gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Incentives and Earned Privileges Revisited: Fairness, Discretion, and the Quality of Prison Life (2008)

An evaluation of the policy of incentives and earned privileges (IEP) in prisons in England and Wales found mainly negative effects on prisoner behaviour and perceptions of fairness and relationships with staff. Some of these negative findings were due to the newly punitive climate in which the policy was introduced and the subsequent ethic underlying new discretionary practices. The evaluation illustrated the significance of prison staff discretion, relationships with prisoners, and fairness, to evaluations of prison life. A key finding of the research was that prison officers deploy their authority through relationships with prisoners. They use the rules when relationships do not work, and this is one of the reasons for the centrality of staff prisoner relationships to prison life. IEP is an important component of contemporary prison regimes but needs to be administered fairly, individually, and constructively. The author concludes that policies shape prison life, often in their impact on sensibilities rather than in intended ways. Certain types of political policy action pose huge risks to prison quality and stability, in ways that Ministers may not realize. Responsible policy‐making is critical in relation to the use of prison and the tone of prison life.
Modulation of enzyme activity by antibody binding to an alkaline phosphatase–epitope hybrid protein (1994)

An epitope from the HIV-1 gp120 protein V3 loop has been inserted onto the surface of bacterial alkaline phosphatase at different positions in the vicinity of the enzyme active site, creating hybrid proteins that can bind to an anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody. One of the hybrid proteins, API1, has a 13 amino acid V3 loop sequence inserted between residues 407 and 408 of alkaline phosphatase. The enzymatic activity of this protein is modulated upon antibody binding. API1 maintains the full activity of the wild type alkaline phosphatase but in the presence of the anti-gp120 antibody, the enzyme activity is inhibited by 40-50%. Thus, the hybrid enzyme can be used to detect the presence of antibody in solution. The concept of signalling proteins may have a wide application. Two models for the mechanism of modulation, steric hindrance and allosteric regulation, are discussed.
Reduction of Oxalate Content of Foods by the Oxalate Degrading Bacterium, Eubacterium Lentum WYH‐1 (1996)

Eubacterium lentum WYH-1 was able to efficiently decompose the oxalate in foods.
The Depolymerization of Polymethylene and Polyethylene (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Depolymerization of Polymethylene and PolyethyleneL. A. Wall, S. L. Madorsky, D. W. Brown, S. Straus, and Robert SimhaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 13, 3430–3437Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01642a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01642a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1132Altmetric-Citations116LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Emerging Biomarkers and New Understanding of Traditional Markers in Personalized Therapy for Breast Cancer (2008)

The era of personalized medicine is likely to see an escalation in the use of biomarkers to ensure breast cancer patients receive optimal treatment. A combination of prognostic and predictive biomarkers should enable better quantification of the residual risk faced by patients and indicate the potential value of additional treatment. Established biomarkers such as estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor already play a significant role in the selection of patients for endocrine therapy. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is recognized as a strong predictor of response to trastuzumab whereas, more recently, the role of estrogen receptor and HER2 as negative and positive indicators for chemotherapy has also been explored. Ki67 has traditionally been recognized as a modest prognostic factor, but recent neoadjuvant studies suggest that on-treatment measurement may be a more effective predictor of treatment efficacy for both endocrine treatment and chemotherapy. The last decade has seen the emergence of numerous multigene expression profiles that aim to outdo traditional predictive and prognostic factors. The Oncotype DX assay and the MammaPrint profile are currently undergoing prospective clinical trials to clearly define their role. Other gene expression-based assays also show potential but are yet to be tested clinically. Rigorous comparison of these emerging markers with current treatment selection criteria will be required to determine whether they offer significant benefit to justify their use.
Identification of a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Pathway (2005)

Abstract Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is the central mediator of cellular responses to low oxygen and has recently become an important therapeutic target for solid tumor therapy. Inhibition of HIF-1 is expected to result in the attenuation of hypoxia-inducible genes, which are vital to many aspects of tumor biology, including adaptative responses for survival under anaerobic conditions. To identify small molecules inhibiting the HIF-1 pathway, we did a biological screen on a 10,000-membered natural product-like combinatorial library. The compounds of the library, which share a 2,2-dimethylbenzopyran structural motif, were tested for their ability to inhibit the hypoxic activation of an alkaline phosphatase reporter gene under the control of hypoxia-responsive elements in human glioma cells. This effort led to the discovery of 103D5R, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of HIF-1α. 103D5R markedly decreased HIF-1α protein levels induced by hypoxia or cobaltous ions in a dose- and time-dependent manner, whereas minimally affecting global cellular protein expression levels, including that of control proteins such as HIF-1β, IκBα, and β-actin. The inhibitory activity of 103D5R against HIF-1α was clearly shown under normoxia and hypoxia in cells derived from different cancer types, including glioma, prostate, and breast cancers. This inhibition prevented the activation of HIF-1 target genes under hypoxia such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1). Investigations into the molecular mechanism showed that 103D5R strongly reduced HIF-1α protein synthesis, whereas HIF-1α mRNA levels and HIF-1α degradation were not affected. 103D5R inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, Erk1/2, and stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun-NH2-kinase, without changing the total levels of these proteins. Further studies on the mechanism of action of 103D5R will likely provide new insights into its validity/applicability for the pharmacologic targeting of HIF-1α for therapeutic purposes.
Environmental Contamination Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Possible Infection Control Implications (1997)

We concluded that inanimate surfaces near affected patients commonly become contaminated with MRSA and that the frequency of contamination is affected by the body site at which patients are colonized or infected. That personnel may contaminate their gloves (or possibly their hands) by touching such surfaces suggests that contaminated environmental surfaces may serve as a reservoir of MRSA in hospitals.
Long Interval Foamed Diversion Treatment: A Mid-Scale Multizone Diversion Treatment Study (2015)

Abstract Effective and uniform placement of treatment fluid across multiple zones can be challenging. This is particularly true during stimulation or remedial treatments for formation sand control, as well as during water shutoff treatments. Such challenges can be greatly enhanced when a long interval sand formation is largely heterogeneous. Good diversion technology is often what dictates treatment success. Current laboratory methods used to study diversion at downhole conditions can leave a large gap between laboratory and actual operational results. A recent midscale laboratory study involving a new complex multizone formation testing system has helped provide a method for closely simulating downhole conditions. This paper describes a new laboratory testing setup, which allows an effective dynamic study of diversion. The new testing apparatus allows for evaluation of different critical parameters, such as concentration, temperature, and pressure on the diversion mechanism. Results are presented for laboratory case studies of diversion during different scenarios, including formation sand/fines control treatment and water shutoff treatment. The results generated can provide insight to help bridge the gap between a laboratory study and operations encountering multiple zones.
A cell-based screen for resistance of Bcr-Abl-positive leukemia identifies the mutation pattern for PD166326, an alternative Abl kinase inhibitor (2005)

In Philadelphia-positive (Ph(+)) leukemia, point mutations within the Bcr-Abl kinase domain emerged as a major mechanism of resistance to imatinib mesylate. We established a cell-based screening strategy for detection of clinically relevant point mutations using Bcr-Abl-transformed Ba/F3 cells. We identified 32 different single-point mutations within the kinase domain of Bcr-Abl. The pattern and frequency of mutations in this cell culture-based screen resembled the pattern and frequency observed in resistant patients. We then applied this screen to an alternative Abl kinase inhibitor. Using PD166326, the frequency of resistant colonies emerging at 5 to 10 times the median growth inhibition (IC50) of PD166326 was significantly lower than with imatinib. In addition, PD166326 produced a distinct pattern of Bcr-Abl mutations. The majority of mutations that came up with both imatinib and PD166326 could effectively be suppressed by increasing the dose of PD166326 to 50 to 500 nM. In contrast, only a few mutations could be suppressed by increasing the imatinib dose to 5 to 10 microM. However, 3 mutations affecting F317 displayed complete resistance to PD166326, but could be effectively inhibited by standard concentrations of imatinib. Thus, this robust and simple screening system provides a rational basis for combinatorial and sequential treatment strategies in targeted cancer therapy.
[The lipid composition characteristics of the blood serum and aortic wall in the modelling of different types of arteriosclerosis]. (2000)

Executed was modelling of Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis by injection into rabbits monoiodacetat, ergocalciferol; cholesterol atherosclerosis and combined type of lesion by simultaneous intake of cholesterol and monoiodacetat. Examined was the content of lipoproteins of different classes in blood serum, in aorta tissue--cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids. During all implemented ways of actions the change in comparative content of lipoproteins was indicated, what can be estimated as atherogenic. Monoiodacetat model of arteriosclerosis is accompanied with denominated accumulation of lipids in aorta walls, ergocalciferol model with accumulation of triglycerides only.
Comparative performance between drop-out detection and Viterbi reliability metric erasure flagging (1992)

It is known that reliable symbol erasure flags can significantly enhance the decoded performance of an interleaved Reed-Solomon code on a digital magnetic recording channel. The author compares the improvement afforded by a drop-out detector erasure flagger to the improvement provided by an erasure flagger based on a class IV partial response Viterbi detector. It is shown that, in addition to being less complex, the drop-out detector is the superior erasure flagger when decoded performance is burst-error-limited and burst errors are a result of signal level drops. Although the proposed Viterbi erasure flagger is derived heuristically, it performs as well as the previously considered optimum method and, hence, the drop-out detector can be claimed to be superior to all such Viterbi flaggers under the assumptions of the present work.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The short-term Biolgical Effects of KrF (1992)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term biological effects of Excimer Laser. The surface of the skin in the rat was irradiated with KrF Excimer Laser at wave length of 248nm for 30 seconds at pulse repetition rate of 10Hz and pulse width of 15nsec.Energy density was 3.1mJ/cm2, 47.6mJ/cm2, 160.0mJ/cm2, 576.9mJ/cm2 or 1714.2mJ/cm2.The irradiated skin tissue was removed of various times between 1 hour and seven days after rradiation and with H-E stain for pathological examination. Necrosis was observed in epidermis irradiated at 47.6mJ/cm2 and in dermis irradiated at 576.9mJ/cm2, and defect of the muscular tunic was observed in tissue irradiated at 1714. 2mJ/cm2. These results indicate that depth of skin defect is related to energy density and that necrosis occurs at energy density ranging from 3.1mJ/cm2 to 47.6mJ/cm2. Satisfactory wound was observed after irradiation at each energy density.
Methylnaltrexone: Investigation of clinical applications (2000)

Morphine and related opioids are widely used medications that are associated with a number of limiting side effects. In the last three decades significant progress has been achieved in our understanding of the mechanisms of action of these opioids; however, these advances have yielded few new approaches to the management of opioid side effects. Methylnaltrexone, the first peripheral opioid antagonist currently under clinical investigation, has the potential to prevent or treat opioid-induced peripherally mediated side effects without interfering with analgesia. This article reviews data obtained from preclinical and clinical studies on methylnaltrexone that focus on the antagonism of opioid-induced constipation. Other potential clinical applications of the compound are also discussed. Drug Dev. Res. 50:133–141, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Orally absorbed reactive glycation products (glycotoxins): An environmental risk factor in diabetic nephropathy (1997)

Endogenous advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) include chemically crosslinking species (glycotoxins) that contribute to the vascular and renal complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Renal excretion of the catabolic products of endogenous AGEs is impaired in patients with diabetic or nondiabetic kidney disease (KD). The aim of this study was to examine the oral absorption and renal clearance kinetics of food AGEs in DM with KD and whether circulating diet-derived AGEs contain active glycotoxins. Thirty-eight diabetics (DM) with or without KD and five healthy subjects (NL) received a single meal of egg white (56 g protein), cooked with (AGE-diet) or without fructose (100 g) (CL-diet). Serum and urine samples, collected for 48 hr, were monitored for AGE immunoreactivity by ELISA and for AGE-specific crosslinking reactivity, based on complex formation with 125I-labeled fibronectin. The AGE-diet, but not the CL-diet, produced distinct elevations in serum AGE levels in direct proportion to amount ingested (r = 0.8, P < 0.05): the area under the curve for serum ( approximately 10% of ingested AGE) correlated directly with severity of KD; renal excretion of dietary AGE, although normally incomplete (only approximately 30% of amount absorbed), in DM it correlated inversely with degree of albuminuria, and directly with creatinine clearance (r = 0.8, P < 0.05), reduced to <5% in DM with renal failure. Post-AGE-meal serum exhibited increased AGE-crosslinking activity (two times above baseline serum AGE, three times above negative control), which was inhibited by aminoguanidine. In conclusion, (i) the renal excretion of orally absorbed AGEs is markedly suppressed in diabetic nephropathy patients, (ii) daily influx of dietary AGEs includes glycotoxins that may constitute an added chronic risk for renal-vascular injury in DM, and (iii) dietary restriction of AGE food intake may greatly reduce the burden of AGEs in diabetic patients and possibly improve prognosis.
Calculated depth dose tables for californium-252 sources in tissue (1972)

Depth dose tables for 252Cf sources of various designs currently available for use in radiotherapy have been calculated. Tables are presented for 5 cm along the transverse axis and 5 cm along the source axis in steps of 0.5 cm. Gamma-dose due to the primary gamma -rays includes a correction for the self-absorption in the platinum- iridium wire on which the 252Cf is electrodeposited, in addition to the correction for absorption in the wall of the source.
Turbidity suppression from the ballistic to the diffusive regime in biological tissues using optical phase conjugation (2010)

We describe the amplitude and resolution trends of the signals acquired by turbidity suppression through optical phase conjugation (TSOPC) with samples that span the ballistic and diffusive scattering regimes. In these experiments, the light field scattered through a turbid material is written into a hologram, and a time-reversed copy of the light field is played back through the sample. In this manner, the wavefront originally incident on the sample is reconstructed. We examine a range of scattering samples including chicken breast tissue sections of increasing thickness and polyacrylamide tissue-mimicking phantoms with increasing scattering coefficients. Our results indicate that only a small portion of the scattered wavefront (<0.02%) must be collected to reconstruct a TSOPC signal. Provided the sample is highly scattering, all essential angular information is contained within such small portions of the scattered wavefront due to randomization by scattering. A model is fitted to our results, describing the dependence of the TSOPC signal on other measurable values within the system and shedding light on the efficiency of the phase conjugation process. Our results describe the highest level of scattering that has been phase conjugated in biological tissues to date.
The effect of age on digitoxin pharmacokinetics. (1981)

Ingelheim, unpublished data) was noticed by two of the three subjects who received 40 mg.
An ets-related gene, ERG, is rearranged in human myeloid leukemia with t(16;21) chromosomal translocation. (1993)

The t(16;21)(p11;q22) translocation is a nonrandom chromosomal abnormality found in several types of myeloid leukemia, which show variable cytomorphological features. We constructed rodent-human somatic cell hybrids containing the der(16) chromosome from leukemic cells of a patient with t(16;21). Using these hybrids, we mapped the translocation breakpoint on the Not I restriction map of chromosome 21 which we had previously constructed. The result showed the proximity of the breakpoint to the ERG gene, a member of the ets oncogene superfamily. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA from the hybrids and from peripheral blood cells and bone marrow cells of patients with t(16;21) showed that the breakpoints were clustered within a single intron in the coding region of the ERG gene. This finding and the results obtained by Northern blot analysis suggested the formation of a chimeric product(s) by fusion of the ERG gene and an unknown counterpart gene on chromosome 16.
The complete nucleotide sequence of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli (1981)

The tryptophan (trp) operon of Escherichia coli has become the basic reference structure for studies on tryptophan metabolism. Within the past five years the application of recombinant DNA and sequencing methodologies has permitted the characterization of the structural and functional elements in this gene cluster at the molecular level. In this summary report we present the complete nucleotide sequence for the five structural genes of the trp operon of E. coli together with the internal and flanking regions of regulatory information.
Bacillus subtilis β-1, 4-Endoglucanase Products from Intact and Truncated Genes Are Secreted into the Extracellular Medium by Escherichia coli (1988)

We compared the secretion of a Bacillus subtilis endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) in B. subtilis and of the product from the cloned gene (pC6.3) expressed in Escherichia coli. The cloned enzyme has been isolated previously as the 52.2-kilodalton (kDa) species predicted from the gene sequence (R. M. MacKay, A. Lo, G. Willick, M. Zuker, S. Baird, M. Dove, F. Moranelli, and V. Seligy, Nucleic Acids Res., 14:9159-9170, 1986); this 52.2-kDa species is then converted to an active 35.8-kDa species. The 35.8-kDa species has a segment removed from the COOH terminus. Endoglucanase products were identified by use of an antibody directed to the 35.8-kDa enzyme. Time course studies of the secretion in B. subtilis showed that the enzyme was first secreted as a 52.2-kDa proenzyme. This was cleaved progressively to a product of about 32 kDa. Time course analysis of the expression of the cloned product from pC6.3 in E. coli showed that about 70% of the endoglucanase activity was found extracellularly. Analysis of active products from three deletion clones showed that the expression pattern of the endoglucanase was not affected by removal of the transcription termination signal and that neither expression nor secretion was substantially altered by removal of a region coding for up to 163 residues of the carboxyl terminus.
Maximally informative statistics for localization and mapping (2003)

This paper presents an algorithm for simultaneous localization and mapping for a mobile robot using monocular vision and odometry. The approach uses variable state dimension filtering (VSDF) framework to combine aspects of extended Kalman filtering (EKF) and nonlinear batch optimization. This paper describes two primary improvements to the VSDF. The first is to use the maximally informative statistics criterion to derive an interpolation scheme for linearization in recursive filtering. The interpolation is based on fitting a set of deterministic samples rather than using analytic Jacobians. The second improvement is to replace the inverse covariance matrix-in the VSDF with its Cholesky factor to improve the computational complexity. Results of applying the filter to the localization and mapping are presented.