gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation of methylglyoxal synthase from goat liver. (1981)

An enzyme fraction which specifically catalyzes the formation of methylglyoxal from dihydroxyacetone phosphate has been isolated and partially purified from goat liver. The enzyme fraction appears to be substantially free from glyoxalase I, reduced glutathione, and triosephosphate isomerase. Approximately equimolar quantities of methylglyoxal and inorganic phosphate were obtained from dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Formation of methylglyoxal was confirmed by colorimetric and enzymatic estimations as well as by paper chromatography and its spectrum. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, dihydroxyacetone, and glyceraldehyde, failed to act as substrates. The enzyme is inhibited by some phosphorylated compounds and inorganic phosphates.
Ambient gas effects on the dynamics of laser-produced tin plume expansion (2006)

Controlling the debris from a laser-generated tin plume is one of the prime issues in the development of an extreme ultraviolet lithographic light source. An ambient gas that is transparent to 13.5nm radiation can be used for controlling highly energetic particles from the tin plume. We employed a partial ambient argon pressure for decelerating various species in the tin plume. The kinetic energy distributions of tin species were analyzed at short and large distances using time and space resolved optical emission spectroscopy and a Faraday cup, respectively. A fast-gated intensified charged coupled device was used for understanding the hydrodynamics of the plume’s expansion into argon ambient. Our results indicate that the tin ions can be effectively mitigated with a partial argon pressure ∼65mTorr. Apart from thermalization and deceleration of plume species, the addition of ambient gas leads to other events such as double peak formation in the temporal distributions and ambient plasma formation.
Effects of buffer composition and processing conditions on aggregation of bovine IgG during freeze-drying (1999)

The objective of this study was to identify critical formulation and processing variables affecting aggregation of bovine IgG during freeze-drying when no lyoprotective solute is used. Parameters examined were phosphate buffer concentration and counterion (Na versus K phosphate), added salts, cooling rate, IgG concentration, residual moisture level, and presence of a surfactant. No soluble aggregates were detected in any formulation after either freezing/thawing or freeze-drying. No insoluble aggregates were detected in any formulation after freezing, but insoluble aggregate levels were always detectable after freeze-drying. The data are consistent with a mechanism of aggregate formation involving denaturation of IgG at the ice/freeze-concentrate interface which is reversible upon freeze-thawing, but becomes irreversible after freeze-drying and reconstitution. Rapid cooling (by quenching in liquid nitrogen) results in more and larger aggregates than slow cooling on the shelf of the freeze-dryer. This observation is consistent with surface area measurements and environmental electron microscopic data showing a higher surface area of freeze-dried solids after fast cooling. Annealing of rapidly cooled solutions results in significantly less aggregation in reconstituted freeze-dried solids than in nonannealed controls, with a corresponding decrease in specific surface area of the freeze-dried, annealed system. Increasing the concentration of IgG significantly improves the stability of IgG against freeze-drying-induced aggregation, which may be explained by a smaller percentage of the protein residing at the ice/freeze-concentrate interface as IgG concentration is increased. A sodium phosphate buffer system consistently results in more turbid reconstituted solids than a potassium phosphate buffer system at the same concentration, but this effect is not attributable to a pH shift during freezing. Added salts such as NaCl or KCl contribute markedly to insoluble aggregate formation. Both sodium and potassium chloride contribute more to turbidity of the reconstituted solid than either sodium or potassium phosphate buffers at similar ionic strength, with sodium chloride resulting in a substantially higher level of aggregates than potassium chloride. At a given cooling rate, the specific surface area of dried solids is approximately a factor of 2 higher for the formulation containing sodium chloride than the formulation containing potassium chloride. Turbidity is also influenced by the extent of secondary drying, which underscores the importance of minimizing secondary drying of this system. Including a surfactant such as polysorbate 80, either in the formulation or in the water used for reconstitution, decreased, but did not eliminate, insoluble aggregates. There was no correlation between pharmaceutically acceptability of the freeze-dried cake and insoluble aggregate levels in the reconstituted product.
Stimulation of Bone Formation in Vitro and in Rodents by Statins (1999)

Osteoporosis and other diseases of bone loss are a major public health problem. Here it is shown that the statins, drugs widely used for lowering serum cholesterol, also enhance new bone formation in vitro and in rodents. This effect was associated with increased expression of the bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) gene in bone cells. Lovastatin and simvastatin increased bone formation when injected subcutaneously over the calvaria of mice and increased cancellous bone volume when orally administered to rats. Thus, in appropriate doses, statins may have therapeutic applications for the treatment of osteoporosis.
ALGORITHMS FOR THE REDUCTION OF THE NUMBER OF POINTS REQUIRED TO REPRESENT A DIGITIZED LINE OR ITS CARICATURE (1973)

All digitizing methods, as a general rule, record lines with far more data than is necessary for accurate graphic reproduction or for computer analysis. Two algorithms to reduce the number of points required to represent the line and, if desired, produce caricatures, are presented and compared with the most promising methods so far suggested. Line reduction will form a major part of automated generalization.
Anti-KIT monoclonal antibody inhibits imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor growth (2013)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and arises from the interstitial cells of Cajal. It is characterized by expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase CD117 (KIT). In 70-80% of GIST cases, oncogenic mutations in KIT are present, leading to constitutive activation of the receptor, which drives the proliferation of these tumors. Treatment of GIST with imatinib, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibits KIT-mediated signaling and initially results in disease control in 70-85% of patients with KIT-positive GIST. However, the vast majority of patients eventually develop resistance to imatinib treatment, leading to disease progression and posing a significant challenge in the clinical management of these tumors. Here, we show that an anti-KIT monoclonal antibody (mAb), SR1, is able to slow the growth of three human GIST cell lines in vitro. Importantly, these reductions in cell growth were equivalent between imatinib-resistant and imatinib-sensitive GIST cell lines. Treatment of GIST cell lines with SR1 reduces cell-surface KIT expression, suggesting that mAb-induced KIT down-regulation may be a mechanism by which SR1 inhibits GIST growth. Furthermore, we also show that SR1 treatment enhances phagocytosis of GIST cells by macrophages, indicating that treatment with SR1 may enhance immune cell-mediated tumor clearance. Finally, using two xenotransplantation models of imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant GIST, we demonstrate that SR1 is able to strongly inhibit tumor growth in vivo. These results suggest that treatment with mAbs targeting KIT may represent an alternative, or complementary, approach for treating GIST.
Nucleotide Parasitism by Simkania negevensis ( Chlamydiae ) (2010)

Intracellular bacteria live in an environment rich in most essential metabolites but need special mechanisms to access these substrates. Nucleotide transport proteins (NTTs) catalyze the import of ATP and other nucleotides from the eukaryotic host into the bacterial cell and render de novo synthesis of these compounds dispensable. The draft genome sequence of Simkania negevensis strain Z, a chlamydial organism considered a newly emerging pathogen, revealed four genes encoding putative nucleotide transport proteins (SnNTT1 to SnNTT4), all of which are transcribed during growth of S. negevensis in Acanthamoeba host cells, as confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR. Using heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, we could show that SnNTT1 functions as an ATP/ADP antiporter, SnNTT2 as a guanine nucleotide/ATP/H(+) symporter driven by the membrane potential, and SnNTT3 as a nucleotide triphosphate antiporter. In addition, SnNTT3 is able to transport dCTP, which has not been shown for a prokaryotic transport protein before. No substrate could be identified for SnNTT4. Taking these data together, S. negevensis employs a set of nucleotide transport proteins to efficiently tap its host's energy and nucleotide pools. Although similar to other chlamydiae, these transporters show distinct and unique adaptations with respect to substrate specificities and mode of transport.
Electrically controlled microvalves to integrate microchip polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis (2008)

Microvalves are key in realizing portable miniaturized diagnostic platforms. We present a scalable microvalve that integrates well with standard lab on a chip (LOC) implementations, yet which requires essentially no external infrastructure for its operation. This electrically controlled, phase-change microvalve is used to integrate genetic amplification and analysis via capillary electrophoresis--the basis of many diagnostics. The microvalve is actuated using a polymer (polyethylene glycol, PEG) that exhibits a large volumetric change between its solid and liquid phases. Both the phase change of the PEG and the genetic amplification via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are thermally controlled using thin film resistive elements that are patterned using standard microfabrication methods. By contrast with many other valve technologies, these microvalves and their control interface scale down in size readily. The novelty here lies in the use of fully integrated microvalves that require only electrical connections to realize a portable and inexpensive genetic analysis platform.
Photon-burst analysis in two-photon fluorescence excitation flow cytometry (1999)

We studied the use of a dramatically reduced testing zone in combination with two-photon excitation and photon-burst analysis in high-throughput rare-event detection simulation using a modified flow cytometer. Two-photon excitation measurements were performed with a mode-locked titanium:sapphire laser. Fluorescence emission was measured with a photon-counting avalanche photodiode. Measured signal was analysed offline by autocorrelation and burst detection methods. Test samples were composed of full blood and orange fluorescent polystyrene nanospheres mixed in full blood. Results show that two-photon fluorescence excitation and time-correlation analysis provide a good signal-to-noise ratio for rare-event particle detection in a turbid sample environment.
Cytokine-containing liposomes as vaccine adjuvants. (1996)

The ability of cytokines to regulate and augment an immune response makes them likely agents to be included in vaccines. The systemic use of cytokines as vaccine adjuvants has been hampered by toxicity at effective doses. More precise delivery of cytokines and immunogen can be achieved through the use of microparticle carriers such as liposomes. Several cytokines, including IL-2, IL-7, IL-6 and IFN-gamma have been shown to increase the adjuvant activity of liposomes. It may be possible to use certain cytokines to induce immunoglobulin production, others to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and still others to promote IgA production at mucosal surfaces. An alternative to liposomes containing cytokines may be liposomes containing cytokine-inducing adjuvants such as MTPPE, MPL and QS21. This approach may produce undesirable immunomodulators as well as beneficial cytokines.
Spontaneous Activity in Transgenic Mouse Heart: (1993)

Primary tumors and AT-1 cells show essential atrial electrophysiology with important novel features.
Long-lived immature dendritic cells mediated by TRANCE-RANK interaction (2002)

Immature dendritic cells (DCs) reside in interstitial tissues (int-DC) or in the epidermis, where they capture antigen and, thereafter, mature and migrate to draining lymph nodes (LNs), where they present processed antigen to T cells. We have identified int-DCs that express both TRANCE (tumor necrosis factor-related activation-induced cytokine) and RANK (receptor activator of NF-kappaB) and have generated these cells from CD34(+) human progenitor cells using macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). These CD34(+)-derived int-DCs, which are related to macrophages, are long-lived, but addition of soluble RANK leads to significant reduction of cell viability and Bcl-2 expression. This suggests that constitutive TRANCE-RANK interaction is responsible for CD34(+)-derived int-DC longevity. Conversely, CD1a(+) DCs express only RANK and are short-lived. However, they can be rescued from cell death either by recombinant soluble TRANCE or by CD34(+)-derived int-DCs. CD34(+)-derived int-DCs mature in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus CD40 ligand (L) and become capable of CCL21/CCL19-mediated chemotaxis and naive T-cell activation. Upon maturation, they lose TRANCE, making them, like CD1a(+) DCs, dependent on exogenous TRANCE for survival. These findings provide evidence that TRANCE and RANK play important roles in the homeostasis of DCs.
Face Detection and Segmentation for Video Surveillance (2006)

A fast approach of face detection for video surveillance was proposed.A symmetrical frame difference was used to acquire the motion area.A simple and fast segmentation algorithm,i.e.mid-point-guided growing,was developed to search the skin-like pixels and segment the face-like regions.The distribution information of shape and feature in each face-like region was examined and those regions satisfying with the knowledge of a human face were located and marked.The experimental results show that the accuracy and processing speed are very promising.The approach can be used to detect multiple faces with different poses and sizes.It is a practical method for developing visual surveillance system and can be used as a start point for face tracking research.
Macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) blocks the myeloid suppressive but not the antiviral or antiproliferative activities of murine alpha, beta, and gamma interferons in vitro. (1986)

Colony stimulating factors have been shown to antagonize the bone marrow suppressive effects of interferons in vitro. The effect of partially purified murine macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) was evaluated for its ability to antagonize interferon's bone marrow suppressive effect and was measured for its effect against two other interferon activities. The effect of CSF-1 against interferon's bone marrow suppressive effect was measured in a bone marrow colony growth assay. The effect of CSF-1 against interferon's antiviral activity was measured in single-cycle vesicular stomatitis virus growth experiments. The effect of CSF-1 against interferon's antiproliferative activity was measured in 3-day cell growth kinetics assays using B-16 melanoma cells and J-774 reticulum sarcoma cells of macrophage origin. Each of the three types of interferon (MuIFN-alpha, MuIFN-beta, and MuIFN-gamma) were employed and had common effects, though they differed in the levels of their effective concentrations. Concomitant treatment with CSF-1 and interferon blocked the interferon mediated bone marrow suppression in a dose dependent manner but had no effect on the antiviral or antiproliferative activities of the interferons. Importantly, CSF-1 did not affect interferon's antiproliferative activity against the growth of J-774 reticulum sarcoma cells, even though CSF-1 is a macrophage colony stimulating factor and J-774 cells are of macrophage origin. The results suggest that colony stimulating factors might be employed to specifically protect bone marrow function during interferon therapy while not interfering with interferon's antiviral and antitumor activities.
Identification of a novel HLA-A*0201-restricted, cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope in a human glioma-associated antigen, interleukin 13 receptor alpha2 chain. (2002)

This novel CTL epitope may therefore serve as an attractive component of peptide-based vaccines to treat glioma and as a surrogate marker of T-cell immune responses in patients before and after therapy.
Therapeutic Effects of Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Acute Lung Injury Mice (2017)

The incidence and mortality of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are still very high, but stem cells show some promise for its treatment. Here we found that intratracheal administration of human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) significantly improved survival and attenuated the lung inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mice. We also used the proteins-chip and bioinformatics to analyze interactions between UC-MSCs treatment and immune-response alternations of ALI mice. Then we demonstrated that UC-MSCs could inhibit the inflammatory response of mouse macrophage in ALI mice, as well as enhance its IL-10 expression. We provide data to support the concept that the therapeutic capacity of UC-MSCs for ALI was primarily through paracrine secretion, particularly of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2). Furthermore, we showed that UC-MSCs might secrete a panel of factors including GM-CSF, IL-6 and IL-13 to ameliorate ALI. Our study suggested that UC-MSCs could protect LPS-induced ALI model by immune regulation and paracrine factors, indicating that UC-MSCs should be a promising strategy for ALI/ARDS.
Naturally Occurring α-Amino Acid Catalyzed Coupling of Carbon Dioxide with Epoxides to Afford Cyclic Carbonates (2007)

A new and simple method was developed by using the naturally occurring α-amino acids as catalyst for the efficient coupling of carbon dioxide with epoxides to afford the corresponding cyclic carbonates. The cooperation of the ammonium group of one amino acid and the carboxylate ion of another one were proposed as a key activation factor for this transformation.
Differential Intracellular Compartmentalization of Herpetic Thymidine Kinases (TKs) in TK Gene-Transfected Tumor Cells: Molecular Characterization of the Nuclear Localization Signal of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 TK (1998)

The thymidine kinases (TKs) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) were expressed in human osteosarcoma cells as fusion proteins with the green fluorescent protein (GFP), and their intracellular localizations were determined. The three TK-GFP fusion products were localized in different subcellular compartments of the transfected tumor cells. HSV-1 TK-GFP was localized exclusively in the nucleus, HSV-2 TK-GFP was predominantly found in the cytosol, while VZV TK-GFP was localized in both the nucleus and the cytosol. In support of these findings, we identified a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the N-terminal arginine-rich region of HSV-1 TK that was absent in HSV-2 and VZV TK. The first 34 amino acids proved necessary for the specific nuclear localization of HSV-1 TK and, when added to the VZV TK-GFP gene construct, also sufficed to specifically target VZV TK-GFP to the nucleus. Further analysis of this NLS through site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the basic amino acid-rich nonapeptide 25R-R-T-A-L-R-P-R-R33 is of crucial importance in the nuclear targeting of HSV-1 TK. In particular, we revealed that the presence of the arginine residues at positions 25, 26, 30, 32, and 33 is obligatory for efficient NLS functioning, whereas arginine and histidine residues outside of the nonapeptide (i.e., residues R18, R20, and H22) did not change the functional properties of the NLS.
The influence of CYP2D6 polymorphism and quinidine on the disposition and antitussive effect of dextromethorphan in humans* (1996)

The disposition of dextromethorphan was substantially influenced by CYP2D6 status. Capsaicin may not be an ideal agent in experimental cough studies.
The LDL Receptor Gene: A Mosaic of Exons Shared with Different Proteins (1985)

The multifunctional nature of coated pit receptors predicts that these proteins will contain multiple domains. To establish the genetic basis for these domains (LDL) receptor. This gene is more than 45 kilobases in length and contains 18 exons, most of which correlate with functional domains previously defined at the protein level. Thirteen of the 18 exons encode protein sequences that are homologous to sequences in other proteins: five of these exons encode a sequence similar to one in the C9 component of complement; three exons encode a sequence similar to a repeat sequence in the precursor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and in three proteins of the blood clotting system (factor IX, factor X, and protein C); and five other exons encode nonrepeated sequences that are shared only with the EGF precursor. The LDL receptor appears to be a mosaic protein built up of exons shared with different proteins, and it therefore belongs to several supergene families.
Interaction of aminoglycosides with the outer membranes and purified lipopolysaccharide and OmpF porin of Escherichia coli (1991)

The mechanism of uptake of aminoglycosides across the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was reevaluated. Porin-deficient mutants showed no alteration in gentamicin or kanamycin susceptibility. Furthermore, the influence of kanamycin on intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of porin OmpF (Y. Kobayashi, and T. Nakae, Eur. J. Biochem. 151:231-236, 1985) was shown to be strongly influenced by protein concentration and EDTA. This led to the hypothesis that aminoglycoside-mediated increases and decreases in intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence were due to aggregation-disaggregation of OmpF mediated by interaction at a divalent cation binding site on OmpF. Gentamicin, kanamycin, and polymyxin B increased E. coli outer membrane permeability to the hydrophobic fluorescent compound 1-N-phenyl-naphthylamine (NPN) and the peptidoglycan-degrading enzyme lysozyme. Addition of Mg2+ blocked these permeabilizing activities. Furthermore, gentamicin and polymyxin B bound to Mg(2+)-binding sites on E. coli lipopolysaccharide, as determined in dansyl polymyxin displacement experiments. A polymyxin-resistant, lipopolysaccharide-altered pmr mutant of E. coli had a fourfold-lower MIC of gentamicin and kanamycin and was more poorly permeabilized to 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine than was its parent strain. These data were consistent with uptake of aminoglycosides across the E. coli outer membrane by the self-promoted uptake mechanism.
An empirical basis for determining the multidimensional structure of leisure (1988)

Abstract To explain fully the structural nature of leisure, there is a need to use strategies that are both direct in approach and empirical in nature. This study examined such a strategy; its purpose was to illustrate a technique for analyzing the dimensionality of leisure. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) was used to develop a potential set of traits that are descriptive of leisure activities and multiple regression provided a means for a direct empirical assessment of this set of traits. It was concluded that (a) multidimensional scaling provides a useful tool for direct investigation of the structural nature of leisure, and (b) multiple regression can provide an empirical alternative to visual interpretations of the results.