gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting levodopa effects in Parkinson's disease. (2000)

Levodopa is the gold standard for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) because of its outstanding clinical efficacy. However, the majority of patients experience various adverse reactions, including the wearing-off phenomenon, the on-off phenomenon, dyskinesia and psychiatric symptoms. The response to levodopa depends not only on the intrinsic responsiveness of the patients, but also on various other important factors including the type of levodopa preparation, its absorption/metabolism, the blood-brain barrier, age at onset of disease and concomitant use of anti-parkinsonian drugs. This review summarizes factors which influence the effects of levodopa in PD. To minimize levodopa-induced adverse reactions and to relieve long-term parkinsonian symptoms, levodopa therapy should be conducted by taking these factors into consideration.
Ionizing radiation induces expression and binding activity of the nuclear factor kappa B. (1991)

Recent studies have demonstrated that treatment of mamma- lian cells with ionizing radiation is associated with activation of gene expression. Although the signal transduction pathways stimulated by ionizing radiation remain unclear, our previous findings indicate that radiation induces specific genes at the transcriptional level. The present work has examined the ef- fects of ionizing radiation on the transcription factor NF-KB. The results demonstrate that ionizing radiation activates DNA binding of nuclear factor (NF),B. This effect was detectable at 2 grays (Gy) and reached a maximum at 5-20 Gy. At a dose of 20 Gy, the increase in NF-KB binding activity was maximal at 24 h and then declined to pretreatment levels. The results also demonstrate that ionizing radiation transiently increases NF- xB mRNA levels. However, the finding that induction of NF-KB binding to DNA occurs in the presence of cycloheximide indi- cates that ionizing radiation activates preexisting NF-KB protein. NF-KB exists as a cytoplasmic protein before activation. Thus, our results suggest that ionizing radiation induces transduction pathways which include cytoplasmic sigaling events.
Molecular genetic abnormalities in premalignant lung lesions: biological and clinical implications (2001)

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide; however, despite major advances in cancer treatment during the past two decades, the prognostic outcome of lung cancer patients has improved only minimally. This is largely due to the inadequacy of the traditional screening approach, which detects only well-established overt cancers and fails to identify precursor lesions in premalignant conditions of the bronchial tree. In recent years this situation has fundamentally changed with the identification of molecular abnormalities characteristic of premalignant changes; these concern tumour suppressor genes, loss of heterozygosity at crucial sites and activation of oncogenes. After considering the morphological modifications that occur in premalignant lesions of the bronchial tree, we analyse the alterations occurring in a series of relevant genes: p53 and its functional regulation by MDM2 and p14ARF, p16INK4, p15INK4b, FHIT, as well as LOH at important sites such as 3p, 8p, 9p and 5q. Activation of oncogenes is considered for K-ras, the cyclin D1, the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNPA2/B1), and finally the c-myc oncogene. The expression of c-myc is influenced strongly by the presence of growth factors (GFs), among which EGF is of prime importance, as well as its receptor coded for by the c-erbB-2 oncogene. Basic knowledge at the molecular level has extremely important clinical implications with regard to early diagnosis, risk assessment and prevention, and therapeutic targets. The novel techniques for early diagnosis and screening of premalignant lung lesions, such as fluorescence bronchoscopy, endobronchial ultrasound, spiral computed tomography combined with precise spatial localization techniques, should basically change the approach to the problems raised by this disease and allow for an increased discovery rate of incipient lesions. Sequential applications will lead to the identification of individuals/populations at high risk, while the availability of accurate 'intermediate end points' will enable the effects of preventive trials to be monitored. Finally, the same molecular abnormalities may serve as 'starting points' for innovative treatments designed to restore the altered functions to normality. Recent developments in our knowledge and understanding of the molecular genetic abnormalities in premalignant lung lesions open an era of hope.
The mass spectra of some phenanthro (9,10‐d) heterocycles (1970)

Abstract The mass spectra of six phenanthro(9,10‐ d )‐oxazoles, thiazoles and imidazoles are reported. The decompositions of the phenanthro(9,10‐ d ) derivatives resemble the corresponding benzo heterocycles. A C 13 H 7 fragment was found to be characteristic of these phenanthro compounds. Deuterium labeling was used to show that there is no correlation between the formation of the C 13 H 7 from the phenanthro compounds and the C 13 H 9 observed in the spectra of 4,5‐diphenyl substituted heterocycles.
Synthesis of 1H-4,1,2-benzothiadiazines from substituted N-acetyl-N-aryl-N′-thioaroylhydrazines (1975)

Treatment of N-acetyl-N-aryl-N′-thioaroylhydrazines, in which the N-aryl group is 2,4-disubstituted, with triethylamine in refluxing acetonitrile gives 6-substituted 1-acetyl-3-aryl-1H-4,1,2-benzothiadiazines in cases where the displaceable 2-substituent is bromine, fluorine, or iodine and the 4-substituent is electron-attracting; the synthesis fails when the 2-substituent is chlorine.
The Sol Genomics Network (solgenomics.net): growing tomatoes using Perl (2010)

The Sol Genomics Network (SGN; http://solgenomics.net/) is a clade-oriented database (COD) containing biological data for species in the Solanaceae and their close relatives, with data types ranging from chromosomes and genes to phenotypes and accessions. SGN hosts several genome maps and sequences, including a pre-release of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv Heinz 1706) reference genome. A new transcriptome component has been added to store RNA-seq and microarray data. SGN is also an open source software project, continuously developing and improving a complex system for storing, integrating and analyzing data. All code and development work is publicly visible on GitHub (http://github.com). The database architecture combines SGN-specific schemas and the community-developed Chado schema (http://gmod.org/wiki/Chado) for compatibility with other genome databases. The SGN curation model is community-driven, allowing researchers to add and edit information using simple web tools. Currently, over a hundred community annotators help curate the database. SGN can be accessed at http://solgenomics.net/.
Adhesion (2002)

Abstract Adhesion is a complex phenomenon that is studied and described by three scientific disciplines: surface science, engineering mechanics, and polymer physics and chemistry. This article provides an overview of the science of adhesion based in those three disciplines. Adhesion is described primarily from the viewpoint of making and breaking an adhesive bond although the basic concepts also apply to coatings. This article describes adhesion from the viewpoint of intermolecular forces and ties those concepts into strength of materials as well as surface energy. Methods by which adhesive bonds can be tested are also described. The article ends with a discussion that attempts to tie together fundamental forces at interfaces to the strength of an adhesive bond via the polymer physics of the adhesive.
Estrogen acutely stimulates nitric oxide synthase activity in fetal pulmonary artery endothelium (1997)

Estrogen (E) has nitric oxide (NO)-mediated effects in certain vascular beds, and fetal E levels rise acutely with parturition, suggesting that E may be involved in NO-mediated pulmonary vasodilation at birth. We tested the hypothesis that E acutely stimulates NO synthase (NOS) activity in ovine fetal pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) by measuring L-[3H]arginine conversion to L-[3H]citrulline in intact cells. NOS activity in the presence of 17 beta-estradiol (E2 beta) rose in a dose-dependent manner, increasing 70-100%, with a threshold concentration of 10(-10) M. This effect was detectable within 5 min of E2 beta exposure, and the maximal response was comparable to that obtained with acetylcholine, which had a threshold concentration of 10(-8) M. Ca2+ removal completely inhibited E2 beta-stimulated NOS activity, and activity with E2 beta and the Ca2+ ionophore A-23187 was not additive. In addition, the expression of the endothelial isoform of NOS (eNOS) was not altered, and the inducible and neuronal NOS isoforms were not detected by immunoblot analysis. These findings indicate that E2 beta acutely stimulates eNOS by Ca2+ influx. Furthermore, E2 beta-stimulated NOS activity was fully inhibited by the E receptor (ER) antagonists tamoxifen and ICI-182,780, and ER mRNA expression was evident in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. Thus E acutely stimulates eNOS activity in fetal PAEC via the activation of endothelial ER and increases in intracellular Ca2+.
ATM-based multi-party conferencing system (2002)

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), which can provide integrated services of various media types and bit rates, is rapidly becoming the dominant technology for deployment of distributed interactive multimedia services. We present the design and implementation of a multi-party conferencing system for deployment on ATM-networks. The underlying CORBA-based middleware models the computing platforms, networks and multimedia devices, such that distributed interactive multimedia services can be developed and deployed over heterogeneous environments. Furthermore, the embedded algorithms including scheduling and protocols are tuned for deployment of services over ATM networks.
Diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia by quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of C-polysaccharide antigen. (1994)

Quantitation of C-polysaccharide antigen in sputum by ELISA distinguishes between carriage of oral bacteria which express PnC-like antigen and infection with S pneumoniae and compares favourably with other diagnostic methods.
NovelATP8B1mutation in an adult male with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (2012)

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 is a rare disease that is characterized by low serum γ-glutamyltransferase levels due to mutation in ATP8B1. We present a 23-year-old male who experienced persistent marked pruritus for eighteen years and recurrent jaundice for thirteen years, in addition to cholestasis that eventually became fatal. Genetic sequencing studies of the entire coding (exon) sequences of ATP8B1 and ABCB11 uncovered a novel heterozygous missense 3035G>T mutation (S1012I) and a synonymous 696T>C mutation in ATP8B1. The patient's progression was associated with not only impaired familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1 (FIC1) function but also impaired bile salt export pump expression due to the impaired FIC1 function. Our findings show that patients with intermittent cholestasis can develop progressive liver disease even after several decades and require regular follow up.
Two-label peak-height encoded DNA sequencing by capillary gel electrophoresis: three examples (1992)

We report a modification to the peak-height encoded DNA sequencing technique of Tabor and Richardson. As in the original protocol, the sequencing reaction uses modified T7 polymerase with manganese rather than magnesium to produce very uniform incorporation of each dideoxynucleoside. To improve sequencing accuracy, two fluorescently labeled primers are employed in separate sequencing reactions. As an example, one sequencing reaction uses a FAM-labeled primer with dideoxyadenosine triphosphate and dideoxycytosine triphosphate; the concentrations of ddATP and ddCTP are adjusted to produce a 2:1 variation in the relative intensity of fragments. The second sequencing reaction uses a TAMRA labeled primer with dideoxythymidine triphosphate and dideoxyguanidine triphosphate; the concentrations of ddTTP and ddGTP are adjusted to produce a 2:1 variation in relative intensity of fragments. The pooled reaction products are separated by capillary gel electrophoresis and identified by one of three different detector systems. Use of a 2:1 peak height ratio typically produces a sequencing accuracy of 97.5% for the first 350 bases; a 3:1 peak height ratio improves accuracy to 99.5% for the first 400 bases. For these experiments, capillary electrophoresis is performed at an electric field of 200 V/cm; two to three hours are required to separate sequencing fragments up to 400 nucleotides in length.
Detection of Blood Spots and Dirt Stains in Eggs Using Computer Vision and Neural Networks (1996)

A computer imaging system was used to obtain gray level images of grade A eggs, eggs with blood spots, and eggs with dirt stains. Histograms based on the number of pixels at each gray level intensity were generated from the images and used to train neural network models. After training, the neural networks were evaluated on an independent testing set. The neural network models for blood spot detection had an accuracy of 85.6% (91.1% on grade A eggs and 86.7% on blood spotted eggs). The neural network model for dirt stain detection had an accuracy of 80.0% (88.9% on grade A eggs and 71.1% on dirt stained eggs). These accuracy levels were sufficient to produce final graded samples which were close to USDA requirements.
The synthesis of heterocyclic analogs of bisantrene (1988)

Abstract Bisguanylhydrazones of anthracene‐9,10‐dicarboxaldehyde have demonstrated excellent antitumor activity. Heterocyclic analogs were synthesized in an effort to expand or modify the activity profile.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Induces Leukocyte Infiltration and Cartilage Proteoglycan Degradation in Goat Joints (1995)

Recent studies have implicated leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in human joint disease. LIF is produced by cultured synovial cells and articular chondrocytes, stimulates cartilage and bone resorption, and has been detected in inflammatory exudates from arthritic joints. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intraarticular injections of human recombinant LIF in the goat. Endotoxin-free, sterile normal saline containing 1 micrograms recombinant human LIF (rhLIF) was injected into the right radiocarpal joints (RCJs) of eight angora goats. The left RCJs were injected with an equivalent volume of vehicle alone (n = 6) or vehicle containing 1 micrograms human albumin (n = 2). Goat joints were examined for clinical features of inflammation, and synovial fluid (SF) was aspirated on days 0, 2, and 6 postinjection. Leukocyte counts and concentrations of keratan sulfate, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha were determined in the SF. Proteoglycan synthesis was determined ex vivo in cartilage explants obtained on day 6 postinjection. A statistically significant increase in joint swelling and effusion volume was observed in LIF-injected joints but not in control joints. In the LIF-injected RCJs, the leukocyte count increased from 82 +/- 9 cells/microliters before injection to 10,300 +/- 3357 cells/microliters at day 2 postinjection (p < 0.005) and declined to 678 +/- 113 cells/microliters at day 6 postinjection. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocyte/macrophages predominated in the infiltrate. No appreciable change in leukocyte counts was observed in control joints.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. (1993)

Metabolism, like other aspects of life, involves tradeoffs. Oxidant by-products of normal metabolism cause extensive damage to DNA, protein, and lipid. We argue that this damage (the same as that produced by radiation) is a major contributor to aging and to degenerative diseases of aging such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune-system decline, brain dysfunction, and cataracts. Antioxidant defenses against this damage include ascorbate, tocopherol, and carotenoids. Dietary fruits and vegetables are the principal source of ascorbate and carotenoids and are one source of tocopherol. Low dietary intake of fruits and vegetables doubles the risk of most types of cancer as compared to high intake and also markedly increases the risk of heart disease and cataracts. Since only 9% of Americans eat the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, the opportunity for improving health by improving diet is great.
Dengue Virus-Specific Memory T Cell Responses in Human Volunteers Receiving a Live Attenuated Dengue Virus Type 2 Candidate Vaccine (1994)

A live attenuated dengue virus type 2 candidate vaccine (16681-PDK53) was evaluated in a phase I trial in 10 nonimmune adult volunteers. The dengue virus-specific memory T cell responses were analyzed as part of this study. Dengue virus-specific T cell proliferative responses were observed in all subjects after stimulating their peripheral blood mononuclear cells with live viruses or noninfectious viral antigens. The highest proliferative response was against dengue virus type 2, although cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses was detected to a lesser degree in some subjects. Dengue virus type 2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes were generated in all vaccinees. This study investigated whether the candidate vaccine was efficacious in inducing dengue virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell memory after a single immunization in nonimmune recipients.
Studies of the Initiation of Myelination by Schwann Cells (1990)

The rapid morphologic changes in Schwann cells and in their relationships to axons during the transition from the premyelinating to the myelinating state have been known for more than 15 years. The sorting of axons by dividing Schwann cells, the establishment of a 1:1 relationship between a postmitotic Schwann cell, and the onset of myelin sheath formation have all been described in detail. However, the chain of molecular events and mechanisms by which these morphologic changes are regulated has not been elucidated. In this chapter we have reviewed results that strongly suggest that the adhesion molecule L1 is one of the important determinants that mediate the elongation of the Schwann cell along the axon, and the extension of Schwann processes to engulf axons. Thus, L1 functions to promote the spreading of the Schwann cell process over the surface of the axon. L1 does not appear to be exclusively involved in the adhesion of Schwann cells to axons, in the activation of Schwann cell proliferation by axons, or in the induction of synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. The results from the anti-L1 blocking experiments further provided clues for an understanding of how the expression of GalC and MAG, which are both likely to be involved in the initiation of myelination, are regulated. These results imply that the overall regulation of expression of these early myelin components could require controls other than a single signaling mechanism derived from contact with axons. We propose that the deposition of basal lamina or one of its components could also be involved. Finally, the results from anti-GalC-blocking experiments indicated that GalC is involved in the mechanism of early growth of the myelin spiral.
Tensile Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional Type I Collagen Extracellular Matrices With Varied Microstructure (2002)

Abstract The importance and priority of specific micro-structural and mechanical design parameters must be established to effectively engineer scaffolds (biomaterials) that mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment of cells and have clinical applications as tissue substitutes. In this study, three-dimensional (3-D) matrices were prepared from type I collagen, the predominant compositional and structural component of connective tissue ECMs, and structural-mechanical relationships were studied. Polymerization conditions, including collagen concentration (0.3–3 mg/mL) and pH (6–9), were varied to obtain matrices of collagen fibrils with different microstructures. Confocal reflection microscopy was used to assess specific micro-structural features (e.g., diameter and length) and organization of component fibrils in 3-D. Microstructural analyses revealed that changes in collagen concentration affected fibril density while maintaining a relatively constant fibril diameter. On the other hand, both fibril length and diameter were affected by the pH of the polymerization reaction. Mechanically, all matrices exhibited a similar stress-strain curve with identifiable “toe,” “linear,” and “failure” regions. However, the linear modulus and failure stress increased with collagen concentration and were correlated with an increase in fibril density. Additionally, both the linear modulus and failure stress showed an increase with pH, which was related to an increased fibril length and a decreased fibril diameter. The tensile mechanical properties of the collagen matrices also showed strain rate dependence. Such fundamental information regarding the 3-D microstructural-mechanical properties of the ECM and its component molecules are important to our overall understanding of cell-ECM interactions (e.g., mechanotransduction) and the development of novel strategies for tissue repair and replacement.
Rational Design of an Active Avidin Monomer (2003)

Homotetrameric chicken avidin that binds four molecules of biotin was converted to a monomeric form (monoavidin) by mutations of two interface residues: tryptophan 110 in the 1 --> 2 interface was mutated to lysine and asparagine 54 in the 1 --> 4 interface was converted to alanine. The affinity for biotin binding of the mutant decreased from K(d) approximately 10(-15) m of the wild-type tetramer to K(d) approximately 10(-7) m, which was studied by an optical biosensor IAsys and by a fluorescence spectroscopical method in solution. The binding was completely reversible. Conversion of the tetramer to a monomer results in increased sensitivity to proteinase K digestion. The antigenic properties of the mutated protein were changed, such that monoavidin was only partially recognized by a polyclonal antibody whereas two different monoclonal antibodies entirely failed to recognize the avidin monomer. This new monomeric avidin, which binds biotin reversibly, may be useful for applications both in vitro and in vivo. It may also shed light on the effect of intersubunit interactions on the binding of ligands.
Multiterminal-net routing by grid stretching (2002)

Let R be a rectangle uniformly partitioned by w-1 vertical line segments and h-1 horizontal line segments. The problem of routing through the rectangle, called the RRP problem (also referred to as the switch-box routing problem), is considered. It is denoted by I=(R, N), and consists of finding a layout under the knock-knee wiring model for the set N of nets inside R. The authors present a set of transformations different from the ones given by K. Mehlhorn et al. (Journal of ACM, vol.33, no.1, p.60-85, 1986) that provide smaller approximation bounds for the unrestricted RRP and the three-terminal-net RRP problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>