gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interfacing Mercury Porosimetry with Nitrogen Sorption (2004)

Abstract Combinations of gas sorption and mercury porosimetry experiments have been run in series on the same sample. This has been achieved by freezing entrapped mercury in place before a subsequent gas sorption experiment was carried out. Several different bidisperse materials with similarly shaped mercury intrusion curves and similar levels of mercury entrapment have been studied. The entrapment of mercury within certain pores in the porous medium can often lead to marked changes in the shape of the gas sorption hysteresis loop between the data obtained prior and subsequent to porosimetry. It was found that the degree of the change of shape of the sorption hysteresis loops differed markedly between different materials. The analysis of the gas sorption hysteresis loops using percolation theory has allowed information to be obtained on the pore length distribution, and/or the distribution of pore co‐ordination number and the spatial arrangement of pores within the sample, in addition to the pore connectivity and lattice size usually obtained. The interfaced experiments have also allowed the internal consistency of analysis methods based on percolation theory to be tested, semi‐empirical alternatives to the Washburn Equation for the analysis of raw mercury porosimetry data to be independently validated, and the mechanisms of mercury entrapment in various samples to be determined.
Efficacy and Safety of Trastuzumab as a Single Agent in First-Line Treatment of HER2-Overexpressing Metastatic Breast Cancer (2002)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of first-line, single-agent trastuzumab in women with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred fourteen women with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer were randomized to receive first-line treatment with trastuzumab 4 mg/kg loading dose, followed by 2 mg/kg weekly, or a higher 8 mg/kg loading dose, followed by 4 mg/kg weekly. RESULTS: The objective response rate was 26% (95% confidence interval [CI], 18.2% to 34.4%), with seven complete and 23 partial responses. Response rates in 111 assessable patients with 3+ and 2+ HER2 overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) were 35% (95% CI, 24.4% to 44.7%) and none (95% CI, 0% to 15.5%), respectively. The clinical benefit rates in assessable patients with 3+ and 2+ HER2 overexpression were 48% and 7%, respectively. The response rates in 108 assessable patients with and without HER2 gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis were 34% (95% CI, 23.9% to 45.7%) and 7% (95% CI, 0.8% to 22.8%), respectively. Seventeen (57%) of 30 patients with an objective response and 22 (51%) of 43 patients with clinical benefit had not experienced disease progression at follow-up at 12 months or later. The most common treatment-related adverse events were chills (25% of patients), asthenia (23%), fever (22%), pain (18%), and nausea (14%). Cardiac dysfunction occurred in two patients (2%); both had histories of cardiac disease and did not require additional intervention after discontinuation of trastuzumab. There was no clear evidence of a dose-response relationship for response, survival, or adverse events. CONCLUSION: Single-agent trastuzumab is active and well tolerated as first-line treatment of women with metastatic breast cancer with HER2 3+ overexpression by IHC or gene amplification by FISH.
Iodine-131 tositumomab (Bexxar®): radioimmunoconjugate therapy for indolent and transformed B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (2004)

Tositumomab is an immunoglobulin G murine monoclonal antibody that binds to the CD20 antigen on the surface of normal and malignant human B-cells. Tositumomab is linked covalently with iodine-131 to produce the radioimmunoconjugate iodine-131 tositumomab (Bexxar). The iodine-131 tositumomab regimen was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in June 2003 for the treatment of patients with CD20-positive, follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, both with and without transformation, whose disease is refractory to rituximab (Rituxan) and has relapsed following chemotherapy. The dose-limiting toxicity of iodine-131 tositumomab is bone marrow suppression and resulting cytopenias. Unlike chemotherapy, the majority of nonhematologic adverse events associated with iodine-131 tositumomab are mild to moderate in nature and usually self limited. Iodine-131 tositumomab represents one of the most active single agents for the treatment of recurrent indolent and transformed B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, as demonstrated by several clinical trials summarized in this review. At the present time, the use of radioimmunoconjugate therapy is largely limited to patients with disease refractory to rituximab therapy and transformed disease not amenable to high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell support. Longer follow-up of ongoing clinical trials should provide reassurance as to safety and insights as to the additive stem cell toxicity from iodine-131 tositumomab administration. Studies are also addressing the role of iodine-131 tositumomab as a component of initial therapy for indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and in additional histologies of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Impaired Spinal Cord Glutamate Transport Capacity and Reduced Sensitivity to Riluzole in a Transgenic Superoxide Dismutase Mutant Rat Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2003)

We characterized synaptosomal glutamate transport activity in a recently developed transgenic rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) overexpressing the G93A Cu(2+)/Zn(2+) superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutation. Using spinal cord synaptosomes, a significant reduction (43%) in the maximal velocity for high-affinity, Na(+)-dependent glutamate uptake was observed at disease end stage in G93A rats compared with age-matched controls. Similarly, a 27% reduction in maximum velocity (V(max)) was measured at disease onset, but no difference in spinal cord V(max) values were observed with presymptomatic animals compared with controls. In comparison, we observed no differences in the V(max) for glutamate clearance at disease end stage with synaptosomes from cortex, hippocampus, striatum, cerebellum, and brainstem, indicating a specific deficit in the spinal cord. The pharmacological sensitivity of spinal cord uptake to dihydrokainate suggests that the GLT-1 (glutamate transporter-1) subtype primarily mediates the transport activity. Expression analysis revealed a loss of GLT-1 as well as qualitative changes in GLAST (glutamate/aspartate transporter) but no measurable changes in EAAC1 (excitatory amino acid carrier 1) in spinal cord of end-stage G93A rats, indicating that deficits in glutamate transporters in this rat model may be glial specific. Riluzole, a neuroprotective agent used clinically to slow the progression of ALS, produced an enhancement of spinal cord synaptosomal glutamate uptake in control animals and early-stage disease G93A rats, but this effect was lost in end-stage animals. Altered expression of astroglial glutamate transporters accompanied by reduced capacity for spinal cord clearance of extracellular glutamate in the G93A SOD1 transgenic rat may account for a dampened effect of riluzole to enhance glutamate uptake at end-stage disease.
Synthesis of some pyrazolopyrimidines as purine analogues (2007)

Abstract magnified image Pyrazolo[1,5‐ a ]pyrimidines were synthesized from the appropriate 3‐aminopyrazoles with the appropriate sodium (3‐oxocycloalkylidene)methenolate, β‐diketone, β‐keto esters or 1,2‐disubstituted acrylonitrile. Elemental analyses, spectral data, alternative synthesis route and X‐ray elucidated structures of the newly synthesized compounds.
Room temperature GaN/AlGaN self-mixing terahertz detector enhanced by resonant antennas (2011)

This letter focuses on the fabrication and characterization of a terahertz detector integrated with a group of low pass filters and resonant antennas. The detector operates as a self-mixer on GaN/AlGaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). At room temperature, a strong dc photocurrent is produced with the aid of the antennas and filters. The responsivity of our HEMT device is estimated to be 53 mA/W and a noise equivalent power of 1 nW/Hz can be achieved at 300 K. In addition, the sensor properties of a similar HEMT detector without filter are tested as a comparison.
Prospects for antiviral ribozymes and deoxyribozymes (2004)

Ribozymes and deoxyribozymes (collectively referred to as nucleic acid enzymes) can be designed to cleave substrate mRNAs in a sequence-specific manner, and thus represent a potentially important tool to inhibit selectively the expression of deleterious genes. Nucleic acid enzymes can be delivered to cells either as genes encoding RNA enzymes (ribozymes), or exogenously as in vitro produced agents. This review focuses in particular on the 'exogenous application' of ribozymes and deoxyribozymes as antiviral drugs. In the past few years, the therapeutic development of ribozymes and deoxyribozymes has encountered a variety of problems, several of which have now been solved thanks to a massive amount of research. Much progress has been made towards understanding the structure and mechanism of these catalysts, improving their stability and effectiveness in vivo, and investigating their clinical usage. Despite this, it is not yet clear whether these molecules can be developed into clinically useful pharmaceutical preparations. To address the long-term prospects of this class of therapeutics, it is necessary to consider their intrinsic capabilities and limits, the developmental difficulties that they still face and the comparative advantages and disadvantages they may offer with respect to other oligonucleotide-based therapeutic approaches.
Total Synthesis and Proof of Structure of a Human Breast Tumor (Globo-H) Antigen (1996)

The total synthesis of the Hakomori MBr1 antigen, heavily expressed on human breast tumors, is related. The construction involved the assembly of four glycals: (17 (twice), 18, 20, and 26) and an l-fucose derivative, 34. The sensitivity of the stereochemistry of sulfonamido galactosylation by a terminal galactose ring as a function of the state of protection status of its C4 alcohol was exploited in a key step. (See the formation of compound 51.) The synthesis served to confirm the Hakomori assignment of structure, and paves the way for immunoconjugation. (See compound 64.)
Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder (2010)

The body of evidence summarised in this review is insufficient to allow any conclusion to be drawn about the use of pharmacological interventions in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder.
Changes of post-transcriptional modification of wye base in tumor-specific tRNAPhe (1982)

Nucleotide sequences of normal mouse liver tRNAPhe and tumor-specific tRNAPhes isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor and neuroblastoma cells were examined by post-labeling techniques. The results showed that their sequences are identical, except for changes in post-transcriptional modifications that are located in the anticodon region. Normal mouse liver tRNAPhe contained Cm32, Gm34 and YOH37. On the other hand, tumor-specific tRNAPhes were found in one of two possible configurations: 1) Cm32, Gm34 and Y*OH37 (under-modified YOH) or 2) C32, G34 and m1G37. The ratio of the two forms of tRNAPhes differed in different tumor cells; Ehrlich ascites tumor tRNAPhe had mainly Y*OH-containing tRNAPhe whereas neuroblastoma tRNAPhe has predominantly m1G-containing tRNAPhe. It was concluded that tumor-specific tRNAPhes are products of different extents of modification, rather than of new tRNA transcription.
Alternative to Development (2015)

Through an in-depth study of Canadian NGOs, my thesis explores the degree, if any, to which NGO discourse intersects with post-development theory. A growing body of post-development literature, Ferguson (1990), Matthews (2008), proposes that development goals should focus on making policy changes in the developed world while development projects themselves should be initiated at the grass-root level in the developing world. I will investigate if and how post-development theory parallels “development” practice of Canadian NGOs. To do so, I analyze five different NGOs through interviews and documents, such as published reports and studies released by the organizations in question.
Hot Air Rises and Heat Sinks: Everything You Know About Cooling Electronics is Wrong (1998)

Hot Air Rises and Heat Sinks: Everything You Know About Cooling Electronics Is Wrong is a collection of myths, mistakes, and lessons learned from practicing engineers involved in the field of electronic equipment cooling. Through anecdotes and stories based on his experiences at Tellabs Operations, Inc. Tony Kordyban covers basic dimensions of heat transfer concepts-mostly from real problems which were incorrectly solved at least once before a correct technique was applied. The book's 31 chapters, each on an important and relevant topic, contain simple line drawings to help illustrate the basic concepts, while the text provides accurate and complete technical explanations. The book's case study approach makes it an extremely useful and handy reference-and Kordyban's clear and entertaining writing style mixes technical subject matter with humor and is both interesting and instructive. Tony Kordyban is a thermal analysis specialist at Tellabs Operations, Inc., a billion dollar developer and supplier of telecommunications equipment. He has also worked in electronic packaging design and thermal analysis at Sola Electric and at Bell Labs.
Medium-Scale Structural Genomics:  Strategies for Protein Expression and Crystallization (2003)

While high-throughput methods of protein production and crystallization are beginning to be well documented, owing to the output of large structural genomics programs, medium-throughput methods at the laboratory scale lag behind. In this paper, we report a possible way for an academic laboratory to adapt high-throughput to medium-throughput methods, on the basis of the first results of two projects aimed at solving the 3D structures of Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tb) proteins of unknown function. We have developed sequential and iterative procedures as well as new technical processes for these programs. Our results clearly demonstrate the value of this medium-throughput approach. For instance, in the first 14 months of the E. coli program, 69 out of 108 target genes led to soluble proteins, 36 were brought to crystallization, and 28 yielded crystals; among the latter, 13 led to usable data sets and 9 to structures. These results, still incomplete, might help in planning future directions of expression and crystallization of proteins applied to medium-throughput structural genomics programs.
Mineralization of hydroxyapatite in electrospun nanofibrous poly(L‐lactic acid) scaffolds (2006)

A highly porous electrospun poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibrous scaffold was used as a matrix for mineralization of hydroxyapatite. The mineralization process could be initiated by immersing the electrospun scaffold in the simulated body fluids (SBF) at 37 degrees C for varying periods of time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the composition and the structure of the deposited mineral on the nanofiber surface. Results indicated that the mineral phase was a carbonated apatite with thin flake-like nanostructures. The effects of functional groups on the scaffold surface and anionic additives in the incubation fluids on the nucleation and growth of the mineral were investigated. It was found that a minuscule amount of anionic additives (e.g., citric acid and poly-L-aspartic acid) in the SBF could effectively inhibit the mineral growth. Surface modification of the scaffold was carried out by hydrolysis of PLLA scaffold in NaOH aqueous solution, where carboxylic acid groups were produced without compromising the scaffold integrity. The mineralization process from modified PLLA electrospun scaffolds was significantly enhanced because the calcium ions can bind to the carboxylate groups on the fiber surface.
Sunscreens, skin photobiology, and skin cancer: the need for UVA protection and evaluation of efficacy. (2000)

Sunscreens are ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-absorbing chemicals that attenuate the amount and nature of UVR reaching viable cells in the skin. They are selected and tested for their ability to prevent erythema. No sunscreen prevents photodamage, as it has been demonstrated that suberythemal doses of UVR cause a variety of molecular changes (including DNA damage) in these cells. Furthermore, the spectrum of UVR reaching viable cells is altered by topically applied sunscreen. In this review, the basic aspects of sunscreens and skin photobiology are reviewed briefly. Although there can be no question concerning the efficacy of sunscreens for the prevention of erythema, questions remain because of the possible cumulative effects of chronic suberythemal doses and the increased exposure of skin cells to longer UVR wavelengths. The current major issue surrounding sunscreens involves their ability to protect skin cells against the effects of UVA radiation. These UVA effects may be direct damage (base oxidations) or effects on the skin immune system, yet there is no uniformly accepted method for the evaluation of UVA protection. This review is focused primarily on the latter topic covering action spectra that implicate the need for UVA protection. In addition, in vivo and in vitro methods proposed for the evaluation of candidate sunscreen formulations of UVA protective ability are reviewed. Finally, revisions in the terminology used to describe the protection afforded by sunscreens are suggested. It is proposed that SPF ("sun" protection factor) be renamed "sunburn" protection factor and that "critical wavelength" be designated "long wave index."
Clinical Consultation Systems: Designing for the Physician as Computer User. (1981)

The barriers to successful implementation of consultation systems for physicians have been frequently discussed. Our research has been directed at the development of computer techniques that will heighten the acceptance of high performance decision making tools. We discuss two current projects at Stanford Medical School that address both practical and theoretical issues in the design and construction of clinically useful systems.
A silicon MEMS optical switch attenuator and its use in lightwave subsystems (1999)

A single-mode fiber connectorized microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) reflective optical switch attenuator operating in the 1550-nm wavelength region is described. The device consists of an electrostatically actuated gold-coated silicon vane interposed in a fiber gap yielding 0.81-dB minimum insertion loss in the transmit state and high transmission isolation in the reflection state with 2.15-dB minimum return loss. The switch attenuators also work as continuously variable optical attenuators capable of greater than 50-dB dynamic range and can be accurately regulated with a simple feedback control circuit. Switching voltages were in the range of 5-40 V and a switching time of 64 /spl mu/s was achieved. The MEMS switch can be used in optical subsystems within a wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) optical network such as optical power regulators, crossconnects, and add/drop multiplexers. We used a discrete array of 16 switch attenuators to implement a reconfigurable 16-channel 100-GHz spacing WDM drop module of an add/drop multiplexer. Thru-channel extinction was greater than 40 dB and average insertion loss was 21 dB. Both drop-and-transmit of multiple channels (11-18-dB contrast, 14-19-dB insertion loss) and drop-and-detect of single channels (>20-dB adjacent channel rejection, 10-14-dB insertion loss) were demonstrated.
Effects of short interfering RNA against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus coagulase in vitro and in vivo (2005)

&lt;I&gt;Objectives&lt;/I&gt;: The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as &lt;I&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/I&gt; calls for inventive research and development strategies. Inhibition of bacterial pathogenesis may be a promising therapeutic approach in this regard. The gene-silencing effect of short interfering RNA (siRNA) is useful for this strategy. We investigated the efficacy of siRNA on the expression of coagulase because it is the one of the most important enzymes in the pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant &lt;I&gt;S. aureus&lt;/I&gt; (MRSA) infection. &lt;I&gt;Methods&lt;/I&gt;: We designed and synthesized 21 bp siRNA duplexes against staphylococcal coagulase. RT-PCR was performed to determine whether the siRNAs inhibit the expression of the coagulase mRNA and radiolabelled siRNA was used to confirm transfection to bacteria &lt;I&gt;in vitro&lt;/I&gt;. The efficacy of siRNA was determined in a murine model of haematogenous pulmonary infection. &lt;I&gt;Results&lt;/I&gt;: RT-PCR showed that siRNAs significantly inhibited the expression of the coagulase mRNA. The coagulase titres in the siRNA and control groups were 8 and 32, respectively. Measurement of incorporated radioactivity indicated that the siRNAs were delivered into the bacteria. In the murine infection model, in control and siRNA groups, 7.64 ± 0.42 and 6.29 ± 0.23 log cfu/mL (mean ± SEM) MRSA were detected, respectively, showing that there was a significant decrease in the number of viable bacteria in the siRNA group (&lt;I&gt;P&lt;/I&gt; &lt; 0.05). &lt;I&gt;Conclusions&lt;/I&gt;: The results show that siRNA inhibited both mRNA expression and the activity of MRSA coagulase &lt;I&gt;in vitro&lt;/I&gt;. The &lt;I&gt;in vivo&lt;/I&gt; results revealed that the siRNA was effective in reducing the bacterial load in a murine model of haematogenous pulmonary infection. Targeting of coagulase with siRNA appears to be a novel strategy for treating MRSA infections.
On failure dependent protection in optical grooming networks (2004)

Resiliency to link failures in optical networks is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing data rate in the fiber. Path protection schemes attempt to guarantee a backup path for a connection upon a failure in the network, thereby reducing the recovery time for a connection. In this paper, we develop a failure dependent path protection scheme that dynamically assigns a primary path and backup paths, one for each failure that would affect the primary path. A connection established on the primary path will be re-established on its backup path only if a failure in the network affects the connection. We evaluate the performance of our developed protocol and compare with an alternative approach based on sub-graph routing that achieves high network utilization and low blocking probability at the cost of re-establishing connections even if the failure in the network does not affect the primary path of the connection. We observe that up to a factor of eight reduction in the number of reconfiguration scenarios is achieved with less than 10% reduction in effective network utilization and less than 3% reduction in fairness metrics for tolerating any single link failure in NSFNET and ARPA-2 networks. The failure dependent protection approach developed in this paper is also applicable to any general failure scenarios that are modeled as shared risk link group failures.