gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Retroviral-mediated gene transfer in human bone marrow cells growth in continuous perfusion culture vessels. (1995)

Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy holds the promise of being able to treat a variety of inherited and acquired diseases of the hematopoietic stem cell. However, to date, genetic modification of the human hematopoietic stem cell has been relatively inefficient. Here, we report the results of using a bioreactor system to expand hematopoietic cells after a brief retrovirus infection using a high titer, replication defective virus encoding for murine CD18. The retrovirus transduced culture continued to produce genetically modified hematopoietic progenitors for up to 6 weeks, the duration of the culture period. Up to one-third of the long-term culture initiating cell (LTC-IC) are genetically modified by the culture conditions. Murine CD18 can be expressed on the cell surface of up to 20% of the mature cells generated by the culture system, suggesting that clinically significant levels of gene transfer may be occurring. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using continuous perfusion bioreactors as a method of efficiently modifying human hematopoietic stem cells.
Learning to be a Doctor: Medical Educators Talk about the Hidden Curriculum in Medical Education (2005)

Background: Much of what medical students learn about being a doctor occurs not within the formal curriculum, but within informal and hidden curricula embedded within the institutional setting of the medical school/ teaching hospital. Although the effects of the hidden curriculum can be identified, its processes are much more difficult to identify. While curricular innovations have been implemented in many medical schools, there is concern that these will be undermined by the hidden curriculum. Method: Interviews were conducted with a purposively selected sample of clinical educators. Results: The interviews revealed several areas of concern associated with the processes of the hidden curriculum within medical education. These included the cultural environment of the medical school, pedagogical practices in medical education, role modeling by clinical staff and teachers, and processes of professional socialisation. Conclusions: While attention is often paid to the negative effects of the hidden curriculum, our findings suggest that the hidden curriculum can also have positive effects. The undeclared, informal, and hidden curriculum needs to be brought to a level of conscious awareness by all those involved in medical education. In making the hidden curriculum explicit, the negative aspects can be examined and acted upon, while the positive aspects can be harnessed toward improving medical education, ultimately resulting in improved professional standards and better care for patients.
Divalent Forms of CC49 Single-Chain Antibody Constructs in Pic) pastoris: Expression, Purification, and Characterization (2000)

Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are tumor-recognition units that hold enormous potential in antibody-based therapeutics. Their clinical applications, however, require the large scale production and purification of biologically active recombinant scFvs. In the present study, we engineered and expressed divalent non-covalent [(scFv)(2)-His(6)] and covalent [sc(Fv)(2)-His(6)] scFvs of a tumor-associated monoclonal antibody (MAb) CC49 in Pichia pastoris. The purity and immunoreactivity of the scFvs were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and competitive ELISA. The binding affinity constant (K(A)), determined by surface plasmon resonance analysis using BIAcore, was 4.28 x 10(7), 2.75 x 10(7), and 1.14 x 10(8) M(-1) for (scFv)(2)-His(6), sc(Fv)(2)-His(6), and CC49 IgG, respectively. The expression of scFvs in P. pastoris was 30 to 40-fold higher than in Escherichia coli. Biodistribution studies in athymic mice bearing LS-174T human colon carcinoma xenografts showed equivalent tumor-targeting of CC49 dimers generated in yeast (scFv)(2)-His(6) and bacteria (scFv)(2) with 12.52% injected dose/gram (%ID/g) and 11. 42%ID/g, respectively, at 6 h post-injection. Interestingly, the pharmacokinetic pattern of dimeric scFvs in xenografted mice exhibited a slower clearance of His-tagged scFvs from the blood pool than scFvs lacking the His-tag (0.1 >/= p >/= 0.05). In conclusion, improved yields of divalent scFvs were achieved using the P. pastoris expression/secretion system. The in vitro and in vivo properties of these scFvs suggest possible therapeutic applications.
Generation of Hydrophilic Poly(dimethylsiloxane) for High-Performance Microchip Electrophoresis (2006)

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) has become one of the most widely used materials for microchip capillary electrophoresis and microfluidics. The popularity of this material is the result of its low cost, simple fabrication, and rugged elastomeric properties. The hydrophobic nature of PDMS, however, limits its applicability for microchip CE, microfluidic patterning, and other nonelectrophoresis applications. The surface of PDMS can be made hydrophilic using a simple air plasma treatment; however, this property is quickly lost through hydrophobic recovery caused by diffusion of unreacted oligomer to the surface. Here, a simple approach for the generation of hydrophilic PDMS with long-term stability in air is presented. PDMS is rendered hydrophilic through a simple two-step extraction/oxidation process. First, PDMS is extracted in a series of solvents designed to remove unreacted oligomers from the bulk phase. Second, the oligomer-free PDMS is oxidized in a simple air plasma, generating a stable layer of hydrophilic SiO2. The conversion of surface-bound siloxane to SiO2 was followed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. SiO2 on extracted-oxidized PDMS was stable for 7 days in air as compared to less than 3 h for native PDMS. Furthermore, the contact angle for modified PDMS was reduced to <40 degrees and remained low throughout the experiments. As a result of the decreased contact angle, capillary channels self-wet through capillary action, making the microchannels much easier to fill. Finally, the modification significantly improved the performance of the devices for microchip electrophoresis. The electroosmotic flow increased from 4.1 x 10(-4) to 6.8 x 10(-4) cm(2)/V.s for native compared to oxidized PDMS. Separation efficiencies for electrochemical detection also increased from 50 000 to 400 000 N/m for a 1.1-nL injection volume. The result of this modification is a significant improvement in the performance of PDMS for microchip electrophoresis and microfluidic applications.
Therapeutic use of mesenchymal stem cell–derived extracellular vesicles in acute lung injury (2018)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a major cause of respiratory failure in critically ill patients. Despite extensive research into its pathophysiology, mortality remains high. No effective pharmacotherapy exists. Based largely on numerous preclinical animal studies, administration of mesenchymal stem or stromal cell (MSC) as a therapeutic for acute lung injury (ALI) holds great promise, and Phase I and II clinical trials are currently under way internationally. However, concern for the use of stem cells, specifically the risk of iatrogenic tumor formation, as well as the prohibitive cost of production, storage, and distribution of cells in bone marrow transplant facilities, may limit access to this lifesaving therapy. Accumulating evidence now suggest that novel stem cell-derived therapies, including MSC-conditioned medium and extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from MSCs, might constitute compelling alternatives. The current review summarizes the preclinical studies testing MSC EVs as treatment for ALI and other inflammatory lung diseases. While certain logistic obstacles limit the clinical applications of MSC-conditioned medium such as the volume required for treatment and lack of standardization of what constitutes the components of conditioned medium, the therapeutic application of MSC EVs remains promising, primarily due to ability of EVs to maintain the functional phenotype of the parent cell. However, utilization of MSC EVs will require large-scale production and standardization concerning identification, characterization, and quantification.
n‐3 fatty acids and lipoproteins: Comparison of results from human and animal studies (1996)

The impact of n-3 fatty acids (FA) on blood lipoprotein levels has been examined in many studies over the last 15 yr in both animals and humans. Studies in humans first demonstrated the potent triglyceride-lowering effect of n-3 FA, and these were followed up with animal studies to unravel the mechanism of action. This paper reviews the reported effects of n-3 FA on blood lipoproteins in 72 placebo-controlled human trials, at least 2 wk in length and providing 7 or less g of n-3 FA/day. Trials in normolipidemic subjects (triglycerides < 2.0 mM; 177 mg/dL) were compared to those in hypertriglyceridemic patients (triglycerides > or = 2.0 mM). In the healthy subjects, mean triglyceride levels decreased by 25% (P < 0.0001), and total cholesterol (C) levels increased by 2% (P < 0.009) due to the combined increases in low density lipoprotein (LDL)-C (4%, P < 0.02) and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-C (3%, P < 0.008). In the patients, triglyceride levels decreased by 28% (P < 0.0001), LDL-C rose by 7% (P < 0.0001), but neither total C nor HDL-C changed significantly. Although the effect on triglyceride levels is also observed in rats and swine, it is rarely seen in mice, rabbits, monkeys, dogs, and hamsters. Whereas n-3 FA have only a minor impact on lipoprotein C levels in humans, they often markedly lower both total C and HDL-C levels in animals, especially monkeys. These differences are not widely appreciated and must be taken into account when studying the effects of n-3 FA on lipoprotein metabolism.
Osteoarthritis, angiogenesis and inflammation (2004)

Angiogenesis and inflammation are closely integrated processes in osteoarthritis (OA) and may affect disease progression and pain. Inflammation can stimulate angiogenesis, and angiogenesis can facilitate inflammation. Angiogenesis can also promote chondrocyte hypertrophy and endochondral ossification, contributing to radiographic changes in the joint. Inflammation sensitizes nerves, leading to increased pain. Innervation can also accompany vascularization of the articular cartilage, where compressive forces and hypoxia may stimulate these new nerves, causing pain even after inflammation has subsided. Inhibition of inflammation and angiogenesis may provide effective therapeutics for the treatment of OA by improving symptoms and retarding joint damage. This review aims to summarize (i) the evidence that angiogenesis and inflammation play an important role in the pathophysiology of OA and (ii) possible directions for future research into therapeutics that could effectively treat this disease.
Lamennais lecteur de Rousseau: la question de la vérité (1986)

Résumé Dans cette étude, nous avons essayé de mettre au jour la logique de la démarche de Lamennais critique de la Profession de foi du Vicaire savoyard , dans la première partie de l' Essai sur l'indifférence . Selon lui, le déisme, à quoi se réduit la pensée religieuse de Rousseau, en vertu de ses présupposés mêmes, se détruit comme religion et conduit à l'athéisme. Ce qui est au coeur du débat, c'est la question de la priorité soit du pratique soit du spéculatif ; celle des conditions d'intelligibilité du phénomène religieux ; celle de l'oeecuménicité de la vérité. L'examen de la pertinence de la critique mennaisienne nous a amené à une analyse serrée des textes essentiels de la Profession de foi , qui sont aussi ceux dont l'interprétation pose le plus de difficultés. Lamennais définit l'erreur comme un écart par rapport aux énoncés particuliers à la dogmatique catholique ; pour Rousseau, il n'y a d'erreur que dans l'ordre d'une pensée de mauvaise foi. Sur le plan strict du théologique, nulle erreur n'est vraiment nuisible, nulle vérité n'étant, dans cet ordre-là, assurée. Nous avons posé, à notre tour, le problème du cartésianisme de Rousseau, à propos de la question des modalités de la connaissance à laquelle l'homme accède de Dieu. Selon Lamennais, la logique implicite de la démonstration rousseauiste de l'existence de Dieu conduit le Vicaire à proclamer le caractère incompréhensible de Dieu en tant qu'être. Nous avons ensuite examiné quels étaient, chez Rousseau, les rôles respectifs de la raison et de la conscience, dans l'énonciation de la vérité ; cerné les raisons qui ont conduit Lamennais à conclure à l'incohérence d'une pensée oscillant de l'exaltation à la dépréciation de la raison et rendant la conscience tributaire d'une raison qu'en même temps elle dénonce comme incertaine et trompeuse. Enfin, Lamennais a cru pouvoir lire, dans certains textes de la Profession de foi , la condamnation, prononcée par Rousseau lui-même, de la religion naturelle. En fait, pour Rousseau, l'insuffisance (entendons : spéculative) de la religion naturelle est nécessaire, découlant de là nature même de l'objet de toute religion.
Miniaturized Electrospraying as a Technique for the Production of Microarrays of Reproducible Micrometer-Sized Protein Spots (2001)

Electrospraying in a stable cone-jet mode at <400 microm above a substrate is shown to be a powerful technique to produce arrays of identical micrometer-sized spots consisting of biologically active substances. Aqueous solutions with a surface tension of 0.04 N m(-1) and conductivities ranging from 0.04 to 2.2 S m(-1) were sprayed at ultralow flow rates ranging from 100 to 300 pL s(-1). The charged jet that emanates from the cone tip breaks up into a spray of charged droplets that are deposited in the form of a uniform spot of 130-350 microm in diameter by spraying during 0.5-3 s at 220-400 microm above a substrate, respectively. After a spot was deposited, spraying was stopped instantaneously by increasing the distance between the capillary tip and the substrate by an additional 100 microm using a computer-controlled x-y-z table. This was immediately followed by a rapid shift of the substrate 400 microm sideways and 100 microm upward, thus causing spraying to resume instantaneously because of the increased electric field strength, which resulted in the deposition of the next spot. It is shown here that spraying of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P-DH), and pyruvate kinase (PK) on a liquid layer resulted in the complete preservation of their activities despite the high solution conductivity of 3.3 S m(-1) and high currents ranging from 300 to 500 nA. LDH and PK activities were fully preserved after spraying onto dry aluminum by adding 0.05 M buffer and 0.5 and 1 wt % of trehalose, respectively, to the spray solutions. Electrospraying allows for accurate dispensing of liquid volumes as small as 50 pL. Enzymatic activities of LDH and PK are fully preserved after spraying.
Bioinspired Electrospun Knotted Microfibers for Fog Harvesting (2012)

Tying the knot: Knotted microfibers with fog collection abilities (see picture) are fabricated by a facile coaxial electrospinning method. This method is promising for rapid, large-area, and low-cost production of fabric materials that could be used to relieve drought in arid areas. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Test vector decompression via cyclical scan chains and its application to testing core-based designs (2002)

A novel test vector compression/decompression technique is proposed for reducing the amount of test data that must be stored on a tester and transferred to each core when testing a core-based design. A small amount of on-chip circuitry is used to reduce both the test storage and test time required for testing a core-based design. The fully specified test vectors provided by the core vendor are stored in compressed form in the tester memory and transferred to the chip where they are decompressed and applied to the core (the compression is lossless). Instead of having to transfer each entire test vector from the tester to the core, a smaller amount of compressed data is transferred instead. This reduces the amount of test data that must be stored on the tester and hence reduces the total amount of test time required for transferring the data with a given test data bandwidth.
Impact of drops of polymer solutions on small targets (2003)

The collision of drops of polymer solutions with small targets was studied experimentally. The tested liquids were aqueous solutions of polyethylene oxide (MW=4 000 000) at concentrations of 10, 100, 1000 wt ppm. The drop impact velocity was about 3.5 m/s, and the drop diameters were in the range of 2.6–3.8 mm. The target was a stainless steel disk of 3.9 mm diameter. The collision was monitored by means of high-speed photography technique. As in the case of pure water, a circular liquid lamella was formed, and then it retracted with formation of outwards-directed secondary jets. There was no significant difference between the values of the maximum diameter and the retraction velocity of the lamella in the cases of water and polymeric liquids. On the contrary, the polymeric additives drastically changed the character of the lamella retraction. The secondary jets were transformed into thinning filaments submitted to elastic stresses with an attached droplet. Then, depending on the polymer concentration, the filaments ruptured and the attached droplets escaped, or the liquid filaments pulled the attached droplets back and the whole liquid returned to the target. A splashing threshold has been derived for polymeric liquids based on the liquid relaxation time and the impact conditions.
NaKA sorbents with high CO2-over-N2 selectivity and high capacity to adsorb CO2 (2010)

The uptake of carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas by zeolite NaKA was studied. A very high ideal CO(2)-over-N(2) selectivity and a high CO(2) capacity were observed at an optimal K(+) content of 17 at.%. NaKA is a very promising adsorbent for CO(2) separation from water-free flue gases.
Using color for geometry-insensitive segmentation (1989)

Physical models indicate that, in general, reflectance is a complicated function of wavelength and geometry. An analysis of general reflectance models, however, shows that approximate reflectance models exist that preserve much of the structure of the more-detailed models. In particular, I show from general models that Shafer’s dichromatic reflection model [ Color Res. Appl.10, 210 ( 1985)] is a reasonable approximation for a large class of inhomogeneous dielectrics. I also show that a unichromatic reflection model is a useful approximation for metals. The approximate color-reflectance model is the basis for two algorithms that use color information. The first algorithm uses normalized color to classify surfaces according to material composition and is insensitive to geometrical variation in the scene. The second algorithm is used to identify metal and dielectric materials from their images. Experimental results are presented.
Transgenic plants : a production system for industrial and pharmaceutical proteins (1996)

Partial table of contents: FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS IN PLANTS. Expression in Plants. The Production of Recombinant Glycoproteins with Defined Non-Immunogenic Glycans. Downstream Processing of Proteins from Transgenic Plants. Comparison of Host Systems for the Production of Recombinant Proteins. Transgene Stability. EXAMPLES. Industrial Enzymes. Pharmaceutical Proteins. COMMERCIALIZATION. Patents and Biotechnology. Commercialization of Phytase-Containing Seed. Index.
Randomized Trial of Estrogen Plus Progestin for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women (1998)

During an average follow-up of 4.1 years, treatment with oral conjugated equine estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate did not reduce the overall rate of CHD events in postmenopausal women with established coronary disease. The treatment did increase the rate of thromboembolic events and gallbladder disease. Based on the finding of no overall cardiovascular benefit and a pattern of early increase in risk of CHD events, we do not recommend starting this treatment for the purpose of secondary prevention of CHD. However, given the favorable pattern of CHD events after several years of therapy, it could be appropriate for women already receiving this treatment to continue.
Total Synthesis of Cyclomarin C (2004)

The total synthesis of cyclomarin C was accomplished through a convergent strategy from a tetrapeptide fragment and a tripeptide one. The developed methods to prepare the needed noncoded amino acids, the proper protection of peptide fragments, and identification of the optimum macrocylization site can be applied to further synthetic studies on other members of cyclomarins. [structure: see text]
Selective Double Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions. Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Diaryl (or Heteroaryl) Methanes. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The selectins : initiators of leukocyte endothelial adhesion (1997)

The selectins are the most recently discovered, and the smallest family of cell adhesion molecules. They not only mediate lymphocyte homing but their binding reaction also forms the first step in the entry of leukocytes to inflamed tissues. The inflammatory response is crucial in the host's defence against infectious micro-organisms, but can go drastically wrong, damaging host tissues in an acute reaction. Carbohydrate based selectin antagonists, as well as anti-selectin antibodies have been successfully used to combat this reaction in various animal models.Summarizing the present knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of selectin mediated cell adhesion, this volume forms an indispensable review of an important area of research. Its in-depth handling of the consequences of this research for various physiological and pathophysiological processes will also be vital to the clinician specialising in inflammatory disorders.
Gas Transport Characteristics through a Carbon Nanotubule (2003)

We report the first determination of the slip coefficient for tubular carbon structures that have been produced by chemical vapor deposition on a porous alumina substrate with nominal pore diameters of 200 nm. A uniform 20−30 nm thick carbonaceous coating was formed over the pores. The permeability of the porous alumina was then measured using a pressure/flow apparatus. A finite element code with adjustable slip boundary conditions was used to model transport through the alumina. In the absence of a carbonaceous material, transport was well described by diffuse reflection at the wall. When a carbon nanotubule was present, however, a tangential-momentum accommodation coefficient, σv, of 0.52 ± 0.1 was predicted for argon, nitrogen, and oxygen.