gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Evaluations of Synthetic and Natural Insecticides on Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Damage and Survival on Lettuce (1998)

Laboratory studies were conducted to test the effects of synthetic and natural insecticides on lettuce leaf consumption by beet armyworm, Spondoptera exigua (Hi.ibner). Two synthetic and 4 natural insecticides we compared: Capture (bifenthrin), Lannate (methomyl), Success (spinosad), Xentari (Bacillus thuringiensis suhsp. aizawai), Kryocide (cryolite), and Trilogy (90% neem oil extract). Capture, Lannate, Success, and Xentari at 50 ppm (AI) caused 100% mortality within 1 d after exposure and prevented any detectable feeding on leaf disks by neonate S. exigua larvae. Capture, Lannate, Success, and Xentari at 50 ppm allowed only minor feeding by 3rd and 5th instar S. exigua before causing nearly 100% mortality. Xentari at 50 ppm appeared less effective than the synthetic insecticides and Success, but statistical differences among them were not significant. Neither Kryocide nor Trilogy at 50 ppm reduced leaf consumption by neonate, 3rd instar, and 5th instar S. exigua compared with controls. Higher concentrations of Kryocide and Trilogy (1,000 and 10,000 ppm) did significantly reduce leaf consumption by 3rd instar S. exigua. The most effective natural insecticides we tested for reducing lettuce consumption by S. exigua were Success and Xentari.
CrmA, a Poxvirus-encoded Serpin, Inhibits Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated Apoptosis (1995)

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), by virtue of their ability to recognize and induce apoptotic death of virus-infected cells, comprise a major antiviral defense mechanism. The induction of apoptosis by CTLs can be completely accounted for by two mechanisms: (i) a Ca(2+)-dependent component that involves the exocytotic release of serine proteases known as granzymes from CTL granules and their subsequent insertion into the target cell to induce apoptosis and (ii) a Ca(2+)-independent component that involves the activation of Fas, a receptor on the target cell membrane that triggers apoptosis. Although viruses have evolved several indirect mechanisms for evading the CTL response, direct inhibition of the apoptotic cascade has never been described. We now show for the first time that the cowpox virus protein CrmA, a protease inhibitor of the serpin family, is capable of inhibiting CTL-mediated cytolysis. The inhibitory effect is largely the result of blockade of the Ca(2+)-independent (i.e. Fas-mediated) component of CTL killing. CrmA thus represents the first example of a viral gene product capable of directly blocking CTL-mediated cell death.
Assessment of biological activity of immunoglobulin preparations by using opsonized micro-organisms to stimulate neutrophil chemiluminescence. (1985)

We have used the ability of opsonised bacteria to stimulate luminol enhanced chemiluminescence of human neutrophils to examine the opsonic capabilities of normal and hypogammaglobulinaemic sera for four common bacterial pathogens. Preparations of human immunoglobulin modified for i.v. use have then been compared with unmodified Cohn Fraction II for their effectiveness in improving opsonization when added to antibody deficient sera in vitro. Hypogammaglobulinaemic sera exhibited impaired opsonisation of Haemophilus influenzae, and severely antibody deficient sera also opsonized Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa poorly. The opsonization of these organisms was improved by Cohn Fraction II, and by pH 4 and beta-propionolactone treated immunoglobulins, in descending order of effectiveness. Pepsin digested immunoglobulin was inactive, and in some cases impaired opsonic capacity. The opsonisation of Staphylococcus aureus by hypogammaglobulinaemic sera was near normal, and was not improved by any immunoglobulin. This technique, which assesses biological activity of immunoglobulin, is useful in comparing preparations, and may help to establish appropriate dosage and frequency for intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy.
Digital Radio Concentrator System for Remote Areas (1980)

This paper describes the design of a novel subscriber system tailored from existing techniques and technologies to meet the needs of Australia's rural and remote subscribers for high quality telephone services. The introduction describes the existing telecommunication services which require upgrading and the role and advantages of the proposed digital radio concentrator system (DRCS) in the Telecom network. The main body of the paper deals with a description of the design of the DRCS which uses digital radio transmission in bursts. The significant features are the regenerative repeaters, pulse code modulation (PCM) encoding and time division multiplexing (TDM) with multiple access (TDMA). A detail discussion of the TDM frame structure includes the number of time slots (TS), the size of the frame, the size of guard bands between TS and other overheads. This is followed by a description of system synchronisation, method of repeatered operation, system supervision and transmission of signalling information. RF considerations covered include the choice of the modulation method, transmission performance in the presence of practical system degradations and the spectrum and power requirements. Finally, block diagrams of possible hardware realization of the subscriber, repeater and exchange units will be described and explained.
Self‐navigated interleaved spiral (SNAILS): Application to high‐resolution diffusion tensor imaging (2004)

A fat-saturated twice-refocused spin echo sequence was implemented on a GE Signa 1.5-T whole-body system for diffusion-weighted imaging. Data were acquired using an analytically designed interleaved variable-density (VD) spiral readout trajectory. This flexible design algorithm allowed real-time prescription on the scanner. Each interleaf of the VD spiral oversampled the center of k-space. The oversampling provided an inherent motion compensation capability. The resultant diffusion-weighted images showed good quality without any retrospective motion correction. An iterated motion correction algorithm was developed to further reduce the signal cancellation artifact caused by motion-induced phase error. In this algorithm, a low-resolution phase map was estimated using the oversampled data in the center of k-space in order to correct for phase error in image space. In vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies were performed on the brains of healthy volunteers. High-quality isotropic diffusion-weighted images, trace maps, and FA maps from axial, sagittal, and coronal slices were obtained using a VD spiral readout trajectory with matrix size 256 x 256. To our knowledge, this was also the first time in vivo 512 x 512 DTI results were reported.
Multicenter Evaluation of an Automated Assay for Troponin I (2002)

AccuTnI is a sensitive and precise assay for the measurement of cTnI.
Unusual Topological Arrangement of Structural Motifs in the Baboon Reovirus Fusion-Associated Small Transmembrane Protein (2005)

Select members of the Reoviridae are the only nonenveloped viruses known to induce syncytium formation. The fusogenic orthoreoviruses accomplish cell-cell fusion through a distinct class of membrane fusion-inducing proteins referred to as the fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins. The p15 membrane fusion protein of baboon reovirus is unique among the FAST proteins in that it contains two hydrophobic regions (H1 and H2) recognized as potential transmembrane (TM) domains, suggesting a polytopic topology. However, detailed topological analysis of p15 indicated only the H1 domain is membrane spanning. In the absence of an N-terminal signal peptide, the H1 TM domain serves as a reverse signal-anchor to direct p15 membrane insertion and a bitopic N(exoplasmic)/C(cytoplasmic) topology. This topology results in the translocation of the smallest ectodomain ( approximately 20 residues) of any known viral fusion protein, with the majority of p15 positioned on the cytosolic side of the membrane. Mutagenic analysis indicated the unusual presence of an N-terminal myristic acid on the small p15 ectodomain is essential to the fusion process. Furthermore, the only other hydrophobic region (H2) present in p15, aside from the TM domain, is located within the endodomain. Consequently, the p15 ectodomain is devoid of a fusion peptide motif, a hallmark feature of membrane fusion proteins. The exceedingly small, myristoylated ectodomain and the unusual topological distribution of structural motifs in this nonenveloped virus membrane fusion protein necessitate alternate models of protein-mediated membrane fusion.
GPS/Loran-C: An Effective System Mix for Vehicular Navigation in Mountainous Areas (1993)

The main characteristics of both GPS (1.5 GHz) and Loran-C (100kHz) navigation systems are reviewed, with emphasis on vehicular navigation applications. The effects of the GPS line-of-sight requirement and of Loran-C signal attenuation in mountainous areas are illustrated using signal availability statistics collected for major roads located in British Columbia, Canada. The advantages of an integrated GPS/Loran-C system are demonstrated using GPS and multichain digital Loran-C receiver data collected along a 230 km road section. Signals sufficient for horizontal navigation (HDOP ≤ 5) are available approximately 60 percent of the distance in the case of GPS, 75 percent in the case of Loran-C, and some 95 percent in the case of GPS/Loran-C. The advantages of multichain versus single-chain Loran-C receiver operations in mountainous areas are also demonstrated. A performance analysis of the digital Loran-C receivers used for the tests is presented.
Mutations in the Heparin Binding Domain of Fibronectin in Cooperation with the V Region Induce Decreases in pp125 Levels Plus Proteoglycan-mediated Apoptosis via Caspases (1999)

Intact fibronectin (FN) protects cells from apoptosis. When FN is fragmented, specific domains induce proteinase expression in fibroblasts. However, it is not known whether specific domains of FN can also regulate apoptosis. We exposed fibroblasts to four recombinant FN fragments and then assayed for apoptosis using criteria of cellular shape change, condensed nuclear morphology, and DNA fragmentation. The fragments extended from the RGD-containing repeat III10 to III15; they included (V(+)) or excluded (V(-)) the alternatively spliced V region and contained either a mutated (H(-)) or an unmutated (H(+)) heparin binding domain. Only the V(+)H(-) fragment triggered decreases in pp125(FAK) levels and apoptosis, which was rescued by intact FN and inhibitors of caspase-1 and caspase-3. This apoptotic mechanism was mediated by a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, since treating cells with chondroitin sulfate or chondroitinase reversed the apoptotic cell shape changes. The alpha4 integrin receptor may also be involved, since using a blocking antibody to alpha4 alone induced apoptotic cell shape changes, whereas co-treatment with this antibody plus V(+)H(+) reversed these effects. These results demonstrate that the V and heparin binding domains of FN modulate pp125(FAK) levels and regulate apoptosis through a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan- and possibly alpha4 integrin-mediated pathway, which triggers a caspase cascade.
Regulation of MTK1/MEKK4 Kinase Activity by Its N-Terminal Autoinhibitory Domain and GADD45 Binding (2002)

A variety of cellular stresses activate the stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases p38 and JNK. In this study, we studied the activation mechanism of a human MAP kinase kinase kinase, MTK1 (also known as MEKK4), which mediates activation of both p38 and JNK. MTK1 has an extensive N-terminal noncatalytic domain composed of approximately 1,300 amino acids. Full-length or near full-length MTK1 is catalytically inactive when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, as it is in mammalian cells. Deletion of a segment including positions 253 to 553 activates kinase, indicating that this segment contains the autoinhibitory domain. In the autoinhibited conformation, the MTK1 kinase domain cannot interact with its substrate, MKK6. By a functional complementation screening with yeast cells, GADD45 proteins (GADD45alpha, beta, and gamma) were identified as MTK1 activators. GADD45 proteins bind a site in MTK1 near the inhibitory domain and relieve autoinhibition. Mutants of full-length MTK1 were isolated that can interact with MKK6 in the absence of the activator GADD45 proteins. These MTK1 mutants are constitutively active, in both yeast and mammalian cells. A model of MTK1 autoinhibition by the N-terminal inhibitory domain and activation by GADD45 binding is presented.
Factors Associated with Discrepancies between Self-Reports on Cigarette Smoking and Measured Serum Cotinine Levels among Persons Aged 17 Years or Older : Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 (2001)

The discrepancy between cigarette smoking status reported during an interview and measured level of serum cotinine, a nicotine biomarker, was investigated in a representative sample of the US population aged >/=17 years (N = 15,357). Data were collected from participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Among self-reported smokers, 7.5% (95% confidence interval: 6.3, 8.7) had a serum cotinine level less than or equal to 15.0 ng/ml, the selected cutoff point for identifying nonsmokers. Age (p < 0.01), race/ethnicity (p < 0.01), and average number of cigarettes smoked per day (p < 0.01) were associated with these discrepant findings. Among self-reported nonsmokers, 1.4% (95% confidence interval: 1.1, 1.7) had a serum cotinine level greater than 15.0 ng/ml, the selected cutoff point for identifying smokers. Race/ethnicity (p < 0.01), education (p < 0.01), number of household members who smoked in the home (p = 0.03), and self-reported smoking status from an earlier home interview (p < 0.01) were associated with these discrepant findings. Differences in smoking patterns, including the extent of nicotine dosing, may explain most of the discrepancy observed among self-reported smokers, whereas deception regarding smoking status may explain most of the discrepancy among self-reported nonsmokers. This study provides evidence that self-reported smoking status among adult respondents to a population-based survey conducted in a private medical setting is accurate.
Prognostic Indicators for Blood and Marrow Transplant Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit (1998)

Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can be curative in patients with certain malignancies, survival is poor if the recipient becomes critically ill. This prospective study examined the outcomes of 115 consecutive HSCT patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) of a tertiary cancer center and identified variables associated with survival. The need for endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation ("intubation") had a profound adverse effect on survival. Overall, 9 of 48 (18.8%) intubated patients survived compared with a survival rate of 44 of 67 (65.7%) among patients not intubated (p < 0.001). This pattern persisted for nearly all patient subgroups. Among intubated patients, those receiving peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) had significantly better survival than bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients (8 of 26, 31% versus 1 of 22, 4%; p = 0.028). Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that the probability a patient admitted to the MICU survived decreased significantly if the patient was intubated, had an allogeneic rather than autologous transplant, had an infection or gastrointestinal bleeding, and also decreased with higher respiratory rate, higher heart rate, longer time from transplant to MICU admission or higher bilirubin. These results may be of value in deciding which critically ill patients will benefit from intubation following major complications after HSCT transplantation.
ConChat: a context-aware chat program (2002)

ConChat is a context-aware chat program that enriches electronic communication by providing contextual information and resolving potential semantic conflicts between users.ConChat uses contextual information to improve electronic communication. Using contextual cues, users can infer during a conversation what the other person is doing and what is happening in his or her immediate surroundings. For example, if a user learns that the other person is talking with somebody else or is involved in some urgent activity, he or she knows to expect a slower response. Conversely, if the user learns that the other person is sitting in a meeting directly related to the conversation, he or she then knows to respond more quickly. Also, by informing users about the other person's context and tagging potentially ambiguous chat messages, ConChat explores how context can improve electronic communication by reducing semantic conflicts.
The Effect of Dexrazoxane on Myocardial Injury in Doxorubicin-Treated Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (2004)

Dexrazoxane prevents or reduces cardiac injury, as reflected by elevations in troponin T, that is associated with the use of doxorubicin for childhood ALL without compromising the antileukemic efficacy of doxorubicin. Longer follow-up will be necessary to determine the influence of dexrazoxane on echocardiographic findings at four years and on event-free survival.
MUC5B and MUC7 Are Differentially Expressed in Mucous and Serous Cells of Submucosal Glands in Human Bronchial Airways (1998)

Mucins are high molecular-weight glycoproteins involved in the protection and lubrication of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive tracts. Hypersecretory diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic bronchitis, and asthma result in dysregulated levels of mucin production stemming from increased abundance of mucin-secreting cell types in the surface airway epithelium and submucosal glands. The isolation of at least nine mucin genes has prompted studies to characterize the cellular expression patterns of these mucins in normal and diseased tissues. In the present study, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical methods were used to determine the cellular distribution of MUC5B and MUC7 expression in CF and non-CF human bronchus. Our findings indicate that MUC5B and MUC7 have expression patterns in human bronchial airways that are limited exclusively to submucosal glands. Specifically, MUC5B expression was confined to all mucous tubules, whereas MUC7 expression was seen in a subset of lysozyme expressing serous tubules of submucosal glands. Interestingly, heterogeneity of MUC7 expression between glands of the same bronchus ranged from 0 to 93% of serous tubules, suggesting that functional diversity may exist between glands within the same bronchial sample. No remarkable differences were observed in the expression patterns of MUC5B or MUC7 between CF (n = 7) and non-CF (n = 10) bronchial samples. In conclusion, MUC5B and MUC7 expressions define different cellular compartments within submucosal glands of human bronchus and lend insight into the heterogeneity of mucin production in the lung.
The Dual Characteristics of Light-Induced Cryptochrome 2, Homo-oligomerization and Heterodimerization, for Optogenetic Manipulation in Mammalian Cells (2015)

The photoreceptor cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) has become a powerful optogenetic tool that allows light-inducible manipulation of various signaling pathways and cellular processes in mammalian cells with high spatiotemporal precision and ease of application. However, it has also been shown that the behavior of CRY2 under blue light is complex, as the photoexcited CRY2 can both undergo homo-oligomerization and heterodimerization by binding to its dimerization partner CIB1. To better understand the light-induced CRY2 activities in mammalian cells, this article systematically characterizes CRY2 homo-oligomerization in different cellular compartments, as well as how CRY2 homo-oligomerization and heterodimerization activities affect each other. Quantitative analysis reveals that membrane-bound CRY2 has drastically enhanced oligomerization activity compared to that of its cytoplasmic form. While CRY2 homo-oligomerization and CRY2-CIB1 heterodimerization could happen concomitantly, the presence of certain CIB1 fusion proteins can suppress CRY2 homo-oligomerization. However, the homo-oligomerization of cytoplasmic CRY2 can be significantly intensified by its recruitment to the membrane via interaction with the membrane-bound CIB1. These results contribute to the understanding of the light-inducible CRY2-CRY2 and CRY2-CIB1 interaction systems and can be used as a guide to establish new strategies utilizing the dual optogenetic characteristics of CRY2 to probe cellular processes.
Conversion of the active to latent plasminogen activator inhibitor from human endothelial cells (1987)

The plasminogen activator inhibitor from human endothelial cells (PAI-1) exists in two forms in the culture medium: an active form that binds to and inactivates plasminogen activators and a latent form that in its native state has no anti-activator activity. Inhibitor activity associated with the latent form can be generated by treatment with protein denaturants and makes up more than 98% of the total inhibitor activity in conditioned medium. Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity is also found in cell cytosol. This inhibitor activity is stable to SDS-treatment but is not enhanced by it. We investigated the relationship between this active cell-associated inhibitor and the latent PAI-1 found in the conditioned medium. Both intracellular and extracellular inhibitors were immunoprecipitated by a monoclonal antibody produced against the latent inhibitor from HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells and electrophoresis on SDS gels of various acrylamide concentrations demonstrated that both forms had the same Mr. Incubation of cytosol inhibitor at 37 degrees C resulted in a decline in inhibitor activity with a half-life of approximately 4 hours, a rate of decline similar to that of the active PAI-1 in conditioned medium, with less than 10% of the original activity present after eight hours. This decline is accelerated at higher temperatures and is not affected by the presence of a variety of protease inhibitors. Approximately 90% of the activity can be regenerated after SDS treatment suggesting that the cell associated inhibitor, during incubation at 37 degrees C, converts to a form similar to that found in conditioned medium. Despite these similarities, the apparent Stoke's radii of the active intracellular inhibitor and the latent inhibitor in conditioned medium were significantly different with values of 2.77 nm and 2.40 nm for active and latent PAI-1, respectively. Incubation of the active form at 37 degrees C resulted in the shift of the Stoke's radius to that similar to the latent PAI-1 (2.45 nm). Thus, the active and latent PAI-1, while being immunologically similar and of the same apparent Mr, can be differentiated by their behavior on gel permeation columns. This suggests that the intracellular inhibitor is a precursor to the latent form.
Tamoxifen Use and Osteoporotic Fracture Risk: A Population-Based Analysis (2008)

In a population-based case-control study, current tamoxifen use was associated with a substantial reduction in osteoporotic fractures.