gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Containing Y100C Variant Frequently Detected in Occult HBV Infection (2011)

Small hepatitis B virus surface protein (S-HBsAg) variant Y100C has been associated with HBsAg-negative phenotype. To determine whether Y100C substitution yields impaired HBsAg or small amounts of HBsAg that may reduce HBsAg detection by commercial anti-HBsAg antibodies, two eukaryotic expression plasmids, one containing a wild-type S and the other an S gene from a Y100C variant, were constructed and their levels of HBsAg compared by ELISA after transfection of HuH7 cells. Unexpectedly, the extracellular HBsAg levels detected with Y100C plasmid were higher than those observed with the wild-type plasmid, but without statistical significance. We concluded that the Y100C substitution alone did not play a role in reducing HBsAg amounts or HBsAg affinity by commercial ELISA assay. Further studies on in vitro replication fitness with the complete genome of HBV isolates displaying or not Y100C substitution may elucidate whether this mutation affects HBV replication and consequently HBsAg production.
Tissue-Specific and Ectopic Expression of Genes Introduced into Transgenic Mice by Retroviruses (1986)

Recombinant retroviruses containing the complete genomic human beta globin gene (under the control of its own promoter) and the bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase gene (under the control of the normal or enhancerless viral promoter) were used to derive transgenic mouse strains by infection of preimplantation embryos. Expression of the beta globin gene in hematopoietic tissues was observed in all transgenic strains. In addition, one strain showed ectopic expression of beta globin in the same tissues that also expressed high levels of RNA from the viral promoter. It is likely that expression from the long terminal repeat (LTR), in contrast to expression from the internal promoter, is dependent on the site of integration. Thus, retroviral vectors can be used for tissue-specific expression of foreign genes in transgenic mice, as well as for the identification of loci that allow developmental activation of a provirus.
Reinnervation of muscle fiber basal lamina after removal of myofibers. Differentiation of regenerating axons at original synaptic sites. (1978)

Axons regenerate to reinnervate denervated skeletal muscle fibers precisely at original synaptic sites, and they differentiate into nerve terminals where they contact muscle fibers. The aim of this study was to determine the location of factors that influence the growth and differentiation of the regenerating axons. We damaged and denervated frog muscles, causing myofibers and nerve terminals to degenerate, and then irradiated the animals to prevent regeneration of myofibers. The sheath of basal lamina (BL) that surrounds each myofiber survives these treatments, and original synaptic sites on BL can be recognized by several histological criteria after nerve terminals and muscle cells have been completely removed. Axons regenerate into the region of damage within 2 wk. They contact surviving BL almost exclusively at original synaptic sites; thus, factors that guide the axon's growth are present at synaptic sites and stably maintained outside of the myofiber. Portions of axons that contact the BL acquire active zones and accumulations of synaptic vesicles; thus by morphological criteria they differentiate into nerve terminals even though their postsynaptic targets, the myofibers, are absent. Within the terminals, the synaptic organelles line up opposite periodic specializations in the myofiber's BL, demonstrating that components associated with the BL play a role in organizing the differentiation of the nerve terminal.
High affinity restricts the localization and tumor penetration of single-chain fv antibody molecules. (2001)

Antitumor monoclonal antibodies must bind to tumor antigens with high affinity to achieve durable tumor retention. This has spurred efforts to generate high affinity antibodies for use in cancer therapy. However, it has been hypothesized that very high affinity interactions between antibodies and tumor antigens may impair efficient tumor penetration of the monoclonal antibodies and thus diminish effective in vivo targeting (K. Fujimori et al., J. Nucl. Med., 31: 1191-1198, 1990). Here we show that intrinsic affinity properties regulate the quantitative delivery of antitumor single-chain Fv (scFv) molecules to solid tumors and the penetration of scFv from the vasculature into tumor masses. In biodistribution studies examining a series of radioiodinated scFv mutants with affinities ranging from 10(-7)-10(-11) M, quantitative tumor retention did not significantly increase with enhancements in affinity beyond 10(-9) M. Similar distribution patterns were observed when the scFv were evaluated in the absence of renal clearance in anephric mice, indicating that the rapid renal clearance of the scFv was not responsible for these observations. IHC and IF evaluations of tumor sections after the i.v. administration of scFv affinity mutants revealed that the lowest affinity molecule exhibited diffuse tumor staining whereas the highest affinity scFv was primarily retained in the perivascular regions of the tumor. These results indicate that antibody-based molecules with extremely high affinity have impaired tumor penetration properties that must be considered in the design of antibody-based cancer therapies.
Randomized controlled trial of intraputamenal glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor infusion in Parkinson disease (2006)

Liatermin did not confer the predetermined level of clinical benefit to patients with PD despite increased (18)F-dopa uptake. It is uncertain whether technical differences between this trial and positive open-label studies contributed in any way this negative outcome.
G.719: The first ITU-T standard for high-quality conversational fullband audio coding (2009)

This article presents an overview of the recently standardized ITU-T G.719 codec, its key technologies, and their impact on audio quality. These technologies, while leading to exceptionally low complexity and small memory footprint, result in high fullband audio quality, making the codec a great choice for any kind of communication devices, from large telepresence systems to small low-power devices for mobile communication.
Treatment of Established Renal Cancer by Tumor Cells Engineered to Secrete Interleukin-4 (1991)

The generation of antigen-specific antitumor immunity is the ultimate goal in cancer immunotherapy. When cells from a spontaneously arising murine renal cell tumor were engineered to secrete large doses of interleukin-4 (IL-4) locally, they were rejected in a predominantly T cell-independent manner. However, animals that rejected the IL-4-transfected tumors developed T cell-dependent systemic immunity to the parental tumor. This systemic immunity was tumor-specific and primarily mediated by CD8+ T cells. Established parental tumors could be cured by the systemic immune response generated by injection of the genetically engineered tumors. These results provide a rationale for the use of lymphokine gene-transfected tumor cells as a modality for cancer therapy.
KARES: intelligent rehabilitation robotic system for the disabled and the elderly (2002)

KARES (KAIST Rehabilitation Engineering System) is a rehabilitation robotic system with 6 degrees of freedom robot arm mounted on the powered wheelchair, in order to assist the disabled and the elderly for independent livelihood. Human machine interaction is very important in this system. The direct control of the robot arm takes a high cognitive load on the user's part while physically disabled persons may have difficulties operating joysticks or push buttons for delicate movements. Therefore, a certain degree of autonomy of the robotic system is needed. To perceive the environment, color vision and force/torque sensors are mounted on the end-effector of the robotic arm of KARES. Four basic tasks are tested: picking up a cup from a table, picking up a pen from the floor, moving an object to the user's face, and operating a switch on a wall. These tasks are performed autonomously in the semi-structured environment.
Nanoparticles as transfection agents: a comprehensive study with ten different cell lines (2016)

The performance of transfection agents to deliver nucleic acids into cells strongly depends on the cell type.
Preparation of D- and L-Alanine-2,3-13C2 (1978)

Specifically labeled, optical isomers of alanine were synthesized from acetic-13C2 acid by a six-step procedure with yields of 37–38% of the optically active material.
Operant Conditioning in Skinnerbots (1997)

Instrumental (or operant) conditioning, a form of animal learning, is similar to reinforcement learning (Watkins, 1989) in that it allows an agent to adapt its actions to gain maximally from the environment while being rewarded only for correct performance. However, animals learn much more complicated behaviors through instrumental conditioning than robots presently acquire through reinforcement learning. We describe a new computational model of the conditioning process that attempts to capture some of the aspects that are missing from simple reinforcement learning: conditioned reinforcers, shifting reinforcement contingencies, explicit action sequencing, and state space refinement. We apply our model to a task commonly used to study working memory in rats and monkeys—the delayed match-to-sample task. Animals learn this task in stages. In simulation, our model also acquires the task in stages, in a similar manner. We have used the model to train an RWI B21 robot.
Role of T cell subsets in lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) directed to class I versus class II H-2 differences. I. L3T4+ cells can either augment or retard GVHD elicited by Lyt-2+ cells in class I different hosts. (1988)

Detailed information was sought on the capacity of purified Lyt-2+ cells to mediate lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) directed to class I H-2 differences. When B6 Lyt-2+ cells were transferred to irradiated class I-different (B6 x bm 1)F1 mice, three different patterns of lethal GVHD were observed. First, rapid death from hematopoietic failure occurred when Lyt-2+ cells were transferred together with host-type marrow cells; this form of GVHD probably reflected direct destruction of stem cells by Lyt-2+ cytotoxic cells. Second, a pattern of late-onset, chronic GVHD resulting in death only after 4-6 wk occurred when Lyt-2+ cells were supplemented with donor marrow. This syndrome developed in the apparent absence of L3T4+ cells and was observed with either high or low doses of Lyt-2+ cells and with either light or heavy irradiation of the host. Third, an acute form of GVHD resulted when Lyt-2+ cells plus donor marrow cells were supplemented with exogenous help, i.e., by adding small doses of donor L3T4+ cells or injecting the hosts with rIL-2. Although L3T4+ cells potentiated GVHD when injected in small doses, supplementing Lyt-2+ cells with large doses of L3T4+ cells paradoxically led to marked protection; symptoms of GVHD were mild and no deaths occurred.
Structural basis of end-stage failure in ischemic cardiomyopathy in humans. (1994)

These results are consistent with the contention that both myocyte and collagen compartments participate in the development of decompensated eccentric ventricular hypertrophy in the cardiomyopathic heart of ischemic origin.
Angiotensin II effects upon the glomerular microcirculation and ultrafiltration coefficient of the rat. (1976)

The effects of both synthetic and biologically produced angiotensin II (AII) upon the process of glolerular filtration were examined in the plasma-expanded (2.5% body wt) Munich-Wistar rat, by micropuncture evaluation of pressures, nephron plasma flow (rpf) and filtration rate (sngfr). Plasma expansion was chosen as a control condition because (a) response to AII was uniform and predictable, (b) endogenous generation of AII was presumably suppressed, and (c) the high control values for rpf permitted accurate determination of values for the glomerular permeability coefficient (LpA) before and during AII infusion. With subpressor quantities of synthetic Asn-1, Val-5 AII (less than 5 ng/100 g body wt/min), sngfr fell from 47.7 in the control group to 39.8 nl/min/g kidney (P less than 0.005). The rpf fell to 60% of control values (P less than 0.001). Measurement of glomerular capillary (PG) and Bowman's space (Pt) hydrostatic pressures in surface glomeruli with a servo-nulling device permitted evaluation of the hydrostatic pressure gradient (deltaP = PG - Pi). DeltaP increased from 38.1 +/- 1.2 in control to 45.9 +/- 1.3 mm Hg after Asn-1, Val-5 AII and essentially neutralized the effect of decreased rpf in sngfr. The sngfr then fell as a result of a decreased in LpA from 0.063 +/- 0.008 in control to 0.028 +/- 0.004 nl/s/g kidney/mm Hg after Asn-1, Val-5 AII (P less than 0.02). Lower doses of Asp-1, Ile-5 AII (less than 3 ng/100 g body wt/min) had no effect on sngfr, rpf, deltaP, and afferent and efferent vascular resistance, but significantly elevated systemic blood pressure, suggesting peripheral effects on smooth muscle at this low dose. LpA was 0.044 +/- 0.007 nl/s/g kidney/mm Hg after low-dose Asp-1, Ile-5 AII, and 0.063 +/- 0.008 in the control group (0.02 greater than P greater than 0.1). Higher, equally pressor doses of native AII (5 ng/100 g body wt/min) produced effects almost identical to similar quantites of synthetic Asn-1, Val-5 AII upon rpf, deltaP, sngfr, and renal vascular resistance. LpA again fell to 0.026 +/- 0.004 nl/s/g kidney/mn Hg, a value almost identical to that after the synthetic AII. Paired studies with Asp-1, Ile-5 AII also demonstrated a consistent reduction in LpA.
Syntheses of the dihydronepetalactones (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSyntheses of the dihydronepetalactonesJoseph Wolinsky and Edward J. EustaceCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 21, 3376–3378Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00986a051https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00986a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views341Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Replacement of the Ectodomains of the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase and Fusion Glycoproteins of Recombinant Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PIV3) with Their Counterparts from PIV2 Yields Attenuated PIV2 Vaccine Candidates (2000)

We sought to develop a live attenuated parainfluenza virus type 2 (PIV2) vaccine strain for use in infants and young children, using reverse genetic techniques that previously were used to rapidly produce a live attenuated PIV1 vaccine candidate. The PIV1 vaccine candidate, designated rPIV3-1cp45, was generated by substituting the full-length HN and F proteins of PIV1 for those of PIV3 in the attenuated cp45 PIV3 vaccine candidate (T. Tao et al., J. Virol. 72:2955-2961, 1998; M. H. Skiadopoulos et al., Vaccine 18:503-510, 1999). However, using the same strategy, we failed to recover recombinant chimeric PIV3-PIV2 isolate carrying the full-length PIV2 glycoproteins in a wild-type PIV3 backbone. Viable PIV3-PIV2 chimeras were recovered when chimeric HN and F open reading frames (ORFs) rather than complete PIV2 F and HN ORFs were used to construct the full-length cDNA. The recovered viruses, designated rPIV3-2CT, in which the PIV2 ectodomain and transmembrane domain were fused to the PIV3 cytoplasmic domain, and rPIV3-2TM, in which the PIV2 ectodomain was fused to the PIV3 transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail domain, possessed similar in vitro and in vivo phenotypes. Thus, it appeared that only the cytoplasmic tail of the HN or F glycoprotein of PIV3 was required for successful recovery of PIV3-PIV2 chimeras. Although rPIV3-2CT and rPIV3-2TM replicated efficiently in vitro, they were moderately to highly attenuated for replication in the respiratory tracts of hamsters, African green monkeys (AGMs), and chimpanzees. This unexpected finding indicated that chimerization of the HN and F proteins of PIV2 and PIV3 itself specified an attenuation phenotype in vivo. Despite this attenuation, these viruses were highly immunogenic and protective against challenge with wild-type PIV2 in hamsters and AGMs, and they represent promising candidates for clinical evaluation as a vaccine against PIV2. These chimeric viruses were further attenuated by the addition of 12 mutations of PIV3cp45 which lie outside of the HN and F genes. The attenuating effects of these mutations were additive with that of the chimerization, and thus inclusion of all or some of the cp45 mutations provides a means to further attenuate the PIV3-PIV2 chimeric vaccine candidates if necessary.
The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) (1994)

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
Dietary soy phytoestrogen effects on brain structure and aromatase in Long-Evans rats (2001)

Phytoestrogens are estrogen-like (plant-derived) molecules that protect against age-related diseases (cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis), hormone-dependent (breast and prostate) cancers and selectively bind estrogen receptors. However, little is known about the influence of phytoestrogens on brain. Using diets containing either high phytoestrogen levels, derived from soy, or very low phytoestrogens we quantified phytoestrogen concentrations of daidzein, genistein and equol in brain. We found that dietary phytoestrogens: significantly decrease body and prostate weights, do not alter brain aromatase levels and significantly change during adulthood the structure of the sexually dimorphic brain region (i.e. anteroventral periventricular nucleus; AVPV) in male, but not in female rats. Since most commercial animal diets contain significant concentrations of phytoestrogens their influence on brain structure should be considered.
A Versatile Synthetic Strategy for the Preparation and Discovery of New Iminocyclitols as Inhibitors of Glycosidases (1999)

A series of iminocyclitols was prepared using a versatile synthetic strategy, and their inhibition of glycosidases was evaluated using capillary electrophoresis. The study has demonstrated that remarkable specificities in enzyme inhibition can be achieved with small modifications on the aglycon side chain and the ring nitrogen. Among the compounds synthesized, (2<i>R</i>,3<i>R</i>,4<i>R</i>,5<i>R</i>)-<i>N</i>-methyl-2-(acetamidomethyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine was found to be very potent against β-<i>N</i>-acetylhexosaminidase P with the <i>K</i><sub>i</sub> value of 80 nM.
Quantification of oxygen saturation during episodic hypoxemia. (1980)

Because current analyses of episodic hypoxemia use methods, that present only a segment of the O2 profile over time, the results may be misleading. We analyzed recordings of O2 saturation versus time using an off-line X-Y digitizer. Results could be presented as a distribution function or a cumulative distribution function of O2 saturation during the recording period. The major usefulness of this technique is in the analysis of the intermittent hypoxia that occurs in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or cor pulmonale.
Emergence of Preferred Structures in a Simple Model of Protein Folding (1996)

Protein structures in nature often exhibit a high degree of regularity (for example, secondary structure and tertiary symmetries) that is absent from random compact conformations. With the use of a simple lattice model of protein folding, it was demonstrated that structural regularities are related to high "designability" and evolutionary stability. The designability of each compact structure is measured by the number of sequences that can design the structure-that is, sequences that possess the structure as their nondegenerate ground state. Compact structures differ markedly in terms of their designability; highly designable structures emerge with a number of associated sequences much larger than the average. These highly designable structures possess "proteinlike" secondary structure and even tertiary symmetries. In addition, they are thermodynamically more stable than other structures. These results suggest that protein structures are selected in nature because they are readily designed and stable against mutations, and that such a selection simultaneously leads to thermodynamic stability.
Pharmacological characterisation of a new oral GH secretagogue, NN703 (1999)

NN703 is a novel orally active GH secretagogue (GHS) derived from ipamorelin. NN703 stimulates GH release from rat pituitary cells in a dose-dependent manner with a potency and efficacy similar to that of GHRP-6. The effect is inhibited by known GHS antagonists, but not by a GH-releasing hormone antagonist. Binding of (35)S-MK677 to the human type 1A GHS receptor (GHS-R 1A) stably expressed on BHK cells was inhibited by GHRP-6 and MK677 as expected. NN703 was also able to inhibit the binding of (35)S-MK677. However, the observed K(i) value was lower than expected, as based on the observed potencies regarding GH release from rat pituitary cells. Similarly, the effect of NN703 on the GHS-R 1A-induced inositol phosphate turnover in these cells showed a lower potency, when compared with GHRP-6 and MK677, than that observed in rat pituitary cells. The effect of i.v. administration of NN703 on GH and cortisol release was studied in swine. The potency and efficacy of NN703 on GH release were determined to be 155+/-23 nmol/kg and 91+/-7 ng GH/ml plasma respectively. A 50% increase of cortisol, compared with basal levels, was observed for all the tested doses of NN703, but no dose-dependency was shown. The effect of NN703 on GH release after i. v. and oral dosing in beagle dogs was studied. NN703 dose-dependently increased the GH release after oral administration. At the highest dose (20 micromol/kg), a 35-fold increase in peak GH concentration was observed (49.5+/-17.8 ng/ml, mean+/-s.e.m.). After a single i.v. dose of 1 micromol/kg the peak GH plasma concentration was elevated to 38.5+/-19.6 ng/ml (mean+/-s.e.m.) approximately 30 min after dosing and returned to basal level after 360 min. The oral bioavailability was 30%. The plasma half-life of NN703 was 4.1+/-0.4 h. A long-term biological effect of NN703 was demonstrated in a rat study, where the body weight gain was measured during a 14-day once daily oral challenge with 100 micromol/kg. The body weight gain was significantly increased after 14 days as compared with a vehicle-treated group. In summary, we here describe an orally active and GH specific secretagogue, NN703. This compound acts through a similar mechanism as GHRP-6, but has a different receptor pharmacology. NN703 induced GH release in both swine and dogs after i.v. and/or p.o. administration, had a high degree of GH specificity in swine and significantly increased the body weight gain in rats.