gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silhouette-Based On-Site Human Action Recognition in Single-View Video (2016)

On-site worker observation is a fundamental task for a wide spectrum of construction applications such as safety behavior monitoring and productivity analysis. Vision-based action recognition techniques have been proposed to complement the time-consuming and labor-intensive tasks involved in manual observation. In construction, however, previous studies have mainly utilized an RGB-D sensor (e.g., Microsoft Kinect), the operating conditions of which (e.g., active ranges from 80 cm to 4 m, sensitivity to sun light) may hinder the application to actual construction jobsites. To address these issues, we propose a silhouette-based human action recognition method using a single video camera that has less operational constraint. In this framework, the human worker is localized and tracked throughout the monocular video, based on both spatial (i.e., contour of worker) and temporal changes (i.e., moving direction and speed over consecutive frames). Then human action models are learned with temporally adjacent frames and utilized to recognize similar actions in testing video by computing the similarity between the learned action model and newly computed model in a testing dataset. For performance evaluation, we carried out lab experiments, in which a video camera was installed 5–10 m from multiple human subjects. Results indicate that the proposed framework performs well (i.e., an accuracy of 90.68%) to capture predefined poses (e.g., walking, lifting, crawling) in image sequences. This study thus explores an automated means for worker monitoring which potentially helps understand and measure human motions without significant human effort.
Infra-Red Spectra of Hydrocarbons: II. Analysis of Octane Mixtures by the Use of Infra-Red Spectra Obtained at Low Temperatures (1947)

Infra-red spectra in the region 2 to 22 microns were obtained for the four trimethylpentanes, at temperatures of 0°C and −195°C. In agreement with theory, the band ``widths'' at −195°C are roughly half as great as at 0°C. The spectra were observed experimentally by condensation of a film of the hydrocarbon on the reflecting bottom surface of a cell mounted vertically, with its lower end immersed in ice or liquid nitrogen. A method of forming films of reproducible dimensions and thickness is described. To provide a quantitative estimate of the advantage for analytical purposes of the use of spactra obtained at low temperatures, an expression is derived which gives the probability (for random distribution of the band positions) that at least one band can be found for each component of a mixture, which does not ``overlap'' bands of the other components. Application of the formula, with some simplifying assumptions, to a mixture of the 18 octane isomers, indicates that reduction of the band ``width'' from 40 cm−1 to 20 cm−1 (corresponding to the temperature change from 0°C to −195°C) increases the calculated probability of the existence of a ``non-overlapped'' band for at least 17 of the isomers from 0.003 to 0.999. The importance of this result in infra-red analyses is pointed out. The use of spectra obtained at liquid helium temperatures is suggested as offering attractive possibilities for the analysis of complex mixtures.
The intracellular mechanism of action on Escherichia coli of BF2-A/C, two analogues of the antimicrobial peptide Buforin 2 (2013)

In the present study, the antimicrobial peptides BF2-A and BF2-C, two analogues of Buforin 2, were chemically synthesized and the activities were assayed. To elucidate the bactericidal mechanism of BF2-A/C and their different antimicrobial activities, the influence of peptides to E. coli cell membrane and targets of intracellular action were researched. Obviously, BF2-A and BF2-C did not induce the influx of PI into the E. coli cells, indicating nonmemebrane permeabilizing killing action. The FITC-labeled BF2-A/C could penetrate the E. coli cell membrane and BF2-C penetrated the cells more efficiently. Furthermore, BF2-A/C could bind to DNA and RNA respectively, and the affinity of BF2-C to DNA was powerful at least over 4 times than that of BF2-A. The present results implied that BF2-A and BF2-C inhibited the cellular functions by binding to DNA and RNA of cells after penetrating the cell membranes, resulting in the rapid cell death. The structure-activity relationship analysis of BF2-A/C revealed that the cell-penetrating efficiency and the affinity ability to DNA were critical factors for determining the antimicrobial potency of both peptides. The more efficient cell-penetrating and stronger affinity to DNA caused that BF2-C displayed more excellent antimicrobial activity and rapid killing kinetics than BF2-A.
Fabrication technology for high-density Josephson integrated circuits using mechanical polishing planarization (1999)

A mechanical polishing planarization (MPP) process is developed with an endpoint detection method. MPP makes it possible to form self-aligned contacts on small junctions and to decrease parasitic inductance. It can also control the thickness of the insulation layers precisely. MPP was used to fabricate a 22 /spl mu/m/spl times/22 /spl mu/m vortex transitional memory cell and the cell operated correctly. The reliability of interlayer insulation was increased for 64-Kbit memory cell arrays fabricated using MPP. It is concluded that MPP is an effective technology for fabricating high-density Josephson circuits.
Mutational Analysis of Thrombopoietin for Identification of Receptor and Neutralizing Antibody Sites (1997)

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a hematopoietin important for megakaryocyte proliferation and production of blood platelets. We sought to characterize how TPO binds and activates its receptor, myeloproliferative leukemia virus receptor. The erythropoietin-like domain of TPO (TPO1-153) has been fused to the gIII coat protein of M13 bacteriophage. Forty residues were chosen for mutation to alanine using the criteria that they were charged residues or predicted to be solvent-exposed, based on a homology model. Phage enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine affinities for binding to both the TPO receptor and five anti-TPO1-153 monoclonal antibodies. Mutations at mostly positively charged residues (Asp8, Lys14, Lys52, Lys59, Lys136, Lys138, Arg140) caused the greatest reduction in receptor-binding affinity. Most of these residues mapped to helices-1 and -4 and a loop region between helix-1 and helix-2. Two of the monoclonal antibodies that blocked TPO binding and bioactivity had determinants in helix-4. In contrast, the other three monoclonal antibodies, which were effective at blocking TPO activity but did not block initial binding of TPO to its receptor, had epitopes predominantly on helix or 3. These results suggest that TPO has two distinct receptor-binding sites that function to dimerize TPO receptors in a sequential fashion.
(Sm,Zr)(Fe,Co)11.0-11.5Ti1.0-0.5 compounds as new permanent magnet materials (2016)

We investigated (Sm,Zr)(Fe,Co)11.0-11.5Ti1.0-0.5 compounds as permanent magnet materials. Good magnetic properties were observed in (Sm0.8Zr0.2)(Fe0.75Co0.25)11.5Ti0.5 powder containing a limited amount of the α-(Fe, Co) phase, including saturation polarization (Js) of 1.63 T, an anisotropic field (Ha) of 5.90 MA/m at room temperature, and a Curie temperature (Tc) of about 880 K. Notably, Js and Ha remained above 1.5 T and 3.70 MA/m, respectively, even at 473 K. The high-temperature magnetic properties of (Sm0.8Zr0.2)(Fe0.75Co0.25)11.5Ti0.5 were superior to those of Nd2Fe14B.
The pharmacokinetics, CNS pharmacodynamics and adverse event profile of brivaracetam after single increasing oral doses in healthy males (2007)

Brivaracetam was well tolerated after increasing single doses that represent up to several times the expected therapeutic dose. Brivaracetam was found to have desirable pharmacokinetic properties. The most common adverse events were somnolence and dizziness.
Identification and Localization of Unpaired Cysteine Residues in Monoclonal Antibodies by Fluorescence Labeling and Mass Spectrometry (2009)

Each human IgG1 antibody contains a total of thirty-two cysteine residues. In theory, all of them are involved in disulfide bonds, and no free sulfhydryl should be detected. However, literature has suggested that the presence of low levels of free sulfhydryl groups is likely a common feature of recombinant and wild type IgG1 antibodies. Currently, there is little information correlating the presence of free sulfhydryl to specific cysteine residues. The presence of free sulfhydryl groups in five recombinant monoclonal antibodies and their locations were further investigated in the current study. Free sulfhydryl groups were first modified using 5-idoacetamidofluorescein (5-IAF), which was followed by reduction of disulfide bonds and alkylation with iodoacetic acid (IAA). This procedure allowed differentiation of free cysteine residues from cysteine residues that were involved in disulfide bonding. In addition, it allowed a sensitive fluorescence detection of peptides with free sulfhydryl groups. The locations of the free sulfhydryl groups were determined using mass spectrometry after fraction collection. The results indicated that different antibodies had different levels of free sulfhydryl due to multiple unpaired cysteine residues commonly in the constant domains. Furthermore, free sulfhydryl due to unpaired cysteine residues in the variable domains varied for different antibodies. Interestingly, free sulfhydryl was rarely associated with cysteine residues that were involved in interchain disulfide bonds.
Extracellular vaccinia virus envelope glycoprotein encoded by the A33R gene (1996)

With the aid of three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), a glycoprotein specifically localized to the outer envelope of vaccinia virus was shown to be encoded by the A33R gene. These MAbs reacted with a glycosylated protein that migrated as 23- to 28-kDa and 55-kDa species under reducing and nonreducing conditions, respectively. The protein recognized by the three MAbs was synthesized by all 11 orthopoxviruses tested: eight strains of vaccinia virus (including modified vaccinia virus Ankara) and one strain each of cowpox, rabbitpox, and ectromelia viruses. The observation that the protein synthesized by ectromelia virus-infected cells reacted with only one of the three MAbs provided a means of mapping the gene encoding the glycoprotein. By transfecting vaccinia virus DNA into cells infected with ectromelia virus and assaying for MAb reactivity, we mapped the glycoprotein to the A33R open reading frame. The amino acid sequence and hydrophilicity plot predicted that the A33R gene product is a type II membrane protein with two asparagine-linked glycosylation sites. Triton X-114 partitioning experiments indicated that the A33R gene product is an integral membrane protein. The ectromelia virus homolog of the vaccinia virus A33R gene was sequenced, revealing 90% predicted amino acid identity. The vaccinia and variola virus homolog sequences predict 94% identical amino acids, the latter having one fewer internal amino acid. Electron microscopy revealed that the A33R gene product is expressed on the surface of extracellular enveloped virions but not on the intracellular mature form of virus. The conservation of this protein and its specific incorporation into viral envelopes suggest that it is important for virus dissemination.
TCR-Independent Killing of B Cell Malignancies by Anti–Third-Party CTLs: The Critical Role of MHC–CD8 Engagement (2011)

We previously demonstrated that anti-third-party CTLs (stimulated under IL-2 deprivation against cells with an MHC class I [MHC-I] background different from that of the host and the donor) are depleted of graft-versus-host reactivity and can eradicate B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro or in an HU/SCID mouse model. We demonstrated in the current study that human allogeneic or autologous anti-third-party CTLs can also efficiently eradicate primary non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma by inducing slow apoptosis of the pathological cells. Using MHC-I mutant cell line as target cells, which are unrecognizable by the CTL TCR, we demonstrated directly that this killing is TCR independent. Strikingly, this unique TCR-independent killing is induced through lymphoma MHC-I engagement. We further showed that this killing mechanism begins with durable conjugate formation between the CTLs and the tumor cells, through rapid binding of tumor ICAM-1 to the CTL LFA-1 molecule. This conjugation is followed by a slower second step of MHC-I-dependent apoptosis, requiring the binding of the MHC-I α2/3 C region on tumor cells to the CTL CD8 molecule for killing to ensue. By comparing CTL-mediated killing of Daudi lymphoma cells (lacking surface MHC-I expression) to Daudi cells with reconstituted surface MHC-I, we demonstrated directly for the first time to our knowledge, in vitro and in vivo, a novel role for MHC-I in the induction of lymphoma cell apoptosis by CTLs. Additionally, by using different knockout and transgenic strains, we further showed that mouse anti-third-party CTLs also kill lymphoma cells using similar unique TCR-independence mechanism as human CTLs, while sparing normal naive B cells.
A New, Simple Synthesis of N-Tosyl Pyrrolidines and Piperidines (2006)

Iodocyclization of unsaturated tosylamides promoted by Oxone® oxidation of KI afforded, in good yields, N-tosyl iodopyrrolidines and piperidines. A new, simple method for the conversion of alcohols to tosylamides is presented.
Oligonucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates. (1995)

Synthetic oligonucleotides and their analogs have attracted considerable interest recently. These compounds may lead to highly specific therapeutic agents, as well as to powerful diagnostic tools. Here, we present the synthesis of uniformly modified oligodeoxyribonucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates containing 3'-NHP(O)(O-)O-5' internucleoside linkages and the study of their hybridization properties. Thermal dissociation experiments show that these compounds form very stable duplexes with single-stranded DNA, RNA, and with themselves following Watson-Crick base pairing. The duplex thermal stability was enhanced by 2.2-2.6 degrees C per modified linkage compared with phosphodiesters. The structure of complexes formed by phosphoramidates closely resembles that of RNA oligomers and corresponds to an A form, as judged by CD spectroscopy. N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates also form stable triplexes with double-stranded DNA under near-physiological conditions when natural phosphodiesters fail to do so. Physicochemical characteristics of the amidates are similar to those of RNA oligomers, even though they are composed of 2'-deoxyfuranose-based nucleosides.
Thirteen Ways to Look at the Correlation Coefficient (1988)

Abstract In 1885, Sir Francis Galton first defined the term "regression" and completed the theory of bivariate correlation. A decade later, Karl Pearson developed the index that we still use to measure correlation, Pearson's r. Our article is written in recognition of the 100th anniversary of Galton's first discussion of regression and correlation. We begin with a brief history. Then we present 13 different formulas, each of which represents a different computational and conceptual definition of r. Each formula suggests a different way of thinking about this index, from algebraic, geometric, and trigonometric settings. We show that Pearson's r (or simple functions of r) may variously be thought of as a special type of mean, a special type of variance, the ratio of two means, the ratio of two variances, the slope of a line, the cosine of an angle, and the tangent to an ellipse, and may be looked at from several other interesting perspectives.
Synthetic Heparin Pentasaccharide Depolymerization by Heparinase 1: Molecular and Biological Implications (2001)

A synthetic pentasaccharide (SR90107/ ORG31540) representing the antithrombin III (ATIII) binding sequence in heparin is under clinical development for the prophylaxis and management of venous thromboembolism. This pentasaccharide exhibits potent anti-factor Xa (AXa) effects (>750 IU/mg) and does not exhibit any anti-factor IIa (AIIa) activity. Previous reports have suggested that synthetic heparin pentasaccharides are resistant to the digestive effects of heparinase I. To investigate the effect of heparinase I on the AXa activity of pentasaccharide SR90107/ORG31540, graded concentrations (1.25-100 microg/ml) were incubated with a fixed amount of heparinase I (0.1 U/ml). Heparinase I produced a strong neutralizing effect on this pentasaccharide, as measured by AXa activity. This observation led to further studies where high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was employed to determine the potential breakdown products of the pentasaccharide. The experiment with the pentasaccharide included incubation (37 degrees C) at 1 mg/ml and exposure to graded concentrations of heparinase I (0.125-1 U/ml). After 30 min of incubation, the enzymatic activity was stopped by heat treatment and the mixture was analyzed using high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Heparinase I concentration-dependent cleavage of the pentasaccharide was evident. The breakdown products exhibited a mass of 1,034 d and 743 d, respectively, suggesting the generation of a trisaccharide and a disaccharide moiety. The extinction of a disaccharide moiety in the UV region was high, indicating the presence of a double bond in this molecule. These data clearly suggest that pentasaccharide SR90107/ORG31540 is digestible by heparinase I into its two components. Furthermore, these data support the hypothesis that heparinase I can be used as a neutralizing agent for pentasaccharide overdose. Additionally, a highly methylated analog of the previously mentioned synthetic pentasaccharide. SanOrg34006, which has also been subjected to similar experiments, has shown complete resistance to the depolymerizing function of heparinase I; therefore, its use may be appropriate in chronic situations as a long-acting form of the pentasaccharide.
Comparative effects of prolonged intake of highly purified fish oils as ethyl ester or triglyceride on lipids, haemostasis and platelet function in normolipaemic men. (1993)

Conflicting results have been reported about the absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) either as an ethyl ester (EE) or in a triglyceride (TG) formula. We decided to conduct a randomized double-blind study to compare the effects of EE and TG on plasma fatty acids, platelet function and haemostasis. Thirty-one healthy normolipaemic men were allocated to receive fish oil concentrate either as EE or TG with equal amounts of EPA (2.2 g and 2.2 g, respectively) and DHA (1.2 g and 1.4 g, respectively) or placebo daily for 7 weeks. Total cholesterol and the triglyceride level were not influenced differently by the two compounds. Repeated measurement ANOVA revealed a difference between TG and EE regarding incorporation of arachidonic acid (P = 0.034) and EPA (P = 0.007) into plasma cholesteryl esters. A discrimination not observed within plasma phospholipids. Both formulas had equal inhibitory effects on collagen-induced platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) production in whole blood. Fibrinogen decreased 16% in EE (P = 0.034) and 12% in the placebo group (P = 0.11), but variance analysis of delta change during intervention did not indicate differences between groups. It is concluded that TG and EE fish oils are well incorporated into plasma lipids and have similarly beneficial influence one platelet function in men.
Genetic analysis of hedgehog signalling in the Drosophila embryo (1993)

The segment polarity genes play a fundamental role in the patterning of cells within individual body segments of the Drosophila embryo. Two of these genes wingless (wg) and hedgehog (hh) encode proteins that enter the secretory pathway and both are thought to act by instructing the fates of cells neighbouring those in which they are expressed. Genetic analysis has identified the transcriptional activation of wg as one of the targets of hh activity: here we present evidence that transduction of the hh-encoded signal is mediated by the activity of four other segment polarity genes, patched, fused, costal-2 and cubitus interruptus. The results of our genetic epistatsis analysis together with the molecular structures of the products of these genes where known, suggest a pathway of interactions leading from reception of the hh-encoded signal at the cell membrane to transcriptional activation in the cell nucleus. We have also found that transcription of patched is regulated by the same pathway and describe the identification of cis-acting upstream elements of the ptc transcription unit that mediate this regulation.
Modulation of tumor‐induced lethality after pneumoperitoneum in a mouse model (2000)

BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, a generally accepted approach to prevent increased intraabdominal tumor implantation after laparoscopic cancer surgery does not exist. METHODS One week after establishing an ovarian carcinoma cell line in black mice intraabdominally (n = 156), a carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum (Group 1: n = 78) was administered. The effect of this procedure on tumor-induced lethality and the therapeutic effect of mitoxantrone and taurolidin mixed with heparin and sodium chloride was investigated. The different drugs were added immediately after the release of the pneumoperitoneum and after 48 hours. The 78 control animals received the drugs at the same time without preexisting pneumoperitoneum. Survival time was registered. RESULTS The survival time was reduced significantly in all pneumoperitoneum groups compared with the corresponding control group without pneumoperitoneum. The effect of mitoxantrone on survival time (mean, 62.08 days) was diminished significantly by the application of a pneumoperitoneum (mean, 34.27 days). Taurolidine/heparin appeared to have a positive effect on survival time only in the case of a previous pneumoperitoneum (mean of 21.12 days vs. mean of 16.04 days in the pneumoperitoneum control group; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The induction of a pneumoperitoneum appears to decrease survival time by increasing tumor cell growth and decreases the efficacy of intraperitoneal chemotherapy. The effects of pneumoperitoneum appear to be reduced by the use of heparin/taurolidine, which theoretically blocks extracellular matrix binding domains and inhibits the production of interleukin-1. Cancer 2000;89:262–6. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Arabinose is metabolized via a phosphoketolase pathway in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 (2012)

In this report, a novel zymogram assay and coupled phosphoketolase assay were employed to demonstrate that Clostridium acetobutylicum gene CAC1343 encodes a bi-functional xylulose-5-P/fructose-6-P phosphoketolase (XFP). The specific activity of purified recombinant XFP was 6.9 U/mg on xylulose-5-P and 21 U/mg on fructose-6-P, while the specific activity of XFP in concentrated C. acetobutylicum whole-cell extract was 0.094 and 0.52 U/mg, respectively. Analysis of crude cell extracts indicated that XFP activity was present in cells grown on arabinose but not glucose and quantitative PCR was used to show that CAC1343 mRNA expression was induced 185-fold during growth on arabinose when compared to growth on glucose. HPLC analysis of metabolites revealed that during growth on xylose and glucose more butyrate than acetate was formed with final acetate:butyrate ratios of 0.72 and 0.83, respectively. Growth on arabinose caused a metabolic shift to more oxidized products with a final acetate:butyrate ratio of 1.95. The shift towards more oxidized products is consistent with the presence of an XFP, suggesting that arabinose is metabolized via a phosphoketolase pathway while xylose is probably metabolized via the pentose phosphate pathway.