gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
H5N1 avian influenza virus: an overview (2007)

Avian influenza virus (H5N1) emerged in Hong Kong in 1997, causing severe human disease. In recent years, several outbreaks have been reported in different parts of Asia, Europe and Africa, raising concerns of dissemination of a new and highly lethal influenza pandemic. Although H5N1 has not been capable of sustaining human-to-human transmission, the ability of the virus to undergo variation due to mutations and reassortment, clearly poses the possibility of viral adaptation to the human species. For this reason the World Health Organization has established that we are now in a phase of pandemic alert. Preparing for an influenza pandemic involves a great deal of awareness necessary to stop initial outbreaks, through the use of case recognition, sensitive and rapid diagnostic methods, appropriate therapeutic and preventive measures to reduce spread. Influenza pandemic preparedness involves coordinated pharmacologic and vaccinal strategies, as well as containment measures such as travel restrictions and quarantine approaches.
C1-Symmetric Zirconium Complexes of [ONNO′]-Type Salan Ligands: Accurate Control of Catalyst Activity, Isospecificity, and Molecular Weight in 1-Hexene Polymerization (2009)

New Salan ligand precursors that include differently substituted phenol arms were prepared by a two-step synthetic pathway. The ligand precursors included activity-enhancing electron-withdrawing groups on one phenol ring, stereodirecting bulky groups on the other phenol ring, and either diaminoethane or trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane as the diamine skeleton. Reacting the ligand precursors with either tetra(O-tert-Bu)zirconium or tetrabenzylzirconium led to [(Salan)ZrX2]-type complexes (X = O-tert-Bu, Bn) of octahedral geometry and C1-symmetry as single stereoisomers in all cases. Crystal structure studies indicated that the fac-fac isomers had formed. The chiral Salan ligands were found to wrap in a fully diastereoselective manner. All the dibenzylzirconium complexes polymerized 1-hexene upon activation with tris(pentafluorophenl)borane. The electron-withdrawing ability of the substituents was the dominant factor in enhancing the catalysts’ activity; thus Lig2ZrBn2, featuring a dichlorophenolate arm and a di-tert-Bu-phenolate arm, led to an activity of 1300 g mmol−1 h−1, whereas Lig4ZrBn2, featuring a diiodophenolate arm and a di-tert-Bu-phenolate arm, led to an activity of 180 g mmol−1 h−1. Pentad analysis showed that despite the catalysts’ C1-symmetry, hemiisotactic polymers had not formed. Instead, isotactic polymers were produced, the extent of isotacticity depending on the bulk of substituents on both rings, and independent of the rigidity of the diamine skeleton; thus Lig2ZrBn2 led to poly(1-hexene) of [mmmm] = 54%, and Lig4ZrBn2 led to poly(1-hexene) of [mmmm] = 76%. The Salan complexes of the more rigid diaminocyclohexane skeleton were less active, their typical activities being ca. 55 g mmol−1 h−1, and led to polymers of higher molecular weights. Unraveling these trends enabled the development of a catalyst—Lig10ZrBn2—having a high activity of 300 g mmol−1 h−1 and leading to high a molecular weight polymer of almost perfect isotacticity of [mmmm] = 95%.
Use of monoclonal antibodies, morphology, and cytochemistry to probe the cellular heterogeneity of acute leukemia and lymphoma. (1981)

A combined immunological, morphological, and cytochemical approach to the study of malignant cells in patients with acute leukemia and lymphoma is presented. Newly produced monoclonal antibodies that bind to antigens of human mononuclear cells (TA-1), or B-lymphocytes (BA-1) were used to study malignant cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). acute myelocytic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Results in lymphoid leukemia-lymphoma patients were compared with other immunological markers and indicate that the major groups of ALL and childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are T-ALL, pre-T-ALL, pre-B-ALL, B-ALL, and non-T, non-B-ALL. In addition, each major group had multiple phenotypes when analyzed with seven immunological markers including the erythrocyte rosette receptor, surface immunoglobulin, cytoplasmic immunoglobulin M, the early lymphocyte-acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen, monoclonal antibody TA-1, monoclonal antibody BA-1, and a monoclonal antibody against HLA-DR. While immunological heterogeneity was demonstrable within each group, distinct biological behavior was observed, with T-ALL and B-ALL generally presenting as "lymphomas" and the others presenting as "leukemias." Morphological analysis using the French-American-British classification provided independent information in the definition of groups with differing clinical behavior. Cytochemical analyses demonstrated focal paranuclear staining of leukemia cells with acid phosphatase in 73% of T-ALLs and 6% of non-T, non-B-ALLs.
Utilisation of Mucin Glycans by the Human Gut Symbiont Ruminococcus gnavus Is Strain-Dependent (2013)

Commensal bacteria often have an especially rich source of glycan-degrading enzymes which allow them to utilize undigested carbohydrates from the food or the host. The species Ruminococcus gnavus is present in the digestive tract of ≥90% of humans and has been implicated in gut-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Here we analysed the ability of two R. gnavus human strains, E1 and ATCC 29149, to utilize host glycans. We showed that although both strains could assimilate mucin monosaccharides, only R. gnavus ATCC 29149 was able to grow on mucin as a sole carbon source. Comparative genomic analysis of the two R. gnavus strains highlighted potential clusters and glycoside hydrolases (GHs) responsible for the breakdown and utilization of mucin-derived glycans. Transcriptomic and functional activity assays confirmed the importance of specific GH33 sialidase, and GH29 and GH95 fucosidases in the mucin utilisation pathway. Notably, we uncovered a novel pathway by which R. gnavus ATCC 29149 utilises sialic acid from sialylated substrates. Our results also demonstrated the ability of R. gnavus ATCC 29149 to produce propanol and propionate as the end products of metabolism when grown on mucin and fucosylated glycans. These new findings provide molecular insights into the strain-specificity of R. gnavus adaptation to the gut environment advancing our understanding of the role of gut commensals in health and disease.
Endotoxin Upregulates Expression of an Antimicrobial Peptide Gene in Mammalian Airway Epithelial Cells (1994)

Tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) is a 38-amino acid peptide isolated from the bovine tracheal mucosa, which has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. It is structurally similar to antimicrobial peptides present in circulating phagocytes and has comparable microbicidal activity.1Diamond G Zasloff M Eck H Tracheal antimicrobial peptide, a cysteine-rich peptide from the mammalian tracheal mucosa: peptide isolation and cloning of a cDNA.PNAS. 1991; 88: 3952-3956Crossref PubMed Scopus (417) Google Scholar We now show by Northern blot analysis that TAP is expressed along the entire length of the airway, from nasal to bronchiolar tissue, and in situ hybridization of airway sections further localizes the message to the columnar epithelial cells lining the trachea. Additional RNA analysis failed to detect TAP message in any tissue other than airway mucosa. These results suggest that TAP expression is limited to the airway epithelium and that this peptide may contribute to host defense of this epithelial surface. We cloned the gene encoding TAP, and sequence analysis indicated that it consisted of two exons, separated by a 1.6 kb intron. We determined the site of transcription initiation by primer extension analysis, and sequence analysis of the 5’ flanking region indicated that there are several putative transcriptional promoter sequences. Of note, an NFκB consensus sequence is found 177 bases upstream from the site of transcriptional initiation. This approximate location of an NFκB site is found in several antimicrobial defense genes of lower eukaryotes and suggests that TAP expression may be similarly modulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To test this possibility, cultured bovine tracheal epithelial cells were exposed to LPS. At concentrations as low as 10 ng/ml, we observed a fivefold to tenfold increase in the TAP message levels by Northern blot analysis. Preliminary analysis of the upstream NFκB site using electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicates that this putative NFκB recognition sequence is specifically bound by a nuclear protein from airway epithelial cells. These results suggest a possible mechanism for pathogen-induced regulation of an antimicrobial gene in mammalian airway epithelial cells.
First Report on the Occurence of <i>Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus</i> (Pallas, 1781) and <i>Polymorphus magnus</i> Skrjabin, 1913 (Acanthocephala) in wild Pig and Garganey Teal in India (2003)

No Abstract.
[Effect and underlying mechanism of resveratol on porcine primary preadipocyte apoptosis]. (2010)

We demonstrated the effect of resveratrol on porcine primary preadipocytes apoptosis, to study the intracellular molecular mechanism. Porcine primary preadipocyte was treated with different concentration of resveratrol (0 micromol/L, 50 micromol/L, 100 micromol/L, 200 micromol/L, 400 micromol/L). We used optical microscope and fluorescence microscope to observe morphological changes during apoptosis after Hoechst 33258 Fluorescent dyes staining; and RT-PCR and Western blotting to measure the expression of apoptosis-associated gene sirt1, caspase-3, bcl-2, bax, p53, NF-kappaB. Primary preadipocyte apoptosis was apparent, accompanied by reduced cell volume, chromatin condensation, and nuclear shrinkage. Compared to the control and low concentration group, high dose group (200 micromol/L) significantly increased the ratio of primary preadipocyte apoptosis. The expression of sirt1, caspase-3, and bax was up-regulated markedly in response to resveratrol; in contrast, apoptotic inhibitor bcl-2, p53, NF-kappaB down-regulated. We further proved fact that resveratrol can specifically promote the activity of sirt1; moreover, activated sirt1 modulates the activity of caspase-3 and bcl-2 family, involving in transcriptional regulation of p53 and NF-kappaB through antagonizing factor-induced acetylation. Taken together, our data established resveratrol as new regulator in porcine primary preadipocyte apoptosis via activating the expression of sirt1, modulating activity of apoptotic-associated factor.
Study on rock-drilling using PDC bits for the prediction of torque and rate of penetration (2009)

This paper presents mathematical models for estimating torque, Rate of Penetration (ROP) as functions of cutting speed, flow rate, weight on bit and type of formation using factorial design of experiment technique for rock-drilling using Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bits. The four factors corresponding to design parameters have been analysed simultaneously by main effects with two factor interactions. The developed model is tested for its adequacy using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The predicted results and trends of the factor interactions between the variables are presented, and found to be in good agreement with the results reported earlier.
İNANÇ VE DOĞA TURİZMİNİN KESİŞTİĞİ NOKTA: AZİZ PAUL YOLU (2014)

Anadolu, sadece Selçuklu ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğundankalan İslami değerlere evsahipliği yapmakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda tarih öncesiçağlardan başlayarak Hitit, Phryg, Hellenistik Dönem, Roma, Bizans vb. bir çokkültürel değeri bağrında barındırmıştır. Tek tanrılı dinlere ait pek çok tarihieser, bu&amp;amp;nbsp; imtiyazlı ülkenin kültürelbirikimine değer katmıştır. Çünkü Anadolu, bu dinlerin serpilip, boy attığı yerolmuş, dinlerin doğdukları yere yakın olmanın sağladığı&amp;amp;nbsp; jeopolitik değer Anadolu’yu farklı kılmayayetmiştir. Anadolu, Hristiyanlığın ilk çıkış yılları açısından oldukçaönemlidir. Bu topraklar, ilk Hristiyan topluluklara evsahipliği yapmıştır.Hristiyanlar için önemli bir figür olan Aziz Paul Tarsus’ta doğmuş veAnadolu’nun bir çok noktasını misyonerlik faaliyetleri doğrultusunda gezmiştir.Ülkemiz bu inanç turizmi potansiyeli ve&amp;amp;nbsp;deniz –güneş- kum üçgenini potansiyeline ilaveten&amp;amp;nbsp; alternatif turizmin bir parçası olan Doğaturizmi açısından da olağanüstü zenginliklere sahiptir. Bu çalışmamızdaalternatif turizmin dalları olan inanç ve doğa turizmini kesiştiği nokta olanAziz Paul Yolunu değerlendirmeye çalışacağız.
2.5% efficient organic plastic solar cells (2001)

We show that the power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaic devices based on a conjugated polymer/methanofullerene blend is dramatically affected by molecular morphology. By structuring the blend to be a more intimate mixture that contains less phase segregation of methanofullerenes, and simultaneously increasing the degree of interactions between conjugated polymer chains, we have fabricated a device with a power conversion efficiency of 2.5% under AM1.5 illumination. This is a nearly threefold enhancement over previously reported values for such a device, and it approaches what is needed for the practical use of these devices for harvesting energy from sunlight.
Intraspousal Transmission of Gb Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus in An Hepatitis C Virus Hyperendemic Area in Japan (1999)

Based on these observations, we cannot draw a definitive conclusion that intraspousal transmission of GBV-C/HGV had occurred among these seven couples.
(K15R M52E) aprotinin is a weak Kunitz-type inhibitor of HIV-1 replication in H9 cells. (1991)

The (K15R M52E) aprotinin is a recombinant molecule with a broader inhibition spectrum against serine proteinases and a higher affinity towards certain proteinases as compared to native aprotinin. This aprotinin variant was produced in E. coli, isolated and purified to homogeneity. The inhibitor was further tested for its effectiveness to reduce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Virus growth was followed by an ELISA which detects the amount of virus core protein p24. At a concentration of 50 microM, the recombinant (K15R M52E) aprotinin clearly reduced HIV-1 replication in H9 cells.
Collaborative Downloading for Multi-homed Wireless Devices (2007)

Mobile devices are increasingly equipped with multiple network interfaces: Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) interfaces for local connectivity and Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) interfaces for wide-area connectivity. The WWAN typically provides much wider coverage but much lower speeds than the WLAN. To address this dichotomy, we consider collaborative downloading among mobile devices in close proximity. We demonstrate the potential benefits of such an approach and discuss the many challenges to realizing it in practice: incentivizing cooperation by adequately compensating nodes, effecting such cooperation via an efficient protocol, and facilitating it with a suitable user interface. We present our current thinking on these as we design a collaborative downloading system called COMBINE.
Mechanism of Akt1 inhibition of breast cancer cell invasion reveals a protumorigenic role for TSC2 (2006)

Akt1 is frequently up-regulated in human tumors and has been shown to accelerate cell proliferation and to suppress programmed cell death; consequently, inhibition of the activity of Akt1 has been seen as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Paradoxically, hyperactivation of the Akt1 oncogene can also prevent the invasive behavior that underlies progression to metastasis. Here we show that overexpression of activated myr-Akt1 in human breast cancer cells phosphorylates and thereby targets the tumor suppressor tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) for degradation, leading to reduced Rho-GTPase activity, decreased actin stress fibers and focal adhesions, and reduced motility and invasion. Overexpression of TSC2 rescues the migration phenotype of myr-Akt1-expressing tumor cells, and high levels of TSC2 in breast cancer patients correlate with increased metastasis and reduced survival. These data indicate that the functional properties of genes designated as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes depend on the context of the cell type and the tissues studied, and suggest the need for caution in designing therapies targeting the function of individual genes in epithelial tissues.
The252Cf(sf) Neutron Spectrum in the 5- to 20-MeV Energy Range (1990)

The 252Cf neutron spectrum is measured at high energies with a miniature ionization chamber and two different NE-213 neutron detectors. The gamma-ray background and the main cosmic background caused by muons were suppressed by applying efficient pulse-shape discrimination. On the basis of two-dimensional spectroscopy of the neutron time-of-flight and scintillation pulse height, the sliding bias method is used to minimize experimental uncertainties.The experimental data, corrected for several systematic influences, confirm earlier results that show negative deviations from a reference Maxwellian distribution with a 1.42-MeV spectrum “temperature” for neutron energies above 6 MeV.Experimental results of this work are compared with various statistical model approaches to the 252Cf(sf) neutron spectrum.
The Nuclear Localization Sequences of the BRCA1 Protein Interact with the Importin-α Subunit of the Nuclear Transport Signal Receptor (1996)

The BRCA1 gene product is a nuclear phosphoprotein that is aberrantly localized in the cytoplasm of most breast cancer cells. In an attempt to elucidate the potential mechanism for the nuclear transport of BRCA1 protein, three regions of highly charged, basic residues, 503KRKRRP508, 606PKKNRLRRKS615, and 651KKKKYN656, were identified as potential nuclear localization signals (NLSs). These three regions were subsequently mutated to 503KLP508, 607KLS615, and 651KLN656, respectively. Wild-type and mutated proteins were tagged with the flag epitope, expressed in human DU145 cells, and detected with the M2 monoclonal antibody. In DU145 cells, the KLP mutant completely fails to localize in nuclei, whereas the KLS mutant is mostly cytoplasmic with occasional nuclear localization. The KLN protein is always located in nuclei. Consistently, hSRP1alpha (importin-alpha), a component of the NLS receptor complex, was identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen using BRCA1 as the bait. The specificity of the interaction between BRCA1 and importin-alpha was further demonstrated by showing that the 503KRKRRP508 and 606PKKNRLRRKS615 regions, but not 651KKKKYN656, are critical for this interaction. To determine if the cytoplasmic mislocation of endogenous BRCA1 in breast cancer cells is due to a deficiency of the cells, wild-type BRCA1 protein tagged with the flag epitope was ectopically expressed in six breast cancer cell lines. The analysis demonstrated that, in all six, this protein localized in the cytoplasm of these cells. In contrast, expression of the construct in four non-breast cancer cell lines resulted in nuclear localization. These data support the possibility that the mislocation of the BRCA1 protein in breast cancer cells may be due to a defect in the cellular machinery involved in the NLS receptor-mediated pathway of nuclear import.
Overexpression of Wip1 Is Associated with Biologic Behavior in Human Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (2014)

Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase (Wip1 or PPM1D) has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in various cancers and correlated with the malignant behavior of cancer cells. However, the function of Wip1 in RCC remains unclear. The present study investigated its abnormal expression and dysfunctions in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in vitro. With the combination of immunohistochemistry, western blotting, immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, and cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays, we found that levels of Wip1 mRNA and protein were dramatically increased in human ccRCC tissues (P<0.001 for both), and upregulation of Wip1 was significantly associated with depth of invasion (P<0.001), Distant metastasis (P = 0.001), lymph node status (P<0.001) and Fuhrman grade (P<0.001). Wip1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of 786-O and RLC-310 cells, whereas Wip1 overexpression promoted the growth and aggressive phenotype of 786-O and RLC-310 cells in vitro. The uni- and multivariate analyses indicated that expression of Wip1 was an independent predictor for survival of ccRCC patients (P = 0.003, P = 0.027 respectively). Wip1- negative patients had a higher tumor-free/overall survival rate than patients with high Wip1 expression (P = 0.001, P = 0.002 respectively). Overexpression of Wip1 is useful in the prediction of survival in ccRCC patients.
New Concepts in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (2003)

Recent advances have made rheumatoid arthritis (RA) amenable to treatment. Clinical studies in patients with early and established RA have broadened understanding of its pathogenesis and have fundamentally changed the therapeutic approach to this disease. Quantum leaps in therapy-including the use of early, aggressive therapy, combination therapy, and the introduction of anti-cytokine agents-have improved patients' quality of life, eased clinical symptoms, retarded the progression of joint destruction, and delayed disability. We review clinical evidence supporting these therapeutic approaches. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges are highlighted, and a decision tree to guide treatment in patients with early or established RA is provided.
Activity of mesotrione on resistant weeds in maize (2002)

Mesotrione is a new callistemone herbicide that inhibits the HPPD enzyme (p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) and introduces a new naturally selective tool into weed-management programmes for use in maize. Mesotrione provides control of the major broad-leaved weeds, and it can be used in integrated weed-management programmes depending on the grower's preferred weed-control strategy. At post-emergence rates of 150 g AI ha-1 or less, mesotrione provides naturally selective control of key species that may show triazine resistance (TR), e.g. Chenopodium album L, Amaranthus species, Solanum nigrum L, as well as species of weed that show resistance to acetolactase synthase (ALS) inhibitors e.g. Xanthium strumarium L, Amaranthus spp and Sonchus spp. The data presented show that resistant and susceptible biotypes of these species with resistance to triazine herbicides, such as atrazine, simazine, terbutylazine and metribuzin, or ALS-inhibitor herbicides, such as imazethepyr, remain susceptible to mesotrione. These results confirm that there is no cross-resistance in biotypes with target site resistance to triazine or ALS-inhibiting herbicides. It is important that herbicide choice and rotation becomes an integral part of planning weed management, so as to minimise the risks of crop losses from weed competition, build-up of weed seed in the soil and the further development of weed resistance across a range of herbicide modes of action.