gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatically switched optical networks: benefits and requirements (2005)

The article summarizes driving forces that are behind automatically switched optical networks. It discusses potential features of ASONs as well as the benefits this concept may offer to carriers and their clients. The article begins with a brief discussion on limitations of existing optical networks, followed by a description of benefits of ASONs and their requirements. A numerical example illustrating the benefits of fast provisioning to the banking sector is given. Major features of ASONs are enumerated and enabling mechanisms are presented. The enabling mechanisms include discovery functions, routing, signaling, as well as protection and restoration schemes. The proposed taxonomy may facilitate understanding of a plethora of features of ASONs and their mutual relations
A Dairy Cow Body Condition Scoring System and Its Relationship to Selected Production Characteristics (1982)

Abstract A scoring system with 1 to 5 scale was devised to measure body condition of dairy cows at any point during the lactation cycle. Cows were scored on appearance and palpation of back and hind quarters only. Relationships of body weight, frame size measurements, milk production, and characteristics related to the body condition scoring system were determined. During 18 mo, 28 cows in each of 29 dairy herds were used for body measurements and body condition scores. Data were obtained from each herd at 3-mo intervals. Body weight and frame size measurements could not be correlated with body condition score. Dairy cows of greatest efficiency of milk production showed no significant increase in body condition during lactation, had fewer days open, but had lower persistency of lactation. Dairy cows that increased significantly in body condition during lactation were less efficient producers, had a greater number of days open, and had high body condition scores at the end of lactation. The body condition scoring system is a means of accurately determining body condition of dairy cows, independent of body weight and frame size.
Insulin therapies: Current and future trends at dawn (2013)

Insulin is a key player in the control of hyperglycemia for type 1 diabetes patients and selective individuals in patients of type 2 diabetes. Insulin delivery systems that are currently available for the administration of insulin include insulin syringes, insulin infusion pumps, jet injectors and pens. The traditional and most predictable method for the administration of insulin is by subcutaneous injections. The major drawback of current forms of insulin therapy is their invasive nature. To decrease the suffering, the use of supersonic injectors, infusion pumps, sharp needles and pens has been adopted. Such invasive and intensive techniques have spurred the search for alternative, more acceptable methods for administering insulin. Several non-invasive approaches for insulin delivery are being pursued. The newer methods explored include the artificial pancreas with closed-loop system, transdermal insulin, and buccal, oral and pulmonary routes. This review focuses on the new concepts that are being explored for use in future.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pre–Insulin Dependent Diabetes (1998)

The development of genetic and serological markers of autoimmune Type I diabetes has allowed us to begin to identify subjects at risk for the development of Type I diabetes. Assessment of these variables can assign risk to subjects and permit the implementation of immune intervention trials in an attempt to alter the course of pre-diabetes. This review discusses relevant aspects of the genetics and diagnosis of pre-diabetes, and both current and future clinical trials that are attempting to prevent the full expression of clinical diabetes in these individuals.
<title>High-speed cone-beam reconstruction: an embedded systems approach</title> (2002)

Cone-beam reconstruction (CBR) is growing in importance, but current computer systems are slower than desirable for clinical use. We have built a high-speed system for high-quality, 3D imaging. We partitioned the problem into input, filtering, backprojection, postprocessing, and output components. We mapped most of the components to standard RACE++ processing nodes. The backprojection component is very compute-intensive; we mapped it to a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based adjunct processor. We built a prototype FPGA card, optimized for flexibility, and implemented the backprojection in that FPGA. This strategy allows for redesigning the backprojection function when necessary, and keeps the other details of the CBR algorithm in easily programmable processors. We present a system that performs Feldkamp CBR of 300 projections into a 512<SUP>3</SUP> cubical image in 38.7 seconds. The system is designed to be scalable, so that Feldkamp CBR of 21.4 seconds can be performed with two adjunct processors, and Feldkamp CBR of other regions of interest or dimensions could be performed in proportionately shorter times. Further optimization and faster-processing parts will also contribute to continual speed improvements. This system is flexible and can be extended to perform other imaging functions, such as real-time planar angiography, with the same hardware.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Biotin Conjugates of 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic Acid for the Isolation of the Protein Targets (2004)

2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO, 1) and related compounds [for example, CDDO-Me (2) and CDDO-Im (3)] are potential anti-inflammatory, cancer chemopreventive, and chemotherapeutic agents. However, the mechanisms responsible for the multiple effects of CDDO are still unclear. Clarification of these mechanisms and particularly isolation of the protein targets are essential for the development of CDDO and its analogues as clinically useful drugs. Such knowledge would provide superior opportunities for designing new compounds with improved potency and selectivity. Therefore, to isolate protein targets using affinity chromatography with immobilized streptavidin as a carrier, we have designed and synthesized C-17 and C-23 biotin conjugates of CDDO (4, 5, and 6) on the basis of our established structure-activity relationships. For the synthesis of 6, a new important precursor, 23-hydroxy-CDDO-Me (29) was synthesized from 20 by a C-23 oxidation protocol, which involves cyclopalladation of the C-4 methyl group from a 3-one oxime. The inhibitory activity of C-23 conjugate 6 is only about 3 times less potent than the mother compound, CDDO, against the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Consequently, 6 may be a very promising tool for the isolation of the protein targets of CDDO.
Papillomavirus in the vapor of carbon dioxide laser-treated verrucae (1988)

Vapor produced by the carbon dioxide laser during the vaporization of papillomavirus-infected verrucae was analyzed for viral DNA content. Two models were used for evaluation: an in vitro cutaneous bovine fibropapilloma and an in vivo human verruca model. Four bovine fibropapillomas were exposed to various laser parameters with power densities of 38200 to 130 W/cm<sup>2</sup>and energy fluences of 3820 to 130 J/cm<sup>2</sup>. The generated vapor was collected in a chamber in line with a vacuum system. Hybridization with bovine papillomavirus DNA probes revealed intact bovine papillomavirus DNA for all power densities and energy fluences used. The laser vapor from seven patients undergoing carbon dioxide laser therapy for plantar or mosaic verrucae was also collected. Laser parameter settings were similar to those usually chosen for clinical tissue vaporization. Intact human papillomavirus DNA was present in the vapor from two of seven patients. These studies indicate that intact viral DNA is liberated into the air with the vapor of laser-treated verrucae. It would be prudent for all practitioners who use the laser in treating patients with viral infections or conditions associated with viruses to practice extreme care and safety throughout the laser procedure. (<i>JAMA</i>1988;259:1199-1202)
Human 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms (AKR1C1‒AKR1C4) of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily: functional plasticity and tissue distribution reveals roles in the inactivation and formation of male and female sex hormones (2000)

The kinetic parameters, steroid substrate specificity and identities of reaction products were determined for four homogeneous recombinant human 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD) isoforms of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily. The enzymes correspond to type 1 3alpha-HSD (AKR1C4), type 2 3alpha(17beta)-HSD (AKR1C3), type 3 3alpha-HSD (AKR1C2) and 20alpha(3alpha)-HSD (AKR1C1), and share at least 84% amino acid sequence identity. All enzymes acted as NAD(P)(H)-dependent 3-, 17- and 20-ketosteroid reductases and as 3alpha-, 17beta- and 20alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidases. The functional plasticity of these isoforms highlights their ability to modulate the levels of active androgens, oestrogens and progestins. Salient features were that AKR1C4 was the most catalytically efficient, with k(cat)/K(m) values for substrates that exceeded those obtained with other isoforms by 10-30-fold. In the reduction direction, all isoforms inactivated 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one; 5alpha-DHT) to yield 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-androstanediol). However, only AKR1C3 reduced Delta(4)-androstene-3,17-dione to produce significant amounts of testosterone. All isoforms reduced oestrone to 17beta-oestradiol, and progesterone to 20alpha-hydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone). In the oxidation direction, only AKR1C2 converted 3alpha-androstanediol to the active hormone 5alpha-DHT. AKR1C3 and AKR1C4 oxidized testosterone to Delta(4)-androstene-3,17-dione. All isoforms oxidized 17beta-oestradiol to oestrone, and 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone to progesterone. Discrete tissue distribution of these AKR1C enzymes was observed using isoform-specific reverse transcriptase-PCR. AKR1C4 was virtually liver-specific and its high k(cat)/K(m) allows this enzyme to form 5alpha/5beta-tetrahydrosteroids robustly. AKR1C3 was most prominent in the prostate and mammary glands. The ability of AKR1C3 to interconvert testosterone with Delta(4)-androstene-3,17-dione, but to inactivate 5alpha-DHT, is consistent with this enzyme eliminating active androgens from the prostate. In the mammary gland, AKR1C3 will convert Delta(4)-androstene-3,17-dione to testosterone (a substrate aromatizable to 17beta-oestradiol), oestrone to 17beta-oestradiol, and progesterone to 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and this concerted reductive activity may yield a pro-oesterogenic state. AKR1C3 is also the dominant form in the uterus and is responsible for the synthesis of 3alpha-androstanediol which has been implicated as a parturition hormone. The major isoforms in the brain, capable of synthesizing anxiolytic steroids, are AKR1C1 and AKR1C2. These studies are in stark contrast with those in rat where only a single AKR with positional- and stereo-specificity for 3alpha-hydroxysteroids exists.
Structural and optical properties of germanium nanoparticles (2002)

Germanium nanoparticles with spherical shape have been prepared by the thermal evaporation method. The shape and structure of these particles have been studied. Transmission electron microscopy images show that a change of Ge structure from amorphous to crystalline occurs at a growth pressure of 0.4 Torr and is attributed to the change of lattice constant. When the growth pressure becomes larger than 0.4 Torr, a fractallike tree structure made of Ge nanoparticles is observed. As the pressure increases further, the dot shape becomes clearer and many dots overlap. From the Raman spectra, it is found that the diamond structure is dominant for Ge dots.
Attributed image matching using a minimum representation size criterion (2003)

The authors describe a novel approach to image matching which utilizes the minimal representation criterion as a means to obtain robust matching performance, even when image data are extremely noisy. They describe the application of this approach to the problem of matching noisy gray-level images to attributed models. Using the minimum representation criterion, the match between gray-level image features and an attributed graph model incorporates a representation size measure for the modeled points, the data residuals, and the unmodeled points. This structural representation identifies correspondence between a subset of data points and a subset of model points in a manner which minimizes the complexity of the resulting model. The proposed minimum representation matching algorithm is polynomial in complexity, and exhibits robust matching performance on examples where less than 30% of the features are reliable. The minimum representation principle is extensible to related problems using three-dimensional models and multisensor data matching.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Synthesis, Time-Resolved Luminescence, NMR Spectroscopy, Circular Dichroism and Circularly Polarised Luminescence Studies of Enantiopure Macrocyclic Lanthanide Tetraamide Complexes (1999)

Modulation of the frequency and polarisation of emitted light is achieved with the structurally rigid tetraamide complexes of lanthanides (Ln = Eu, Tb, Yb and Dy; Ar = Ph, p-X-Ph; X = Br, CN, CO2Me; see picture). The configuration at C determines the metal-centred helicity, and overall quantum yields of up to 0.81 were measured in D2O.
Recent trends in erythropoietin‐mediated neuroprotection (2007)

Fifteen years of evidence have established that the cytokine erythropoietin offers promise as a treatment for brain injury. In particular, neonatal brain injury may be reduced or prevented by early treatment with recombinant erythropoietin. Extreme prematurity and perinatal asphyxia are common conditions associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes including cerebral palsy, mental retardation, hearing or visual impairment, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. When high doses of erythropoietin are administered systemically, a small proportion crosses the blood-brain barrier and can protect against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. In addition to other protective effects, erythropoietin can specifically protect dopaminergic neurons. Since reduced dopamine neurotransmission contributes to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, this condition may be amenable to erythropoietin treatment. This review focuses on the potential application of erythropoietin as a neuroprotectant with regard to neurologic complications of extreme prematurity, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Recent concerns that early erythropoietin might exacerbate the pathologic neovascularization associated with retinopathy of prematurity are addressed.
Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular complexity and CD45 expression for use in rapid differentiation of leukocytes in bovine blood samples (2001)

This is a rapid assay that is simple to use. More importantly, it is more accurate than the conventional method that involves the use of blood slides and light microscopy, because of the ability of the assay to readily distinguish bovine monocytes and lymphocytes. Rapid preparation of samples and short analysis times allow for efficient and reliable examination of a large number of samples, and the task of viewing slides by light microscopy is eliminated. The labor-savings benefit of this procedure is most apparent in research environments that require frequent processing of batches of blood samples.
Protein fold analysis of the B30.2‐like domain (1999)

The B30.2-like domain occurs in some members of a diverse and growing family of proteins containing zinc-binding B-box motifs, whose functions include regulation of cell growth and differentiation. The B30.2-like domain is also found in proteins without the zinc-binding motifs, such as butyrophilin (a transmembrane glycoprotein) and stonustoxin (a secreted cytolytic toxin). Currently, the function for the B30.2-like domain is not clear and the structure of a protein containing this domain has not been solved. The secondary structure prediction methods indicate that the B30.2-like domain consists of fifteen or fewer β-strands. Fold recognition methods identified different structural topologies for the B30.2-like domains. Secondary structure prediction, deletion and lack of local sequence identity at the C-terminal region for certain members of the family, and packing of known core structures suggest that a structure containing two beta domains is the most probable of these folds. The most C-terminal sequence motif predicted to be a β-strand in all B30.2-like domains is a potential subdomain boundary based on the sequence-structure alignments. Models of the B30.2-like domains were built based on immunoglobulin-like folds identified by the fold recognition methods to evaluate the possibility of the B30.2 domain adopting known folds and infer putative functional sites. The SPRY domain has been identified as a subdomain within the B30.2-like domain. If the B30.2-like domain is a subclass of the SPRY domain family, then this analysis would suggest that the SPRY domains are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Proteins 1999;35:235–249. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Signaling by ABL oncogenes through cyclin D1. (1995)

Oncogenic signals induce cellular proliferation by deregulating the cell division cycle. Cyclin D1, a regulator of G1-phase progression, acts synergistically with ABL oncogenes in transforming fibroblasts and hematopoietic cells in culture. Synergy with v-Abl depended on a motif in cyclin D1 that mediates its binding to the retinoblastoma protein, suggesting that ABL oncogenes in part mediate their mitogenic effects via a retinoblastoma protein-dependent pathway. Overexpression of cyclin D1, but not cyclin E, rescued a signaling-defective src-homology 2 (SH2) domain mutant of BCR-ABL for transformation of cells in culture and malignant tumor formation in vivo. These results demonstrate that cyclin D1 can provide essential signals for malignant transformation in concert with an activated tyrosine kinase.
Fluorescence of amphiphilic hemicyanine dyes without free double bonds (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFluorescence of amphiphilic hemicyanine dyes without free double bondsHeinz Ephardt and Peter FromherzCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 17, 4540–4547Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100119a048https://doi.org/10.1021/j100119a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views510Altmetric-Citations60LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Ac-SDKP Reverses Inflammation and Fibrosis in Rats With Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction (2003)

Inflammation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis in heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction (MI). N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a naturally occurring antifibrotic peptide whose plasma concentration is increased 4- to 5-fold by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. We tested the hypothesis that in rats with HF after MI, Ac-SDKP acts as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, preventing and also reversing cardiac fibrosis in the noninfarcted area (reactive fibrosis), and thus affording functional improvement. We found that Ac-SDKP significantly decreased total collagen content in the prevention group from 23.7+/-0.9 to 15.0+/-0.7 microg/mg and in the reversal group from 22.6+/-2.2 to 14.4+/-1.6 (P<0.01). Interstitial collagen volume fraction and perivascular collagen were likewise significantly reduced. We also found that infiltrating macrophages were reduced from 264.7+/-8.1 to 170.2+/-9.2/mm2, P<0.001 (prevention), and from 257.5+/-9.1 to 153.1+/-8.5 mm2, P<0.001 (reversal), while transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-positive cells were decreased from 195.6+/-8.4 to 129.6+/-5.7/mm2, P<0.01 (prevention), and from 195.6+/-8.4 to 130.7+/-10.8/mm2, P<0.01 (reversal). Ac-SDKP did not alter either blood pressure or left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH); however, it depressed systolic cardiac function in the prevention study while having no significant effect in the reversal group. We concluded that Ac-SDKP has an anti-inflammatory effect in HF that may contribute to its antifibrotic effect; however, this decrease in fibrosis without changes in LVH was not accompanied by an improvement in cardiac function.
Wormhole Attack Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey (2014)

Wireless sensors networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of tiny, spatially distributed, and autonomous devices, called sensor nodes. The nodes are densely deployed. The ad hoc nature of WSNs, their deployment in hostile areas, and their physical interaction with environment, make them vulnerable to several types of security attacks. One of the most important attacks in WSNs is the wormhole attack in which a malicious node receives packets from one location and tunnels them to another location in the network. Wormhole attack can be achieved with the help of several techniques such as packet encapsulation, high transmission power and high quality communication links etc. In this paper, we have surveyed various existing techniques to detect wormhole attack in wireless sensor networks.