gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Aromatization of 4,5-Dihydro-3(2H)-Pyridazinones Substituted at 5 Position by Using Anhydrous Copper (II) Chloride (2000)

Abstract An efficient conversion of 5-substituted-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinones into their corresponding dehydrogenated derivatives was achieved by treatment with anhydrous copper(II) chloride in acetonitrile.
Thermal modeling of continuous-wave end-pumped solid-state lasers (1990)

In order to estimate deleterious effects caused by heating in continuous-wave end-pumped solid-state lasers, the heat equation has been solved for an axially heated cylinder with a thermally conductive boundary at the periphery. Steady-state thermal profiles are developed using both a full numerical solution and an analytic approximation which assumes only radial heat flow. The analytic solution, which is in good agreement with the numerical solution, is utilized to obtain an expression for the thermal focusing due to temperature-induced refractive index changes. For Nd:YAG, 1 W of pump power deposited as heat is predicted to cause a thermal focusing length comparable to the cavity length of a typical diode end-pumped laser.
Allylic Phosphinates via Palladium-Catalyzed Allylation of H-Phosphinic Acids with Allylic Alcohols (2008)

A novel catalytic allylation of H-phosphinic acids is described. Using Pd/xantphos (2 mol %), H-phosphinic acids react directly with allylic alcohols to produce P-allylated disubstituted phosphinic acids.
Efficient Modification of the CCR5 Locus in Primary Human T Cells With megaTAL Nuclease Establishes HIV-1 Resistance (2016)

A naturally occurring 32-base pair deletion of the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5 has demonstrated protection against HIV infection of human CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells. Recent genetic engineering approaches using engineered nucleases to disrupt the gene and mimic this mutation show promise for HIV therapy. We developed a megaTAL nuclease targeting the third extracellular loop of CCR5 that we delivered to primary human T cells by mRNA transfection. The CCR5 megaTAL nuclease established resistance to HIV in cell lines and disrupted the expression of CCR5 on primary human CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells with a high efficiency, achieving up to 80% modification of the locus in primary cells as measured by molecular analysis. Gene-modified cells engrafted at levels equivalent to unmodified cells when transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, genetically modified CD4<sup>+</sup> cells were preferentially expanded during HIV-1 infection in vivo in an immunodeficient mouse model. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of targeting CCR5 in primary T cells using an engineered megaTAL nuclease, and the potential to use gene-modified cells to reconstitute a patient's immune system and provide protection from HIV infection.
The use of immobilized lectins in the separation of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria and Salmonella spp. from pure cultures and foods (1992)

Lectins from Helix pomatia, Canavalia ensiformis, Agaricus bisporus and Triticum vulgaris agglutinated cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria and Salmonella spp. This agglutination was specific as it was inhibited (except with A. bisporus lectin) by the competing sugar substrates. The ability of three of these lectins, immobilized on a variety of supports, to separate these micro-organisms from pure cultures was investigated. Immobilization of the lectins on magnetic microspheres was the most effective method. Immobilized T. vulgaris lectin bound 87-100% of cells from cultures of L. monocytogenes, 80-100% of Staph. aureus, 33-45% of Salmonella spp. and 42-77% of E. coli. The A. bisporus lectin bound 31-63% of cells in cultures of L. monocytogenes, 83% of Staph. aureus but only 3-5% of the salmonella cells. Similarly H. pomatia lectin bound greater than 92% of Staph. aureus and 64% of L. monocytogenes cells but was poor at binding the Gram-negative organisms. This preference for binding Gram-positive organisms was confirmed when mixed cultures were studied. The T. vulgaris lectin was effective in removing L. monocytogenes (43%) and Staph. aureus (26%) from diluted milk and Salmonella (31-54%) from raw egg. Agaricus bisporus lectin removed L. monocytogenes from undiluted milk (10-47%) or ground beef (32-50%).
Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone-related polypeptides in rabbit prostate and semen are different from those in rabbit hypothalamus (1989)

TRH-related peptides were extracted from the hypothalamus and prostate gland of the rabbit. The peptides were fractionated by gel exclusion chromatography and located by trypsin digestion and radioimmunoassay with antibodies to TRH amide and TRH-Gly Lys. In the hypothalamus TRH-related peptides containing approximately 16 and 30 residues were observed: in these peptides the extensions to the TRH sequence were exclusively in the C-terminal direction. In addition, the three-residue form of TRH was also present. In the prostate complex, the predominant TRH-related peptide contained approximately 50 residues and the extension to the TRH tripeptide was on the N-terminal side; a three-residue form of immunoreactive TRH was also demonstrated. The same pattern of TRH-related peptides was shown to be present in rabbit semen. The results reveal the existence of a novel TRH-related polypeptide in the prostate and semen which does not occur in the hypothalamus. This peptide appears to undergo secretion.
Polyacrylate Modifier for Graphite Anode of Lithium-Ion Batteries (2009)

Polyacrylates were applied as a binder of graphite electrode in a lithium-ion cell to modify the interface. Compared to a conventional binder, poly(vinylidene fluoride), the efficiency at the initial cycle was improved by poly(acrylic acid) and alkali polyacrylates in an ethylene carbonate (EC)-based electrolyte with highly reversible lithium intercalation. In a propylene carbonate (PC) solution, the poly(vinylidene fluoride) electrode showed a huge irreversible capacity as is generally known. However, the polyacrylate-modified graphite demonstrated highly reversible lithium intercalation in the PC electrolyte containing no film-forming additives as well as in the EC electrolyte due to the interfacial modification with polyacrylates.
Monolithic Ge/Si avalanche photodiodes (2009)

We demonstrate mesa-type and waveguide-type Ge/Si avalanche photodiodes both with high performances. The gain-bandwidth product was measured as high as 340 GHz and the receiver sensitivity was -28 dBm and -30.4 dBm for mesa-and waveguide-type devices, respectively.
Improved detection of serum HIV p24 antigen after acid dissociation of immune complexes (1993)

Pretreatment greatly improved antigen detection in HIV-antibody-positive sera by effectively dissociating immune complexes without compromising reactivity of the antigen itself. The treatment also facilitated routine monitoring of patients by revealing fluctuations in serum antigen that were indistinguishable or poorly defined in untreated sera.
Successful Acid Treatments in Horizontal Openholes using Dynamic Diversion and Instant Response Downhole Mixing—An In-Depth Postjob Evaluation (2002)

Abstract This paper discusses a relatively new acid-stimulation process that uses dynamic fluid energy to divert flow into a specific fracture point in the well that can initiate and accurately place a hydraulic fracture. These acid-stimulation methods often use two independent fluid streams: the acid phase down the treating string and other liquids or gases down the annulus. The annular fluid may simply serve as a wellbore pressurizing component, or with this process, two different fluids can be mixed downhole with high energy to form a homogenous mixture. Using variations of this process, treatments were performed in four openhole, horizontal wells in the same formation. The first well was acid-fractured with coiled tubing to place many small fractures along the open hole. The second well was acidfractured with coiled tubing, but downhole mixing concepts were also used to provide in-situ generation of CO2 foam where fewer, but larger, fractures were placed in this well. The third and fourth wells were treated with acid using blasting-type rotating or non-rotating jetting tools while mixing the acid with CO2 downhole. Numerous small, near-wellbore fractures were the expected result in these two wells. Experimental laboratory investigation of the physical mechanisms that contributed to these successful stimulations was considered important. Large-scale laboratory tests were performed to more closely examine the physical rock response to the jetting mechanism and conditions. The findings of these tests are presented in this paper.
Double-Stage Convergent Approach for the Synthesis of Functionalized Dendritic Aliphatic Polyesters Based on 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic Acid (1998)

The fourth generation tridendron dendrimer based on 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (bis-MPA) with 48 hydroxyl groups was synthesized in high yields using N,N‘-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) for the coupling steps. A double-stage convergent approach reduced the number of synthetic and liquid chromatographic steps required in the synthesis and purification of the final dendrimers. The hydroxyl functional dendrimer was subjected to a variety of surface modifications by reaction with different acid chlorides. The acetonide, hydroxy, acetate, n-octanoate, n-palmitoate, and benzoate end-functionalized dendrimers showed large differences in thermal and solution behavior depending on the nature of their end groups. The glass transition temperature varied from −4 °C for the acetate-terminated dendrimer to +57 °C for the hydroxyl-functionalized dendrimer. Dendrimers terminated with long alkyl chains were highly soluble in hexane and dichloromethane and poorly soluble in water and methanol whereas the hydroxy-terminated dendrimer showed the opposite solution behavior. All surface modified dendrimers were amorphous according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) except for the n-palmitoate-terminated dendrimer that showed a distinct melting transition at +28 °C in its DSC trace due to the crystallization of the long alkyl chains.
A muscle acetylcholine receptor is expressed in the human cerebellar medulloblastoma cell line TE671 (1989)

The human neuromedulloblastoma cell line TE671 is shown by single-channel recordings to express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) that are blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha Bgt). These AChRs do not react with antisera to the alpha Bgt-binding protein of brain or with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to brain nicotinic AChRs that do not bind alpha Bgt. TE671 AChRs do react with autoantibodies to muscle AChRs from myasthenia gravis patients and with mAbs to muscle AChRs, including mAbs specific for extrajunctional AChRs. AChRs. AChRs purified from TE671 cells are composed of 4 kinds of subunits corresponding to those of muscle AChR. Sequences of cDNAs for the ACh-binding alpha subunit and the delta subunit of this AChR further identify it as muscle AChR. Expression of TE671 AChR can be up-regulated by nicotine and dexamethasone, and down-regulated by forskolin.
The breakthrough in data retention time of DRAM using Recess-Channel-Array Transistor(RCAT) for 88 nm feature size and beyond (2003)

For the first time, 512 Mb DRAMs using a Recess-Channel-Array-Transistor(RCAT) are successfully developed with 88 nm feature size, which is the smallest feature size ever reported in DRAM technology with non-planar array transistor. The RCAT with gate length of 75 nm and recessed channel depth of 150 nm exhibits drastically improved electrical characteristics such as DIBL, BV/sub DS/, junction leakage and cell contact resistance, comparing to a conventional planar array transistor of the same gate length. The most powerful effect using the RCAT in DRAMs is a great improvement of data retention time. In addition, this technology will easily extend to sub-70 nm node by simply increasing recessed channel depth and keeping the same doping concentration of the substrate.
Characterization of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum and significance of the enzyme for growth and amino acid production. (2001)

Corynebacterium glutamicum possesses phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase, oxaloacetate decarboxylase and malic enzyme, all three in principle being able to catalyze the first step in gluconeogenesis. To investigate the role of PEP carboxykinase for growth and amino acid production, the respective pck gene was isolated, characterized and used for construction and analysis of mutants and overexpressing strains. Sequence analysis of the pck gene predicts a polypeptide of 610 amino acids showing up to 64% identity with ITP-/GTP-dependent PEP carboxykinases from other organisms. C. glutamicum cells harbouring pck on plasmid showed about tenfold higher specific PEP carboxykinase activities than the wildtype. Inactivation of the chromosomal pck gene led to the absence of PEP carboxykinase activity and the inability to grow on acetate or lactate indicating that the enzyme is essential for growth on these carbon sources and thus, for gluconeogenesis. The growth on glucose was not affected. Examination of glutamate production by the recombinant C. glutamicum strains revealed that the PEP carboxykinase-deficient mutant showed about fourfold higher, the pck-overexpressing strain two- to threefold lower glutamate production than the parental strain. Inactivation and overexpression of pck in a lysine-producer of C. glutamicum led to an only 20% higher and lower lysine accumulation, respectively. The results show that PEP carboxykinase activity in C. glutamicum is counteractive to the production of glutamate and lysine and indicate that the enzyme is an important target in the development of strains producing amino acids derived from citric acid cycle intermediates.
Lipid droplets characterization in adipocyte differentiated 3T3-L1 cells: size and optical density distribution (2013)

The 3T3-L1 cell line, derived from 3T3 cells, is widely used in biological research on adipose tissue. 3T3-L1 cells have a fibroblast-like morphology, but, under appropriate conditions, they differentiate into an adipocyte-like phenotype. During the differentiation process, 3T3-L1 cells increase the synthesis of triglycerides and acquire the behavior of adipose cells. In particular, triglycerides accumulate in lipid droplets (LDs) embedded in the cytoplasm. The number and the size distribution of the LDs is often correlated with obesity and many other pathologies linked with fat accumulation. The integrated optical density (IOD) of the LDs is related with the amount of triglycerides in the droplets. The aim of this study is the attempt to characterize the size distribution and the IOD of the LDs in 3T3-L1 differentiated cells. The cells were differentiated into adipocytes for 5 days with a standard procedure, stained with Oil Red O and observed with an optical microscope. The diameter, area, optical density of the LDs were measured. We found an asymmetry of the kernel density distribution of the maximum Feret's diameter of the LDs with a tail due to very large LDs. More information regarding the birth of the LDs could help in finding the best mathematical model in order to analyze fat accumulation in adipocytes.
Regulatory Roles of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor BCMA (2012)

B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a tumor necrosis family receptor (TNFR) member that is predominantly expressed on terminally differentiated B cells and, upon binding to its ligands B cell activator of the TNF family (BAFF) and a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL), delivers pro-survival cell signals. Thus, BCMA is mostly known for its functional activity in mediating the survival of plasma cells that maintain long-term humoral immunity. The expression of BCMA has also been linked to a number of cancers, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases that suggest additional roles for BCMA activity. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the roles for the related TNFR members BAFF-R and transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), the signaling pathway used by BCMA for mediating plasma cell survival as well as its putative function in certain disease states are not well understood. By examining the expression, regulation, and signaling targets of BCMA, we may gain further insight into this receptor and how it operates within cells in both health and disease. This information is important for identifying new therapeutic targets that may be relevant in treating diseases that involve the BAFF/APRIL cytokine network.
Principles of Cultivar Development: Crop Species (1987)

The commercial production of any plant species depends on the availability of cultivars that meet the needs of the producer and the consumer. The quest for new cultivars is a continual process due to the demand for greater productivity, higher quality, more resistance to pests, and other desired characteristics.\nTo design a strategy for cultivar development that makes the most efficient use of available resources, a plant breeder must choose from an array of alternative breeding methods. The choice is facilitated by learning from the experience of others who have successfully developed superior cultivars. In this book, successful plant breeders share their experiences and that of their colleagues. They provide a step-by-step description of the process of cultivar development for a crop species, discuss the alternative strategies that are available at each step of the process, and describe those strategies that have been used most successfully.\nCrop species were chosen for this book to represent the major types of cultivars that are grown commercially. The development of asexually propagated cultivars, pure-line cultivars, synthetics, multilines, and hybrids are described in one or more of the chapters. Collectively, the chapters describe the application of all breeding methods that are currently used by plant breeders for cultivar development.\nThe initial stimulus for preparing the book was provided by the students in my plant breeding class at Iowa State University. In the class notes that became a part of Volume I of Principles of Cultivar Development, some descriptions were included as to how cultivars of several species had been developed. The students indicated that they found the descriptions useful for understanding the entire cultivar development process from start to finish and for understanding the theoretical aspects of plant breeding. They found it helpful to compare different breeding methods by examining how each was applied in the successful develop­ ment of a cultivar.\nRecent books that describe the methodologies employed in molecular and cellular studies of plants have been a valuable source of information to plant breeders interested in using these means to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of cultivar development. Similarly, Principles of Cul­ tivar Development is intended to provide molecular and cellular biologists with detailed information on breeding methodologies they can use to es­ tablish research goals that will contribute to the genetic improvement of crop species.
Generation of hybridomas secreting murine reaginic antibodies of anti-DNP specificity. (1980)

High frequency of hybridoma lines secreting large amounts of reaginic anti-DNP antibodies were generated by the fusion of splenic lymphocytes enriched by adoptive transfer of immune cells and the NSI plasmacytoma cell line. The murine IgE molecule binds DNP with high affinity and was specifically purified by immunoabsorption. The 190,000 dalton molecule is composed of a lambda-light chain and an epsilon-heavy chain of an apparent m.w. of about 90,000. Absorption studies with anti-class-specific antisera suggest that some of the hybrid clones secrete also a mixed molecule consisting of lambda- and kappa-light chains in addition to the epsilon-heavy chain. The monoclonal reaginic antibody binds to mast cells or rat basophilic leukemia cells and, upon binding of DNP-protein, triggers an anaphylactic reaction.
Detection and Validation of Circulating Endothelial Cells, a Blood-based Diagnostic Marker of Acute Myocardial Infarction (2013)

CEC levels may be useful as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in AMI patients.
The Protective Effect of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine Is Increased by Coadministration with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 72-Kilodalton Fusion Polyprotein Mtb72F in M. tuberculosis -Infected Guinea Pigs (2004)

A tuberculosis vaccine candidate consisting of a 72-kDa polyprotein or fusion protein based upon the Mtb32 and Mtb39 antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and designated Mtb72F was tested for its protective capacity as a potential adjunct to the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine in the mouse and guinea pig models of this disease. Formulation of recombinant Mtb72F (rMtb72F) in an AS02A adjuvant enhanced the Th1 response to BCG in mice but did not further reduce the bacterial load in the lungs after aerosol challenge infection. In the more stringent guinea pig disease model, rMtb72F delivered by coadministration with BCG vaccination significantly improved the survival of these animals compared to BCG alone, with some animals still alive and healthy in their appearance at >100 weeks post-aerosol challenge. A similar trend was observed with guinea pigs in which BCG vaccination was boosted by DNA vaccination, although this increase was not statistically significant due to excellent protection conferred by BCG alone. Histological examination of the lungs of test animals indicated that while BCG controls eventually died from overwhelming lung consolidation, the majority of guinea pigs receiving BCG mixed with rMtb72F or boosted twice with Mtb72F DNA had mostly clear lungs with minimal granulomatous lesions. Lesions were still prominent in guinea pigs receiving BCG and the Mtb72F DNA boost, but there was considerable evidence of lesion healing and airway remodeling and reestablishment. These data support the hypothesis that the coadministration or boosting of BCG vaccination with Mtb72F may limit the lung consolidation seen with BCG alone and may promote lesion resolution and healing. Collectively, these data suggest that enhancing BCG is a valid vaccination strategy for tuberculosis that is worthy of clinical evaluation.
Miranda as a multidomain adapter linking apically localized Inscuteable and basally localized Staufen and Prospero during asymmetric cell division inDrosophila (1998)

Neuroblasts in the developing Drosophila CNS asymmetrically localize the cell fate determinants Numb and Prospero as well as prospero RNA to the basal cortex during mitosis. The localization of Prospero requires the function of inscuteable and miranda, whereas prospero RNA localization requires inscuteable and staufen function. We demonstrate that Miranda contains multiple functional domains: an amino-terminal asymmetric localization domain, which interacts with Inscuteable, a central Numb interaction domain, and a more carboxy-terminal Prospero interaction domain. We also show that Miranda and Staufen have similar subcellular localization patterns and interact in vitro. Furthermore, miranda function is required for the asymmetric localization of Staufen. Miranda localization is disrupted by the microfilament disrupting agent latrunculin A. Our results suggest that Miranda directs the basal cortical localization of multiple molecules, including Staufen and prospero RNA, in mitotic neuroblasts in an actin-dependent manner.