gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Valvular heart disease: the next cardiac epidemic (2010)

The epidemiology of valvular heart disease (VHD) has changed dramatically over the past 50 years in developed nations. While rheumatic disease is now uncommon, a steady rise in life expectancy has been accompanied by a progressively increasing frequency of degenerative valve disease. Although an accurate overall picture of the epidemiology of VHD has yet to be established, the overall prevalence in the USA is 2.5% with wide age-related variation from 0.7% in those aged 18–44 years to 13.3% in those over the age of 75.1 Similar age dependency has been shown in hospital-based surveys in Europe.2 3 Population statistics worldwide project an imminent increase in the elderly population—in the UK, for example, there will be an estimated 4 million people aged between 75 and 84 in the UK by 2018, and the population beyond the age of 85 is set to double by 2028. VHD is associated with significant morbidity and mortality,2 and treatment, particularly by valve surgery, is expensive. Furthermore, research concerning the epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical management of VHD is limited. Mechanisms underlying aortic stenosis are poorly elucidated and those involved in mitral regurgitation are virtually unknown.

Accurate data concerning the contemporary prevalence and natural history of VHD are required to inform economists and policy makers responsible for healthcare planning and the allocation of resources to newer developments, such as percutaneous valve implantation and repair. The recent National Adult Cardiac Surgery Database report for Great Britain and Ireland provides important detail not available in more general surveys—including a significant increase in all types of valve surgery and variation in the type of surgery over time and between hospitals—and highlights limitations and geographical variation in the current provision of healthcare for VHD.4

VHD may be detected as an incidental finding in the asymptomatic patient or manifest at …
Intrapericardiac injections of algogenic chemicals excite primate C1-C2 spinothalamic tract neurons (2000)

Extracellular potentials of 38 C1-C2 spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons in anesthetized monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were examined for responses to intrapericardiac injections of an algogenic chemical mixture (adenosine, 10(-3) M; bradykinin, prostaglandin E(2), serotonin, histamine, each 10(-5) M). Chemical stimulation of cardiac/pericardiac receptors increased activity of 21 cells, decreased activity of 5 cells, and did not change activity of 12 cells. Cells excited by chemical stimuli received input from noxious mechanical stimulation of somatic fields; most receptive fields included the neck, inferior jaw, or head areas. Nerve ablations in 11 cells excited by intrapericardiac chemicals showed that cardiac input activated by algogenic chemicals traveled primarily in vagal afferent fibers to C1-C2 segments; phrenic or cardiopulmonary sympathetic inputs were predominant in 2 of 11 cells. These results supported the concept that activation of cardiac vagal afferents might lead to the production of referred pain sensation in somatic fields innervated from high cervical segments.
Wireless Local-Area Network Fundamentals (2003)

Master the basics in designing, building, and managing a Cisco Aironet WLAN. Master the basics of Wireless LANs with this concise design and deployment guide Understand implementation issues for a variety of environments including vertical, SOHO, and enterprise networks Learn design and troubleshooting advice from real-world case studies802.11 Wireless LAN Fundamentals gives networking engineers and IT professionals the knowledge they need to design, deploy, manage, and troubleshoot their own wireless local-area networks (WLANs). Starting with an overview of the technology and architecture of WLANs, the book goes on to explain services and advanced features that such applications can provide. Most importantly, it provides practical design guidance and deployment recommendations.Wireless LANs connect computer networks via radio transmissions instead of traditional phone lines or cables. Benefits to these systems go well beyond getting rid of all the cables and wires. Campus networks can grow geographically larger while still retaining all their efficiency and speed. Additionally, cost savings can be realized when third-party phone lines are no longer necessary, saving the cost of line rental and equipment upkeep. Finally, flexibility in campus network design increases significantly for the networking professional, while the network accessibility and usefulness increases for the individual users.802.11 Wireless LAN Fundamentals helps networking professionals realize these benefits by helping them understand how to design, build, and maintain these networks, as well as how to justify their value within organizations.
Expression and Immunogenicity of Sequence-Modified Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype BpolandgagpolDNA Vaccines (2003)

Control of the worldwide AIDS pandemic may require not only preventive but also therapeutic immunization strategies. To meet this challenge, the next generation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines must stimulate broad and durable cellular immune responses to multiple HIV antigens. Results of both natural history studies and virus challenge studies with macaques indicate that responses to both Gag and Pol antigens are important for the control of viremia. Previously, we reported increased Rev-independent expression and improved immunogenicity of DNA vaccines encoding sequence-modified Gag derived from the HIV-1(SF2) strain (J. zur Megede, M. C. Chen, B. Doe, M. Schaefer, C. E. Greer, M. Selby, G. R. Otten, and S. W. Barnett, J. Virol. 74: 2628-2635, 2000). Here we describe results of expression and immunogenicity studies conducted with novel sequence-modified HIV-1(SF2) GagPol and Pol vaccine antigens. These Pol antigens contain deletions in the integrase coding region and were mutated in the reverse transcriptase (RT) coding region to remove potentially deleterious enzymatic activities. The resulting Pol sequences were used alone or in combination with sequence-modified Gag. In the latter, the natural translational frameshift between the Gag and Pol coding sequences was either retained or removed. Smaller, in-frame fusion gene cassettes expressing Gag plus RT or protease plus RT also were evaluated. Expression of Gag and Pol from GagPol fusion gene cassettes appeared to be reduced when the HIV protease was active. Therefore, additional constructs were evaluated in which mutations were introduced to attenuate or inactivate the protease activity. Nevertheless, when these constructs were delivered to mice as DNA vaccines, similar levels of CD8(+) T-cell responses to Gag and Pol epitopes were observed regardless of the level of protease activity. Overall, the cellular immune responses against Gag induced in mice immunized with multigenic gagpol plasmids were similar to those observed in mice immunized with the plasmid encoding Gag alone. Furthermore, all of the sequence-modified pol and gagpol plasmids expressed high levels of Pol-specific antigens in a Rev-independent fashion and were able to induce potent Pol-specific T- and B-cell responses in mice. These results support the inclusion of a gagpol in-frame fusion gene in future HIV vaccine approaches.
Codes for the quantum erasure channel (1997)

The quantum erasure channel (QEC) is considered. Codes for the QEC have to correct for erasures, i.e., arbitrary errors at known positions. We show that four quantum bits are necessary and sufficient to encode one quantum bit and correct one erasure, in contrast to five quantum bits for unknown positions. Moreover, a family of quantum codes for the QEC, the quantum Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes, that can be efficiently decoded is introduced.
Characterization of Ether-à-go-go Channels Present in Photoreceptors Reveals Similarity to IKx, a K+ Current in Rod Inner Segments (1998)

In this study, we describe two splice variants of an ether-à-go-go (EAG) K+ channel cloned from bovine retina: bEAG1 and bEAG2. The bEAG2 polypeptide contains an additional insertion of 27 amino acids in the extracellular linker between transmembrane segments S3 and S4. The heterologously expressed splice variants differ in their activation kinetics and are differently modulated by extracellular Mg2+. Cooperativity of modulation by Mg2+ suggests that each subunit of the putative tetrameric channel binds a Mg2+ ion. The channels are neither permeable to Ca2+ ions nor modulated by cyclic nucleotides. In situ hybridization localizes channel transcripts to photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells. Comparison of EAG currents with IKx, a noninactivating K+ current in the inner segment of rod photoreceptors, reveals an intriguing similarity, suggesting that EAG polypeptides are involved in the formation of Kx channels.
Gamma Oscillations in Human Primary Somatosensory Cortex Reflect Pain Perception (2007)

Successful behavior requires selection and preferred processing of relevant sensory information. The cortical representation of relevant sensory information has been related to neuronal oscillations in the gamma frequency band. Pain is of invariably high behavioral relevance and, thus, nociceptive stimuli receive preferred processing. Here, by using magnetoencephalography, we show that selective nociceptive stimuli induce gamma oscillations between 60 and 95 Hz in primary somatosensory cortex. Amplitudes of pain-induced gamma oscillations vary with objective stimulus intensity and subjective pain intensity. However, around pain threshold, perceived stimuli yielded stronger gamma oscillations than unperceived stimuli of equal stimulus intensity. These results show that pain induces gamma oscillations in primary somatosensory cortex that are particularly related to the subjective perception of pain. Our findings support the hypothesis that gamma oscillations are related to the internal representation of behaviorally relevant stimuli that should receive preferred processing.
Photoelimination of a .beta.-oxo sulfide with a low-lying .pi.-.pi.* triplet state (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotoelimination of a .beta.-oxo sulfide with a low-lying .pi.-.pi.* triplet stateAlbert Padwa and Deran PashayanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36, 23, 3550–3552Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00822a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00822a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views71Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Doped organic electroluminescent devices with improved stability (1997)

Remarkable improvement in stability has been demonstrated in an organic electroluminescent (EL) device using a doped emitter consisting of 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (Alq) as the host and N,N-dimethylquinacridone (DMQA) as the emissive dopant. A luminance half-life on the order of about 7500 h has been achieved in the DMQA/Alq EL device, operating under a constant current of 20 mA/cm2 and starting at a high luminance of 1400 cd/m2. The improved stability was attributed to the elimination of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the dopant molecules.
An approach to selecting metrics for detecting performance problems in information systems (2002)

Early detection of performance problems is essential to limit their scope and impact. Most commonly, performance problems are detected by applying threshold tests to a set of detection metrics. For example, suppose that disk utilization is a detection metric, and its threshold value is 80%. Then, an alarm is raised if disk utilization exceeds 80%. Unfortunately, the ad hoc manner in which detection metrics are selected often results in false alarms and/or failing to detect problems until serious performance degradations result. To address this situation, we construct rules for metric selection based on analytic comparisons of statistical power equations for five widely used metrics: departure counts (D), number in system (L), response times (R), service times (S), and utilizations (U). These rules are assessed in the context of performance problems in the CPU and paging sub-systems of a production computer system.
Silencing of Bidirectional Promoters by DNA Methylation in Tumorigenesis (2006)

CpG island methylation within promoters is known to silence individual genes in cancer. The involvement of this process in silencing gene pairs controlled by bidirectional promoters is unclear. In a screen for hypermethylated CpG islands in cancer, bidirectional promoters constituted 25.2% of all identified promoters, which matches with the genomic representation of bidirectional promoters. From the screen, we selected three bidirectional gene pairs for detailed analysis, WNT9A/CD558500, CTDSPL/BC040563, and KCNK15/BF195580. Levels of mRNA of all three pairs of genes were inversely correlated with the degree of promoter methylation in multiple cancer cell lines. Hypomethylation of these promoters induced by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment reactivated or enhanced gene expression bidirectionally. The bidirectional nature of the WNT9A/CD558500 promoter was confirmed by luciferase assays, and hypermethylation down-regulated expression of both genes in the pair. Methylation of WNT9A/CD558500 and CTDSPL/BC040563 promoters occurs frequently in primary colon cancers and acute lymphoid leukemias (ALL), respectively, and methylation was correlated with decreased gene expression in ALL patient samples. Our study shows that hypermethylation of bidirectional promoter-associated CpG island silences two genes simultaneously, a property that should be taken into account when studying the functional consequences of hypermethylation in cancer.
Optimizing cationic and neutral lipids for efficient gene delivery at high serum content (2014)

Two-component vectors (one multivalent cationic lipid and one neutral lipid) can rival or surpass benchmark reagents at low and high serum contents (up to 50%, v/v). We propose guidelines for optimizing the serum resistance of CL-DNA complexes based on a given cationic lipid.
60-GHz band electroabsorption modulator module (2002)

Summary form only given. Recently, fiber-optic millimeter (mm)-wave radio link systems have aroused strong interest and have been developed using a subcarrier transmission technique. In these systems, an electric-to-optical (E/O) converter is a key device, which has to operate in a very high frequency range up to mm-waves. The E/O converter for these systems requires not only the high frequency modulation up to mm-wave, but also low driving voltage and a small size. An electroabsorption (EA) modulator is one of the candidates for this use. We have developed, for the first time to our knowledge, a 60-GHz band optical modulator module using an EA modulator with an impedance-matching circuit. In this paper, we report the module structure and properties.
The Inflammasome in Times of COVID-19 (2020)

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are members of the genus Betacoronavirus and the Coronaviridiae family responsible for infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and more recently, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). CoV infections present mainly as respiratory infections that lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, CoVs, such as COVID-19, also present as a hyperactivation of the inflammatory response that results in increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and its downstream molecule IL-6. The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex involved in the activation of caspase-1 that leads to the activation of IL-1β in a variety of diseases and infections such as CoV infection and in different tissues such as lungs, brain, intestines and kidneys, all of which have been shown to be affected in COVID-19 patients. Here we review the literature regarding the mechanism of inflammasome activation by CoV infection, the role of the inflammasome in ARDS, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) as well as the potential mechanism by which the inflammasome may contribute to the damaging effects of inflammation in the cardiac, renal, digestive, and nervous systems in COVID-19 patients.
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Undergo Telomere-Based Senescence in Human Atherosclerosis (2006)

Although human atherosclerosis is associated with aging, direct evidence of cellular senescence and the mechanism of senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerotic plaques is lacking. We examined normal vessels and plaques by histochemistry, Southern blotting, and fluorescence in situ hybridization for telomere signals. VSMCs in fibrous caps expressed markers of senescence (senescence-associated beta-galactosidase [SAbetaG] and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors [cdkis] p16 and p21) not seen in normal vessels. In matched samples from the same individual, plaques demonstrated markedly shorter telomeres than normal vessels. Fibrous cap VSMCs exhibited markedly shorter telomeres compared with normal medial VSMCs. Telomere shortening was closely associated with increasing severity of atherosclerosis. In vitro, plaque VSMCs demonstrated morphological features of senescence, increased SAbetaG expression, reduced proliferation, and premature senescence. VSMC senescence was mediated by changes in cyclins D/E, p16, p21, and pRB, and plaque VSMCs could reenter the cell cycle by hyperphosphorylating pRB. Both plaque and normal VSMCs expressed low levels of telomerase. However, telomerase expression alone rescued plaque VSMC senescence despite short telomeres, normalizing the cdki/pRB changes. In vivo, plaque VSMCs exhibited oxidative DNA damage, suggesting that telomere damage may be induced by oxidant stress. Furthermore, oxidants induced premature senescence in vitro, with accelerated telomere shortening and reduced telomerase activity. We conclude that human atherosclerosis is characterized by senescence of VSMCs, accelerated by oxidative stress-induced DNA damage, inhibition of telomerase and marked telomere shortening. Prevention of cellular senescence may be a novel therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
A novel human cell culture model for the study of familial prostate cancer. (2001)

Research into molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying familial prostate cancer would be greatly advanced by in vitro models of prostate tumor cells representing primary tumors. We have successfully established an immortalized human prostate epithelial cell culture derived from primary tumors of familial prostate cancer patients with telomerase. The actively proliferating early-passaged 957E cells were transduced through infection with a retrovirus expressing the human telomerase catalytic subunit, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). A high level of telomerase activity was detected in 957E/hTERT cells, but not in 957E cells. 957E/hTERT cells are currently growing well at passage 40, whereas 957E cells senesced at passage 5. 957E/hTERT cells exhibit epithelial morphology. Expression of an androgen-regulated prostate specific homeobox gene NKX3.1 and an epithelial cell-specific cytokeratin 8, but not prostate specific antigen or androgen receptor, was detected in 957E/hTERT cells. Prostatic stem cell antigen and p16 were also expressed in this line. 957E/hTERT cells showed growth inhibition when exposed to retinoic acid and transforming growth factor beta1, potent inhibitors of prostate epithelial cell growth. Chromosome analysis showed that the 957E/hTERT cell line (passage 10) was near diploid human male (XY), with most chromosome counts in the 44-46 range. However, there was random loss of chromosomes 8, 13, X, Y, and alteration in chromosome 4q. The late passage 957E/hTERT cell line (passage 32) was karyologically similar to the early passage 957E/hTERT cell line (passage 10) and also had the same alteration of 4q observed in the early passage 957E/hTERT cell line (passage 10) as well as a trisomy of chromosome 20. The well-characterized human cancer lines derived from such patients will be useful for the identification and characterization of prostate cancer susceptibility genes. This is the first documented case of an established human prostate cancer cell line from primary tumor of a familial prostate cancer patient.
Quantitative comparison of direct antibody labeling and tumor pretargeting in uveal melanoma. (1996)

Improved SPECT imaging with the three-step radioimmunoscintigraphy results from reduced background and from higher counting statistics due to reduction of time interval between radiotracer administration and imaging, whereas the absolute amount of tracer delivered to the tumor by the two methods is comparable.
Chronic cardiomyopathy and weakness or acute coma in children with a defect in carnitine uptake (1991)

A defect in intracellular uptake of carnitine has been identified in patients with severe carnitine deficiency. To define the clinical manifestations of this disorder, the presenting features of 15 affected infants and children were examined. Progressive cardiomyopathy, with or without chronic muscle weakness, was the most common presentation (median age of onset, 3 years). Other patients presented with episodes of fasting hypoglycemia during the first 2 years of life before cardiomyopathy had become apparent. A defect in carnitine uptake was demonstrable in fibroblasts and leukocytes from patients. The defect also appears to be expressed in muscle and kidney. Concentrations of plasma carnitine and rates of carnitine uptake in parents were intermediate between affected patients and normal control subjects, consistent with recessive inheritance. Early recognition and treatment with high doses of oral carnitine may be life-saving in this disorder of fatty acid oxidation.
Reactions of N-Acyloxy-2-nitrobenzenamines. I. Thermolysis in Benzene or Bromobenzene (1989)

N-Acyloxy-2-nitro- and N-acyloxy-2,4-dinitro-benzenamines have been pyrolysed at 140º in benzene or bromobenzene solution. Homolysis (to form RCO2 and ArNH ) is ruled out since virtually all the carboxylate is isolated as carboxylic acid. This acid might arise via a concerted elimination process (the other product being a benzofurazan 1-oxide), or via heterolysis to ArNH+, RCO2- with subsequent transfer of proton, and cyclization of the singlet 2-nitrophenylnitrene. These simple reactions compete with bimolecuiar reactions of products with substrate, in which the corresponding amine, azoxy compound and acid anhydride are generated. Attempts to synthesize N-tosyloxy derivatives of nitrobenzenamines gave only thermal decomposition products. N-Trifluoroacetoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzenamine was isolated as a crude product which detonated violently.