gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Evaluation of High-Temperature Conformance olymer Systems (2003)

Abstract This paper presents the results of laboratory evaluation regarding the effectiveness of novel, organically crosslinked, high-temperature, conformance polymer gel systems as sealants. Effectiveness of these sealant gels is evaluated by attempting water flow through high-permeability cores under residual oil conditions. The effectiveness of the sealants to (1) block water permeability at temperatures up to 350°F, (2) provide long-term sealant properties at these temperatures, and (3)provide adequate gel time for placement is measured. The ultimate goal is to determine whether the selected crosslinked polymer systems provide useable extended gel times and maintain thermal stability to 350°F. Discussed are (1) the physical laboratory model and test conditions used to perform dynamic core flow studies over extended periods in determining the impact of sealant exposure to elevated temperatures and subsequent required modifications, (2) experimental procedure used for dynamic core flow studies, (3) the effect of temperature on permeability reduction over time, (4) the impact of threshold pressure (differential pressure required before fluid flow begins through a treated core) on permeability reduction over time, (5) laboratory methodology used for gelation time measurement of a new, novel, organically crosslinked, high-temperature, conformance polymer gel system, and (6) laboratory results regarding gelation time of the polymer system as a function of temperature up to 350°F.
A Novel Organometallic Aqua Complex of Technetium for the Labeling of Biomolecules:  Synthesis of [99mTc(OH2)3(CO)3]+ from [99mTcO4]- in Aqueous Solution and Its Reaction with a Bifunctional Ligand (1998)

We present herein the first synthesis of the water and air stable organometallic aqua complex [<sup>99m</sup>Tc(OH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(CO)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup> directly from [<sup>99m</sup>TcO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>-</sup> in saline under 1 atm of CO. Subsequent substitution of the labile water ligands by a bifunctional ligand attachable to biomolecules enables the introduction of carbonyl complexes in life sciences in general and in nuclear medicine in particular. [...]
Thermosensitive PEG–PCL–PEG (PECE) hydrogel as an in situ gelling system for ocular drug delivery of diclofenac sodium (2014)

Development of efficient ocular drug delivery systems was still a challenging task. The objective of this article was to develop a thermosensitive PEG-PCL-PEG (PECE) hydrogel and investigate its potential application for ocular drug delivery of diclofenac sodium (DIC). PECE block polymers were synthesized by coupling MPEG-PCL co-polymer using IPDI reagent, and then its sol-gel transition as a function with temperature was investigated by a rheometer. The results showed that 30% (w/v) PECE aqueous solution exhibited sol-gel transition at approximately 35 °C. In vitro release profiles showed the entrapped DIC was sustained release from PECE hydrogels up to 7 days and the initial drug loading greatly effect on release behavior of DIC from PECE hydrogels. MTT assay results indicated that no matter PECE or 0.1% (w/v) DIC-loaded PECE hydrogels were nontoxic to HCEC and L929 cells after 24 h culturing. In vivo eye irritation test showed that the instillation of either 30% (w/v) PECE hydrogels or 0.1% (w/v) DIC-loaded PECE hydrogels to rabbit eye did not result in eye irritation within 72 h. In vivo results showed that the AUC0-48 h of 0.1% (w/v) DIC-loaded PECE hydrogels exhibited 1.6-fold increment as compared with that of commercial 0.1% (w/v) DIC eye drops, suggesting the better ophthalmic bioavailability could be obtained by the instillation of 0.1% (w/v) DIC-loaded PECE hydrogels.
Effect of Intermetallics Spalling on the Mechanical Behavior of Electroless Ni(P)/Pb-Free Solder Interconnection (2005)

A systematic investigation of mechanical testing was conducted to correlate the brittle fracture observed in Ni(P) metallization with Ni-Sn intermetallic spalling in Pb-free solder joints. To produce lap shear test samples, two FR4 PCBs finished with Ni(P)/Au were reflowed using two Pbfree solders, Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (in wt.%). Brittle fracture was found in the solder joints made of Sn-3.5Ag, while only ductile fracture was observed in the Cu-containing solder (Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu). For Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu joints, (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 and/or (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 IMCs were formed at the interface between the solder and Ni(P) film. For Sn-3.5Ag, Ni3Sn4 was formed and spalled off the Ni(P) film, causing brittle fracture in solder pads where Ni3Sn4 had spalled. From the analysis of fracture surfaces, it was found that the brittle fracture occurs through the Ni3SnP layer The growth of the Ni3SnP layer appears to be responsible for Ni3Sn4 spalling and thereby for the brittle fracture of Ni(P)/solder interconnection. To prevent IMC spalling from the Ni(P) metallization, a thin intermediate layer of Sn or Cu was deposited by electrolytic or electroless plating method on the Ni(P) film. During the reflow reaction of Sn-3.5Ag solder paste, the intermediate layers effectively suppressed Ni3Sn4 spalling during the reflow reaction at 250°C for 30 min, while Ni3Sn4 easily spalled off the Ni(P) film in a few minutes in the control samples without an intermediate layer.
Delineation of the catalytic core of phenylalanine hydroxylase and identification of glutamate 286 as a critical residue for pterin function. (1994)

Rat phenylalanine hydroxylase was expressed in Escherichia coli. High level expression was achieved when the transformed E. coli were incubated at 27 degrees C for 24 h. A series of truncated fragments were expressed. The smallest fragment that gave an active soluble protein was from Leu142 to Phe410. This fragment corresponds closely to the region where there is highest homology between the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. The circular dichroism spectra of the phenylalanine hydroxylase catalytic core suggested that it contains around 50% alpha-helix. The core fragment is monomeric in dilute solutions but self-associates at higher concentrations. The E. coli expression system was used to generate a number of mutations in phenylalanine hydroxylase from position 264 to 290. This region had been previously shown to be important for pterin binding. Characterization of the mutant phenylalanine hydroxylase molecules identified Glu286 as an amino acid critical for pterin function in phenylalanine hydroxylase.
A Dual Fluorochrome Probe for Imaging Proteases (2004)

Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) optical probes have been able to provide a noninvasive assessment of enzyme activity for a number of different enzymes and types of pathology. Here we describe a dual fluorochrome enzyme-activatable probe featuring one NIRF fluorochrome that is activated by protease activity and a second fluorochrome that is protease resistant and serves as an internal standard. The probe was prepared by attaching Cy7 directly to an amino-CLIO, an amine functional cross-linked iron oxide (CLIO) nanoparticle carrier, in a protease resistant manner. Cy5.5 was attached to a protease sensitive polyarginine peptide spacer, also attached to amino-CLIO. In vitro and in vivo the ratio of the Cy5.5 to Cy7 fluorescence was increased by protease, reflecting the increase in Cy5.5 fluorescence by protease in the vicinity of the probe. In vitro and in vivo the absolute values of the Cy5.5 and Cy7 fluorescence reflected lesion size and the distance of lesions from the surface, while the ratio of Cy5.5 to Cy7 fluorescence obtained was constant and independent of lesion size and depth. The dual fluorochrome probe, and related dual wavelength imaging method, represents a novel approach for imaging protease activity in vivo.
Potential of resveratrol in anticancer and anti-inflammatory therapy (2008)

Phytochemicals present in food have shown significant prospects in the treatment and management of a vast array of human diseases. Resveratrol is a stilbene-type aromatic phytoalexin predominantly found in grapes, peanuts, berries, turmeric, and other food products. Resveratrol has been reported to exhibit several physiological activities including anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in experimental animal models, as well as in humans. Anticancer activity of this compound is mainly due to induction of apoptosis via several pathways, as well as alteration of gene expressions, all leading to a decrease in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. Resveratrol exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through modulation of enzymes and pathways that produce mediators of inflammation and also induction of programmed cell death in activated immune cells. Resveratrol has been shown to produce no adverse effects, even when consumed at high concentrations. Hence, resveratrol possesses good potential to be used as an adjunctive or alternative therapy for cancer and inflammatory diseases.
4(3'-Coumarinyl)-2-Arylamino Thiazoles and Some of Their Derivatives (1971)

Nine 4-(3' -coumarinyl) 2-arylamino thiazoles, their 5-bromo and aoetoxy-mercuri derivatives have been synthesised for possible use as fungicides.
A Retroviral Vector Containing a Muscle-Specific Enhancer Drives Gene Expression Only in Differentiated Muscle Fibers (1995)

Genetically modified myogenic cells have a number of potentially relevant applications for gene therapy of genetic defects. Retroviral vectors proved to be a safe and efficient tool to transfer and express genes into satellite cells and their differentiated progeny, although muscle-specific regulation of the transferred gene is very difficult to achieve in a conventional vector framework. We modified a Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV)-derived retroviral vector containing a bacterial beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) reporter gene by inserting a muscle creatinine kinase (MCK) enhancer element into the U3 region of the viral long terminal repeat (LTR). The resulting vector (mLBSN) was transferred into cells of different histological origin, including undifferentiated murine and human myogenic cells, which were unable to express the transgene at detectable levels. Instead, gene expression from the modified LTR was obtained in a mouse myogenic cell line and in human primary satellite cells upon induction of differentiation into myotubes in culture, and correlated with the activation of the muscle differentiation program. beta-Gal-negative, mLBSN-transduced human satellite cells were also transplanted into the quadricep muscle of immunodeficient mice, where activation of the transgene expression was observed in vivo after differentiation and fusion into muscle fibers. These results show that retroviral vectors carrying LTRs modified in the enhancer sequences may be used to target tissue- and differentiation-specific gene expression into the muscle. For practical purposes, satellite cells engineered by muscle-specific retroviral vectors might represent an effective tool to deliver expression of a given gene product specifically into the muscle tissue, avoiding undesired protein accumulation in mononucleated cells. More generally, this type of vector might be useful whenever regulated expression of a transferred gene is necessary in a target cell or tissue.
RFID: From Supply Chains to Sensor Nets (2010)

The next generation internet will be the internet of things (and not just of computing devices like PCs, PDAs); this is presumed to be enabled by integrating simple computing plus communications capabilities into common objects of everyday use. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a compelling technology for creation of such pervasive sensor networks due to its potential for ubiquitous, low-cost/low-maintenance use. However, the current drivers for RFID deployment emphasize supply chain management using passive tags, implying that RFID sensor nets require advances beyond the components and system designs aimed at supply chain applications. This work provides a glimpse of how this may be achieved.
Inhibition of histamine-mediated signaling confers significant protection against severe malaria in mouse models of disease (2008)

From the inoculation of Plasmodium sporozoites via Anopheles mosquito bites to the development of blood-stage parasites, a hallmark of the host response is an inflammatory reaction characterized by elevated histamine levels in the serum and tissues. Given the proinflammatory and immunosuppressive activities associated with histamine, we postulated that this vasoactive amine participates in malaria pathogenesis. Combined genetic and pharmacologic approaches demonstrated that histamine binding to H1R and H2R but not H3R and H4R increases the susceptibility of mice to infection with Plasmodium. To further understand the role of histamine in malaria pathogenesis, we used histidine decarboxylase–deficient (HDC−/−) mice, which are free of histamine. HDC−/− mice were highly resistant to severe malaria whether infected by mosquito bites or via injection of infected erythrocytes. HDC−/− mice displayed resistance to two lethal strains: Plasmodium berghei (Pb) ANKA, which triggers cerebral malaria (CM), and Pb NK65, which causes death without neurological symptoms. The resistance of HDC−/− mice to CM was associated with preserved blood–brain barrier integrity, the absence of infected erythrocyte aggregation in the brain vessels, and a lack of sequestration of CD4 and CD8 T cells. We demonstrate that histamine-mediated signaling contributes to malaria pathogenesis. Understanding the basis for these biological effects of histamine during infection may lead to novel therapeutic strategies to alleviate the severity of malaria.
1,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3 (1973)

A polar metabolite of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has been generated both in vivo in rats from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and in vitro from 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with chicken kidney homogenates. This metabolite has been isolated in pure form and identified as 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 by means of ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry and its reactivity to periodate treatment. 1,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3 is 60% as active as vitamin D3 in curing rickets. It is less active on a weight basis than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in stimulating and sustaining intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization but appears to have preferential action on the intestine.
Mechanisms of cholinesterase inhibition by inorganic mercury (2007)

The poorly known mechanism of inhibition of cholinesterases by inorganic mercury (HgCl2) has been studied with a view to using these enzymes as biomarkers or as biological components of biosensors to survey polluted areas. The inhibition of a variety of cholinesterases by HgCl2 was investigated by kinetic studies, X-ray crystallography, and dynamic light scattering. Our results show that when a free sensitive sulfhydryl group is present in the enzyme, as in Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase, inhibition is irreversible and follows pseudo-first-order kinetics that are completed within 1 h in the micromolar range. When the free sulfhydryl group is not sensitive to mercury (Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase and human butyrylcholinesterase) or is otherwise absent (Electrophorus electricus acetylcholinesterase), then inhibition occurs in the millimolar range. Inhibition follows a slow binding model, with successive binding of two mercury ions to the enzyme surface. Binding of mercury ions has several consequences: reversible inhibition, enzyme denaturation, and protein aggregation, protecting the enzyme from denaturation. Mercury-induced inactivation of cholinesterases is thus a rather complex process. Our results indicate that among the various cholinesterases that we have studied, only Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase is suitable for mercury detection using biosensors, and that a careful study of cholinesterase inhibition in a species is a prerequisite before using it as a biomarker to survey mercury in the environment.
Effect of adipose-derived nucleated cell fractions on tendon repair in horses with collagenase-induced tendinitis (2008)

ADNC injection improved tendon organization in treated tendons. Although biochemical and molecular differences were less profound, tendons appeared architecturally improved after ADNC injection, which was corroborated by improved tendon COMP expression. Use of ADNC in horses with tendinitis appears warranted.
Early Acquisition of Neural Crest Competence During hESCs Neuralization (2010)

These findings will provide a framework for further studying early human NC development including the epithelial to mesenchymal transition during NC delamination.
Phagocytosis of antigens by Langerhans cells in vitro. (1993)

Dendritic cells (DC) isolated from lymphoid tissues are generally thought to be nonphagocytic in culture. It has therefore been unclear how these cells could acquire particulate antigens such as microorganisms for initiation of primary immune responses. Lymphoid DC derive in part from cells that have migrated from nonlymphoid tissues, such as Langerhans cells (LC) of skin. The ability of LC to internalize a variety of particles was studied by electron, ultraviolet, phase, and differential interference contrast microscopy, and by two-color flow cytometry. Freshly isolated LC in epidermal cell suspensions phagocytosed the yeast cell wall derivative zymosan, intact Saccharomyces cerevisiae, representatives of two genera of Gram-positive bacteria, Corynebacterium parvum and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as 0.5-3.5-microns latex microspheres. During maturation in culture, the phagocytic activity of these cells was markedly reduced. Likewise, freshly isolated splenic DC were more phagocytic than cultured DC for two types of particle examined, zymosan and latex beads. Unlike macrophages, LC did not bind or internalize sheep erythrocytes before or after opsonization with immunoglobulin G or complement, and did not internalize colloidal carbon. The receptors mediating zymosan uptake by LC were examined. For this particle, C57BL/6 LC were considerably more phagocytic than BALB/c LC and exhibited a reproducible increase in phagocytic activity after 6 h of culture followed by a decline, whereas this initial rise did not occur for BALB/c LC. These differential kinetics of uptake were reflected in the pattern of zymosan binding at 4 degrees C, and endocytosis of the soluble tracer fluorescein isothiocyanate-mannose-bovine serum albumin at 37 degrees C. Zymosan uptake by LC from both strains of mice was inhibited in the presence of mannan or beta-glucan, although to different extents, but not by antibodies specific for CR3 (CD11b/CD18). These data indicate that zymosan uptake by LC can be mediated by a mannose/beta-glucan receptor(s) that is differentially expressed in the two strains of mice and that is downregulated during maturation of LC in culture.
Performance Analysis of DNS with TTL Value 0 as Location Repository in Mobile Internet (2007)

The Domain Name System (DNS) is an existing and implemented network service in Internet providing host and service reachability, which is essential to every IP connection setup. Merge of mobile networks with Internet results in large flow of frequent updates to the DNS database, which is a threat for DNS database consistency, because of strong caching it uses. Even though DNS wasn't originally designed for networks supporting host mobility, it gets enabled, if caching of resource records, carrying mobile host's locator information, is disabled by setting the time-to-live (TTL) field to 0 and by enabling dynamic DNS updates from mobile hosts to authoritative name servers. In this paper we are interested in the impact of TTL value 0 on DNS system performance. Based on the modeling of DNS caching behavior, we have a quantitative evaluation of the TTL value 0 impact on DNS performance of the mobile enhanced Internet.
Single molecule fluorescence burst detection of DNA fragments separated by capillary electrophoresis (1995)

A method has been developed for detecting DNA separated by capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) using single molecule photon burst counting. A confocal fluorescence microscope was used to observe the fluorescence bursts from single molecules of DNA multiply labeled with the thiazole orange derivative T06 as they passed through the approximately 2 micrometer diameter focused laser beam. Amplified photoelectron pulses from the photomultiplier are grouped into bins of 360-450 micros in duration, and the resulting histogram is stored in a computer for analysis. Solutions of M13 DNA were first flowed through the capillary at various concentrations, and the resulting data were used to optimize the parameters for digital filtering using a low-pass Fourier filter, selecting a discriminator level for peak detection, and applying a peak-calling algorithm. Statistical analyses showed that (i) the number of M13 molecules counted versus concentration was linear with slope = 1, (ii) the average burst duration was consistent with the expected transit time of a single molecule through the laser beam, and (iii) the number of detected molecules was consistent with single molecule detection. The optimized single molecule counting method was then applied to an electrophoretic separation of M13 DNA and to a separation of pBR 322 DNA from pRL 277 DNA. Clusters of discreet fluorescence bursts were observed at the expected appearance time of each DNA band. The autocorrelation function of these data indicated transit times that were consistent with the observed electrophoretic velocity. These separations were easily detected when only 50-100 molecules of DNA per band traveled through the detection region. This new detection technology should lead to the routine analysis of DNA in capillary columns with an on-column sensitivity of approximately 100 DNA molecules/band or better.
Prospects for E-Government in Latin America: Satisfaction With Democracy, Social Accountability, and Direct Democracy (2002)

Direct democracy “from below” constitutes a strong tool of social accountability. Powerful arguments have been made regarding the information problem associated with direct democracy. In an increasingly complex world, citizens have trouble gathering enough information to make decisions on complicated issues. E-government offers a unique opportunity to solve, at least partially, the information problem. Granting access to information and services, e-government allows citizens to become more acquainted with the governing process.In order to assess the potentiality of extending e-government I created an index of E-government Potentiality. This index is constructed through the combination of diverse variables (education index; main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; estimated PC per 100 inhabitants; and Internet users per 100 inhabitants). It is then compared with the actual use of e-government in the region (data came from West et al 2002). Surprisingly, there is not a direct proportional relation between those countries with high potentiality and those with actual broad use of e-government.The theoretical claim used to explain the lack of this relationship comes from the hypothesis that in developing countries where citizens are more satisfied with their democracy and have high degrees of interpersonal trust, the political will—a critical variable pointed out by the e-government literature—is not strong enough to engage in costly reforms and develop e-government. In other words, politicians lack enough incentives to alter the status quo. Why should they change if most people are basically satisfied with the state of affairs? Where countries have high levels of interpersonal trust and citizens are satisfied with democracy, e-government is less likely to develop.