gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasmablast in the pathology of multiple sclerosis (2015)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease targeting oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system and involves heterogeneous pathology that yields considerable nonresponders to the first line therapy interferon (IFN)-β. However, determinants for this clinical efficacy have not been elucidated. Interestingly, an MS-like autoimmune disease neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is exclusively resistant to this therapy and mediated by IL-6-dependnet PBs via producing a disease-specific autoantibody against aquaporin 4 (AQP4) on astrocyte. Therefore, we assumed that IFN-β-nonresponsive patients with MS may have the similar B-cell abnormality and found an expansion of circulating PBs in these nonresponders. In addition, these PBs exhibited an IL-6-dependent survival in vitro like those in NMO. Clinical features of such "PB-high" patients were consistent with antoantibody-mediated pathology. Thus, we are administering anti-IL-6 receptor blocking antibody tocilizumab to these intractable patients with MS to achieve precision medicine for MS.
The Bax Subfamily of Bcl2-Related Proteins Is Essential for Apoptotic Signal Transduction by c-Jun NH 2 -Terminal Kinase (2002)

Targeted gene disruption studies have established that the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is required for stress-induced release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and apoptosis. Here we demonstrate that activated JNK is sufficient to induce rapid cytochrome c release and apoptosis. However, activated JNK fails to cause death in cells deficient of members of the Bax subfamily of proapoptotic Bcl2-related proteins. Furthermore, exposure to stress fails to activate Bax, cause cytochrome c release, and induce death in JNK-deficient cells. These data demonstrate that proapoptotic members of the Bax protein subfamily are essential for JNK-dependent apoptosis.
A phase I study of oxidized raffinose cross-linked human hemoglobin (2000)

Oxidized-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin, Hemolink, at doses < or =0.6 g/kg were well tolerated in healthy volunteers with no evidence of organ dysfunction. Further investigation of its potential use in surgical and trauma settings appears warranted.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Reverses Hepatic Steatosis, Increases Energy Expenditure, and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Diet-Induced Obese Mice (2008)

FGF21 corrects multiple metabolic disorders in DIO mice and has the potential to become a powerful therapeutic to treat hepatic steatosis, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
Emergence of Multiple Xylitol-resistant (Fructose PTS-) Mutants from Human Isolates of Mutans Streptococci during Growth on Dietary Sugars in the Presence of Xylitol (1996)

The growth inhibition of mutans streptococci is one of the proposed mechanisms of action of xylitol, a caries-preventive natural carbohydrate sweetener. Xylitol is taken up and accumulated as non-metabolizable, toxic xylitol phosphate via a constitutive fructose PTS, and selects, during in vitro growth at the expense of glucose, for natural xylitol-resistant mutants that lack constitutive fructose PTS activity. Since long-term xylitol consumption leads to the emergence of xylitol-resistant mutans populations in humans in an oral environment containing sugars of dietary origin, we wanted to test the hypothesis that xylitol-resistant cells could be selected from mutans streptococci strains during in vitro growth on fructose, sucrose, or lactose. Three laboratory strains and three fresh mutans streptococcal isolates were repeatedly transferred in trypticase-yeast extract medium supplemented with glucose, fructose, sucrose, or lactose in the presence and absence of xylitol. Depending on the growth sugar, the presence of xylitol resulted in the selection of xylitol-resistant populations for several of the six strains tested, but not necessarily in the presence of all four sugars. All six strains rapidly became xylitol-resistant when grown on glucose in the presence of xylitol. All three fresh isolates became xylitol-resistant after 9 to 16 transfers in the presence of fructose or sucrose plus xylitol, while none of the laboratory strains became xylitol-resistant after 16 transfers in the presence of these sugars. The growth rates of 12 xylitol-resistant mutants in the presence of eight sugars suggested the existence of various types of xylitol-resistant mutants. The data partially explain the occurrence of xylitol-resistant mutans populations in long-term xylitol consumers and suggest a mechanism consistent with a selection process. Since various preliminary results suggest that xylitol-resistant natural mutants may be less virulent and less cariogenic than their parent strains, this selection process may alter, for the better, the mutans streptococci population of the plaque and play a role in the caries-preventive action of xylitol.
Correcting a Fundamental Flaw in the Paradigm for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2017)

The emergence and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are an increasing cause of death worldwide, resulting in a global 'call to action' to avoid receding into an era lacking effective antibiotics. Despite the urgency, the healthcare industry still relies on a single in vitro bioassay to determine antibiotic efficacy. This assay fails to incorporate environmental factors normally present during host-pathogen interactions in vivo that significantly impact antibiotic efficacy. Here we report that standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) failed to detect antibiotics that are in fact effective in vivo; and frequently identified antibiotics that were instead ineffective as further confirmed in mouse models of infection and sepsis. Notably, AST performed in media mimicking host environments succeeded in identifying specific antibiotics that were effective in bacterial clearance and host survival, even though these same antibiotics failed in results using standard test media. Similarly, our revised media further identified antibiotics that were ineffective in vivo despite passing the AST standard for clinical use. Supplementation of AST medium with sodium bicarbonate, an abundant in vivo molecule that stimulates global changes in bacterial structure and gene expression, was found to be an important factor improving the predictive value of AST in the assignment of appropriate therapy. These findings have the potential to improve the means by which antibiotics are developed, tested, and prescribed.
Ketamine and transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for bipolar II disorder: a case report (2015)

We provide preliminary evidence for a treatment method that magnifies the therapeutic benefits of infused ketamine along with transcranial magnetic stimulation. We postulate that this may be based on an interaction at the level of the relevant cortico-thalamo-cortical circuit(s).
Robust microphone array signal processing against diffuse noise (2012)

We consider the general problem of microphone array signal processing in diffuse noise environments. This has various applications epitomized by speech enhancement and robust Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) for microphone arrays. Diffuse noise arriving from almost all directions is often encountered in the real world, and has been one of the major obstacles against successful application of existing noise suppression and Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) estimation techniques. We operate in the time-frequency domain, where signal and noise are assumed to be zero-mean Gaussian and modeled by their respective covariance matrices. Firstly, we introduce a general linear subspace model of the noise covariance matrix that extends three state-of-the-art models, and introduce a fourth more flexible real-valued noise covariance model. We experimentally assess the fit of each model to real-world noise. Secondly, we apply this general model to the task of diffuse noise suppression with a known target steering vector. In the state-of-the-art Wiener post-filtering approach, it is essential to accurately estimate the target power spectrogram. We propose a unified estimation framework applicable to the general noise model, which is based on projecting the observed covariance matrix onto the orthogonal complement of the noise model subspace. Ideally, this projection is noise-free, and enables accurate estimation of the target power spectrogram. The proposed framework for noise suppression is assessed through experiments with realworld noise. Thirdly, we address the task of DOA estimation of multiple sources. The performance of the state-of-the-art MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm is known to degrade in the presence of diffuse noise. In order to mitigate this effect, we estimate the signal covariance matrix and subsequently apply MUSIC to it. The estimation relies on the abovementioned noise-free component of the observed covariance matrix and on the reconstruction of the remaining component belonging to the noise subspace. We design two alternative algorithms based on low-rank matrix completion and trace-norm minimization that exploit the low-rankness and the positive semidefiniteness of the signal covariance matrix. The performance of the proposed method with each noise model was compared using a large database we created. Finally, we present a unified framework applicable to the general noise model for diffuse noise suppression with an unknown target steering vector. This is important for effective noise suppression in the real-world, because the steering vector is usually not accurately known in practice. We jointly estimate the target steering vector and the target power spectrogram for designing the beamformer and the Wiener post-filter. The estimation is based on rank-1 completion and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The proposed framework is shown to enable more effective noise suppression improving the SNR by about 7dB, compared to the state-of-the-art Independent Vector Analysis (IVA).
Production of recombinant sarcotoxin IA in Bombyx mori cells (1990)

A cDNA for sarcotoxin IA, an antibacterial protein of Sarcophaga peregrina (fleshfly), was inserted into a silkworm baculovirus vector and expressed in Bm-N cells, a line of Bombyx mori cells. When a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonic acid, was present in the culture medium, a significant amount of recombinant sarcotoxin IA accumulated, but without this reagent the product seemed to be degraded in this system. The C-terminus of the recombinant sarcotoxin IA seemed to be glycine, not amidated arginine as found in authentic sarcotoxin IA. Probably, Bm-N cells lack the C-terminal alpha-amidation enzyme.
New approach to optical diffraction tomography yielding a vector equation of diffraction tomography and a novel tomographic microscope (2002)

We first obtain a frequency-space equation of diffraction tomography for the electric field vector, within the first-order Born approximation, using a simplified formalism resulting from using three-dimensional spatial frequencies and replacing outgoing waves by linear combinations of homogeneous plane waves. A coherent optical diffraction tomographic microscope is then described, in which a sample is successively illuminated by a series of plane waves having different directions, each scattered wave is recorded by phase-shifting interferometry, and the object is then reconstructed from these recorded waves. The measurement process in this device is analysed taking into account the illuminating wave, the wave scattered by the sample, the reference wave, and the phase relations between these waves. This analysis yields appropriate equations that take into account the characteristics of the reference wave and compensate random phase shifts. It makes it possible to obtain a high-resolution three-dimensional frequency representation in full conformity with theory. The experimentally obtained representations show index and absorptivity with a resolution limit of about a quarter of a wavelength, and have a depth of field of about 40 microm.
Cyanochromes Are Blue/Green Light Photoreversible Photoreceptors Defined by a Stable Double Cysteine Linkage to a Phycoviolobilin-type Chromophore (2009)

Phytochromes are a collection of bilin-containing photoreceptors that regulate a diverse array of processes in microorganisms and plants through photoconversion between two stable states, a red light-absorbing Pr form, and a far red light-absorbing Pfr form. Recently, a novel set of phytochrome-like chromoproteins was discovered in cyanobacteria, designated here as cyanochromes, that instead photoconvert between stable blue and green light-absorbing forms Pb and Pg, respectively. Here, we show that the distinctive absorption properties of cyanochromes are facilitated through the binding of phycocyanobilin via two stable cysteine-based thioether linkages within the cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenyl cyclase/FhlA domain. Absorption, resonance Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and molecular modeling of the Te-PixJ GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenyl cyclase/FhlA) domain assembled with phycocyanobilin are consistent with attachments to the C3(1) carbon of the ethylidene side chain and the C4 or C5 carbons in the A-B methine bridge to generate a double thioether-linked phycoviolobilin-type chromophore. These spectroscopic methods combined with NMR data show that the bilin is fully protonated in the Pb and Pg states and that numerous conformation changes occur during Pb --> Pg photoconversion. Also identified were a number of photochromically inactive mutants with strong yellow or red fluorescence that may be useful for fluorescence-based cell biological assays. Phylogenetic analyses detected cyanochromes capable of different signaling outputs in a wide range of cyanobacterial species. One unusual case is the Synechocystis cyanochrome Etr1 that also binds ethylene, suggesting that it works as a hybrid receptor to simultaneously integrate light and hormone signals.
RF magnetic field penetration, phase shift and power dissipation in biological tissue: implications for NMR imaging (1978)

The magnetic field penetration, phase shift and power deposition in planar and cylindrical models of biological tissue exposed to a sinusoidal time-dependent magnetic field have been investigated theoretically over the frequency range 1 to 100 MHz. The results are based on measurements of the relative permittivity and resistivity dispersions of a variety of freshly excised rat tissue at 37 and 25 degrees C, and are analysed in terms of their implications for human body nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. The results indicate that at NMR operating frequencies much greater than about 30 MHz, magnetic field amplitude and phase variations experienced by the nuclei may cause serious distortions in an image of a human torso. The maximum power deposition envisaged during an NMR imaging experiment on a human torso is likely to be comparable to existing long-term safe exposure levels, and will depend ultimately on the imaging technique and NMR frequency employed.
Pattern recognition in the automatic inspection of aluminium castings (2003)

∑ Image Formation: The images are obtained by X-ray irradiation of the test-piece. The X-rays are then converted to a visible image by means of an image amplifier or a flat-panel detector that are sensitive to X-rays. The sensor is bi-dimensional (or unidimensional in motion) in order to capture the two dimensions of the image. An A/D converter turns the electrical signal into binary code that can be interpreted by a computer to form a digital image of the study object. ∑ Pre-processing: This stage is devoted to improving the quality of the image in order to better recognise flaws. Some of the techniques used in this stage are elimination of noise by means of digital filters or integration, improvement of contrast, and restoration. ∑ Segmentation: The segmentation process divides the digital image into disjoint regions with the purpose of separating the parts of interest from the rest of the scene. Over the last few decades, diverse segmentation techniques have been developed. These can largely be divided into three groups: pixel, edge and region orientated techniques. The present investigation uses the segmentation process oriented towards the detection of edges by employing the LoG filter (Mery and Filbert, 2002b). As can be seen in Figure 2, this technique searches for changes in the grey values of the image (edges), thus identifying zones delimited by edges that indicate flaws. ∑ Feature extraction: In the inspection of cast pieces, segmentation detects regions that are denominated as ‘hypothetical defects’, which may be flaws or structural features of the object. Subsequently the feature extraction is centred principally around
Der zionistische Kampf gegen die britische Mandatsmacht (1996)

Erst am 1. Januar 1944, als sich die Niederlage Hitler-Deutschlands bereits abzeichnete, erkl&#228;rte Etzel-Kommandant Menachem Begin den &#8222;Aufstand&#8220;, die &#8222;Revolte&#8220;, gegen die britische Mandatsmacht in Pal&#228;stina.
Dendritic cell-based therapy in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (2009)

Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy is a clinical reality. Despite two decades of considerable data demonstrating the feasibility of using DCs to prolong transplant allograft survival and to prevent autoimmunity, only now are these cells entering clinical trials in humans. Type 1 diabetes is the first autoimmune disorder to be targeted for treatment in humans using autologous-engineered DCs. This review will highlight the role of DCs in autoimmunity and the manner in which they have been engineered to treat these disorders in rodent models, either via the induction of immune hyporesponsiveness, which may be cell- and/or antigen-specific, or indirectly by upregulation of other immune cell networks.
Don't Stop Me Now! (2008)

Abstract Verschiedene Krankheiten, wie Duchenne'sche Muskeldystrophie aber auch die im vorherigen Beitrag erwähnte Cystische Fibrose können durch einen Mutationstyp verursacht werden, der zu einem frühzeitigen Abbruch der Proteinsynthese führt. Ein neuer Wirkstoff mit dem Kürzel PTC124 könnte bei allen diesen verschiedenen Krankheiten abhilfe leisten.
Use of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in an Eight‐Month‐Old Infant with Ventricular Fibrillation Arising from a Myocardial Fibroma (1999)

We report our experience with use of a ICD in a 7-month-old infant who presented with VF. We utilized an epicardial patch and active generator in the abdomen. Development of mediastinitis required explantation and eventual replacement with a subcutaneous patch and active generator in the abdomen.
Lysine-induced premature transcription termination in the lysC operon of Bacillus subtilis (1996)

The expression of the Bacillus subtilis lysC operon, which encodes the first specific enzyme of lysine biosynthesis, is controlled by the availability of the end product, lysine. The question of whether lysine exerts its control by inducing premature termination of transcription was addressed using Northern blot analysis. Whereas lys-C-specific RNA from lysine-starved B. subtilis consisted primarily of the expected full-length mRNA (1.6 kb), that from bacteria grown with an excess of lysine consisted of a truncated 0.27 kb RNA in place of the full-length 1.6 kb transcript. On the other hand, a B. subtilis aecA mutant, in which the lysC operon was derepressed owing to a single nucleotide substitution in the region corresponding to the lysC leader transcript, produced full-length lysC mRNA, but no 0.27 kb RNA, even during growth with excess lysine. Mapping of the truncated 0.27 kb lysC RNA by hybridization with oligonucleotide probes showed that it corresponded to the upstream portion of the lysC leader transcript, extending from the transcription initiation site to a putative rho-independent terminator element. Quantitative transcript analysis by hybridization with specific oligonucleotides showed that lysine did not affect the number of lysC-specific RNA molecules but promoted the stoichiometric replacement of full-length mRNA with truncated 0.27 kb molecules. These results indicate that lysine regulates the expression of the lysC operon by effecting the premature termination of transcription at a rho-independent terminator site in the lysC leader region and that the site of the aecA mutation, far upstream of the putative terminator element, must play an essential role in premature transcription termination by a mechanism which is not yet understood.
Lymphocyte cooperation is required for amplification of macrophage procoagulant activity. (1980)

Murine splenic lymphoid cells have been shown to possess basal procoagulant activity. This activity was localized to most macrophages by assay of cell populations, as well as by a direct plaque assay that permitted identification of expressed procoagulant activity of individual viable cells as well as content. Both content and viable expression of procoagulant activity was markedly increased by exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide, reaching a maximum after 6 h. The quantitative increase in procoagulant activity content and viable expression was limited to the macrophage population. Separated populations of lymphocytes or macrophages could not be stimulated by lipopolysaccharide to increase procoagulant activity, whereas the addition of lymphocytes to macrophages at a 3-4:1 ratio maximally reconstituted the amplification of procoagulant activity. Further evidence of cellular collaboration followed from observation that only lymphocytes that had been exposed to lipopolysaccharide were capable of triggering the increase in macrophage procoagulant activity. This appears to represent a new form of lymphocyte-macrophage cooperation in an effector pathway that may participate in some forms of immunologic responses and contribute to the phenotypic features of certain immunologic tissue lesions.