gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a single‐shot subunit vaccine for HIV‐1. 5. Programmable in vivo autoboost and long lasting neutralizing response (1998)

The subunit vaccine for HIV-1, recombinant glycoprotein 120 (rgp120), was used as a model antigen to evaluate the potential for a pulsatile single immunization vaccine formulation consisting of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres. We designed rgp120 PLGA microsphere formulations that provide a pulse of rgp120 at 1 to 6 months (depending on the polymer) after administration, mimicking another immunization. In these studies, the in vitro pulse of rgp120 correlated well with the observed in vivo autoboost as measured by an increase in anti-gp120 antibodies in guinea pigs. The immune response to the rgp120 PLGA microsphere formulations was increased by adding the soluble form of the saponin-derived adjuvant, QS-21. The use of small microspheres, however, did not increase the humoral response to rgp120. A single immunization with rgp120 PLGA microspheres resuspended in soluble rgp120 and QS-21 elicited neutralizing antibody titers that were comparable to titers obtained from two immunizations of rgp120 and QS-21 at the same total dose. Administration of rgp120 PLGA microspheres in baboons resulted in high, long-lasting neutralizing antibody titers that were greater than repeated immunizations with soluble rgp120 and QS-21. These studies also indicated that a continuous release of QS-21 at the injection site may provide a greater immune response than a bolus injection. Overall, this work demonstrated that PLGA microsphere formulations may be designed to provide in vivo pulses of an antigen eliminating the need for repeated immunizations.
Bandwidth of holographic optical elements (1982)

The diffraction efficiency, bandpass, and spurious beam rejection are studied for the holographic cascade lens that consists of a diffraction grating in contact with an off-axis zone plate. An analysis is presented for the bandpass of the volume diffraction grating, including the effects of grain polarizability.
Rituximab in relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia (2003)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of the monoclonal antibody, rituximab, in relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Fifteen patients with relapsed or primary refractory HCL after nucleoside analogs received rituximab 375 mg/m2 weekly for a total of 8 planned doses. An additional 4 doses could be administered to responders who had not achieved complete response (CR). The overall response rate was 80%. Eight patients (53%) achieved CR, 2 (13%) attained CR by hematologic parameters with residual marrow disease (1% to 5% marrow hairy cells), and 2 (13%) had a partial response. Of the 12 responders followed for a median of 32 months (range, 8 to 45+ months), 5 patients (42%) had progression of disease 8, 12, 18, 23, and 39 months from the start of therapy. Three patients failed to respond (after 4, 6, or 8 doses). Reductions in serum interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels correlated with response. Toxicity was minimal, and no infectious episodes were observed. Rituximab has significant activity and minimal toxicity in HCL and warrants further study. Rituximab should be explored further in HCL with regard to eradication of minimal residual disease and in combination with nucleoside analogs.
Photochemistry of polymeric systems. III. Photocrosslinking of polymers and copolymers including cyanocinnamylydene–pyridinium groups (1981)

Abstract Photocrosslinkable polymers were obtained by reacting esters of cinnamic acid or cyanocinnamylideneacetic acid onto pyridine units of a homopolymer or onto a suitable copolymer. These photosensitive polymers were characterized by conventional analysis and spectrometry. The photocrosslinking was studied on thin films measuring the threshold of insolubilization together with UV and IR spectrometry.
The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets (2017)

Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
Characterization of the Dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus Resistance To Adefovir by Ultra-Deep Pyrosequencing (2013)

Substitutions conferring HBV resistance to nucleoside/nucleotide analogs exist before treatment, and that the dynamics of adefovir-resistant populations are much more complex and heterogeneous than previously thought and involve thus far unknown amino acid substitutions. The UDPS-based approach described here is likely to have important implications for the assessment of antiviral drug resistance in research and clinical practice.
5' termini of Pichinde arenavirus S RNAs and mRNAs contain nontemplated nucleotides (1995)

Primer extension of Pichinde arenavirus purified virion RNA suggests that genomes have at least a single nontemplated base at the 5' end which is a G in all cDNA clones having one such single base. On the other hand, the predominant products of primer extension on total virus-infected-cell RNA are at positions -1 and -2. The primer extension product at position -2 is not represented in virion RNA, and neither of these products is proportionally represented in mRNA. mRNA is predominantly 3 or 4 bases longer than genomes and antigenomes, but primer extension products as long as 7 bases were observed. The sequence of nontemplated bases reported here is unambiguous with respect to the 5'-terminal base and supports the view that there is a sequence preference for a G at the 5' termini of mRNAs. Assessment of our sequence data in the context of the sequences of Tacaribe and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses suggests that the mechanism of initiation of arenavirus transcription is fundamentally different from that of members of the families Orthomyxoviridae and Bunyaviridae.
The Combination Treatment of Ultrasound and Antitumor Drugs on Yoshida Sarcoma (1987)

The antitumor effect ultrasound (ULS) and/or antitumor drugs such as daunomycin (daunorubicin, DNR) and adriamycin (ADM) were determined in the rats bearing Yoshida sarcoma. The ULS transducer that was placed on the tumor was cooled to keep the temperature of the tissue within the nonthermal range. For the choice of the timing of the ULS irradiation after the administration of the drug, the drug concentrations in the tumor and blood were determined and were analyzed pharmacokinetically.The drugs or ULS showed antitumor effect judged by the growth of the tumor size or the survival time of the rat. The combination treatment of ULS and the drug marked an additional or synergistic effects on Yoshida sarcoma.
Characterization of the Major Antigenic Protein 2 of Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Its Application for Serodiagnosis of Ehrlichiosis (2003)

Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, caused by Ehrlichia canis or Ehrlichia chaffeensis, can result in clinical disease in naturally infected animals. Coinfections with these agents may be common in certain areas of endemicity. Currently, a species-specific method for serological diagnosis of monocytic ehrlichiosis is not available. Previously, we developed two indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using the major antigenic protein 2 (MAP2) of E. chaffeensis and E. canis. In this study, we further characterized the conservation of MAP2 among various geographic isolates of each organism and determined if the recombinant MAP2 (rMAP2) of E. chaffeensis would cross-react with E. canis-infected dog sera. Genomic Southern blot analysis using digoxigenin-labeled species-specific probes suggested that map2 is a single-copy gene in both Ehrlichia species. Sequences of the single map2 genes of seven geographically different isolates of E. chaffeensis and five isolates of E. canis are highly conserved among the various isolates of each respective ehrlichial species. ELISA and Western blot analysis confirmed that the E. chaffeensis rMAP2 failed to serologically differentiate between E. canis and E. chaffeensis infections.
Malignant Melanoma in Patients Treated for Psoriasis with Methoxsalen (Psoralen) and Ultraviolet A Radiation (PUVA) (1997)

About 15 years after the first treatment with PUVA, the risk of malignant melanoma increases, especially among patients who receive 250 treatments or more.
Chemokine Receptors: Attractive Targets for Drug Discovery (2005)

Studies of two antibodies, efalizumab and natalizumab, have recently demonstrated that the blockade of leukocyte migration is of therapeutic benefit for the treatment of diseases such as psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. The role of chemokines in the control of cell traffic led to their receptors being considered one of the most promising family of targets aimed at disrupting cell recruitment in chronic inflammatory processes. Choosing the appropriate chemokine receptor for each disease was not easy, and the interpretation of target validation studies proved to be extremely difficult. Despite an intense effort in the search for chemokine receptor antagonists in the last decade, no compounds in advanced clinical trials exist as such. The inherent complexity of the family, the differences between the chemokine system in mice and men, and the species selectivity of small-molecule compounds could account for this fact. Pharmaceutical companies still believe in chemokine receptors as therapeutic targets, as demonstrated by the number of compounds reported to be in development. In the next years, the developmental progression of these compounds will reveal which target within the chemokine family is of real therapeutic value.
Dual-Layer Hollow Fibers with Enhanced Flux As Novel Forward Osmosis Membranes for Water Production (2009)

We have demonstrated in this work the prospect of dual-layer polybenzimidazole-polyethersulfone (PBI-PES) nanofiltration (NF) hollow fiber membranes in the forward osmosis (FO) process for water production: The state-of-the-art for dual-layer membrane fabrication via coextrusion technology could produce the resultant membrane consisting of an ultrathin selective skin, fully porous water channels underneath, and a microporous sponge-like support structure. Together with its sharp pore size distribution and self-charged PBI selective membrane surface, the dual-layer hollow fiber forward osmosis membrane can achieve a water flux as high as 33.8 L x m(-2) x hr(-1) and a salt flux less than 1.0 g x m(-2) x hr(-1) at room temperature of 23 degrees C using 5 M MgCl2 as the draw solution. A comprehensive literature review of previous efforts on identifying suitable membranes and appropriate draw solutions in the FO process for water production and seawater desalination have also been conducted. It shows that the water fluxes of the dual-layer hollow fiber FO membrane developed in this work utilizing MgCl2 as the draw solutions generally surpasses those FO processes utilizing RO membranes and is comparable to most FO processes using commercial FO membrane and employing other salts or sugar instead of MgCl2 as the draw solutions.
Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) (2020)

Last decade witnessed the outbreak of many life-threatening human pathogens including Nipah, Ebola, Chikungunya, Zika, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and more recently novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2). The disease condition associated with novel coronavirus, referred to as Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The emergence of novel coronavirus in 2019 in Wuhan, China marked the third highly pathogenic coronavirus infecting humans in the 21st century. The continuing emergence of coronaviruses at regular intervals poses a significant threat to human health and economy. Ironically, even after a decade of research on coronavirus, still there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutic agents to treat coronavirus infection which highlights an urgent need to develop effective vaccines or post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent future epidemics. Several clinical, genetic and epidemiological features of COVID-19 resemble SARS-CoV infection. Hence, the research advancements on SARS-CoV treatment might help scientific community in quick understanding of this virus pathogenesis and develop effective therapeutic/prophylactic agents to treat and prevent this infection. Monoclonal antibodies represent the major class of biotherapeutics for passive immunotherapy to fight against viral infection. The therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies has been well recognized in the treatment of many diseases. Here, we summarize the potential monoclonal antibody based therapeutic intervention for COVID-19 by considering the existing knowledge on the neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against similar coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Further research on COVID-19 pathogenesis could identify appropriate therapeutic targets to develop specific anti-virals against this newly emerging pathogen.
Detailed Validation of an Empirical Model for Viscous Fingering With Gravity Effects (1988)

Summary This paper extends to two-dimensional (2D) flows the derivation and validation of an empirical model for viscous fingering previously developed. Fine-scale numerical simulations are used to provide basic data for validating the approximations, and these fingering results are also checked against a range of experiments. The flow rate dependence of gravity segregation in vertical section experiments conducted by van der Poel is examined, where the broadly acceptable agreement of the empirical model is limited by some identified additional features.
Interleukin-2 or autologous lymphokine-activated killer cell treatment of malignant glioma: phase I trial. (1986)

In a Phase I study, recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) or autochthohous lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells were used to treat nine patients with malignant glioma. One patient received the combination of IL-2 and LAK cells. LAK cells were generated by culturing IL-2 with peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from brain tumor patients. Escalating doses of LAK cells (10(8)-10(10) or recombinant IL-2 (10(4)-10(6) units) were administered by direct injection into the brain tissue surrounding the cavity left following operative tumor removal. There have been no signs of systemic or neurotoxicity following treatment. The tumor selective killing of the LAK cells used for these treatments was demonstrated by their ability to lyse glioma cells but not normal cells in vitro using a chromium release microcytotoxicity assay.
Construction of T-Tailed Vectors Derived from a pUC Plasmid: a Rapid System for Direct Cloning of Unmodified PCR Products (1997)

We constructed two new T-vectors called pUCTA119 and pUCTA18, derived from pUC18. The vectors were designed to produce single thymidine (T)-overhangs when digested with a restriction enzyme Eam11051. The use of the vectors provides a very rapid system for direct TA cloning and subsequent sequencing of unmodified PCR products since Taq DNA polymerase preferentially adds an adenosine (A) residue to the 3' end of the products under standard PCR conditions.
Fascial Sling to Correct Male Neurogenic Sphincter Incompetence: The Mcguire/Raz Approach (1988)

We report the surgical approach used in 4 male myelomeningocele patients suffering from severe urinary incontinence owing to poor bladder compliance and sphincter incompetence. While bladder compliance was corrected by enlargement cystoplasty the sphincteric incompetence was treated by an autologous fascial sling around the bladder neck with excellent results. We consider this operation as an alternative to the artificial urinary sphincter in cases of male neurogenic sphincter incontinence.
ChemInform Abstract: A Chemical Synthesis of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+). (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Apyrase, the Product of the Virulence Plasmid-Encoded phoN2 ( apy ) Gene of Shigella flexneri , Is Necessary for Proper Unipolar IcsA Localization and for Efficient Intercellular Spread (2006)

The role in virulence of the Shigella flexneri ospB-phoN2 operon has been evaluated. Here we confirm that OspB is an effector and show that apyrase, the product of phoN2, may be a virulence factor, since it is required for efficient intercellular spreading. Apyrase may be important in a deoxynucleoside triphosphate-hydrolyzing activity-independent manner, suggesting that it may act as an interaction partner in the process of IcsA localization.
Cytokines in clinical cancer immunotherapy (2018)

Cytokines are soluble proteins that mediate cell-to-cell communication. Based on the discovery of the potent anti-tumour activities of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in animal models, clinical research led to the approval of recombinant interferon-alpha and interleukin-2 for the treatment of several malignancies, even if efficacy was only modest. These early milestones in immunotherapy have been followed by the recent addition to clinical practice of antibodies that inhibit immune checkpoints, as well as chimeric antigen receptor T cells. A renewed interest in the anti-tumour properties of cytokines has led to an exponential increase in the number of clinical trials that explore the safety and efficacy of cytokine-based drugs, not only as single agents, but also in combination with other immunomodulatory drugs. These second-generation drugs under clinical development include known molecules with novel mechanisms of action, new targets, and fusion proteins that increase half-life and target cytokine activity to the tumour microenvironment or to the desired effector immune cells. In addition, the detrimental activity of immunosuppressive cytokines can be blocked by antagonistic antibodies, small molecules, cytokine traps or siRNAs. In this review, we provide an overview of the novel trends in the cytokine immunotherapy field that are yielding therapeutic agents for clinical trials.
An Examination of Heme Action in Gene Expression: Heme and Heme Deficiency Affect the Expression of Diverse Genes in Erythroid K562 and Neuronal PC12 Cells (2002)

The aim of this study was to identify key genes whose expression is altered by heme and heme deficiency in the human erythroleukemia K562 cells and in the NGF-induced rat pheochromocytoma neuronal PC12 cells, respectively. By quantitative RT-PCR, Northern blotting, and Western blotting analyses, we found that the expression of the CDK inhibitors p18 and p21 was upregulated at the early and late stages of heme-induced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells, respectively, while the expression of cyclin D1 was downregulated. Data from succinyl acetone and desferrioxamine treatments suggest that these effects of heme in K562 cells were specific. Further, by microarray expression analysis, we found that inhibition of heme synthesis by succinyl acetone in NGF-induced PC12 cells drastically altered the expression of several groups of important neuronal genes, including the structural genes encoding neurofilament proteins and synaptic vesicle proteins, regulatory genes encoding signaling components beta-arrestin and p38 MAPK, and stress-response genes encoding hsp70. These results show that heme and heme deficiency affect the expression of diverse genes in a cell-type specific manner in mammalian cells, and that heme, although needed at different levels, is critical for both erythropoiesis and neurogenesis. These studies provide insights into how heme may act to control diverse regulatory processes in mammals.
Practical Application Issues of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters for Electric Power Systems (2008)

The discovery of high-temperature superconductors were the great opportunity for developing fault current limiters using quenching phenomena. Superconducting fault current limiters is highly effective solutions to reduce and control excessive fault current which is inevitable to electric power systems. So, many companies and national research institutes were trying to develop this novel electric equipment under the assistance of national government. Due to their efforts, various types of superconducting fault current limiters were designed and tested. But, unfortunately, the practical applications and commercialization of superconducting fault current limiters are pending due to many unsolved problems. This paper discusses the current issues and commercialization problems of superconducting fault current limiters considering various aspects such as coordination with conventional relay, high voltage and high current issues, performance, cost, size, and life and maintenance issues. Then, emerging solutions for fault current limiters using hybrid method were introduced and analyzed. Finally, the viable method and our newly developed hybrid superconducting fault current limiters in order to solve the practical problems of conventional superconducting fault current limiters was briefly introduced.
A capillary-array electrophoresis system using side-entry on-column laser irradiation combined with glass rod lenses (1999)

We have developed a simple and high-throughput capillary-array electrophoresis system that uses side-entry on-column laser irradiation. The number of capillaries in an array is generally limited by laser-power attenuation along the array due to reflection and divergence. We overcame these problems by placing the capillaries in water and adding glass rod lenses between the capillaries. As a result, up to 45 capillaries could be simultaneously irradiated with a single laser beam and the fluorescence from all the capillaries could be detected with high sensitivity. We demonstrated the high throughput of 12 kbp/h with a 45 capillary array using this system.