gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Akustische Emissionen beim Sprödbruch von Gestein (1997)

Die Arbeit verfolgt zwei Hauptziele. Erstens soll die Mikromechanik der Bruchentwicklung in Gestein unter Druck mittels der Emissionsanalyse erörtert werden. Hierbei wird neben dem Emissionsort (Rißlokalisierung) ebenfalls die Stärke (Amplitude,Energie) und Abstrahlcharakteristik der Emission zur Identifikation der Quelle benutzt.Rißinitüerung, das Wechselwirken von Mikrorissen und das Versagen des Gesteinskönnen beobachtet und quantifiziert werden. Das zweite Hauptziel der Arbeit bestehtdarin, raum-zeitliche Ereigniskorrelation und ausgewählte Wellenzugparameter auf ihreVorläufertauglichkeit eines Makrobruchs zu prüfen.
Smooth Conversion of 3,4-Diarylcoumarins and 3,4,5-Triaryl-2(5H)-furanones to 2H-Chromene and 2,5-Dihydrofuran Derivatives with Dimethyl Sulfide-Borane Complex (1988)

Reaction of 3,4-diarylcoumarins (3,4-diaryl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyrans) and 3,4,5-triaryl- 2(5H)-furanones with dimethyl sulfide-borane complex affords the corresponding 2H-chromenes (2H-1-benzopyrans) and 2.5-dihydrofurans in high yields. 3,4-Diaryl-2(5H)-furanones afford the corresponding furans.
Optical coupling and alignment tolerances in optoelectronic array interface assemblies (2002)

A novel analytic beam propagation approach to multimode coupling modeling is presented which models mode power and phase distributions from first principles (unlike ray-tracing.) Coupling between axially misaligned multimode fibers has been simulated and compared with measurements. The relationships between optical coupling and fabrication and assembly tolerances have been studied for a generic laser diode array-to-optical fiber array coupler. Sources for lateral and transverse misalignment have been identified and related to variations in micromachining, components, assembly and thermo-mechanical stresses. Assessment of these misalignment sources leads to worst case laser diode-to-optical fiber transverse and lateral misalignments of approximately 2.8 /spl mu/m for single-mode coupling and 4.1 /spl mu/m for multimode coupling. These values indicate that this laser array interface, in its present form, is suitable for multimode fibers but not single-mode fibers.
Specific Reverse Transcription-PCR Quantification of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Splice Variants by LightCycler Technology (2001)

Because of the ability for quantification of VEGF splice variants with high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility, this new LightCycler assay is superior to conventional semiquantitative competitive RT-PCR and immunological assays and may contribute to better understanding of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis.
Learning grasping affordance using probabilistic and ontological approaches (2009)

Abstract — We present two approaches to modeling affordance relations between objects, actions and effects. The first approach we present focuses on a probabilistic approach which uses a voting function to learn which objects afford which types of grasps. We compare the success rate of this approach to a second approach which uses an ontological reasoning engine for learning affordances. Our second approach employs a rulebased system with axioms to reason on grasp selection for a given object. I.
Synthesis of Azole Nucleoside 5′‐Monophosphate Mimics (P1Ms) and Their Inhibitory Properties of IMP Dehydrogenases (2004)

IMPDH inhibitors have potential antimicrobial, anticancer and immunomodulatory effects. Nucleoside inhibitors of IMPDH exert their inhibitory effects via nucleoside 5'-MPs. Conversion of nucleoside analogs to NMPs by cellular nucleoside kinases is not assured, and usually is inefficient. In order to bypass cellular phosphorylation, a series of azole nucleoside 5'-MP mimics (P1Ms) based on ribavirin, EICAR and bredinin were synthesized and screened against human and C. albicans IMP dehydrogenises. P1Ms 8, 16, 25, 28 and 29 demonstrated substantial IMPDH inhibition with Ki values in low micromolar range.
The RNA Polymerase of Marine Cyanophage Syn5 (2012)

A single subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase was identified and purified to apparent homogeneity from cyanophage Syn5 that infects the marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus. Syn5 is homologous to bacteriophage T7 that infects Escherichia coli. Using the purified enzyme its promoter has been identified by examining transcription of segments of Syn5 DNA and sequencing the 5'-termini of the transcripts. Only two Syn5 RNAP promoters, having the sequence 5'-ATTGGGCACCCGTAA-3', are found within the Syn5 genome. One promoter is located within the Syn5 RNA polymerase gene and the other is located close to the right genetic end of the genome. The purified enzyme and its promoter have enabled a determination of the requirements for transcription. Unlike the salt-sensitive bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase, this marine RNA polymerase requires 160 mm potassium for maximal activity. The optimal temperature for Syn5 RNA polymerase is 24 °C, much lower than that for T7 RNA polymerase. Magnesium is required as a cofactor although some activity is observed with ferrous ions. Syn5 RNA polymerase is more efficient in utilizing low concentrations of ribonucleotides than T7 RNA polymerase.
Interleukin‐10: new perspectives on an old cytokine (2008)

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has long been recognized to have potent and broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory activity, which has been unequivocally established in various models of infection, inflammation, and even in cancer. However, because of the marginal successes of the initial clinical trials using recombinant IL-10, some of the interest in this cytokine as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic has diminished. New work showing IL-10 production from regulatory T cells and even T-helper 1 T cells has reinvigorated the field and revealed the power of this cytokine to influence immune responses. Furthermore, new preclinical studies suggest that combination therapies, using antibodies to IL-10 along with chemotherapy, can be effective in treating bacterial, viral, or neoplastic diseases. Studies to understand IL-10 gene expression in the various cell types may lead to new therapeutics to enhance or inhibit IL-10 production. In this review, we summarize what is known about the regulation of IL-10 gene expression by various immune cells. We speculate on the promise that this cytokine holds to influence immune responses and mitigate immune pathologies.
Early replication block of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in monkey cells (1995)

The genetic and functional basis of the replication-defective nature of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in monkey cells was studied. By the generation and characterization of chimeras between HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus, the sequence encompassing the 3' half of the long terminal repeat, gag and pol genes of HIV-1 was found to be responsible for the growth restriction. Early and late phases of HIV-1 replication in monkey cells were analysed in detail using several assay systems: transfection/coculture, transcomplementation between various proviral clones carrying the CAT gene and effector clones and evaluation of transcription and reverse transcription. All the data were consistent with the notion that HIV-1 replication is blocked at a very early stage(s) such as uncoating and/or reverse transcription in monkey cells.
2‐Phenyl‐5‐(trichloromethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles, A new class of antimalarial substances (1970)

Abstract An investigation of hybrids of 2,5‐dimethyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (I) and α,α,α,α',α',α'‐hexachloro‐ p ‐xylene (Hetol®) (II) as potential antimalarial agents led to the synthesis of representative 2‐phenyI‐5‐(trichloromethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles (VIa‐f, VIII‐X) and related trichloromethyl 1,2,4‐oxadiazole, 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles, and 1,3,4‐thiadiazole (VII, XIII‐XV). Treatment of the appropriately substituted benzoic: acid hydrazides (IVa‐f) with trichloroacetic anhydride afforded the intermediate 1‐benzoyl‐2‐(triehloroacetyl)hydrazines (Va‐f) which were cyclized to the desired 5‐(chlorophenyl, tolyl, or α,α,α‐trifluorotolyl)‐2‐(trichloromethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles (VIa‐f) (44–66%) in situ utilizing phosphorous oxychloride. Chlorination of the 5‐tolyl‐2‐(trichloromethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles (VId‐f) afforded 2‐(trichloromethyl)‐5‐(α,α,α‐trichloro‐ m ‐ and p ‐tolyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (VIII and IX) and 2‐(α,α,α,α',α',α'‐hexachloro‐3,5‐xylyl)‐5‐(trichloromethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (X) in 23–56% yield. Each of the 2‐phenyl‐5‐(trichloromethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles (VIa‐f, VIII‐X) was active against Plasmodium berghei in mice when administered in single 160 or 640 mg./kg. subcutaneous doses or given orally by drug‐diet for 6 days at doses of 29–336 mg./kg./day. The 2‐(trichloromethyl)‐5‐(α,α,α‐trichlorotolyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles (VIII‐X) were the most active compounds prepared and exhibited activity against P. berghei comparable with Hetol®. Structure‐activity relationships are discussed.
Radiolabeled Native Low-Density Lipoprotein Injected Into Patients With Carotid Stenosis Accumulates in Macrophages of Atherosclerotic Plaque (2000)

This study shows that circulating LDL rapidly accumulates in human atherosclerotic plaque. The prevalent accumulation of LDL by macrophages provides strong support to the hypothesis that these cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
RECENT RESEARCH PROGRESS ON PREPARATION OF SILVER NANOWIRES BY SOFT SOLUTION METHOD, PREPARATION OF GOLD NANOTUBES AND Pt NANOTUBES FROM RESULTANT SILVER NANOWIRES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN CONDUCTIVE ADHESIVE (2010)

This review concentrates on the various chemical routes for synthesis of silver nanowires by soft solution methods, and also the production of gold nanotubes and Pt nanotubes from different templates. After a comprehensive comparison between the developed methods, it is concluded that the soft solution method has obvious advantages and is the most promising route for the mass production of silver nanowires. Herein its recent development is generalized into two groups: surfactant-assisted soft chemistry method and soft template method of which advantages and disadvantages will be discussed elaborately and separately. In addition, the synthesis of Au and Pt nanotubes from resultant silver nanowires, although less researched than other methods, is considered as the most convenient and facile route among the templated methods. Due to their high thermal and electrical conductivities, these metal nanomaterials are excellent candidates for the conductive filler in composite adhesive. Especially for one-dimen- sional metal nanostructures, they show great promise in the improvement of current conductive adhesive.
Sequential morphologic studies of regression of advanced atherosclerosis. (1981)

Atherosclerosis produced in the abdominal aortas of swine by balloon injury and six-month feeding of a high-cholesterol diet resulted in a spectrum of lesions that varied, by gross and/or microscopic examination, from early nonelevated fatty streaks to markedly advanced necrotic and calcified atheromas. On gross examination, the flat lesions had disappeared within five months on the regression regimen, while the advanced lesions persisted after 14 months of withdrawal of the dietary stimulus. Microscopically, the advanced lesions showed changes compatible with a healing process, with a virtual disappearance of foam cells, a marked decrease in necrosis, and replacement of necrotic debris by fibrous tissue and calcification that increased during the regression period. In the early phase of the regression process, the decrease in the number of foam cells was accompanied by an increase in the number of macrophages. The latter cells were found to be closely associated with necrosis, which suggests that macrophages may play a role in the removal of necrotic debris. These results, together with those of our previous experiment on regression of less advanced lesions, suggest that the rate and degree of regression of an atheroma may be a function of its severity.
Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-1 in mice protects from myocyte death after infarction, attenuating ventricular dilation, wall stress, and cardiac hypertrophy. (1997)

To determine whether IGF-1 opposes the stimulation of myocyte death in the surviving myocardium after infarction, transgenic mice overexpressing human IGF-1B in myocytes (FVB.Igf+/-) and wild-type littermates at 1.5 and 2.5 mo of age were subjected to coronary ligation and killed 7 d later. Myocardial infarction involved an average 50% of the left ventricle, and produced cardiac failure. In the region proximate to infarction, myocyte apoptosis increased 4. 2-fold and 2.1-fold in nontransgenics at 1.5 and 2.5 mo, respectively. Corresponding increases in myocyte necrosis were 1. 8-fold and 1.6-fold. In contrast, apoptotic and necrotic myocyte death did not increase in FVB.Igf+/- mice at either age after infarction. In 2.5-mo-old infarcted nontransgenics, functional impairment was associated with a 29% decrease in wall thickness, 43% increase in chamber diameter, and a 131% expansion in chamber volume. Conversely, the changes in wall thickness, chamber diameter, and cavitary volume were 41, 58, and 48% smaller in infarcted FVB.Igf+/- than in nontransgenics. The differential response to infarction of FVB.Igf+/- mice resulted in an attenuated increase in diastolic wall stress, cardiac weight, and left and right ventricular weight-to-body wt ratios. In conclusion, constitutive overexpression of IGF-1 prevented activation of cell death in the viable myocardium after infarction, limiting ventricular dilation, myocardial loading, and cardiac hypertrophy.
Site-specific cleavage/packaging of herpes simplex virus DNA and the selective maturation of nucleocapsids containing full-length viral DNA (1982)

Defective genomes present in serially passaged herpes simplex virus (HSV) stocks have been shown to consist of tandemly arranged repeat units containing limited sets of the standard virus DNA sequences. Invariably, the HSV defective genomes terminate with the right (S component) terminus of HSV DNA. Because the oligomeric forms can arise from a single repeat unit, it has been concluded that the defective genomes arise by a rolling circle mechanism of replication. We now report on our studies of defective genomes packaged in viral capsids accumulating in the nuclei and in mature virions (enveloped capsids) translocated into the cytoplasm of cells infected with serially passaged virus. These studies have revealed that, upon electrophoresis in agarose gels, the defective genomes prepared from cytoplasmic virions comigrated with nondefective standard virus DNA (M(r) 100 x 10(6)). In contrast, DNA prepared from capsids accumulating in nuclei consisted of both full-length defective virus DNA molecules and smaller DNA molecules of discrete sizes, ranging in M(r) from 5.5 to 100 x 10(6). These smaller DNA species were shown to consist of different integral numbers (from 1 to approximately 18) of defective genome repeat units and to terminate with sequences corresponding to the right terminal sequences of HSV DNA. We conclude on the basis of these studies that (i) sequences from the right end of standard virus DNA contain a recognition signal for the cleavage and packaging of concatemeric viral DNA, (ii) the sequence-specific cleavage is either a prerequisite for or occurs during the entry of viral DNA into capsid structures, and (iii) DNA molecules significantly shorter than full-length standard viral DNA can become encapsidated within nuclear capsids provided they contain the cleavage/packaging signal. However, capsids containing DNA molecules significantly shorter than standard virus DNA are not translocated into the cytoplasm.
Hormone- and chemotherapy-induced bone loss in breast cancer. (2004)

Hormonal and chemotherapies have been shown to have a profound, positive impact on survival in cancer patients but are associated with adverse effects on bone. The abrupt decrease in bone mineral density caused by these therapies is an emerging treatment challenge. In particular, as the aromatase inhibitors are more widely used, studies indicate that there will be an increased fracture risk. Adjuvant therapy with selective estrogen receptor modifiers spares bone loss in postmenopausal women but not in premenopausal women. Thus other strategies to protect bone are needed. This article discusses various treatments that attempt to offset this bone loss--mainly the protective effects of several bisphosphonates.
Pressure effects on roller pump blood flow during hemodialysis. (1991)

Accurate measurement of blood flow during hemodialysis is essential to avoid underdialysis. When blood roller pumps are pushed to the high-flow rates demanded by high performance dialyzers, flow may be overestimated. This study examined the effect of inflow (Pa) and outflow (Pv) pressures induced by hemodialysis roller pumps on flow in vitro and in vivo. Blood flow was measured volumetrically, and with an ultrasonic flow probe, whereas Pa was adjusted from -50 to -400 torr and Pv from 50 to 300 torr. Only Pa influenced flow. At -200 torr, true flow measured volumetrically averaged 8.5% +/- 1.3% less than the blood pump revolutions per minute (RPM) meter reading. At -400 torr, the difference was 33.0% +/- 1.9%. There was no visible indication that flow was reduced to less than pump meter readings. Pv, hematocrit, and the source of pump tubing had no significant effect. Flow measured with an ultrasonic transit-time probe during routine hemodialysis in 64 patients was 9.0% +/- 2.7% less than pump meter readings when Pa varied from -180 to -220 torr. Blood pump meter readings greater than 400 ml/min were usually inaccurate because of low Pa. Prepump monitoring of arterial inflow pressure can prevent hidden reductions in blood flow that decrease dialysis efficiency.
Addressing Clinical Productivity in Academic Anesthesiology Departments (2000)

Addressing Clinical Productivity in Academic Anesthesiology Departments Abouleish et al.(page 1509)For private-practice and academic anesthesiologists alike, the ability to measure productivity has become increasingly important in individual compensation and in justification of budgets and staffing levels. However, the practice and billing of anesthesia services complicate the ability to quantify individual productivity, especially at teaching hospitals, where anesthesia is often administered in a team model (concurrency) and where clinicians may be obligated to staff all clinical settings, despite daily or weekly variations in workload.Accordingly, Abouleish et al. compared various measures of individual productivity to define the methods best suited to academic anesthesiology. The team collected and analyzed all billing and scheduling data for clinical activities of faculty members of the anesthesiology department at their university medical center for the 1998 fiscal year. Unless they spent less than 20% of their time providing clinical care, all clinical sites and all clinical faculty anesthesiologists were included in the analysis. Thirty-five faculty anesthesiologists were identified, but nine were excluded from all of the measurements because their clinical full-time equivalent was less than 0.2. Except for one member, all of the excluded faculty were new faculty who had joined the department in July during the fiscal year.The team examined several methods of measuring individual productivity, including normalized clinical days per year, time units per operating room (OR) day worked, normalized time units per year, total American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) units per OR day, and normalized total ASA units per year. Means and medians were reported for each measurement, and different groups of outliers were identified. Each of the measurements valued certain types of productivity more than others. For example, normalized clinical days per year identified faculty who worked more than their clinical full-time equivalent predicted. Time units per OR day and total ASA units per OR day identified apparently low-productivity faculty as those who worked a large portion of their time in obstetric anesthesia or in the ambulatory surgicenter. Total ASA units per OR day identified specialized anesthesiologists (cardiac anesthesia) as apparently high-productivity faculty. The authors determined that, in their department, normalized clinical days per year is the most useful measure of individual productivity because it measures individual anesthesiologists’ contributions to daily staffing, includes all clinical sites, is independent of nonanesthesia factors, and is easy to collect and determine.
Minimally Invasive Anterior Retroperitoneal Approach to the Lumbar Spine (1998)

This preliminary study of 18 patients illustrates that endoscopic techniques can be applied effectively through a retroperitoneal approach with the patient in the lateral position. Unlike the patients who had undergone transperitoneal procedures described in previous reports, in these preliminary 18 patients, there were no cases of retrograde ejaculation, injury to the great vessels, or implant migration.
Single-molecule RNA detection at depth by hybridization chain reaction and tissue hydrogel embedding and clearing (2016)

Accurate and robust detection of mRNA molecules in thick tissue samples can reveal gene expression patterns in single cells within their native environment. Preserving spatial relationships while accessing the transcriptome of selected cells is a crucial feature for advancing many biological areas - from developmental biology to neuroscience. However, because of the high autofluorescence background of many tissue samples, it is difficult to detect single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) signals robustly in opaque thick samples. Here, we draw on principles from the emerging discipline of dynamic nucleic acid nanotechnology to develop a robust method for multi-color, multi-RNA imaging in deep tissues using single-molecule hybridization chain reaction (smHCR). Using this approach, single transcripts can be imaged using epifluorescence, confocal or selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) depending on the imaging depth required. We show that smHCR has high sensitivity in detecting mRNAs in cell culture and whole-mount zebrafish embryos, and that combined with SPIM and PACT (passive CLARITY technique) tissue hydrogel embedding and clearing, smHCR can detect single mRNAs deep within thick (0.5 mm) brain slices. By simultaneously achieving ∼20-fold signal amplification and diffraction-limited spatial resolution, smHCR offers a robust and versatile approach for detecting single mRNAs in situ, including in thick tissues where high background undermines the performance of unamplified smFISH.