gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monocular Video Foreground/Background Segmentation by Tracking Spatial-Color Gaussian Mixture Models (2007)

This paper presents a new approach to segmenting monocular videos captured by static or hand-held cameras filming large moving non-rigid foreground objects. The foreground and background objects are modeled using spatialcolor Gaussian mixture models (SCGMM), and segmented using the graph cut algorithm, which minimizes a Markov random field energy function containing the SCGMM models. In view of the existence of a modeling gap between the available SCGMMs and segmentation task of a new frame, one major contribution of our paper is the introduction of a novel foreground/background SCGMM joint tracking algorithm to bridge this space, which greatly improves the segmentation performance in case of complex or rapid motion. Specifically, we propose to combine the two SCGMMs into a generative model of the whole image, and maximize the joint data likelihood using a constrained Expectation- Maximization (EM) algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated on a variety of sequences.
Laboratory investigation of the catalytic reduction technique for measurement of atmospheric NOy (1997)

We report laboratory studies of the detection scheme employed for in situ measurement of NO y in the atmosphere. In this technique, an air stream is passed over a hot metal (usually 24 karat (k) Au) catalyst in the presence of a reducing agent (usually CO), which converts the NO x compounds to NO x Using the NO y species NO, NO 2 , HNO 3 , and isopropyl nitrate and the potential interferences HCN, CH 3 CN, NH 3 , and N 2 O, we investigated: (1) conversion efficiencies as a function of pressure and catalyst temperature; (2) conversion efficiencies as a function of reducing‐agent concentration with both H 2 and CO; (3) the effect of humidity and O 3 on conversion efficiency; (4) loss of NO in the catalyst; and (5) the efficacy and suitability as catalytic converters (or inlets) of several metals (24 k Au, 18k Au, Au with 1% Co, Ag, Pt, stainless steel) and quartz. The most significant results are the discovery of a gas‐phase process that contributes to the conversion of HNO 3 to NO and the identification of conditions under which HCN, CH 3 CN, and NH 3 are converted to NO with high efficiency. We discuss the implications of these results for in situ measurement of atmospheric NO y .
A Comparison of High-Dose and Standard-Dose Epinephrine in Children with Cardiac Arrest (2004)

We did not find any benefit of high-dose epinephrine rescue therapy for in-hospital cardiac arrest in children after failure of an initial standard dose of epinephrine. The data suggest that high-dose therapy may be worse than standard-dose therapy.
Interdependence of the radioprotective effects of human recombinant interleukin 1 alpha , tumor necrosis factor alpha , granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and murine recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. (1988)

Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are molecularly distinct cytokines acting on separate receptors. The release of these cytokines can be concomitantly induced by the same signal and from the same cellular source, suggesting that they may cooperate. Administered alone, human recombinant (hr)IL-1 alpha and hrTNF alpha protect lethally irradiated mice from death, whereas murine recombinant GM-CSF and hrG-CSF do not confer similar protection. On a dose basis, IL-1 alpha is a more efficient radioprotector than TNF alpha. At optimal doses, IL-1 alpha is a more radioprotective cytokine than TNF alpha in C57BL/6 and B6D2F1 mice and less effective than TNF alpha in C3H/HeN mice, suggesting that the relative effectiveness of TNF alpha and IL-1 alpha depends on the genetic makeup of the host. Administration of the two cytokines in combination results in additive radioprotection in all three strains. This suggests that the two cytokines act through different radioprotective pathways and argues against their apparent redundancy. Suboptimal, nonradioprotective doses of IL-1 alpha also synergize with GM-CSF or G-CSF to confer optimal radioprotection, suggesting that such an interaction may be necessary for radioprotection of hemopoietic progenitor cells.
The Lessons of Lucasfilm's Habitat (1970)

Habitat is a "multi-player online virtual environment", created by Lucasfilm Games, a division of LucasArts Entertainment Company, in association with Quantum Computer Services, Inc. It was arguably one of the first attempts to create a very large scale commercial multi-user virtual environment in 1985. The system we developed could support a population of thousands of users in a single shared cyberspace. Habitat presented its users with a real-time animated view into an online simulated world in which users could communicate, play games, go on adventures, fall in love, get married, get divorced, start businesses, found religions, wage wars, protest against them, and experiment with self-government. Our experiences developing the Habitat system, and managing the virtual world that resulted, offer a number of interesting and important lessons for prospective cyberspace architects. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of these lessons. We hoped that the next generation of builders of virtual worlds can benefit from our experiences and (especially) from our mistakes.
Thermal capacitance matching in 3D many-core architectures (2011)

While 3D stacked multi-processor technology offers the potential for significant computing advantages, these architectures also face with the significant challenge of small, localized hotspots with very large power dissipation due to the placement of asymmetric cores, heterogeneous devices and performance driven layouts. In this paper, a new thermal management solution is proposed that seeks to maximize the performance of microprocessors with dynamically managed power profiles. To mitigate the non-uniformities in chip temperature profiles resulting from the dynamic power maps, phase change materials (PCMs) with an embedded heat spreader network are strategically positioned near localized hotspots, resulting in a large increase in the local thermal capacitance in these problematic areas. We show that this results in an up-to-twenty-fold increase in the time that a thermally constrained core can operate before a power gating or core migration event is required.
Discovery of Potent Heterodimeric Antagonists of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) with Sustained Antitumor Activity (2015)

The prominent role of IAPs in controlling cell death and their overexpression in a variety of cancers has prompted the development of IAP antagonists as potential antitumor therapies. We describe the identification of a series of heterodimeric antagonists with highly potent antiproliferative activities in cIAP- and XIAP-dependent cell lines. Compounds 15 and 17 further demonstrate curative efficacy in human melanoma and lung cancer xenograft models and are promising candidates for advanced studies.
The human beta 2-microglobulin gene. Primary structure and definition of the transcriptional unit. (1987)

The human genomic clone pb2m13 contains a functional beta 2-microglobulin (B2m) gene, which upon transfection is readily expressed in murine fibroblasts. Here we report the nucleotide sequence of the human beta 2m gene and of a nearly full length cDNA clone. A comparison with the murine beta 2m gene reveals that exon/intron boundaries are absolutely conserved. In the protein-coding regions the similarity is 70%. As far as intron sequences of the murine beta 2m gene are available, no significant similarity between human and murine genes is observed. The transcriptional start site of the human beta 2m gene was determined by S1 mapping, and comparison with the nearly full length cDNA clone now defines the transcriptional unit of the beta 2m gene. In the 5' region of the gene strong clustering of the usually underrepresented CpG dinucleotide is found resembling a similar overrepresentation in the 5' regions of the major histocompatibility complex class I genes.
Characteristics of immunity induced by viral antigen or conferred by antibody via different administration routes (2002)

The characteristics of the immunity induced by viral antigens or conferred by antiviral antibody via different routes of administration were evaluated comparatively. C57BL/6 mice were immunized via intranasal, intradermal or enteric routes with a live recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F glycoprotein (F.rVV) or RSV, and then challenged intranasally with RSV. Inhibition of RSV replication was observed in the lungs of all the mice; however, only intranasal immunization hindered virus replication in the nose. Lung inflammation, characterized by infiltration of neutrophils and of mononuclear cells was strongest in the intradermally immunized mice, but was observed in all F.rVV immunized mice to various degrees. Intranasal administration of a potently neutralizing human anti-RSV antibody Fab fragment to infected mice inhibited RSV replication in the nose and, when combined with intraperitoneal administration, protected both the lung and the nose in the absence of deleterious lung pathology. These data suggest that intranasal immunization with F.rVV reduces RSV replication in the respiratory tract, but still induces pathological lung inflammation, even though this is milder than that observed following intradermal immunization. Local neutralizing antibody is indispensable for protection in the nose.
Kistrin, a polypeptide platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, enhances and sustains coronary arterial thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in a canine preparation. (1991)

Kistrin increases the rate and extent of thrombolysis with a reduced dose of rt-PA, and it prevents reocclusion. At an effective dose, it is associated with a transient prolongation of the bleeding time and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Kistrin may offer promise as adjunctive treatment to thrombolytic agents in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Restoration of bone defect and enhancement of bone ingrowth using partially demineralized bone matrix and marrow stromal cells (2005)

This study aimed to investigate the capability of combining marrow stromal cells (MSC) and partially demineralized bone matrix (PDBM) to fill bone defect and enhance bone ingrowth using a canine non-weight-bearing gap model. Custom-made implants with 3 mm gap between the porous surface and the host bone were used. The implants were inserted into the distal femurs of 25 mongrel dogs and the gaps were randomly assigned to be filled with culture-expanded autologous MSC-loaded PDBM, autograft, fresh-frozen allograft, PDBM alone, or nothing as controls. Histomorphometry using backscattered scanning electron microscopic examination, and mechanical push-out test were performed at 6 months after surgery. Histomorphometry showed that amounts of bone regeneration in the gap and bone ingrowth into the porous-coated surface in the MSC-loaded PDBM-treated group were comparable to those of autograft-treated group and were significantly greater than those of allograft-treated, PDBM-treated, or non-grafted groups. Mechanical test showed the same differences. The results of this study showed that combining PDBM and autologous culture-expanded MSC restored bone stock and enhanced bone ingrowth into the porous-coated area in a canine non-weight-bearing gap model. This combination may provide an option for reconstructing bone defect when we perform a cementless revision arthroplasty.
Localizing and Quantifying Ablation Lesions in the Left Ventricle by Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography (2004)

MCE accurately localized and quantified radiofrequency ablation lesions in the normal left ventricle. This new application of MCE may advance ablation for managing ventricular arrhythmias that involve intramural or epicardial regions by providing instantaneous anatomic feedback on the effects of ablation during catheterization.
Infectious Causes of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer (1998)

Powerful diagnostic technology, plus the realization that organisms of otherwise unimpressive virulence can produce slowly progressive chronic disease with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and disease outcomes, has resulted in the discovery of new infectious agents and new concepts of infectious diseases. The demonstration that final outcome of infection is as much determined by the genetic background of the patient as by the genetic makeup of the infecting agent is indicating that a number of chronic diseases of unknown etiology are caused by one or more infectious agents. One well-known example is the discovery that stomach ulcers are due to Helicobacter pylori. Mycoplasmas may cause chronic lung disease in newborns and chronic asthma in adults, and Chlamydia pneumoniae, a recently identified common cause of acute respiratory infection, has been associated with atherosclerosis. A number of infectious agents that cause or contribute to neoplastic diseases in humans have been documented in the past 6 years. The association and causal role of infectious agents in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer have major implications for public health, treatment, and prevention.
Rottlerin stimulates apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through interactions with proteins of the Bcl-2 family (2009)

Rottlerin is a polyphenolic compound derived from Mallotus philipinensis . In the present study, we show that rottlerin decreased tumor size and stimulated apoptosis in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer with no effect on normal tissues in vivo. Rottlerin also induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer (PaCa) cell lines by interacting with mitochondria and stimulating cytochrome c release. Immunoprecipitation results indicated that rottlerin disrupts complexes of prosurvival Bcl-xL with Bim and Puma. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown showed that Bim and Puma are necessary for rottlerin to stimulate apoptosis. We also showed that rottlerin and Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL inhibitor BH3I-2′ stimulate apoptosis through a common mechanism. They both directly interact with mitochondria, causing increased cytochrome c release and mitochondrial depolarization, and both decrease sequestration of BH3-only proteins by Bcl-xL. However, the effects of rottlerin and BH3I-2′ on the complex formation between Bcl-xL and BH3-only proteins are different. BH3I-2′ disrupts complexes of Bcl-xL with Bad but not with Bim or Puma, whereas rottlerin had no effect on the Bcl-xL interaction with Bad. Also BH3I-2′, but not rottlerin, required Bad to stimulate apoptosis. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that rottlerin has a potent proapoptotic and antitumor activity in pancreatic cancer, which is mediated by disrupting the interaction between prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins and proapoptotic BH3-only proteins. Thus rottlerin represents a promising novel agent for pancreatic cancer treatment.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Left Halves of Halichondrins (2017)

A stereocontrolled synthesis of the left halves of halichondrins was reported. An intramolecular oxy-Michael reaction under basic conditions was used to construct the [6,6]-spiroketal in a stereocontrolled manner. With this approach, the left halves of halichondrins, homohalichondrins, and norhalichondrins were synthesized.
Ultralow-k Dielectrics Made by Supercritical Foaming of Thin Polymer Films (2002)

Ultralow dielectric constants have been achieved for thin porous films of high-Tg polymers. Rapid solid-state polymer expansion applying supercritical carbon dioxide was used to create nanosized cavities in thin films of aromatic polyimides (see Figure). Foamed films with spherical voids less than 10 nm in size as well as multilayered microstructures with interlayer distances of less than 20 nm were made with k values as low as 1.77.
Metformin and Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes (2003)

ur objective was to evaluate the diagnostic proficiency of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-III definitions (1,2) for the metabolic syndrome in a Mexican nationwide, population-based survey. Details of the sampling procedures have been previously described (3). The population was composed of 2,158 men and women aged 20 -69 years sampled after a 9-to 12-h fasting period. For the WHO criteria, insulin resistance was diagnosed if a nondiabetic case had fasting insulin concentrations 126 pmol/l (21 U/ml) (75th percentile in Mexican adults). The ageadjusted prevalence was 13.61% for the WHO criteria (n 268) and 26.6% for the NCEP-III definition (n 574). After excluding patients with diabetes, the prevalence was 9.2 and 21.4%, respectively. The agreement between the definitions was assessed in 1,969 subjects; 189 cases were eliminated due to the lack of a urine sample.
Characterization of Two DNA Double-stranded Break Repair-deficient Cell Lines That Express Inactive DNA-dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunits (1997)

The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a trimeric enzyme consisting of a 460-kDa catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and a heterodimeric regulatory complex called Ku, which is comprised of 70 (Ku70) and 86 (Ku80) kDa subunits. Mutations that affect the expression of the catalytic or Ku80 subunits of DNA-PK disrupt both V(D)J recombination and DNA double-stranded break repair pathways. In this report, we show that two previously uncharacterized rodent cell lines that are defective in DNA double-stranded break repair express catalytically inactive DNA-PK. The DNA-PKcs from the DNA double-stranded break repair mutant cell lines IRS-20 and SX-9 assembles on double-stranded DNA but fails to function as a protein kinase. In addition to the kinase defect, the abundance of the DNA-PKcs from both of these cell lines is reduced relative to wild-type controls. These results suggest that the DNA-PKcs gene from each of these cell lines contains mutations that inactivate the enzymatic activity and the expression or stability of the gene product. These data further strengthen the hypothesis that DNA-PK-mediated protein phosphorylation is a necessary component of the DNA double-stranded break repair pathway.
Circulating flows inside a drop under time-periodic nonuniform electric fields (2000)

The circulating flows formed inside a spherical drop under time-periodic nonuniform electric fields are considered. For simplicity, it is assumed that there are axisymmetric electric fields and that the flow fields are in the Stokes flow regime. An analytical solution of the streamfunction distribution inside and outside the drop is obtained. The flow field is found to be dependent on the frequency of the time-periodic electric field and the ratios of the material properties such as the viscosity, the electrical conductivity, and the electrical permittivity. As part of the solution, an analytical expression of the dielectrophoretic migration velocity of a drop under a time-periodic electric field is also obtained. The result shows an interesting physics—that dielectrophoretic migration is possible in a time-periodic electric field even in the situation where dielectrophoresis would be impossible in a static electric field. By using the analytical solution of the streamfunction, fluid mixing inside a drop is analyzed based on the Poincaré maps. The mass transfer enhancement factor due to fluid mixing has also been computed by solving the unsteady mass transfer equation numerically. The existence of an optimal frequency has been confirmed as in other mass transfer enhancement processes by time-periodic forcing.
Cannabinoids Promote Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Survival: Involvement of Cannabinoid Receptors and Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase/Akt Signaling (2002)

Cannabinoids exert pleiotropic actions in the CNS, including the inhibition of inflammatory responses and the enhancement of neuronal survival after injury. Although cannabinoid receptors are distributed widely in brain, their presence has not been investigated previously in oligodendrocytes. This study examined the expression of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors in rat oligodendrocytes in vivo and in culture and explored their biological function. Expression of CB1 receptors by oligodendrocytes was demonstrated immunocytochemically in postnatal and in adult white matter as well as in oligodendrocyte cultures. Reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting further confirmed the presence of CB1 receptors. Oligodendrocyte progenitors undergo apoptosis with the withdrawal of trophic support, as determined by TUNEL assay and caspase-3 activation, and both the selective CB1 agonist arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide/(all Z)-N-(2-cycloethyl)-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenamide (ACEA) and the nonselective cannabinoid agonists HU210 and (+)-Win-55212-2 enhanced cell survival. To investigate intracellular signaling involved in cannabinoid protection, we focused on the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. HU210, (+)-Win-55212-2, and ACEA elicited a time-dependent phosphorylation of Akt. Pertussis toxin abolished Akt activation, indicating the involvement of G(i)/G(o)-protein-coupled receptors. The CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A partially inhibited Akt phosphorylation in response to HU210 and (+)-Win-55212-2 and abolished the effects of ACEA. Trophic support deprivation downregulated Akt activity, and cannabinoids recovered phospho-Akt levels. Inhibition of PI3K abrogated the survival action and the recovery of Akt activity in response to cannabinoids. SR141716A prevented only the protection conferred by ACEA. Nevertheless, SR141716A and the selective CB2 receptor antagonist SR144528 in combination inhibited the prosurvival action of HU210, which is in accordance with the finding of CB2 receptor expression by oligodendroglial cells. These data identify oligodendrocytes as potential targets of cannabinoid action in the CNS.
Screening for lung cancer: The Mayo lung project revisited (1993)

A trial of the magnitude, duration, and contamination of the MLP would have a less than 20% probability of showing significant benefit from screening; however, long-term annual screening might result in a modest decrease in lung cancer mortality, ranging from 0% to 13%. A greater benefit would accrue from improved detection and treatment.
Diamino-Antraquinone: A New Intercalating Agent. Synthesis and Linking to Oligodeoxynucleotide (1995)

Abstract Phosphoramidite derivative of 1,4-diamino antraquinone was synthesized, characterized, and incorporated into oligonucleotides. Intercalative interaction between the dye and the nucleic acid was confirmed by CD spectroscopy.
Multiple Factors Influence Glomerular Albumin Permeability in Rats (2012)

Different laboratories recently reported incongruous results describing the quantification of albumin filtration using two-photon microscopy. We investigated the factors that influence the glomerular sieving coefficient for albumin (GSC(A)) in an effort to explain these discordant reports and to develop standard operating procedures for determining GSC(A). Multiple factors influenced GSC(A), including the kidney depth of image acquisition (10-20 μm was appropriate), the selection of fluorophore (probes emitting longer wavelengths were superior), the selection of plasma regions for fluorescence measurements, the size and molecular dispersion characteristics of dextran polymers if used, dietary status, and the genetic strain of rat. Fasting reduced the GSC(A) in Simonsen Munich Wistar rats from 0.035±0.005 to 0.016±0.004 (P<0.01). Frömter Munich Wistar rats had a much lower GSC(A) in both the fed and the fasted states. Finally, we documented extensive albumin transcytosis with vesicular and tubular delivery to and fusion with the basolateral membrane in S1 proximal tubule cells. In summary, these results help explain the previously conflicting microscopy and micropuncture data describing albumin filtration and highlight the dynamic nature of glomerular albumin permeability.