gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis E virus (1997)

A novel virus, designated swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV), was identified in pigs. Swine HEV crossreacts with antibody to the human HEV capsid antigen. Swine HEV is a ubiquitous agent and the majority of swine >/=3 months of age in herds from the midwestern United States were seropositive. Young pigs naturally infected by swine HEV were clinically normal but had microscopic evidence of hepatitis, and developed viremia prior to seroconversion. The entire ORFs 2 and 3 were amplified by reverse transcription-PCR from sera of naturally infected pigs. The putative capsid gene (ORF2) of swine HEV shared about 79-80% sequence identity at the nucleotide level and 90-92% identity at the amino acid level with human HEV strains. The small ORF3 of swine HEV had 83-85% nucleotide sequence identity and 77-82% amino acid identity with human HEV strains. Phylogenetic analyses showed that swine HEV is closely related to, but distinct from, human HEV strains. The discovery of swine HEV not only has implications for HEV vaccine development, diagnosis, and biology, but also raises a potential public health concern for zoonosis or xenozoonosis following xenotransplantation with pig organs.
High-performance liquid chromatography of rapamycin (1991)

Journal Article High-performance liquid chromatography of rapamycin Get access Kimberly L Napoli, Kimberly L Napoli Dept. of Surgery, Univ. of Texas Med. School, Houston 77030 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Barry D Kahan Barry D Kahan Dept. of Surgery, Univ. of Texas Med. School, Houston 77030 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clinical Chemistry, Volume 37, Issue 2, 1 February 1991, Pages 294–295, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.2.294 Published: 01 February 1991
Small Molecule Inhibitors of Bacterial Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation (2005)

Bacteria monitor their local population densities using small molecules (or autoinducers) in a process known as quorum sensing. Here, we report a new and efficient synthetic route to naturally occurring bacterial autoinducers [N-acyl l-homoserine lactones (AHLs)] that is readily amenable to the synthesis of analogues. This route has been applied in the first synthesis of a library of non-native AHLs. Evaluation of these compounds in bacterial reporter gene and biofilm assays has revealed a potent set of quorum sensing antagonists. These ligands will serve as valuable new tools to explore the role of quorum sensing in bacterial pathogenesis.
Analogy considered harmful (1982)

The computer is like a typewriter. The computer is like a filing cabinet. The computer is a personal servant ready to obey your every command.
Vickrey Auctions in Practice: From Nineteenth-Century Philately to Twenty-First-Century E-Commerce (2000)

William Vickrey (1961) proposed an auction mechanism in which bidders submit sealed bids, and the highest bidder wins the good in return for payment of the second-highest bid amount. For decades, economists have credited Vickrey with inventing this auction format, and have believed that the Vickrey auction is rarely used in practice. This paper presents evidence that Vickrey auctions have long been the predominant auction format for mail sales of collectible postage stamps. Stamp auctioneers developed this auction format on their own, as early as 1893, even before Vickrey was born.
HOMERE: a multimodal system for visually impaired people to explore virtual environments (2003)

The paper describes the HOMERE system: a multimodal system dedicated to visually impaired people to explore and navigate inside virtual environments. The system addresses three main applications: preparation for the visit of an existing site, training for the use of a blind cane, and ludic exploration of virtual worlds. The HOMERE system provides the user with different sensations when navigating inside a virtual world: a force feedback corresponding to the manipulation of a virtual blind cane, a thermal feedback corresponding to the simulation of a virtual sun, and an auditory feedback in spatialized conditions corresponding to the ambient atmosphere and specific events in the simulation. A visual feedback of the scene is also provided to enable sighted people to follow the navigation of the main user. HOMERE has been tested by several visually impaired people who were all confident about the potential of this prototype.
Physical Effects of Distributed PV Generation on California's Distribution System (2015)

Deployment of high-penetration photovoltaic (PV) power is expected to have a range of effects -- both positive and negative -- on the distribution grid. The magnitude of these effects may vary greatly depending upon feeder topology, climate, PV penetration level, and other factors. In this paper we present a simulation study of eight representative distribution feeders in three California climates at PV penetration levels up to 100\%, supported by a unique database of distributed PV generation data that enables us to capture the impact of PV variability on feeder voltage and voltage regulating equipment. When comparing the influence of feeder location (i.e. climate) versus feeder type on outcomes, we find that location more strongly influences the incidence of reverse power flow, reductions in peak loading and the presence of voltage excursions. On the other hand, we find that feeder characteristics more strongly influence the magnitude of loss reduction and changes in voltage regulator operations. We find that secondary distribution transformer aging is negligibly affected in almost all scenarios.
Gene expression profile and response to trastuzumab–docetaxel-based treatment in breast carcinoma (2009)

Our results suggest that genes not involved in classical cancer pathways such as apoptosis or DNA repair could be involved in responses to a trastuzumab-docetaxel-based regimen. They also describe for the first time a gene expression signature that predicts trastuzumab response.
In Vivo Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (2000)

Interrogation of tissue with light offers the potential for noninvasive chemical measurement, and penetration with near-infrared wavelengths (750-1000 nm) is greater than with visible light. Specific absorption by clinically relevant compounds such as oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin and the intracellular respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase enable in vivo measurement of these to be performed safely and conveniently. This is the basis of in vivo near-infrared spectroscopy (ivNIRS). Multiple scattering of the interrogating beam by tissues leads to an optical path that is considerably longer than the simple physical pathlength and this complicates the analysis. Modeling of photon propagation through tissues with, for example, finite element and Monte Carlo methods, is assisting in improving the ivNIRS methodology. Instrumentation has advanced from simple continuous wave approaches, through time-resolved methods based on either time-domain or frequency-domain approaches, to spatially resolved measurement based on diffuse reflectance. Initial clinical applications were for monitoring the brain in the neonate and fetus and muscle in adults. Currently, use in adults and children for neurological assessments are of growing interest.
Rationally designed PPARδ-specific agonists and their therapeutic potential for metabolic syndrome (2017)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
ATM over satellite for the warfighter (2002)

As a New World order takes shape, one thing is for certain-United States military forces will be involved in armed conflicts in austere locations around the globe with minimal notice. The Joint Chiefs of Staff have recognized this and have called for an increased reliance on information technology at the tactical theater, and strategic levels. Reliance on satellite communications will undoubtedly increase, whether on military owned or commercially leased satellites. It is the author's belief that traditional terrestrial (fiber) based communication schemes such as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) will be fully ported to space vehicles. The ATM provides a means to transport voice, data, imagery, and video at high speeds while maintaining a negotiated quality of service. The paper discusses current commercial and military initiatives that are proving the benefits of ATM over satellite. It describes the challenges of hosting this technology on LEO, MEO, GEO, and hybrid satellite constellations. It analyses the importance of using crosslinks for intersatellite communication and the constraints this may put on transmission quality of service. It argues the issue of whether the military should own such a system outright, or possibly lease transponder space on a commercial platform.
Long PCR-ribotyping of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (1995)

PCR-ribotyping, a new typing method based on long PCR, has been developed for nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Ribosomal operons of NTHi were amplified by long PCR and were found to be highly polymorphic for internal HaeIII sites. The technique was applied to 49 isolates previously subjected to conventional ribotyping, and the two methods showed a high level of concordance for serial isolates from individual subjects. PCR-ribotyping provides a powerful new typing tool for strain characterization in epidemiological investigations of NTHi.
Toward Evidence-Based Medical Statistics. 2: The Bayes Factor (1999)

Bayesian inference is usually presented as a method for determining how scientific belief should be modified by data. Although Bayesian methodology has been one of the most active areas of statistical development in the past 20 years, medical researchers have been reluctant to embrace what they perceive as a subjective approach to data analysis. It is little understood that Bayesian methods have a data-based core, which can be used as a calculus of evidence. This core is the Bayes factor, which in its simplest form is also called a likelihood ratio. The minimum Bayes factor is objective and can be used in lieu of the P value as a measure of the evidential strength. Unlike P values, Bayes factors have a sound theoretical foundation and an interpretation that allows their use in both inference and decision making. Bayes factors show that P values greatly overstate the evidence against the null hypothesis. Most important, Bayes factors require the addition of background knowledge to be transformed into inferences--probabilities that a given conclusion is right or wrong. They make the distinction clear between experimental evidence and inferential conclusions while providing a framework in which to combine prior with current evidence.
Anhydrotetracycline, a novel effector for tetracycline controlled gene expression systems in eukaryotic cells (1993)

Journal Article Anhydrotetracycline, a novel effector for tetracycline controlled gene expression systems in eukaryotic cells Get access Manfred Gossen, Manfred Gossen Zentrum fuür Molekulare Biologie der Uniersitaät HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Hermann Bujard Hermann Bujard * Zentrum fuür Molekulare Biologie der Uniersitaät HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany * To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 21, Issue 18, 11 September 1993, Pages 4411–4412, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/21.18.4411 Published: 11 September 1993 Article history Received: 05 July 1993 Accepted: 05 August 1993 Published: 11 September 1993
Hydroxy-Methylglutaryl–Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibition Promotes Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation Through a Decrease in Caveolin Abundance (2001)

We provide biochemical and functional evidence that atorvastatin promotes NO production by decreasing caveolin-1 expression in ECs, regardless of the level of extracellular LDL-Chol. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in peripheral cells to correct NO-dependent endothelial dysfunction associated with hypercholesterolemia and possibly other diseases.
The changing preference of T and B cells for partners as T‐dependent antibody responses develop (1997)

Recirculating virgin CD4+ T cells spend their life migrating between the T zones of secondary lymphoid tissues where they screen the surface of interdigitating dendritic cells. T-cell priming starts when processed peptides or superantigen associated with class II MHC molecules are recognised. Those primed T cells that remain within the lymphoid tissue move to the outer T zone, where they interact with B cells that have taken up and processed antigen. Cognate interaction between these cells initiates immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch-recombination and proliferation of both B and T cells; much of this growth occurs outside the T zones B cells migrate to follicles, where they form germinal centres, and to extrafollicular sites of B-cell growth, where they differentiate into mainly short-lived plasma cells. T cells do not move to the extrafollicular foci, but to the follicles; there they proliferate and are subsequently involved in the selection of B cells that have mutated their Ig variable-region genes. During primary antibody responses T-cell proliferation in follicles produces many times the peak number of T cells found in that site: a substantial proportion of the CD4+ memory T-cell pool may originate from growth in follicles.
Generation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Gut Mesentery-Derived Cells by Ectopic Expression of OCT4/SOX2/NANOG (2010)

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been generated from human somatic cells by ectopic expression of defined transcription factors. Application of this approach in human cells may have enormous potential to generate patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. However, traditional methods of reprogramming in human somatic cells involve the use of oncogenes c-MYC and KLF4, which are not applicable to clinical translation. In the present study, we investigated whether human fetal gut mesentery-derived cells (hGMDCs) could be successfully reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG alone. We used lentiviruses to express OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, in hGMDCs, then generated iPS cells that were identified by morphology, presence of pluripotency markers, global gene expression profile, DNA methylation status, capacity to form embryoid bodies (EBs), and terotoma formation. iPS cells resulting from hGMDCs were similar to human embryonic stem (ES) cells in morphology, proliferation, surface markers, gene expression, and epigenetic status of pluripotent cell-specific genes. Furthermore, these cells were able to differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers both in vitro and in vivo, as shown by EB and teratoma formation assays. DNA fingerprinting showed that the human iPS cells were derived from the donor cells, and are not a result of contamination. Our results provide proof that hGMDCs can be reprogrammed into pluripotent cells by ectopic expression of three factors (OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG) without the use of oncogenes c-MYC and KLF4.
Functional ionotropic glutamate receptors emerge during terminal cell division and early neuronal differentiation of rat neuroepithelial cells (2000)

Ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate fast forms of excitatory synaptic transmission in mature neurons and may play critical roles in neuronal development. However, the developmental stage at which neuronal cells begin to express functional receptors and their roles in lineage progression remain unclear. In the present study, neural precursor cells were isolated from the cortical neuroepithelium of embryonic day 13 rats, and rapidly expanded in serum-free medium in response to basic fibroblast growth factor. RT-PCR revealed the presence of mRNAs encoding AMPAA, AMPAC, KA1, KA2, NMDA1, and NMDA2D subunits after 3 days in culture. The functional expression of AMPA/kainate and NMDA receptors was investigated using Ca2+ imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques in cells pulse-labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 1–4 hr. The recorded cells were then double-immunostained for BrdU incorporation and neuron-specific β-tubulin (TuJ1). The results show that AMPA/kainate and NMDA induced increases in cytosolic Ca2+ and inward currents only in differentiating neurons. In contrast, proliferating (BrdU+TuJ1-) cells failed to respond to any ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists. Interestingly, Ca2+ imaging revealed that a subpopulation of BrdU+TuJ1+ cells also responded to AMPA, indicating the emergence of functional ionotropic AMPA/kainate receptors during terminal cell division and the earliest commitment to neuronal cell lineage. These in vitro results were supported by flow cytometric sorting of AMPA-responsive cells pulse-labeled with BrdU for 1 hr in vivo, which revealed that functional AMPA receptors appear in BrdU+TuJ1+ cells under physiological conditions and may play a role in terminal cell division. J. Neurosci. Res. 61:652–662, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cationic antimicrobial proteins isolated from human neutrophil granulocytes in the presence of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (1984)

Acid (0.2 M sodium acetate, pH 4.0) extracts of granules recovered from disrupted human polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs) exhibited in vitro antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhimurium. To minimize proteolytic destruction or modification of antimicrobial proteins derived from these granules, we pretreated the PMNs with the serine protease inhibitor diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Fractionation of such extracts by carboxymethyl Sephadex and Sephadex G-75 chromatography resulted in the recovery of at least two antimicrobial, cationic proteins. These proteins differed substantially in antimicrobial activity, amino acid composition, and molecular weight (Mr, 37,000 and 57,000). As we have shown before (Shafer et al., Infect. Immun. 43:834-858), with unfractionated proteins, these two proteins exhibited diminished activity against a polymyxin B-resistant (PBr) mutant of S. typhimurium compared with their activity against the isogenic parental polymyxin B-sensitive (PBs) strain. Expression of the relevant mutation (prmA) in the PBr mutant decreases the electronegativity of lipid A, owing to increased 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinosylation at the 4' phosphate residue (Vaara et al., FEBS Lett. 129:145-149). The data suggest that at least two different cationic proteins account for the antimicrobial capacity of extracts from human PMN granules. Moreover, the availability of anionic charges in the outer membrane of S. typhimurium due to free lipid A phosphates apparently dictates phenotypic levels of resistance to both of the cationic proteins extracted from human PMN granules.
Role of the interdomain linker peptide of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I in its interaction with crystalline cellulose. (1993)

Cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I), the major component of Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic system, is comprised of a catalytic core domain joined to a cellulose binding-domain (CBD) by an extended O-glycosylated interdomain linker peptide. Two internal deletions were introduced to the linker in order to investigate its function particularly in the hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose. Deletion of the first one-third of the linker, including a putative hinge region, reduces the binding capacity of CBH I in high enzyme coverage but does not affect its enzymatic activity on crystalline cellulose. The longer deletion removing practically all of the linker dramatically reduces the rate of crystalline cellulose degradation even though the enzyme still binds to the substrate. We conclude that sufficient spatial separation of the two domains is required for efficient function of CBH I. It is evident that the presence of a functional CBD is increasingly important for CBH I toward higher enzyme to cellulose ratios. Our data suggest that the putative hinge removed by the first deletion facilitates CBD-driven binding and dense packing of the wild type enzyme on the cellulose surface.
Noncycling Tumor Cells Are Sensitive Targets for the Antiproliferative Activity of Human Interferon (1979)

Resting Burkitt's lymphoma cells (Daudi) in culture are more sensitive targets for the antiproliferative activity of purified human fibroblast interferon than cells that are rapidly multiplying. Thus, interferon may be of significant clinical value in neoplasms involving stem cells and, after chemotherapy, in suppressing the reemergence of tumors.
Shaded Computer Graphics in the Entertainment Industry (1978)

The term "shaded computer graphics" refers to computer-generated images in which an intensity is calculated for each of a quarter-million or more resolvabe spots which form a picture. Realistic images of this sort were first synthesized about a decade ago,1,2 and subsequent years have seen considerable research and development. Although these efforts were largely stimulated by the need for visual simulators for training airplane and spacecraft pilots, the resulting techniques and equipment are now available for a broad spectrum of applications.
Transfusion of red blood cells after prolonged storage produces harmful effects that are mediated by iron and inflammation (2010)

Although red blood cell (RBC) transfusions can be lifesaving, they are not without risk. In critically ill patients, RBC transfusions are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, which may increase with prolonged RBC storage before transfusion. The mechanisms responsible remain unknown. We hypothesized that acute clearance of a subset of damaged, stored RBCs delivers large amounts of iron to the monocyte/macrophage system, inducing inflammation. To test this in a well-controlled setting, we used a murine RBC storage and transfusion model to show that the transfusion of stored RBCs, or washed stored RBCs, increases plasma nontransferrin bound iron (NTBI), produces acute tissue iron deposition, and initiates inflammation. In contrast, the transfusion of fresh RBCs, or the infusion of stored RBC-derived supernatant, ghosts, or stroma-free lysate, does not produce these effects. Furthermore, the insult induced by transfusion of stored RBC synergizes with subclinical endotoxinemia producing clinically overt signs and symptoms. The increased plasma NTBI also enhances bacterial growth in vitro. Taken together, these results suggest that, in a mouse model, the cellular component of leukoreduced, stored RBC units contributes to the harmful effects of RBC transfusion that occur after prolonged storage. Nonetheless, these findings must be confirmed by prospective human studies.