gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Interleukin-1 in Disease (1993)

The interleukin-1 family consists of three structurally related polypeptides. The first two are interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β, each of which has a broad spectrum of both beneficial and harmful biologic actions, and the third is interleukin-1-receptor antagonist, which inhibits the activities of interleukin-1. Among the properties of the two forms of interleukin-1 (α and β) is the ability to induce fever, sleep, anorexia, and hypotension. Interleukin-1 stimulates the release of pituitary hormones, increases the synthesis of collagenases, resulting in the destruction of cartilage, and stimulates the production of prostaglandins, leading to a decrease in the pain threshold. Interleukin-1 has also been . . .
Proangiogenic Action of Thyroid Hormone Is Fibroblast Growth Factor–Dependent and Is Initiated at the Cell Surface (2004)

The effects of thyroid hormone analogues on modulation of angiogenesis have been studied in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model. Generation of new blood vessels from existing vessels was increased 3-fold by either l-thyroxine (T4; 10(-7) mol/L) or 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (10(-9) mol/L). T4-agarose reproduced the effects of T4, and tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) inhibited the effects of both T4 and T4-agarose. Tetrac itself was inactive and is known to block actions of T4 on signal transduction that are initiated at the plasma membrane. T4 and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) were comparably effective as inducers of angiogenesis. Low concentrations of FGF2 combined with submaximal concentrations of T4 produced an additive angiogenic response. Anti-FGF2 inhibited the angiogenic effect of T4. The proangiogenic effects of T4 and FGF2 were blocked by PD 98059, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway inhibitor. Endothelial cells (ECV304) treated with T4 or FGF2 for 15 minutes demonstrated activation of MAPK, an effect inhibited by PD 98059 and the protein kinase C inhibitor CGP41251. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of RNA extracted from endothelial cells treated with T4 revealed increased abundance of FGF2 transcript at 6 to 48 hours, and after 72 hours, the medium of treated cells showed increased FGF2 content, an effect inhibited by PD 98059. Thus, thyroid hormone is shown to be a proangiogenic factor. This action, initiated at the plasma membrane, is MAPK dependent and mediated by FGF2.
Customer Base Analysis: An Industrial Purchase Process Application (1994)

Customer base analysis is concerned with using the observed past purchase behavior of customers to understand their current and likely future purchase patterns. More specifically, as developed in Schmittlein et al. (1987), customer base analysis uses data on the frequency, timing, and dollar value of each customer's past purchases to infer • the number of customers currently active, • how that number has changed over time, • which individual customers are most likely still active, • how much longer each is likely to remain an active customer, and • how many purchases can be expected from each during any future time period of interest. In this paper we empirically validate the model proposed by Schmittlein et al. In doing so, we provide one of the few applications of stochastic models to industrial purchase processes and industrial marketing decisions. Besides showing that the model does capture key aspects of the purchase process, we also present a more effective parameter estimation method and some results regarding sampling properties of the parameter estimates. Finally, we extend the model to explicitly incorporate dollar volume of past purchases. Our results indicate that this kind of customer base analysis can be both effective in predicting purchase patterns and in generating insights into how key customer groups differ. The link of both these benefits to industrial marketing decision making is also discussed.
Docker: lightweight Linux containers for consistent development and deployment (2014)

Docker promises the ability to package applications and their dependencies into lightweight containers that move easily between different distros, start up quickly and are isolated from each other.
N2 Laser‐excited luminescence of antiferromagnetically coupled trinuclear chromium(III) complexes (1980)

Abstract Exchange interaction parameters in several trinuclear chromium(III) complexes [Cr 3 O( R ‐COO) 6 (H 2 O) 3 ] X·n H 2 O ( R = CH 3 , C 2 H 5 ) are determined in the study of luminescence, time‐resolved luminescence ( TRS ), and decay time measurements over the temperature range 4–100°K. The presence of four inequivalent trinuclear clusters and a luminescence anomaly at 25 and 55°K are observed in the basic chromium(III) acetate prisms. Magnetic anomalies reported earlier should be attributed to the distortion and disordering of the hydrogen‐bonded channels in crystals at low temperatures.
Identification of Edg1 Receptor Residues That Recognize Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (2000)

Originating from its DNA sequence, a computational model of the Edg1 receptor has been developed that predicts critical interactions with its ligand, sphingosine 1-phosphate. The basic amino acids Arg(120) and Arg(292) ion pair with the phosphate, whereas the acidic Glu(121) residue ion pairs with the ammonium moiety of sphingosine 1-phosphate. The requirement of these interactions for specific ligand recognition has been confirmed through examination of site-directed mutants by radioligand binding, ligand-induced [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding, and receptor internalization assays. These ion-pairing interactions explain the ligand specificity of the Edg1 receptor and provide insight into ligand specificity differences within the Edg receptor family. This computational map of the ligand binding pocket provides information necessary for understanding the molecular pharmacology of this receptor, thus underlining the potential of the computational method in predicting ligand-receptor interactions.
Dynamic light scattering of semidilute hydrophobically modified alkali‐soluble emulsion solutions with different lengths of poly(ethylene oxide) spacer chain (2005)

Abstract Semidilute solutions of hydrophobically modified alkali‐soluble emulsion (HASE) were examined by dynamic light scattering and rheological techniques. For the model polymer without associative macromonomer, two q 2 dependent diffusional modes were detected in the decay time distributions. With increasing hydrophobicity of the associative macromonomer, the narrow fast peak was substituted by a shallow broad peak and only one q 2 dependent slow mode could be accurately detected, which indicated that the heterogeneity of these associated clusters increases with increasing carbon number. The bulk steady‐shear viscosity exhibits similar results to the diffusion coefficients of the aggregate observed from light scattering measurements. The length of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) spacer chain alters the solution properties as well as the associative cluster structure. With increasing length of PEO spacer chain, intramolecular association was substituted by intermolecular association. For EO segment larger than 32 units, intramolecular association dominates, where the formation of HASE aggregates is controlled by the balance of electrostatic repulsion and hydrophobic attraction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3288–3298, 2005
Heterogeneity of Proteins in Commercial Preparations of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Demonstrated by Western Blotting (1988)

Immunoblotting has been utilized to detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), its alpha and beta subunits, the Tamm-Horsfall protein (uromodulin), immunoglobulins G (IgG) and M (IgM), kappa (K) and lambda (L) chains, and serum albumin in commercially available preparations of hCG intended for human use. Concentrated pregnancy, postpartum, and normal urines were studied as a comparison. Those hCG batches prepared from pooled first-trimester pregnancy urine contained all of the hCG and non-hCG proteins listed above or their fragments, with the single exception of the IgM mu chain. The conflicting literature regarding the immunomodulatory properties of hCG requires reevaluation, since many previous reports of immunologic activity utilized these preparations, containing intact and degraded IgG, K, and L chains, and the Tamm-Horsfall protein, all of which may contribute to an altered immune response. Since hCG can be prepared in high yields, free of these contaminants, these data suggest that patients are being unnecessarily exposed to contaminating substances when receiving parenteral injections of hCG.
Safety and efficacy of maintenance ketamine treatment in patients with treatment-refractory generalised anxiety and social anxiety disorders (2018)

http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12615000617561.
Biofilm Formation by Plant-Associated Bacteria (2007)

Plants support a diverse array of bacteria, including parasites, mutualists, and commensals on and around their roots, in the vasculature, and on aerial tissues. These microbes have a profound influence on plant health and productivity. Bacteria physically interact with surfaces to form complex multicellular and often multispecies assemblies, including biofilms and smaller aggregates. There is growing appreciation that the intensity, duration, and outcome of plant-microbe interactions are significantly influenced by the conformation of adherent microbial populations. Biofilms on different tissues have unique properties, reflecting the prevailing conditions at those sites. Attachment is required for biofilm formation, and bacteria interact with plant tissues through adhesins including polysaccharides and surface proteins, with initial contact often mediated by active motility. Recognition between lectins and their cognate carbohydrates is a common means of specificity. Biofilm development and the resulting intimate interactions with plants often require cell-cell communication between colonizing bacteria.
A Method for Fabricating a Superior Oxide/Nitride /Oxide Gate Stack (2004)

A superior oxide/nitride/oxide (ONO) gate stack was demonstrated. High density plasma chemical vapor deposition was used to deposit the silicon nitride layer instead of the conventional low-pressure chemical vapor deposition for silicon/oxide/nitride/oxide/silicon technology. The densified nitride layer was performed by high-temperature dry oxidation to form a thermally grown blocking oxide layer on the silicon nitride rather than a deposited oxide layer. The ONO gate stack shows large memory window, high breakdown voltage, and reliable endurance characteristics, which is a potential candidate for future nonvolatile memory technology. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Importance of TNF-alpha and leptin in obesity and insulin resistance: a hypothesis on the impact of physical exercise. (1998)

Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of insulin resistance, dyslipoproteinemia, and hypercoagulability. In a more recently established hypothesis of body weight control and regulation of metabolism, the adipocyte secretes leptin and locally expresses TNF-alpha, the latter being responsible for the expression of metabolic cardiovascular risk factors. TNF-a mRNA expression and TNF-alpha protein are greatly increased in adipose tissue from obese animals and humans. Elevated TNF-alpha expression induces insulin resistance by downregulating the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor and decreasing the expression of GLUT-4 glucose transporters. TNF-alpha also reduces lipoprotein lipase activity in white adipocytes, stimulates hepatic lipolysis, and increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 content in adipocytes. Moreover, adipocytes secrete leptin, a molecule with a secondary cytokine structure whose concentrations correlate with the amount of fat tissue. Increased leptin levels downregulate appetite and increase sympathetic activity and thermogenesis in the hypothalamus. Diet-induced weight loss reduces adipose TNF-alpha expression and serum leptin levels and is associated with improved insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. Although exercise has also been shown to reduce leptin levels, an influence on TNF-a expression in adipocytes or muscle cells has not yet been demonstrated.
Engineering dicamba selectivity in crops: a search for appropriate degradative enzyme(s) (1997)

The biotechnologial approaches to conferring crop selectivity to herbicides have been demonstrated for a number of compounds such as glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones and cyclohexanediones. Imidazolinone-resistant and cyclohexanedione-resistant maize lines are already in the market. There are several other effective and environmentally benign herbicides such as dicamba, for which engineering crop selectivity is desirable, to broaden the product utility in different crops and provide new solutions for weed control. One of the most effective approaches to conferring dicamba selectivity in crops is to incorporate a gene for its rapid metabolism. It is advantageous to have different dicamba-metabolizing enzymes in order to maximize the chances of at least one functioning optimally in a plant environment. Three different metabolizing enzymes are currently available to engineer crop selectivity. The first one is the folate-dependent O-demethylase from Clostridium thermoaceticum, that converts dicamba to herbicidally inactive 3,6-dichlorosalicylate. The second enzyme is the NADH-dependent, multi-component monooxygenase from Pseudomonas maltophilia DI-6 that also converts dicamba to 3,6-dichlorosalicylate. The third enzyme is from corn endosperm cultures that catalyzes the 5-hydroxylation of dicamba. The merits of these three enzymes are discussed with respect to conferring crop selectivity to dicamba. In addition, a rapid microbial screen was conceived for discovery of new dicamba-degrading bacteria, which resulted in identification of Pseudomonas orvilla. This bacteria degraded dicamba by the same pathway, perhaps using a similar enzyme system as Pseudomonas maltophilia DI-6. However, the microbial screen has the potential to identify novel bacteria that degrade dicamba by a different pathway, providing more options for metabolizing enzymes to confer herbicide selectivity in crops.
Classification and computation of dependencies for distributed management (2002)

This paper addresses the role of dependency analysis in distributed management. The identification of dependencies becomes increasingly important in today's networked environments because applications and services rely on a variety of supporting services which might be outsourced to a service provider. However, service dependencies are not made explicit in today's systems, thus making the task of problem determination particularly difficult. Solving this problem requires the determination and computation of the dependencies between services and applications. A key contribution of the paper is a methodology for making IP-based services and applications manageable that have not been designed to include management instrumentation (which is the case today for almost every application and service). Unlike other approaches, it is not necessary to modify the application code. Instead our approach yields a technique that enumerates the characteristics and interdependencies of applications and services, thus permitting the derivation of appropriate management information.
Small Molecules as Inhibitors of Cyclin‐Dependent Kinases (2003)

Cell division (mitosis) is one of the basic requirements for multicellular oranisms. The capability of a cell to replicate enables a complex assembly to be created. Faulty regulation of the control mechanism in the cell cycle leads to an excessive cell proliferation and is the cause of cancer. The key position of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their direct partners, as well as the fact that the majority of malign illnesses show defects in at least one of these key players of the cell cycle, is of great interest for the development of low-molecular-weight CDK inhibitors. In this Review an overview of the different structural classes of ATP-competitive inhibitors of CDKs are given, whose devlopment was aimed at battling cancer. The Review shows how far the development of selective CDK inhibitors has progressed and to what extent the expectations for such drugs have so far been fulfilled.
Overview of an automatic underground distribution fault location system (2009)

Con Edison uses power quality monitors to locate faults on its primary distribution underground network. The power quality monitors serve as the voltage and current sensors in an automatic fault location system. Fault measurements captured by the meters are downloaded automatically, integrated into a relational database, and processed for impedance calculations. The impedance calculations combined with up-to-date distribution circuit models and geographic information system data are used to build estimated fault location tables and map displays. The systems are integrated on Con Edison's intranet and used in real-time by numerous groups within Con Edison including operations, system protection, and power quality. The system can detect and locate both single-phase faults and multi-phase faults. It sends alerts when subcycle faults and magnetizing inrush current transients are detected. For single-phase faults, the system's accuracy regularly exceeds 80% success in estimating the fault location within 10% of the total number of the feeder structures. In 2008, the system was expanded to incorporate data from feeder relays and in 2009 it may be expanded to include data from transmission digital fault recorders. This document will present an overview of some of the parameters and practices for finding faults in place every day at Con Edison.
Hacking the Democratic Mainframe: The Melissa Virus and Transgressive Computing (2000)

As with many of the other 45 000 computer viruses operating across the globe, the Melissa virus constitutes a significant threat to organisational processes. There are two major readings of the Melissa virus's social and political implications — one rejecting its subversive intent, the other celebrating it. In either case, these readings reflect the inadequacy of current theorisations of the relationship between computer networked communication, organisational theory and democracy. A fuller understanding of this relationship, and in particular the culture of hacking, is needed to mediate significant tensions within contemporary culture and politics.
Perfectly Monodisperse Microbubbling by Capillary Flow Focusing (2001)

Here we report a simple microfluidics phenomenon which allows the efficient mass production of micron size gas bubbles with a perfectly monodisperse and controllable diameter. It resorts on a self-excited breakup phenomenon (which locks at a certain frequency) of a short gas microligament coflowing in a focused liquid stream. In this work, we describe the physics of the phenomenon and obtain closed expressions for the bubble diameter as a function of the liquid and gas properties, geometry, and flow parameters, from a large set of experimental results.
Targeted Tumor Cell Internalization and Imaging of Multifunctional Quantum Dot-Conjugated Immunoliposomes in Vitro and in Vivo (2008)

Targeted drug delivery systems that combine imaging and therapeutic modalities in a single macromolecular construct may offer advantages in the development and application of nanomedicines. To incorporate the unique optical properties of luminescent quantum dots (QDs) into immunoliposomes for cancer diagnosis and treatment, we describe the synthesis, biophysical characterization, tumor cell-selective internalization, and anticancer drug delivery of QD-conjugated immunoliposome-based nanoparticles (QD-ILs). Pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo imaging capability of QD-ILs were also investigated. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy was used to visualize naked QDs, liposome controls, nontargeted QD-conjugated liposomes (QD-Ls), and QD-ILs. QD-ILs prepared by insertion of anti-HER2 scFv exhibited efficient receptor-mediated endocytosis in HER2-overexpressing SK-BR-3 and MCF-7/HER2 cells but not in control MCF-7 cells as analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. In contrast, nontargeted QD-Ls showed minimal binding and uptake in these cells. Doxorubicin-loaded QD-ILs showed efficient anticancer activity, while no cytotoxicity was observed for QD-ILs without chemotherapeutic payload. In athymic mice, QD-ILs significantly prolonged circulation of QDs, exhibiting a plasma terminal half-life ( t 1/2) of approximately 2.9 h as compared to free QDs with t 1/2 < 10 min. In MCF-7/HER2 xenograft models, localization of QD-ILs at tumor sites was confirmed by in vivo fluorescence imaging.
Overexpression of resistance-related proteins (metallothioneins, glutathione-S-transferase ?, heat shock protein 27, and lung resistance-related protein) in osteosarcoma (1997)

Inherent overexpression of Hsp27 is independently related to poor outcome in osteosarcoma patients. Overexpression of GST pi, Hsp27, and LRP at surgery might be associated with failure of preoperative chemotherapy. Control of the expression of these proteins may improve the outcome for patients with osteosarcoma.
Optical Properties of Epitaxial Films of CdxHg1−xTe (1966)

Epitaxial crystal films of alloys of CdTe and HgTe and BaF2 substrates have been produced by a flash-evaporation technique. The energies of several interband electronic transitions have been measured and found to vary linearly with composition. Arguments are presented that this method produces single-crystal alloy films of accurately predetermined composition.
Gene amplification and overexpression of HER2 in renal cell carcinoma (2002)

Objective To determine the frequency of HER2 genetic abnormalities in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and hence assess the potential suitability of Herceptin™ immunotherapy. Patients and methods Tumours from 27 patients with RCC were assessed; all patients had undergone nephrectomy. Benign renal tissue from the nephrectomy specimens was studied in seven patients. Gene amplification was assessed using fluorescent in-situ hybridization, and protein over-expression using immunohistochemistry. Results Twenty-four patients had clear cell renal carcinoma, two had papillary renal carcinoma and one a sarcomatoid variant carcinoma. There was no HER2 amplification in the tumours or the benign renal tissue. Polysomy 17 was detected in 11 of 27 tumours (41%) and increased HER2 copy number in seven (26%). Both polysomy 17 and increased HER2 copy number were absent in the benign renal tissue. Three tumours (11%) and six of the seven benign renal tissue samples over-expressed the HER2 protein. Conclusions HER2 amplification is absent and protein over-expression uncommon in RCC. This casts doubt on the suitability of Herceptin™ in the treatment of RCC.
PEG- and peptide-tailored aliphatic polyesters synthesized by "click" cycloaddition chemistry. (2005)

U987-U987