gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Describing objects by their attributes (2009)

We propose to shift the goal of recognition from naming to describing. Doing so allows us not only to name familiar objects, but also: to report unusual aspects of a familiar object (“spotty dog”, not just “dog”); to say something about unfamiliar objects (“hairy and four-legged”, not just “unknown”); and to learn how to recognize new objects with few or no visual examples. Rather than focusing on identity assignment, we make inferring attributes the core problem of recognition. These attributes can be semantic (“spotty”) or discriminative (“dogs have it but sheep do not”). Learning attributes presents a major new challenge: generalization across object categories, not just across instances within a category. In this paper, we also introduce a novel feature selection method for learning attributes that generalize well across categories. We support our claims by thorough evaluation that provides insights into the limitations of the standard recognition paradigm of naming and demonstrates the new abilities provided by our attribute-based framework.
Cytarabine Dose for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (2011)

Induction therapy with cytarabine at the lower dose already produced maximal antileukemic effects for all response end points, suggesting a plateau in the dose-response relationship above this dose level. High-dose cytarabine results in excessive toxic effects without therapeutic benefit. (Netherlands Trial Register number, NTR230.).
An engineered antibody–interleukin‐12 fusion protein with enhanced tumor vascular targeting properties (2006)

The antibody-mediated targeted delivery of interleukin-12 (IL12) to the EDB domain of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis, is a promising avenue for enhancing the therapeutic index of this anti-cancer cytokine. Previous experiments, based on sequential fusion of a single-chain IL12 derivative to the anti-EDB antibody fragment scFv(L19) had yielded a therapeutic fusion protein [IL12-scFv(L19)-FLAG], which displayed an impressive therapeutic activity in murine models of cancer, in spite of a tumor uptake, which was less efficient compared to the parental unmodified scFv(L19). In this article, we describe the comparative analysis of 3 recombinant fusion proteins comprising the scFv(L19) and IL12 moieties. One of them, in which the p40 and p35 form a covalent heterodimer and in which each subunit is fused to a molecule of scFv(L19), displays an excellent tumor targeting performance in vivo, as assessed by quantitative biodistribution analysis, and a potent anti-tumor effect, superior to the one of IL12-scFv(L19)-FLAG. These results may have a clinical impact, considering the fact that the tumor targeting ability of scFv(L19) in patients with cancer has been demonstrated using scintigraphic methods, and that 2 scFv(L19)-based antibody-cytokine fusion are currently entering clinical trials.
Rapid diagnosis of phenylketonuria by quantitative analysis for phenylalanine and tyrosine in neonatal blood spots by tandem mass spectrometry (1993)

A new method for quantifying specific amino acids in small volumes of plasma and whole blood has been developed. Based on isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry, the method takes only a few minutes to perform and requires minimal sample preparation. The accurate assay of both phenylalanine and tyrosine in dried blood spots used for neonatal screening for phenylketonuria in North Carolina successfully differentiated infants who had been classified as normal, affected, and falsely positive by current fluorometric methods. Because the mass-spectrometric method also recognizes other aminoacidemias simultaneously and is capable of automation, it represents a useful development toward a broad-spectrum neonatal screening method.
Different plasma levels of nitric oxide in arterial and venous blood (1999)

Experimental investigations suggest that a basal release of nitric oxide (NO) occurs in arterial but not in venous endothelium. We therefore decided to compare plasma levels of NO in the arterial and venous circulation. Parallel blood samples were drawn from the radial artery and brachial vein in 15 healthy drug-free women. Nitric oxide levels were assessed by measuring plasma levels of nitrite and nitrate, the two stable oxidation products of NO metabolism. Plasma levels of NO metabolites in arterial blood were significantly higher than in the paired venous blood samples (45.1 +/- 17.7 versus 22.5 +/- 8.5 mumol l-1, respectively, mean +/- SD). The results of this preliminary study strongly suggest that the endothelial release of NO is probably different in arteries and veins in vivo; this is also consistent with previous literature indicating that basal release of NO occurs mainly from the endothelium of arteries but not from that of veins.
A distributed architecture for scalable quantum computation with realistically noisy devices (2012)

Tremendous efforts have been paid for realization of fault-tolerant quantum computation so far. However, preexisting fault-tolerant schemes assume that a lot of qubits live together in a single quantum system, which is incompatible with actual situations of experiment. Here we propose a novel architecture for practically scalable quantum computation, where quantum computation is distributed over small-size (four-qubit) local systems, which are connected by quantum channels. We show that the proposed architecture works even with the error probability 0.1% of local operations, which breaks through the consensus by one order of magnitude. Furthermore, the fidelity of quantum channels can be very low $\sim$ 0.7, which substantially relaxes the difficulty of scaling-up the architecture. All key elements and their accuracy required for the present architecture are within reach of current technology. The present architecture allows us to achieve efficient scaling of quantum computer, as has been achieved in today's classical computer.
Prevention of experimental encephalomyelitis with peptides that block interaction of T cells with major histocompatibility complex proteins. (1989)

Two synthetic immunodominant and nonencephalitogenic peptides of myelin basic protein, N1-20 and AcN9-20, effectively compete with an encephalitogenic peptide, AcN1-11, in an in vitro T-cell response restricted by class II major histocompatibility complex products (I-Au). These mutant peptide constructs, which do not occur in nature, also compete with the self-antigen for the in vivo induction of T cells primed with the encephalitogen AcN1-11. By using these nonpathogenic competitor peptides, it is possible to prevent the development of a prototypic T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. These results suggest possibilities for the utilization of competitor peptides for therapy of T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases linked to specific major histocompatibility complex genes.
Reduced Folate Supply as a Key to Enhanced l -Serine Production by Corynebacterium glutamicum (2006)

The amino acid L-serine is required for pharmaceutical purposes, and the availability of a sugar-based microbial process for its production is desirable. However, a number of intracellular utilization routes prevent overproduction of L-serine, with the essential serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) (glyA) probably occupying a key position. We found that constructs of Corynebacterium glutamicum strains where chromosomal glyA expression is dependent on Ptac and lacIQ are unstable, acquiring mutations in lacIQ, for instance. To overcome the inconvenient glyA expression control, we instead considered controlling SHMT activity by the availability of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (THF). The pabAB and pabC genes of THF synthesis were identified and deleted in C. glutamicum, and the resulting strains were shown to require folate or 4-aminobenzoate for growth. Whereas the C. glutamicum DeltasdaA strain (pserACB) accumulates only traces of L-serine, with the C. glutamicum DeltapabABCDeltasdaA strain (pserACB), L-serine accumulation and growth responded in a dose-dependent manner to an external folate supply. At 0.1 mM folate, 81 mM L-serine accumulated. In a 20-liter controlled fed-batch culture, a 345 mM L-serine accumulation was achieved. Thus, an efficient and highly competitive process for microbial l-serine production is available.
Development of Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccines Using Live Vectors (2014)

<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> still causes severe morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in young children and the elderly. Much effort has been dedicated to developing protein-based universal vaccines to conquer the current shortcomings of capsular vaccines and capsular conjugate vaccines, such as serotype replacement, limited coverage and high costs. A recombinant live vector vaccine delivering protective antigens is a promising way to achieve this goal. In this review, we discuss the researches using live recombinant vaccines, mainly live attenuated <i>Salmonella</i> and lactic acid bacteria, to deliver pneumococcal antigens. We also discuss both the limitations and the future of these vaccines.
Mechanisms of Action of Ribavirin in Antiviral Therapies (2001)

Although ribavirin was originally synthesized over 30 years ago and has been used to treat viral infections as monotherapy (respiratory syncytial virus and Lassa fever virus) or with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) as combination therapy (hepatitis C virus), the precise mechanism of its therapeutic activities remains controversial. In this review we focus on two main biological properties of ribavirin: its indirect and direct antiviral activities (with particular emphasis on its efficacy against chronic hepatitis C infection). Each property could individually or collectively account for its clinical efficacy against viral infections. First, with emphasis on the evidence for indirect activities of ribavirin, we will review the clinical observations that suggest that the immunomodulatory properties of ribavirin can in part account for its antiviral activities in vivo. We will then describe the mode of ribavirin's direct antiviral activities. These direct activities can be ascribed to several possible mechanisms, including the recently described activity as an RNA mutagen, a property that may be important in driving a rapidly mutating RNA virus over the threshold to 'error catastrophe'.
Gene therapy for the eye (1997)

Gene therapy implies the delivery of genes to somatic tissues for therapeutic purposes.12 The eye is an attractive target for gene therapy because of its accessibility and its immune privilege. However, over the past few years gene therapy has taken some hard knocks, both from a disillusioned stock market and, more tellingly, from a distinguished peer review committee.34The latter concluded that more time should be spent on understanding and improving potential strategies at a basic science level and less on publishing hasty, poorly controlled clinical experiments. The premature scramble towards clinical studies prompted the taunt ‘less hype, more biology’ in a Science article.5 The question arises as to whether there are lessons here for the expanding group of researchers working towards ocular gene therapy.

One of the most stringent tests of a gene therapy would be to replace the function of a defective ocular gene, since this requires the introduction and long term expression of a functional copy into many, if not a majority of, target cells. In the case of the retina, for example, specific genetic defects have been found in 20 of the 87 mapped genes causing genetic eye disorder.6 Most of these disorders result from single gene defects which are both highly disabling and potentially correctable. As an alternative, transferred genes expressing growth factors may be therapeutic in some of the degenerative disorders.7 These aspects of gene therapy have therefore attracted a growing body of researchers bent on revolutionising their treatment.8-14

As long term gene expression is the goal, success depends on (i) efficient uptake into the target cells; (ii) avoidance of endocytosis and lysosomal degradation; (iii) import into the nucleus; (iv) stable retention in the nucleus, either as a circular episome (for example, adenovirus) or by integration …
Rapid Destruction of Human Cdc25A in Response to DNA Damage (2000)

To protect genome integrity and ensure survival, eukaryotic cells exposed to genotoxic stress cease proliferating to provide time for DNA repair. Human cells responded to ultraviolet light or ionizing radiation by rapid, ubiquitin- and proteasome-dependent protein degradation of Cdc25A, a phosphatase that is required for progression from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle. This response involved activated Chk1 protein kinase but not the p53 pathway, and the persisting inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdk2 blocked entry into S phase and DNA replication. Overexpression of Cdc25A bypassed this mechanism, leading to enhanced DNA damage and decreased cell survival. These results identify specific degradation of Cdc25A as part of the DNA damage checkpoint mechanism and suggest how Cdc25A overexpression in human cancers might contribute to tumorigenesis.
Photoaffinity labeling of the rabbit reticulocyte guanine nucleotide exchange factor and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 with 8-azidopurine nucleotides (1989)

We have covalently modified rabbit reticulocyte polypeptide chain initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) with the 8-azido analogs of GTP (8-N3GTP) and ATP (8-N3ATP). Of the five subunits of GEF, the Mr 40,000 polypeptide binds 8-[gamma-32P]N3GTP, and the Mr 55,000 and 65,000 polypeptides bind 8-[gamma-32P]N3ATP. Both 8-N3GTP and 8-N3ATP specifically label the beta-subunit of eIF-2. Covalent binding of 8-azidopurine analogs to the eukaryotic initiation factors is dependent on UV irradiation. Binding of 8-N3GTP and 8-N3ATP is specific for the guanine- and adenine-binding sites on the protein, respectively. GDP and GTP, but not ATP, inhibit the photoinsertion of 8-N3GTP to the protein. Similarly, ATP, but not GTP, inhibits the photoinsertion of 8-N3ATP. The inclusion of NADP+ in the reaction mixtures also interferes with the binding of 8-N3ATP to GEF. Mg2+ inhibits the binding of the 8-azido analogs of GTP and ATP to both eIF-2 and GEF, whereas EDTA stimulates the photoinsertion of these nucleotides. Identical results are obtained when the binding of GTP and ATP to these proteins, in the presence of Mg2+ or EDTA, is estimated by nitrocellulose membranes. In enzymatic assays, 8-N3GTP supports the activity of eIF-2 and GEF, indicating that the interaction of 8-N3GTP is catalytically relevant.
Detection of a specific mitochondrial DNA deletion in tissues of older humans (1990)

Using PCR, we found that normal heart muscle and brain from adult human individuals contain low levels of a specific mitochondrial DNA deletion, previously found only in patients affected with certain types of neuromuscular disease. This deletion was not observed in fetal heart or brain. Experimental tests support the idea that the deletion exists in vivo in adult mitochondria and is not an in vitro artifact of PCR. Our data provide direct experimental support for the idea that accumulation of mitochondrial DNA deletions may be important in aging.
Structure of the reaction center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26: membrane-protein interactions. (1987)

The energetics of membrane-protein interactions are analyzed with the three-dimensional model of the photosynthetic reaction center (RC) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The position of the RC in the membrane and the thickness of the membrane were obtained by minimizing the hydrophobic energy with the energy function of Eisenberg and McLachlan. The 2-fold symmetry axis that relates the L and M subunits is, within the accuracy of 5 degrees, parallel to the normal of the membrane. The thickness of the membrane is estimated to be 40-45 A. Residues that are exposed to the membrane are relatively poorly conserved in the sequences of homologous RC proteins. The surface area of the RC is comparable to the surface areas of water-soluble proteins of similar molecular weight. The volumes of interior atoms in the RC are also similar to those of water-soluble proteins, indicating the same compact packing for both types of proteins. The electrostatic potential of the cofactors was calculated. The results show an asymmetry in the potential between the two possible pathways of electron transfer, with the A branch being preferred electrostatically.
Theoretical Study of the Anomalies of Coated Dielectric Gratings (1986)

The zero-order diffraction efficiency anomalies of a corrugated dielectric waveguide are studied theoretically in detail. A new and surprising phenomenon is observed: the efficiency changes from 0 to 100 per cent in the vicinity of the excitation of guided waves. The fundamental parameters of the system are found in the case where only one order is propagating and some of their properties are shown. The behaviour of the efficiency curves is explained by a phenomenological theory and a comparison with numerical rigorous results is made.
Characteristics of quinine- and quinidine-induced antibodies specific for platelet glycoproteins IIb and IIIa (1991)

Recent studies have shown that antibodies characteristic of quinine- and quinidine-induced thrombocytopenia sometimes recognize the platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) complex IIb/IIIa in addition to their well known target, GPIb/IX. We have investigated the frequency with which drug-induced antibodies bind to GPIIb/IIIa and the nature of their target epitopes. In studies of sera from 13 patients sensitive to quinidine or quinine, we found that 10 contained IgG antibodies specific for both GPIb/IX and GPIIb/IIIa, two reacted with GPIb/IX alone, and one reacted with GPIIb/IIIa alone. In all cases, the presence of drug was required for binding of IgG to target GPs. By immunoabsorption, we found that each of five polyspecific sera contained at least two different antibodies, one reactive with GPb/IX and the other with GPIIb/IIIa. Further studies with eight drug-dependent antibodies (DDAb) specific for GPIIb/IIIa showed that three recognized the GPIIb/IIIa complex only, one recognized GPIIb alone, and three recognized GPIIIa alone. The eighth serum appeared to bind to both GPIIIa alone and to an epitope determined by the GPIIb/IIIa complex. The three antibodies specific for GPIIIa alone also reacted with GPIIIa deglycosylated with endo-H, and with the major (61 Kd) fragment obtained by chymotryptic digestion of GPIIIa but failed to react with reduced GPIIIa. These findings demonstrate that, in drug-induced, immunologic thrombocytopenia, the anti-platelet immune response is typically directed against epitopes on both GPIb/IX and GPIIb/IIIa. The three DDAb we studied that were specific for GPIIIa alone recognize epitopes resistant to chymotrypsin and endo-H treatment that are dependent on intrachain disulfide bonding.
Interventions for alopecia areata (2009)

“Circular patches of hair loss, with no scarring to the affected area, can be a sign of alopecia areata, a distressing condition which can affect all the hair on the scalp and body. We don't yet understand the cause of alopecia areata but it can start at any age, usually before the age of 20. Men and women are affected equally and it's a relatively common condition all around the world. Treatments that have been suggested and used include a variety of creams or lotions applied to the scalp such as topical minoxidil, and some ultraviolet light-based therapies. Oral medications, such as corticosteroids, have also been tried. Some of the skin treatments can have unpleasant side effects, including itchiness or hair growth in areas of the body away from where the cream was applied. While, oral steroids in particular may cause serious side effects. And, even if the treatment does lead to hair re-growth, there is no guarantee that this will remain when the treatment is stopped. To complicate matters even more, alopecia areata sometimes clears up without treatment. So, if hair does grow back during treatment, it is difficult to know whether this would have happened anyway. This means that for studies to be reliable, they need to include a control group of people who do not get the treatment. We set out to see if, on balance, these treatments are helpful and found 17 randomised controlled trials, involving 540 participants. The trials were fairly small, ranging in size from just 6 people to 85. They assessed a range of treatments that included topical and oral steroids, topical ciclosporin, photodynamic therapy and topical minoxidil. We found no randomised trials on some other common treatments, such as diphencyprone, dinitrochlorobenzene, intralesional corticosteroids and dithranol. No studies showed long-term beneficial hair growth. Overall, none of the treatments were significantly better than placebo in terms of hair growth; but most of the trials were reported so poorly and were so small that they may have missed clinically important benefits. Answers are still needed. Future studies need to be much larger and to compare the treatment against a placebo. Similarly, because short-term interventions might not ‘cure’ alopecia areata or lead to long-term benefit, these trials should focus on treatments that are safe and sustainable. Future studies should also measure and report the feelings of the participants about their hair growth or quality of life. We would also like to see trials testing good quality wigs and other supportive therapies against pharmaceutical interventions. Such trials, using patient satisfaction outcomes, would be invaluable.” This systematic review is available in full in The Cochrane Library (http://www.thecochranelibrary.com): Delamere FM, Sladden MJ, Dobbins HM, Leonardi-Bee J. Interventions for alopecia areata. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD004413. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004413.pub2.
Hybrid integrated external cavity laserwithout temperature dependent mode hopping (1999)

The authors propose a new integrated external cavity laser which eliminates temperature dependent mode hopping by employing silicone between the LD and the grating. Operation without mode hopping is experimentally confirmed from 18 to 34°C.
Ciclopirox: a new topical pyrodonium antimycotic agent. (1976)

One percent Ciclopirox solution, a new topical antimycotic agent, was used in a double-blind controlled trial in 105 dermatomycosis patients. Twelve of the patients were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining ninety-three patients, forty-four were treated with the active drug, forty-nine with a placebo. The cure rate amongst those using ciclopirox was significantly superior to that of the placebo. The drug was effective against Trichophyton rubrum, T. violaceum, T. mentagrophytes and Malassezia furfur.