gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Method for Closed Irrigation and Suction Therapy in Deep Wound Infections (1969)

An improved method for closed-system, irrigation-suction, antibiotic-detergent treatment of deep infected wounds has been described. Most of the twenty-four patients in the present series had acute infections of the musculoskeletal system but there were some chronic infections. The method has been simplified by the use of a preoperatively prepared surgical pack and a crisscross flow-reversal arrangement of the tubing. Insertion of the tubes through puncture wounds at surgery is facilitated by the use of Steinmann pins of the proper diameter, which eliminate the likelihood of leakage about the tubes. It is convenient to have three intravenous bottles in place. The desired solution may be selected by appropriate application of clamps on the tubing. One intravenous bottle contains Clorpactin XCB, 0.5 per cent; another, normal saline; the third, Alevaire and the selected antibiotic in normal saline. Precautions in the use of the materials are discussed. The ability to regulate or reverse the flow of solutions precisely is increased by the crisscross tubes. The crisscross flow-reversal feature is considered essential for the prevention of pooling, sinus formation, and clogging of tubes, and as a means to assure maximum contact of the solutions with all parts of wound.
Local clustering 3-D stacked CMOS technology for interconnect loading reduction (2006)

A three-dimensional (3-D) stacked CMOS technology is developed to closely pack devices in a number of standard cells to form local clusters. Based on the 3-D stacked CMOS technology, an analysis to extend the technology to implement standard cell-based integrated circuits is performed. It is found that the 3-D stacked CMOS technology can reduce the size of an overall IC by 50% with significant reduction in interconnect delay. A thermal analysis is also performed. It was found that the rise in temperature in 3-D ICs could be lower than that of traditional planar ICs under the condition of same propagation delay since the required power supply voltage of 3-D ICs to achieve the same performance is lower.
(P(C6H5)3)CpRu+‐Catalyzed Deprotection of Allyl Carboxylic Esters. (2002)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sucrose metabolism: Anabaena sucrose‐phosphate synthase and sucrose‐phosphate phosphatase define minimal functional domains shuffled during evolution (2002)

Based on the functional characterization of sucrose biosynthesis related protiens[SBP: sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose-phosphate phosphatase (SPP), and sucrose synthase (SuS)] in Anabaena sp. PCC7120 and sequence analysis, we have shown that SBP are restricted to cyanobacterium species and plants, and that they are multidomain proteins with modular architecture. Anabaena SPS, a minimal catalytic SPS unit, defines a glucosyltransferase domain present in all SPSs and SuSs. Similarly, Anabaena SPP defines a phosphohydrolase domain characteristic of all SPPs and some SPSs. Phylogenetic analysis points towards the evolution of modern cyanobacterial and plant SBP from a bidomainal common ancestral SPS-like gene.
Taxol (1991)

Taxol is a new anti-cancer drug that is a natural product derived from the bark of the Pacific Yew tree. The drug promotes polymerization and stabilization of tubulin to microtubules and interferes with the mitotic spindle. Clinical trials indicate that taxol is effective in the treatment of patients with refractory ovarian cancer, breast cancer, malignant melanoma and probably other solid tumors. Toxicities include anaphylactoid reactions, leukopenia, peripheral neuropathy and oropharyngeal mucositis. Increased supplies of the drug are required to support further phase II and III testing.
Mutational Analyses of the p35-Caspase Interaction (2003)

Apoptosis is a highly regulated multistep process for programmed cellular destruction. It is centered on the activation of a group of intracellular cysteine proteases known as caspases. The baculoviral p35 protein effectively blocks apoptosis through its broad spectrum caspase inhibition. It harbors a caspase recognition sequence within a highly protruding reactive site loop (RSL), which gets cleaved by a target caspase before the formation of a tight complex. The crystal structure of the post-cleavage complex between p35 and caspase-8 shows that p35 forms a thioester bond with the active site cysteine of the caspase. The covalent bond is prevented from hydrolysis by the N terminus of p35, which repositions into the active site of the caspase to eliminate solvent accessibility of the catalytic residues. Here, we report mutational analyses of the pre-cleavage and post-cleavage p35/caspase interactions using surface plasmon resonance biosensor measurements, pull-down assays and kinetic inhibition experiments. The experiments identify important structural elements for caspase inhibition by p35, including the strict requirement for a Cys at the N terminus of p35 and the rigidity of the RSL. A bowstring kinetic model for p35 function is derived in which the tension generated in the bowstring system during the pre-cleavage interaction is crucial for the fast post-cleavage conformational changes required for inhibition.
mTOR attenuates the inflammatory response in cardiomyocytes and prevents cardiac dysfunction in pathological hypertrophy (2010)

Previous studies have suggested that inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by rapamycin suppresses myocardial hypertrophy. However, the role of mTOR in the progression of cardiac dysfunction in pathological hypertrophy has not been fully defined. Interestingly, recent reports indicate that the inflammatory response, which plays an important role in the development of heart failure, is enhanced by rapamycin under certain conditions. Our aim in this study was to determine the influence of mTOR on pathological hypertrophy and to assess whether cardiac mTOR regulates the inflammatory response. We generated transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of wild-type mTOR (mTOR-Tg). mTOR-Tg mice were protected against cardiac dysfunction following left ventricular pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) (P < 0.01) and had significantly less interstitial fibrosis compared with littermate controls (WT) at 4 wk post-TAC (P < 0.01). In contrast, TAC caused cardiac dysfunction in WT. At 1 wk post-TAC, the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were significantly increased in WT mice but not in mTOR-Tg mice. To further characterize the effects of mTOR activation, we exposed HL-1 cardiomyocytes transfected with mTOR to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). mTOR overexpression suppressed LPS-induced secretion of IL-6 (P < 0.001), and the mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and PP242 abolished this inhibitory effect of mTOR. In addition, mTOR overexpression reduced NF-κB-regulated transcription in HL-1 cells. These data suggest that mTOR mitigates adverse outcomes of pressure overload and that this cardioprotective effect of mTOR is mediated by regulation of the inflammatory reaction.
Autoantibodies to amyloid-? and Alzheimer's disease (2001)

Immunization against amyloid-beta has been suggested as a possible preventive or therapeutic treatment for Alzheimer's disease. We hypothesized that some individuals may have autoantibodies to amyloid-beta and that this may be protective. We analyzed the plasma of 365 individuals, drawn from a larger longitudinal epidemiological study, for the presence of antibodies to amyloid-beta. There were detectable but very low levels of anti-amyloid-beta antibodies in just over 50% of all samples and modest levels in under 5% of all samples. However, neither the presence nor the level of anti-amyloid-beta antibodies correlated with the likelihood of developing dementia or with plasma levels of amyloid-beta peptide. These data suggest that low levels of anti-amyloid-beta autoantibodies are frequent in the elderly population but do not confer protection against developing dementia.
Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008* (2008)

Allergic rhinitis is a symptomatic disorder of the nose\ninduced after allergen exposure by an IgE-mediated\ninflammation of the membranes lining the nose. It is a\nglobal health problem that causes major illness and disability\nworldwide. Over 600 million patients from all\ncountries, all ethnic groups and of all ages suffer from\nallergic rhinitis. It affects social life, sleep, school and\nwork and its economic impact is substantial.\nRisk factors for allergic rhinitis are well identified.\nIndoor and outdoor allergens as well as occupational\nagents cause rhinitis and other allergic diseases.\nThe role of indoor and outdoor pollution is probably\nvery important, but has yet to be fully understood\nboth for the occurrence of the disease and its manifestations.\nIn 1999, during the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on\nAsthma (ARIA) WHO workshop, the expert panel\nproposed a new classification for allergic rhinitis which\nwas subdivided into _intermittent_ or _persistent_ disease.\nThis classification is now validated.\nThe diagnosis of allergic rhinitis is often quite easy, but\nin some cases it may cause problems and many patients\nare still under-diagnosed, often because they do not\nperceive the symptoms of rhinitis as a disease impairing\ntheir social life, school and work.\nThe management of allergic rhinitis is well established\nand the ARIA expert panel based its recommendations\non evidence using an extensive review of the literature\navailable up to December 1999. The statements of\nevidence for the development of these guidelines followed\nWHO rules and were based on those of Shekelle et al.\nA large number of papers have been published since 2000\nand are extensively reviewed in the 2008 Update using\nthe same evidence-based system. Recommendations for\nthe management of allergic rhinitis are similar in both the\nARIA workshop report and the 2008 Update. In the\nfuture, the GRADE approach will be used, but is not yet\navailable.\nAnother important aspect of the ARIA guidelines was\nto consider co-morbidities. Both allergic rhinitis and\nasthma are systemic inflammatory conditions and often\nco-exist in the same patients. In the 2008 Update, these\nlinks have been confirmed.\nTheARIAdocument is not intended to be a standard-ofcare\ndocument for individual countries. It is provided as a\nbasis for physicians, health care professionals and\norganizations involved in the treatment of allergic rhinitis\nand asthma in various countries to facilitate the\ndevelopment of relevant local standard-of-care documents\nfor patients.
Ultrasmooth Silver Thin Films Deposited with a Germanium Nucleation Layer (2008)

We demonstrate an effective method for depositing smooth silver (Ag) films on SiO(2)/Si(100) substrates using a thin seed layer of evaporated germanium (Ge). The deposited Ag films exhibit smaller root-mean-square surface roughness, narrower peak-to-valley surface topological height distribution, smaller grain-size distribution, and smaller sheet resistance in comparison to those of Ag films directly deposited on SiO(2)/Si(100) substrates. Optically thin ( approximately 10-20 nm) Ag films deposited with approximately 1-2 nm Ge nucleation layers show more than an order of magnitude improvement in the surface roughness. The presence of the thin layer of Ge changes the growth kinetics (nucleation and evolution) of the electron-beam-evaporated Ag, leading to Ag films with smooth surface morphology and high electrical conductivity. The demonstrated Ag thin films are very promising for large-scale applications as molecular anchors, optical metamaterials, plasmonic devices, and several areas of nanophotonics.
Conditional impairment of cell division and altered lethality in hipA mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 (1988)

Mutations in hipA, a gene of Escherichia coli K-12, greatly reduce the lethality of selective inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis. These mutations have also been found to reduce the lethality that accompanies either selective inhibition of DNA synthesis or heat shock of strains defective in htpR. In addition, the mutant alleles of hipA are responsible for a reversible cold-sensitive block in cell division and synthesis of macromolecules, particularly peptidoglycan. Recombination between the chromosome of hipA mutants and plasmids containing noncomplementing fragments of hipA+ revealed that the mutations responsible for both cold sensitivity and reduced lethality were probably identical and, in any case, lay within the first 360 base pairs of the coding region of hipA, probably within the first 50 base pairs. We suggest that the pleiotropic effects of mutations in hipA reflect the involvement of this gene in cell division.
Growth Curves and Survival Characteristics of the Animals Used in the Biomarkers of Aging Program (1999)

The collaborative Interagency Agreement between the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) and the National Institute on Aging (NIA) was aimed at identifying and validating a panel of biomarkers of aging in rodents in order to rapidly test the efficacy and safety of interventions designed to slow aging. Another aim was to provide a basis for developing biomarkers of aging in humans, using the assumption that biomarkers that were useful across different genotypes and species were sensitive to fundamental processes that would extrapolate to humans. Caloric restriction (CR), the only intervention that consistently extends both mean and maximal life span in a variety of species, was used to provide a model with extended life span. C57BI/6NNia, DBA/2JNia, B6D2F1, and B6C3F1 mice and Brown Norway (BN/RijNia), Fischer (F344/NNia) and Fischer x Brown Norway hybrid (F344 x BN F1) rats were bred and maintained on study. NCTR generated data from over 60,000 individually housed animals of the seven different genotypes and both sexes, approximately half ad libitum (AL) fed, the remainder CR. Approximately half the animals were shipped to offsite NIA investigators internationally, with the majority of the remainder maintained at NCTR until they died. The collaboration supplied a choice of healthy, long-lived rodent models to investigators, while allowing for the development of some of the most definitive information on life span, food consumption, and growth characteristics in these genotypes under diverse feeding paradigms.
Structural dependence of flavonoid interactions with Cu2+ ions: implications for their antioxidant properties (1998)

The flavonoids constitute a large group of polyphenolic phytochemicals with antioxidant properties in vitro. The interactions of four structurally related flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, rutin and luteolin) with Cu2+ ions were investigated in terms of the extent to which they undergo complex formation through chelation or modification through oxidation, as well as in their structural dependence. The ortho 3',4'-dihydroxy substitution in the B ring is shown to be important for Cu2+-chelate formation, thereby influencing the antioxidant activity. The presence of a 3-hydroxy group in the flavonoid structure enhances the oxidation of quercetin and kaempferol, whereas luteolin and rutin, each lacking the 3-hydroxy group, do not oxidize as readily in the presence of Cu2+ ions. The results also demonstrate that the reactivities of the flavonoids in protecting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) against Cu2+ ion-induced oxidation are dependent on their structural properties in terms of the response of the particular flavonoid to Cu2+ ions, whether chelation or oxidation, their partitioning abilities between the aqueous compartment and the lipophilic environment within the LDL particle, and their hydrogen-donating antioxidant properties.
Systems Design and Economic Analysis of Direct Air Capture of CO2 through Temperature Vacuum Swing Adsorption Using MIL-101(Cr)-PEI-800 and mmen-Mg2(dobpdc) MOF Adsorbents (2016)

Direct air capture (DAC) removes CO2 from the atmosphere and can therefore address sizable nonpoint sources emissions of CO2 such as those from transportation. We propose a five-step temperature vacuum swing adsorption process for direct air capture using solid adsorbents coated as films on monolithic contactors using steam as the stripping agent during desorption. We perform a modeling study and economic assessment for DAC using two metal organic frameworks, MIL-101(Cr)-PEI-800 and mmen-Mg2(dobpdc), for which we have experimentally demonstrated film growth on monolith structures. The results indicate minimum energy requirements, and cost estimates are 0.145 MJ/mol-CO2 and $75–140/t-CO2 for MIL-101(Cr)-PEI-800, and 0.113 MJ/mol-CO2 and $60–190/t-CO2 for mmen-Mg2(dobpdc), respectively. The overall DAC cost is sensitive to adsorbent purchase cost and lifetime as well as cycle parameters such as adsorption and desorption times. We conclude that mmen-Mg2(dobpdc) has better performance compared to MIL-101(Cr)-PEI-800 in terms of energy requirements because of its higher capacity and nonlinear isotherm.
Preparation of Activated Carbons from Chinese Coal and Hydrolysis Lignin (2001)

Activated carbons from Chinese coal and Chinese hydrolysis lignin have been prepared by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide. The following aspects of these activated materials have been analyzed: raw material; pre-treatment of raw material; activation agent, activation temperature and time, and the activation agent/raw material ratio. Activated carbons with BET specific surface areas of the order of 2400–2600 m 2 /g which exhibited substantial microporosity, a total pore volume of over 1.30 cm 3 /g and a Methylene Blue adsorption capacity of over 440 mg/g were obtained.
Lung fluid balance in lambs before and after premature birth. (1989)

The purpose of this study was to see if lung vascular protein permeability is greater in preterm lambs with respiratory distress than it is in lambs without lung disease. We measured pulmonary vascular pressures, lung lymph flow, and concentrations of protein in lymph and plasma of 10 chronically catheterized preterm lambs (gestation 133 +/- 1 d) for 2-4 h before and for 4-8 h after delivery by cesarean section. All lambs were treated with mechanical ventilation after birth and received a constant intravenous infusion of glucose-saline solution at an hourly rate of 10 ml/kg. Respiratory failure developed in six lambs, in which there was a sustained threefold postnatal increase in lung lymph flow and lymph protein flow, with an even greater increase in pleural liquid drainage. Concentrations of protein in lymph and pleural liquid were almost identical, averaging approximately 75% of the plasma protein concentration. In the four preterm lambs without lung disease, lymph flow and lymph protein flow were either near or below fetal values by 6-8 h after birth, and there was little or no pleural liquid drainage. Extravascular lung water averaged 7.3 +/- .8 g/g dry lung in lambs with respiratory failure compared to 4.8 +/- .5 g/g dry lung in lambs without lung disease. Thus, pulmonary edema with abnormal leakage of protein-rich liquid from the lung microcirculation into the interstitium is an important pathological feature of the respiratory disease that often occurs after premature birth.
Monoadduct forming photochemical reagents for labeling nucleic acids for hybridization (1989)

We describe the synthesis of three angelicin derivatives which can be used for labeling nucleic acids with biotin. These compounds were used to label nucleic acids in the presence of lysed cell constituents. The resulting labelled nucleic acids show hybridization to a genus specific probe for E. coli. The relative comparison of sensitivity indicates that a polyamine linker is better than a polyethylene oxide linker between the biotin and angelicin moieties.
Dye-uptake Experiment through Connexin Hemichannels (2014)

Connexins (Cxs) are integral membrane proteins of vertebrates that associate to form hexameric transmembrane channels, named hemichannels. Twenty-one Cx types have been described, which are named according to their molecular weight. Cxs are expressed in many cell types, e.g. epithelial cells, astrocytes and immune cells. Hemichannels allow the passage of molecules of up to 1-2 kDa along the concentration gradient. When surface-exposed, hemichannels mediate the exchange of molecules between the cytosol and the extracellular space. Hemichannels are closed by default, but several cues inducing their opening have been described, e.g. a drop in the extracellular Ca2+ concentration (Evans et al., 2006) or infection with enteric pathogens (Puhar et al., 2013; Tran Van Nhieu et al., 2003). Hemichannel opening can be measured by electrophysiology, by quantifying the release of a hemichannel-permeable molecule into the extracellular medium or by quantifying the uptake of a hemichannel-permeable, plasma membrane-impermeant molecule. As the extent of uptake of a molecule is proportional to its concentration, exposure time, temperature (these parameters are controlled) and, importantly, to the number of active hemichannels on the cell surface, uptake assays are routinely used to assess hemichannel opening. This protocol for the uptake of the fluorescent dye ethidium bromide was used with Hela cells that were stably transfected with Cx26 or Cx43 (Paemeleire et al., 2000). Nevertheless, it could likely be used with other Cx-expressing cell types.
Design of Compact and Lightweight Wearable Power Assist Device (2003)

In this paper, the development of a compact and lightweight power assist device for lower back flexion and extension, when carrying a heavy load, is presented. For investigating the effect of the device, we model a human body as a planar seven-link system, and we analyze a compression force in the lower back, particularly at the disc between the fifth lumbar vertebra and the first sacrum. We built two prototypes of the device, and we apply the model to real data acquired by the prototype. The analysis results show that the proposed device can reduce the compression force in the disc. A controller for the device is developed, which can follow a voluntary human motion using surface myosignals.
Expression of nuclear receptor corepressors and class I histone deacetylases in astrocytic gliomas (2010)

Transcriptional repressors such as nuclear receptor corepressors (NCORs) and class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) are considered potential therapeutic targets in various human malignancies. In astrocytic gliomas, however, there is still a need to understand the role of these transcriptional repressors in tumor proliferation, tumor differentiation, and patient survival. We immunohistochemically analyzed the expression of NCOR1 and 2 as well as HDAC1, 2, and 3 on a tissue microarray comprising tumor samples from 283 astrocytic gliomas and correlated the expression levels with tumor differentiation, tumor proliferation, and patient survival. Strong nuclear expression was found in glioma cells for HDAC1, HDAC2, and NCOR2. In contrast, weak expression of NCOR1 and HDAC3 was detected in the cytoplasm and nuclei of tumor cells. HDAC3 expression was inversely associated with tumor grade. Consequently, increased HDAC3 expression was associated with better patient survival in univariate regression. Expression of HDAC1 and HDAC2 increased during tumor recurrence and malignant tumor progression, respectively, whereas expression of the remaining antigens did not seem to depend on tumor grade and was comparable to expression levels found in non-neoplastic brain tissues. Finally, we detected a positive association between HDAC2 expression and tumor proliferation as well as between NCOR1 and expression of the stem cell-associated intermediate filament protein nestin. Our findings suggest that "classical" transcriptional repressors are expressed in astrocytic tumors and that the roles of HDAC2 and HDAC3 in these tumors deserve further investigation.