gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly Efficient Palladium-Catalyzed Boronic Acid Coupling Reactions in Water:  Scope and Limitations (1997)

The "ligandless" palladium acetate-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of ArX with aryl- and vinylboronic acids in water without organic cosolvent in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide is reported. Aryl bromides give high yields and considerably accelerate the coupling. A wide variety of functional groups can be tolerated. Aryl iodides, however, give incomplete conversion and aryl triflate coupling shows no improvement over reported conditions.
Skin blood flow influences near-infrared spectroscopy-derived measurements of tissue oxygenation during heat stress (2005)

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a noninvasive optical technique that is increasingly used to assess muscle oxygenation during exercise with the assumption that the contribution of skin blood flow to the NIR signal is minor or nonexistent. We tested this assumption in humans by monitoring forearm tissue oxygenation during selective cutaneous vasodilation induced by locally applied heat (n = 6) or indirect whole body heating (i.e., heating subject but not area surrounding NIR probes; n = 8). Neither perturbation has been shown to cause a measurable change in muscle blood flow or metabolism. Local heating (approximately 41 degrees C) caused large increases in the NIR-derived tissue oxygenation signal [before heating = 0.82 +/- 0.89 optical density (OD), after heating = 18.21 +/- 2.44 OD; P < 0.001]. Similarly, whole body heating (increase internal temperature 0.9 degrees C) also caused large increases in the tissue oxygenation signal (before heating = -0.31 +/- 1.47 OD, after heating = 12.48 +/- 1.82 OD; P < 0.001). These increases in the tissue oxygenation signal were closely correlated with increases in skin blood flow during both local heating (mean r = 0.95 +/- 0.02) and whole body heating (mean r = 0.89 +/- 0.04). These data suggest that the contribution of skin blood flow to NIR measurements of tissue oxygenation can be significant, potentially confounding interpretation of the NIR-derived signal during conditions where both skin and muscle blood flows are elevated concomitantly (e.g., high-intensity and/or prolonged exercise).
A monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes a glucuronic acid 2-sulfate-containing determinant in intact chondroitin sulfate chain. (1987)

Monoclonal antibodies produced against chick embryo limb bud proteoglycan (PG-M) were selected for their ability to recognize determinants on intact chondroitin sulfate chains. One of these monoclonal antibodies (IgM; designated MO-225) reacts with PG-M, chick embryo cartilage proteoglycans (PG-H, PG-Lb, and PG-Lt), and bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan, but not with Swarm rat chondrosarcoma proteoglycan. The reactivity of PG-H to MO-225 is not affected by keratanase digestion but is completely abolished after chondroitinase digestion. Competitive binding analyses with various glycosaminoglycan samples indicate that the determinant recognized by MO-225 resides in a D-glucuronic acid 2-sulfate(beta 1----3)N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate disaccharide unit (D-unit) common to antigenic chondroitin sulfates. A tetrasaccharide trisulfate containing D-unit at the reducing end is the smallest chondroitin sulfate fragment that can inhibit the binding of the antibody to PG-H. Decreasing the size of a D-unit-rich chondroitin sulfate by hyaluronidase digestion results in progressive reduction in its inhibitory activity. The results suggest that the epitope has a requirement for a long stretch of a disaccharide-repeating structure for a better fit to the antibody.
In vivo formation and stability of engineered disulfide bonds in subtilisin. (1986)

Computer modeling suggested that a disulfide bond could be built into Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subtilisin between positions 22 (wild-type, Thr) and 87 (Ser) or between positions 24 (Ser) and 87 (Ser). Single cysteines were introduced into this cysteine-free protease at positions 22, 24, or 87 by site-directed mutagenesis of the cloned subtilisin gene. The corresponding double-cysteine mutants were constructed, and recombinant plasmids were expressed in Bacillus subtilis. Double-cysteine mutant enzymes were secreted as efficiently as wild-type, and disulfide bonds were formed quantitatively in vivo. These disulfide bonds were introduced approximately 24 A away from the catalytic site and had no detectable effect on either the specific activities or the pH optima of the mutant enzymes. The equilibrium constants for the reduction of the mutant disulfide bonds by dithiothreitol were determined to be 82 +/- 22 and 20 +/- 5 for Cys22/Cys87 and Cys24/Cys87, respectively. Studies of autoproteolytic inactivation of wild-type subtilisin support a relationship between autolytic stability and conformational stability of the protein. The stabilities of Cys24/Cys87 and wild-type enzymes to autolysis were essentially the same; however, Cys22/Cys87 was actually less stable to autolysis. Reduction of the disulfide cross-bridge lowered the autolytic stability of both double-cysteine mutants relative to their disulfide forms. This correlates with a lowered autolytic stability for the Cys22 and Cys87 single-cysteine mutants, and the fact that an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl groups of Thr22 and Ser87 is likely to be disrupted in the Cys22 and Cys87 single-cysteine mutant proteins.
Simulation of the Jigging Process (1993)

Jigging is one of the most important separation methods used in coal preparation plants. The process is very complicated and is affected by many factors. In order to estimate and predict the optimum production performance, the process is modelled as a Markov technique and simulations are carried out. The Markov technique is a stochastic process. The probability vectors in the transition matrix are non-stationary in this case and are determined from actual production data. Results of simulations using the Markov technique show that predicted and actual data are almost identical. The method of development is simple and is easily carried out. In addition, some problems in production may be analysed through simulation of the jigging process.
Characterization of antigen receptor response elements within the interleukin-2 enhancer. (1988)

T-cell activation and induction of interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression in human T lymphocytes require both interaction of foreign antigen with the T-cell antigen receptor and protein kinase C (PKC) stimulation. Agents such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) that stimulate PKC augment the effects of antigen but are not sufficient for IL-2 activation. By analysis of deletion mutants, we identified three DNA sequences extending from -73 to -89, -217 to -255, and -263 to -279, designated IL-2 sites A, D, and E, respectively, that are required for maximal induction of IL-2 expression. One of these regions, site E, interacted with a protein (NF-IL-2E) present only in the nuclei of cells which have been stimulated. The other two sequences interacted with a protein (NF-IL-2A) that is constitutively expressed in T cells. When multiple tandem copies of either the E site or the A site were placed upstream of the gamma-fibrinogen promoter, they activated expression via this promoter in response to signals initiated at the antigen receptor but not following PMA stimulation. For this reason, we denoted them antigen receptor response elements. The uncoupling of antigen receptor and PKC requirements in these studies indicates that these signal pathways are, at least in part, distinct and integrated at the level of the gene.
Eine neue, einfache Synthese des. 1‐O‐Acetyl‐2,3,5‐Tri‐O‐benzoyl‐β‐D‐Ribofuranosides (1959)

Abstract A new simple 3‐step synthesis of 1‐O‐acetyl‐2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐β‐ D ribofuranoside is described. D ‐Ribose is methylated to 1‐O‐methylribofuranoside and the latter benzoylated to 1‐O‐methyl‐2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐ D ‐ribofuranoside. Acetolysis with a mixture of acetic acid, acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid furnishes directly and in good yield pure 1‐O‐acetyl‐2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐β‐ D ‐ribofuranoside.
HIGH DOSE RADIATION DELIVERED BY INTENSITY MODULATED CONFORMAL RADIOTHERAPY IMPROVES THE OUTCOME OF LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER (2001)

Sophisticated conformal radiotherapy techniques with high dose 3-D conformal and intensity modulated radiation therapy improve the biochemical outcome in patients with favorable, intermediate and unfavorable risk prostate cancer. Intensity modulated radiation therapy is associated with minimal rectal and bladder toxicity, and, hence, represents the treatment delivery approach with the most favorable risk-to-benefit ratio.
Verwertung von Natriumsulfat (1989)

Abstract Utilization of sodium sulphate. Commercial sodium sulphate is usually obtained by crystallization and calcination. Processes for utilizing sodium sulphate that have previously been studied or used are mainly the following methods: electrochemical processes, conversion processes, and reduction processes. At present the first two groups of these three appear more advantageous than the reduction processes, which are technically complex and suffer from the formation of waste gases. The lower energy requirements of the conversion processes offer advantages over electrolytic methods. Only comparative cost estimates for the different processes could help one arrive at a sound evaluation.
Interactions of Alzheimer amyloid‐β peptides with glycosaminoglycans (1999)

Proteoglycans and their constituent glycosaminoglycans are associated with all amyloid deposits and may be involved in the amyloidogenic pathway. In Alzheimer's disease, plaques are composed of the amyloid-beta peptide and are associated with at least four different proteoglycans. Using CD spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and electron microscopy, we examined glycosaminoglycan interaction with the amyloid-beta peptides 1-40 (Abeta40) and 1-42 (Abeta42) to determine the effects on peptide conformation and fibril formation. Monomeric amyloid-beta peptides in trifluoroethanol, when diluted in aqueous buffer, undergo a slow random to amyloidogenic beta sheet transition. In the presence of heparin, heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate or chondroitin sulfates, this transition was accelerated with Abeta42 rapidly adopting a beta-sheet conformation. This was accompanied by the appearance of well-defined amyloid fibrils indicating an enhanced nucleation of Abeta42. Incubation of preformed Abeta42 fibrils with glycosaminoglycans resulted in extensive lateral aggregation and precipitation of the fibrils. The glycosaminoglycans differed in their relative activities with the chondroitin sulfates producing the most pronounced effects. The less amyloidogenic Abeta40 isoform did not show an immediate structural transition that was dependent upon the shielding effect by the phosphate counter ion. Removal or substitution of phosphate resulted in similar glycosaminoglycan-induced conformational and aggregation changes. These findings clearly demonstrate that glycosaminoglycans act at the earliest stage of fibril formation, namely amyloid-beta nucleation, and are not simply involved in the lateral aggregation of preformed fibrils or nonspecific adhesion to plaques. The identification of a structure-activity relationship between amyloid-beta and the different glycosaminoglycans, as well as the condition dependence for glycosaminoglycan binding, are important for the successful development and evaluation of glycosaminoglycan-specific therapeutic interventions.
New module efficiency record: 23.5% under 1-sun illumination using thin-film single-junction GaAs solar cells (2012)

Alta Devices has fabricated a thin-film single-junction GaAs module with an independently confirmed solar energy conversion efficiency of 23.5%, under the global AM1.5 spectrum at one sun intensity. This represents a new record for terrestrial modules under non-concentrated sunlight. Reduced shading, intrinsic electrical interconnect, optimized optical coupling, and high efficiency solar cells all contributed to the unmatched performance of this module. Behind these attributes lies the thin and flexible nature of Alta's solar material, which enables high conversion efficiency at the cell and module levels. Because of its thin-film characteristics, this module technology has the potential to reduce the cost of solar energy generation beyond grid parity. The unique combination of a flexible form factor and high performance in outdoor environments makes this technology extremely competitive for both traditional solar installations as well as a variety of advanced photovoltaic (PV) applications.
Precise Control of Nanopore Size in Thin Film Using Mixtures of Asymmetric Block Copolymer and Homopolymer (2003)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTPrecise Control of Nanopore Size in Thin Film Using Mixtures of Asymmetric Block Copolymer and HomopolymerUnyong Jeong, Du Yeol Ryu, Jin Kon Kim, Dong Ha Kim, Xiadong Wu, and Thomas P. RussellView Author Information Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Institute, Electronic and Computer Engineering Divisions, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research, Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 Cite this: Macromolecules 2003, 36, 26, 10126–10129Publication Date (Web):December 2, 2003Publication History Received11 July 2003Revised19 September 2003Published online2 December 2003Published inissue 1 December 2003https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma034976ihttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma034976ibrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2003 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1487Altmetric-Citations81LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Homopolymers,Nanopores,Nucleic acid structure,Organic compounds,Thin films Get e-Alerts
Infliximab in the Treatment of Crohn's Disease: A User's Guide for Clinicians (2002)

Induction therapy with infliximab is indicated for treatment of signs and symptoms, and induction and maintenance of remission in patients with moderate to severely active inflammatory Crohn's disease with an inadequate response to conventional therapy, and for reduction in the number of draining fistulas in patients with fistulizing Crohn's disease. Emerging indications for infliximab therapy in patients with Crohn's disease include maintenance of fistula improvement (reduction in the number of draining perianal or enterocutaneous fistulas) and complete fistula response (no draining fistulas) in patients with fistulizing Crohn's disease, steroid sparing in steroid-treated patients, early use in hospitalized patients who have not failed conventional medical therapy where there is either a severe clinical presentation or a rapid onset of action is desired, and in a variety of unusual and extra-intestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease. An infliximab dose of 5 mg/kg is recommended initally, but some patients who require maintenance dosing may benefit from increasing the infliximab dose over a range of 5-10 mg/kg. An induction regimen of 3 doses at 0, 2, and 6 weeks is the preferred dosing strategy for inducing remission. The optimal dosing interval for patients who require retreatment appears to be every 8 weeks for most patients. Concomitant immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, or methotrexate may result in improved outcomes due to a reduction in the frequency of human anti-chimeric antibody formation, acute infusion reactions, and a reduced risk of delayed hypersensitivity-like reactions and formation of antinuclear antibodies. Pretreatment with diphenhydramine (and in selected cases of acetaminophen and, rarely, corticosteroids) is recommended in patients with a history of infusion reactions and patients at risk for delayed hypersensitivity-like reactions. Patients with evidence of active infection should not receive infliximab until the infection is adequately treated, and all patients should be screened for tuberculosis prior to initiating infliximab therapy.
Cardiac-Specific Deletion of Gata4 Reveals Its Requirement for Hypertrophy, Compensation, and Myocyte Viability (2006)

The transcription factor GATA4 is a critical regulator of cardiac gene expression where it controls embryonic development, cardiomyocyte differentiation, and stress responsiveness of the adult heart. Traditional deletion of Gata4 caused embryonic lethality associated with endoderm defects and cardiac malformations, precluding an analysis of the role of GATA4 in the adult myocardium. To address the function of GATA4 in the adult heart, Gata4-loxP-targeted mice (Gata4fl/fl) were crossed with mice containing a beta-myosin heavy chain (beta-MHC) or alpha-MHC promoter-driven Cre transgene, which produced viable mice that survived into adulthood despite a 95% and 70% loss of GATA4 protein, respectively. However, cardiac-specific deletion of Gata4 resulted in a progressive and dosage-dependent deterioration in cardiac function and dilation in adulthood. Moreover, pressure overload stimulation induced rapid decompensation and heart failure in cardiac-specific Gata4-deleted mice. More provocatively, Gata4-deleted mice were compromised in their ability to hypertrophy following pressure overload or exercise stimulation. Mechanistically, cardiac-specific deletion of Gata4 increased cardiomyocyte TUNEL at baseline in embryos and adults as they aged, as well as dramatically increased TUNEL following pressure overload stimulation. Examination of gene expression profiles in the heart revealed a number of profound alterations in known GATA4-regulated structural genes as well as genes with apoptotic implications. Thus, GATA4 is a necessary regulator of cardiac gene expression, hypertrophy, stress-compensation, and myocyte viability.
Microfabrication by femtosecond laser irradiation (2000)

Femtosecond (fs) laser microfabrication has been gathering more research interests due to its ability to create micro- and sub-micrometer 3D structures. An extremely high light intensity enables multiphoton absorption in transparent materials, upon which the spatial resolution of fabricated elements is confined to the sizes even smaller than optical diffraction limit. Our report will formulate the principles of the laser microfabrication of such applications. A direct application of single-shot pulse-induced optical damage is a 3D optical memory with a storage density of ca. 100 Gbits/cm<SUP>2</SUP> in silica. Photonic and optoelectronic applications such as optical gratings, 3D inlayed-'atom'- like and 2D cylinder-consisted photonic crystals have been fabricated in silica. Also, photopolymerization of photoresist by a scanning of focal point of laser irradiation solidifies submicrometer rods, which forms photonic lattices when packed into well-defined 3D pattern. Photonic bandgap effects of above-mentioned structures were corroborated by IR Fourier spectroscopy and numerical simulations, by which the success of laser microfabrication was evidenced. Self-focusing of fs-pulses is another possibility of the microstructuring of transparent materials, which is demonstrated in the case of silica. This could find its application in sub-diffraction-limited recording.
Dynamic changes in right ventricular pressures during haemodialysis recorded with an implantable haemodynamic monitor (2005)

The implanted haemodynamic monitor was a sensitive indicator for changes in volume load. Continuous haemodynamic monitoring may offer a valuable tool to improve volume management in dialysis patients with left ventricular dysfunction.
The Receptor‐Binding Region of Human Apolipoprotein E Has Direct Anti‐Infective Activity (2006)

These data suggest that human apoE or fragments containing the receptor-binding domain may contribute to innate immunity to viral infection by direct disruption of viral particles and/or inhibition of viral attachment, thus reducing viral entry.
Mechanics of direct wafer bonding (2005)

Direct wafer bonding is a manufacturing process that is used in the fabrication of electronic, optical and mechanical microsystems. The initial step in the process requires that the wafers are sufficiently smooth, flat and compliant such that short-range surface forces can elastically deform the wafers and bring the surfaces into complete contact. Analytical and computational mechanics models of this adhesion process as well as experiments that validate these models are presented in this work. An energy-based analysis is used to develop the models that allow acceptable limits of wafer-scale flatness variations to be predicted. The analytical models provide basic insight into the process while the finite-element-based model reported provides a method to analyse a broad range of realistic cases, including the bonding of wafers with etch patterns and arbitrary geometries. Experiments, in which patterned silicon wafers with different magnitudes of wafer-scale shape variations were bonded, were performed and the results demonstrate that the proposed models can accurately predict the size and shape of the bonded area based on the wafer geometry, elastic properties and work of adhesion.
Applications of surface acoustic and shallow bulk acoustic wave devices (1989)

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) device coverage includes delay lines and filters operating at selected frequencies in the range from about 10 MHz to 11 GHz; modeling with single-crystal piezoelectrics and layered structures; resonators and low-loss filters; comb filters and multiplexers; antenna duplexers; harmonic devices; chirp filters for pulse compression; coding with fixed and programmable transversal filters; Barker and quadraphase coding; adaptive filters; acoustic and acoustoelectric convolvers and correlators for radar, spread spectrum, and packet radio; acoustooptic processors for Bragg modulation and spectrum analysis; real-time Fourier-transform and cepstrum processors for radar and sonar; compressive receivers; Nyquist filters for microwave digital radio; clock-recovery filters for fiber communications; fixed-, tunable-, and multimode oscillators and frequency synthesizers; acoustic charge transport (ACT); and other SAW devices for signal processing on gallium arsenide. Shallow bulk acoustic wave (SBAW) device applications include gigahertz delay lines, surface-transverse-wave resonators employing energy-trapping gratings and oscillators with enhanced performance and capability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>