gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Centimeter-Wave Concept for 5G Ultra-Dense Small Cells (2014)

Ultra-dense small cells are foreseen to play an essential role in the 5th generation (5G) of mobile radio access technology, which will be operating over different bands with respect to established systems. The natural step for exploring new spectrum is to look into the centimeter-wave bands as well as exploring millimeter-wave bands. This paper presents our vision on the technology components for a 5G centimeter-wave concept for ultra-dense small cells. Fundamental features such as optimized short frame structure, multi-antenna technologies, interference rejection, rank adaptation and dynamic scheduling of uplink/downlink transmission are discussed, along with the design of a novel flexible waveform and energy-saving enablers.
Intradermal Anti‐Loxosceles Fab Fragments Attenuate Dermonecrotic Arachnidism (1999)

Intradermal administration of alphaLoxd Fab attenuates Loxosceles-induced dermonecrotic lesion formation when given up to 4 hours after venom inoculation in this rabbit model.
Multifunctional Core/Shell Nanoparticles Self‐Assembled from pH‐Induced Thermosensitive Polymers for Targeted Intracellular Anticancer Drug Delivery (2007)

Abstract Core/shell nanoparticles that display a pH‐sensitive thermal response, self‐assembled from the amphiphilic tercopolymer, poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide‐ co‐N , N ‐dimethylacrylamide‐ co ‐10‐undecenoic acid) (P(NIPAAm‐ co ‐DMAAm‐ co ‐UA)), have recently been reported. In this study, folic acid is conjugated to the hydrophilic segment of the polymer through the free amine group (for targeting cancer cells that overexpress folate receptors) and cholesterol is grafted to the hydrophobic segment of the polymer. This polymer also self‐assembles into core/shell nanoparticles that exhibit pH‐induced temperature sensitivity, but they possess a more stable hydrophobic core than the original polymer P(NIPAAm‐ co ‐DMAAm‐ co ‐UA) and a shell containing folate molecules. An anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), is encapsulated into the nanoparticles. DOX release is also pH‐dependent. DOX molecules delivered by P(NIPAAm‐ co ‐DMAAm‐ co ‐UA) and folate‐conjugated P(NIPAAm‐ co ‐DMAAm‐ co ‐UA)‐ g ‐cholesterol nanoparticles enter the nucleus more rapidly than those transported by P(NIPAAm‐ co ‐DMAAm)‐ b ‐poly(lactide‐ co ‐glycolide) nanoparticles, which are not pH sensitive. More importantly, these nanoparticles can recognize folate‐receptor‐expressing cancer cells. Compared to the nanoparticles without folate, the DOX‐loaded nanoparticles with folate yield a greater cellular uptake because of the folate‐receptor‐mediated endocytosis process, and, thus, higher cytotoxicity results. These multifunctional polymer core/shell nanoparticles may make a promising carrier to target drugs to cancer cells and release the drug molecules to the cytoplasm inside the cells.
A review of the sirtuin system, its clinical implications, and the potential role of dietary activators like resveratrol: part 2. (2010)

The silent information regulator (SIR) genes (sirtuins) comprise a highly conserved family of proteins, with one or more sirtuins present in virtually all species from bacteria to mammals. In mammals seven sirtuin genes - SIRT1 to SIRT7 - have been identified. Emerging from research on the sirtuins is a growing appreciation that they are a very complicated biological response system that influences many other regulator molecules and pathways in complex manners. Part 1 of this article provided an overview of the mammalian sirtuin system, discussed the dietary, lifestyle, and environmental factors that influence sirtuin activity, and summarized research on the importance of vitamin B3 in supporting sirtuin enzyme activity, as well as the role specifically of the amide form of this vitamin - nicotinamide - to inhibit sirtuin enzyme activity. In Part 2 of this review, clinical situations where sirtuins might play a significant role, including longevity, obesity, fatty liver disease, cardiovascular health, neurological disease, and cancer are discussed. Research on the ability of nutritional substances, especially resveratrol, to influence sirtuin expression and function, and hence alter the courses of some clinical situations, is also reviewed.
Methods for quantifying follicular numbers within the mouse ovary (2004)

Accurate estimation of the number of ovarian follicles at various stages of development is an important indicator of the process of folliculogenesis in relation to the endocrine signals and paracrine/autocrine mechanisms that control the growth and maturation of the oocytes and their supporting follicular cells. There are 10-fold or greater differences in follicular numbers per ovary at similar ages and/or strains reported in earlier studies using various methods, leading to difficulties with interpretation of ovarian function in control vs experimental conditions. This study describes unbiased, assumption-free stereological methods for quantification of early and growing follicular numbers in the mouse ovary. A fractionator approach was used to sample a defined fraction of histological sections of adult wild-type ovaries. Primordial and primary follicles were counted independently with the optical and physical disector methods. The fractionator/disector methods, which are independent of follicular size or shape, gave estimations of 1930 +/- 286 (S.E.M.) and 2227 +/- 101 primordial follicles, and 137 +/- 25 and 265 +/- 32 primary follicles per ovary at 70 and 100 days of age respectively. From exact counts on serial sections, secondary and later follicular numbers at 100 days of age were estimated at 135 per ovary. Remnants of zona pellucidae (a marker of previous follicular atresia) were estimated using a fractionator/physical disector approach and were approximately 500 per ovary. The application of the quantitative methods described will facilitate an improved understanding of follicular dynamics and the factors that mediate their growth and maturation and allow for a better comparison between different studies.
Temperature Jump Rate Studies of Polyborate Formation in Aqueous Boric Acid1 (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTemperature Jump Rate Studies of Polyborate Formation in Aqueous Boric Acid1J. L. Anderson, E. M. Eyring, and M. P. WhittakerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1964, 68, 5, 1128–1132Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100787a027https://doi.org/10.1021/j100787a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views435Altmetric-Citations84LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
A Self-Destroying Polycationic Polymer:  Biodegradable Poly(4-hydroxy-l-proline ester) (1999)

A self-destroying, biodegradable, and polycationic polyester, poly(trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline ester) (PHP ester), was synthesized, and the interaction of the polymer with polyanion DNA was investigated. Degradation of the polymer in aqueous solution was investigated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and by measuring the pH change as carboxylic acids are formed as products of the degradation of the polymer backbone ester bond. It was shown from MALDI-MS data that the polymer degraded to less than half of the intact polymer molecular weight in less than 2 h. But a slower degradation rate after initial rapid degradation (within 1 day) was apparent. A self-destroying mechanism at the initial stage is proposed. The polymer was gradually degraded to near completion in 3 months in an aqueous solution to monomer, hydroxyproline, a major constituent of collagen, which could easily be detected by using MALDI-MS. Although the polymer degraded very quickly in an aqueous solution, it formed stable PHP ester/DNA complexes by electrostatic interaction when the polymer was mixed with the polyanionic DNA solution. The condensation behavior of DNA with the polymer to form self-assembled PHP ester/DNA complexes was characterized by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, dynamic light scattering, ζ potential, and nuclease resistance assay. These results show that PHP ester forms a strong complex with DNA by means of electrostatic interaction. Transfection of β-galactosidase gene into mammalian cell using PHP ester/DNA complexes was successful, showing the possibility of using PHP ester as a biodegradable gene delivery carrier.
Investigation of Q enhancement for inductors processed in BiCMOS technology (2003)

This paper reports the investigation of the quality factor (Q) enhancement approaches for on-chip spiral inductors which can be implemented without modifying standard CMOS/BiCMOS processes. These approaches include multilevel metal cascade, multilevel metal shunt, patterned ground shield, and tapered trace width. To make the comparison consistent, the effective inductance of all inductors is designed to be 5 nH at 1 GHz. This work shows that multilevel metal shunt is the most effective method to increase the Q below 2.3 GHz. The multilevel metal cascade can also improve the Q up to 10% below 3.4 GHz and reduce the inductor area by half. The tapered width inductor has the highest Q above 2.1 GHz, but its equivalent inductance is reduced by 30%. All of these approaches improve the Q by sacrificing the self-resonant frequency, so the single metal spiral inductor is more suitable for the applications above 3.4 GHz.
Novel, Highly Conducting, and Soluble Polymers from Anodic Coupling of Alkyl-Substituted Cyclopentadithiophene Monomers (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNovel, Highly Conducting, and Soluble Polymers from Anodic Coupling of Alkyl-Substituted Cyclopentadithiophene MonomersGianni Zotti, Gilberto Schiavon, Anna Berlin, Giovanni Fontana, and Giorgio PaganiCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 7, 1938–1942Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00085a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00085a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views837Altmetric-Citations84LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Monoclonal antibodies against Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin (STa) and their use in a diagnostic ST ganglioside GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1986)

Seven monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) from a human Escherichia coli isolate were prepared and evaluated for their usefulness in an ST immunodetection assay, the ST ganglioside GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This assay is based on the ability of STa, as present in, for example, culture filtrates from ST-producing E. coli, to inhibit specific anti-ST antibody from binding to solid-phase-bound ST ganglioside (GM1-bound ST-cholera B subunit). Four of the MAbs were of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), one was of IgG2b, and two were of IgM isotype. All the IgG1 MAbs could be completely inhibited by addition of free ST; 0.2 to 0.4 ng of purified ST inhibited binding of these MAbs by 50%. The non-IgG1 MAbs were, in contrast, not inhibited by 200-fold-higher amounts of purified ST, probably because they were directed against linkage epitopes or were of low affinity or both. When the IgG1 MAbs were tested in the ST GM1-ELISA, ST could be detected in culture filtrates from stock human E. coli isolates with 100% sensitivity and specificity. ST in filtrates from fresh stool cultures was demonstrated with higher sensitivity with the MAbs ST GM1-ELISA than with the conventional infant mouse test. Both subtypes of STa, STaI and STaII, could be detected by the ST GM1-ELISA by using either IgG1 MAb in the immunodetection step, whereas infant-mouse-active ST from Yersinia enterocolitica failed to react.
A chemical method for fast and sensitive detection of DNA synthesis in vivo (2008)

We have developed a method to detect DNA synthesis in proliferating cells, based on the incorporation of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and its subsequent detection by a fluorescent azide through a Cu(I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction ("click" chemistry). Detection of the EdU label is highly sensitive and can be accomplished in minutes. The small size of the fluorescent azides used for detection results in a high degree of specimen penetration, allowing the staining of whole-mount preparations of large tissue and organ explants. In contrast to BrdU, the method does not require sample fixation or DNA denaturation and permits good structural preservation. We demonstrate the use of the method in cultured cells and in the intestine and brain of whole animals.
Biocatalysis in Organic Solvents with a Polymer-Bound Horseradish Peroxidase (1989)

This paper describes the preparation of polyethyleneglycol-bound horseradish peroxidase. Coupling with the polymer occurs via the glycolic moiety of the protein after an optimised oxidation process with periodate. Analysis of the modified enzyme shows that three chains of polymer are attached to the protein, which then becomes soluble and active in both chloroform and toluene.
B-cell activating factor receptor deficiency is associated with an adult-onset antibody deficiency syndrome in humans (2009)

B-cell survival depends on signals induced by B-cell activating factor (BAFF) binding to its receptor (BAFF-R). In mice, mutations in BAFF or BAFF-R cause B-cell lymphopenia and antibody deficiency. Analyzing BAFF-R expression and BAFF-binding to B cells in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients, we identified two siblings carrying a homozygous deletion in the BAFF-R gene. Removing most of the BAFF-R transmembrane part, the deletion precludes BAFF-R expression. Without BAFF-R, B-cell development is arrested at the stage of transitional B cells and the numbers of all subsequent B-cell stages are severely reduced. Both siblings have lower IgG and IgM serum levels but, unlike most CVID patients, normal IgA concentrations. They also did not mount a T-independent immune response against pneumococcal cell wall polysaccharides but only one BAFF-R-deficient sibling developed recurrent infections. Therefore, deletion of the BAFF-R gene in humans causes a characteristic immunological phenotype but it does not necessarily lead to a clinically manifest immunodeficiency.
Shiga-like Toxin 1: Molecular Mechanism of Toxicity and Discovery of Inhibitors (2010)

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) such as Shiga-like toxin 1 (SLT-1) halt protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells by depurinating a single adenine base in the sarcin-ricin loop of 28S rRNA. The molecular details involved in the ER lumenal escape and subsequent site-specific depurination are lacking, despite a general understanding of the biochemical basis of SLT-1 toxicity. Using a combination of yeast-2-hybrid and HeLa lysate pull-down followed by LC-MS/MS we have discovered yeast and human proteins that interact with the catalytic A1 chain of SLT-1. Yeast-2-hybrid library screens followed by the expression of full-length protein candidates and pull-down experiments yielded Cue2 as the only yeast cellular component that binds to the SLT-1 A1 chain. Further truncational analysis revealed that the known protein domains (two Cue domains and a Smr domain) within the primary sequence of Cue 2 were not essential for the interaction. Cue2 is a yeast monoubiquitin binding protein of no known function that is structurally homologous to the human ubiquitin-associated domain which has been implicated in intracellular routing and ER-associated degradation. Pull-down experiments indicated that the mechanism by which the catalytic domain of RIPs cleaves its substrate involves initial docking interactions with the ribosomal stalk by virtue of a conserved acidic C-terminal peptide domain common to all three stalk proteins P0, P1, and P2. The A1 chain of SLT-1 transiently binds to this peptide with a modest binding constant and rapid on and off rates. Mutagenesis of charged residues within the A1 chain identified a cationic surface that interacts with the peptide motif. In addition, phage-display was used to rapidly probe the importance of each residue within this C-terminal ribosomal peptide. The analysis revealed a complementary acidic surface and an additional hydrophobic motif involved in the interaction. Moreover, deletion mutagenesis performed on the ribosomal protein P0 revealed that the A1 chain binds to an alternate site on P0 in proximity to the contact sites for P1/P2 heterodimers. These results demonstrate that the catalytic chain of RIPs such as SLT-1 dock on ribosomes using two classes of binding sites located within the ribosomal stalk which may aid in orienting their catalytic domain in close proximity to the depurination site.
Liposomes and Immunoliposomes as Carriers for Cytostatic Drugs, Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents, and Fluorescent Chelates (1992)

Biological and medical applications of liposomes as carriers for cytostatic drugs, magnetic-resonance contrast agents, and fluorescent markers are presented. The cytostatic effects of liposomal preparations of lipophilic derivatives of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), namely N4-oleyl-ara-C (NOAC) and N4-alkyl-ara-C are demonstrated in the mouse Ll210 tumor model. Liposomal drugs were more effective by factors of 2–10 as compared to ara-C administered in aqueous preparations. Synergistic effects of the combination of ara-C and mitoxantrone could be shown, again with significantly increased effects, when the drugs were administered in liposomes. A practical detergent-dialysis method for the preparation of large volumes of sterile liposomes for clinical use is presented. Clinical phase I/II studies of Iiposoma I NOAC and mitoxantrone are currently in progress. Methods of preparation of immunoliposomes, i.e. the coupling of antibodies or antibody subunits to liposome membranes, are discussed' and results of specific immunoliposome – cell binding are presented. Possibilities of increasing the blood circulation times of liposomes by incorporation of lipophilic derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) into the liposome membranes are shown. The successful application of liposomes as carriers of paramagnetic metal complexes as contrast agents in magnetic-resonance imaging for liver and spleen is documented. Finally, the concept of liposomes as carriers for fluorescent Europium chelates as markers for time-resolved flow cytometric applications are presented.
Antioxidant Mechanisms in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2015)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a broad spectrum of histological abnormalities with clinical presentations ranging from hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Some NAFLD patients may progress to cirrhosis and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatic steatosis, the hallmark of NAFLD, is defined by the accumulation of triglycerides (TGs) in more than 5% of the hepatocytes. NASH is characterized by inflammation along with variable degrees of fibrosis in addition to steatosis. NAFLD has been considered to be the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MS), as it is frequently associated with MS conditions such as insulin resistance (IR) and obesity. Hepatic steatosis mainly results from disrupted homeostasis of lipid metabolism in the setting of IR. Although the mechanism underlying the progression from steatosis to NASH is still not fully elucidated, mounting evidence has suggested oxidative stress (OS) to be a key driving force. Elevated OS has been well documented in NAFLD patients. OS can cause direct damages to lipid, protein, and DNA molecules and trigger the inflammatory and fibrogenesis signaling pathways, which promotes the progression from steatosis to NASH. OS may also have various effects on antioxidant defense mechanisms. Overproduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) may directly deplete antioxidant molecules such as glutathione (GSH) and inhibit the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). ROS may also induce the expression of antioxidant genes to counteract the OS effects. The aim of this review is to discuss oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanisms in NAFLD.
Use of a screen for synthetic lethal and multicopy suppressee mutants to identify two new genes involved in morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1991)

Genes CDC24 and CDC42 are required for the establishment of cell polarity and for bud formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Temperature-sensitive (Ts-) mutations in either of these genes cause arrest as large, unbudded cells in which the nuclear cycle continues. MSB1 was identified previously as a multicopy suppressor of Ts- cdc24 and cdc42 mutations. We have now sequenced MSB1 and constructed a deletion of this gene. The predicted amino acid sequence does not closely resemble any other in the available data bases, and the deletion does not produce any readily detectable phenotype. However, we have used a colony-sectoring assay to identify additional genes that appear to interact with MSB1 and play a role in bud emergence. Starting with a strain deleted for the chromosomal copy of MSB1 but containing MSB1 on a high-copy-number plasmid, mutants were identified in which MSB1 had become essential for viability. The new mutations defined two genes, BEM1 and BEM2; both the bem1 and bem2 mutations are temperature sensitive and are only partially suppressed by MSB1. In bem1 cells, a single copy of MSB1 is necessary and sufficient for viability at 23 or 30 degrees C, but even multiple copies of MSB1 do not fully suppress the growth defect at 37 degrees C. In bem2 cells, a single copy of MSB1 is necessary and sufficient for viability at 23 degrees C, multiple copies are necessary for viability at 30 degrees C, and even multiple copies of MSB1 do not suppress the growth defect at 37 degrees C. In a wild-type background (i.e., a single chromosomal copy of MSB1), both bem1 and bem2 mutations cause cells to become large and multinucleate even during growth at 23 degrees C, suggesting that these genes are involved in bud emergence. This suggestion is supported for BEM1 by other evidence obtained in a parallel study (J. Chant, K. Corrado, J. Pringle, and I. Herskowitz, submitted for publication). BEM1 maps centromere distal to TYR1 on chromosome II, and BEM2 maps between SPT15 and STP2 on chromosome V.