gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Free Fatty Acids and Sterols in Swine Manure (2006)

Free fatty acids and sterols were assessed in fresh manure and anaerobic lagoon sludge from swine production facilities in North Carolina. Eight free fatty acids and five sterols were identified and quantified in both manure and sludge samples. Compound identification was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and compound quantities were determined by gas chromatography after solid phase extraction with a 50:50 mixture of diethyl ether and hexane. The free fatty acids occurring in greatest abundance in both fresh manure and lagoon sludge were palmitic, oleic, and stearic. Free fatty acid content in fresh manure ranged from approximately 3 microg g(-1) dry weight (dw) to over 45 microg g(-1) dw. In lagoon sludge, free fatty acid content ranged from about 0.8 microg g(-1) dw to nearly 4 microg g(-1) dw. Coprostanol and epicoprostanol were the sterols in largest concentrations in fresh manure and lagoon sludge samples. Total sterol content ranged from approximately 0.5 microg g(-1) dw to around 11 microg g(-1) dw in fresh manure and from 3.5 microg g(-1) dw to almost 9 microg g(-1) dw in lagoon sludge. Fresh manure and lagoon sludge both had high levels of inorganic cations (e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe) capable of binding free fatty acids and forming insoluble complexes, thereby potentially reducing fatty acid biodegradation. In anaerobic lagoons, sterols are an organic fraction of sludge that are resistant to bacterial degradation. In the case of fresh manure, fatty acids could represent a potential source of energy via the manufacture of biodiesel fuel, if efficient means for their extraction and transesterification can be devised.
Preferred sites of digestion of a ribonuclease from Enterobacter species in the sequence analysis of Bacillus stearothermophilus 5S ribonucleic acid (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreferred sites of digestion of a ribonuclease from Enterobacter species in the sequence analysis of Bacillus stearothermophilus 5S ribonucleic acidCharles A. Marotta, Carl C. Levy, Sherman M. Weissman, and Frederick VarricchioCite this: Biochemistry 1973, 12, 15, 2901–2904Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00739a020https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00739a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views14Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
CD146 Short Isoform Increases the Proangiogenic Potential of Endothelial Progenitor Cells In Vitro and In Vivo (2010)

Altogether, these findings establish that CD146 isoforms display distinct functions in vessels regeneration. Selective improvement of therapeutic angiogenesis by shCD146 overexpression suggests a potential interest of shCD146-transduced EPCs for the treatment of peripheral ischemic disease.
Angiotensin II Activates Collagen Type I Gene in the Renal Vasculature of Transgenic Mice During Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthesis (1999)

Background —Hypertension is frequently associated with renal vascular fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether angiotensin II (Ang II) is involved in this fibrogenic process. Methods and Results —Experiments were performed on transgenic mice harboring the luciferase gene under the control of the collagen I-α 2 chain promoter [procolα 2 (I)]. Hypertension was induced by chronic inhibition of NO synthesis ( N G -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester, L-NAME). Procolα 2 (I) activity started to increase in the renal vasculature after 4 weeks of L-NAME treatment ( P &lt;0.01) and at 14 weeks reached 3- and 8-fold increases over control in afferent arterioles and glomeruli, respectively ( P &lt;0.001). Losartan, an AT 1 receptor antagonist, given simultaneously with L-NAME prevented the increase of procolα 2 (I) levels and attenuated the development of renal vascular fibrosis without normalizing systolic pressure increase. Because we found previously that endothelin mediated renal vascular fibrosis in the L-NAME model, the interaction between Ang II, endothelin, and procolα 2 (I) was investigated in ex vivo and short-term in vivo experiments. In both conditions, the Ang II–induced activation of procolα 2 (I) in renal cortex was blocked by an endothelin receptor antagonist. Conclusions —During chronic inhibition of NO, the collagen I gene becomes activated, leading to the development of renal vascular fibrosis. Ang II is a major player in this fibrogenic process, and its effect on collagen I gene is independent of systemic hemodynamics and is at least partly mediated by the profibrogenic action of endothelin.
Estimating parameters and hidden variables in non-linear state-space models based on ODEs for biological networks inference (2007)

Matlab code available on demand.
Therapy of B-cell malignancies by anti–HLA-DR humanized monoclonal antibody, IMMU-114, is mediated through hyperactivation of ERK and JNK MAP kinase signaling pathways (2010)

A humanized IgG4 anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibody (IMMU-114), engineered to avoid side effects associated with complement activation, was examined for binding and cytotoxicity on leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma cell lines and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient specimens, followed by evaluation of the effects of IMMU-114 on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. HLA-DR was expressed on the majority of these cells at markedly higher levels than CD20, CD22, and CD74. IMMU-114 was toxic to mantle cell lymphoma, CLL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (including rituximab-resistant), and multiple myeloma cell lines, and also patient CLL cells. IMMU-114 induced disease-free survival in tumor-bearing SCID mice with early-stage disease and in models that are relatively resistant to anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Despite positive staining, acute myelogenous leukemic cells were not killed by IMMU-114. The ability of IMMU-114 to induce activation of ERK and JNK signaling correlated with cytotoxicity and differentiates the mechanism of action of IMMU-114 from monoclonal antibodies against CD20 and CD74. Thus, antigen expression is not sufficient for cytotoxicity; antibody-induced hyperactivation of ERK and JNK mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways are also required.
Problems of multiple transfusions. (1958)

The use of blood infusion in large amounts is increasing sharply. Increased knowledge of blood group antigens has alerted physicians to the possible hazards of hemolytic reactions to subgroups that must be eliminated by proper cross-matching techniques. Multiple transfusions of preserved blood often defeat their purpose in control of bleeding, for thrombocytopenia is enhanced. Careful selection of blood or preparations of plasma concentrates offer increased protection to the recipient.Plastic bag equipment increases the yield of viable platelets and keeps blood in usable condition for longer periods of storage. The use of multiple transfusions has complicated the selection of preserved blood to control pigment metabolism.
Development of the spin-valve transistor (1997)

As the easiest experimental approach, GMR (giant magnetoresistance) is usually measured using the current in plane (CIP)-GMR. The spin-valve transistor has previously been presented as a spectroscopic tool to measure current perpendicular to the planes (CPP)-GMR. Hot electrons cross the magnetic multilayer base quasi-ballistically and the number reaching the collector depends exponentially on the perpendicular hot electron mean free path. Collector current changes of 390% at 77 K have already been measured. Apart from the substantial fundamental value, such properties may be useful for sensor applications. The electron energy range fills the gap between the Fermi surface transport in resistance measurements and other hot electron techniques such as spin polarised electron energy loss spectroscopy (SPEELS). The preparation problem of the spin-valve transistor and metal base transistor structures in general, the deposition of a device quality semiconductor on top of a metal, has now been tackled by bonding of two semiconductor substrates during vacuum deposition of a metal: an excellent bond is achieved at room temperature. TEM photos show a continuous buried metal film. Apart from preparation of various metal base transistor like structures, many other fields may benefit form this new technique.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Prodrugs of Anthracyclines for Selective Activation by the Tumor-Associated Protease Plasmin (1999)

New prodrugs of daunorubicin and doxorubicin designed for selective activation by the serine protease plasmin are described. The low toxic prodrugs 3, 4, and 5 are converted to the corresponding cytotoxic drugs upon proteolysis by the tumor-associated protease plasmin. Application of a self-eliminating spacer was essential for enzyme activation. A prodrug containing a chloro-substituted spacer was synthesized with the aim of enhancing the rate of conversion by plasmin. All prodrugs were highly stable in buffer solution and in serum and on the average 15-fold less cytotoxic than the parent drugs in seven human tumor cell lines. A marked in vitro selectivity was demonstrated by incubation of the doxorubicin prodrugs with a plasmin generating MCF-7 breast cancer cell line transfected with urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) in comparison with the nontransfected nonplasmin generating cell line. Prodrugs 4 and 5 showed the same cytotoxic effect as the free parent drug doxorubicin in the u-PA transfected cells, indicating complete conversion of the prodrug by plasmin. Addition of the plasmin inhibitor Trasylol drastically increased the ID(50) values in the u-PA transfected MCF-7 cells for both prodrugs 4 and 5.
Immunology: Theoretical and Practical Concepts in Laboratory Medicine (2001)

Section I: Fundamental Concepts In Immunology Chapter 1: Normal Immune Responses Chapter 2: Antigenic Stimulators Of Immune Response Chapter 3: Cellular Components In Immune Response Chapter 4: Soluble Components In Immune Response Chapter 5: Immunoglobulin Molecules, Chapter 6: Immune Response In Transplantation, Chapter 7: Abnormal Immune Responses Section II Diagnostic Laboratory Procedures In Immunology Chapter 8: Introduction To Testing In Immunology Laboratory, Chapter 9: Laboratory Safety And Test Quality Assurance, Chapter 10: Principles Of Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Chapter 11: Antigen-Antibody Precipitation Techniques, Chapter 12: Antigen-Antibody Agglutination Techniques, Chapter 13: Labeled Immunoassays, Chapter 14: Special Techniques In Immunology, Chapter 15: Molecular Techniques
Steroidal Androgens and Nonsteroidal, Tissue-Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator, S-22, Regulate Androgen Receptor Function through Distinct Genomic and Nongenomic Signaling Pathways (2008)

Androgen receptor (AR) ligands are important for the development and function of several tissues and organs. However, the poor oral bioavailability, pharmacokinetic properties, and receptor cross-reactivity of testosterone, coupled with side effects, place limits on its clinical use. Selective AR modulators (SARMs) elicit anabolic effects in muscle and bone, sparing reproductive organs like the prostate. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the tissue selectivity remain ambiguous. We performed a variety of in vitro studies to compare and define the molecular mechanisms of an aryl propionamide SARM, S-22, as compared with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Studies indicated that S-22 increased levator ani muscle weight but decreased the size of prostate in rats. Analysis of the upstream intracellular signaling events indicated that S-22 and DHT mediated their actions through distinct pathways. Modulation of these pathways altered the recruitment of AR and its cofactors to the PSA enhancer in a ligand-dependent fashion. In addition, S-22 induced Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation and rapid phosphorylation of several kinases, through pathways distinct from steroids. These studies reveal novel differences in the molecular mechanisms by which S-22, a nonsteroidal SARM, and DHT mediate their pharmacological effects.
Cytomegalovirus excretion in gnotobiotic pigs (1976)

Summary Germ-free piglets were infected intranasally with porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) at 1 day (group A) or 3 weeks of age (group B). Viraemia and virus excretion by the nasal, pharyngeal and conjunctival routes was studied up to the time of death or to 12 weeks. Virus was also sought in tissues at death or at slaughter, as well as in a few urine samples. Viraemia was detected in group A between days 5 and 19 after infection and in group B between days 14 and 16 inclusive. The chief route of virus excretion was the nasal mucosa, followed by the pharynx and conjunctiva; the maximal duration of excretion by these routes was 32, 25 and 14 days for pigs of group A and 9, 7 and 4 days for group B. The quantity of virus was also greater in the former group, of which 3 died of generalized PCMV infection. A viruria was demonstrated in 2 animals. Antibody detectable in indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) tests appeared towards the end of the third week, reaching maximal titres at 5 to 7 weeks after infection. The mean peak titre of antibody in group B was lower than in group A. Corticosteroid treatment at days 56–62 after infection resulted in some recrudescence of virus excretion, accompanied in group B by about a twofold increase in IIF antibody. PCMV was isolated in cultures of lung macrophages from 4 of 7 animals killed at about 12 weeks after inoculation.
Characterization of Promoter Elements Regulating the Expression of the Human Neurotensin/Neuromedin N Gene (2010)

Expression of the gene encoding neurotensin/neuromedin N (NT/N) is mostly limited to the brain and specialized enteroendocrine N cells in the distal small intestine. We have identified key regulatory elements in the promoter region that are involved in human NT/N (hNT/N) gene expression in the novel human endocrine cell line, BON, which resembles intestinal N cells in several important aspects including NT/N precursor protein processing, ratios of different NT/N mRNA isoforms, and high levels of constitutive expression of the NT/N gene. In this study, we demonstrated multiple cis-regulatory elements including a proximal region containing a cAMP-responsive element (CRE)/AP-1-like element that binds both the AP-1 and CRE-binding protein (CREB)/ATF proteins (c-Jun, ATF-1, ATF-2, JunD, and CREB). Similar to the rat NT/N gene, this region is critical for constitutive hNT/N gene expression. Moreover, we identified a novel region that binds the orphan hormone receptor, NR2F2. We have demonstrated that the C terminus of NR2F2 strongly represses hNT/N transcription, whereas an N-terminal domain antagonizes this repressive effect. Regulation of NT/N expression by NR2F2 may have important consequences for lipid metabolism. We speculate that a complex interplay between the proximal CRE/AP-1-like motif and NR2F2 binding region exists to regulate hNT/N expression, which is critical for the high level of constitutive expression of NT/N in enteroendocrine cells. Finally, the BON cell line provides a unique model to characterize the factors regulating expression of the hNT/N gene and to better understand the mechanisms responsible for terminal differentiation of the N cell lineage in the gut.
The glycocalyx of the sperm surface (1999)

The surface of mammalian spermatozoa is covered by a dense coating of carbohydrate-rich molecules forming a 20-60 nm thick glycocalyx. The majority of sugar residues are attached to proteins which are either integrated within the sperm membrane, or are more or less loosely associated with it. It is estimated that there may be several hundred different glycoproteins comprising the glycocalyx, some of which are synthesized within the testis. Others, however, are produced by the epithelia of the efferent ducts, epididymis and possibly other accessory glands, and become associated with the spermatozoa post-testicularly during transit through, and storage in, the male tract. The acquisition of the mature glycocalyx is associated with the attainment of full sperm fertilizing ability. Until its complete molecular structure is elucidated, the complex function of the glycocalyx remains obscure, though it may be related to membrane maturation and immunoprotection in the female tract, as well as to sperm-zona binding and fertilization.
The resuscitation‐promoting factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are required for virulence and resuscitation from dormancy but are collectively dispensable for growth in vitro (2007)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains five resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf)-like proteins, RpfA-E, that are implicated in resuscitation of this organism from dormancy via a mechanism involving hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan by Rpfs and partnering proteins. In this study, the rpfA-E genes were shown to be collectively dispensable for growth of M. tuberculosis in broth culture. The defect in resuscitation of multiple mutants from a 'non-culturable' state induced by starvation under anoxia was reversed by genetic complementation or addition of culture filtrate from wild-type organisms confirming that the phenotype was associated with rpf-like gene loss and that the 'non-culturable' cells of the mutant strains were viable. Other phenotypes uncovered by sequential deletion mutagenesis revealed a functional differentiation within this protein family. The quintuple mutant and its parent that retained only rpfD displayed delayed colony formation and hypersensitivity to detergent, effects not observed for mutants retaining only rpfE or rpfB. Furthermore, mutants retaining rpfD or rpfE were highly attenuated for growth in mice with the latter persisting better than the former in late-stage infection. In conjunction, these results are indicative of a hierarchy in terms of function and/or potency with the Rpf family, with RpfB and RpfE ranking above RpfD.
OPTIMIZATION IN RADIATION TREATMENT PLANNING (2002)

We present a collection of optimization frameworks for radiation treatment plan-ning problems in this thesis. Firstly, an automated treatment planning framework is developed for the Gamma Knife machine, a specialized unit for the radiation treatment of brain tumors. Nonlinear programs and a mixed integer program are presented to obtain treatment plans. Since nonconvex nonlinear programs do not guarantee global optimality, two techniques are developed to enhance the perfor-mance of the optimization models by generating initial starting points. The first technique is a heuristic-based approach to find an initial starting point for the discrete variables of the nonlinear program (the isocenters of radiation doses and the collimator sizes.) This technique uses a variant of a sphere packing approach combined with a Medial Axis Transformation, often used in computer graphics. A linear program is then solved to find the initial radiation exposure time by fixing the values of the discrete variables generated by the above heuristic. Since the amount of data used in the optimization is very large, an iterative
Clinical comparison of two hyaluronic acid‐derived fillers in the treatment of nasolabial folds: Mesoglow® and IAL System® (2012)

Hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers are widely used to reduce the appearance of aging. However, comparative research on the efficacy and safety of products of similar composition is limited. We compared outcomes achieved with two non-cross-linked HA fillers of almost identical composition, Mesoglow® and IAL System® . Forty subjects with visible nasolabial folds (NLFs) were enrolled in a randomized study. Wrinkle severity was rated using the 5-point Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS). Each subject was injected with Mesoglow® in one NLF and IAL System® in the other. An optimal cosmetic result was established at two weeks after a second treatment. Participants were then reassessed at 2, 6, and 12 weeks, respectively, post-optimal cosmetic result using the WSRS. The degree of improvement was also assessed by subjects and investigators using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS). At baseline, the mean WSRS score was 3.20 ± 0.41. At the optimal cosmetic result, 98% of subjects showed a 1- or 2-point change in WSRS score with either treatment. All subsequent WSRS scores were significantly improved over baseline for both treatments. There was no significant difference between treatments or improvement in WSRS score at any point in time. Investigator GAIS scores at weeks 4 and 6 were slightly but not significantly higher for Mesoglow®-treated skin. There was no significant difference in the frequency of local adverse responses. No serious systemic adverse events occurred. This study indicates that Mesoglow® and IAL System® are equally effective in achieving short-term correction of NLFs, but the longevity of their effects is limited.
Magnetically Separable Pd Catalyst for Carbonylative Sonogashira Coupling Reactions for the Synthesis of α,β-Alkynyl Ketones (2008)

A magnetically separable palladium catalyst was simply synthesized through a wet impregnation incorporating palladium nanoparticles and superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles in KBH4 solution, which is a highly efficient catalyst for the carbonylative Sonogashira coupling reaction of aryl iodides with terminal alkynes under phosphine-free conditions. This catalyst is completely magnetically recoverable due to the super paramagnetic behavior of Fe3O4 and can be reused with sustained selectivity and activity.