gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and release characteristics of tobramycin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads. (1986)

Preparation of tobramycin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement beads and release of tobramycin from the beads in vitro and after implantation in a patient are described. Tobramycin sulfate powder 1.2 g was mixed with Palacos PMMA bone cement 40 g in a custom-made mold to produce 25 beads containing 3.26 mg tobramycin (as the sulfate salt) per bead. Chains of the beads, strung on stainless-steel suture, were sterilized with ethylene oxide. Three single beads were each placed in multiple-electrolyte solution (pH 7.4); the solution was removed and replaced with fresh solution every 24 hours for 28 days. The tobramycin content of each day's solution was determined by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. After day 28, solution was removed weekly for assay until day 84. Tobramycin concentrations were measured in drainage from the surgical wound after six chains of tobramycin-PMMA bone cement beads were implanted in the right acetabulum and femur of a patient whose hip prosthesis had been removed because of infection. Tobramycin concentrations in the dissolution medium averaged 34.3 micrograms/mL initially, and 7.5 micrograms/mL on day 2, gradually decreasing to 0.6 microgram/mL on day 28. Release of tobramycin followed a predictable pattern, and variation among samples was small. Over 12 weeks, less than 20% of the theoretically available tobramycin from a single bead was released. Tobramycin concentration in wound drainage was 90.0 micrograms/mL during the first 24 hours after surgery, while serum tobramycin concentrations were less than 0.5 microgram/mL. Extemporaneously prepared beads of bone cement are effective for delivering high concentrations of tobramycin to an infection site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Role for CD47-SIRPα signaling in xenograft rejection by macrophages (2007)

We have previously proven that human macrophages can phagocytose porcine cells even in the absence of Ab or complement opsonization, indicating that macrophages present a pivotal immunological obstacle to xenotransplantation. A recent report indicates that the signal regulatory protein (SIRP)alpha is a critical immune inhibitory receptor on macrophages, and its interaction with CD47, a ligand for SIRPalpha, prevents autologous phagocytosis. Considering the limited compatibility (73%) in amino acid sequences between pig and human CD47, we hypothesized that the interspecies incompatibility of CD47 may contribute to the rejection of xenogeneic cells by macrophages. In the present study, we have demonstrated that porcine CD47 does not induce SIRPalpha tyrosine phosphorylation in human macrophage-like cell line, and soluble human CD47-Fc fusion protein inhibits the phagocytic activity of human macrophages toward porcine cells. In addition, we have verified that manipulation of porcine cells for expression of human CD47 radically reduces the susceptibility of the cells to phagocytosis by human macrophages. These results indicate that the interspecies incompatibility of CD47 significantly contributes to the rejection of xenogeneic cells by macrophages. Genetic induction of human CD47 on porcine cells could provide inhibitory signaling to SIRPalpha on human macrophages, providing a novel approach to preventing macrophage-mediated xenograft rejection.
Implementation of a high-impedance fault detection algorithm. Final report (1985)

A digital computer based algorithm was developed to detect high impedance faults on distribution systems using statistical methods. The algorithm is written in PL/M 86 and PASCAL and implemented on an INTEL SYS380 microcomputer system, designed to operate in real time and interface with acquisition software. The report contains a description of the calculation procedures comprising the detection algorithm, implementation requirements, and test results for algorithm verification. A discussion of hardware limitations and an estimation of fault detection rate based on historical records is also presented.
“...those left behind.” Biology and Oncology of Invasive Glioma Cells (1999)

Although significant technical advances in surgical and radiation treatment for brain tumors have emerged in recent years, their impact on clinical outcome for patients has been disappointing. A fundamental source of the management challenge presented by glioma patients is the insidious propensity of the malignant cells to invade into adjacent normal brain. Invasive tumor cells escape surgical removal and geographically dodge lethal radiation exposure. Recent improved understanding of the biochemistry and molecular determinants of glioma cell invasion provide valuable insight to the underlying biological features of the disease, as well as illuminating possible new therapeutic targets. Heightened commitment to migrate and invade is accompanied by a glioma cell's reduced proliferative activity. The microenvironmental manipulations coincident to invasion and migration may also impact the glioma cell's response to cytotoxic treatments. These collateral aspects of the glioma cell invasive phenotype should be further explored and exploited as novel antiglioma therapies.
Short interfering RNA-mediated interference of gene expression and viral DNA accumulation in cultured plant cells (2003)

Gene silencing mediated by double-stranded RNA is a sequence-specific RNA degradation mechanism highly conserved in eukaryotes that serves as an antiviral defense pathway in both plants and Drosophila. Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), the 21- to 23-nt double-stranded intermediates of this natural defense mechanism, are becoming powerful tools for reducing gene expression and countering viral infection in a variety of mammalian cells. Here we report the use of siRNAs to target reporter gene expression and viral DNA accumulation in cultured plant cells. Transient expression of reporter genes encoding either GFP or red fluorescent protein from Discosoma was specifically reduced by 58% and 47%, respectively, at 24 h after codelivery of cognate siRNAs in BY2 protoplasts. In contrast to mammalian systems, the siRNA-induced silencing of GFP expression was transitive as indicated by the presence of siRNAs representing parts of the target RNA outside the region homologous to the triggering siRNA. Codelivery of an siRNA designed to target the mRNA encoding the replication-associated protein (AC1) of the geminivirus African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) from Cameroon blocked AC1 mRNA accumulation by approximately 91% and inhibited accumulation of the ACMV genomic DNA by approximately 66% at 36 and 48 h after transfection. As with siRNA-induced reporter gene silencing, the siRNA targeting ACMV AC1 was specific and did not affect the replication of East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus. This report demonstrates the occurrence of siRNA-mediated suppression of gene expression in cultured plant cells and that siRNA can interfere with and suppress accumulation of a nuclear-replicated DNA virus.
Retromer and sorting nexins in development (2007)

Trafficking and signaling processes involve common molecular components. The machinery that controls intracellular trafficking is vital in ensuring that signaling mechanisms take place correctly. An illustrative example of this relationship is the sustained signaling of endocytosed membrane receptors, such as receptor Tyr kinases and G-protein coupled receptors, after ligand-induced activation. An intriguing role in controlling the fate of these and other receptors at the endosome has been attributed to members of the sorting nexin protein family. The best characterized sorting nexins are subunits of a multimeric complex, termed retromer. It was first found in yeast that retromer mediates endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of receptors after they have delivered soluble hydrolase precursors into the vacuole, the organelle equivalent to the mammalian lysosome. Work in cultured mammalian cells later demonstrated that retromer performs an analogous function in higher eukaryotes. Data from genetically modified mice, and from a simpler organism such as the nematode Caenorhabtidis elegans, has revealed that retromer performs an essential role during embryogenesis. This review will discuss implications of recent work on this subject.
The lactic acid bacteria involved in the production of bee pollen and bee bread (2009)

Recently a large flora of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was identified in the honey stomach of the honey bee Apis mellifera. In this study, the presence of this flora in bee pollen and bee bread was investigated. Pollen was collected from the legs of honey bees, and both two week old and two month old bee bread were also obtained for the study. Bacterial isolates cultivated from these bee products were identified using 16S rRNA gene analyzes. The majority of the honey stomach LAB flora was recovered in a viable state from both the pollen and the two week old bee bread, but not from the two month old bee bread. It is demonstrated for the first time that bee bread is probably fermented by the honey stomach LAB flora that has been added to the pollen via regurgitated nectar from the honey stomach. This discovery helps to explain how honey bees standardize the production of bee bread and how it is stored. The presence of the honey stomach LAB and its antimicrobial substances in bee bread also suggests a possible role in the defence against honey bee diseases since the bee bread is consumed by both the larvae and the adult bees.
Determination of sulfur-containing gases from oil shale pyrolysis by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of sulfur-containing gases from oil shale pyrolysis by triple quadrupole mass spectrometryCarla M. Wong, Richard W. Crawford, and Alan K. BurnhamCite this: Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 3, 390–395Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00267a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00267a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views115Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Dibasic Motif in the Tail of a Class XIV Apicomplexan Myosin Is an Essential Determinant of Plasma Membrane Localization (2000)

Obligate intracellular parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa exhibit gliding motility, a unique form of substrate-dependent locomotion essential for host cell invasion and shown to involve the parasite actin cytoskeleton and myosin motor(s). Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to express three class XIV myosins, TgM-A, -B, and -C. We identified an additional such myosin, TgM-D, and completed the sequences of a related Plasmodium falciparum myosin, PfM-A. Despite divergent structural features, TgM-A purified from parasites bound actin in an ATP-dependent manner. Isoform-specific antibodies revealed that TgM-A and recombinant mycTgM-A were localized right beneath the plasma membrane, and subcellular fractionation indicated a tight membrane association. Recombinant TgM-D also had a peripheral although not as sharply defined localization. Truncation of their respective tail domains abolished peripheral localization and tight membrane association. Conversely, fusion of the tails to green fluorescent protein (GFP) was sufficient to confer plasma membrane localization and sedimentability. The peripheral localization of TgM-A and of the GFP-tail fusion did not depend on an intact F-actin cytoskeleton, and the GFP chimera did not localize to the plasma membrane of HeLa cells. Finally, we showed that the specific localization determinants were in the very C terminus of the TgM-A tail, and site-directed mutagenesis revealed two essential arginine residues. We discuss the evidence for a proteinaceous plasma membrane receptor and the implications for the invasion process.
In Situ Detection of Inflammatory Mediators in Post Mortem Human Brain Tissue after Traumatic Injury (2009)

Little is known about the molecular events following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans and to date there are no efficient therapies for the treatment of patients. In this study, the first of its kind in human tissue, a total of 21 post mortem trauma brain samples were analyzed. The inflammatory response within the brain tissue was explored by measuring the expression of various inflammatory cytokines at the mRNA and protein levels. These mediators were interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This study shows for the first time in human brain tissue that 1) pro-inflammatory mediator protein levels are significantly increased in situ following acute brain injury while anti-inflammatory cytokines protein levels remain unchanged; 2) the cerebral inflammatory response begins within minutes of acute TBI, much earlier than previously thought; 3) IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta mRNA levels are significantly increased following injury; 4) the rise in cytokine protein level coincides with increased levels of their mRNAs suggesting that traumatic injury elicits an immediate cerebral inflammatory response. Altogether these data confirm and extend previous observations on the release of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of severe TBI patients. Finally, this study highlights the need to characterize the cell source of cytokines and elucidate their mode of action.
Murine renal cell carcinoma: evaluation of a dendritic‐cell tumour vaccine (2001)

These results show that it is possible to use the DC vaccine to modulate the immune response to achieve an antitumour effect, but further manipulation of the DC vaccine may be needed to overcome the tumour-induced immune suppression.
Laser-Beam Welding (1993)

Abstract Laser-beam welding (LBW) uses a moving high-density coherent optical energy source, called laser, as the source of heat. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of LBW and tabulates energy consumption and efficiency of LBW relative to other selected welding processes. It provides information on the applications of microwelding with pulsed solid-state lasers. The article describes the modes of laser welding such as conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration-mode welding, as well as major independent process variables for laser welding, such as laser-beam power, laser-beam diameter, absorptivity, and traverse speed. It concludes with information on various hazards associated with LBW, including electrical hazards, eye hazards, and chemical hazards.
Surface Functionalization of Silicon Nanoparticles Produced by Laser-Driven Pyrolysis of Silane followed by HF−HNO3 Etching (2004)

CO2 laser induced pyrolysis of silane was used to produce silicon nanoparticles with an average diameter as small as 5 nm at high rates (up to 200 mg/h). Etching these particles with a mixture of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and nitric acid (HNO3) reduces their size and passivates their surface such that they exhibit bright visible photoluminescence (PL). This paper describes the attachment of organic molecules to hydrogen-terminated and hydroxyl-terminated surfaces of these nanoparticles. Stable particle dispersions in various solvents were obtained by treatment of hydrogen-terminated surfaces with octadecene or undecylenic acid and by treatment of hydroxyl-terminated surfaces with octadecyltrimethoxysilane. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the surface-functionalized particles were well dispersed and crystalline. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the expected reactions of the organic molecules with the particle surfaces. Photoluminescence measurements showed that surface treatment significantly stabilized the PL properties of the nanoparticles against degradation. Size selective precipitation was applied to particle dispersions and allowed some narrowing and tuning of the PL spectrum.
Targeting NEDD8-Activated Cullin-RING Ligases for the Treatment of Cancer (2009)

E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate many dynamic cellular processes important for cancer cell survival. Together with ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), E3s catalyze the ubiquitination of numerous protein substrates that are subsequently targeted to the 26S proteasome for degradation. The clinical success of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has encouraged the evaluation of other components of the ubiquitin proteasome system for pharmaceutical intervention. Targeting specific E3s is particularly attractive because there is the potential to selectively block the degradation of certain cellular proteins and possibly avoid unwanted effects on other proteins. The cullin-RING ubiquitin E3 ligases (CRLs) represent the largest subfamily of E3s. The requirement that CRLs be activated by NEDD8 modification on the cullin protein offers an "achilles heel" for modulating this entire subfamily. NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) catalyzes the first step in the NEDD8 pathway and as such controls the activity of CRLs. In this article, we describe the role of the NEDD8 pathway in activating CRLs and discuss the preclinical findings with a first-in-class NAE inhibitor that is currently in phase I clinical trials for both solid tumor and hematological malignancies. In addition, we speculate where NAE inhibitors may find clinical utility.
Combined magnetic fields increase insulin-like growth factor-II in TE-85 human osteosarcoma bone cell cultures. (1995)

In vitro exposure to low-energy, combined magnetic fields (CMF) increased the release of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II from human TE-85 osteosarcoma cells. Short-term CMF exposure of only 10 min increased IGF-II levels in conditioned medium 1 h post CMF exposure. IGF-II levels were measured with a radioreceptor assay using H-35 cells that contain abundant IGF-II but not IGF-I receptors. This assay also uses a recently validated BioGel P-10 acid gel filtration method to remove IGF binding protein before quantitation of either IGF-I or IGF-II. In addition to an increase in IGF-II levels, DNA synthesis, as an index of cell proliferation, was increased during the 24-h period post CMF exposure. A monoclonal antibody against IGF-II blocked the increase in cell proliferation following CMF exposure, whereas a control monoclonal antibody against osteocalcin did not attenuate the mitogenic action of CMF exposure. The effect of CMF exposure to increase both cell proliferation and IGF-II was cell-density dependent with greater stimulation by CMF observed at lower densities. Together, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that CMF exposure stimulates release/production of IGF-II from bone cells and that increased IGF-II then promotes an increase in cell proliferation.
A 4-Mbit Full-Wafer ROM (1980)

A 4-Mbit full-wafer MOS ROM on a 3-in silicon wafer has been designed and characterized. A novel cell structure is utilized in the memory, which results in a small cell area, 99 /spl mu/m/sup 2/, with 5-/spl mu/m design roles. Efficient defect-tolerant technologies including memory-cell duplication and fail-safe operation are incorporated in order to prevent a decrease in fabrication yield which inevitably occurs in wafer-scale integration. The ROM is composed of four 1-Mbit modules. 3760 characters represented by 18 X 16 dot matrices, most of which are Chinese ideographs (KANJI), are stored in each module as mask ROM data, Memory organization is suitably designed for JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) KANJI Code and the matrix size. A character is accessed in 12 /spl mu/s, and 16-bit-wide data are transferred by an internal counter synchronized with an external 1-MHz clock. Measured on-chip power dissipation is 2 W for a full wafer.
CHANGES IN REID VAPOR PRESSURE OF GASOLINE IN VEHICLE TANKS AS THE GASOLINE IS USED (1989)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;There is concern that fuel vapors in the vapor space in passenger car fuel tanks might approach the flammability limit as the fuel weathers. This concern is increased with recently enacted U. S. Environmental Protection Agency RVP regulations and the common use of electric fuel pumps within the fuel tank. The objective of this program was to develop data to assist in evaluating the potential occurrence of a flammable mixture in the vapor space in the fuel tank.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Three gasolines with RVP values of 11, 9, and 7 psig were tested in five different vehicles over a consumer-type driving cycle during the warm months in South Texas. Periodic samples of the fuel in the tank were obtained and the RVP was related to the vehicle type, initial dispensed fuel RVP, and fuel consumption.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Results of this study showed that significant reductions of RVP occurs as the fuel is consumed, and this reduction is greatest with the higher RVP fuels and as the fuel level in the tank approaches empty.&lt;/div&gt;
Pseudotypes of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus with the Coat of Murine Leukaemia and of Avian Myeloblastosis Viruses (1972)

SUMMARY Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) grown in mouse embryo cells pre-infected with murine sarcoma virus or in chicken cells pre-infected with avian myeloblastosis virus contains, in contrast to virus grown in corresponding control cells, a proportion of virus resistant to antiserum against VSV. Infectivity of this virus fraction can specifically be neutralized with antiserum against murine leukaemia virus (MLV) and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), respectively. In addition to neutralization specificity, the particles resistant to anti-VSV serum show also host-range and interference specificity corresponding to the leukosis virus involved. These viruses do not breed true as recombinants, but virus isolated from their plaques is indistinguishable from original VSV. All these facts are consistent with the explanation that there are VSV(MLV) and VSV(AMV) pseudotype particles. The ts 45 (complementation group V) mutant of VSV was apparently complemented by AMV at the restrictive temperature, whereas two other mutants belonging to groups I and III were not: the leukosis virus apparently exerts a helper effect for conditionally defective VSV.
Prenylation of proteins by the intact lens. (1998)

A limited set of proteins are prenylated by the young rat lens. The 21-kDa to 29-kDa proteins were modified mainly by geranylgeranyl and are likely members of the numerous small GTP binding proteins. The authors express caution about accepting the identities of the 64-kDa and 80-kDa proteins as beta-tubulin and cytokeratin-1, respectively--proteins in these families do not contain the required CAAX motif. The 80-kDa farnesylated protein could be novel and unique to the lens, because no farnesylated protein of this size has been previously reported.