gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Talk with George Bernard Shaw (1951)

The January [1951] issue of the Atlantic Monthly carried on its outside cover a portrait of George Bernard Shaw and on its inside pages a report by Vincent Sheean of the last visit he had paid to Shaw before his death on November 1, 1950. This is only one of an impressive series of articles which have been published in all sorts of magazines and newspapers since last November articles indicative of the deep impression which the dramatist had made on his generation, nay, on many generations; for he was more than ninety-four years old when he died, and his long career had enabled him to include far more than one generation in the army of those who had been stirred by his restless mind and entertained by his Irish wit.
An essential amino acid induces epithelial β-defensin expression (2000)

Antimicrobial peptides constitute an important component of the mammalian innate immune response. Several types of antimicrobial peptides, including the beta-defensins, are produced at epithelial surfaces in response to infectious threats. Here we show that a class of small molecules, including l-isoleucine and several of its analogs, can specifically induce epithelial beta-defensin expression. This induction is transcriptional in nature and involves activation of the NF-kappaB/rel family of trans-activating factors. We hypothesize that these substances represent unique markers for the presence of pathogens and are recognized by innate immune pattern recognition receptors. Isoleucine or its analogs ultimately may have clinical utility as novel immunostimulants that could bolster the barrier defenses of mucosal surfaces.
Functional expression and characterization of a Drosophila odorant receptor in a heterologous cell system (2001)

Odorant receptors (ORs) constitute the molecular basis for the detection of volatile odorous molecules and the perception of smell. Our understanding of chemical senses has been greatly expanded by the discovery of the OR gene families in vertebrates and in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Recently, candidate Drosophila OR genes have been identified. The putative ORs do not possess any primary sequence identity with known vertebrate or C. elegans receptors, but belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors according to their predicted seven transmembrane topology. To prove olfactory function of these proteins, we expressed a member of the putative Drosophila OR gene family, Or43a, in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Using two-electrode voltage-clamp recording we identified four odors (cyclohexanone, cyclohexanol, benzaldehyde, and benzyl alcohol) that activated the receptor at low micromolar concentration and structurally related substances that did not. This report shows the function and specificity of a member of the recently identified family of Drosophila ORs expressed in a heterologous system.
Misfit dislocations in lattice-mismatched epitaxial films (1992)

Abstract This article reviews current experimental and theoretical knowledge of the relaxation of lattice-mismatch strain via misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial semiconductor films. The energetics and kinetics of misfit dislocation nucleation, propagation, and interaction processes are described in detail. In addition, there is a brief review of the principal properties of dislocations in bulk semiconductors and an outline of existing models for strained layer stability.
The Cpx Envelope Stress Response Is Controlled by Amplification and Feedback Inhibition (1999)

In Escherichia coli, the Cpx two-component regulatory system activates expression of protein folding and degrading factors in response to misfolded proteins in the bacterial envelope (inner membrane, periplasm, and outer membrane). It is comprised of the histidine kinase CpxA and the response regulator CpxR. This response plays a role in protection from stresses, such as elevated pH, as well as in the biogenesis of virulence factors. Here, we show that the Cpx periplasmic stress response is subject to amplification and repression through positive and negative autofeedback mechanisms. Western blot and operon fusion analyses demonstrated that the cpxRA operon is autoactivated. Conditions that lead to elevated levels of phosphorylated CpxR cause a concomitant increase in transcription of cpxRA. Conversely, overproduction of CpxP, a small, Cpx-regulated protein of previously unknown function, represses the regulon and can block activation of the pathway. This repression is dependent on an intact CpxA sensing domain. The ability to autoactivate and then subsequently repress allows for a temporary amplification of the Cpx response that may be important in rescuing cells from transitory stresses and cueing the appropriately timed elaboration of virulence factors.
Synthesis of High-Melting, Isotactic Polypropene with C2- and C1-Symmetrical Zirconocenes (1996)

When polymerization of propene was conducted using the C2-symmetrical zirconocenes rac-Et(2,4,7-Me3Ind)2ZrCl2(I) and rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (II) combined with Ph3CB(C6F5)4, the isotacticity ([mmmm]) and the melting point (Tm) of the produced polymer markedly increased, along with a decrease of the polymerization temperature from 30 to −78 °C. Thus, isotactic polypropene (iPP) with Tm = 168.9 °C was obtained from the polymerization with catalyst I at −78 °C, whereas the [mmmm] and Tm of iPP were almost unchanged in the same temperature range when the C1-symmetrical zirconocene iPr(3-tBuCp)(3-tBuInd)ZrCl2 (III or III‘) was employed.
Reshaping collimated laser beams with Gaussian profile to uniform profiles (1983)

A set of holographic filters was developed to convert the Gaussian intensity distribution of a collimated laser beam into a uniform one. The design and the fabricating method of the holographic filters are presented and experimental results are shown.
Iron Complexes Bearing 2-Imino-1,10-phenanthrolinyl Ligands as Highly Active Catalysts for Ethylene Oligomerization (2005)

A series of iron complexes ligated by 2-imino-1,10-phenanthrolinyl ligands, LFeCl2 (L = 2-(ArNCR)-1,10-phen), were synthesized and sufficiently characterized by elemental and spectroscopic analysis along with X-ray diffraction analysis. Activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO) or modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO), these iron(II) complexes show high catalytic activities up to 8.95 × 107 g mol-1(Fe) h-1 for ethylene oligomerization. The distribution of oligomers produced follows Schluz−Flory rules with high selectivity for α-olefins. Both the steric and electronic effects of coordinative ligands affect the catalytic activity and the properties of the catalytic products. The parameters of the reaction conditions were also investigated to explore the catalytic potentials of these complexes.
Projections of the Incidence of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Related to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (1991)

Advances in antiretroviral therapy and treatment or prophylaxis against opportunistic infection have resulted in prolongation of the survival of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Previous research has demonstrated an association between AIDS and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In addition to the approximately 3% of individuals found to have NHL at the time of AIDS onset, others continue to develop NHL following AIDS diagnosis. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute demonstrated a sharply increasing incidence of NHL among men in the age range 20-49 years since 1983 in the United States. Based on new data on the risk of NHL following AIDS diagnosis, on estimates of improved survival following AIDS diagnosis, and on projections of future AIDS incidence, we considered four sets of assumptions and estimated the number of AIDS-related NHL cases in 1992 to be between 2900 and 9800. Three of these projections were higher than the estimate of 4700 cases obtained by linear extrapolation of SEER incidence trends. These projections of AIDS-related NHL incidence suggest that between 8% and 27% of all NHL cases that occur in the United States in 1992 will arise as a consequence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), imposing a substantial health care burden. More research into the pathogenesis of lymphoma and new approaches to antiretroviral and antilymphoma therapy will be necessary to prevent and treat this formidable complication of infection with HIV.
Non-planar, multi-gate InGaAs quantum well field effect transistors with high-K gate dielectric and ultra-scaled gate-to-drain/gate-to-source separation for low power logic applications (2010)

In this work, non-planar, multi-gate InGaAs quantum well field effect transistors (QWFETs) with high-K gate dielectric and ultra-scaled gate-to-drain and gate-to-source separations (L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SIDE</sub> ) of 5nm are reported for the first time. The high-K gate dielectric formed on this non-planar device structure has the expected thin T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OXE</sub> of 20.5Å with low J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> , and high quality gate dielectric interface. The simplified S/D scheme is needed for the non-planar architecture while achieving significant reduction in parasitic resistance. Compared to the planar high-K InGaAs QWFET with similar T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OXE</sub> , the non-planar, multi-gate InGaAs QWFET shows significantly improved electrostatics due to better gate control. The results of this work show that non-planar, multi-gate device architecture is an effective way to improve the scalability of III-V QWFETs for low power logic applications.
Control flow prediction with tree-like subgraphs for superscalar processors (1995)

In order to fetch a large number of instructions per cycle, wide-issue superscalar processors have to predict the outcome of multiple branches in a cycle, and fetch instruction blocks from multiple targets. This paper investigates a control flow prediction scheme that predicts the outcome of multiple branches by performing a single prediction. Instead of predicting the outcome of each individual conditional branch, this scheme considers a tree-like subgraph of the control flow graph of the executed program as a single prediction unit, and predicts the target of a subgraph at a time, thereby allowing the superscalar fetch mechanism to go past multiple branches per cycle. This approach is evaluated using the MIPS architecture, for a 12-way superscalar processor, and an improvement in effective fetch size of more than 50%, over an identical processor that uses branch prediction is observed for the SPEC integer benchmarks. No appreciable difference in the prediction accuracy was observed although the control flow prediction scheme predicted one out of four outcomes.
Evaluation of an Allogeneic Cultured Dermal Substitute Composed of Fibroblasts within a Spongy Collagen Matrix as a Wound Dressing (1995)

The purpose of this study was to examine whether epithelialisation is promoted when an allogeneic cultured dermal substitute is used as a biological wound dressing. The dermal substitute was prepared by plating fibroblasts on to a spongy collagen matrix, and then culturing them for 7 to 10 days. A new animal wound model was designed to measure re-epithelialisation quantitatively. A full thickness skin defect was made on the dorsum of each of 33 rats; the skin was excised, leaving a layer of pannicular carnosus with an island of intact skin in the central portion of the skin defect. In the first group of rats (n = 13), a piece of cultured dermal substitute was applied to the wound, and a medicated covering material was placed over it. Re-epithelialisation from the island of intact skin was monitored over a period of 7 days. In the second group of rats (n = 10), the wound was covered with an acellular collagen matrix in conjunction with the medicated covering material, and in the third group of rats (n = 10), the wound was covered with the medicated covering material alone. Both the macroscopic and histological findings indicated that the epithelial migration of the first group of rats was far more rapid than that in the other two groups. It comes to the conclusion that the application of this new fibroblastic cultured dermal substitute provided a good environment for the promotion of wound healing.
Coupled-Mode Theory for Optical Fibers (1972)

A set of coupled-mode equations is derived to describe mode propagation in uniform and slightly nonuniform cylindrical optical-fiber systems. The coupling between fibers of an array made up of n identical fibers each at the vertex of a polygon and one at the center, which is not necessarily the same as its n neighbors, is determined. Examples of this array are two fibers, three fibers in a row, and a hexagonal array with a fiber in the center. Very simple expressions for the coupling coefficients are presented. Mode coupling on a lossy fiber is investigated and a simple expression for the loss of a HE11 mode is given.
Loss of mir-146a function in hormone-refractory prostate cancer (2008)

The pattern of microRNA (miRNA) expression is associated with the degree of tumor cell differentiation in human prostate cancer. MiRNAs bind complementarily to either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, which are consequently silenced, resulting in alterations of tumorigenecity. We have detected eight down-regulated and three up-regulated known miRNAs in androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells compared to those in androgen-dependent cells, using miRNA microarray analyses. These identified miRNAs showed the same expression patterns in hormone-refractory prostate carcinomas (HRPC) compared to androgen-sensitive noncancerous prostate epithelium as determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization assays in human prostate cancer tissue arrays. One of the eight down-regulated miRNAs, mir-146a, was selected and constitutively expressed to examine its effects on suppression of prostate cancer transformation from androgen-dependent to -independent cells as determined by in vitro tumorigenecity assays. Transfection of mir-146a, which perpetually express the miRNA, suppressed >82% of the expression of the targeted protein-coding gene, ROCK1, in androgen-independent PC3 cells, consequently markedly reducing cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis to human bone marrow endothelial cell monolayers. Given that ROCK1 is one of the key kinases for the activation of hyaluronan (HA)-mediated HRPC transformation in vivo and in PC3 cells, mir-146a may function as a tumor-suppressor gene in modulating HA/ROCK1-mediated tumorigenecity in androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
Exact Solution for anN-Molecule—Radiation-Field Hamiltonian (1968)

The exact solution for a problem of $N$ identical two-level molecules interacting through a dipole coupling with a single-mode quantized radiation field at resonance is given. Approximate expressions for the eigenvectors and eigenvalues for the ground and low-lying excited states, as well as the most highly excited states, are developed and compared with the exact results.
Gene delivery by a steroid‐peptide nucleic acid conjugate (2002)

We previously introduced a method called steroid-mediated gene delivery (SMGD), which uses steroid receptors as shuttles to facilitate the nuclear uptake of transfected DNA. Here, we describe a SMGD strategy with peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) that allowed linkage of a steroid molecule to a defined position in a plasmid without disturbing its gene expression. We synthesized and tested several bifunctional steroid derivatives [patent in process of nationalization] and finally selected the compound named DEX-bisPNA, a molecule consisting of a dexamethasone moiety linked to a PNA clamp (bisPNA) through a 30-atom chemical spacer. Dex-bisPNA binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as well as to reporter plasmids containing the corresponding PNA binding sites, translocates the GR from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, and increases the delivery of plasmid to the nucleus, resulting in enhanced GR-dependent expression of the reporter gene. The SMGD effect was more pronounced in growth-arrested cells than in proliferating cells. The specificity for the GR was shown by the reversion of the SMGD effect in the presence of dexamethasone as well as an enhanced expression in GR-positive cells but not in GR-negative cells. Thus, SMGD with PNA is a promising strategy for nonviral gene delivery into target tissues expressing specific steroid receptors.
Clonotypic Surface Structure on Human T Lymphocytes: Functional and Biochemical Analysis of the Antigen Receptor Complex (1984)

Recent studies using cloned antigen-specific T lymphocytes and monoclonal antibodies directed at their various surface glycoprotein components have led to identification of the human T cell antigen receptor as a surface complex comprised of a clonotypic 90KD Ti heterodimer and the monomorphic 20/25KD T3 molecules. Approximately 30,000-40,000 Ti and T3 molecules exist on the surface of human T lymphocytes. These glycoproteins are acquired and fully expressed during late thymic ontogeny, thus providing the structural basis for immunologic competence. The alpha and beta subunits of Ti bear no precursor-product relationship to one another and are encoded by separate genes. The presence of unique peptides following proteolysis of different Ti molecules isolated by noncrossreactive anticlonotypic monoclonal antibodies supports the notion that variable regions exist within both the alpha and beta subunits. Moreover, N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the Ti beta subunit shows that it bears homology to the first V-region framework of immunoglobulin light chains and represents the product of a gene that rearranges specifically in T lymphocytes. Soluble or Sepharose-bound anti-Ti monoclonal antibodies, like physiologic ligand (antigen/MHC), enhanced proliferative responses to purified IL-2 by inducing a 6-fold increase in surface IL-2 receptor expression. In contrast, only Sepharose-bound anti-Ti or physiologic ligand triggered endogenous clonal IL-2 production and resulted in subsequent proliferation. The latter was blocked by antibodies directed at either the IL-2 receptor or IL-2 itself. These results suggest that induction of IL-2 receptor expression but not IL-2 release occurs in the absence of T3-Ti receptor crosslinking. Perhaps more importantly, the findings demonstrate that antigen-induced proliferation is mediated through an autocrine pathway involving endogenous IL-2 production, release, and subsequent binding to IL-2 receptors.
Use of a new HemoCue system for measuring haemoglobin at low concentrations (2001)

In many photometers and spectrometers used in routine practice Beer's law (relating absorbance to concentration) fails at low concentrations. A refinement of the HemoCue haemoglobin system (HemoCue AB, Sweden) provides a facility for accurate measurement of haemoglobin at the lower end of the scale. This study confirmed excellent linearity of the photometer response of the HemoCue Plasma/Low Hb photometer to haemoglobin concentration by direct measurement on whole blood samples, thus providing a reliable method when laboratory facilities are limited and where critical patient management may be dictated by the severity of anaemia. Furthermore, measurements on plasma and on samples of urine containing haemoglobin demonstrated the utility of the device for reliable quantification of plasma haemoglobin and haemoglobinuria, thus providing a useful method in investigating moderate or severe intravascular haemolysis. A study of plasma haemoglobin on stored samples of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) blood showed that a small but measurable degree of lysis occurs after two days at room temperature and after four days when stored at 4 degrees C. This effect on the red cell count will reflect on the reliability of using such blood as a quality control preparation.
NKG2D and Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors Are Involved in Natural Killer Cell Interaction with Self‐Antigen Presenting Cells and Stromal Cells (2007)

It is thought that human natural killer (NK) lymphocytes should not damage self-tissues due to the inhibiting signal initiated by the engagement of one or another inhibitory receptor superfamily (IRS) members with self-human histocompatibility antigen (HLA)-I. During viral infection, the low expression of self-HLA-I on infected-cells leads to a reduction of the inhibiting signal and thus NK cells kill self-cells (missing self-hypothesis). Here, we have analyzed human NK cell interaction with self-cells as antigen-presenting cells (APC) or stromal cells isolated from bone marrow or skin. Despite the expression of high levels of HLA-I, APC and stromal cells are killed by interleukin (IL)-2-activated NK cells upon lymphocyte function antigen (LFA)1-(intracellular adhesion molecule) (ICAM)1 interaction. The natural cytotoxicity receptors NKp30 and NKp46 are responsible for the delivery of lethal hit to APC, whereas NKG2D-activating receptor, the ligand of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related molecule MICA, and the UL16-binding protein are involved in stromal cell killing. These events are dependent on the activation of phosphoinositol 3-kinase and consequent release of perforins and granzymes. Both bone marrow stromal cells and skin fibroblasts inhibit T cell proliferation to alloantigen or triggering through CD3/T cell receptor complex. Importantly, NK cells can revert this veto effect. Altogether, these findings support the notion that NK cells can recognize self-cells possibly affecting both APC function and interaction between lymphocytes and microenvironment leading to autoreactivity.
The hedgehog pathway is a modulator of retina regeneration (2004)

The embryonic chick has the ability to regenerate its retina after it has been completely removed. Here, we provide a detailed characterization of retina regeneration in the embryonic chick at the cellular level. Retina regeneration can occur in two distinct manners. The first is via transdifferentiation, which is induced by members of the Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) family. The second type of retinal regeneration occurs from the anterior margin of the eye, near the ciliary body (CB) and ciliary marginal zone (CMZ). We show that regeneration from the CB/CMZ is the result of proliferating stem/progenitor cells. This type of regeneration is also stimulated by Fgf2, but we show that it can be activated by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) overexpression when no ectopic Fgf2 is present. Shh-stimulated activation of CB/CMZ regeneration is inhibited by the Fgf receptor (Fgfr) antagonist, PD173074. This indicates that Shh-induced regeneration acts through the Fgf signaling pathway. In addition, we show that the hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a role in maintenance of the retina pigmented epithelium (RPE), as ectopic Shh expression inhibits transdifferentiation and Hh inhibition increases the transdifferentiation domain. Ectopic Shh expression in the regenerating retina also results in a decrease in the number of ganglion cells present and an increase in apoptosis mostly in the presumptive ganglion cell layer (GCL). However, Hh inhibition increases the number of ganglion cells but does not have an effect on cell death. Taken together, our results suggest that the hedgehog pathway is an important modulator of retina regeneration.