gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advanced Pharmaceutics: Physicochemical Principles (2004)

THERMODYNAMICS Ideal Gases Real Gases Thermodynamics Free Energy IONIC EQUILIBRIUM Strong Acids and Bases Monoprotic Weak Acids and Weak Bases Polyprotic Weak Acids and Weak Bases Sparingly Soluble Salts SOLUTIONS AND DISTRIBUTION Solutions of Solids and Non-volatile Liquids in Liquids Solutions of Volatile Liquids in Liquids Solutions of Gases in Liquids (Henry's Law) Colligative Properties Distribution Law (Partition Coefficient) SURFACE CHEMISTRY AND COLLOIDS Adsorption from Solutions Liquid-Liquid Systems (Emulsions) Solid-Liquid Systems (Suspensions) KINETICS Pathways of Drug Degradation Single and Multiple Reactions, Elementary Reactions, Molecularity, and Order of Reactions Irreversible Reactions Determination of the Order of Reaction and Its Rate Constant Other Irreversible Reactions Reversible Reactions Reversible and Series Reactions (Eigenvalue Method) Use of Laplace Transform for Differential Rate Equations Enzyme-Substrate Reactions Acid-Base Catalyzed Degradation Kinetics Oxidation (Free Radical Reaction) Degradation Kinetics in Inclusion Complexes, Micelles, and Liposomes Temperature Effects on Reaction Rate Constants DIFFUSION Diffusion Diffusion Through a Membrane Diffusion in a Monolithic Matrix Diffusion in a Membrane-Matrix System Diffusion During the Swelling of Matrix Diffusion in a Matrix Erosion/Degradation Diffusion in a Matrix Swelling/Erosion Diffusion with Chemical Reaction in a Membrane Surface Area and Concentration Gradient Systems Osmotically Controlled Systems POLYMER SCIENCE Classification of Polymers Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution of Polymers Characterization of Polymers Polymer Synthesis Natural Polymers and Their Modification INDEX
Non-surgical intrauterine artificial insemination in bitches using frozen semen. (1993)

A total of 46 bitches were inseminated directly into the uterus using non-surgical insemination procedures; the technique used in six bitches involved specially designed metal catheters and abdominal fixation of the cervix, whereas the remainder were inseminated by passing a flexible plastic catheter through the cervix using direct endoscopic visualization to facilitate the process. Twenty-seven bitches were inseminated with semen frozen at the clinic; the remainder were inseminated with imported semen. Insemination timing was based on endoscopic assessment of the vaginal mucosa, vaginal cytology and blood progesterone concentration determined using a rapid, qualitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Each bitch received between 50 x 10(6) and 200 x 10(6) total spermatozoa per insemination; post-thaw motility varied from 10 to 80%. Two inseminations were performed 48 h apart in the majority of bitches. An overall pregnancy rate of 80% (37/46) was obtained with a mean litter size of 5 +/- 3.14. Subsequent pregnancy rates were comparable for both techniques and both were considered to be effective methods of inseminating frozen semen. Considerably fewer spermatozoa were inseminated in many of these bitches than have previously been reported. In a series of seven bitches using the semen from one dog, each bitch received two inseminations of 30-35 x 10(6) live normal spermatozoa per insemination. A pregnancy rate of 85% (6/7) and a mean litter size of 7.8 was achieved. Rapid ELISA progesterone kits were used to identify the optimum time for insemination.
Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Murine β Chemokine Receptor, D6 (1997)

The beta-chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) is chemotactic for many hemopoietic cell types and can inhibit hemopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation, effects mediated through G-protein coupled heptahelical receptors. We have isolated cDNAs for seven chemokine receptors, CCR-1 to -5, MIP-1alphaRL1, and a novel cDNA, D6. Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing CCR-1, -3, -5, and D6 bound 125I-murine MIP-1alpha: the order of affinity was D6 > CCR-5 > CCR-1 > CCR-3. Each bound a distinct subset of other beta-chemokines: the order of competition for 125I-murine MIP-1alpha on D6 was murine MIP-1alpha > human and murine MIP-1beta > human RANTES approximately JE > human MCP-3 > human MCP-1. Human MIP-1alpha and the alpha-chemokines did not compete. Like other chemokine receptors, D6 induced transient increases in [Ca2+] in HEK 293 cells upon ligand binding. D6 mRNA was abundant in lung and detectable in many other tissues. Bone marrow cell fractionation demonstrated T-cell and macrophage/monocyte expression of D6, and CCR-1, -3, and -5. Moreover, we could detect expression of CCR-3, CCR-5, and to a greater extent D6 in a cell population enriched for HSCs. Thus, we have characterized four murine beta chemokine receptors that are likely involved in mediating the pro-inflammatory functions of MIP-1alpha and other chemokines, and we present D6, CCR-3, and CCR-5 as candidate receptors in MIP-1alpha-induced HSC inhibition.
Molecular and phenotypic spectrum of de novo Philadelphia positive acute leukemia. (1999)

The Philadelphia chromosome is present in a heterogeneous group of leukemias. It is most commonly associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) being found in more than 95% and 15-25% of cases respectively. We undertook a study to determine the morphologic, phenotypic and molecular diversity of Philadelphia positive de novo acute leukemia patients seen at our institution over the past 3 1/2 years. Twenty-one patients with de novo acute leukemia were found to have the Philadelphia chromosome by cytogenetic studies. They consisted of 3 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 1 biphenotypic leukemia and 17 ALL patients. Of the patients with ALL, 16 were of B-lineage while 1 had a T-cell phenotype. Ten patients expressed the p210 BCR-ABL transcript alone and 10 expressed only the p190 BCR-ABL transcript. One patient had co-expression of p190 and p210 b3a2 BCR-ABL transcripts. Thus the Philadelphia chromosome can be found in a diverse cohort of morphologic and immunologic subtypes of de novo acute leukemia reflecting the heterogeneity of lineage involvement in this disease.
Dimerization specificity of Arabidopsis MADS domain homeotic proteins APETALA1, APETALA3, PISTILLATA, and AGAMOUS. (1996)

The MADS domain homeotic proteins APETALA1 (AP1), APETALA3 (AP3), PISTILLATA (PI), and AGAMOUS (AG) act in a combinatorial manner to specify the identity of Arabidopsis floral organs. The molecular basis for this combinatorial mode of action was investigated. Immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that all four proteins are capable of interacting with each other. However, these proteins exhibit "partner-specificity" for the formation of DNA-binding dimers; only AP1 homodimers, AG homodimers, and AP3/PI heterodimers are capable of binding to CArG-box sequences. Both the AP3/PI heterodimer and the AP1 or AG homodimers are formed when the three corresponding proteins are present together. The use of chimeric proteins formed by domain swapping indicates that the L region (which follows the MADS box) constitutes a key molecular determinant for the selective formation of DNA-binding dimers. The implications of these results for the ABC genetic model of flower development are discussed.
Simultaneous Measurement of Kidney Function by Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI and FITC-Sinistrin Clearance in Rats at 3 Tesla: Initial Results (2013)

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an essential parameter of kidney function which can be measured by dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI-GFR) and transcutaneous approaches based on fluorescent tracer molecules (optical-GFR). In an initial study comparing both techniques in separate measurements on the same animal, the correlation of the obtained GFR was poor. The goal of this study was to investigate if a simultaneous measurement was feasible and if thereby, the discrepancies in MRI-GFR and optical-GFR could be reduced. For the experiments healthy and unilateral nephrectomised (UNX) Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were used. The miniaturized fluorescent sensor was fixed on the depilated back of an anesthetized rat. A bolus of 5 mg/100 g b.w. of FITC-sinistrin was intravenously injected. For dynamic contrast enhanced perfusion imaging (DCE-MRI) a 3D time-resolved angiography with stochastic trajectories (TWIST) sequence was used. By means of a one compartment model the excretion half-life (t1/2) of FITC-sinistrin was calculated and converted into GFR. GFR from DCE-MRI was calculated by fitting pixel-wise a two compartment renal filtration model. Mean cortical GFR and GFR by FITC-sinistrin were compared by Bland-Altman plots and pair-wise t-test. Results show that a simultaneous GFR measurement using both techniques is feasible. Mean optical-GFR was 4.34 ± 2.22 ml/min (healthy SD rats) and 2.34 ± 0.90 ml/min (UNX rats) whereas MRI-GFR was 2.10 ± 0.64 ml/min (SD rats) and 1.17 ± 0.38 ml/min (UNX rats). Differences between healthy and UNX rats were significant (p<0.05) and almost equal percentage difference (46.1% and 44.3%) in mean GFR were assessed with both techniques. Overall mean optical-GFR values were approximately twice as high compared to MRI-GFR values. However, compared to a previous study, our results showed a higher agreement. In conclusion, the possibility to use the transcutaneous method in MRI may have a huge impact in improving and validating MRI methods for GFR assessment in animal models.
Synthetic Peptides for Production of Antibodies that Recognize Intact Proteins (2003)

Antibodies that recognize intact proteins can be produced through the use of synthetic peptides based on short stretches of the protein sequence, without first having to isolate the protein. The steps to produce an effective antibody include: (1) designing the peptide sequence based on the sequence of the protein; (2) synthesizing the peptide; (3) preparing the immunogen either by coupling the synthetic peptide to a carrier protein or through the use of a multiple antigenic peptide (MAP); (4) immunizing the host animal; (5) assaying antibody titer in the host animal's serum; and (6) obtaining the antiserum and/or isolating the antibody. This unit covers steps 1 and 3. Once the coupling procedure has been performed, it is possible to determine the approximate degree of coupling by amino acid analysis. Also presented are methods for assaying free sulfhydryl content and for reducing disulfide bonds in synthetic peptides.
The Influence of Oral Malodor on Psychological Stress (2019)

We examined the influence of oral malodor on psychological stress among patients with a chief complaint of oral malodor. A total of 101 patients (40 male and 61 female) who visited our clinic with a chief complaint of oral malodor were included in this study. The primary compounds of oral malodor—volatile sulfur compounds (VSC)—were measured using the Oral ChromaTM instrument. Salivary stress markers, cortisol, and chromogranin A were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The mood was measured using the Profile of Mood States 2nd Edition (POMS2). Among the participants, 60.3% had at least one level above the threshold in the following three markers: hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide. The gender distribution was 35 female (57.4%) and 25 male (62.5%). Salivary cortisol levels, a biomarker of stress, did not vary depending on the presence or absence of oral malodor. Chromogranin A levels were higher in the oral malodor female group than in the no oral malodor female group. With respect to the POMS2, regardless of the presence or absence of oral malodor measured using gas chromatography, the participants had higher scores for “Anger-Hostility” and “Fatigue-Inertia”. Analysis by gender showed that “Depression-Dejection” was significantly higher in the oral malodor female group than in the no oral malodor female group. These results suggest that those who are worried about oral malodor have higher psychological stress than those who are not, regardless of the presence or absence of oral malodor measured using gas chromatography.
TO A QUEER DEGREE (2009)

Other| October 01 2009 TO A QUEER DEGREE Candace Moore Candace Moore Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google GLQ (2009) 15 (4): 612–615. https://doi.org/10.1215/10642684-15-4-612 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Candace Moore; TO A QUEER DEGREE. GLQ 1 October 2009; 15 (4): 612–615. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/10642684-15-4-612 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsGLQ Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Duke University Press2009 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Microscale thermophoresis quantifies biomolecular interactions under previously challenging conditions (2012)

Microscale thermophoresis (MST) allows for quantitative analysis of protein interactions in free solution and with low sample consumption. The technique is based on thermophoresis, the directed motion of molecules in temperature gradients. Thermophoresis is highly sensitive to all types of binding-induced changes of molecular properties, be it in size, charge, hydration shell or conformation. In an all-optical approach, an infrared laser is used for local heating, and molecule mobility in the temperature gradient is analyzed via fluorescence. In standard MST one binding partner is fluorescently labeled. However, MST can also be performed label-free by exploiting intrinsic protein UV-fluorescence. Despite the high molecular weight ratio, the interaction of small molecules and peptides with proteins is readily accessible by MST. Furthermore, MST assays are highly adaptable to fit to the diverse requirements of different biomolecules, such as membrane proteins to be stabilized in solution. The type of buffer and additives can be chosen freely. Measuring is even possible in complex bioliquids like cell lysate allowing close to in vivo conditions without sample purification. Binding modes that are quantifiable via MST include dimerization, cooperativity and competition. Thus, its flexibility in assay design qualifies MST for analysis of biomolecular interactions in complex experimental settings, which we herein demonstrate by addressing typically challenging types of binding events from various fields of life science.
Methodological aspects of whole-genome bisulfite sequencing analysis (2014)

The combination of DNA bisulfite treatment with high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled investigation of genome-wide DNA methylation beyond CpG sites and CpG islands. These technologies have opened new avenues to understand the interplay between epigenetic events, chromatin plasticity and gene regulation. However, the processing, managing and mining of this huge volume of data require specialized computational tools and statistical methods that are yet to be standardized. Here, we describe a complete bisulfite sequencing analysis workflow, including recently developed programs, highlighting each of the crucial analysis steps required, i.e. sequencing quality control, reads alignment, methylation scoring, methylation heterogeneity assessment, genomic features annotation, data visualization and determination of differentially methylated cytosines. Moreover, we discuss the limitations of these technologies and considerations to perform suitable analyses.
The Interaction of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Human Cancer Cells (2003)

The potential anticancer activities of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors have been extensively studied in recent years. HDAC inhibitors suppress the activities of multiple HDACs, leading to an increase in histone acetylation. This histone acetylation induces an enhancement of the expression of specific genes that elicit extensive cellular morphologic and metabolic changes, such as growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis. DNMT inhibitors, such as 5-aza-cytidine (5-aza-CR) and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) are also widely studied because DNA hypomethylation induces the re-activation of tumor suppressor genes that are silenced by methylation-mediated mechanisms. Recently, the combination of HDAC inhibitors or demethylating agents with other chemo-therapeutics has gained increasing interest as a possible molecularly targeted therapeutic strategy. In particular, the combination of HDAC inhibitors with demethylating agents has become attractive since histones are connected to DNA by both physical and functional interactions. To date, the accumulating evidence has confirmed the hypothesis that the combination of HDAC and DNMT inhibition is very effective (and synergistic) in inducing apoptosis, differentiation and/or cell growth arrest in human lung, breast, thoracic, leukemia and colon cancer cell lines. This review will discuss the in vitro effects of HDAC inhibitors, such as trichostatin A (TSA), sodium butyrate, depsipeptide (FR901228, FK228), valproic acid (VPA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), and the demethylating agent, 5-aza-CdR used alone and in combination treatment of human cancer cells and the possible mechanisms involved.
Thermodynamics of Peptide Inhibitor Binding to HIV-1 gp41 (2001)

The gp41 subunit of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein mediates fusion of the cellular and viral membranes. The gp41 ectodomain is a trimer of alpha-helical hairpins, where N-terminal helices form a parallel three-stranded coiled-coil core and C-terminal helices pack around the core. A deep hydrophobic pocket on the N-terminal core represents an attractive target for antiviral therapeutics. We have employed a soluble derivative of the gp41 core ectodomain and small cyclic disulfide D-peptide inhibitors to define the stoichiometry, affinity, and thermodynamics of ligand binding to this pocket using isothermal titration calorimetry. These inhibitors bind with micromolar affinity to the pocket with the expected stoichiometry of three peptides per gp41 core trimer. There are no cooperative interactions among the three binding sites. Linear eight- or nine-residue D-peptides derived from the pocket-binding domain of the cyclic molecules also bind specifically. A negative heat capacity change is observed and is consistent with burial of hydrophobic surface upon binding. Contrary to expectations for a reaction dominated by the classical hydrophobic effect, peptide binding is enthalpically driven and is opposed by an unfavorable negative entropy change. The calorimetry data support models whereby dominant negative inhibitors bind to a transiently exposed surface on the prefusion intermediate state of gp41 and disrupt subsequent resolution to the fusion-active six-stranded hairpin conformation.
Retinal Degeneration in the Mouse Is Rodless Retina (1966)

Journal Article Retinal Degeneration in the Mouse Is Rodless Retina Get access CLYDE KEELER CLYDE KEELER Dr. Keeler is medical geneticist in the Research Laboratory of the Milledgeville State Hospital, MilledgevilleGeorgia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 57, Issue 2, March 1966, Pages 47–50, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107462 Published: 01 March 1966
Estimate of the Genome Size of Various Microorganisms (1969)

Bacterial genome sizes, determined by deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation kinetics, vary over a 10-fold range. The smallest studied, Chlamydia trachomatis, had a genome of 6 x 10(5) nucleotide pairs compared to 4.5 x 10(6) for Escherichia coli.
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates both proliferation of megakaryocyte progenitors and late stages of megakaryocyte differentiation (2005)

A major determinant in platelet production is the megakaryocyte (MK) size that is regulated both by ploidization and the increase in cytoplasmic volume at the end of maturation. Here we investigated the involvement of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in the regulation of megakaryopoiesis. We show that phosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K1, and 4E-BP1 was diminished in thrombopoietin-cultured human MKs after rapamycin treatment. Rapamycin induced an inhibition in the G1/S transition and a decrease in the mean MK ploidy via a diminution of p21 and cyclin D3 occurring at a transcriptional level. Both cycling (2N/4N) and polyploid (8N/16N) MKs were reduced in size, with a size reduction slightly more pronounced in mature polyploid MKs than in immature ones. Rapamycin also induced a delay in the expression of MK markers and prevented the generation of proplatelet MKs. Additional experiments performed in vitro with MKs from mutant mice showed that the decrease in mean ploidy level and the delay in MK differentiation in the presence of rapamycin were less pronounced in CdknIa (p21)-/- MKs than in CdknIa (p21)+/+ MKs. These findings indicate that the mTOR pathway plays an important role during megakaryopoiesis by regulating ploidy, cell size, and maturation, in part by regulating p21 and cyclin D3.
Role of electrode design on the volume of tissue activated during deep brain stimulation (2005)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established clinical treatment for a range of neurological disorders. Depending on the disease state of the patient, different anatomical structures such as the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM), the subthalamic nucleus or the globus pallidus are targeted for stimulation. However, the same electrode design is currently used in nearly all DBS applications, even though substantial morphological and anatomical differences exist between the various target nuclei. The fundamental goal of this study was to develop a theoretical understanding of the impact of changes in the DBS electrode contact geometry on the volume of tissue activated (VTA) during stimulation. Finite element models of the electrodes and surrounding medium were coupled to cable models of myelinated axons to predict the VTA as a function of stimulation parameter settings and electrode design. Clinical DBS electrodes have cylindrical contacts 1.27 mm in diameter (d) and 1.5 mm in height (h). Our results show that changes in contact height and diameter can substantially modulate the size and shape of the VTA, even when contact surface area is preserved. Electrode designs with a low aspect ratio (d/h) maximize the VTA by providing greater spread of the stimulation parallel to the electrode shaft without sacrificing lateral spread. The results of this study provide the foundation necessary to customize electrode design and VTA shape for specific anatomical targets, and an example is presented for the VIM. A range of opportunities exist to engineer DBS systems to maximize stimulation of the target area while minimizing stimulation of non-target areas. Therefore, it may be possible to improve therapeutic benefit and minimize side effects from DBS with the design of target-specific electrodes.
Effect of combined implants of oestradiol and testosterone on libido in postmenopausal women. (1987)

Infrared television pupillometry was performed on 34 insulin-treated diabetic patients and 55 healthy subjects. Sixteen of the diabetic patients had pupils that failed to dilate normally in darkness. The occurrence of a small pupil was associated with cardiac vagal dysfunction and somatic sensory loss. The small pupil was found to be supersensitive to the mydriatic effect of topical 2% phenylephrine but normally sensitive to 0.5% hydroxyamphetamine eyedrops. It is concluded that the failure of the pupil to dilate in darkness in some diabetic patients is due to neuropathy of the sympathetic innervation.