gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Paracellular phosphate absorption in rat colon: a mechanism for enema-induced hyperphosphatemia. (1997)

The mechanism of colonic phosphate absorption is not well defined. We measured unidirectional phosphate fluxes across rat distal colon epithelium in the absence of transepithelial electrochemical gradients. Steady-state mucosal-to-serosal flux (Jms) was not different from the serosal-to-mucosal flux (Jsm), generating no net flux (Jnet = Jms - Jsm, was not different from "0'). Simultaneous fluxes of mannitol, a paracellular probe, exhibited an identical flux pattern, suggesting that phosphate flux across the colonic epithelium may be mediated through the paracellular pathway. Tight junction permeability was increased with mucosal addition of taurodeoxycholate (TDC, 2 mM) which caused a prompt increase in transepithelial conductance from 7.03 +/- 0.35 to 13.88 +/- 0.35 mS/cm2 (p < 0.001). This was associated with an increase in Jsm, but no change in Jms, for mannitol, resulting in a net flux in the secretary direction. Identical TDC-induced changes were observed in phosphate fluxes, again suggesting phosphate permeation through the intercellular, mannitol pathway. A significant correlation was observed between the permeability of phosphate and the permeability of mannitol, measured both in the mucosal-to-serosal and the serosal-to-mucosal directions and under both control and experimental (mucosal TDC) conditions. Thus, colonic phosphate transport is mediated through the paracellular pathway and enema with high phosphate concentrations (1,760 times blood concentration), can trigger rapid and massive phosphate absorption through this diffusive pathway.
An inexpensive scheme for calibration of a colour monitor in terms of CIE standard coordinates (1983)

The Commission Internationale d'Eclairage system of colorimetry is a method of measuring colours that has been standardized, and is widely used by industries involved with colour. Knowing the CIE coordinates of a colour allows it to be reproduced easily and exactly in many different media. For this reason graphics installations which utilize colour extensively ought to have the capability of knowing the CIE coordinates of displayed colours, and of displaying colours of given CIE coordinates. Such a capability requires a function which transforms video monitor gun voltages (RGB colour space) into CIE coordinates (XYZ colour space), and vice versa. The function incorporates certain monitor parameters. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the form that such a function takes, and to show how the necessary monitor parameters can be measured using little more than a simple light meter. Because space is limited, and because each user is likely to implement the calibration differently, few technical details are given, but principles and methods are discussed in sufficient depth to allow the full use of the system. In addition, several visual checks which can be used for quick verification of the integrity of the calibration are described. The paper begins with an overview of the CIE system of colorimetry. It continues with a general discussion of transformations from RGB colour space to XYZ colour space, after which a detailed step-by-step procedure for monitor calibration is presented.
Selective enhancement of antitumor activity of N-acetyl melphalan upon conjugation to monoclonal antibodies. (1987)

Melphalan (MEL) is an aromatic alkylating agent which is useful for the treatment of a number of human cancers, including myeloma and ovarian cancer. However, like most cytotoxic drugs, MEL has side effects, due to its nonspecific effects on all or most cells. To overcome these nonspecific effects N-acetyl melphalan (N-AcMEL) was synthesized and found to be 75 times less toxic to tumor cells in vitro. However, when N-AcMEL was conjugated to monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to form N-AcMEL-MoAb conjugates the cytotoxic effect of MEL was restored, but with a difference in that the MEL could only act on cells which bound antibody. It was shown that, for N-AcMEL-MoAb conjugates, the N-AcMEL entered cells via the MoAb, by endocytosis, and not by the phenylalanine amino acid transport system. In addition, N-AcMEL-MoAb conjugates more effectively erradicated tumors in vivo than does free MEL or N-AcMEL. The N-AcMEL-MoAb conjugates therefore have high specific activity both in vitro and in vivo and a markedly reduced nonspecific toxicity, as N-AcMEL is relatively nontoxic to cells unless conveyed there by MoAb. In these respects the study offers a new approach to the use of chemotherapeutic agents in patients with cancer.
Toward a retrieval of HTML documents using a semantic approach (2002)

The growth of the Internet has produced a lot of advantages, together with the opportunity to provide different people with access to a large warehouse of information. However, this phenomenon produces some difficulties in the activities of searching and retrieving. A large amount of information is sometimes useless if it does not offer tools to respond to the information needs of the user. This paper introduces an approach devoted to facilitating information access and retrieval using the World Wide Web's syntactic structures and semantic organization. We consider the HTML language syntax structure and the organization of information in a general Web document, and we define some rules that people use for structuring Web information. These rules can be used for managing and retrieving Web information and its semantics. A Web document is treated as a complex informative object formed by images, tables, animations, videos and text organized into chapters, paragraphs, titles, and so on, connected according to semantic links. Knowledge associated with the information structure helps in retrieving relevant information.
Establishment and Characterization of a Human T‐Lymphocyte Cell Line Immortalized by SV40 and with Abnormal Expression of TCR/CD3 (1998)

Human lymphocytes derived from the peripheral blood of a healthy woman were transfected with a plasmid carrying the simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen. The successfully transformed cells contained SV40 large T DNA and were negative for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV)-1 genomes. The immortalized cell line was assigned to the T-lymphocyte lineage on the basis of morphological, immunological and cytochemical criteria. While the cells expressed CD1a and CD4 at the cell surface, the CD3 complex was solely intracytoplasmic. Immunoprecipitation studies indicated that these cells lacked T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha-chains but not beta-chains. They were negative for activation markers such as CD25, CD69 and major histocompatibility (MHC) class II molecules. In addition, the transformed cells exhibited a complete growth independency towards interleukin-2 (IL-2). However, after phorbol ester stimulation, CD25 and CD69 markers were expressed and IL-2 was secreted. This new human immortalized T-lymphocytic cell line, which is cell-surface TCR/CD3-negative, may be useful as an in vitro model for studying TCR/CD3 assembly, expression and signal transduction.
[Effect of skeletal muscle contraction on bone capillary permeability: an experimental study in rabbits]. (2010)

Skeletal muscle contraction can increase the capillary permeability.
A study of glutathione status in the blood and tissues of patients with breast cancer (2005)

Glutathione plays an important role in the antioxidant system that is required for the maintenance of the redox status of the cell, defence against free radicals and detoxification of toxic compounds. Reduced glutathione (redGSH) can be converted to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) during oxidative stress. The ratio of redGSH/total glutathione can be regarded as an index of the redox status and a useful indicator of disease risks. We conducted experiments by the capillary zone electrophoresis method to investigate the alterations of the glutathione status in the blood and tissue samples from patients with breast cancer. The results showed that the levels of redGSH, GSSG, total glutathione and the ratio of redGSH/total glutathione were significantly decreased in the blood of the patients with breast cancer compared to those of the control subjects. The levels of various forms of glutathione were lower and more pronounced in stage III. In contrast, the levels of redGSH, GSSG, total glutathione and the redGSH/total glutathione ratio in breast cancer tissues were significantly increased relative to those of the adjacent cancer-free tissues, especially in stage II. We suggest that the high redGSH levels are associated with the enhancement of cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis in the cancer cells, and the loss of the large amount of erythrocyte redGSH may be due to increased detoxification capacities and defence against oxidative stress. We propose that redGSH should be regarded as an important biochemical parameter for detecting breast malignancy.
Effect of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Myocardial Reperfusion Injury (2000)

Myocardial reperfusion injury may lead to the outcomes including reperfusion arrhythmias, myocardial stunning and cell death. Studies have suggested a significant role of both the cardiac renin angiotensin system (RAS) and the function of endothelial cells of coronary vessels in myocardial reperfusion injury. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) not only inhibit converting enzyme activity leading to the reduced formation of angiotensin Ⅱ, but also prevent the degradation of bradykinin through the pathway of kininase Ⅱ which promote the production of prostacyclin and nitric oxide. In recent years, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors have been used to prevent myocardial reperfusion injury, and showed beneficial results in attenuating the reperfusion arrhythmias, myocardial stunning and cell death.
Contribution of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate to the regulation of bacterial glycogen synthesis in vivo. Effect of carbon source and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate on the quantitative relationship between the rate of glycogen synthesis and the cellular concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate in Escherichia coli. (1979)

When either fructose, glycerol, or succinate served as a sole source of carbon and energy in nitrogen-starved cultures of Escherichia coli W4597(K) the values of the kinetic constants of the equation that expresses the relationship between glycogen synthesis and hexose phosphates were different from the values observed when glucose was the sole source of carbon and energy. Addition of glucose during either exponential growth or nitrogen starvation to a culture using one of the other carbon sources slowed the rate of glycogen synthesis and shifted the values of the constants toward the values observed in cultures using glucose alone. Addition of cyclic AMP (cyclic adenosine 3‘:5‘-monophosphate) during exponential growth of a culture using glucose caused the values of the constants to be shifted toward the values observed in cultures using a carbon source other than glucose. In all of the metabolic conditions studied in this report the adenylate energy charge ((ATP + 1/2 ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP)) and the level of the rate-limiting enzyme of glycogen synthesis, ADP-glucose synthetase (glucose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.27), were the same. The data presented here indicate that the difference we observed in the quantitative relationship for glycogen synthesis is the result of the different cellular levels of cyclic AMP in the cells using glucose and the cells using one of the other carbon sources. Since cyclic AMP does not affect the velocity of ADP-glucose synthetase in vitro, apparently a change in the cellular level of cyclic AMP causes a shift in the cellular level of a presently unknown (and previously undetected) effector of this enzyme. The shift in the level of this effector evidently alters the response of the enzyme in vivo to the substrate glucose 1-phosphate and the activator fructose 1,6-diphosphate.
Similarity searching in files of three-dimensional chemical structures: Comparison of fragment-based measures of shape similarity (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSimilarity searching in files of three-dimensional chemical structures: Comparison of fragment-based measures of shape similarityPeter A. Bath, Andrew R. Poirrette, Peter Willett, and Frank H. AllenCite this: J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1994, 34, 1, 141–147Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ci00017a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ci00017a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views116Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Penicillin‐allergic patients react to penicillin‐modified “self” (1989)

Penicillin G (PNG) has been demonstrated to elicit T-cell responsiveness in vitro in allergic patients by means of a lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). As it was not clear how, or in what form, the stimulatory PNG determinants were inducing cellular proliferation, we compared the immune response elicited by different PNG preparations. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of patients with proven PNG allergy were isolated, and proliferative responsiveness to soluble PNG alone, soluble PNG-protein conjugates (BPO-HSA, BPO-PL, BPO-HEX), and non-reactive penicilloate salts, was evaluated. An autologous mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) using penicilloylated stimulator cells, was used to test responsiveness to membrane-bound PNG. We found that the addition of either 1000 micrograms/ml of potentially-reactive PNG to cell cultures, or of penicilloylated autologous cells was stimulatory, whereas non-reactive PNG salt, and soluble PNG conjugates were not stimulatory. Considering current and earlier findings, it appears that T cell immunity in these patients is directed towards PNG-modified "self", as PNG-modified autologous cells are potent stimulators in PNG-allergic individuals.
Identification and measurement of scaling-dependent parasitic capacitances of small-geometry MOSFET's (1996)

The scaling dependence of the gate-to-source capacitance in strong accumulation C/sub gs//sup acc/ is investigated for the first time to study the parasitic capacitances for MOSFETs with different gate-lengths. Results show a gate-length L/sub gate/ dependent characteristic for C/sub gs//sup acc/ and is consistent with the results from numerical device simulation. The result is found to be different from the widely used assumption in the literature, and is believed to be reported for the first time. The gate-length dependent C/sub gs//sup acc/ characteristic is due to the top side capacitance, and is verified through careful device characterization and numerical device simulation. A measurement technique is further developed to determine C/sub top/ for small geometry MOSFETs. The technique is demonstrated on actual transistors with no special test devices required. Based on the technique, a sub-linear dependent relationship is found for the dependence of C/sub top/ on L/sub gate/, and is in close agreement with the results predicted by theory. Results also indicate that C/sub top/ is about 8-13% of the measured total C/sub gs//sup acc/, which corresponds to a nonnegligible portion of the total capacitance, and needs to be considered for future device design, characterization and modeling. The impact of C/sub top/ on CMOS inverter gate delay is also investigated. Results indicate C/sub top/ adversely impact the gate delay by as much as 5.5% as supply voltage is scaled down to 1 V.
Breeding records of the Spangled Drongo 'Dicrurus bracteatus' (1996)

Fifty-three nest records of the Spangled Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus were available from the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union in December 1993. Forty-three nests (81 percent ) were north of the Tropic of Capricorn. Data from these records were analysed and supplemented with other breeding reports, mainly from Australian literature. Information is presented on nest site, habitat, nest building, clutch size, incubation, nestling and dependency periods, breeding season, breeding success, nesting associations and brood parasitism. The average clutch is estimated to be 3.4 eggs as follows: c/2 (9), c/3 (59), c/4 (46), c/5 (5), n=119. Incubation and nestling periods were 19 1 and 22 1 days, respectively. Most eggs were laid in the south of the breeding range in November-December and in the north of Australia from October to January.
AAV Hybrid Serotypes: Improved Vectors for Gene Delivery (2005)

In recent years, significant efforts have been made on studying and engineering adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid, in order to increase efficiency in targeting specific cell types that are non-permissive to wild type (wt) viruses and to improve efficacy in infecting only the cell type of interest. With our previous knowledge of the viral properties of the naturally occurring serotypes and the elucidation of their capsid structures, we can now generate capsid mutants, or hybrid serotypes, by various methods and strategies. In this review, we summarize the studies performed on AAV retargeting, and categorize the available hybrid serotypes to date, based on the type of modification: 1) transcapsidation, 2) adsorption of bi-specific antibody to capsid surface, 3) mosaic capsid, and 4) chimeric capsid. Not only these hybrid serotypes could achieve high efficiency of gene delivery to a specific targeted cell type, which can be better-tailored for a particular clinical application, but also serve as a tool for studying AAV biology such as receptor binding, trafficking and genome delivery into the nucleus.
Nontoxic lipopolysaccharide from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023 (1983)

Chemical analysis of the lipopolysaccharide from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023, isolated by the phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether method, revealed the presence of glucuronic acid, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, threonine, and phosphorus in the polysaccharide moiety. The lipid A component contained glucosamine, glucosamine phosphate, amide-bound 3-oxotetradecanoic acid and 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid, and ester-bound 3-hydroxydecanoic acid and 7-tetradecenoic acid. Structural similarity of the lipid A from R. sphaeroides ATCC 17023 to enterobacterial lipid A is indicated by the existence of a serological cross-reaction occurring between the lipid A from R. sphaeroides ATCC 17023 and that from Salmonella minnesota R595. The lipopolysaccharide and lipid A of R. sphaeroides, however, were found to be neither toxic in mice nor pyrogenic in rabbits.
Complex formation between the NS3 serine-type proteinase of the hepatitis C virus and NS4A and its importance for polyprotein maturation (1995)

Processing of the hepatitis C virus polyprotein is mediated by host cell signalases and at least two virally encoded proteinases. Of these, the serine-type proteinase encompassing the amino-terminal one-third of NS3 is responsible for cleavage at the four sites carboxy terminal of NS3. The activity of this proteinase is modulated by NS4A, a 54-amino-acid polyprotein cleavage product essential for processing at the NS3/4A, NS4A/4B, and NS4B/5A sites and enhancing cleavage efficiency between NS5A and NS5B. Using the vaccinia virus-T7 hybrid system to express hepatitis C virus polypeptides in BHK-21 cells, we studied the role of NS4A in proteinase activation. We found that the NS3 proteinase and NS4A form a stable complex when expressed as a single polyprotein or as separate molecules. Results from deletion mapping show that the minimal NS4A domain required for proteinase activation is located in the center of NS4A between amino acids 1675 and 1686 of the polyprotein. Amino acid substitutions within this domain destabilizing the NS3-NS4A complex also impair trans cleavage at the NS4A-dependent sites. Similarly, deletion of amino-terminal NS3 sequences impairs complex formation as well as cleavage at the NS4B/5A site but not at the NS4A-independent NS5A/5B site. These results suggest that a stable NS3-NS4A interaction is important for cleavage at the NS4A-dependent sites and that amino-terminal NS3 sequences and the central NS4A domain are directly involved in complex formation.
Hybridization Reaction Kinetics of DNA Probes on Beads Arrayed in a Capillary Enhanced by Turbulent Flow (2003)

The hybridization reaction kinetics of DNA probes on beads arrayed in a capillary was investigated experimentally and theoretically by using fluid mechanical methods. A device was prepared to contain DNA probes conjugated on 103-microm-diameter beads that were queued in a 150-microm-diameter capillary. The hybridization experiments were performed by introducing sample into the capillary and moving it with a one-way or a reciprocal flow. From the relation between Reynolds number and the resistance coefficient of the system, we found that the flow in the system was turbulent and not laminar as has been said of other microfluidic devices. The reaction efficiency was estimated using a mass-transfer coefficient derived from Chilton-Colburn's analogy. The estimate agreed well with the experimental data. A diffusion equation under laminar assumption was also solved, but this estimated value was 4.0-10.4 times smaller than the experimental data. Using the device achieved a hybridization efficiency as high as approximately 90% in 10 min. It was concluded that the high hybridization performance of the device resulted from turbulent flow and that the flow compensated the slow molecular diffusion. Using this bead-included structure resulted in a rapid and effective reaction at the solid-liquid interface, and the device seems very promising for many future applications.