gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Law and Charity Walter Benjamin, Leo Strauss, Georg Simmel, Franz Baermann Steiner (2000)

The concept of law and the associated figure of Moses have recently received much attention: last year alone two books about Moses were published.1 This recent interest bespeaks the necessity to reflect upon law for informed debates about theology in its relation to communal issues.2 Gillian Rose often warned against a perception of Judaism as 'pure' ethics without strong relations to both theology and politics.3 Jewish law is theological and political such that it cannot be separated form coercion as well as from love or charity. Its coercion, however, takes care of the specific of the singular: law as charity does not lord over the world, but asks to be questioned from different perspectives, asks to be applied in new forms from context to context.4 Law as charity aims to preserve the life of specific individuals, or groups of individuals: it protects persons rather than things.5 Rather than being like Roman law, identified with dominum (see Milbank 1990: 12), Jewish law is related to the actions and anxieties of specific people in specific circumstances, making use of coercion not for the sake of the interest of property but with the concern of keeping life as undamaged as possible.
Metabolites with Nematicidal and Antimicrobial Activities from the Ascomycete Lachnum papyraceum(Karst.) Karst. III. Production of Novel Isocoumarin Derivatives, Isolation, and Biological Activities. (1995)

During investigations on the influence of CaBr2 on the secondary metabolism of Lachnum papyraceum, the production of mycorrhizins and lachnumon type antibiotics was strongly inhibited in bromide-containing culture media. Instead, six isocoumarin derivatives, 6-hydroymellein (6), 4-chloro-6-hydroxymellein (7), 4-bromo-6-hydroxymellein (9), 6-methoxymellein (10). 4-chloro-6-methoxymellein (11), and 4-chloro-6,7-dihydroxymellein (12) were isolated. Compounds 7, 9, 11, and 12 have never been isolated from natural sources. 6-Hydroxymellein has been isolated previously from many sources including Gilmaniella humicola and proposed to be a precursor of mycorrhizin A (see reference 6). In comparison to the mycorrhizins, the isocoumarin derivatives exhibited only weak antimicrobial, cytotoxic, phytotoxic, and nematicidal activities.
Electromotive delivery of mitomycin C into human bladder wall. (1997)

The aim of this investigation was to establish an appropriate tissue pharmacokinetic model to compare concentrations of mitomycin C (MMC) in the human bladder wall after either passive delivery or electromotive administration (EMDA) and to evaluate the effects of EMDA on tissue morphology and MMC structure. Tissue sections of human bladder were inserted into two chamber cells with urothelium exposed to donor compartments containing MMC (10 mg in 100 ml of 0.24% NaCl solution) and an anode and with serosa exposed to receptor compartments containing 100 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution and a cathode. Fourteen paired experiments ("current 5 mA/no current") were conducted over 15 min; MMC tissue content was assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Tissue viability and morphology and MMC stability were assessed by trypan blue exclusion test, tissue pH, histological analysis, and mass spectrometry analysis. MMC concentrations were increased, and variability in drug delivery rate was reduced in all tissue in samples exposed to electric current. Tissues were viable and undamaged histologically, and no MMC structural modification was observed. In conclusion, EMDA enhances administration of MMC into viable bladder wall tissue and reduces the variability in drug delivery rates.
The Preparation of Some 6-Substituted-2-thiouracils1 (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of Some 6-Substituted-2-thiouracils1Mary Jackman, A. J. Bergman, and S. ArcherCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 2, 497–500Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01182a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01182a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views333Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Suramin interferes with interleukin-6 receptor binding in vitro and inhibits colon-26-mediated experimental cancer cachexia in vivo. (1993)

Neoplastic diseases are frequently associated with metabolic changes collectively known as cancer cachexia. The presence of cachexia complicates therapeutic intervention and is an impor- tant cause of death in cancer patients. At present there is no effective treatment for cachexia. Recently, the involvement of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the wasting of colon-26 adenocarci- noma-bearing mice was demonstrated. The research presented here establishes an anticachectic role for the experimental drug suramin, since it partially blocks (up to 60%) the catabolic effects associated with the growth of this tumor in vivo. Sura- min prevents the binding of IL-6 to its cell surface receptor subunits, as demonstrated by radioreceptor binding assay and affinity crosslinking experiments. Furthermore, the uptake of radioactive IL-6 by the liver is significantly reduced in suramin- treated mice. On the other hand, the drug is 10-fold less potent in inhibiting the binding of tumor necrosis factor-a to indicator cell line in vitro and fails to block liver uptake of this cytokine in vivo. Collectively, these results suggest that sura- min inhibits cancer-associated wasting, in part by interfering with the binding of IL-6 to its receptor. Whether suramin in- hibits the action ofother factors /cytokines that may also participate in colon-26-mediated cachexia is not yet known. (J. Clin. Invest.
Bradykinin and asthma. (1992)

Many mediators have been implicated in the pathophysiology of asthma'2 but the role of individual mediators will become apparent only with the use of potent and selective antagonists or synthesis of inhibitors, which are now becoming available for many mediators. Bradykinin has long been con- sidered to be a mediator concerned in asthma, since the first demonstration of bronchocon- striction after inhaled bradykinin in asthmatic patients.3 The recent development of potent bradykinin receptor antagonists' has raised questions about the role of bradykinin in the pathophysiology of asthma and the potential of bradykinin antagonists in the treatment of asthma.
Self-Assembly of a β-Sheet Protein Governed by Relief of Electrostatic Repulsion Relative to van der Waals Attraction (2000)

Using a synthetic oligopeptide, n-FKFEFKFEFKFE-c (KFE12), representative of a class of peptides that can undergo self-assembly into a three-dimensional matrix biomaterial, we show that the self-assembly occurs when solution conditions reduce intermolecular electrical double-layer repulsion below van der Waals attraction in accord with DLVO theory. This theory predicts that a critical coagulation concentration of counterions should be required to allow assembly and that this concentration should be inversely proportional to the valence of the counterion raised to the sixth power. Our experimental results show that KFE12, at low pH, exhibits critical coagulation concentrations in each of three different salt solutions, KCl, K2SO4, and K3Fe(CN)6, and that the relative values of these critical concentrations follow the predicted dependence upon anion valence. The theory further predicts that self-assembly should occur when the oligopeptide is electrically neutral even in the absence of exogenous salt. Our experimental results show that KFE12 indeed forms gels when neutralized with NaOH. Thus, we have gained fundamental theoretical understanding of how to control the assembly of this class of oligopeptide-based biomaterials.
An experimental evaluation of transparent menu usage (1996)

Article Free Access Share on An experimental evaluation of transparent menu usage Authors: Beverly L. Harrison Dept. of Industrial Engineering and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G9 and Alias/Wavefront, 110 Richmond Street East, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5C 1P1 Dept. of Industrial Engineering and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G9 and Alias/Wavefront, 110 Richmond Street East, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5C 1P1View Profile , Kim J. Vicente Dept. of Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G9 Dept. of Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G9View Profile Authors Info & Claims CHI '96: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsApril 1996 Pages 391–398https://doi.org/10.1145/238386.238583Published:13 April 1996Publication History 33citation1,125DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations33Total Downloads1,125Last 12 Months52Last 6 weeks6 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteView all FormatsPDF
Proximity-based document representation for named entity retrieval (2007)

One aspect in which retrieving named entities is different from retrieving documents is that the items to be retrieved - persons, locations, organizations - are only indirectly described by documents throughout the collection. Much work has been dedicated to finding references to named entities, in particular to the problems of named entity extraction and disambiguation. However, just as important for retrieval performance is how these snippets of text are combined to build named entity representations.
Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of Helicobacter pylori 26695 (2002)

A genome-scale metabolic model of Helicobacter pylori 26695 was constructed from genome sequence annotation, biochemical, and physiological data. This represents an in silico model largely derived from genomic information for an organism for which there is substantially less biochemical information available relative to previously modeled organisms such as Escherichia coli. The reconstructed metabolic network contains 388 enzymatic and transport reactions and accounts for 291 open reading frames. Within the paradigm of constraint-based modeling, extreme-pathway analysis and flux balance analysis were used to explore the metabolic capabilities of the in silico model. General network properties were analyzed and compared to similar results previously generated for Haemophilus influenzae. A minimal medium required by the model to generate required biomass constituents was calculated, indicating the requirement of eight amino acids, six of which correspond to essential human amino acids. In addition a list of potential substrates capable of fulfilling the bulk carbon requirements of H. pylori were identified. A deletion study was performed wherein reactions and associated genes in central metabolism were deleted and their effects were simulated under a variety of substrate availability conditions, yielding a number of reactions that are deemed essential. Deletion results were compared to recently published in vitro essentiality determinations for 17 genes. The in silico model accurately predicted 10 of 17 deletion cases, with partial support for additional cases. Collectively, the results presented herein suggest an effective strategy of combining in silico modeling with experimental technologies to enhance biological discovery for less characterized organisms and their genomes.
Stall-Time Fair Memory Access Scheduling for Chip Multiprocessors (2007)

DRAM memory is a major resource shared among cores in a chip multiprocessor (CMP) system. Memory requests from different threads can interfere with each other. Existing memory access scheduling techniques try to optimize the overall data throughput obtained from the DRAM and thus do not take into account inter-thread interference. Therefore, different threads running together on the same chip can experience extremely different memory system performance: one thread can experience a severe slowdown or starvation while another is unfairly prioritized by the memory scheduler. This paper proposes a new memory access scheduler, called the Stall-Time Fair Memory scheduler (STFM), that provides quality of service to different threads sharing the DRAM memory system. The goal of the proposed scheduler is to "equalize " the DRAM-related slowdown experienced by each thread due to interference from other threads, without hurting overall system performance. As such, STFM takes into account inherent memory characteristics of each thread and does not unfairly penalize threads that use the DRAM system without interfering with other threads. We show that STFM significantly reduces the unfairness in the DRAM system while also improving system throughput (i.e., weighted speedup of threads) on a wide variety of workloads and systems. For example, averaged over 32 different workloads running on an 8-core CMP, the ratio between the highest DRAM-related slowdown and the lowest DRAM-related slowdown reduces from 5.26X to 1.4X, while the average system throughput improves by 7.6%. We qualitatively and quantitatively compare STFM to one new and three previously- proposed memory access scheduling algorithms, including network fair queueing. Our results show that STFM provides the best fairness, system throughput, and scalability.
Natural products for cancer chemotherapy (2010)

For over 40 years, natural products have served us well in combating cancer. The main sources of these successful compounds are microbes and plants from the terrestrial and marine environments. The microbes serve as a major source of natural products with anti-tumour activity. A number of these products were first discovered as antibiotics. Another major contribution comes from plant alkaloids, taxoids and podophyllotoxins. A vast array of biological metabolites can be obtained from the marine world, which can be used for effective cancer treatment. The search for novel drugs is still a priority goal for cancer therapy, due to the rapid development of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition, the high toxicity usually associated with some cancer chemotherapy drugs and their undesirable side-effects increase the demand for novel anti-tumour drugs active against untreatable tumours, with fewer side-effects and/or with greater therapeutic efficiency. This review points out those technologies needed to produce the anti-tumour compounds of the future.
Beneficial effects of nicotine (1991)

Nicotine in tobacco brings illness and death to millions of people. Yet nicotine in its pure form has the potential to be a valuable pharmaceutical agent. Nicotine fairly specifically binds to the cholinergic nicotinic gating site on cationic ion channels in receptors throughout the body. This action stimulates the release of a variety of neurotransmitters including especially catecholamines and serotonin. When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: (1) positive reinforcement, (2) negative reinforcement, (3) reduction of body weight, (4) enhancement of performance, and protection against; (5) Parkinson's disease (6) Tourette's disease (7) Alzheimers disease, (8) ulcerative colitis and (9) sleep apnea. The reliability of these effects varies greatly but justifies the search for more therapeutic applications for this interesting compound.
MARGINAL ZONE B CELLS (2004)

Our views regarding the origins and functions of splenic marginal zone B cells have changed considerably over the past few years. Perspectives regarding the development and function of these cells vary considerably between investigators studying human and rodent immunology. Marginal zone B cells are now recognized to constitute a distinct naive B lymphoid lineage. Considerable progress has been made regarding the mechanisms involved in marginal zone B cell development in the mouse. Many of the molecular events that participate in the retention of this lineage of B cells in the marginal zone have been identified. Here, we discuss the functions of these cells in both innate and adaptive immunity. We also attempt to reconcile differing viewpoints regarding the generation and function of marginal zone B cells in rodents and primates.
New High Affinity Monoclonal Antibodies Recognize Non-Overlapping Epitopes On Mesothelin For Monitoring And Treating Mesothelioma (2015)

Abstract Mesothelin is an emerging cell surface target in mesothelioma and other solid tumors. Most antibody drug candidates recognize highly immunogenic Region I (296–390) on mesothelin. Here, we report a group of high-affinity non-Region I rabbit monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies do not compete for mesothelin binding with the immunotoxin SS1P that binds Region I of mesothelin. One pair of antibodies (YP218 and YP223) is suitable to detect soluble mesothelin in a sandwich ELISA with high sensitivity. The new assay can also be used to measure serum mesothelin concentration in mesothelioma patients, indicating its potential use for monitoring patients treated with current antibody therapies targeting Region I. The antibodies are highly specific and sensitive in immunostaining of mesothelioma. To explore their use in tumor therapy, we have generated the immunotoxins based on the Fv of these antibodies. One immunotoxin (YP218 Fv-PE38) exhibits potent anti-tumor cytotoxicity towards primary mesothelioma cell lines in vitro and an NCI-H226 xenograft tumor in mice. Furthermore, we have engineered a humanized YP218 Fv that retains full binding affinity for mesothelin-expressing cancer cells. In conclusion, with their unique binding properties, these antibodies may be promising candidates for monitoring and treating mesothelioma and other mesothelin-expressing cancers.
Peptide-Mediated Delivery of Nucleic Acids into Mammalian Cells (2007)

Control of gene expression using RNA interference (RNAi) technology constitutes a method of choice for investigating gene function in mammalian cells. However, like most oligonucleotide-based strategies, the major limitation of interfering RNA is their poor cellular uptake due to low permeability of the cell membrane to nucleic acids. Several strategies have been developed to improve delivery of oligonucleotides both in cultured cells and in vivo. So far, there is no universal method for their delivery, as they all present several limitations. Peptide-based strategies have been demonstrated to improve the cellular uptake of nucleic acids both in cultured cell and in vivo. This chapter describes a new peptide-based gene delivery system, MPG, which forms stable noncovalent complexes with oligonucleotides and promotes their delivery into a large panel of cell lines without the need for prior chemical covalent coupling. Protocols are described for both adherent and suspension cell lines.
Practical implications of current natriuretic peptide research (2000)

Since the original discovery of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) nearly 20 years ago and the subsequent realisation of the existence of a family of natriuretic peptides, there has been considerable progress in the elucidation of the physiological and pathophysiological significance of these peptides. This review has examined two potentially important practical aspects arising from natriuretic peptide research - the significance of measurement of plasma levels of ANP and of brain natriuretic peptide BNP for cardiovascular disease and the therapeutic potential of targeting the natriuretic peptide system. Several situations where the measurement of plasma ANP and BNP may be of benefit in the overall assessment and prognosis of cardiac disease have been discussed. The measurement of plasma levels of these peptides appears to have limited value as a specific diagnostic tool and is unlikely to replace well-established procedures to assess cardiac function. Nevertheless, given the strong negative predictive value, the value of the measurement of plasma natriuretic peptides particularly BNPs, in people with suspected heart disease, rests on the evidence that a normal value indicates a low risk of cardiac impairment. Moreover, a consistently elevated plasma level of BNP after myocardial infarction is associated with a distinctly poor prognosis. In turn, this may help to select those with high plasma levels for subsequent detailed investigation of cardiac dysfunction. This may be an important option, especially where the facilities for the more invasive cardiological procedures are not available. Intriguingly, recent research also suggests the possibility that plasma levels of natriuretic peptides may have an important role in guiding more effective therapy for heart failure. The potent cardiovascular and renal effects of ANP and BNP provide an important therapeutic potential for hypertension and for conditions associated with volume overload. A number of approaches which have been used to enhance endogenous activity of these peptides have been highlighted. The use of the native peptides ANP and BNP may well be valuable in some circumstances, such as in critically ill individuals with congestive heart failure or renal failure. However, the limitations of the use of peptides, especially for long-term treatment, are obvious. In view of this, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of orally active agents to enhance endogenous natriuretic peptides by inhibition of breakdown by neutral endopeptidase. This research has led to the development of vasopeptidase inhibitors - dual inhibitors of both endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme - to enhance endogenous natriuretic peptide function on a background of reduced angiotensin II activity. The broad spectrum of action and the potentially important target-organ protection of these inhibitors offer potential benefits which may well go beyond existing treatment of hypertension and of conditions associated with overt volume overload.
Vascular Smooth Muscle α v β 3 Integrin Mediates Arteriolar Vasodilation in Response to RGD Peptides (1996)

Arteriolar vasodilation and the resultant increase in blood flow are characteristic vascular responses to tissue injury. The dilatory mediators signaling these responses are incompletely understood. We show that integrin-binding peptides containing the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptide sequence cause immediate and, in some instances, sustained vasodilation when applied to isolated rat cremaster arterioles. The vasodilation is dependent on interaction of the soluble RGD sequence with the alpha v beta 3 integrin expressed by smooth muscle cells in the arteriolar wall. Possible in vivo sources of soluble RGD sequences are fragments of extracellular matrix proteins that are generated after tissue injury. Indeed, protease-generated fragments of denatured collagen type I (a major source of RGD sequences) also cause cremaster arteriolar vasodilation through the alpha v beta 3 integrin. Thus, extracellular matrix protein fragments containing the RGD sequence may act as vascular wound recognition signals to regulate blood flow to injured tissue.