) Can. J. Physiol. Pharm. 63, 958-965), has demonstrated that this muscle is stably maintained for the several hours necessary for phosphorylation studies. The phosphorylase kinase in this muscle is primarily the alpha' isozyme, suggesting that the alpha versus alpha' isozyme distribution in muscle is related more to oxidative capacity than to fiber contractile characteristics. Using this muscle system, beta-adrenergic activation of phosphorylase kinase was observed to occur with concomitant phosphorylation of both the alpha' and beta subunits, with the total in the alpha' subunit being approximately 3-fold greater. Similarly, deactivation, following initial adrenergic activation, occurred concomitantly with the dephosphorylation of the two subunits. These results are compatible with the conclusions drawn from previous studies of the isolated enzyme and of the enzyme in perfused rat cardiac muscle, that both alpha' (or alpha) and beta subunit phosphorylation regulate phosphorylase kinase activity.
Linking expression of FOXM1, CEP55 and HELLS to tumorigenesis in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (2011)

FOXM1, CEP55, and HELLS were all overexpressed in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Gene expression is related to tumor stage. The significant association between the expression of these genes and advanced tumor stage suggest that they may play a role in tumorigenesis.
Targeting C-Type Lectin Receptors for Cancer Immunity (2015)

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are a large family of soluble and trans-membrane pattern recognition receptors that are widely and primarily expressed on myeloid cells. CLRs are important for cell-cell communication and host defense against pathogens through the recognition of specific carbohydrate structures. Similar to a family of Toll-like receptors, CLRs signaling are involved in the various steps for initiation of innate immune responses and promote secretion of soluble factors such as cytokines and interferons. Moreover, CLRs contribute to endocytosis and antigen presentation, thereby fine-tune adaptive immune responses. In addition, there may also be a direct activation of acquired immunity. On the other hand, glycans, such as mannose structures, Lewis-type antigens, or GalNAc are components of tumor antigens and ligate CLRs, leading to immunoregulation. Therefore, agonists or antagonists of CLRs signaling are potential therapeutic reagents for cancer immunotherapy. We aim to overview the current knowledge of CLRs signaling and the application of their ligands on tumor-associating immune response.