gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Key-key-value stores for efficiently processing graph data in the cloud (2011)

Modern cloud data storage services have powerful capabilities for data-sets that can be indexed by a single key-key-value stores-and for data-sets that are characterized by multiple attributes (such as Google's BigTable). These data stores have non-ideal overheads, however, when graph data needs to be maintained; overheads are incurred because related (by graph edges) keys are managed in physically different host machines. We propose a new distributed data-storage paradigm, the key-key-value store, which will extend the key-value model and significantly reduce these overheads by storing related keys in the same place. We provide a high-level description of our proposed system for storing large-scale, highly interconnected graph data - such as social networks - as well as an analysis of our key-key-value system in relation to existing work. In this paper, we show how our novel data organization paradigm will facilitate improved levels of QoS in large graph data stores.
Isolation and Characterization of an N-Linked Oligosaccharide That Is Significantly Increased in Sera from Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (2001)

The structures of N-linked oligosaccharides present in human sera from 12 healthy volunteers and from 14 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were analyzed by our recently developed partially automated systematic method. Thirty different structures of oligosaccharides were deduced, and these accounted for 84.1% of the total N-linked oligosaccharides present in human sera. All of the quantified oligosaccharide levels in healthy human sera were within twice the standard deviation. The amount of a triantennary trigalactosylated structure with one outer arm fucosylation (A3G3Fo) was found to be markedly increased in NSCLC patients in comparison to that in healthy volunteers (p < 0.01). No significant positive correlation with other clinical data was found. Serum A3G3Fo levels can thus be a novel marker for the diagnosis of NSCLC.
Intracellular thiols regulate activation of nuclear factor kappa B and transcription of human immunodeficiency virus. (1990)

The activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) has been implicated in the regulation of transcription of a variety of genes and has been shown to be essential for the expression of genes controlled by the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV LTR). We show here that intracellular thiol levels play a key role in regulating this process. That is, stimulation with tumor necrosis factor alpha and/or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate activates NF-kappa B and markedly decreases intracellular thiols; N-acetyl-L-cysteine, an efficient thiol source, prevents this thiol decrease and blocks the activation of NF-kappa B; and the lack of activated NF-kappa B prevents the activation of the HIV LTR and the transcription of genes under its control. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized genetic regulatory mechanism in which cytokine-induced shifts in intracellular thiol levels are crucial in the control of NF-kappa B activity and thereby influence the spectrum of genes expressed by cytokine-stimulated cells.
Crossroads of Estrogen Receptor and NF-κB Signaling (2005)

Cellular homeostasis in higher organisms is maintained by balancing cell growth, differentiation, and death. Two important systems that transmit extracellular signals into the machinery of the cell nucleus are the signaling pathways that activate nuclear factor κB (NF-κΒ) and estrogen receptor (ER). These two transcription factors induce expression of genes that control cell fates, including proliferation and cell death (apoptosis). However, ER has anti-inflammatory effects, whereas activated NF-κB initiates and maintains cellular inflammatory responses. Recent investigations elucidated a nonclassical and nongenomic effect of ER: inhibition of NF-κB activation and the inflammatory response. In breast cancer, antiestrogen therapy might cause reactivation of NF-κB, potentially rerouting a proliferative signal to breast cancer cells and contributing to hormone resistance. Thus, ER ligands that selectively block NF-κB activation could provide specific potential therapy for hormone-resistant ER-positive breast cancers.
Thiazolidinediones (2004)

Despite a large need for new hypoglycemic therapies, given the epidemic of type 2 diabetes, very few agents have been introduced during the past 20 years. The thiazolidinediones represent a potentially important new group of drugs with a mechanism of action differing from and perhaps complementary to that of existing therapies. This article discusses present data on mechanisms, indications, and limitations of thiazolidinedione therapy.
Lipopeptide‐based melanoma cancer vaccine induced a strong MART‐27‐35‐cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in a preclinal study (2001)

Identification of tumor antigens and their optimal antigenic peptides raised hopes for the development of peptide-based immunotherapeutic vaccine strategies for human melanoma, however. Synthetic peptides alone are not immunogenic enough, and adequate formulation is critical for elaboration of peptide vaccines. To improve formulation, we evaluated 2 lipopeptide constructs, both including HLA-A2-restricted MART 27-35-CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope covalently linked to universal tetanus toxoid (TT) 830-843 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitope, in HLA-A2 transgenic mouse models that mimic human CTL responses in vivo. These 2 constructs only differed in the formulation of their lipid tail. We showed that lipopeptide constructs were strongly recognized, in vitro, by human MART 27-35 cytotoxic T cells derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. The transgenic Mice immunized with these 2 MART lipopeptide formulations containing covalently linked HTL-CTL epitopes induced strong MART 27-35 cytotoxic T cells. This CTL induction was critically dependent on the presence of the helper T lymphocyte epitope. These results also showed that a single palmitoyl-lysine chain is enough to assure immunogenicity of a given peptide and that the presence of a lipid tail bypass the need for adjuvant. These results support the selection of MART-lipopeptide melanoma vaccine for evaluation in a clinical trial.
Directed ortho metalation of N,N-diethylbenzamides. Silicon protection of ortho sites and the o-methyl group (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirected ortho metalation of N,N-diethylbenzamides. Silicon protection of ortho sites and the o-methyl groupRobert J. Mills, Nicholas J. Taylor, and Victor SnieckusCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 18, 4372–4385Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00279a028https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00279a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1789Altmetric-Citations126LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Involvement of IL-15 in the pathogenesis of human T lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: implications for therapy with a monoclonal antibody directed to the IL-2/15R beta receptor. (1999)

Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is the causative agent of an inflammatory neurological disease termed HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). An ongoing lymphocyte activation exists in patients with HAM/TSP, which was demonstrated by the spontaneous proliferation of their PBMC ex vivo. It was shown that spontaneous proliferation present in HAM/TSP is due, in part, to an IL-2/IL-2R autocrine loop. However, addition of Abs against IL-2 or IL-2R alpha only partially inhibited the spontaneous proliferation. Since IL-15 is a cytokine with similar functional characteristics to those of IL-2, we reasoned that IL-15 might be an additional growth factor that contributes to the spontaneous proliferation observed in HAM/TSP. In this study, we demonstrated that IL-15 mRNA expression was elevated in PBMC obtained from HAM/TSP patients when compared with those of the normal donors. Furthermore, we showed that the addition of blocking Abs against IL-15 or its receptor inhibited the spontaneous proliferation of HAM/TSP PBMC. Addition of Abs directed toward both IL-15 and IL-2, or their receptors, inhibited the proliferation almost completely. These data suggest the existence of two autocrine loops involving IL-15/IL-15R and IL-2/IL-2R, both contributing to the spontaneous proliferation of HAM/TSP PBMC.
The carbohydrate of bovine prothrombin. Partial structural determination demonstrating the presence of -galactose residues. (1972)

Abstract Analyses of the carbohydrate chains of prothrombin indicated that each chain contained sialic acid, galactose, mannose, and glucosamine in the ratio of 2 to 3:2:3:4 to 6, respectively. Based on the galactose content of whole prothrombin there are four carbohydrate chains per enzyme molecule. Enzymatic degradation of the external carbohydrate indicated that the sequence was [see PDF for equation] The inner carbohydrate was resistant to enzymatic attack and consisted of about one-third of the total mannose and one-half of the total N-acetylglucosamine residues. It was shown that the carbohydrate chain was not attached to serine or threonine and that it is probably linked to asparagine. The α and β anomeric forms of galactose were present in about a 1:1 ratio. Glycopeptides containing α- and β-galactosidic bonds could be partially separated, indicating that the two anomers are incorporated into specific carbohydrate chains and are not randomly dispersed. The carbohydrate content and enzymatic degradation revealed few differences between the remainder of the carbohydrate in the α- and β-galactose-containing glycopeptides.
Efficient Transduction of Hemopoietic CD34 + Progenitors of Human Origin Using an Original Retroviral Vector Derived from Fr-MuLV-FB29: In Vitro Assessment (1998)

A novel retroviral vector has been designed based on a Friend-murine leukemia virus (Fr-MuLV) FB29 strain. The latter has been selected according to characteristics of pathogenicity in mice where it induces a disease of the haemopoietic system affecting all lineages. Higher infectivity has also been demonstrated as compared to other strains. In accordance with these findings, the amphotropic producer clone used in this study carrying along the neomycine resistance gene (FOCH-Neo), harbors viral titers over 10(7) cfu/ml. To investigate the potential of genetically engineering hematopoietic precursors, CD34+ progenitors were selected from cord blood, bone marrow, and peripheral blood mobilized stem cells (patients + solid tumors) and transduced with FOCH-Neo. High transduction rates were achieved using virus supernatant and minimal doses of hematopoietic growth factors during pretransduction and transduction steps. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay investigating the presence of both neomycin-encoding and viral vector sequences tested positive in 45-90% of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) generating cells (bone marrow and peripheral blood derived cells) following transduction. An average of 35% colonies showed resistance to G418. Such levels of transduction proved reproducible using only supernatants harboring over 10(7) cfu/ml. In those experiments where long-term in vitro cultures could be maintained over 5 weeks (all cord blood and 5 among 23 PBSC), efficient transduction of long-term culture initiating cell (LTC-IC) hematopoietic progenitors was demonstrated on the basis of both resistance to G418 and virus integration. In the latter case, the PCR assay tested positive in as much as 35-60% of late unselected CFU-colonies. This novel retroviral vector harbors interesting features toward genetic modification of hematopoietic progenitors.
We Need A Word For This (2006)

According to Dmitri Borgmann in Beyond Language (Scribner's, 1967), the English language contains two or three million words. However, this is not enough to take care of all situations one meets in daily life.
Nano Bubbles on a Hydrophobic Surface in Water Observed by Tapping-Mode Atomic Force Microscopy (2000)

The silicon wafer hydrophobized with OTS was immersed into water to observe the surface in-situ by tapping-mode AFM. A large number of nano-size domain images were found on the surface. Their shapes were characterized by the height image procedure of AFM, and the differences of the properties compared to those of the bare surface were analyzed using the phase image procedure and the interaction force curves. All the results consistently implied that the domains represent the nanoscopic bubbles attached on the surface. This was confirmed by the fact that no domain was observed in the case of the surfaces hydrophobized in the AFM fluid cell without exposure to air. The apparent contact angle of the bubbles was much smaller than that expected macroscopically, which was postulated to be the reason bubbles were able to sit stably on the surface.
Wearable Electroencephalography (2010)

The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a classic noninvasive method for measuring a person's brain waves and is used in a large number of fields: from epilepsy and sleep disorder diagnosis to brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Electrodes are placed on the scalp to detect the microvolt-sized signals that result from synchronized neuronal activity within the brain. Current long-term EEG monitoring is generally either carried out as an inpatient in combination with video recording and long cables to an amplifier and recording unit or is ambulatory. In the latter, the EEG recorder is portable but bulky, and in principle, the subject can go about their normal daily life during the recording. In practice, however, this is rarely the case. It is quite common for people undergoing ambulatory EEG monitoring to take time off work and stay at home rather than be seen in public with such a device. Wearable EEG is envisioned as the evolution of ambulatory EEG units from the bulky, limited lifetime devices available today to small devices present only on the head that can record EEG for days, weeks, or months at a time. Such miniaturized units could enable prolonged monitoring of chronic conditions such as epilepsy and greatly improve the end-user acceptance of BCI systems. In this article, we aim to provide a review and overview of wearable EEG technology, answering the questions: What is it, why is it needed, and what does it entail? We first investigate the requirements of portable EEG systems and then link these to the core applications of wearable EEG technology: epilepsy diagnosis, sleep disorder diagnosis, and BCIs. As a part of our review, we asked 21 neurologists (as a key user group) for their views on wearable EEG. This group highlighted that wearable EEG will be an essential future tool. Our descriptions here will focus mainly on epilepsy and the medical applications of wearable EEG, as this is the historical background of the EEG, our area of expertise, and a core motivating area in itself, but we will also discuss the other application areas. We continue by considering the forthcoming research challenges, principally new electrode technology and lower power electronics, and we outline our approach for dealing with the electronic power issues. We believe that the optimal approach to realizing wearable EEG technology is not to optimize any one part but to find the best set of tradeoffs at both the system and implementation level. In this article, we discuss two of these tradeoffs in detail: investigating the online compression of EEG data to reduce the system power consumption and the optimal method for providing this data compression.
Alignment of biologically active domains in the fibronectin molecule. (1981)

Gelatin-binding material was isolated from a human plasma cryoprecipitate by affinity chromatography on gelatin-Sepharose. Individual fragments of fibronectin with Mr = 170,000, 100,000, and 80,000 and a mixture of fragments with Mr = 205,000 and 190,000 (200K fraction) were isolated from this material. These fragments reacted with antifibronectin and with antibodies to a gelatin-binding Mr = 70,000 tryptic fragment of fibronectin. They all shared the same NH2-terminal amino acid sequence. The 205K and 190K fragments bound also to heparin-Sepharose, whereas the smaller fragments did not. The 200K fraction and the 170K fragment mediated cell attachment when used to coat plastic, whereas the 100K and 80K fragments were inactive in this assay. Further digestion of the 205K and 190K fragments with chymotrypsin yielded separate sets of smaller fragments that bound to either gelatin-Sepharose or heparin-Sepharose, as well as fragments that did not show either of these binding activities but mediated cell attachment. Since the NH2-terminal ends of the 205K, 190K, 100K, and 80K fragments are the same, the results define the order of the active sites in the fibronectin molecule as gelatin-binding site, cell attachment site, and heparin-binding site.
Improvement in Survival of Older Adults with Multiple Myeloma: Results of an Updated Period Analysis of SEER Data (2011)

Overall, survival continues to improve for patients with myeloma, including older patients, suggesting that newer treatment options continue to make a population-wide impact.
Identification of the Paired Basic Convertases Implicated in HIV gp160 Processing Based on in Vitro Assays and Expression in CD4+ Cell Lines (1996)

The human immunodeficiency virus HIV envelope glycoprotein gp160 is synthesized as an inactive precursor, which is processed into its fusiogenic form gp120/gp41 by host cell proteinases during its intracellular trafficking. Kexin/subtilisin-related endoproteases have been proposed to be enzyme candidates for this maturation process. In the present study, 1) we examined the ability of partially purified precursor convertases and their isoforms to cleave gp160 in vitro. The data demonstrate that all the convertases tested specifically cleave the HIV envelope glycoprotein into gp120 and gp41. 2) We demonstrated that a 19-amino acid model peptide spanning the gp120/gp41 junction is cleaved by all convertases at the same gp160 site as that recognized in HIV-infected cells. 3) In an effort to evaluate specific convertase inhibitors, we showed that the alpha1-antitrypsin variant, alpha1-PDX, inhibits equally well the ability of the tested convertases to cleave gp160 in vitro. 4) Three lymphocyte cell lines were screened by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in an effort to identify which are the convertases expressed in the most common HIV target, the CD4(+) lymphocytes. The data demonstrate that furin, PC5/6, and the newly cloned PC7 are the main transcribed convertases, suggesting that these proteinases are the major gp160-converting enzymes in T4 lymphocytes.
Natural peptides selected by diabetogenic DQ8 and murine I-Ag7 molecules show common sequence specificity (2005)

In this study, a large number of naturally processed peptides was isolated and identified from the human diabetes-susceptible class II MHC molecules HLA-DQ8 (DQA1*0301,DQB1*0302) and from murine I-A species, both of which are expressed in genetically identical APC lines. The peptides presented during the processing of autologous proteins were highly selective in showing sequence specificity, mainly consisting of 1 or more acidic residues at their C terminus. Testing for binding to the MHC molecules revealed that the position 9 (P9) acidic residues of the peptides contributed decisively to binding. For HLA-DQ8, the P1 residue, which was also an acidic amino acid, influenced binding positively. Both HLA-DQ8 and I-A(g7) selected for common peptides that bound in the same register. There was no evidence for selection of peptides having nonspecific or promiscuous binding. Thus, diabetogenic class II MHC molecules are highly selective in terms of the peptides presented by their APCs, and this is governed by the features of their P9 anchor pocket. These results are in striking contrast to those from studies examining synthetic peptide or phage display libraries, in which many peptides were shown to bind.
Interferon Induction Increased through Chemical Modification of a Synthetic Polyribonucleotide (1969)

The alternating copolymer riboadenylic-ribouridylic acid gained asignificant increase in ability to stimulate interferon production (2-to 20-fold) and cellular resistance (100-to 10,000-fold) both in vitro and in vivo upon substitution of phosphate by thiophosphate groups. The resulting nucleotide analog was also 10 to 100 times less sensitive to degradation by pancreatic ribonuclease, as determined byresidual antiviral activity.
Applications of One-Bead One-Compound Combinatorial Libraries and Chemical Microarrays in Signal Transduction Research (2003)

The "one-bead-one-compound" (OBOC) combinatorial library method synthesizes millions of random compounds such that each bead displays only one compound. Bead libraries are screened, and positive beads are isolated for structure analysis. Peptide substrates and inhibitors of protein kinases, and peptide ligands for cell surface receptors have been identified using this method. A novel encoding strategy for OBOC libraries has been developed to identify peptidomimetic and small-molecule ligands that specifically interact with cellular proteins. These ligands will be tested for their effects on cell signaling and used to construct chemical microarrays for further characterization of ligand-protein interactions.
Who’s Calling? Demographics of Mobile Phone Use in Rwanda (2010)

We describe how new sources of data can be used to better understand the demographic structure of the population of Rwandan mobile phone users. After combining anonymous call data records with follow-up phone interviews, we detect significant differences in phone usage among different social and economic subgroups of the population. However, initial experiments suggest that predicting demographics from call usage, and vice-versa, is quite difficult.