gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electron-transfer biosensors (1987)

The electrochemistry of redox proteins is now well established. Conditions exist which allow electron-transfer reactions of all simple proteins to proceed rapidly and reversibly at electrodes. Coupling of the electrode reaction to enzymes, for which the redox proteins act as cofactors, allows exploitation of this good electrochemistry. This is well illustrated by the enzyme-catalysed electrochemical oxidation of p-cresol to p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which has been shown to proceed along with coupling to the electrode via the copper protein, azurin, or the organometallic compound ferroceneboronic acid. Ferrocene derivatives, in general, show a degree of versatility, coupling the electron-transfer reactions of many enzymes. Thus derivatives of the ferricinium ion act as excellent electron-transfer reagents from the enzyme glucose oxidase. The system is capable of detecting glucose in blood. Similar procedures, in conjunction with the appropriate enzyme, have yielded assays for, among others, H2O2 and cholesterol.
Nucleation and inhibition of hydroxyapatite formation by mineralized tissue proteins (1996)

Many proteins found in mineralized tissues have been proposed to function as regulators of the mineralization process, either as nucleators or inhibitors of hydroxyapatite (HA) formation. We have studied the HA-nucleating and HA-inhibiting properties of proteins from bone [osteocalcin (OC), osteopontin (OPN), osteonectin (ON) and bone sialoprotein (BSP)], dentine [phosphophoryn (DPP)] and calcified cartilage [chondrocalcin (CC)] over a wide range of concentrations. Nucleation of HA was studied with a steady-state agarose gel system at sub-threshold [Ca] x [PO4] product. BSP and DPP exhibited nucleation activity at minimum concentrations of 0.3 microgram/ml (9 nM) and 10 micrograms/ml (67 nM) respectively. OC, OPN, ON and CC all lacked nucleation activity at concentrations up to 100 micrograms/ml. Inhibition of HA formation de novo was studied with calcium phosphate solutions buffered by autotitration. OPN was found to be a potent inhibitor of HA formation [IC50 = 0.32 microgram/ml (0.01 microM)] whereas OC was of lower potency [IC50 = 6.1 micrograms/ml (1.1 microM)]; BSP, ON and CC all lacked inhibitory activity at concentrations up to 10 micrograms/ml. The effect of OPN on HA formation de novo is mainly to inhibit crystal growth, whereas OC delays nucleation. These findings are consistent with the view that BSP and DPP may play roles in the initiation of mineralization in bone and dentine respectively. OPN seems to be the mineralized tissue protein most likely to function in the inhibition of HA formation, possibly by preventing phase separation in tissue fluids of high supersaturation.
Phase I trial of a melanoma vaccine with gp100(280-288) peptide and tetanus helper peptide in adjuvant: immunologic and clinical outcomes. (2001)

A melanoma vaccine composed of HLA-A2-restricted peptide YLEPGPVTA (gp100(280)), with or without a modified T-helper epitope from tetanus toxoid AQYIKANSKFIGITEL, has been evaluated in a Phase I trial to assess safety and immunological response. The vaccines were administered s.c. in either of two adjuvants, Montanide ISA-51 or QS-21, to 22 patients with high-risk resected melanoma (stage IIB-IV). Local and systemic toxicities were mild and transient. We detected CTL responses to the gp100(280) peptide in peripheral blood in 14% of patients. Helper T-cell responses to the tetanus helper peptide were detected in 79% of patients and had a Th1 cytokine profile. One patient with a CTL response to gp100 had a recurrence in a lymph node 2 years later; her nodes contained CD8+ cells reactive to gp100(280) (0.24%), which proliferated in response to peptide. The overall survival of patients is 75% (95% confidence interval, 57-94%) at 4.7 years follow-up, which compares favorably with expected survival. Four of 14 patients who completed at least six vaccines subsequently developed metastases, all of which were solitary and surgically resectable. They remain alive and clinically free of disease at last follow-up. Data from this trial demonstrate immunogenicity of the gp100(280) peptide and suggest that immune responses may persist long-term in some patients. The frequency and magnitude of the CTL response may be improved with more aggressive vaccination regimens. Although this Phase I study was not intended to evaluate clinical benefit, the excellent survival of patients on this protocol suggests the possibility of a benefit that should be assessed in future studies.
Schmelztauchschichten (1996)

Unter Schmelztauchschichten werden Schichten verstanden, die durch Eintauchen eines metallischen Werkstücks in geschmolzenes Metall erzeugt werden. Tabelle 16-1 zeigt, welche technisch wichtige Schmelztauchschichten auf gängige Werkstoffe aufgebracht werden.
Isolation and Identification of Xylitol Dehydrogenase Gene from Trichoderma reesei (1998)

A cDNA sub library from the fungus Trichoderma reesei grown on xylan was constructed in S.cerevisiae recombinant strain H475 harboring xylose reductase (XR)gene from Pichia stipitis .The sub library was screened for xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) gene on SC selective medium in which xylose was used as a sole carbon source.The XDH gene,xdhl,was isolated from this sub pool and the length of xdhl is about 1.3kb.Southern,Northern and Western blot were carried out.The results indicated that xdhl has high affinity with T.reesei and the molecular weight of the xylitol dehydrogenase produced by S.cerevisiae recombinant strain HX1 is about 40 kDa.The strain HX1 harboring both xr from P.stipitis and xdhl from T.ressei was able to grown on xylose medium and converted more than 90% of the xylose into xylitol,ethanol and another by products.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES WITH α‐METALATED ISOCYANIDES. XLIV. β‐(DIMETHYLAMINO)‐α‐ISOCYANOACRYLATES AND THEIR USE IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY (1980)

Abstract Reaktion der Isocyanacetate (I) mit dem Diethylacetal (II) führt zu den Titelestern (IIIa) und (IIIb).
RNAi Factors Are Present and Active in Human Cell Nuclei (2014)

RNAi is widely appreciated as a powerful regulator of mRNA translation in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. However, the presence and activity of RNAi factors in the mammalian nucleus has been the subject of considerable debate. Here, we show that Argonaute-2 (Ago2) and RNAi factors Dicer, TRBP, and TRNC6A/GW182 are in the human nucleus and associate together in multiprotein complexes. Small RNAs can silence nuclear RNA and guide site-specific cleavage of the targeted RNA, demonstrating that RNAi can function in the human nucleus. Nuclear Dicer is active and miRNAs are bound to nuclear Ago2, consistent with the existence of nuclear miRNA pathways. Notably, we do not detect loading of duplex small RNAs in nuclear extracts and known loading factors are absent. These results extend RNAi into the mammalian nucleus and suggest that regulation of RNAi via small RNA loading of Ago2 differs between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
Role of tissue hypoxia in local regulation of cerebral microcirculation (1978)

The mechanism of action of hypoxia on cerebral blood vessels and its role in the regulation of the cerebral circulation were investigated in anesthetized cats. Arterial hypoxia produced marked cerebral arteriolar vasodilation, which was partially reversed by perfusing the space under the cranial window with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing 6-94% oxygen. More marked increase in the local supply of oxygen, via perfusion of the space under the cranial window with fluorocarbon FC-80 equilibrated with 100% oxygen, completely eliminated the vasodilation induced by arterial hypoxia. Fluorocarbon equilibrated with 100% N2 had no effect on the vasodilation. The vasodilation associated with hypotension was completely reversed by perfusion with fluorocarbon equilibrated with 100% oxygen and was unaffected by perfusion with fluorocarbon or CSF equilibrated with gas not containing oxygen. The vasodilation associated with Metrazole-induced seizures was partially reversed by perfusion with fluorocarbon containing oxygen. The results show that hypoxia dilated cerebral blood vessels entirely via a local mechanism, that hypoxia is the dominant mechanism involved in the vasodilation associated with hypotension, and that it is, at least partially, responsible for the vasodilation associated with seizures.
The Diurnal Variation and Response to Dexamethasone Suppression Test of Saliva Cortisol Level in Autistic Children (1987)

In order to examine the function of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) in autistic children, the diurnal rhythm of saliva cortisol and the response of cortisol to the DST was investigated using saliva samples. 1) The plasma and saliva cortisol levels showed a positive correlation in normal healthy adults. Moreover, the saliva cortisol level exhibited a similar diurnal rhythm and DST response as did the plasma cortisol level. 2) The saliva cortisol level in normal children showed a similar diurnal rhythm and DST response as that in normal healthy adults. 3) Some children with infantile autism showed an abnormal diurnal rhythm or DST response for saliva cortisol. Moreover, the latter abnormality was observed more frequently in poorly-developed cases than in highly-developed cases. 4) These results suggest that the negative feedback mechanism of the HPA-axis may be disturbed in autistic children, especially the poorly-developed cases, owing to a disorder in the regulation by serotonin metabolism.
Analysis of IgM structures involved in J chain incorporation (1997)

J chain is associated with pentameric IgM and polymeric IgA. In IgM, J chain is disulfide bonded to the C575 residue of the mu-chain, located in the mu tail piece (mu tp). Previous studies indicated that mu tp is not sufficient to mediate J chain incorporation into polymeric Ig. In this study, we analyzed which other C mu domains are involved in J chain incorporation. Three altered forms of mouse IgM were analyzed: IgM lacking the C mu 1 domain, IgM in which the C mu 2 and C mu 3 domains were replaced by the hinge region and the C gamma 2 domain of IgG2b, and IgM, in which the C mu 4 domain was replaced by C gamma 3. We found that neither C mu 1, C mu 2, nor C mu 3 was absolutely required for J chain incorporation. The importance of C mu 4 could not be fully analyzed because the C gamma 3 replacement mutant failed to form polymers. Also, we found that the glycosylation site at asparagine 563 of mu tp was important for J chain incorporation. Disruption of this site by replacement of either asparagine 563 by tyrosine or serine 565 by phenylalanine resulted in diminished J chain incorporation and increased production of hexameric IgM. These results demonstrate the importance of structural elements located close to mu tp in the incorporation of J chain into IgM.
Disruption of a key ligand-H-bond network drives dissociative properties in vamorolone for Duchenne muscular dystrophy treatment (2020)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder that shows chronic and progressive damage to skeletal and cardiac muscle leading to premature death. Antiinflammatory corticosteroids targeting the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are the current standard of care but drive adverse side effects such as deleterious bone loss. Through subtle modification to a steroidal backbone, a recently developed drug, vamorolone, appears to preserve beneficial efficacy but with significantly reduced side effects. We use combined structural, biophysical, and biochemical approaches to show that loss of a receptor-ligand hydrogen bond drives these remarkable therapeutic effects. Moreover, vamorolone uniformly weakens coactivator associations but not corepressor associations, implicating partial agonism as the main driver of its dissociative properties. Additionally, we identify a critical and evolutionarily conserved intramolecular network connecting the ligand to the coregulator binding surface. Interruption of this allosteric network by vamorolone selectively reduces GR-driven transactivation while leaving transrepression intact. Our results establish a mechanistic understanding of how vamorolone reduces side effects, guiding the future design of partial agonists as selective GR modulators with an improved therapeutic index.
Suppression of Steady-state, but not Stimulus-induced NF-κB Activity Inhibits Alphavirus-induced Apoptosis (1998)

Recent studies have established cell type- specific, proapoptotic, or antiapoptotic functions for the transcription factor NF-kappaB. In each of these studies, inhibitors of NF-kappaB activity have been present before the apoptotic stimulus, and so the role of stimulus- induced NF-kappaB activation in enhancing or inhibiting survival could not be directly assessed. Sindbis virus, an alphavirus, induces NF-kappaB activation and apoptosis in cultured cell lines. To address whether Sindbis virus- induced NF-kappaB activation is required for apoptosis, we used a chimeric Sindbis virus that expresses a superrepressor of NF-kappaB activity. Complete suppression of virus-induced NF-kappaB activity neither prevents nor potentiates Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis. In contrast, inhibition of NF-kappaB activity before infection inhibits Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that suppression of steady-state, but not stimulus-induced NF-kappaB activity, regulates expression of gene products required for Sindbis virus-induced death. Furthermore, we show that in the same cell line, NF-kappaB can be proapoptotic or antiapoptotic depending on the death stimulus. We propose that the role of NF-kappaB in regulating apoptosis is determined by the death stimulus and by the timing of modulating NF-kappaB activity relative to the death stimulus.
Demystified… recombinant antibodies (2004)

Recombinant antibodies are important tools for biomedical research and are increasingly being used as clinical diagnostic/therapeutic reagents. In this article, a background to humanized antibodies is given, together with details of the generation of antibody fragments--for example, single chain Fv fragments. Phage antibody fragments are fast becoming popular and can be generated by simple established methods of affinity enrichment from libraries derived from immune cells. Phage display methodology can also be used for the affinity enrichment of existing antibody fragments to provide a reagent with a higher affinity. Here, phage antibodies are demystified to provide a greater understanding of the potential of these reagents and to engage clinicians and biomedical scientists alike to think about potential applications in pathology and clinical settings.
Evaluation of BCNU and/or radiotherapy in the treatment of anaplastic gliomas (1978)

A controlled, prospective, randomized study evaluated the use of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and/or radiotherapy in the treatment of patients who were operated on and had histological confirmation of anaplastic glioma. A total of 303 patients were randomized into this study, of whom 222 (73%) were within the Valid Study Group (VSG), having met the protocol criteria of neuropathology, corticosteroid control, and therapeutic approach. Patients were divided into four random groups, and received BCNU (80 mg/sq m/day on 3 successive days every 6 to 8 weeks), and/or radiotherapy (5000 to 6000 rads to the whole brain through bilateral opposing ports), or best conventional care but no chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Analysis was performed on all patients who received any amount of therapy (VSG) and on the Adequately Treated Group (ATG), who had received 5000 or more rads radiotherapy, two or more courses of chemotherapy, and had a minimum survival of 8 or more weeks (the interval that would have been required to have received either the radiotherapy or chemotherapy). Median survival of patients in the VSG was, best conventional care: 14 weeks (ATG: 17.0 weeks); BCNU: 18.5 weeks (ATG: 25.0 weeks); radiotherapy: 35 weeks (ATG: 37.5 weeks); and BCNU plus radiotherapy: 34.5 weeks (ATG: 40.5 weeks). All therapeutic modalities showed some statistical superiority compared to best conventional care. There was no significant difference between the four groups in relation to age distribution, sex, location of tumor, diagnosis, tumor characteristics, signs or symptoms, or the amount of corticosteroid used. An analysis of prognostic factors indicates that the initial performance status (Karnofsky rating), age, the use of only a surgical biopsy, parietal location, the presence of seizures, or the involvement of cranial nerves II, III, IV, and VI are all of significance. Toxicity included acceptable, reversible thrombocytopenia and leukopenia.
Serum Vaspin Concentrations in Human Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (2007)

We found a sexual dimorphism in circulating vaspin. Elevated vaspin serum concentrations are associated with obesity and impaired insulin sensitivity, whereas type 2 diabetes seems to abrogate the correlation between increased circulating vaspin, higher body weight, and decreased insulin sensitivity. Low circulating vaspin correlates with a high fitness level, whereas physical training in untrained individuals causes increased vaspin serum concentrations.
New DNA Viruses Identified in Patients with Acute Viral Infection Syndrome (2005)

A sequence-independent PCR amplification method was used to identify viral nucleic acids in the plasma samples of 25 individuals presenting with symptoms of acute viral infection following high-risk behavior for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission. GB virus C/hepatitis G virus was identified in three individuals and hepatitis B virus in one individual. Three previously undescribed DNA viruses were also detected, a parvovirus and two viruses related to TT virus (TTV). Nucleic acids in human plasma that were distantly related to bacterial sequences or with no detectable similarities to known sequences were also found. Nearly complete viral genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of a new parvovirus distinct from known human and animal parvoviruses and of two related TTV-like viruses highly divergent from both the TTV and TTV-like minivirus groups. The detection of two previously undescribed viral species in a small group of individuals presenting acute viral syndrome with unknown etiology indicates that a rich yield of new human viruses may be readily identifiable using simple methods of sequence-independent nucleic acid amplification and limited sequencing.
The Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor Vildagliptin Suppresses Endogenous Glucose Production and Enhances Islet Function after Single-Dose Administration in Type 2 Diabetic Patients (2007)

During MTT, vildagliptin augments insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon release, leading to enhanced suppression of EGP. During the postprandial period, a single dose of vildagliptin reduced plasma glucose levels by enhancing suppression of EGP.
Plasma wave FET for sub-wavelength THz imaging (2007)

In this paper, the image of the transistor responsivity pattern is recorded as a dependence of the drain- to- source voltage, induced by the THz laser radiation versus the displacement of the transistor in perpendicular plane in respect to the laser beam. The micrometer scale and even nanometer scale resolution imaging can be achieved with the field effect transistor operating in a plasma wave detector mode by changing drain and gate biases. This paper reports on the first ever THz imaging employing plasma wave field-effect transistors FET, unlike references reporting on THz sensing.
Methylation-Sensitive Representational Difference Analysis (MS-RDA) (2008)

Methylation-sensitive representational difference analysis (MS-RDA) is a genome subtraction method that isolates DNA fragments differentially methylated between two genomes. It can be performed in any organism, even in those for which no microarray products are available. An important characteristic of MS-RDA is that it enriches unmethylated CpG-rich regions of the genome (amplicon), most of which are unique sequences. DNA fragments differentially methylated between two DNA samples will be present in one amplicon, but not in the other. The difference can be identified by RDA. Most technical difficulties reside in the RDA procedure, and many fine techniques are necessary for a successful application of this powerful technology.
Scientists on the move: tracing scientists mobility and its spatial distribution (2009)

This paper aims to provide new insights into the well-studied phenomenon of knowledge spillovers. We study one of the main mechanisms through which these spillovers occur, that is, the mobility of highly-skilled individuals. In contrast to earlier studies, we focus on the geographical mobility of inventors across European regions. First, we gather information from PCT patent documents (from the OECD REGPAT database, May 2008 edition) and match the names which seemed to belong to the same inventor using name matching algorithms; second, we create a new algorithm to decide whether each patent applied for under each name belongs to the same inventor, according to set of predetermined characteristics. We use this information to trace the pattern of scientists’ and inventors’ mobility across European regions.
PCR-based cDNA library construction: general cDNA libraries at the level of a few cells (1989)

A procedure for the construction of general cDNA libraries is described which is based on the amplification of total cDNA in vitro. The first cDNA strand is synthesized from total RNA using an oligo(dT)-containing primer. After oligo(dG) tailing the total cDNA is amplified by PCR using two primers complementary to oligo(dA) and oligo(dG) ends of the cDNA. For insertion of the cDNA into a vector a controlled trimming of the 3' ends of the cDNA by Klenow enzyme was used. Starting from 10 J558L micron3 myeloma cells, total cDNA was synthesized and amplified approximately 10(5) fold. A library containing 10(6) clones was established from 1/6 of the amplified cDNA. Screening of the library with probes for three genes expressed in these cells revealed a number of corresponding clones in each case. The longest obtained clones contained inserts of 1.5 kb length. No sequences originating from carriers or from rRNA was found in 14 randomly picked clones.
A sulphide lithium super ion conductor is superior to liquid ion conductors for use in rechargeable batteries (2013)

We report that a heat-treated Li2S–P2S5 glass-ceramic conductor has an extremely high ionic conductivity of 1.7 × 10−2 S cm−1 and the lowest conduction activation energy of 17 kJ mol−1 at room temperature among lithium-ion conductors reported to date. The optimum conditions of the heat treatment reduce the grain boundary resistance, and the influence of voids, to increase the Li+ ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte so that it is greater than the conductivities of liquid electrolytes, when the transport number of lithium ions in the inorganic electrolyte is unity.
A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis (1998)

A visual attention system, inspired by the behavior and the neuronal architecture of the early primate visual system, is presented. Multiscale image features are combined into a single topographical saliency map. A dynamical neural network then selects attended locations in order of decreasing saliency. The system breaks down the complex problem of scene understanding by rapidly selecting, in a computationally efficient manner, conspicuous locations to be analyzed in detail.