gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photodynamic therapy-mediated immune response against subcutaneous mouse tumors. (1999)

The curative ability of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is severely compromised if treated tumors are growing in immunodeficient hosts. Reconstitution of severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice with splenocytes from naive immunologically intact BALB/c mice did not improve the response to Photofrin-based PDT of EMT6 tumors growing in these animals. In contrast, adoptive transfer of BALB/c splenocytes containing EMT6 tumor-sensitized immune cells had a dramatic effect on tumor regrowth after PDT. For instance, full restoration of the curative effect of PDT was achieved with scid mice that received splenocytes from BALB/c donors that were cured of EMT6 tumors by PDT 5 weeks before adoptive transfer. Splenocytes obtained from donors cured of EMT6 tumors using X-rays were much less effective. Selective in vitro depletion of specific T-cell populations from engrafting splenocytes indicated that CTLs are the main immune effector cells responsible for conferring the curative outcome to PDT in this experimental model, whereas helper T lymphocytes play a supportive role. The immune specificity of these T-cell populations was demonstrated by the absence of cross-reactivity between the EMT6 and Meth-A tumor models (mismatch between tumors growing in splenocyte donors and recipients). The immunocompetent BALB/c mice that received adoptively transferred splenocytes containing PDT-generated, tumor-sensitized immune cells also benefited from the improved outcome of PDT of tumors they were bearing. This was demonstrated not only with the fairly immunogenic EMT6 tumor model but also with weakly immunogenic Line 1 carcinomas. The results of this study indicate that PDT is a highly effective means of generating tumor-sensitized immune cells that can be recovered from lymphoid sites distant to the treated tumor at protracted time intervals after PDT, which asserts their immune memory character. It is also shown that the treatment of tumors by PDT creates the conditions necessary for converting the inactive adoptively transferred pre-effector, tumor-sensitized immune cells into fully functional antitumor effector cells. An additional finding of this study is the evidence of NK cell activation in PDT-treated Meth-A sarcomas.
siRNA-mediated silencing of translationally controlled tumor protein induces apoptosis and inhibits cell growth (2011)

Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is an evolutionally highly conserved protein which has been implicated in many cellular functions that are related to cell growth, death and tumorigenesis. We used a DNA vector-based RNA interference approach by expressing shRNA to knockdown TCTP in MCF7 cells for evaluating its antitumor effect and its molecular mechanism. TCTP shRNA treatment MCF7 cells suppressed cell growth and proliferation. In addition, cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were observed from TCTP shRNA-treated MCF7 cells. Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1) was identified to be related with TCTP in cell growth and apoptosis cell death. These results suggested that vector-based TCTP RNA interference could be an efficient molecular therapeutic method to kill MCF7 cells, and TCTP played pivotal roles in cell growth and apoptosis cell death.

	 

	Key words: TCTP, RNA interference, apoptosis, cell cycle.
Determination of the intermolecular entanglement coupling spacings in polyisoprene by viscosity measurements (1965)

The entanglement molecular weight (<i>M</i> <sub><i>e</i></sub> ) for polyisoprene has been estimated from the dependence of solution viscosity on molecular weight. Polymer concentrations of 1.82, 3.64, and 14.56 g/100 cm<sup>3</sup> were used. Certain theoretical relationships between viscosity and molecular weight have been confirmed, and the prediction concerning the dependence of the entanglement molecular weight on polymer concentration has been substantiated. Furthermore, no variation in <i>M</i> <sub><i>e</i></sub> was detected in the range of 25 to 75 °C.
Losses in polycrystalline silicon waveguides (1996)

The losses of polycrystalline silicon (polySi) waveguides clad by SiO2 are measured by the cutback technique. We report losses of 34 dB/cm at a wavelength of 1.55 μm in waveguides fabricated from chemical mechanical polished polySi deposited at 625 °C. These losses are two orders of magnitude lower than reported absorption measurements for polySi. Waveguides fabricated from unpolished polySi deposited at 625 °C exhibit losses of 77 dB/cm. We find good agreement between calculated and measured losses due to surface scattering.
Induction of Serum Vibriocidal Antibodies by O-Specific Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugate Vaccines for Prevention of Cholera (2014)

The experimental evidence to date indicates that the level of serum vibriocidal antibodies is correlated with the resistance of humans to cholera. This chapter proposes that a critical level of serum vibriocidal antibodies alone can prevent cholera, and describes a mechanism by which this may occur. On the basis of this hypothesis, vaccines have been designed to elicit antibodies, especially of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class, to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of V. cholerae. The strongest evidence that serum vibriocidal antibodies may confer protective immunity comes from clinical studies of cholera vaccines composed of inactivated V. cholera O1 (cellular vaccines). The authors have reconsidered the data that suggest that serum-neutralizing antibodies to cholera toxin (CT) (antitoxin) do not confer protection against cholera. As has been observed for many viral and bacterial diseases, serum antibodies are effective preventive but not therapeutic agents. This principle is probably also true for cholera. Clinical, epidemiologic, and experimental data support the hypothesis that serum vibriocidal antibodies confer protective immunity to cholera. The authors developed conjugate vaccines composed of the detoxified LPS of V. cholerae O1 serotype Inaba bound to CT that were designed to elicit protective levels of vibriocidal antibodies, especially in infants as part of their routine immunization. Cholera conjugate vaccines have the potential to elicit protection in infants when injected along with diphtheria-typhoid-pertussis vaccine and the Haemophilus. influenzae type b conjugate as part of routine immunization.
Antinociceptive Effect of Triterpenes from Cacti (1998)

The antinociceptive effects of 20 triterpene sapogenins from cacti were examined by the acetic acid-induced writhing method. The isolation of some triterpenes from the hydrolysate of MeOH extracts of three cacti was also described, and alamosenogenin, bridgesigenins B and C, gummosogenin, thurberogenin and pachanol C, showed the activity.
Evolutionary adaptations of biofilms infecting cystic fibrosis lungs promote mechanical toughness by adjusting polysaccharide production (2017)

Abstract Biofilms are communities of microbes embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances, largely polysaccharides. Multiple types of extracellular polymeric substances can be produced by a single bacterial strain. The distinct polymer components of biofilms are known to provide chemical protection, but little is known about how distinct extracellular polysaccharides may also protect biofilms against mechanical stresses such as shear or phagocytic engulfment. Decades-long infections of Pseudomonas. aeruginosa biofilms in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients are natural models for studies of biofilm fitness under pressure from antibiotics and the immune system. In cystic fibrosis infections, production of the extracellular polysaccharide alginate has long been known to increase with time and to chemically protect biofilms. More recently, it is being recognized that chronic cystic fibrosis infections also evolve to increase production of another extracellular polysaccharide, Psl; much less is known about Psl’s protective benefits to biofilms. We use oscillatory bulk rheology, on biofilms grown from longitudinal clinical isolates and from genetically-manipulated lab strains, to show that increased Psl stiffens biofilms and increases biofilm toughness, which is the energy cost to cause the biofilm to yield mechanically. Further, atomic force microscopy measurements reveal greater intercellular cohesion for higher Psl expression. Of the three types of extracellular polysaccharides produced by P. aeruginosa , only Psl increases the stiffness. Stiffening by Psl requires CdrA, a protein that binds to mannose groups on Psl and is a likely cross-linker for the Psl components of the biofilm matrix. We compare the elastic moduli of biofilms to the estimated stresses exerted by neutrophils during phagocytosis, and infer that increased Psl could confer a mechanical protection against phagocytic clearance.
The Role of CSF-1 in Normal Physiology of Mammary Gland and Breast Cancer: An Update (2004)

Colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) and its receptor (CSF-1R, product of c-fms proto-oncogene) were initially implicated as essential for normal monocyte development as well as for trophoblastic implantation. However, studies have demonstrated that CSF-1 and CSF-1R have additional roles in mammary gland development during pregnancy and lactation. This apparent role for CSF-1/CSF-1R in normal mammary gland development is very intriguing because this receptor/ligand pair has also been found to be important in the biology of breast cancer in which abnormal expression of CSF-1 and its receptor correlates with tumor cell invasiveness and adverse clinical prognosis. Recent findings also implicate tumor-produced CSF-1 in promotion of bone metastasis in breast cancer, and a certain membrane-associated form of CSF-1 appears to induce immunity against tumors. This review aims to summarize recent findings on the role of CSF-1 and its receptor in normal and neoplastic mammary development that may elucidate potential relationships of growth factor-induced biological changes in the breast during pregnancy and tumor progression.
Efficient metallic carbon nanotube removal for highly-scaled technologies (2015)

While carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (CNFETs) promise to improve the performance and energy efficiency of digital systems beyond the limitations of silicon CMOS, the presence of metallic CNTs (m-CNTs) remains a major challenge. Existing techniques for removing m-CNTs are inadequate, as they face one or more of the following scalability challenges: scaling to large circuits (≥99.99% of m-CNTs must be removed without inadvertently removing semiconducting CNTs, s-CNTs), scaling to short channel lengths (for highly-scaled contacted gate pitch (CPP)), and scaling to small inter-CNT spacing (for high CNT densities required for high CNFET I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> ). We demonstrate a new m-CNT removal technique that, for the first time, overcomes all of these scalability challenges, as it: (a) removes ≥99.99% of m-CNTs vs. ≤1% of s-CNTs, (b) scales to any arbitrary CPP, and (c) scales to high CNT densities (≥200 CNTs/μm).
Polyelectrolyte Multilayers: A Versatile Tool for Preparing Antimicrobial Coatings (2015)

The prevention of pathogen colonization of medical implants represents a major medical and financial issue. The development of antimicrobial coatings aimed at protecting against such infections has thus become a major field of scientific and technological research. Three main strategies are developed to design such coatings: (i) the prevention of microorganisms adhesion and the killing of microorganisms (ii) by contact and (iii) by the release of active compounds in the vicinity of the implant. Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) technology alone covers the entire widespread spectrum of functionalization possibilities. PEMs are obtained through the alternating deposition of polyanions and polycations on a substrate, and the great advantages of PEMs are that (i) they can be applied to almost any type of substrate whatever its shape and composition; (ii) various chemical, physicochemical, and mechanical properties of the coatings can be obtained; and (iii) active compounds can be embedded and released in a controlled manner. In this article we will give an overview of the field of PEMs applied to the design of antimicrobial coatings, illustrating the large versatility of the PEM technology.
ALD of SiO[sub 2] at Room Temperature Using TEOS and H[sub 2]O with NH[sub 3] as the Catalyst (2004)

Amine catalysts can reduce the high temperatures and long exposure times required for SiO 2 atomic layer deposition (ALD) using SiCl 4 and H 2 O reactants. One problem is that the reaction product, HCI, readily reacts with the amine catalysts to form a salt. Salt formation can be avoided by using organometallic silicon precursors. This study investigated catalyzed SiO 2 ALD on BaTiO 3 and ZrO 2 particles using alternating exposures of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and H 2 O at 300 K with NH3 as the catalyst. The sequential surface chemistry was monitored in a vacuum chamber using in situ transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Alternating TEOS/NH 3 and H 2 O/NH 3 exposures yielded Si(OCH 2 CH 3 ) x * and SiOH* surface species, respectively, that sequentially deposited silicon and oxygen. Repetition of the TEOS and H 2 O exposures in an ABAB... reaction sequence led to the appearance of bulk SiO 2 vibrational modes. The infrared absorbance of these bulk SiO 2 vibrational modes increased with the number of AB reaction cycles. After SiO 2 deposition, the BaTiO 3 and ZrO 2 particles were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM images revealed extremely uniform and conformal SiO 2 films. The measured SiO 2 film thicknesses were consistent with SiO 2 ALD growth rates of 0.7-0.8 A per AB reaction cycle. The NH 3 catalysis mechanism was also explored by monitoring the FTIR spectra of hydroxylated SiO 2 particles vs. NH 3 pressure at constant temperature and vs. temperature at constant NH 3 pressure. The spectra revealed strong hydrogen bonding between NH 3 and SiOH* surface species that activates the oxygen in SiOH* for nucleophilic attack. Catalyzed SiO 2 at room temperature should be useful for deposition of inorganic and insulating films on thermally fragile organic, polymeric, or biological substrates.
Somatic mutations in the kinase domain of the Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor gene in childhood hepatocellular carcinomas. (1999)

The MET protooncogene encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase identified as the receptor of a polypeptide known as hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor. We performed PCR-based single-strand conformational polymorphism and sequencing analysis of the tyrosine kinase domain of the MET gene (exon 15-19) in 75 primary liver cancers. Three missense mutations were detected exclusively in 10 childhood hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), while no mutations were detected in 16 adult HCCs, 21 cholangiocarcinomas, or 28 hepatoblastomas. The extremely short incubation period from hepatitis B virus infection to the genesis of childhood HCC as compared with the adult HCC suggests that there may be an additional mechanism that accelerates the carcinogenesis of childhood HCC. Our results indicate that mutations of the tyrosine kinase domain of the MET gene may be involved in the acceleration of the carcinogenesis in childhood HCC.
New recording materials for the holographic industry (2008)

This paper describes a new class of recording materials for volume holographic applications suitable to meet commercial manufacturing needs. These next-generation holographic photopolymers have the ability to satisfy the unmet demand for color and depth tuning that is only possible with volume holograms. Unlike earlier holographic photopolymers, these new materials offer the advantages of no chemical or thermal processing combined with low shrinkage and detuning. Furthermore, these materials exhibit high transparency, a high resolution of more than 5000 lines/mm and are environmentally robust. Bayer MaterialScience plans to commercialize these materials, which combine excellent holographic characteristics with compatibility to mass-production processes. In this paper, we will briefly discuss the potential markets and applications for a new photopolymer, describe the attributes of this new class of photopolymers, relate their ease of use in holographic recording, and discuss potential applications of such materials..
Serum Profile of T Helper 1 and T Helper 2 Cytokines in Hepatitis C Virus Infected Patients (2012)

On the basis of our data, the simultaneous increase of Th1 and Th2 related cytokines may indicate that both Thl and Th2 cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of HCV infections. Moreover, this activated T-cell response in HCV infected patients may be regulated by treatment.
Ligand type-specific Interactions of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ with Transcriptional Coactivators (2000)

The nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and acts as a ligand-dependent transcription factor mediating adipocyte differentiation, cell proliferation and inflammatory processes, and modulation of insulin sensitivity. Members of the 160-kDa protein (SRC-1/TIF2/AIB-1) family of coactivators, CBP/p300 and TRAP220/DRIP205, are shown to interact directly with PPARgamma and potentiate nuclear receptor transactivation function in a ligand-dependent fashion. Because PPARgamma ligands exert partially overlapping but distinct subsets of biological action through PPARgamma binding, we wished to examine whether interactions between PPARgamma and known coactivators were induced to the same extent by different classes of PPARgamma ligand. The natural ligand 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J(2) induced PPARgamma interactions with all coactivators tested (SRC-1, TIF2, AIB-1, p300, TRAP220/DRIP205) in yeast and mammalian two-hybrid assays, as well as in a glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay. However, under the same conditions troglitazone, a synthetic PPARgamma ligand that acts as an antidiabetic agent, did not induce PPARgamma interactions with any of the coactivators. Our findings suggest that ligand binding may alter PPARgamma structure in a ligand type-specific way, resulting in distinct PPARgamma-coactivator interactions.
Manipulating Latex Polymer Microstructure Using Chain Transfer Agent and Cross‐Linker to Modify PSA Performance and Viscoelasticity (2011)

Abstract Two series of butyl acrylate (BA)/acrylic acid (AA)/2‐hydroxy ethyl methacrylate latexes were produced via starved seeded semi‐batch emulsion polymerization. The first series, five latexes with gel contents ranging from 0 to 75 wt.‐%, were generated by varying the amount of chain transfer agent (CTA, n ‐dodecyl mercaptan) in the absence of cross‐linker. The second series, two latexes with gel contents of 49 and 74 wt.‐%, were obtained by manipulating the amount of CTA in the presence of a constant cross‐linker (allyl methacrylate) concentration. Latexes with similar gel contents, one from each series, were compared with respect to their microstructure, viscoelastic properties and pressure‐sensitive adhesive performance. At similar gel contents, latexes obtained in the absence of cross‐linker had larger sol polymer molecular weight ( $\overline {M} _{{\rm w}} $ ) and molecular weight between cross‐linking points ( M c ), compared to the latexes generated using both CTA and cross‐linker. The different microstructures of latexes with similar gel contents resulted in significantly different viscoelastic properties and shear strength of the pressure‐sensitive adhesive films cast from the latexes. magnified image
Guide-star-based computational adaptive optics for broadband interferometric tomography (2012)

We present a method for the numerical correction of optical aberrations based on indirect sensing of the scattered wavefront from point-like scatterers ("guide stars") within a three-dimensional broadband interferometric tomogram. This method enables the correction of high-order monochromatic and chromatic aberrations utilizing guide stars that are revealed after numerical compensation of defocus and low-order aberrations of the optical system. Guide-star-based aberration correction in a silicone phantom with sparse sub-resolution-sized scatterers demonstrates improvement of resolution and signal-to-noise ratio over a large isotome. Results in highly scattering muscle tissue showed improved resolution of fine structure over an extended volume. Guide-star-based computational adaptive optics expands upon the use of image metrics for numerically optimizing the aberration correction in broadband interferometric tomography, and is analogous to phase-conjugation and time-reversal methods for focusing in turbid media.
Impact dynamics of surfactant laden drops: dynamic surface tension effects (2009)

We study the impact and subsequent retraction of aqueous surfactant-laden drops upon high-speed impact on hydrophobic surfaces. Without surfactants, a rapid expansion of the drop due to the fluid inertia is followed by a rapid retraction, due to the wetting incompatibility. With surfactants, the retraction can be partly or completely inhibited. We provide quantitative measurements showing that both the expansion and the retraction dynamics depend not only on the equilibrium surface tension (ST) but also on the dynamic tension of the surfactant solutions; the latter varies significantly between different surfactants.
A Framework for Integrated Services Operation over Diffserv Networks (2000)

The Integrated Services (Intserv) architecture provides a means for the delivery of end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) to applications over heterogeneous networks. To support this end-to-end model, the Intserv architecture must be supported over a wide variety of different types of network elements. In this context, a network that supports Differentiated Services (Diffserv) may be viewed as a network element in the total end-to-end path. This document describes a framework by which Integrated Services may be supported over Diffserv networks.
Trimolecular Complexes of λ Light Chain Dimers in Serum of a Patient with Multiple Myeloma (2002)

Monoclonal lambda light chains may present as hexameric aggregates that cannot be cleared by renal excretion.
Plasma polymerization processes (1992)

1. Introduction. Historical background. Plasma polymerization and related processes of polymer film formation. 2. Fundamentals of Plasma Physics. Electrical breakdown in a gas and the d.c. glow discharge. Characterization of low temperature plasma generated by a glow discharge. Radio frequency and microwave discharges. 3. Fundamentals of Plasma Chemistry. Reactions in a plasma volume. Reactions on adjacent surfaces. 4. Fundamentals of Plasma Polymerization. Basic deposition arrangements for plasma polymerization. Kinetic models of plasma polymerization. General description of plasma polymer films. 5. Applied Systems for Plasma Polymerization and Classification of Plasma Polymers. Applied plasma polymerization systems. Main groups of plasma polymers. Hard polymer and hard carbon films. Metal-containing organic films. 6. Properties and Application of Plasma-Polymerized Films. Protective coatings. Optical, electrical and magnetic properties. Permselective membranes. Biomedical applications. Modifications of conventional polymer materials by plasma treatment. 7. Potential Applications in Microelectronics. Passivation and protective coatings. Active elements in electronics. Plasma polymerized photoconductive films. Concluding note. References. Appendix. Index.