gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of interface-roughness and dislocation scattering on low temperature mobility of 2D electron gas in GaN/AlGaN (2004)

We present the results of our experimental and theoretical studies concerning the temperature dependence of electron mobility in a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) confined at the GaN/AlGaN interface. Experimental mobility of 2912 cm2 (V s)−1 at 4.2 K, remains almost constant up to lattice temperature TL = 150 K, it then decreases rapidly down to 1067 cm2 (V s)−1 at TL = 300 K. In order to compare the experimental results with the theory we use a simple analytical formula for low-field electron mobility based on 2D degenerate statistics for a 2DEG confined in a triangular well. We consider acoustic phonon, polar-optical phonon, dislocation and interface-roughness (IFR) scattering. The polar-optical phonon scattering is the dominant mechanism at high temperatures. At low temperatures, however, both the IFR and dislocation scattering explain, equally well, the observed mobility. In reality, however, a mixture of the two mechanisms together with the deformation potential and piezoelectric scattering will determine the low temperature mobility. The experimental results are discussed in the light of the calculations.
Mapping the site of interaction between murine IgE and its high affinity receptor with chimeric Ig. (1990)

We have investigated the interaction of mouse (m) IgE with its Fc epsilon RI on rat basophilic leukemia cells using a set of chimeric Ig that were constructed by exchanging homologous H chain C domains between human (hu) IgG1 and mIgE. Binding affinities were examined with equilibrium and kinetic measurements, and we found that epsilon/C gamma 3 (mIgE with C epsilon 4 replaced by C gamma 3) was indistinguishable from mIgE. The huIgG1 and the other chimeric Ig, which did not contain both C epsilon 2 and C epsilon 3, did not bind detectably to rat basophilic leukemia cells (Ka less than 10(6) M-1). The ability of these chimeric Ig to stimulate a cellular response (degranulation) in the presence of multivalent Ag was also tested. The epsilon/C gamma 3 was indistinguishable from mIgE in eliciting a high level of degranulation, whereas the other chimeric Ig stimulated no response even when they were preaggregated to enhance their binding avidity. These results demonstrate that C epsilon 4 may be replaced by C gamma 3 without affecting the binding and cell activating properties of mIgE. The lack of binding by the other chimeric Ig indicates that both C epsilon 2 and C epsilon 3 are necessary for the binding interaction.
Maintenance of Long-Lived Plasma Cells and Serological Memory Despite Mature and Memory B Cell Depletion during CD20 Immunotherapy in Mice (2008)

CD20 mAb-mediated B cell depletion is an effective treatment for B cell malignancies and some autoimmune diseases. However, the full effects of B cell depletion on natural, primary, and secondary Ab responses and the maintenance of Ag-specific serum Ig levels are largely unknown. The relationship between memory B cells, long-lived plasma cells, and long-lived humoral immunity also remains controversial. To address the roles of B cell subsets in the longevity of humoral responses, mature B cells were depleted in mice using CD20 mAb. Peritoneal B cell depletion reduced natural and Ag-induced IgM responses. Otherwise, CD20+ B cell depletion prevented humoral immune responses and class switching and depleted existing and adoptively transferred B cell memory. Nonetheless, B cell depletion did not affect serum Ig levels, Ag-specific Ab titers, or bone marrow Ab-secreting plasma cell numbers. Coblockade of LFA-1 and VLA-4 adhesion molecules temporarily depleted long-lived plasma cells from the bone marrow. CD20+ B cell depletion plus LFA-1/VLA-4 mAb treatment significantly prolonged Ag-specific plasma cell depletion from the bone marrow, with a significant decrease in Ag-specific serum IgG. Collectively, these results support previous claims that bone marrow plasma cells are intrinsically long-lived. Furthermore, these studies now demonstrate that mature and memory B cells are not required for maintaining bone marrow plasma cell numbers, but are required for repopulation of plasma cell-deficient bone marrow. Thereby, depleting mature and memory B cells does not have a dramatic negative effect on preexisting Ab levels.
Vibrationally excited ultrafast thermodynamic phase transitions at the water/air interface (2010)

The extraordinary ability of the hydrogen-bond network of water in the condensed phase to thermalize vibrational excitations within several picoseconds, even under supercritical conditions, offers the possibility of creating highly excited thermodynamic states at water surfaces on ultrafast time scales using vibrationally resonant short infrared laser pulses. We experimentally and numerically studied such states created by depositing ~100 ps long pulses tuned to the 3400 cm(-1) O–H stretch vibration at the water/air interface using time-resolved dark-field imaging and time-resolved optical reflectivity. The results are reasonably well described by using a hydrodynamic ablation model under the assumption of impulsive heat deposition. The large thermoelastic stress amplitudes on the order of 1 GPa created within 100 ps by depositing laser pulses with ~1 J cm(-2) fluence were inferred from the numerical simulations. Stresses of this magnitude drive the excited water layer into a very fast expansion resulting in rapid adiabatic cooling and thorough vaporization within a few nanoseconds. The spatial and temporal lengths scales of the ablation plume are nearly ideal for ejecting molecules into the gas phase with minimum perturbation for applications ranging from mass spectrometry and laser surgery to the development of extremely high pressure molecular beams.
Polymer electrolyte reviews (1987)

The development of polymer electrolytes which have potential applications in battery technology has resulted in an escalation of research into the synthesis of new macromolecular supports and the mechanisms of ionic transport within the solid matrix. Investigation of the properties of polymer electrolytes has brought together polymer chemists and electrochemists, and the understanding of the solubility and transport of electrolytes in organic polymers is now developing from this pooled experience. This book deals with experimental, theoretical and applied aspects of solid solutions of electrolytes used in coordinating polymer matrices. Attention is focused on the synthesis and properties of these new materials, the mechanisms of conduction processes and practical applications, especially with regard to battery technology.
A Preliminary Communication on the Pressure of Heat and Light Radiation (1901)

Received 1 August 1901DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.13.307©1901 American Physical Society
A Short Open-End Slot Antenna With Equivalent Circuit Analysis (2010)

A novel configuration is described for a compact microstrip-line fed slot antenna which is shorter than one-eighth wavelength at the operating frequency. Antenna size is reduced by placing two matching capacitors at both sides of an electrically small open-end slot, through the use of a wideband antenna equivalent circuit model established by considering the physical geometry. With the proposed antenna configuration, a 2.45 GHz slot antenna is first designed using an open-end slot of size 9 mm by 1.5 mm that is originally resonant at 4.8 GHz in a conventional design. Experimental results correlate well with those of the full-wave simulation and the equivalent circuit calculation, which shows a bandwidth of 109 MHz and peak gain of 1.89 dBi. By using the same slot size, several slot antennas operating at even lower frequencies (1.9, 1.64, 1.57 GHz) are then designed and demonstrated. Nearly omni-directional radiation patterns with peak gains 0 dBi and radiation efficiencies larger than 45% are obtained. Given its simplicity and compactness, the proposed electrically small antenna is feasible for circuit integration and highly promising for wireless mobile devices.
Preeclampsia (2005)

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication with serious consequences for mother and infant. The disorder is diagnosed by gestational hypertension and proteinuria but is far more than pregnancy induced hypertension. Preeclampsia is proposed to occur in 2 stages. Stage 1 reduced placental perfusion is postulated as the root cause and to lead to the maternal syndrome, Stage 2. Why perfusion is reduced, how this translates to a maternal disease in some but not all women and what is the linkage of the 2 stages are topics of intense study. In the last decade such studies have provided valuable insights into pathophysiology that now guide ongoing clinical trials.
A non-discrete method for computation of residence time in fluid mechanics simulations (2013)

Cardiovascular simulations provide a promising means to predict risk of thrombosis in grafts, devices, and surgical anatomies in adult and pediatric patients. Although the pathways for platelet activation and clot formation are not yet fully understood, recent findings suggest that thrombosis risk is increased in regions of flow recirculation and high residence time (RT). Current approaches for calculating RT are typically based on releasing a finite number of Lagrangian particles into the flow field and calculating RT by tracking their positions. However, special care must be taken to achieve temporal and spatial convergence, often requiring repeated simulations. In this work, we introduce a non-discrete method in which RT is calculated in an Eulerian framework using the advection-diffusion equation. We first present the formulation for calculating residence time in a given region of interest using two alternate definitions. The physical significance and sensitivity of the two measures of RT are discussed and their mathematical relation is established. An extension to a point-wise value is also presented. The methods presented here are then applied in a 2D cavity and two representative clinical scenarios, involving shunt placement for single ventricle heart defects and Kawasaki disease. In the second case study, we explored the relationship between RT and wall shear stress, a parameter of particular importance in cardiovascular disease.
Domain equations for probabilistic processes (2000)

In this paper we consider Milner's calculus CCS enriched by a probabilistic choice operator. The calculus is given operational semantics based on probabilistic transition systems. We define operational notions of preorder and equivalence as probabilistic extensions of the simulation preorder and the bisimulation equivalence respectively. We extend existing category-theoretic techniques for solving domain equations to the probabilistic case and give two denotational semantics for the calculus. The first, ‘smooth’, semantic model arises as a solution of a domain equation involving the probabilistic powerdomain and solved in the category CONT ⊥ of continuous domains. The second model also involves an appropriately restricted probabilistic powerdomain, but is constructed in the category CUM of complete ultra-metric spaces, and hence is necessarily ‘discrete’. We show that the domain-theoretic semantics is fully abstract with respect to the simulation preorder, and that the metric semantics is fully abstract with respect to bisimulation.
Einführung (1998)

„In einer Wirtschaft, in der einzig die Ungewißheit gewiß ist, ist Wissen die einzig sichere Quelle für dauerhafte Wettbewerbsvorteile“.1 Besser könnte die Motivation für die Erstellung dieser Arbeit nicht umschrieben werden als mit dieser Aussage von Nonaka, da sie den Besitz zuverlässiger Informationen als unabdingbare Voraussetzung für den langfristigen Unternehmenserfolg herausstellt. Picot und Franck bezeichnen Information auch als die unternehmerische Ressource schlechthin.2
Simple integral screenprinting process for selective emitter polycrystalline silicon solar cells (1991)

This letter describes a new simple fabrication process, developed recently for ‘‘blue response’’ improvement in low-cost polycrystalline silicon solar cells. A selective emitter is created by heavily doping the emitter, followed by a wet etching-back of the cell area between the fingers. An improvement up to 17 mV in Voc, 1.5 mA/cm2 in Jsc, and 1% (absolute value) in η is obtained. Effective phosphorus gettering, self-alignment, and application in a low-cost full screenprinting technology are the main advantages of the proposed process.
PCM-Multiplexed Audio in a Large Audio-Video Routing Switcher (1976)

Broadcast quality audio signals are now supplied to the NBC Television Network after pulse-code-modulation (PCM) processing. The 12-bit PCM system and the biphase modulation techniques described in this paper allow six multiplexed signals (video, four audio, and data) to use a common crosspoint while maintaining exceptional isolation among all signals. The heart of the system is a 32-thousand crosspoint (100 × 320) routing switcher which supplies the audio and video signals required for network services and supports all in-house production and recording needs for the NBC New York plant.
Detection of sex chromosomal aneuploidies X‐X, Y‐Y, and X‐Y in human sperm using two‐chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization (1994)

Sex chromosome aneuploidy is the most common numerical chromosomal abnormality in humans at birth and a substantial portion of these abnormalities involve paternal chromosomes. An efficient method is presented for using air-dried smears of human semen to detect the number of X and Y chromosomes in sperm chromatin using two-chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization. Air-dried semen smears were pre-treated with dithiothreitol and 3,4-diiodosalicylate salt to decondense the sperm chromatin and then were hybridized with repetitive sequence DNA probes that had been generated by PCR and differentially labeled. Hybridizations with X and Y specific probes showed the expected ratio of 50%X:50%Y bearing sperm. Sperm carrying extra fluorescence domains representing disomy for the X or Y chromosomes occurred at frequencies of approximately 4 per 10,000 sperm each. Cells carrying both X and Y fluorescence domains occurred at a frequency of approximately 6/10,000. Thus, the overall frequency of sperm that carried an extra sex chromosome was 1.4/1,000. The frequencies of sperm carrying sex chromosome aneuploidies determined by hybridization did not differ statistically from those reported from the same laboratory using the human-sperm/hamster-egg cytogenetic technique. Multi-chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization to sperm is a promising method for assessing sex-ratio alterations in human semen and for determining the fraction of sperm carrying sex or other chromosome aneuploidies which may be transmissible to offspring.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE OF SIMULTANEOUS FIBER-URETHROCYSTOSCOPY AND CYSTOMETRY RECORDING (1993)

We performed fiber-urethroscopy and cystometry recording simultaneously in 15 male patients. Fifteen patients were consisted of 12 complaining of micturition difficulty (such as BPH, NB, BNS) and 3 normal control. Fiberscope, Olympus CYF-1 and BF3C10, and cystometry were connected the DISA system. Firstly, we insert fiberscope from the urethra to bladder careful, and then cystometry recording using carbon dioxide gas started under direct vision of fiberscope. We compared cystometrical parameters based on our original method to these on conventional one. There were slight statistical significances in the pressure at the first desire to void and the maximum desire to void. But these differences as well as the frequently and the size of uninhibited contraction were not induced by the caliber of the urethroscopy. In conclusion, cystometric recording and urethroscopic observation using fiberscope are simultaneously carried out safely without reducing their diagnostic accuracy.
Costimulation Blockade with Belatacept in Renal Transplantation (2005)

Belatacept, an investigational selective costimulation blocker, did not appear to be inferior to cyclosporine as a means of preventing acute rejection after renal transplantation. Belatacept may preserve the glomerular filtration rate and reduce the rate of chronic allograft nephropathy.
Rapid hybridization of nucleic acids using isotachophoresis (2012)

We use isotachophoresis (ITP) to control and increase the rate of nucleic acid hybridization reactions in free solution. We present a new physical model, validation experiments, and demonstrations of this assay. We studied the coupled physicochemical processes of preconcentration, mixing, and chemical reaction kinetics under ITP. Our experimentally validated model enables a closed form solution for ITP-aided reaction kinetics, and reveals a new characteristic time scale which correctly predicts order 10,000-fold speed-up of chemical reaction rate for order 100 pM reactants, and greater enhancement at lower concentrations. At 500 pM concentration, we measured a reaction time which is 14,000-fold lower than that predicted for standard second-order hybridization. The model and method are generally applicable to acceleration of reactions involving nucleic acids, and may be applicable to a wide range of reactions involving ionic reactants.
Characterization of anArabidopsis thaliana cDNA homologue to animal poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (1995)

A full-length Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA (app) encoding a protein with high similarity (about 60%) to the catalytic domain of vertebrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP; EC 2.4.2.30) has been cloned. The N-terminal extension of the Arabidopsis protein shows similarities with domains of different nuclear and DNA binding proteins in agreement with nuclear localization and putative function of a plant PARP. APP is encoded by a single gene mapped at the top of chromosome 4 of the Arabidopsis genome and mRNA is abundant in cell suspension culture compared to its accumulation in whole plant.
Chronic testosterone treatment induces selective insulin resistance in subcutaneous adipocytes of women (2007)

Adipose tissue plays a central role in determining whole body insulin sensitivity. Several aspects of adipose cell function are regulated by androgens. Given that high androgen levels and insulin resistance are linked in women, we proposed that androgens may influence insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in adipose cells. Preadipocytes harvested from s.c. adipose tissue of healthy women aged 37 +/- 5 years were differentiated in vitro, then treated with testosterone (T) and/or androgen receptor (AR) antagonists (cyproterone acetate, flutamide) for 48 h. Maximal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (insulin 10 nM) and increment following insulin stimulation were significantly impaired in cells treated with T 10 and 100 nmol/l. This defect was abolished by cyproterone acetate and partially reversed by flutamide. The effect of T could not be accounted for by altered differentiation status of the adipocytes. In the glucose metabolic pathway of insulin signaling, treatment of cells with T 10 nmol/l did not alter insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 or Akt, but insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) zeta was impaired. Insulin signaling via the mitogenic/gene regulatory pathway, as assessed by extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, was unchanged. We conclude that (1) T, or an androgenic metabolite of T, induces insulin resistance in adipocytes of women, selective for metabolic signaling pathways; (2) this defect is via AR; and (3) the defect in signaling is independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation and involves impaired phosphorylation of PKCzeta. These findings are relevant to understanding the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in hyperandrogenic women.
Immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (2007)

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), comprising polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion-body myositis, are characterized by inflammatory cell infiltrates in skeletal muscle tissue, muscle weakness, and muscle fatigue. The cellular infiltrates often consist of T lymphocytes and macrophages but also, in some cases, B lymphocytes. Emerging data have led to improved phenotypic characterization of the inflammatory cells, including their effector molecules, in skeletal muscle, peripheral blood, and other organs that are frequently involved, such as skin and lungs. In this review we summarize the latest findings concerning the role of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and other antigen-presenting cells in the pathophysiology of IIMs.
Navigating Long-Term Safety in Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (2013)

Kassam, Zain MD, FRCPC; Lee, Christine H MD, FRCPC, FIDSA; Yuan, Yuhong MD, PhD; Hunt, Richard H MB, FRCP, FRCPC, MACG, AGAF Author Information
New Concentric Annular Packing System Limits Bridging in Horizontal Gravel Packs (1999)

Abstract Although horizontal completions in unconsolidated sands have become common, challenges associated with the inflow of formation sand during production still exist. The industry has responded to the challenge of controlling formation sand flow in horizontal wells by advancing the technology currently used in vertical wells. Wells with record-breaking production have been successfully completed with this technology, but failures have also occurred because of problems associated with imperfect gravel placement. If excessive leakoff is encountered during gravel placement, or sand concentrations fluctuate excessively during the treatment, bridges can form, resulting in incomplete packing. As the current technology is increasingly challenged with longer horizontal intervals and/or lower bottomhole pressures, further development will be required for complete, effective gravel placement. This paper discusses the concept and initial experimental results of a project designed to further develop the technology of horizontal gravel-packing.
Formation and Size Tuning of Colloidal Microcapsules via Host−Guest Molecular Recognition at the Liquid−Liquid Interface (2009)

Stimuli-responsive colloidal microcapsules have been fabricated at the oil-water interface using molecular recognition between functionalized gold nanoparticles. Water-soluble beta-cyclodextrin-capped gold nanoparticles and organo-soluble adamantyl-functionalized gold nanoparticles are self-assembled at the water-toluene interface via specific host-guest molecular interactions to provide robust microcapsules. Multivalent interactions of complementary ligands on the nanoparticle surface provide stability to these capsules. Unlike covalently cross-linked microcapsules, the reversible nature of these bridging interactions can be used to manipulate the size of these capsules via introduction of competing adamantane containing amphiphilic guest molecules. Partial disruption of interfacial cross-linking allows microcapsules to coalesce with each other to form larger capsules.
Structure-Based Optimization of a Peptidyl Inhibitor against Calcineurin-Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cell (NFAT) Interaction (2014)

Calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporine A and FK506 are effective immunosuppressants but produce severe side effects. Rational modification of a previously reported peptide inhibitor, GPHPVIVITGPHEE (KD ∼ 500 nM), by replacing the two valine residues with tert-leucine and the C-terminal proline with a cis-proline analogue, gave an improved inhibitor ZIZIT-cisPro, which binds to calcineurin with a KD value of 2.6 nM and is more resistant to proteolysis.