gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of vitamin D-dependent and vitamin D-independent mechanisms in absorption of food calcium. (1988)

We measured net calcium absorption and the calcium content of the digestive glands secretions in people with widely different serum concentrations of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D (hereafter referred to a 1,25-D). Patients with end stage renal disease on hemodialysis served as a model of human 1,25-D deficiency; they were also studied when they had abnormally high serum 1,25-D concentrations as a result of short periods of treatment with exogenous 1,25-D. Normal subjects were studied for comparison. The amount of calcium secreted into the duodenum by the digestive glands was found to be trivial compared to the calcium content of normal or even low calcium meals; therefore, values for net and true net calcium absorption differed only slightly. There was a linear correlation between true net calcium absorption and serum 1,25-D concentration. By extrapolating the short distance to a zero value for serum 1,25-D, D-independent true net calcium absorption was estimated. By subtracting D independent from true net calcium absorption, values for D-dependent absorption were obtained. For a given level of meal calcium intake, D-dependent calcium absorption was found to be directly proportional to serum 1,25-D concentration. At any given value for serum 1,25-D, absorption via the D-dependent mechanism was approximately the same with a low (120 mg) calcium meal as it was when meal calcium intake was increased to 300 mg. We interpret this to mean that the D-dependent mechanism is saturated or nearly saturated by low calcium meals. The D-independent absorption/secretion mechanism resulted in secretion (a loss of body calcium in the feces) when intake was low (120 mg per meal) and absorption when intake was normal. All of the increment in calcium absorption that occurs when low or normal calcium meals are supplemented with extra calcium is mediated by the D-independent mechanism.
Cinema’s Scarlet Letters: the MPAA Rating System and Film Education in the Christian University (2010)

Christian film educators face challenges in instruction when a film’s Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) rating falls outside their institution’s acceptable range. The origin of the system and the meaning of each rating are explained. Policies of comparable evangelical institutions regarding student film viewing are detailed. The resultant difficulties in film education are examined. Arguments for and against inclusion of R-rated films in the curriculum are considered. Recommendations are made for future courses.
The role of nitric oxide and cell adhesion molecules on the microcirculation in ischaemia-reperfusion (1996)

The microcirculation undergoes a profound degree of endothelial dysfunction within minutes (i.e., 2.5 to 5 min) following reperfusion of ischaemic vasculature. This has been documented in the coronary and mesenteric microcirculation. The endothelial dysfunction is characterized by a loss in basal and agonist-mediated nitric oxide (NO) produced by the vascular endothelium. The loss of NO results in upregulation of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) particularly P-selectin 10-20 min following reperfusion. Thus, CAM upregulation renders the endothelium sticky, and a marked degree of leukocyte adherence (particularly neutrophils) occurs 20 min following reperfusion. This enhanced involvement of neutrophils leads to neutrophil infiltration into the underlying tissue (e.g., myocardium) within 2-3 h of reperfusion. The infiltration of neutrophils leads to reperfusion injury (i.e., necrosis) which is significant at 3 h but becomes profound at 4.5 h following reperfusion. Cardiac necrosis can be significantly attenuated by treatment with NO, an organic NO donor, L-arginine, or specific blockers of CAMs given just prior to reperfusion. This approach is a promising one for a variety of types of reperfusion injury.
Direct Dehydrogenative Amide Synthesis from Alcohols and Amines Catalyzed by γ‐Alumina Supported Silver Cluster (2009)

Silver clusters immobilized on γ-Al2O3 catalyze direct amide synthesis from alcohols and amines in the presence of catalytic amount of weak base (Cs2CO3). The reaction proceeds by cooperation of the coordinatively unsaturated silver site, as well as acid and base sites of the oxide support (see scheme). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Specific Immunogenicity of Heat Shock Protein gp96 Derives from Chaperoned Antigenic Peptides and Not from Contaminating Proteins (2007)

The peptide-binding property of MHC is central to adaptive immunological functions. A similar property of heat shock proteins (HSPs) hsp70 and hsp90 has been implicated in Ag presentation by MHC and in cross-priming. The peptide-binding pocket of hsp70 has been characterized structurally and functionally and a peptide-binding site in gp96 (of hsp90 family) has been defined. Nonetheless, questions persist whether the specific immunogenicity of HSP preparations derives from the peptides chaperoned by the HSPs or by proteins contaminating the HSP preparations. Because absolute purity of a protein preparation is a metaphysical concept, other approaches are necessary to address the question. In this study, we demonstrate that the specific immunogenicity of gp96 preparations isolated from cells expressing beta-galactosidase derives from the MHC I epitope precursors associated with the gp96 and not from contaminating beta-galactosidase protein nor unassociated fragments derived from it. Although the observations here are limited to a single HSP and antigenic peptides chaperoned by it, they can be extended broadly.
A comparision between PCA neural networks and the JPEG standard for performing image compression (2002)

Principal component analysis (PCA), also called Karhunen-Loeve transform, is a statistical method for multivariate data analysis that can be used in particular to reduce the data set being considered. There are two approaches for performing PCA. The first utilizes the classical statistical method and the other, artificial neural networks. In this paper, neural networks that performing PCA are presented and used to realize tomographic image compression. The results obtained are compared to that obtained by using JPEG compression standard technique and show the usefulness of neural networks for performing image compression.
Comparison of three independent methods as estimates of platelet inhibition after a single dose of acetylsalicylic acid (1993)

In order to assess the ability of three different (one in vivo, one ex vivo and one in vitro) methods to estimate platelet function, 10 healthy volunteers were given a single oral dose of 160 mg ASA. Platelet function was assessed before, 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after dosing by urinary excretion of thromboxane B2, filtragometry and collagen-based whole blood aggregometry. Further, in order to study mechanisms for platelet aggregation in filtragometry, platelet activation was assessed by measurements of beta-thromboglobulin at three different places within the filtragometer test unit in another nine healthy subjects. Four hours after ASA, the aggregation time during filtragometry increased by 213 +/- 133% (p < 0.001) and was parallelled by a decrease in impedance 85 +/- 7% (p < 0.001) indicating an inhibition of platelet aggregability in both tests. A subsequent gradual recovery was observed with both methods. The excretion of thromboxane B2 followed the aggregability pattern being maximally reduced by 72 +/- 6% (p < 0.01) 24 h after ASA and then gradually recovering. All three methods indicated that platelet function was still decreased 72 h after dosing. The urinary excretion of prostacyclin did not change significantly. The results of filtragometry and impedance aggregometry correlated to the logarithm of thromboxane B2 excretion (r = 0.60; p < 0.01 and r = 0.49; p < 0.01, respectively) and to each other (r = 0.70; p < 0.001). In filtragometry beta-thromboglobulin increased significantly (p < 0.05) over the filter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Placental Trophoblast from Successful Human Pregnancies Expresses the Tolerance Signaling Molecule, CD200 (OX‐2)* (2003)

A subpopulation of cytokeratin+ placental trophoblasts express bioactive CD200 able to alter maternal immune responses in a favorable (Th2 > Th1) direction. Two populations of CD200+ small- and medium-small-sized cytokeratin- placental cells remain to be identified. Studies of karyotyped first trimester elective termination and spontaneous miscarriage tissues are needed.
Acoustic metamaterials for new two-dimensional sonic devices (2007)

It has been shown that two-dimensional arrays of rigid or fluidlike cylinders in a fluid or a gas define, in the limit of large wavelengths, a class of acoustic metamaterials whose effective parameters (sound velocity and density) can be tailored up to a certain limit. This work goes a step further by considering arrays of solid cylinders in which the elastic properties of cylinders are taken into account. We have also treated mixtures of two different elastic cylinders. It is shown that both effects broaden the range of acoustic parameters available for designing metamaterials. For example, it is predicted that metamaterials with perfect matching of impedance with air are now possible by using aerogel and rigid cylinders equally distributed in a square lattice. As a potential application of the proposed metamaterial, we present a gradient index lens for airborne sound (i.e. a sonic Wood lens) whose functionality is demonstrated by multiple scattering simulations.
Energy gap and band alignment for (HfO2)x(Al2O3)1−x on (100) Si (2002)

High-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was applied to characterize the electronic structures for a series of high-k materials (HfO2)x(Al2O3)1−x grown on (100) Si substrate with different HfO2 mole fraction x. Al 2p, Hf 4f, O 1s core levels spectra, valence band spectra, and O 1s energy loss all show continuous changes with x in (HfO2)x(Al2O3)1−x. These data are used to estimate the energy gap (Eg) for (HfO2)x(Al2O3)1−x, the valence band offset (ΔEν) and the conduction band offset (ΔEc) between (HfO2)x(Al2O3)1−x and the (100) Si substrate. Our XPS results demonstrate that the values of Eg, ΔEν, and ΔEc for (HfO2)x(Al2O3)1−x change linearly with x.
Programming languages for distributed computing systems (1989)

When distributed systems first appeared, they were programmed in traditional sequential languages, usually with the addition of a few library procedures for sending and receiving messages. As distributed applications became more commonplace and more sophisticated, this ad hoc approach became less satisfactory. Researchers all over the world began designing new programming languages specifically for implementing distributed applications. These languages and their history, their underlying principles, their design, and their use are the subject of this paper. We begin by giving our view of what a distributed system is, illustrating with examples to avoid confusion on this important and controversial point. We then describe the three main characteristics that distinguish distributed programming languages from traditional sequential languages, namely, how they deal with parallelism, communication, and partial failures. Finally, we discuss 15 representative distributed languages to give the flavor of each. These examples include languages based on message passing, rendezvous, remote procedure call, objects, and atomic transactions, as well as functional languages, logic languages, and distributed data structure languages. The paper concludes with a comprehensive bibliography listing over 200 papers on nearly 100 distributed programming languages.
Preliminary Findings Supporting Insula Metabolic Activity as a Predictor of Outcome to Psychotherapy and Medication Treatments for Depression (2015)

A putative right anterior insula metabolism biomarker predictive of treatment outcomes was retrospectively applied to 30 depressed psychotherapy--or escitalopram-treated nonremitters who entered combination treatment. Patients whose added treatment matched the biomarker-indicated treatment remitted more often than biomarker-mismatched patients.
Online meeting recognizer with multichannel speaker diarization (2010)

We present our newly developed real-time conversation analyzer for group meetings. The goal of the system is to estimate automatically “who speaks when and what” in an online manner. In our system, “who speaks when” information is first obtained by estimating the directions of arrival (DOAs) of signals. Then, “who speaks what” is estimated with our automatic speech recognition (ASR) system, after suppressing reverberation, background noise, and interference speakers' voices. In this paper, we focus particularly on the speaker diarization (“who speaks when” estimation) method, and we show that the speaker diarization information helps the ASR to reduce insertion errors.
Principles of Chaperone-Assisted Protein Folding: Differences Between in Vitro and in Vivo Mechanisms (1996)

Molecular chaperones in the eukaryotic cytosol were shown to interact differently with chemically denatured proteins and their newly translated counterparts. During refolding from denaturant, actin partitioned freely between 70-kilodalton heat shock protein, the bulk cytosol, and the chaperonin TCP1-ring complex. In contrast, during cell-free translation, the chaperones were recruited to the elongating polypeptide and protected it from exposure to the bulk cytosol during folding. Posttranslational cycling between chaperone-bound and free states was observed with subunits of oligomeric proteins and with aberrant polypeptides; this cycling allowed the subunits to assemble and the aberrant polypeptides to be degraded. Thus, folding, oligomerization, and degradation are linked hierarchically to ensure the correct fate of newly synthesized polypeptides.
Primary structures of the precursor and mature forms of stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase from safflower embryos and requirement of ferredoxin for enzyme activity. (1991)

Stearoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturase (EC 1.14.99.6) catalyzes the principal conversion of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids in the synthesis of vegetable oils. Stearoyl-ACP desaturase was purified from developing embryos of safflower seed, and extensive amino acid sequence was determined. The amino acid sequence was used in conjunction with polymerase chain reactions to clone a full-length cDNA. The primary structure of the protein, as deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA, includes a 33-amino-acid transit peptide not found in the purified enzyme. Expression in Escherichia coli of a gene encoding the mature form of stearoyl-ACP desaturase did not result in an altered fatty acid composition. However, active enzyme was detected when assayed in vitro with added spinach ferredoxin. The lack of significant activity in vitro without added ferredoxin and the lack of observed change in fatty acid composition indicate that ferredoxin is a required cofactor for the enzyme and that E. coli ferredoxin functions poorly, if at all, as an electron donor for the plant enzyme.
Learning to Execute (2014)

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) with Long Short-Term Memory units (LSTM) are widely used because they are expressive and are easy to train. Our interest lies in empirically evaluating the expressiveness and the learnability of LSTMs in the sequence-to-sequence regime by training them to evaluate short computer programs, a domain that has traditionally been seen as too complex for neural networks. We consider a simple class of programs that can be evaluated with a single left-to-right pass using constant memory. Our main result is that LSTMs can learn to map the character-level representations of such programs to their correct outputs. Notably, it was necessary to use curriculum learning, and while conventional curriculum learning proved ineffective, we developed a new variant of curriculum learning that improved our networks' performance in all experimental conditions. The improved curriculum had a dramatic impact on an addition problem, making it possible to train an LSTM to add two 9-digit numbers with 99% accuracy.
Erratum: “Etch characteristics of CeO2 thin film in Ar/CF4/Cl2 plasma” [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 21, 426 (2003)] (2004)

Abstract
Treatment of Intractable Pain with Topical Large-Dose Capsaicin (1998)

Sensory neuropathies are associated with many diseases. Pain from these disorders can produce greater disability than the primary disease processes themselves. Currently available therapies are limited. However, the intermittent application of large-dose topical capsaicin may provide significant pain relief, decrease chronic analgesic dependence, and decrease aggregate health care expenditures.
Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH Kinase (PI3K)/AKT2, activated in breast cancer, regulates and is induced by estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) via interaction between ERalpha and PI3K. (2001)

We have shown previously that the AKT2 pathway is essential for cell survival and important in malignant transformation. In this study, we demonstrate elevated kinase levels of AKT2 and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K) in 32 of 80 primary breast carcinomas. The majority of the cases with the activation are estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) positive, which prompted us to examine whether AKT2 regulates ERalpha activity. We found that constitutively activated AKT2 or AKT2 activated by epidermal growth factor or insulin-like growth factor-1 promotes the transcriptional activity of ERalpha. This effect occurred in the absence or presence of estrogen. Activated AKT2 phosphorylates ERalpha in vitro and in vivo, but it does not phosphorylate a mutant ERalpha in which ser-167 was replaced by Ala. The PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin, abolishes both the phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of ERalpha induced by AKT2. However, AKT2-induced ERalpha activity was not inhibited by tamoxifen but was completely abolished by ICI 164,384, implicating that AKT2-activated ERalpha contributes to tamoxifen resistance. Moreover, we found that ERalpha binds to the p85alpha regulatory subunit of PI3K in the absence or presence of estradiol in epithelial cells and subsequently activates PI3K/AKT2, suggesting ERalpha regulation of PI3K/AKT2 through a nontranscriptional and ligand-independent mechanism. These data indicate that regulation between the ERalpha and PI3K/AKT2 pathway (ERalpha-PI3K/AKT2-ERalpha) may play an important role in pathogenesis of human breast cancer and could contribute to ligand-independent breast cancer cell growth.
Immunohistochemical analysis of claudin expression in pancreatic cystic tumors (2011)

Aberrant expression of the claudin family of proteins has been reported in many human cancers, including pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas (IPMN) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) are considered precancerous lesions that are able to progress towards pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We analyzed the expression of several claudin family members using surgical IPMN and MCN specimens to clarify the relationships between claudin expression and clinicopathological features. Twenty-nine and 25 consecutive cases of IPMN and MCN were selected and the expression of claudin-2, -4 and -18 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, IPMN and MCN histological grade as well as IPMN subtypes were analyzed in relation to claudin expression. The 29 cases of IPMN comprised of 3 (10.3%) adenomas, 18 (62.1%) borderline malignancies and 8 (27.6%) carcinomas. The 25 cases of MCN comprised of 13 (52%) adenomas, 5 (20%) borderline malignancies and 7 (28%) carcinomas. Claudin-2, -4 and -18 showed strong expression both in IPMN and MCN, with the exception of claudin-4 in MCN. The expression grades of claudin-2 in both IPMN and MCN became weaker with increased histological grade. On the other hand, the expression grades of claudin-4 and -18 became stronger with increased histological grade in both IPMN and MCN. With regard to histological subtype, claudin-4 expression was the strongest in pancreatobiliary type IPMN, and claudin-18 expression was the strongest in gastric type IPMN. The distinct expression patterns of claudin-2, -4 and -18 suggest that claudins may serve as useful molecular markers for tumor differentiation and progression in IPMN and MCN.
Nanomole-scale high-throughput chemistry for the synthesis of complex molecules (2014)

At the forefront of new synthetic endeavors, such as drug discovery or natural product synthesis, large quantities of material are rarely available and timelines are tight. A miniaturized automation platform enabling high-throughput experimentation for synthetic route scouting to identify conditions for preparative reaction scale-up would be a transformative advance. Because automated, miniaturized chemistry is difficult to carry out in the presence of solids or volatile organic solvents, most of the synthetic "toolkit" cannot be readily miniaturized. Using palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions as a test case, we developed automation-friendly reactions to run in dimethyl sulfoxide at room temperature. This advance enabled us to couple the robotics used in biotechnology with emerging mass spectrometry-based high-throughput analysis techniques. More than 1500 chemistry experiments were carried out in less than a day, using as little as 0.02 milligrams of material per reaction.
The TRAMP Mouse as a Model for Prostate Cancer (2001)

The transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model closely mirrors the pathogenesis of human prostate cancer. Male TRAMP mice uniformly and spontaneously develop autochthonous (orthotopic) prostate tumors following the onset of puberty. Prostate cancer occurs consequent to the expression of SV40 T antigen. The versatility of the TRAMP model has been extended by establishment of several TRAMP-derived prostate tumor cells lines that can be injected into syngeneic male nontransgenic C57BL/6 hosts to induce ectopic prostate tumorigenesis. Subcutaneous tumor induction using the TRAMP-C cell lines has provided the basis for two additional murine models, the first of which can be used for rapid screening of experimental therapies for the treatment of primary prostate tumors and the second for testing the effectiveness of adjunctive therapies targeting prostate cancer metastases. Detailed descriptions for the harvesting and microdissection of TRAMP prostates and tumors, and the evaluation and scoring of tumors are also provided.