gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implications of the Auction Mechanism in Baseball's Free Agent Draft (1980)

All trading activity requires communication between buyers and sellers. But nature of communication depends crucially upon institutional environment within which the market operates. For example, bids and sales acceptances for rare art, gold, used cars, and hamburgers emerge in very different trading environments. We do not submit sealed bids for hamburgers and we typically cannot find a standing fixed price for rare art. But since trading institutions differ, economists are naturally interested in efficiency properties of various mechanisms and in distribution of gains from trade generated in different trading environments. Recently, nature and efficiency consequences of particular auction mechanism for rationing supply to buyers has been studied for such plindustries as eedry bulk transportation on inland waterways [6], off-shore oil tract leasing [4], commercial airlines (resolving overbooking) [7], and others. This paper is a similar inquiry and concentrates upon an industry in which bidding environment for inputs is well articulated and has recently undergone a dramatic change: namely, Major League baseball.
Aldose reductase in the polyol pathway: A potential target for the therapeutic intervention of diabetic complications. (1998)

Aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol. Sorbitol is subsequently converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase. The two enzymes constitute the sorbitol (polyol) pathway, the alternate route of glucose metabolism. The acceleration of this pathway and ensuing metabolic imbalances have been postulated to play a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Using a transgenic animal model expressing human AR, we defined the primary role of this pathway in the development of functional and structural abnormalities elicited by diabetes. The inhibitors for AR would thus become effective therapeutic agents for diabetic complications. As AR is a member of the structurally related, NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase superfamily, other members of this family, coexisting with AR, may interact with the inhibitors to quench their action against AR. With our new immunoassay system, the levels of AR expressed in diabetic patients can be measured directly. The enzyme levels were significantly associated with the presence of complications, indicating that variable levels of AR expressed in diabetic individuals may affect the susceptibility or development of pathological changes associated with diabetes. In this review, recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiological significance of AR are presented that would aid in the effective pharmacological intervention of diabetic complications.
The Relationship between Structure and Activity of Taurolin (1980)

Taurolin [Bis(1,1‐dioxo‐perhydro‐1,2,4 thiadiazinyl‐4)methane] is an antimicrobial compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of taurine with three of formaldehyde. It has been suggested that it releases formaldehyde in contact with bacteria. Evidence from TLC, HPLC and NMR spectroscopy indicates that taurolin is mostly hydrolysed in aqueous solution to release one molecule of formaldehyde and two monomeric molecules (1,1‐dioxo‐perhydro‐1,2,4‐thiadiazine and its carbinolamine derivative). A stable equilibrium is established. Antibacterial activity is not entirely due to adsorption of free formaldehyde but also to reaction with a masked (or latent) formaldehyde, as the activity of taurolin is greater than formaldehyde. The monomer is only slightly active by comparison.
Noise in Mutually Synchronized Oscillators (1968)

The noise output of two mutually synchronized oscillators has been calculated. It is shown how the two oscillators contribute to the noise. The AM noise of the combined output signal turned out to be considerably increased compared to the AM noise of the free-running oscillators. The FM noise can be improved by proper choice of parameters. To check the theory measurements have been carried out which agree satisfactorily with the theoretical results.
Overproduction of glycogen in Escherichia coli blocked in the acetate pathway improves cell growth (1994)

Excessive production of acetate is a problem frequently encountered in aerobic high-cell-density fermentations of Escherichia coli. Here, we have examined genetic alterations resulting in glycogen overproduction as a possible means to direct the flux of carbon away from the acetate pool. Glycogen overaccumulation was achieved either by using a regulatory glgQ mutation or by transforming cells with a plasmid containing the glycogen biosynthesis genes glgC (encoding ADPG pyrophosphorylase) and glgA (encoding glycogen synthase) under their native promoter. Both strategies resulted in an approximately five-fold increase in glycogen levels but had no significant effect on acetate excretion. The glgC and glgA genes were then placed under the control of the isopropyl---D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) inducible tac promoter, and this construct was used to stimulate glycogen production in a mutant defective in acetate biosynthesis due to deletion of the ack (acetate kinase) and pta (phosphotransacetylase) genes. If glycogen overproduction in the ack pta strain was induced during the late log phase, biomass production increased by 15 to 20% relative to uninduced controls. Glycogen overaccumulation had a significant influence on carbon partitioning: The output of carbon dioxide peaked earlier than in the control strain, and the levels of an unusual fermentation byproduct, pyruvate, were reduced. Exogenous pyruvate was metabolized more rapidly, suggesting higher activity of gluconeogenesis or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as a result of glycogen overproduction. Potential mechanisms of the observed metabolic alterations are discussed. Our results suggest that ack pta mutants over producing glycogen may be a suitable starting point for constructing E. coli strains with improved characteristics in high-cell-density fermentations.
Inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity by brequinar sodium. (1992)

The novel anticancer drug candidate brequinar sodium (DuP 785, NSC 368390, 6-fluoro-2-(2'-fluoro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-4-quinoline- carboxylic acid sodium salt) was shown previously to be an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. Brequinar sodium inhibits the activity of this enzyme isolated from mammalian sources only but not those forms isolated from yeast or bacteria, which also use ubiquinone as the cofactor. Brequinar sodium also does not inhibit the activity of a soluble Zymobacterium oroticum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase which uses NAD+ as a cofactor. Brequinar sodium inhibits L1210 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase with mixed inhibition kinetics with respect to either the substrate (dihydroorotate) or the cofactor (ubiquinone Q6) with Ki' values in the 5-8 nM range. Our results suggest that brequinar sodium inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by binding to the enzyme at a unique site that is distinct from the dihydroorotate or the ubiquinone-binding site. This binding site appears to be unique to the mammalian enzyme, because brequinar sodium does not inhibit the yeast, Escherichia coli, or Z. oroticum forms of the enzyme.
Multiple genetic mechanisms have contributed to the generation of the HLA-A2/A28 family of class I MHC molecules. (1987)

The genetic events that produce diversity in class I MHC genes and proteins has been investigated by using a family of closely related HLA-A alleles. Five genes coding for HLA-A2.2Y, HLA-A2.3, and HLA-Aw68.2 have been isolated. Exon sequences are compared with the known sequences for HLA-A2.1, HLA-A2.2F, HLA-A2.4, HLA-Aw68.1, and HLA-Aw69. Pairwise comparison of the eight unique sequences shows that point mutation, reciprocal recombination, and gene conversion have all contributed significantly to the diversification of this family of alleles. These results are compared with those of other studies that have emphasized the role of gene conversion. A predominance of coding substitutions in the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains is found, consistent with positive selection for polymorphism being a major factor in the fixation of these alleles. In the three cases examined, genes for phenotypically identical proteins gave identical nucleotide sequences, indicating that most, if not all, of the class I polymorphism is detectable by immunological methods. The apparent stability of the sequences suggests that the events generating some of the alleles occurred before the origin of modern Homo sapiens.
Strategic Biorefinery Analysis: Analysis of Biorefineries (2005)

Subcontract report prepared by Dartmouth College that identifies and discusses the advantages of producing ethanol in a biomass refinery as compared to a single-product facility.
Continuous blood gas monitoring in haemodialysis using an electrode inserted in the extracorporeal dialysis circulation (1993)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of continuous gas monitoring during haemodialysis using an oxygen- and carbon dioxide-sensitive electrode inserted in the 'arterial' line from the arteriovenous fistula. We investigated 15 patients with chronic renal failure, treated with regular bicarbonate haemodialysis. The PO2 and PCO2 were measured by the new method and compared to conventional blood gas analysis of the 'arterial' blood from the dialysis circulation. We found the in situ gas sensors were stable and there was no systematic difference between gas tensions measured by in situ and conventional blood gas measurements. The standard deviations of the difference between paired measurements for PO2 and PCO2 were 1.3 and 0.4 kPa, respectively. Therefore, the method can be used to detect major changes in blood gas tensions during haemodialysis.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α–Induced Protein 3 As a Putative Regulator of Nuclear Factor-κB–Mediated Resistance to O6-Alkylating Agents in Human Glioblastomas (2005)

Our results offer strong evidence for TNFAIP3 as a key regulator of the cytoplasmic signaling to activate NF-kappaB en route to O6-alkylating agent resistance in glioblastoma cells. This pathway may be an attractive target for therapeutic modulation of glioblastomas.
Induction of the primary dorsalizing center in Xenopus by the Wnt/GSK/β-catenin signaling pathway, but not by Vg1, Activin or Noggin (1997)

The molecular nature of the primary dorsalizing inducing event in Xenopus is controversial and several secreted factors have been proposed as potential candidates: Wnts, Vg1, Activin and Noggin. Recent studies, however, have provided new insight into the activity of the dorsalizing region, called the Nieuwkoop Center. (1) The activity of this dorsalizing center involves an entire signal transduction pathway that requires maternal beta-catenin (Heasman, J., Crawford, A., Goldstone, K., Garner-Hamrick, P., Gumbiner, B., McCrea, P., Kintner, C., Noro, C. Y. and Wylie, C. (1994) Cell 79, 791-803). (2) A transcription factor with potent dorsalizing activity, Siamois, is expressed within the Nieuwkoop Center (Lemaire, P., Garrett, N. and Gurdon, J. B. (1995) Cell 81, 85-94). We have used these two properties of the Nieuwkoop Center to evaluate the dorsalizing activity of the four secreted factors Wnt8, Vg1, Activin and Noggin. The requirement for beta-catenin was tested by coexpressing a cadherin, which sequesters beta-catenin at the cell membrane and specifically blocks its intracellular signaling activity (Fagotto, F., Funayama, N., Gluck, U. and Gumbiner, B. M. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 132, 1105-1114). Induction of Siamois expression was detected by RT-PCR. Of the four growth factors, only Wnt was sensitive to inhibition of beta-catenin activity and only Wnt could induce Siamois expression. Therefore, Wnt is able to induce a bonafide Nieuwkoop Center, while Vg1, Activin and Noggin probably induce dorsal structures by a different mechanism. To order the steps in the Nieuwkoop Center signaling cascade, we have tested the relationship between beta-catenin and GSK, a serine-threonine kinase that has been implicated in axis formation in a step downstream of Wnt. We found that GSK acts upstream of beta-catenin, similar to the order of these components in the Wingless pathway in Drosophila. We have also examined the relationship between the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and Siamois. We show that beta-catenin induces expression of Siamois and that the free signaling pool of beta-catenin is required for normal expression of endogenous Siamois. We conclude that the sequence of steps in the signaling pathway is Wnt-->GSK-->beta-catenin-->Siamois.
Synthesis and Characterization of Germanium, Tin, Phosphorus, Iron, and Rhodium Complexes of Tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole, and the Utilization of the Iron and Rhodium Corroles as Cyclopropanation Catalysts (2001)

The germanium(IV), tin(IV). and phosphorus(v) complexes of tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole were prepared and investigated by electrochemistry for elucidation of the electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gap of the corrole and the spectroscopic characteristics of the corrole pi radical cation. This information was found to be highly valuable for assigning the oxidation states in the various iron corroles that were prepared. Two iron corroles and the rhodium(I) complex of an N-substituted corrole were fully characterized by X-ray crystallography and all the transition metal corroles were examined as cyclopropanation catalysts. All iron (except the NO-ligated) and rhodium corroles are excellent catalysts for cyclopropanation of styrene, with the latter displaying superior selectivities. An investigation of the effect of the oxidation state of the metal and its ligands leads to the conclusion that for iron corroles the catalytically active form is iron(III), while all accesible oxidation states of rhodium are active.
The Role of B7 Costimulation in CD4/CD8 T Cell Homeostasis (2000)

The effect of B7-mediated costimulation on T cell homeostasis was examined in studies of B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) transgenic as well as B7-deficient mice. B7 overexpression in transgenic mice resulted in marked polyclonal peripheral T cell hyperplasia accompanied by skewing toward an increased proportion of CD8 single-positive cells and a decreased proportion of CD4 single-positive cells in thymus and more markedly in peripheral T cells. B7-induced T cell expansion was dependent on both CD28 and TCR expression. Transgenic overexpression of B7-1 or B7-2 resulted in down-regulation of cell surface CD28 on thymocytes and peripheral T cells through a mechanism mediated by intercellular interaction. Mice deficient in B7-1 and B7-2 exhibited changes that were the reciprocal of those observed in B7-overexpressing transgenics: a marked increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio in peripheral T cells and an increase in cell surface CD28 in thymus and peripheral T cells. These reciprocal effects of genetically engineered increase or decrease in B7 expression indicate that B7 costimulation plays a physiological role in the regulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell homeostasis.
Low-rank adaptive filters (1996)

We introduce a class of adaptive filters based on sequential adaptive eigendecomposition (subspace tracking) of the data covariance matrix. These new algorithms are completely rank revealing, and hence, they can perfectly handle the following two relevant data cases where conventional recursive least squares (RLS) methods fail to provide satisfactory results: (1) highly oversampled "smooth" data with rank deficient of almost rank deficient covariance matrix and (2) noise-corrupted data where a signal must be separated effectively from superimposed noise. This paper contradicts the widely held belief that rank revealing algorithms must be computationally more demanding than conventional recursive least squares. A spatial RLS adaptive filter has a complexity of O(N/sup 2/) operations per time step, where N is the filter order. The corresponding low-rank adaptive filter requires only O(Nr) operations per time step, where r/spl les/N denotes the rank of the data covariance matrix. Thus, low-rank adaptive filters can be computationally less (or even much less) demanding, depending on the order/rank ratio N/r or the compressibility of the signal. Simulation results substantiate our claims. This paper is devoted to the theory and application of fast orthogonal iteration and bi-iteration subspace tracking algorithms.
Human P450PCN1: Sequence, Chromosome Localization, and Direct Evidence through cDNA Expression That P450PCN1 Is Nifedipine Oxidase (1988)

P450PCN protein levels and nifedipine oxidase activities were quantitated in 12 human livers and were shown to be highly correlated. Antibody against rat P450PCN1 completely inhibited all nifedipine oxidase activity in three human liver samples. These results suggest that a human P450 related to rat P450PCN1 is the major form of P450 catalyzing nifedipine oxidation. The cDNA for a human P450, designated phPCN1, was isolated from a human liver lambda gt11 cDNA library, and sequenced completely. The deduced amino acid sequence is 77% similar to rat P450PCN1. By use of the adenovirus- and SV40-based expression vecotr p91023(B), the phP450PCN1 cDNA was expressed in COS cells and had high nifedipine oxidase activity, providing conclusive evidence that this P450 is the primary enzyme associated with metabolism and inactivation of this important drug. Using somatic cell hybrids, the P450PCN gene was localized to human chromosome 7.
Nonlinear Mixing in Optical Multicarrier Systems (2016)

Although optical fiber has a vast spectral bandwidth, efficient use of this bandwidth is still important in order to meet the ever increased capacity demand of optical networks. In addition to wavelength division multiplexing, it is possible to partition multiple low-rate subcarriers into each high speed wavelength channel. Multicarrier systems not only ensure efficient use of optical and electrical components, but also tolerate transmission impairments. The purpose of this research is to understand the impact of mixing among subcarriers in Radio-Over-Fiber (RoF) and high speed optical transmission systems, and experimentally demonstrate techniques to minimize this impact. We also analyze impact of clipping and quantization on multicarrier signals and compare bandwidth efficiency of two popular multiplexing techniques, namely, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and Nyquist modulation. For an OFDM-RoF system, we present a novel technique that minimizes the RF domain signal-signal beat interference (SSBI), relaxes the phase noise limit on the RF carrier, realizes the full potential of optical heterodyne-based RF carrier generation, and increases the performance-to-cost ratio of RoF systems. We demonstrate a RoF network that shares the same RF carrier for both downlink and uplink, avoiding the need of an additional RF oscillator in the customer unit. For multi-carrier optical transmission, we first experimentally compare performance degradations of coherent optical OFDM and single-carrier Nyquist pulse modulated systems in a nonlinear environment. We then experimentally evaluate SSBI compensation techniques in the presence of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) induced nonlinearities for a multicarrier optical system with direct detection. We show that SSBI contamination can be significantly reduced from the data signal when the carrier-to-signal power ratio is sufficiently low.
Topic Detection and Extraction in Chat (2008)

Internet-based Chat environments such as Internet relay Chat and instant messaging pose a challenge for data mining and information retrieval systems due to the multi-threaded, overlapping nature of the dialog and the nonstandard usage of language. In this paper we present preliminary methods of topic detection and topic thread extraction that augment a typical TF-IDF-based vector space model approach with temporal relationship information between posts of the Chat dialog combined with WordNet hypernym augmentation. We show results that promise better performance than using only a TF-IDF bag-of-words vector space model.
Observations From Intraatrial Recordings on the Termination of Electrically Induced Atrial Fibrillation in Humans (1994)

Atrial fibrillation usually terminates directly to sinus rhythm and does so abruptly and without forewarning. While we and others have previously reported that the rate of atrial fibrillation decreases with procainamide infusion, a decrease in the rate of atrial fibrillation is not required for the rhythm to terminate and consequently may not be a part of the termination process at all. Coherence does not demonstrate a progressive increase in the organization of atrial fibrillation prior to termination. Lack of stabilization in the direction of activation of wavefronts in the final few seconds also fails to support fusion of wavefronts as the mechanism of termination of atrial fibrillation. Simultaneous block of all wavelets is consistent with, but not proven by, our observations.
Rescue and serotypic characterization of noncultivable human rotavirus by gene reassortment (1982)

Thirty-three of 50 noncultivable human rotavirus strains from a variety of locations were successfully rescued by gene reassortment. The serotype of each of the 33 strains was investigated by a qualitative cytopathic effect neutralization assay. Nineteen strains resembled the previously characterized human rotavirus serotype Wa, whereas three strains were serologically related to the DS-1 strain. Eleven strains appeared to be serotypically distinct from the Wa and DS-1 strains and thus apparently represent one or more new human rotavirus serotypes.
SAFETY AND ANTIGENICITY OF TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE (TS) MUTANT RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN (1973)

In attempts to stimulate local respiratory tract immunity to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a temperature-sensitive mutant of RSV strain A2 (ts-1 mutant) was administered to 32 infants and children. Evidence of infection was demonstrated in all and no illness accompanied infection in children who had prior experience with RSV. Mild rhinitis occurred in seven infants without prior RSV experience and otitis occurred in one of these individuals. Also, genetically altered virus was recovered from some children but this type of virus represented less than 0.1% of virus recovered from the respiratory tract. An ideal RSV mutant would infect without undergoing such reversion or other genetic change and without producing clinical findings such as otitis which would not be acceptable for a vaccine designed for widespread use.
Inhibitors of Glycosphingolipid Biosynthesis. (1995)

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are ubiquitous components of eukaryotic cell surfaces and contribute to the glycocalyx, along with other cell surface glycoconjugates. They play a role in recognition events and are exploited as receptors by a number of infectious disease agents. Their expression changes with cell transformation and if they are incompletely catabolised pathology results, leading to the GSL lysosomal storage diseases. However, the role(s) played by the majority of GSL species remain obscure. One approach for probing their functions is to study the effects of GSL depletion using specific inhibitors of GSL biosynthesis. Two structurally distinct classes of GSL biosynthesis inhibitors have been characterised to date, ceramide analogues and N-alkylated imino sugars. Both types of compound inhibit the first step in GSL biosynthesis, namely the glucosyltransferase catalysed synthesis of glucosylceramide. This results in the failure to synthesise all glucosylceramide derived GSL species. GSL depletion using these inhibitors is well tolerated in vitro and in vivo and they offer a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of the glycosphingolipid storage diseases, and are invaluable reagents for studying GSL functions.