gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selenium, zinc, iron and copper levels in serum of patients with arterial and venous leg ulcers (1986)

The total serum concentrations of selenium, zinc, iron and copper were determined in geriatric patients with and without leg ulcers. The levels of selenium, zinc and iron were significantly lower and the copper/zinc ratio was significantly higher in the leg ulcer group compared with control patients. The serum-copper level and the serum-copper/zinc ratio were raised in patients with poor ulcer healing.
<title>New results in color image quantization</title> (1992)

We investigate an efficient color image quantization technique that is based upon an existing binary splitting algorithm. The algorithm sequentially splits the color space into polytopal regions and picks a palette color from each region. At each step, the region with the largest squared error is split along the direction of maximum color variation. The complexity of this algorithm is a function of the image size. We introduce a fast histogramming step so that the algorithm complexity will depend only on the number of distinct image colors, which is typically much smaller than the image size. To keep a full histogram at moderate memory cost, we use direct indexing to store two of the color coordinates while employing binary search to store the third coordinate. In addition, we apply a prequantization step to further reduce the number of initial image colors. In order to account for the high sensitivity of the human observer to quantization errors in smooth image regions, we introduce a spatial activity measure to weight the splitting criterion. High image quality is maintained with this technique, while the computation time is less than half of that of the original binary splitting algorithm.
A Laboratory Evaluation of Tagging-Related Mortality and Tag Loss in Juvenile Humpback Chub (2015)

Abstract We quantified tag retention, survival, and growth in juvenile, captive-reared Humpback Chub Gila cypha marked with three different tag types: (1) Biomark 12.5-mm, 134.2-kHz, full duplex PIT tags injected into the body cavity with a 12-gauge needle; (2) Biomark 8.4-mm, 134.2-kHz, full duplex PIT tags injected with a 16-gauge needle; and (3) Northwest Marine Technology visible implant elastomer (VIE) tags injected under the skin with a 29-gauge needle. Estimates of tag loss, tagging-induced mortality, and growth were evaluated for 60 d with each tag type for four different size-groups of fish: 40–49 mm, 50–59 mm, 60–69 mm, and 70–79 mm TL. Total length was a significant predictor of the probability of PIT tag retention and mortality for both 8-mm and 12-mm PIT tags, and the smallest fish had the highest rates of tag loss (12.5–30.0%) and mortality (7.5–20.0%). Humpback Chub of sizes 40–49 mm TL and tagged with VIE tags had no mortality but did have a 17.5% tag loss. Growth rates of all tagged fish were similar to controls. Our data indicate Humpback Chub can be effectively tagged using either 8-mm or 12-mm PIT tags with little tag loss or mortality at sizes as low as 65 mm TL. Received July 24, 2014; accepted October 31, 2014
Structure of growing social networks (2001)

We propose some simple models of the growth of social networks, based on three general principles: (1). meetings take place between pairs of individuals at a rate that is high if a pair has one or more mutual friends and low otherwise; (2). acquaintances between pairs of individuals who rarely meet decay over time; (3). there is an upper limit on the number of friendships an individual can maintain. Using computer simulations, we find that models that incorporate all of these features reproduce many of the features of real social networks, including high levels of clustering or network transitivity and strong community structure in which individuals have more links to others within their community than to individuals from other communities.
Androgen Deficiency, Meibomian Gland Dysfunction, and Evaporative Dry Eye (2002)

Our findings show that the meibomian gland is an androgen target organ and that androgen deficiency may promote meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye. Overall, these results support our hypothesis that androgen deficiency may be an important etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of evaporative dry eye in women with Sjögren's syndrome.
Synthesis and characterization of novel cobalt aluminum cofacial porphyrins. First crystal and molecular structure of a heterobimetallic biphenylene pillared cofacial diporphyrin (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and characterization of novel cobalt aluminum cofacial porphyrins. First crystal and molecular structure of a heterobimetallic biphenylene pillared cofacial diporphyrinRoger Guilard, Michel Angel Lopez, Alain Tabard, Philippe Richard, Claude Lecomte, Stephane Brandes, James E. Hutchison, and James P. CollmanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 25, 9877–9889Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00051a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00051a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1559Altmetric-Citations79LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Regulation of Glycan Structures in Animal Tissues (2008)

Glycan structures covalently attached to proteins and lipids play numerous roles in mammalian cells, including protein folding, targeting, recognition, and adhesion at the molecular or cellular level. Regulating the abundance of glycan structures on cellular glycoproteins and glycolipids is a complex process that depends on numerous factors. Most models for glycan regulation hypothesize that transcriptional control of the enzymes involved in glycan synthesis, modification, and catabolism determines glycan abundance and diversity. However, few broad-based studies have examined correlations between glycan structures and transcripts encoding the relevant biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes. Low transcript abundance for many glycan-related genes has hampered broad-based transcript profiling for comparison with glycan structural data. In an effort to facilitate comparison with glycan structural data and to identify the molecular basis of alterations in glycan structures, we have developed a medium-throughput quantitative real time reverse transcriptase-PCR platform for the analysis of transcripts encoding glycan-related enzymes and proteins in mouse tissues and cells. The method employs a comprehensive list of >700 genes, including enzymes involved in sugar-nucleotide biosynthesis, transporters, glycan extension, modification, recognition, catabolism, and numerous glycosylated core proteins. Comparison with parallel microarray analyses indicates a significantly greater sensitivity and dynamic range for our quantitative real time reverse transcriptase-PCR approach, particularly for the numerous low abundance glycan-related enzymes. Mapping of the genes and transcript levels to their respective biosynthetic pathway steps allowed a comparison with glycan structural data and provides support for a model where many, but not all, changes in glycan abundance result from alterations in transcript expression of corresponding biosynthetic enzymes.
Epidemiology of rheumatic diseases (2000)

Rheumatic diseases are among the oldest diseases recognized. The classification of rheumatic diseases is sometimes difficult due to unknown aetiology and heterogeneity in their clinical presentation. Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the two most common rheumatic diseases, accounting for a large percentage of disability worldwide. The economic and social burden of these diseases is great. Their impact on both individuals and society results from a decreased quality of life, lost productivity and increased costs of health care. Without appropriate approaches to patient management and control of these diseases, this impact can be expected to increase as the population ages. One of the challenges in studying OA and RA, and rheumatic diseases in general, is deriving epidemiological data that can be used to understand better the factors that contribute to the initiation and progression of these diseases. Only with such an understanding can significant progress be made in the diagnosis, treatment and management of patients.
Antisense c- myc Oligonucleotide Cellular Uptake and Activity (1994)

Previously described cell membrane transport mechanisms are unable to account completely for oligodeoxynucleotide cellular uptake. These charged macromolecules enter cells by an incompletely defined mechanism and downregulate gene expression in either the cytoplasm or nucleus. Thus, the goal of this research was to study the mechanism of phosphodiester oligonucleotide cellular uptake in Rauscher Red 5-1.5 erythroleukemia cells. An antisense c-myc oligodeoxynucleotide (21 bases) demonstrated biological activity in these cells using two types of proliferation assays and Northern blot analysis, and was internalized as visualized by confocal laser microscopy. Oligonucleotide uptake appeared to be a complex process consisting of surface binding and internalization. Cellular internalization accounted for up to 40% of total uptake and was partially dependent on both a trypsin-sensitive component and cellular energy. Uptake in these cells was nonspecific and did not appear to be due to receptor-mediated endocytosis. Therefore, because oligonucleotide cellular uptake in other cell types apparently involves an endocytic mechanism, the primary mechanism of oligonucleotide internalization may be cell line dependent.
In vitropharmacological characterization of AM1241: a protean agonist at the cannabinoid CB2receptor? (2006)

The unusual phenomenon of inconsistent functional efficacies suggests that AM1241 is a protean agonist at the CB2 receptor. We postulate that functional efficacies displayed by protean agonists in various assay systems may depend on the levels of receptor constitutive activities exhibited in the assay systems, and therefore, efficacies observed in in vitro assays may not predict in vivo activities.
Autoantibodies against mannose-binding lectin in systemic lupus erythematosus (2003)

In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), autoantibodies directed against complement components of the classical pathway, especially against C1q, are associated with severe disease and are of prognostic value for flares of lupus nephritis. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), the recognition unit of the MBL pathway of complement activation, has structural similarities to C1q. Deficiencies of MBL have been shown to predispose to the development of SLE and to influence the course of the disease. We hypothesized that the presence of autoantibodies to MBL, analogous to autoantibodies to C1q in patients with SLE, may contribute to disease development. The occurrence of anti-MBL autoantibodies was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of 68 serum samples from 20 patients with SLE and in serum from 70 healthy controls. Levels of antibodies directed against MBL were significantly higher in patients with SLE compared to healthy subjects. No significant difference was found between patients with active disease compared to those with inactive disease. While the occurrence of anti-C1q autoantibodies was associated with renal involvement, no such relationship was found for anti-MBL autoantibodies. A significant correlation was found between anti-MBL and anti-C1q antibody levels. The level of anti-MBL antibodies was negatively correlated with MBL-complex activity of circulating MBL. Anti-MBL autoantibodies were of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype and the binding site of IgG anti-MBL was located in the F(ab')2 portion. We conclude that anti-MBL are present in sera from SLE patients and influence the functional activity of MBL.
TRIPS Intermediate Language (TIL) Manual (2005)

This document specifies the TRIPS Intermediate Language (TIL) for the TRIPS architecture, a novel, scalable, low power architecture for future technologies. TIL is a RISC-like intermediate representation for use by humans and compilers that want to write low-level TRIPS code.
Structure of the pheromone peptide of the Staphylococcus epidermidis agr system (1998)

The agr quorum-sensing system is responsible for the regulation of several virulence factors in staphylococci, with an extracellular pheromone peptide as signalling molecule. By monitoring the biological activity of synthetic peptides, it could be demonstrated that the pheromone of the agr system in Staphylococcus epidermidis is an octapeptide containing a thiolester linkage between the central cysteine and the C-terminal carboxyl group. The peptide was active at nanomolar concentrations. The N-terminus of the peptide pheromone, which is encoded as part of a protein precursor, proved to be crucial for biological activity.
Synergistic Antitumor Effects of a Combination of Interferon and Tamoxifen on Estrogen Receptor-Positive and Receptor-Negative Human Tumor Cell Lines In Vivo and In Vitro (1997)

Solid tumors are relatively resistant to growth inhibition by interferons (IFNs). To enhance sensitivity, we assessed combinations of IFNs with tamoxifen in estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) and ER-negative human tumor xenografts. In nude mice, the growth of MCF-7 human breast tumors (ER-positive) and NIH-OVCAR-3 ovarian tumors (functionally ER-negative) was suppressed completely when tamoxifen and IFN-alpha or IFN-beta was started 2 days after tumor inoculation. Established, 6-week-old MCF-7 and NIH-OVCAR-3 tumors regressed when treated with the combination of IFN-beta and tamoxifen but not with single-agent therapy. Treatment with the combination also resulted in an augmented antitumor response in vivo in an ER-negative breast tumor (MDA-MB-231), a colon carcinoma (HT-29), and a melanoma (SK-MEL-1). Antiproliferative studies in vitro suggested that growth of both MCF-7 and NIH-OVCAR-3 cells was inhibited to a greater degree by combination treatment with human IFN-alpha and tamoxifen or IFN-beta and tamoxifen compared with single agents. Median effect analysis defined synergy. Four ER-negative carcinomas (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, BT-20, and HT-29) also exhibited synergistic growth inhibition in response to the drug combination. The response of these four cell lines was particularly striking. Tamoxifen as a single agent had little effect (up to 2.0 microM) but caused enhanced antiproliferative activity when added to IFN-beta. Sequential treatment of MCF-7 cells in vitro with tamoxifen followed by IFN-beta was more effective at inhibiting growth than treatment with IFN-beta followed by tamoxifen, suggesting that tamoxifen modulated the anticellular response to IFN-beta rather than the converse. Similar results were obtained with IFN-alpha. Cell cycle analysis indicated that 7 days of exposure to the combination resulted in MCF-7 cell fragmentation and death. Together with our recent studies demonstrating enhancement of IFN-stimulated gene expression (ISG) by tamoxifen pretreatment in IFN-resistant cells, these data suggest that combination treatment with tamoxifen and IFNs may increase ISG expression in IFN-resistant tumors, leading to augmented antitumor effects. These effects appear to be independent of ER expression.
Differential expression and regulation of the glucokinase gene in liver and islets of Langerhans. (1989)

Glucokinase, a key regulatory enzyme of glucose metabolism in mammals, provides an interesting model of tissue-specific gene expression. The single-copy gene is expressed principally in liver, where it gives rise to a 2.4-kilobase mRNA. The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas also contain glucokinase. Using a cDNA complementary to rat liver glucokinase mRNA, we show that normal pancreatic islets and tumoral islet cells contain a glucokinase mRNA species approximately 400 nucleotides longer than hepatic mRNA. Hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotides and primer-extension analysis show that the liver and islet glucokinase mRNAs differ in the 5' region. Glucokinase mRNA is absent from the livers of fasted rats and is strongly induced within hours by an oral glucose load. In contrast, islet glucokinase mRNA is expressed at a constant level during the fasting-refeeding cycle. The level of glucokinase protein in islets measured by immunoblotting is unaffected by fasting and refeeding, whereas a 3-fold increase in the amount of enzyme occurs in liver during the transition from fasting to refeeding. From these data, we conclude (i) that alternative splicing and/or the use of distinct tissue-specific promoters generate structurally distinct mRNA species in liver and islets of Langerhans and (ii) that tissue-specific transcription mechanisms result in inducible expression of the glucokinase gene in liver but not in islets during the fasting-refeeding transition.
Ethylene: Symptom, Not Signal for the Induction of Chitinase and β-1,3-Glucanase in Pea Pods by Pathogens and Elicitors (1984)

Infection of immature pea pods with Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli (a non-pathogen of peas) or f.sp. pisi (a pea pathogen) resulted in induction of chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase. Within 30 hours, activities of the two enzymes increased 9-fold and 4-fold, respectively. Chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase were also induced by autoclaved spores of the two F. solani strains and by the known elicitors of phytoalexins in pea pods, cadmium ions, actinomycin D, and chitosan. Furthermore, exogenously applied ethylene caused an increase of chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase in uninfected pods. Fungal infection or treatment with elicitors strongly increased ethylene production by immature pea pods. Infected or elicitor-treated pea pods were incubated with aminoethoxyvinylglycine, a specific inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis. This lowered stress ethylene production to or below the level of uninfected controls; however, chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase were still strongly induced. It is concluded that ethylene and fungal infection or elicitors are separate, independent signals for the induction of chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase.
Characterization of protein iv-glycosylation by reversed-phase microbore liquid chromatography / electrospray mass spectrometry, complementary mobile phases, and sequential exoglycosidase digestion (1994)

A strategy for the identification of the site occupancy and glycoform heterogeneity, including sialylation occurring at specific sites of N-linked giycoproteins is presented using the asparagine-linked glycosylation on bovine fetuin for illustration. This is achieved by microbore high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass analysis (LC/ESIMS) of the tryptic glycopeptide mixtures with an acetonitrile-based mobile phase followed by sequential steps of residue (and linkage) specific glycoform degradation and LC/ESIMS analysis at each stage. In addition, chromatographic separation of the site-specific glycoforms of tryptic glycopeptides is accomplished by the use of an alternative, mass spectrometrically compatible mobile phase-water/ethanol/propanol/formic acid. By employing this nontraditional mobile phase for characterizing the complete tryptic digest, and using highly specific exoglycosidases in combination with LC/ESIMS analysis, a previously uncharacterized carbohydrate (a disialo biantennary complex oligosaccharide) was identified as a novel structure at Asn(81) of bovine fetuin. (J Am Sot Mass Spectrom 1994, 5, 350-358).
The Effect of Zinc-Crystallized Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 on Insulin Secretion of Macroencapsulated Pancreatic Islets (2001)

This research investigates the use of an insulinotropic factor, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), to enhance insulin secretion from islets within a macrocapsule. A zinc-crystallized form of GLP-1 was added to the macrocapsule device to have a longer and more controlled release of the bioactive monomer GLP-1. The type of macrocapsule device used for this study consisted of a hollow fiber (MWCO 100,000 and 1 mm inner diameter) containing rat islets and GLP-1 crystals within a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (2 mol% acrylic acid) matrix. When incubating the system in media with a high glucose concentration (300 mg/dL), insulin secretion was enhanced with a >85% increase after an induction period. When the same type of system was used in a dynamic perfusion experiment, similar results were obtained. GLP-1 crystals can be an effective form to be entrapped in a bioartificial pancreas to enhance insulin secretion function, especially at high glucose concentrations.
The effect of capping and polyadenylation on the stability, movement and translation of synthetic messenger RNAs inXenopusoocytes (1985)

Synthetic RNAs coding for chicken lysozyme, calf preprochymosin and Xenopus globin were transcribed in vitro using Sp6 RNA polymerase. The effects of capping and adding a poly(A) tail on the stability, movement and translation of these RNAs in Xenopus oocytes was examined. Capping and polyadenylation increased stability of the transcripts, with at least 40% remaining intact 48 h after injection into oocytes. Capped poly(A)- transcripts moved more rapidly in oocytes than either capped poly(A)+ transcripts or naturally occurring mRNAs. The translational efficiency of most of the synthetic RNAs in oocytes increased with both capping and polyadenylation. The exception was one Xenopus globin transcript which had an unusual 3' end of 20As and 30Cs, where further polyadenylation decreased translational efficiency. Polyadenylation was essential for detectable expression of the synthetic RNAs in cultured cells, but decreased translation of the synthetic RNAs in vitro.
Psychopharmacology: Perspectives on Medication Adherence and Atypical Antipsychotic Medications (2003)

Introduction by the column editor: The problem of noncompliance is one that affects all areas of medicine. Some opinion holds that it may be worse for psychiatric disorders, particularly the psychoses, and that the side effects of the older or conventional antipsychotics have played a major role in poor compliance. Side effects have also been proposed as the reason long-acting medications have been unpopular in the United States. This explanation, like many others, seems a bit simplistic and would not explain why European countries and Australia use ten times as many long-acting drugs as the United States.The arrival of atypical antipsychotics, with their lower rate of extrapyramidal effects, was greeted positively as an advance on the older drugs. It was suggested that the lower rate of side effects would improve compliance. However, few data to support this suggestion have been reported.