gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-model based cross-component linear model chroma intra-prediction for video coding (2017)

Cross-component Linear Model (CCLM) chroma intra prediction assumes a linear correlation between the luma and chroma components in a coding block. With this assumption, the chroma components can be predicted by LM mode, which utilizes the reconstructed neighbouring samples to derive parameters of the linear model by linear regression. This paper presents a multi-model CCLM (MM-CCLM) approach, which applies more than one linear models in a coding block. With MM-CCLM, reconstructed neighbouring luma and chroma samples of the current block are classified into several groups and each group is used as a training set to derive its own linear model. The reconstructed luma samples of the current block are also classified to use corresponding linear model to predict the associated chroma samples. Simulation results show that 0.26%, 1.89% and 1.96% BD rate savings on Y, Cb and Cr components are achieved for All Intra (AI) configurations in average. The proposed method has been adopted in the Joint Exploration Model (JEM) by Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET).
A statistical method for 3D object detection applied to faces and cars (2002)

In this paper, we describe a statistical method for 3D object detection. We represent the statistics of both object appearance and "non-object" appearance using a product of histograms. Each histogram represents the joint statistics of a subset of wavelet coefficients and their position on the object. Our approach is to use many such histograms representing a wide variety of visual attributes. Using this method, we have developed the first algorithm that can reliably detect human faces with out-of-plane rotation and the first algorithm that can reliably detect passenger cars over a wide range of viewpoints.
Coordinate Gene Activity in Response to Agents That Induce Systemic Acquired Resistance (1991)

Eric R. Ward, Scott J. Uknes, Shericca C. Williams, Sandra S. Dincher, Deanna L. Wiederhold, Danny C. Alexander, Patricia Ahl-Goy, , John A. Ryals, Coordinate Gene Activity in Response to Agents That Induce Systemic Acquired Resistance, The Plant Cell, Vol. 3, No. 10 (Oct., 1991), pp. 1085-1094
Resistance of Pseudomonas to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. I. Growth in Benzalkonium Chloride Solution (1969)

Resistant cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a waterborne Pseudomonas sp. (strain Z-R) were able to multiply in nitrogen-free minimal salts solution containing various concentrations of commercially prepared, ammonium acetate-buffered benzalkonium chloride (CBC), a potent antimicrobial agent. As the CBC concentration increased, growth increased until a point was reached at which the extent of growth leveled off or was completely depressed. Minimal salts solutions of pure benzalkonium chloride (PBC) containing no ammonium acetate did not support bacterial growth. When ammonium acetate was added to PBC solutions in the same concentrations found in CBC solutions, growth patterns developed that were comparable to those found with CBC. Likewise, (NH(4))(2)SO(4) added to PBC solutions supported growth of both organisms. P. aeruginosa was initially resistant to CBC levels of 0.02% and it was adapted to tolerate levels as high as 0.36%. Strain Z-R was naturally resistant to 0.4% CBC. Since ammonium acetate, carried over by the CBC used in drug formulations and disinfectant solutions, has the potential to support the growth of resistant bacteria and thus make possible the risk of serious infection, it is suggested that regulations allowing the presence of ammonium acetate in CBC solution be reconsidered.
Nucleic‐Acid Analogues with Restricted Conformational Flexibility in the Sugar‐Phosphate Backbone (‘bicyclo‐DNA’). Part 3. Synthesis, pairing properties, and calorimetric determination of duplex and triplex stability of decanucleotides from [(3′S,5′R)‐2′‐deoxy‐3′,5′‐ ethano‐β ‐D‐ribofuranosyl]adenine and ‐thymine (1994)

Abstract The synthesis of a new type of oligonucleotide (‘bicyclooligodeoxynucleotide’ = bcd(X n )) displaying less conformational flexibility in its sugar‐phosphate backbone is described, and a characterization of the pairing properties and energetics of the decamers bcd(T 10 ) and bcd (A 10 ) with each other and with complementary RNA and DNA sequences by UV‐spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques is given. The results can be summarized as follows: ( i ) bcd(T 10 ) pairs less strongly to complementary RNA and DNA, whereas bcd(A 10 ) forms stronger duplexes relative to the natural system. ( ii ) bcd(A 10 ) discriminates between a complementary oligodeoxynucleotide with a mismatch in the center in the same way as d(A 10 ), indicating equal base‐pairing selectivity. ( iii ) bcd(A 10 ) forms more stable triplexes with d(T 10 ) of the pyrimidine‐purine‐pyrimidine (py · pu · py) motif than d(A 10 ). ( iv ) The stability of duplexes containing a bicyclic strand is more sensitive towards salt concentration. The higher sensitivity in bcd(A 10 ) containing duplexes is due to a higher differential cation uptake. ( v ) Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis of duplex‐formation enthalpies shows Δ H vH in all duplexes containing bicyclooligonucleotides to be more negative than Δ H cal , which is compatible with the formation of catenated structures. ( vi ) Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) provides a complete set of thermodynamic data including duplex and triplex association constants for the systems d(A 10 )/d(T 10 ), bcd(A 10 )/d(T 10 ), d(A 10 )/bcd(T 10 ), bcd(A 10 )/bcd(T 10 ). ( vii ) All duplexes containing bicyclic strands show a (numerically) reduced pairing entropy term with respect to that of the natural system. ( viii ) Enthalpies from DSC and ITC are similar, suggesting that the enthalpic contribution from ordered single strands to the overall duplex‐formation enthalpy plays a minor role in the duplexes investigated.
SiteCity: a semi-automated site modelling system (1996)

This paper presents SiteCity, a semi-automated building extraction system integrating photogrammetry, geometric constraints and image understanding algorithms. Existing automated building extraction systems produce mixed results and it is clear that human intervention is required to correct mistakes from fully automated systems. SiteCity gives human operators the ability to construct and manipulate three dimensional building objects using multiple images. Image understanding algorithms are integrated into SiteCity to assist users. The automated processes in SiteCity use user-delineated roof boundaries as cues, and attempt to locate the floor of a building and match the building object in other images. In addition, photogrammetric cues are used to assist automated processes. These automated processes are described and their performance is evaluated, illustrating that automated processes in SiteCity produce comparable performance to that of human subjects.
Rational Design and Synthesis of a 1,1-Linked Disaccharide That Is 5 Times as Active as Sialyl Lewis X in Binding to E-Selectin (1996)

We describe here a rational design and synthesis of (3-O-carboxymethyl)-β-d-galactopyranosyl α-d-mannopyranoside which is 5 times as active as sialyl Lewis X in binding to E-selectin and also effective against P- and L-selectin. A new method for the 1,1-glycosidic bond formation via coupling of protected trimethylsilyl β-d-galactoside and α-mannosyl fluoride in the presence of BF3·Et2O is described.
Amyloid Precursor Protein Is a Primary Androgen Target Gene That Promotes Prostate Cancer Growth (2008)

Androgen receptor (AR) is a critical transcription factor that regulates various target genes and contributes to the pathophysiology of prostate cancer hormone dependently. Here, we identify amyloid precursor protein (APP) as a primary androgen target through chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) combined with genome tiling array analysis (ChIP-chip). ChIP-treated DNA were obtained from prostate cancer LNCaP cells with R1881 or vehicle treatment using AR or acetylated histone H3 antibodies. Ligand-dependent AR binding was further enriched by PCR subtraction. Using chromosome 21/22 arrays, we identified APP as one of the androgen-regulated genes with adjacent functional AR binding sites. APP expression is androgen-inducible in LNCaP cells and APP immunoreactivity was correlated with poor prognosis in patients with prostate cancer. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies revealed that APP promotes the tumor growth of prostate cancer. The present study reveals a novel APP-mediated pathway responsible for the androgen-dependent growth of prostate cancer. Our findings will indicate that APP could be a potential molecular target for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.
Statistical mechanics of complex networks (2002)

Complex networks describe a wide range of systems in nature and society. Frequently cited examples include the cell, a network of chemicals linked by chemical reactions, and the Internet, a network of routers and computers connected by physical links. While traditionally these systems have been modeled as random graphs, it is increasingly recognized that the topology and evolution of real networks are governed by robust organizing principles. This article reviews the recent advances in the field of complex networks, focusing on the statistical mechanics of network topology and dynamics. After reviewing the empirical data that motivated the recent interest in networks, the authors discuss the main models and analytical tools, covering random graphs, small-world and scale-free networks, the emerging theory of evolving networks, and the interplay between topology and the network's robustness against failures and attacks.
Tissue distribution, molecular profile, and shedding of a cytoplasmic antigen identified by the monoclonal antibody 465.12S to human melanoma cells. (1982)

The mouse immunoglobulin G2 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 465.12S reacts with a cytoplasmic antigen present in human melanoma cells but not detectable in melanocytes. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of a large number of surgically removed normal adult and fetal tissues with the MoAb 465.12S detected the cytoplasmic antigen in epithelial cells from several organs. The intensity of staining was greater in adult tissues than in the corresponding fetal tissues. Furthermore, the MoAb 465.12S stained nearly all of the surgically removed tumors tested but did not stain many of the normal tissues from which they originated. In almost all cases, the intensity and frequency of staining wa greater for tumor cells than for corresponding normal tissues. From cultured carcinoma and melanoma cells, the MoAb 465.12S immunoprecipitated four glycopolypeptides with molecular weights of 94,000, 75,000, 70,000, and 25,000. Incorporation of 3H-labeled sugars into the various components of the cytoplasmic antigen revealed that the M.W. 75,000 component was unusual in that it contained only glucosamine and mannose. The antigenic determinant defined by the MoAb 465.12S appears to be protein rather than carbohydrate in nature since it is heat sensitive and is expressed on the antigens synthesized by cells in presence of tunicamycin. Analysis of the spent culture medium of carcinoma and melanoma cell lines revealed that the cytoplasmic antigen is readily shed by these cells and consists of a major M.W. 94,000 and a minor M.W. 72,000 component. Treatment of cultured melanoma cells with the antibiotic tunicamycin showed that glycosylation of the cytoplasmic antigen is required for its shedding and/or stability in the spent culture medium.
Cellular Maturation Defects in Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase-Deficient Immature B Cells Are Amplified by Premature B Cell Receptor Expression and Reduced by Receptor Editing (2004)

In the mouse, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is essential for efficient developmental progression of CD43(+)CD2(-) large cycling into CD43(-)CD2(+) small resting pre-B cells in the bone marrow and of IgM(high) transitional type 2 B cells into IgM(low) mature B cells in the spleen. In this study, we show that the impaired induction of cell surface changes in Btk-deficient pre-B cells was still noticeable in kappa(+) immature B cells, but was largely corrected in lambda(+) immature B cells. As lambda gene rearrangements are programmed to follow kappa rearrangements and lambda expression is associated with receptor editing, we hypothesized that the transit time through the pre-B cell compartment or receptor editing may affect the extent of the cellular maturation defects in Btk-deficient B cells. To address this issue, we used 3-83 mu delta transgenic mice, which prematurely express a complete B cell receptor and therefore manifest accelerated B cell development. In Btk-deficient 3-83 mu delta mice, the IgM(+) B cells in the bone marrow exhibited a very immature phenotype (pre-BCR(+)CD43(+)CD2(-)) and were arrested at the transitional type 1 B cell stage upon arrival in the spleen. However, these cellular maturation defects were largely restored when Btk-deficient 3-83 mu delta B cells were on a centrally deleting background and therefore targeted for receptor editing. Providing an extended time window for developing B cells by enforced expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 did not alter the Btk dependence of their cellular maturation. We conclude that premature B cell receptor expression amplifies the cellular maturation defects in Btk-deficient B cells, while extensive receptor editing reduces these defects.
Synthesis and biological activity of fluoroalkylamine derivatives of narcotic analgesics (1980)

N-Ethyl-, N-(2-fluoroethyl)-, N-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-, and N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-substituted normeperidine (1b-e) and normetazocine (2b-e) derivatives were prepared. The analgesic activities of the compounds were determined in mice. Opiate receptor binding studies, in the presence and absence of sodium ion, were carried out. The antagonist activities of normetazocine derivatives were studied in monkeys. These were further examined in the isolated guinea pig ileum for relative agonist activity. The pKa values were measured; in vivo agonist acitivty was lost with weakly basic derivatives. For the normetazocine derivatives, opiate receptor binding data were consistent with guinea pig ileum agonist potency and mouse vas deferens antagonist potency but not with in vivo data. Opiate receptor binding was reduced for the less basic normetazocine derivatives. In the normeperidine series, there was no apparent direct relationship between pKa and opiate receptor binding. However, a relationship involving the hydrophobic character of the N-substituent is discussed. The N-(2-fluoroethyl) derivatives in both series were found to cause convulsions in rats at doses of 40-45 mg/kg ip. Elevated serum citrate levels were found in these rats, implicating in vivo oxidative deamination of the N-(fluoroalkyl) substituent to fluoroacetate.
Culture of pig embryos. (1993)

Pig embryos can be cultured using a number of different strategies including complex approaches like culture in vivo in a surrogate oviduct (rabbit, sheep, mouse), culture in mouse oviducts in organ culture, and co-culture of embryos with cells in addition to simple approaches like culture in defined media or salt solutions. Addition of serum to medium has been of particular importance where blastocyst development and hatching are required. Pig conceptuses (day 10-15), embryonic discs or cell lines derived from conceptuses can be cultured in complex media like Eagle's minimal essential medium or Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with serum, although embryonic discs can be cultured in the absence of serum. In contrast, early stage pig embryos (one-cell to blastocyst) are best cultured in simpler media such as those used for mouse embryos. The media that have been used are all relatively similar in composition. They contain salts and one or more energy sources such as glucose, lactate, or pyruvate with BSA as a macromolecular component. Early attempts to culture pig embryos were not very successful, but some embryos did develop to the blastocyst stage. More recent reports indicate a much higher rate of development with relatively little or no change in media composition. Some workers have reported improved development in medium lacking glucose, which is consistent with findings with laboratory animals such as hamsters. Glutamine can serve as the sole exogenous energy source in medium lacking glucose, lactate and pyruvate. Addition of taurine and hypotaurine to culture medium enhances development of pig embryos in vitro. We suggest, where possible, adoption of a standard medium that could be used by different laboratories and, perhaps, with different species. Use of one medium for different species would simplify experimental protocols, enhance studies of comparative embryonic physiology and metabolism, and expedite transfer of information obtained in different species.
Defects in Conidiophore Development and Conidium-Macrophage Interactions in a Dioxygenase Mutant of Aspergillus fumigatus (2008)

Oxygenated fatty acids, or oxylipins, play an essential role in physiological signaling and developmental processes in animals, plants, and fungi. Previous characterization of three Aspergillus fumigatus dioxygenases (PpoA, PpoB, and PpoC), similar in sequence to mammalian cyclooxygenases, showed that PpoA is responsible for the production of the oxylipins 8R-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid and 5S,8R-dihydroxy-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid and that PpoC is responsible for 10R-hydroxy-8E,12Z-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid. Here, Delta ppo mutants were characterized to elucidate the role of fungal dioxygenases in A. fumigatus development and host interactions. The Delta ppoC strain displayed distinct phenotypes compared to those of other Delta ppo mutants and the wild type, including altered conidium size, germination, and tolerance to oxidative stress as well as increased uptake and killing by primary alveolar macrophages. These experiments implicate oxylipins in pathogen development and suggest that Delta ppoC represents a useful model for studying the A. fumigatus-host interaction.
Benzodiazepines that bind at peripheral sites inhibit cell proliferation. (1984)

[3H]Ro5-4864 binds to mouse thymoma cells in a specific, saturable, and reversible manner. Scatchard analysis shows a single class of binding sites with a Kd of 4.4 nM and a Bmax of 477 fmol per 10(6) cells. This benzodiazepine binding site is of the peripheral type, based on the relative potencies of Ro5-4864 and clonazepam in competing for [3H]diazepam binding. Fifteen benzodiazepines that bind to this site with affinities ranging from 6 nM to 1 microM also reversibly inhibit the proliferation of thymoma cells in culture at the micromolar dose range. There is a strong positive correlation (r = 0.85) between the binding constants of these compounds for the peripheral-type sites and their ED50 in inhibiting the uptake of [3H]thymidine into the cells. These sites may be involved in the regulation of thymoma cell proliferation.
Diagnostic Value of Measuring Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA Load and Carcinoma-Specific Viral mRNA in Relation to Anti-EBV Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG Antibody Levels in Blood of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients from Indonesia (2005)

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a prevalent malignancy in Southeast Asia and is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We investigated the primary diagnostic value of circulating EBV DNA and anti-EBV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA levels in Indonesian NPC patients (n = 149). By a 213-bp Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1)-based real-time LightCycler PCR, 72.5% of patients were positive for EBV DNA in whole blood, with 29.5% having levels above a previously determined clinical cutoff value (COV) of 2,000 EBV DNA copies/ml, the upper level in healthy carriers. In a 99-bp LightCycler PCR, 85.9% of patients were positive and 60.4% had levels above the COV. This assay quantified a significantly higher EBV load than the 213-bp PCR assay (P < 0.0001), suggesting that circulating EBV DNA is fragmented. Using data from 11 different studies, we showed a significant inverse correlation between PCR amplicon size and the percentage of patients positive for circulating EBV DNA (Spearman's rho = -0.91; P < 0.0001). EBV DNA loads were unrelated to anti-EBV IgG or IgA levels, as measured by VCA-p18 and EBNA1-specific synthetic peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The presence of circulating tumor cells was assessed by amplification of BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) mRNA, a viral oncogene abundantly expressed in EBV-carrying carcinomas but virtually absent from EBV-associated lymphomas. Despite high EBV DNA loads and the presence of EBNA1 and human U1A small nuclear ribonucleoprotein mRNA, BARF1 mRNA was never detected in blood. We conclude that amplicon size significantly influences EBV DNA load measurement in NPC patients. The circulating EBV DNA load is independent of serological parameters and does not reflect intact tumor cells. The primary diagnostic value of the EBV DNA load for the detection of NPC is limited.
B‐Protected Haloboronic Acids for Iterative Cross‐Coupling (2009)

Abstract N‐ Methyliminodiacetic acid Iminodiacetic acid Formalin Formic acid 4‐Bromophenylboronic acid Palladium(II) acetate (2‐Biphenyl)dicyclohexylphosphine p‐ Tolylboronic acid
High resolution stationary digital breast tomosynthesis using distributed carbon nanotube x‐ray source array (2012)

A prototype s-DBT scanner has been developed and evaluated by retrofitting the Selenia rotating gantry DBT scanner with a spatially distributed CNT x-ray source array. Preliminary results show that it improves system spatial resolution substantially by eliminating image blur due to x-ray focal spot motion. The scanner speed of s-DBT system is independent of angular coverage and can be increased with faster detector without image degration. The accelerated lifetime measurement demonstrated the long term stability of CNT x-ray source array with typical clinical operation lifetime over 3 years.
Oxide growth in an rf plasma (1980)

A mechanism is considered for oxide growth on an electrically isolated metal sample in the presence of an rf-excited oxygen plasma. The assumption is made that the rate of rf oxidation is limited by transport of ionic species through the already-formed oxide layer. Thermally activated hopping of ionic defects in the presence of electric fields due to the surface potential established by the rf discharge and modified by the space charge of the mobile ionic defects is hypothesized. The origin of the voltage across the oxide is discussed in terms of a balance between the transport of negatively charged O ions and transport of electron holes created by ion neutralization of positive ions from the plasma. This model is developed analytically and evaluated numerically by employing the continuum limit of hopping transport equations valid for the very-high-field limit. A three parameter fit gives excellent agreement of the theory with the published data of Greiner for the rf oxidation of lead. The fitting parameters are the voltage across the oxide film, the ionic diffusivity, and the rate at which the oxide is removed by sputtering. The resulting parameter values are shown to be in reasonable accord with available experimental data. Parametric curves are presented to illustrate the dependence of the kinetics on the various microscopic parameters. The dependence of the limiting thickness on the primary parameters is likewise presented. It is shown that the growth rate may be significantly retarded by high levels of space charge in the oxide.