gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Warm-Up and Underfloor Catalyst Volumes (1992)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In an effort to reduce hydrocarbon emissions for the upcoming vehicle emission regulations, FTP emissions were measured after the warm-up and underfloor converters using a four cylinder 2.3L 1991 engine on an auto-driver dynamometer stand. The warm-up and underfloor converter were located approximately 13 and 69 cm. respectively from the exhaust manifold. The warm-up and underfloor converter volumes varied from 0 - 2.67 liters. A total catalyst volume of 2.67 liters was distributed in 0.67 liter increments between the warm-up and underfloor converters. All of the converters were dynamometer aged appropriately with respect to their intended position in the exhaust system. Platinum/rhodium catalysts were evaluated in the underfloor location with platinum/rhodium or palladium containing catalysts in the warm-up location. The results indicated that: 1) The warm-up converters were effective at reducing Phase 1 and 3 hydrocarbon emissions. 2) The palladium containing warm-up converters performed better than the platinum/rhodium warm-up converters. 3) The underfloor converters were not active during Cycle 1. 4) The catalyst volume of the palladium warm-up converters should be near 0.67 liters or greater.&lt;/div&gt;
Functionalisation of 2-Methoxy-6-methylpyridine (1994)

Abstract : Selective bromination of 2-methoxy-6-methylpyridine 2 afforded 5-bromo-2-methoxy-6-methylpyridine 8. Deprotonation of this pyridine derivative in benzylic position or lithium-bromine exchange allowed the regioselective introduction of various electrophiles.
Luminescent Color Image Generation on Porous Silicon (1992)

Black and white images were projected onto n-type silicon (100) wafers during a photoelectrochemical etch to produce a color image that photoluminesces. The photoluminescence originates from a thin layer of luminescent porous silicon that is produced in the photoetch, and the colors that appear in the etched image arise from thin-film optical interference. A diffraction grating was also photoetched into the substrate, demonstrating simultaneous encoding of a gray-scale image into thin-film interference, luminescence, and diffraction phenomena.
The major outer-membrane proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars A and B: intra-serovar amino acid changes do not alter specificities of serovar- and C subspecies-reactive antibody-binding domains (1990)

The major outer-membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis is a promising candidate antigen for chlamydial vaccine development. We have sequenced the MOMP genes for a serovar A and a serovar B isolate and have compared these new sequences with those already reported. Intra-serovar changes in the inferred amino acid sequences of the surface-exposed variable segments known to be responsible for binding of neutralizing antibody were observed. Nevertheless, epitope mapping with solid-phase peptides showed that these intra-serovar changes did not affect the binding of serovar- and subspecies-specific, potentially protective antibodies. Variable segment 1 of C. trachomatis serovar A contained two adjacent antibody-binding sites, one of which was C-subspecies specific while the other was serovar A specific. Therefore the subspecies binding site for C-complex organisms is in variable segment 1, whilst that for B-complex organisms is in variable segment 4. This work shows that MOMP sequences are relatively stable within the serovar categorization for isolates taken decades apart from different continents. Within a given serovar, however, limited interchange of functionally related amino acids may occur without impairing the binding of serovar-specific antibody.
Interface analysis of Ti/Al/Ti/Au ohmic contacts with regrown n + ‐GaN layers using molecular beam epitaxy (2011)

The regrowth technique of highly doped n‐type GaN layers is reliable and effective for lowering the ohmic contact resistance. The interface between metal contacts with Ti/Al/Ti/Au and regrown n + ‐GaN/GaN layers were analyzed in detail with transmission electron microscopy. During the annealing process, Ti metals and N atoms diffusing from GaN layers formed TiN epitaxial layers between metal alloys and n + ‐GaN layers. The orientational relationship between GaN and TiN was [1 0 0] GaN //[−1 1 0] TiN verified by nano‐beam diffraction. Al atoms diffused through the GaN layers and formed thin AlGaN phase. Al content was confirmed as 60% by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy images. Electron energy loss spectroscopy showed that Si dopants were confined within n + ‐GaN layers. These results show that in regrowth technique both TiN layers and Si dopants affect the contact properties because the formation of TiN layers can induce nitrogen vacancies from GaN, while Si‐doped GaN layers can enhance the tunneling effect through the metal contacts resulting in reduced contact resistance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Heme oxygenase‐1‐derived carbon monoxide protects hearts from transplant‐associated ischemia reperfusion injury (2004)

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) degrades heme into iron, biliverdin, and carbon monoxide (CO). HO-1 expression can be used therapeutically to ameliorate undesirable consequences of ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), but the mechanism by which this occurs, remains to be established. Rat hearts, exposed to a prolonged period (24 h) of cold (4 degrees C) ischemia, failed to function upon transplantation into syngeneic recipients. Induction of HO-1 expression by administration of cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPPIX) to the graft donor restored graft function. Inhibition of HO-1 enzymatic activity, by administration of zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPPIX) at the time of transplantation, reversed the protective effect of HO-1. Exposure of the graft donor as well as the graft (during ischemia) to exogenous CO mimicked the protective effect of HO-1. This was associated with a significant reduction in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis in the graft with no apparent decrease of intravascular fibrin polymerization, platelet aggregation, or P-selectin expression. In conclusion, HO-1-derived CO prevents IRI associated with cardiac transplantation based on its antiapoptotic action. The observation that exposure of the donor and the graft to CO is sufficient to afford this protective effect should have important clinical implications in terms of preventing IRI associated with heart transplantation in humans.
A parametric study of the concentric-ring transducer design for MRI guided ultrasound surgery (1996)

Noninvasive surgery using high-powered, focused ultrasound transducers in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging has been shown to be feasible in previous studies. For clinical treatments, the geometry of standard MRI equipment limits the space available for ultrasound surgical equipment. This space requirement can be reduced in one dimension by using phased arrays to control the focal depth, thus eliminating the space required for the motion of a fixed focus transducer. Because of its symmetry, an annular array is ideal for changing the focal depth. Previous works have simulated, built, and characterized various concentric-ring transducers; however, no study has thoroughly examined the potential and limitations of the concentric-ring design for MRI guided ultrasound surgery. The present work is a systematic examination of the capabilities of the concentric-ring array, using numerical simulations to predict the power field, temperature distribution, and accumulated thermal dose. The results presented here illustrate the effects of ring size, center-to-center spacing configurations, number of rings, and radius of curvature on transducer performance. A 10-cm radius of curvature transducer with 14 evenly spaced rings has been built and characterized in order to verify the accuracy of the numerical simulations. The pressure-squared fields produced by this transducer are in excellent agreement with the simulated fields.
Reduction of Prefrontal Cortex Glucose Metabolism Common to Three Types of Depression (1989)

Using positron emission tomography, we studied cerebral glucose metabolism in drug-free, age- and sex-matched, right-handed patients with unipolar depression (n = 10), bipolar depression (n = 10), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with secondary depression (n = 10), OCD without major depression (n = 14), and normal controls (n = 12). Depressed patients were matched for depression on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and subjects with OCD without depression and OCD with depression had similar levels of OCD without depression and OCD with depression had similar levels of OCD pathology. We also studied six non-sex-matched patients with mania. Mean (+/- SD) glucose metabolic rates for the left dorsal anterolateral prefrontal cortex, divided by the rate for the ipsilateral hemisphere as a whole (ALPFC/hem), were similar in the primary depressions (unipolar depression = 1.05 +/- 0.05; bipolar depression = 1.04 +/- 0.05), and were significantly lower than those in normal controls (1.12 +/- 0.06) or OCD without depression (1.15 +/- 0.05). Results for the right hemisphere were similar. Values in subjects with OCD with depression (1.10 +/- 0.05) were also significantly lower than in subjects with OCD without depression, and values in subjects with bipolar depression were lower than those in manic subjects (1.12 +/- 0.03) on this measure in the left hemisphere, although results were not significant in the right hemisphere. There was a significant correlation between the HAM-D score and the left ALPFC/hem. With medication for depression (n = 12), the left ALPFC/hem increased significantly and the percentage change in the Hamilton scale score correlated with the percentage change in the left ALPFC/hem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of Food on the Bioavailability of Gepirone in Humans (1993)

A randomized two‐period crossover study was conducted in 20 healthy male volunteers to assess the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of gepirone (BMY‐13805) and its metabolite, 1‐(2‐pyrimidinyl)‐piperazine (1‐PP) after a single 20‐mg dose of gepirone either after fasting or after consumption of a standard high‐Fat breakfast. There was a 1‐week washout period between treatments. Plasma samples were obtained predose and at specified time points after dosing and analyzed for gepirone and 1‐PP content by a specific gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric method. Food did not significantly affect gepirone maximum peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and half‐life (R 1/2). The mean gepirone Cmax was 16.98 ± 8.12 ng/mL (fed) and 18.73 ± 10.30 ng/mL (fasted), with mean t 1/2 of 3.32 ± 1.84 hours (fed) and 2.94 ± 0.90 hours (fasted). Food significantly increased the mean area under the curve inf (AUC inf ) from 55.26 ± 35.74 ng.hour/mL (fasted) to 75.69 ± 42.79 ng.hour/mL (fed), and the mean residence time inf (MRT inf ) from 4.31 ± 0.78 hours (fasted) to 5.37 ± 1.21 hours (fed). The median time to maximum plasma concentration (tmax)for gepirone was also significantly increased in the presence of food, 2.0 hours, versus 0.75 hours in the absence of food. For 1‐PP, food had no affect on Cmax, t 1/2, or AUC inf . Mean t 1/2 for 1‐PP in the presence and absence of food was 6.06 ± 1.75 and 5.76 ± 1.75 hours, respectively. MRT inf , however, was increased significantly from 9.32 ± 2.68 hours (fasted) to 10.53 ± 2.89 hours (fed). Median tmax for 1‐PP was also significantly increased from 1.25 hours in the absence of food to 3.0 hours with food. The results of this study indicated that the onset and rate of absorption of gepirone were altered in the presence of food. The amount of gepirone reaching the systemic circulation was also increased in the presence of food. Food did not markedly affect peak blood levels of both parent and metabolite, however, or their elimination kinetics.
The Membrane Domain of SpoIIIE Is Required for Membrane Fusion during Bacillus subtilis Sporulation (2003)

During Bacillus subtilis sporulation, SpoIIIE is required for both postseptational chromosome segregation and membrane fusion after engulfment. Here we demonstrate that SpoIIIE must be present in the mother cell to promote membrane fusion and that the N-terminal membrane-spanning segments constitute a minimal membrane fusion domain, as well as direct septal localization.
Polynucleotides. VII. Synthesis of ribopolynucleotides containing 8-substituted purine nucleotides by polynucleotide phosphorylase (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolynucleotides. VII. Synthesis of ribopolynucleotides containing 8-substituted purine nucleotides by polynucleotide phosphorylaseMorio Ikehara, Ichiro Tazawa, and Toshikazu FukuiCite this: Biochemistry 1969, 8, 2, 736–743Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00830a040https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00830a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views43Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Antisense oligonucleotides suppress B-cell lymphoma growth in a SCID-hu mouse model. (1994)

The t(14;18) translocation is found in the majority follicular lymphomas and some high grade B-cell lymphomas. This is results in deregulation of the BCL-2 gene and appears to play a role in oncogenesis. Various numbers of cells from a cell line derived spontaneously from a patient with B-cell lymphoma bearing the t(14;18) translocation and negative for the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were injected by IP, IV, and SC routes into SCID mice. The mice developed lymphoma bearing the t(14;18) translocation with as few as 5 x 10(6) cells within 28 days. This was determined by histological examination. The higher the cell inoculation the more rapidly the lymphoma developed. Engraftment of the tumour cells was determined by PCR for the t(14;18) breakpoint region on peripheral blood samples and could be detected prior to development of overt lymphoma. Having established a lymphoma model the cells were treated with antisense oligonucleotides to the first open reading frame of the BCL-2 gene prior to inoculation of the SCID mice. Control treatments with sense and nonsense oligonucleotides was also performed. At 28 days the sense, nonsense and untreated cell SCID mice had developed lymphoma, however, the antisense treated group failed to develop lymphoma. The findings demonstrate the modelling of B-cell lymphoma bearing the t(14;18) translocation and the ability to modify the lymphoma process with the use of antisense oligonucleotides to the BCL-2 gene. Reduction of the BCL2 protein suppresses the oncogenic potential of these lymphoma cells confirming that it plays an essential role in the development of malignancy.
Strengthening by Ion Exchange (1964)

This paper is a brief review of the physical and chemical methods of strengthening glass, in particular that due to the large for small ion exchange resulting from treatment in molten salt at temperatures below the annealing range for the glass. Abrasion of treated glass is shown to reduce markedly the strength of experimental alkali‐lime‐silica glasses as well as commercial glasses of this and other types. Treated alkali‐alumina‐silica and alkali‐zirconia‐silica glasses, however, are less affected by abrasion. Strength after abrasion increases with alumina or zirconia content, reaching 117,000 psi for cane of a 35% alumina glass. The explanation for the aluminum or zirconium effect may involve an unusual ionic environment caused by their presence in the lattice.
Caveolin-1 inhibits membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase activity (2008)

Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a zinc-dependent proteinase found in cholesterol-rich lipid rafts on the plasma membrane. MT1-MMP hydrolyzes extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, activates pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 (proMMP-2) and plays an important role in ECM remodeling, cancer cell migration and metastasis. The role of caveolin-1, an integral protein of caveolae, in the activation of MT1-MMP remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the expression of caveolin-1 attenuates the activation of proMMP-2, reduces proteolytic cleavage of ECM and inhibits cell migration. We utilized the cytoplasmic tail domain deletion (DeltaCT) or the E240A mutant of MT1-MMP. Co-expression of caveolin-1 with the wild-type or the DeltaCT MT1-MMP decreased the proMMP-2 activation and inhibited collagen degradation and cell migration. Caveolin-1 had no effect on the catalytically inert E240A MT1-MMP. Our findings suggest that caveolin-1 is essential in the down-regulation of MT1-MMP activity by promoting internalization from the cell surface.
A Novel Mutation Identified in the <i>DFNA5</i> Gene in a Dutch Family: A Clinical and Genetic Evaluation (2003)

A novel DFNA5 mutation was found in a Dutch family, of which 37 members were examined. A nucleotide substitution was identified in the splice acceptor site of intron 7, leading to skipping of exon 8 in part of the transcripts. The mutation was found in 18 individuals. Sensorineural hearing impairment was non-syndromic and symmetric. In early life, presumably congenitally, hearing impairment amounted to 30 dB in the high frequencies. Progression was most pronounced at 1 kHz (1.8 dB/year). Speech recognition was relatively good with a phoneme score of about 50% at the age of 70. Onset age was 37 years, and recognition deteriorated by 1.3% per year. The recognition score deteriorated by 1.0% per decibel threshold increase from a mean pure-tone average (PTA at 1, 2 and 4 kHz) of 63 dB onwards. Vestibular function was generally normal. The second mutation identified in the DFNA5 gene results in hearing impairment, similar to that in the original DFNA5 family in terms of pure-tone thresholds, but with more favourable speech recognition.
Porous silicon in crystalline silicon solar cells: a review and the effect on the internal quantum efficiency (1998)

Crystalline silicon (c-Si) is the dominant semiconductor material in use for terrestrial photovoltaic cells and a clear tendency towards thinner, active cell structures and simplified processing schemes is observable within contemporary c-Si photovoltaic research. The potential applications of porous silicon and related benefits are reviewed. Specific attention is given to the different porous silicon formation processes, the use of this porous material as anti-reflection coating in simplified processing schemes and for simple selective emitter processes and its light trapping and surface passivating capabilities, which are required for advantageous use in thin active cell structures. Our analysis of internal quantum efficiency data obtained on both conventional and thin-film c-Si solar cells has been performed with the aim of describing the light diffusing behaviour of porous Si as well as investigating the surface passivating capabilities. An effective entrance angle of 60° is derived, which corresponds to totally diffuse isotropic light, and the importance of a correction for absorption losses in the porous layer is illustrated. Furthermore, photoconductivity decay measurements of freshly etched porous Si on float-zone p-type Si indicate a strong bias-light dependency and a fast degradation of the surface recombination velocity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodistribution of Small Interfering RNA at the Organ and Cellular Levels after Lipid Nanoparticle-mediated Delivery (2011)

Chemically stabilized small interfering RNA (siRNA) can be delivered systemically by intravenous injection of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in rodents and primates. The biodistribution and kinetics of LNP-siRNA delivery in mice at organ and cellular resolution have been studied using immunofluorescence (IF) staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). At 0.5 and 2 hr post tail vein injection of Cy5-labeled siRNA encapsulated in LNP, the organ rank-order of siRNA levels is liver > spleen > kidney, with only negligible accumulation in duodenum, lung, heart, and brain. Similar conclusions were drawn by using qPCR to measure tissue siRNA levels as a secondary end point. siRNA levels in these tissues decreased by more than 10-fold after 24 hr. Within the liver, LNPs delivered siRNA to hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and sinusoids in a time-dependent manner, as revealed by IF staining and signal quantitation methods established using OPERA/Columbus software. siRNA first accumulated in liver sinusoids and trafficked to hepatocytes by 2 hr post dose, corresponding to the onset of target mRNA silencing. Fluorescence in situ hybridization methods were used to detect both strands of siRNA in fixed tissues. Collectively, the authors have implemented a platform to evaluate biodistribution of siRNA across cell types and across tissues in vivo, with the objective of elucidating the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship to guide optimization of delivery vehicles.
Mechanism of Intravenous Immune Globulin Therapy in Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Diseases (1999)

For more than two decades, the intravenous administration of high doses of IgG pooled from the plasma of healthy donors (immune globulin therapy, also known as “IVIg”) has benefited patients with a variety of autoimmune disorders. Although its mechanism of action is not known, immune globulin is accepted as an effective and convenient alternative to plasmapheresis for treating diseases that are thought to be mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies or immune complexes.1 It is used increasingly to treat neurologic diseases such as inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies, multifocal motor neuropathy, inflammatory myopathies, myasthenia gravis, and the Lambert–Eaton syndrome. The efficacy of immune globulin . . .
Evaluation of the effects of frame time variation on VR task performance (2002)

We present a first study of the effects of frame time variations, in both deviation around mean frame times and period of fluctuation, on task performance in a virtual environment (VE). Chosen are open and closed loop tasks that are typical for current applications or likely to be prominent in future ones. The results show that at frame times in the range deemed acceptable for many applications, fairly large deviations in amplitude over a fairly wide range of periods do not significantly affect task performance. However, at a frame time often considered a minimum for immersive VR, frame time variations do produce significant effects on closed loop task performance. The results will be of use to designers of VEs and immersive applications, who often must control frame time variations due to large fluctuations of complexity (graphical and otherwise) in the VE.