gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aura alphavirus subgenomic RNA is packaged into virions of two sizes (1995)

The alphavirus genome is 11.8 kb in size. During infection, a 4.2-kb subgenomic RNA is also produced. Most alphaviruses package only the genomic RNA into virions, which are enveloped particles with icosahedral symmetry, having a triangulation number (T) = 4. Aura virus, however, packages both the genomic RNA and the subgenomic RNA into virions. The genomic RNA is primarily packaged into a virion that has a diameter of 72 nm and which appears to be identical to the virions produced by other alphaviruses. The subgenomic RNA is packaged into two major, regular particles with diameters of 72 and 62 nm. The 72-nm-diameter particle appears to be identical in construction to virions containing genomic RNA. The 62-nm-diameter particle probably has T = 3. The large and small Aura virions can be partially separated in sucrose gradients. In addition to these two major classes of particles, there are other particles produced that appear to arise from abortive assembly. From these results and from previous studies of alphavirus assembly, we suggest that during assembly of alphavirus nucleocapsids in the infected cell there is a specific initiation event followed by recruitment of additional capsid subunits into the complex, that the triangulation number of the complex is not predetermined but depends upon the size of the RNA and interactions that occur during assembly, and that budding of assembled nucleocapsids results in the acquisition of an envelope containing glycoproteins arranged in a manner determined by the nucleocapsid.
Migraine aura: new information on underlying mechanisms (2004)

Recent studies have helped unravel the basic mechanisms involved in migraine aura. Far from being a simple phenomenon, a sequence of events leads from the cortex to the activation of pain-sensitive structures. The role of the brainstem is still poorly described. The identification of target molecules may provide new therapies.
Humanization of an anti-human IL-6 mouse monoclonal antibody glycosylated in its heavy chain variable region (1996)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitors are good potential therapeutic agents in human patients, and anti-IL-6 antibodies are among the best candidates. Here, we have successfully humanized mouse monoclonal antibody SK2, which specifically binds to IL-6 and strongly inhibits IL-6 functions. Since this antibody possesses N-linked carbohydrates on Asn-30 of VH region, which seems to be very close to an antigen-binding site, influence of these carbohydrates on antigen-binding was investigated. A biosensor study showed that the mouse SK2 Fab and its deglycosylated fragments had almost equal Kd (Kon/Koff), 26.8 nM (1.05 x 10(6)/2.81 x 10(-2)) and 24.7 nM (1.28 x 10(6)/3.15 x 10(-2)), respectively. Furthermore, a mutant chimeric SK2 antibody, in which the N-glycosylation site was removed from the VH region, showed a Kd of 11 nM, almost similar to that of the original chimeric SK2 antibody, determined by Scatchard analysis with 125I-IL-6. These data indicate the carbohydrates of mouse SK2 VH region do not significantly influence antigen-binding activity. In the next step, two versions of each humanized SK2 VL and VH regions were carefully designed based on the amino acid sequences of human REI and DAW, respectively. Only one alteration, Tyr to Phe, was made at position 71 in the two light chains, according to the canonical residue for LI. A N-glycosylation site was introduced on the two heavy chains, by changing Ser to Asn at position 30. All four combinations of humanized light and heavy chains could bind to IL-6 as well as the chimeric SK2 antibody. The light chain first version, however, could not efficiently inhibit IL-6 binding to its receptor, indicating the importance of the LI loop conformation for the inhibitory activity of SK2 antibody. In contrast, both versions of the heavy chains were comparable, in yielding good humanized SK2 antibodies, suggesting that the glycosylation of the SK2 VH region has no influence in recreating a functional antigen-binding site in this humanization.
Immune Neutrality of Calf Skin Collagen Gel Used to Stimulate Revitalization in Pulpless Open Apex Teeth of Rhesus Monkeys (1977)

A collagen mineral gel has recently been shown to stimulate revitalization of pulpless open apex teeth when syringed into debrided root canals. Experiments were conducted to examine possible stimulation of the immune system by the experimental procedure. Ring tests (interface precipitation analysis), Ouchterlony plates and hemagglutination tests on plasma samples taken from experimental rhesus monkeys throughout the healing process indicate a complete lack of humoral immune responsiveness to the injected collagen.
Improving the measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. (2005)

25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) determination is of diagnostic importance for the investigation of vitamin D deficiency and much more rarely, intoxication. Despite the name, vitamin D is a pre-hormone, being endogenously synthesised provided there is adequate sunlight. Its biological function, exerted through the active form 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D) is to maintain calcium and phosphate levels in the blood.1 In addition, it has important roles in immune regulation.2

Demand for 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D assays has increased substantially worldwide since the introduction of commercial kit assays, but performance is relatively poor with only just over half of laboratories achieving acceptable performance.3 A recently emerging problem is that some immunoassays underestimate 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 metabolites due to differences in affinity between the antibodies or D-binding proteins employed.4

It is likely that achievement of reliable, clinically appropriate vitamin D results will require a combination of careful use of commercial systems by skilled operators, validated reference ranges, good quality control schemes and the availability of reference methods of analysis.
Data Visualization Challenges for Displaying Laboratory Core and Flow Data in Three-Dimensions (2005)

Abstract Saudi Aramco made significant progress in the last few years in setting up immersive visualization laboratories for displaying three-dimensional data on its reservoirs, wells and their trajectories. While the 3-D reservoir models using a combination of seismic, geological, well testing and log data make the displays very impressive, the essential building blocks represented by the core data are mostly absent in these visualization efforts. Core descriptions and core photographs, although have been collected for a very long time were not easy to integrate due to their analog nature. Recently progress has been made in collecting core data in digital format through core imaging, digitizing, 360-degree core photography and CT-scanning. CT has been used in Saudi Aramco for more than 10 years to generate non-destructive images of reservoir cores. However, lack of proper three-dimensional image processing software limited its use to two-dimensional image slices only. Saudi Aramco R&amp;D Center recently undertook a project which involved testing the performance of several three dimensional image processing packages in displaying data generated by a CT-scanner. The results were very promising. Some of the software not only displayed the static data on cores but were also able to capture the dynamic sequences from laboratory waterflooding and acidizing experiments. The 3-D visualization added a new dimension to these tests as they allowed the users to evaluate and compare the performances of various treatments before they are actually implemented in the field.
Glutamate Potentiates the Toxicity of Mutant Cu/Zn-Superoxide Dismutase in Motor Neurons by Postsynaptic Calcium-Dependent Mechanisms (1998)

Mutations in the Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) gene are responsible for a subset of familial cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Using a primary culture model, we have demonstrated that normally nontoxic glutamatergic input, particularly via calcium-permeable AMPA/kainate receptors, is a major factor in the vulnerability of motor neurons to the toxicity of SOD-1 mutants. Wild-type and mutant (G41R, G93A, or N139K) human SOD-1 were expressed in motor neurons of dissociated cultures of murine spinal cord by intranuclear microinjection of plasmid expression vector. Both a general antagonist of AMPA/kainate receptors (CNQX) and a specific antagonist of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (joro spider toxin) reduced formation of SOD-1 proteinaceous aggregates and prevented death of motor neurons expressing SOD-1 mutants. Partial protection was obtained by treatment with nifedipine, implicating Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated calcium channels as well as glutamate receptors in potentiating the toxicity of mutant SOD-1 in motor neurons. Dramatic neuroprotection was obtained by coexpressing the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D28k but not by increasing intracellular glutathione levels or treatment with the free radical spin trap agent, N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone. Thus, generalized oxidative stress could have contributed in only a minor way to death of motor neurons expressing the mutant SOD-1. These studies demonstrated that the toxicity of these mutants is calcium-dependent and provide direct evidence that calcium entry during neurotransmission, coupled with deficiency of cytosolic calcium-binding proteins, is a major factor in the preferential vulnerability of motor neurons to disease.
MS-325: albumin-targeted contrast agent for MR angiography. (1998)

MS-325 is highly protein bound after injection and provides vascular signal enhancement superior to that provided with other agents. As the first gadolinium-based blood pool agent in human trials, MS-325 has the potential to enhance both dynamic and steady-state MR angiograms.
Imidazopteridines. I. Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-c]pteridine and Its Alkyl Derivatives (1977)

Abstract The synthesis of imidazo[1,2-c]pteridine and its alkyl derivatives is described. The reaction of 4-aminopteridine with chloroacetaldehyde gave the ring-opened 2-formamido-3-(2-imidazolyl)pyrazine and the isomeric 2-amino-3-(1-formyl-2-imidazolyl)pyrazine but no imidazopteridine. 4-Amino-2-methylpteridine and chloroacetaldehyde similarly gave 2-acetamino-3-(2-imidazolyl)pyrazine in high yield. Hydrolysis of these compounds gave 2-amino-3-(2-imidazolyl)pyrazine, which was used as the key intermediate for the synthesis of the title compounds. Thus it reacted with triethyl orthoformate and homologues to give respectively the parent imidazo-[1,2-c]pteridine and its 6-methyl and 6-ethyl homologues. Their 2,3-dimethyl derivatives were prepared likewise from 2-amino-3-(2-imidazolyl)-5,6-dimethylpyrazine, which in turn was prepared from 4-amino-6,7-dimethyl- or 4-amino-2,6,7-trimethylpteridine.
On charging for Internet services provided over an ATM network (2002)

This paper explores the charging aspects of Internet services delivered over ATM. The process of charging scheme design is motivated by the fact that both market and technological considerations influence charging. This service-driven process has been developed and applied with success in an ATM environment by the CANCAN project. The scenario considered in this paper involves three layers of the service provision value chain. The actors involved are a network operator (NO), a value-added service provider (VASP), and Internet users. The NO provides a wholesale transport service to the VASP and the VASP provides a specific retail Internet service to end users. This approach was used in real trials conducted in CANCAN. The retail service trialled was access to an Internet magazine. A few charging schemes are selected for both the wholesale and retail services, and sample bills are produced. These charging schemes are evaluated on the basis of user criteria. Conclusions are drawn on the basis of a comparison of charges from the viewpoint of the VASP. Technical issues relating to Internet charging are also discussed.
Design and fabrication of high-performance polysilicon vibrating ring gyroscope (2002)

This paper presents a detailed analysis on the design and scaling limits of vibrating ring gyroscopes and their implementation using a combined bulk and surface micromachining technology. A high aspect-ratio p++/polysilicon trench-refill fabrication technology has been used to realize the 30-40 /spl mu/m thick polysilicon ring structure with 0.9 /spl mu/m ring-to-electrode gap-spacing. The theoretical analysis of the ring gyroscope shows that by taking advantage of the high quality factor of polysilicon, sub-micron ring-to-electrode gap spacing, high aspect ratio polysilicon ring structure produced using deep dry-etching, and the all-silicon feature of this technology, tactical grade vibrating ring gyroscopes with random walk as small as 0.05 deg//spl radic/h can be realized, providing several orders of magnitude improvement in performance.
TM domain swapping of murine leukemia virus and human T-cell leukemia virus envelopes confers different infectious abilities despite similar incorporation into virions (1996)

We investigated the influence of transmembrane protein (TM) domains on incorporation of retroviral envelopes into virions and on infectivity. We introduced complete, truncated, or chimeric Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) envelopes into an MuLV particle-producing complementation cell line. As shown previously for HTLV-1 envelopes containing extracellular domains of F-MuLV TM (C. Denesvre, P. Sonigo, A. Corbin, H. Ellerbrok, and M. Sitbon, J. Virol. 69:4149-4157, 1995), reverse chimeric F-MuLV envelopes containing the extracellular domain of HTLV-1 TM were not processed. In contrast, a chimeric MuLV envelope containing the entire HTLV membrane-spanning and cytoplasmic domains (FHTMi) was efficiently processed, fusogenic as tested in a cell-to-cell assay, and efficiently incorporated into MuLV particles. However, these MuLV particles bearing FHTMi envelope proteins could not infect mouse or rat cells which are susceptible to wild-type F-MuLV. Therefore, envelopes which are readily fusogenic in cell-to-cell assays and also efficiently incorporated into virions may not necessarily confer virus-to-cell fusogenicity. HTLV envelopes, whether parental, chimeric (containing the MuLV cytoplasmic tail) or with a truncated cytoplasmic domain, were incorporated into MuLV particles with equal efficiencies, indicating that the cytoplasmic tails of these envelopes did not determine their incorporation into virions. In contrast to FHTMi envelope, HTLV-1 envelopes with F-MuLV membrane-spanning and cytoplasmic domains, as well as wild-type HTLV-1 envelopes, conferred virion infectivity. These results help to define requirements for envelope incorporation into retroviral particles and their cell-free infectivity.
Etoposide: Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry (2004)

Etoposide is an antitumor agent currently in clinical use for the treatment of small cell lung cancer, testicular cancer and lymphomas. Since the introduction of etoposide in 1971, its mechanism of action and potent antineoplastic activity has served as the impetus for intensive research activities in chemistry and biology. This drug acts by stabilizing a normally transient DNA-topoisomerase II complex, thus increasing the concentration of double-stranded DNA breaks. This phenomenon triggers mutagenic and cell death pathways. The function of topoisomerase II is understood in some detail, as is the mechanism of inhibition of etoposide at a molecular level. Etoposide has shortcomings of limited neoplastic activity against several solid tumors such as non-small cell lung cancer, cross-resistance to MDR tumor cell lines and low bioavailability. The design and synthesis of etoposide analogs is an activity of fundamental interest to the field of cancer chemotherapy. In the first part, this article is a survey of the discovery of etoposide, the DNA topoisomerase II structure and mechanism, and the models for drug-enzyme interaction. The last part is concerned with the search for new etoposide analogs based upon an empirical design.
A Survey of Usage Control in Computer Security (2008)

Abstract—Protecting access to digital resources is one of the fundamental problems recognized in computer security. It yet remains a challenging problem to work out starting from the conception till implementation. Access control is a study which deals with the ability to permit or deny the access rights to a particular resource (object) by a particular entity (subject). The three most widely implemented traditional access control models are Discretionary Access Control (DAC), Mandatory Access Control (MAC), and Role Based Access Control (RBAC). Unfortunately, traditional access control solutions are unable to respond adequately to new challenges addressed by modern computer systems. Today highly-distributed, network-connected, heterogeneous and open computing environment needs finegrained, flexible, persistent and continuous protection model of access and usage of digital resources. In this paper, we outline the usage control model [1]–[3], the novel and promising approach for access control in open, distributed, heterogeneous and network-connected computer environment. Usage control model encompasses, systemizes and enhances existing traditional access control models, trust management and digital rights managements in a single framework. Usage control introduces a novel notion of subject’s and object’s attributes mutability and continuity of access decisions. This article surveys the literature on usage control over the period from its birth in 2002 till nowadays. First, we briefly recall existing traditional access control models. We then introduce a conceptual model and formal specification of security policies in usage control model. Later, we present architecture, enforcement mechanisms and implementations. Finally, we summarize usage control research activity. Index Terms—computer security, access control, usage control, security policy, trusted computing, reference monitor. I.
A novel vaccinia virus expression system allowing construction of recombinants without the need for selection markers, plasmids and bacterial hosts (1995)

Vaccinia virus is one of the most widely applied expression systems for use in eukaryotes in molecular biology. Expression of heterologous genes in the vaccinia virus system, however, requires integration of the foreign DNA into the vaccinia virus genome by means of homologous recombination or by direct molecular cloning. In both cases, plasmid vector constructs are required that contain the gene of interest and, usually, a marker gene, both of which are controlled by suitable promoter sequences. In order to simplify the construction of recombinants and to eliminate the need for a marker gene we have developed a modified vaccinia virus genome that allows the direct targeted insertion of DNA fragments downstream of a strong vaccinia virus promoter without any further cloning steps. The gene of interest is amplified by PCR using oligonucleotide primers that provide an SfiI site at the 5' end and an RsrII site at the 3' end of the PCR product. Following digestion with these restriction enzymes, the PCR product is operationally linked to a synthetic early/late promoter within the viral genomic DNA via the unique SfiI/RsrII sites of the modified vaccinia virus genome. Using this approach, intermediate plasmid constructs and bacterial hosts are not required and time consuming screening steps can be omitted, because of 90% of the virus progeny carry the foreign DNA.
Chromatin-associated Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulates Aurora-B and Histone H3 Phosphorylation (2001)

Proper chromosome condensation requires the phosphorylation of histone and nonhistone chromatin proteins. We have used an in vitro chromosome assembly system based on Xenopus egg cytoplasmic extracts to study mitotic histone H3 phosphorylation. We identified a histone H3 Ser(10) kinase activity associated with isolated mitotic chromosomes. The histone H3 kinase was not affected by inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases, DNA-dependent protein kinase, p90(rsk), or cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The activity could be selectively eluted from mitotic chromosomes and immunoprecipitated by specific anti-X aurora-B/AIRK2 antibodies. This activity was regulated by phosphorylation. Treatment of X aurora-B immunoprecipitates with recombinant protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibited kinase activity. The presence of PP1 on chromatin suggested that PP1 might directly regulate the X aurora-B associated kinase activity. Indeed, incubation of isolated interphase chromatin with the PP1-specific inhibitor I2 and ATP generated an H3 kinase activity that was also specifically immunoprecipitated by anti-X aurora-B antibodies. Nonetheless, we found that stimulation of histone H3 phosphorylation in interphase cytosol does not drive chromosome condensation or targeting of 13 S condensin to chromatin. In summary, the chromosome-associated mitotic histone H3 Ser(10) kinase is associated with X aurora-B and is inhibited directly in interphase chromatin by PP1.
Made-to-measure technologies for an online clothing store (2003)

The Internet is a compelling channel for selling garments. Several recent initiatives by companies such as Nordstrom, Macy's, and Lands End focus on made-to-measure manufacturing and shopping via the Internet. We present a Web application that provides more powerful access to and manipulation of clothing to facilitate clothing design, pattern derivation, and sizing. We apply 3D graphics technology to help create and simulate the virtual store.
In vivo breath‐hold 1H MRS simultaneous estimation of liver proton density fat fraction, and T1 and T2 of water and fat, with a multi‐TR, multi‐TE sequence (2015)

A novel multi-TR-TE sequence can estimate PDFF and water and fat T1 and T2 in a single breath-hold. Refinement may be needed to improve repeatability for fat T1 estimation.
Immunohistochemical Distinction Between Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung (2006)

We assessed the usefulness of several immunohistochemical stains in distinguishing these two neoplasms, including cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20 (CK20), neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, synaptophysin, neurofilaments (NF), thyroid-transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), CD56 antigen, S-100 protein, vimentin, c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, and CD117 antigen. All 13 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma evaluated were positive for CK20, and negative for TTF-1. Twelve of 13 Merkel cell carcinoma cases were positive for NF. Eleven of 13 cases of small cell lung carcinoma were positive for TTF-1. All small cell lung carcinoma cases were negative for NF, and all but one were negative for CK20. In terms of the remaining antigens, there were no differences of significance between the two neoplasms. These findings suggest that a set of three immunohistochemical stains, including CK20, NF, and TTF-1, is useful in affording a distinction between Merkel cell carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma.
Khellin in the Treatment of Angina Pectoris (1951)

KHELLIN§ is a pure crystalline derivative of Ammi visnaga, a plant that grows wild in the eastern Mediterranean countries, and that is known in Arabic as "khella." The medicinal properties of this plant have apparently been known since ancient times, and a decoction of its seeds has been used by the native populations for many centuries as an antispasmodic for the treatment of renal colic. However, the first recorded pharmacological study of Ammivisnaga is that of Mustapha,1 who in 1879 isolated the chief active principle, khellin, in impure form. Since that time, an extensive series of investigations2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 has clearly . . .
DESIGN FOR A ONE-GIGAWATT ANNULAR-BEAM KLYSTRON (2000)

No abstract prepared.