gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Starch and By‐Products from a Laboratory‐Scale Barley Starch Isolation Procedure (2001)

ABSTRACT Starch was isolated from three different barleys with normal, highamylose, or high‐amylopectin (waxy) starch. The laboratory‐scale starch isolation procedure included crushing of grains, steeping, wet milling, and sequential filtration and washing with water and alkali, respectively. Yield and content of starch, protein, and dietary fiber, including β‐glucan, were analyzed in isolated starch and in the by‐products obtained. Starch yield was 25–34%, and this fraction contained 96% starch, 0.2–0.3% protein, and 0.1% ash. Most of the remaining starch was found in the coarse material removed by filtration after wet milling, especially for the high‐amylose barley, and in the starch tailings. Microscopy studies showed that isolated starch contained mostly A‐granules and the starch tailings contained mostly B‐granules. Protein concentration was highest in the alkali‐soluble fraction (54%), whereas dietary fiber concentration was highest in the material removed by filtration after alkali treatment for the normal and waxy barleys (55%). The β‐glucan content was especially high for the waxy barley in this fraction (26%). The study thus showed that it was possible to enrich chemical constituents in the by‐products but that there were large differences between barleys. This result indicates a need for modifications in the isolation procedures for different barleys to obtain high yields of starch and different by‐products. Valuable by‐products enriched in β‐glucan or protein, for example, may render starch production more profitable.
Experimental Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Cesarean-Derived, Colostrum-Deprived Piglets Inoculated with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2): Investigation of Quantitative PCV2 Distribution and Antibody Responses (2003)

Sixteen cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets were inoculated intranasally with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), originally isolated from a pig affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). At 1 day postinoculation (PI), 3 of the 5 piglets in the uninoculated control group were moved to the room of inoculated piglets for contact exposure. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in swabs from inoculated piglets from 1 day PI and from contact piglets from 2 days after cohabitation. Porcine circovirus type 2 was also detected in all serum samples but not in control piglets 7 days PI. Until the end of study, PCV2 was detected in swabs and serum samples by PCR but not in the control piglets. One inoculated piglet died suddenly without clinical signs 19 days PI. Beginning at 14 days PI, 5 piglets, including 1 contact piglet, had clinical signs of depression, anorexia, and icterus, and 1 inoculated piglet died 21 days PI. Most of the piglets exhibiting the above clinical signs became moribund and were necropsied 21 and 28 days PI. In the piglets that showed clinical signs, gross lesions, including icterus of liver and hemorrhage in stomach, and typical histopathological lesions of PMWS, such as lymphoid depletion and basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in lymph nodes and other tissues, were observed. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected by PCR in all tissue samples except in those of the control piglets. Porcine circovirus type 2 was recovered from several tissue samples of the piglets necropsied until 35 days PI. In particular, PCV2 was recovered in high titer from most of the tissue samples of the piglets exhibiting clinical signs. Serum antibody against PCV2 was mostly detected in inoculated piglets and in contact piglets 14 and 21 days PI by an indirect fluorescence antibody test but was not detected in the piglets exhibiting clinical signs until 28 days PI. These results indicate that PCV2 was able to induce clinical PMWS in the absence of other swine pathogens and that there were significant differences in both the quantitative PCV2 distribution in tissues and the antibody response between the piglets that were infected and developed PMWS and those that were infected but remained healthy.
Massive inflammatory syndrome and lymphocytic immunodeficiency in KARAP/DAP12-transgenic mice (2002)

KARAP/DAP12 is a broadly distributed transmembrane signaling polypeptide with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif, and is non-covalently associated with a variety of activating surface receptors. We report here the characterization of transgenic mice that overexpress KARAP/DAP12 polypeptides in both myeloid and lymphoid compartments. KARAP/DAP12-transgenic mice present, in a transgene dose-dependent manner, a complex phenotype characterized by two independent and spontaneous hematological abnormalities: (i) a severe lymphopenia and (ii) a massive inflammatory syndrome associated with neutrophilia and lung infiltration by multinucleated macrophages. These myeloid abnormalities observed in KARAP/DAP12-transgenic mice indicate that KARAP/DAP12-driven signals are critically involved in inflammation, and constitute an essential target to control the resolution of inflammatory disorders based on monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils.
HL-A TYPING, MIXED LEUKOCYTE REACTIVITY, AND SKIN GRAFT SURVIVAL IN A FAMILY WITH A RECOMBINANT AT THE HL-1 CHROMOSOMAL REGION (MAJOR TRANSPLANTATION REGION)1 (1973)

SUMMARY The members of family Sch were studied by three different parameters: HL-A typing, mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), and skin grafting. There were two HL-A-identical, mixed leukocyte reaction-identical siblings (MLR-S); two HL-A-identical, MLR-S-different siblings; and one sibling who was haploidentical to the two sets of HL-A identicals. We have named the HL-A-MLR-S complex the HL-1 haplotype. The father (HL-A1-8/9-12) and two siblings (1-8/2-12) show mutual stimulation in MLR despite identity at the second locus. Similarly, the sibling who is homozygous for HL-A12 showed mutual stimulation in MLR with the parents and all siblings. These results are further proof that the MLR results from a product of a gene linked to the second locus and not the second locus itself. Skin graft rejection times within this family indicate that the gene products responsible for rejection of skin grafts were probably inherited in association with HL-A and independent of MLR-S.
A gigabit transceiver chip set for UTP CAT-6 cables in digital CMOS technology (2002)

1000BASE-T is a standard defining a 1 Gb/s Ethernet physical layer based on PAM-5 signalling, using bi-directional (full-duplex) transmission on four pairs of UTP Category 5, in order to re-use the already existing horizontal cabling infrastructure. Because of the use of full-duplex transmission over four pairs (due to CAT-5 100 MHz bandwidth limitations), this approach requires echo and near-end cross-talk (NEXT) cancellation. The monolithic integration of this system is challenging. An alternative approach is to use Category-6 cables which offer a bandwidth specified up to 250 MHz. This work is based on full-duplex 1 Gb/s transmission on 4 pairs of CAT-6 cabling, where each pair is used in uni-directional fashion (2 pairs 500 Mb/s transmit, 2 pairs 500 Mb/s receive, avoiding the need for echo cancellation. The measured frequency response of a CAT-6 cable compared to CAT-5 is shown (both are scaled to worst-case envelopes). The line code chosen here is the same as in the 1000BASE-T standard, 5-level PAM modulation, but at twice the baud-rate (250 M baud instead of 125 M baud) thus achieving 500 Mb/s on each pair instead of 250 Mb/s as in CAT-5. The paper shows the overall system block diagram. For simplicity the test-chip contains only one transmitter/receiver (2 pairs)-a complete gigabit transceiver is obtained by using two test chips.
Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Activity and Metabolism of 2′,3′-Dideoxy-2′,3′-Didehydro-β- l (−)-5-Fluorocytidine (1998)

2',3'-Dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro-beta-L(-)-5-fluorocytidine [L(-)Fd4C] was found to be at least 10 times more potent than beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine [L(-)SddC; also called 3TC, or lamivudine]against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in culture. Its cytotoxicity against HepG2 growth in culture was also greater than that of L(-)SddC (3TC). There was no activity of this compound against mitochondrial DNA synthesis in cells at concentrations upto 10 microM. The dynamics of recovery of virus from the medium of cells pretreated with equal drug concentrations were slower with L(-)Fd4C than with L(-)SddC (3TC). L(-)Fd4C could be metabolized to mono-, di-, and triphosphate forms. The degree of L(-)Fd4C phosphorylation to the 5'-triphosphate metabolite was higher than the degree of L(-)SddC (3TC) phosphorylation when equal extracellular concentrations of the two drugs were used. The apparent K(m) of L(-)Fd4C phosphorylated metabolites formed intracellularly was higher than that for L(-)SddC (3TC). This may be due in part to a difference in the behavior of L(-)Fd4C and L(-)SddC (3TC) towards cytosolic deoxycytidine kinase. Furthermore, L(-)Fd4C 5'-triphosphate was retained longer within cells than L(-)SddC (3TC) 5-triphosphate. L(-)Fd4C 5'-triphosphate inhibited HBV DNA polymerase in competition with dCTP with a Ki of 0.069 +/- 0.015 microM. Given the antiviral potency and unique pharmacodynamic properties of L(-)Fd4C, this compound should be considered for development as an expanded-spectrum anti-HBV drug.
PKCθ promotes c-Rel–driven mammary tumorigenesis in mice and humans by repressing estrogen receptor α synthesis (2007)

The vast majority of primary human breast cancer tissues display aberrant nuclear NF-kappaB c-Rel expression. A causal role for c-Rel in mammary tumorigenesis has been demonstrated using a c-Rel transgenic mouse model; however, tumors developed with a long latency, suggesting a second event is needed to trigger tumorigenesis. Here we show that c-Rel activity in the mammary gland is repressed by estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) signaling, and we identify an epigenetic mechanism in breast cancer mediated by activation of what we believe is a novel PKCtheta-Akt pathway that leads to downregulation of ERalpha synthesis and derepression of c-Rel. ERalpha levels were lower in c-Rel-induced mammary tumors compared with normal mammary gland tissue. PKCtheta induced c-Rel activity and target gene expression and promoted growth of c-Rel- and c-RelxCK2alpha-driven mouse mammary tumor-derived cell lines. RNA expression levels of PKCtheta and c-Rel target genes were inversely correlated with ERalpha levels in human breast cancer specimens. PKCtheta activated Akt, thereby inactivating forkhead box O protein 3a (FOXO3a) and leading to decreased synthesis of its target genes, ERalpha and p27(Kip1). Thus we have shown that activation of PKCtheta inhibits the FOXO3a/ERalpha/p27(Kip1) axis that normally maintains an epithelial cell phenotype and induces c-Rel target genes, thereby promoting proliferation, survival, and more invasive breast cancer.
Methionine Aminopeptidase 2 Is a New Target for the Metastasis-associated Protein, S100A4 (2002)

S100A4 is an EF-hand type calcium-binding protein that regulates tumor metastasis and a variety of cellular processes via interaction with different target proteins. Here we report that S100A4 physically interacts with methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2), the primary target for potent angiogenesis inhibitors, fumagillin and ovalicin. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, S100A4 was found to interact with the N-terminal half of MetAP2. In vitro pull-down assays showed that S100A4 associates with MetAP2 in a calcium-dependent manner. In addition, the binding site of S100A4 was found located within the region between amino acid residues 170 and 229 of MetAP2. In vivo interaction of S100A4 with MetAP2 was verified by co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that S100A4 and MetAP2 were co-localized in both quiescent and basic fibroblast growth factor-treated murine endothelial MSS31 cells, in the latter of which a significant change of intracellular distribution of both proteins was observed. Although the binding of S100A4 did not affect the in vitro methionine aminopeptidase activity of MetAP2, the cytochemical observation suggests a possible involvement of S100A4 in the regulation of MetAP2 activity through changing its localization, thereby modulating the N-terminal methionine processing of nascent substrates. These results may offer an essential clue for understanding the functional role of S100A4 in regulating endothelial cell growth and tumor metastasis.
Use of common path phase sensitive spectral domain optical coherence tomography for refractive index measurements (2011)

We report the use of a common path phase sensitive spectral domain optical coherence tomography setup for the measurement of the refractive index (RI) of a biomimetic material (glucose solution in water having intralipid as the scattering medium) and a single biological cell (keratinocyte). The RI of glucose solutions could be measured with a precision of ∼0.00015, which corresponds to a precision of ∼2 nm in the optical path length measurement in our setup. The precision obtained in the measurement of the RI of a single keratinocyte cell was ∼0.0004.
Antihypertensive Effect of Insulin Reduction in Diabetic-Hypertensive Patients (1989)

Body weight, urinary volume, sodium and potassium excretion, and blood pressure were evaluated for six days in twelve type II diabetic women, taking insulin doses over their need, after insulin daily dosage reduction. Six of them were suffering from essential hypertension. A significant decrease in body weight with an increase in urinary volume and in urinary sodium excretion was found in all patients. However, no significant variation in plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone output was observed. Urinary potassium excretion remained unchanged. In normotensive subjects no variation of blood pressure levels occurred. On the contrary, hypertensive patients exhibited, after insulin reduction, a fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which correlated directly with body weight decrease and inversely with urinary volume and urinary sodium excretion increases. Hypotheses relating insulin action to hypertension are discussed.
Specificity of the ecto‐ATPase inhibitor ARL 67156 on human and mouse ectonucleotidases (2007)

In cell environments where NTPDase1, NTPDase3, NPP1 or mouse NTPDase8 are present, ARL 67156 would prolong the effect of endogenously released ATP on P2 receptors. However, it does not block any ectonucleotidases efficiently when high concentrations of substrates are present, such as in biochemical, pharmacological or P2X(7) assays. In addition, ARL 67156 is not an effective inhibitor of NTPDase2, human NTPDase8, NPP3 and ecto-5'-nucleotidase.
Differential expression of CXCR3 targeting chemokines CXCL10, CXCL9, and CXCL11 in different types of skin inflammation (2001)

Recruitment of activated T-cells to the skin is a common feature in a wide variety of inflammatory skin diseases. As CXCR3 activating chemokines CXCL10 (IP-10), CXCL9 (Mig), and CXCL11 (IP-9/I-TAC) specifically attract activated T-cells, this study addressed the question of whether differences in the expression of these chemokines correlate with the site and cellular composition of the skin infiltrates in different types of inflammatory skin disease. Skin biopsies from lichen planus, chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, allergic patch test reactions, psoriasis, and Jessner's lymphocytic infiltration of the skin were investigated for chemokine expression using RNA in situ hybridization, and for the expression of CXCR3 using immunohistochemistry. The results showed differential expression of CXCL10, CXCL9, and CXCL11, which correlated with differences in the localization and cellular composition of the infiltrates. Whereas CXCL10 and CXCL11 were mainly expressed by basal keratinoctyes, CXCL9 mRNA expression was located predominantly in the dermal infiltrates. Correlation with immunohistochemical data suggested that macrophages and activated keratinocytes were the main producers of these chemokines. CXCR3 was expressed by a majority of both CD4+ and CD8+ infiltrating T-cells, suggesting a functional interaction between locally produced chemokines and CXCR3-expressing T-cells. In conclusion, these findings indicate that these CXCR3 activating chemokines play a significant role in the recruitment and maintenance of T-cell infiltrates in the inflammatory skin diseases studied.
Geometry of Two-Slit Camera (2002)

We analyze the geometry of the two-slit camera and come to two conclusions. First, we show that the definition given by et al. [9] makes sense only if the two slits are not intersecting. Secondly, we prove that the complete image from a two-slit camera cannot be obtained as an intersection of the rays of the two-slit camera with a plane in space. Motivated by the quest for a unified representation of various cameras by simple geometrical objects, we give a new definition of linear oblique cameras as those which comprise all real lines incident with some non-real line and show that it is equivalent with the definition we gave earlier. We also show that no single line neither in the real projective space nor in its coplexification, can be used to define analogously a two-slit camera.
Splicing and transcription-associated proteins PSF and p54nrb/NonO bind to the RNA polymerase II CTD (2002)

The carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (pol II) plays an important role in promoting steps of pre-mRNA processing. To identify proteins in human cells that bind to the CTD and that could mediate its functions in pre-mRNA processing, we used the mouse CTD expressed in bacterial cells in affinity chromatography experiments. Two proteins present in HeLa cell extract, the splicing and transcription-associated factors, PSF and p54nrb/NonO, bound specifically and could be purified to virtual homogeneity by chromatography on immobilized CTD matrices. Both hypo- and hyperphosphorylated CTD matrices bound these proteins with similar selectivity. PSF and p54nrb/NonO also copurified with a holoenzyme form of pol II containing hypophosphorylated CTD and could be coimmunoprecipitated with antibodies specific for this and the hyperphosphorylated form of pol II. That PSF and p54nrb/NonO promoted the binding of RNA to immobilized CTD matrices suggested these proteins can interact with the CTD and RNA simultaneously. PSF and p54nrb/NonO may therefore provide a direct physical link between the pol II CTD and pre-mRNA processing components, at both the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.
Blast cell colony assay for umbilical cord blood and adult bone marrow progenitors (1987)

We previously described candidate human blast cell colonies in culture of umbilical cord blood cells. However, their replating efficiencies were low, and we were unable to grow colonies from adult marrow cells. We report here a consistent method of growth and identification of human blast cell colonies that are supported by low serum culture and by delayed addition of medium conditioned by a T lymphoblast cell line, C5MJ. Nonadherent mononuclear cord blood and bone marrow cells were prepared by use of Ficoll-Paque and overnight adherence to plastic. Bone marrow cells were further enriched for progenitors by panning with monoclonal anti-My-10 antibody. Cells were plated in methylcellulose culture containing 2% fetal calf serum and supplemented with bovine serum albumin, lecithin, cholesterol, and transferrin. On day 14 of culture, concentrated C5MJ-conditioned medium was carefully added to each dish. Blast cell colonies consisting of 18 to 100 cells were detected on days 21 to 28. Forty percent to 75% of the blast cell colonies in individual samples yielded secondary colonies upon replating (positive colonies). The replating efficiency of the positive colonies ranged from 3% to 100%. The largest secondary colony contained 7,800 cells. In addition to single-lineage colonies, multilineage colonies revealing two to five lineage combinations were seen. These results suggest that human primitive progenitors are dormant in cell cycle and that they survive in the absence of colony-stimulating factors. Human blast cell colonies may provide a unique population of progenitors for studies of the early process of human hemopoiesis.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)-Induced Tropomyosin-Related Kinase B (Trk B) Signaling Is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Arising from Colorectal Cancer (2014)

Tropomyosin-related receptor kinase B (TrkB) signaling, stimulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) ligand, promotes tumor progression, and is related to the poor prognosis of various malignancies. We sought to examine the clinical relevance of BDNF/TrkB expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues, its prognostic value for CRC patients, and its therapeutic potential in vitro and in vivo. Two hundred and twenty-three CRC patient specimens were used to determine both BDNF and TrkB mRNA levels. The expression of these proteins in their primary and metastatic tumors was investigated by immunohistochemistry. CRC cell lines and recombinant BDNF and K252a (a selective pharmacological pan-Trk inhibitor) were used for in vitro cell viability, migration, invasion, anoikis resistance and in vivo peritoneal metastasis assays. Tissue BDNF mRNA was associated with liver and peritoneal metastasis. Tissue TrkB mRNA was also associated with lymph node metastasis. The co-expression of BDNF and TrkB was associated with liver and peritoneal metastasis. Patients with higher BDNF, TrkB, and co-expression of BDNF and TrkB had a significantly poor prognosis. BDNF increased tumor cell viability, migration, invasion and inhibited anoikis in the TrkB-expressing CRC cell lines. These effects were suppressed by K252a. In mice injected with DLD1 co-expressing BDNF and TrkB, and subsequently treated with K252a, peritoneal metastatic nodules was found to be reduced, as compared with control mice. BDNF/TrkB signaling may thus be a potential target for treating peritoneal carcinomatosis arising from colorectal cancer.
Face Recognition by Computers and Humans (2010)

This article talks about how the study of how humans perceive faces can be used to help design practical systems for face recognition. Besides applications related to identification and verification-such as access control, law enforcement, ID and licensing, and surveillance-face recognition has also proven useful in applications such as human-computer interaction, virtual reality, database retrieval, multimedia, and computer entertainment. Continuing research into face recognition will provide scientists and engineers with many vital projects, in areas such as homeland security, human-computer interaction, and numerous consumer applications. The areas we are considering pursuing are recognition from unconstrained video sequences, incorporating familiarity into algorithms, modeling effects of aging, and developing biologically plausible models for human face recognition ability.