gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Fungal Family of Transcriptional Regulators: the Zinc Cluster Proteins (2006)

The trace element zinc is required for proper functioning of a large number of proteins, including various enzymes. However, most zinc-containing proteins are transcription factors capable of binding DNA and are named zinc finger proteins. They form one of the largest families of transcriptional regulators and are categorized into various classes according to zinc-binding motifs. This review focuses on one class of zinc finger proteins called zinc cluster (or binuclear) proteins. Members of this family are exclusively fungal and possess the well-conserved motif CysX(2)CysX(6)CysX(5-12)CysX(2)CysX(6-8)Cys. The cysteine residues bind to two zinc atoms, which coordinate folding of the domain involved in DNA recognition. The first- and best-studied zinc cluster protein is Gal4p, a transcriptional activator of genes involved in the catabolism of galactose in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Since the discovery of Gal4p, many other zinc cluster proteins have been characterized; they function in a wide range of processes, including primary and secondary metabolism and meiosis. Other roles include regulation of genes involved in the stress response as well as pleiotropic drug resistance, as demonstrated in budding yeast and in human fungal pathogens. With the number of characterized zinc cluster proteins growing rapidly, it is becoming more and more apparent that they are important regulators of fungal physiology.
Strong correlation between the number of CAG repeats in androgen receptor genes and the clinical onset of features of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (1992)

X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), a motor neuron disease associated with androgen insensitivity, is caused by androgen receptor gene mutations with an increased number of tandem CAG repeats in exon 1. We investigated the increased number of CAG repeats in androgen receptor genes of 19 SBMA patients and found that this correlated strongly with the age at onset of muscle weakness. Thus, SBMA is the first genetic disease in which a strong correlation between the degree of genetic abnormality (number of CAG tandem repeats) and clinical phenotypic expression is demonstrable. The results further indicate that androgen gene mutation is directly involved in the degeneration of motor neurons.
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: A Potential Therapeutic Virus for the Treatment of Hematologic Malignancy (2004)

Certain strains of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) have been shown to be oncolytic in a wide variety of solid tumors. In the present study, we tested the leukemolytic properties of VSV using established leukemia cell lines and primary patient material. VSV efficiently killed essentially all leukemic cell lines. In contrast, however, normal clonogenic bone marrow progenitor cells and peripheral blood cells were remarkably refractory to infection by VSV. By exploiting this large difference in susceptibility to infection we successfully purged contaminating leukemic cells from cultures of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) using VSV. VSV was also able to infect and kill leukemic cells in primary samples taken from patients with multiple myeloma (MM). This study demonstrates the potential utility of VSV in the treatment, both ex vivo and in vivo, of hematologic malignancies.
Ureaplasma parvum lipoproteins, including MB antigen, activate NF-κB through TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 (2008)

Ureaplasma species (Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum) are commonly isolated pathogens from the female reproductive tract and are associated with perinatal diseases in humans. Inappropriate induction of inflammatory responses may be involved in the occurrence of such diseases; however, pathogenic agents that induce the inflammatory response have not been identified in ureaplasmas. In this study, we examined the involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the activation of the immune response by U. parvum lipoproteins, as well as the U. parvum components responsible for nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. The Triton X-114 (TX-114) detergent phase of U. parvum was found to induce NF-kappaB through TLR2. The active components of the TX-114 detergent phase were lipoproteins, such as multiple banded (MB) antigen, UU012 and UU016 of U. parvum. The activation of NF-kappaB by these lipoproteins was inhibited by dominant negative (DN) constructs of TLR1 and DN TLR6. Thus, the lipoproteins from U. parvum were found to activate NF-kappaB through TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6. Furthermore, these lipoproteins possessed an ability to induce tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
Graft Options in Posterolateral and Posterior Interbody Lumbar Fusion (2010)

Several alternatives to iliac crest autograft bone provide promising early clinical results in achieving posterolateral and posterior interbody lumbar fusion.
Immunogenicity of Biotherapeutics: Causes and Association with Posttranslational Modifications (2016)

Today, potential immunogenicity can be better evaluated during the drug development process, and we have rational approaches to manage the clinical consequences of immunogenicity. The focus of the scientific community should be on developing sensitive diagnostics that can predict immunogenicity-mediated adverse events in the small fraction of subjects that develop clinically relevant anti-drug antibodies. Here, we discuss the causes of immunogenicity which could be product-related (inherent property of the product or might be picked up during the manufacturing process), patient-related (genetic profile or eating habits), or linked to the route of administration. We describe various posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and how they may influence immunogenicity. Over the last three decades, we have significantly improved our understanding about the types of PTMs of biotherapeutic proteins and their association with immunogenicity. It is also now clear that all PTMs do not lead to clinical immunogenicity. We also discuss the mechanisms of immunogenicity (which include T cell-dependent and T cell-independent responses) and immunological tolerance. We further elaborate on the management of immunogenicity in preclinical and clinical setting and the unique challenges raised by biosimilars, which may have different immunogenic potential from their parent biotherapeutics.
小児循環器学研究の進歩(循環器学2003年の進歩) (2004)

one and
Acoustic droplet vaporization threshold: effects of pulse duration and contrast agent (2007)

The use of superheated liquid perfluorocarbon droplets encased in albumin shells has been proposed as a minimally invasive alternative to current treatment of cancer by means of occlusion therapy. In response to an applied acoustic field, these droplets, which are small enough to pass through capillaries, vaporize into large gas bubbles that subsequently lodge in the vasculature. This technique, known as acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) has been shown to successfully reduce blood flow in vivo, but for in situ conditions where attenuation is present, lower acoustic frequency and ADV threshold may be desirable. Thus, two methods to lower the ADV threshold at a lower 1.44 MHz were explored. The first part of this study investigated the role of pulse duration on ADV. The second part investigated the role of inertial cavitation (IC) external to a droplet by lowering the IC threshold in the host liquid with the presence of Definity contrast agent (CA). The threshold was found to be 5.5-5.9 MPa for short microsecond pulses and decreased for millisecond pulses (3.8-4.6 MPa). When CAs were present and long millisecond pulses were used, the ADV threshold decreased to values as low as 0.41 MPa.
IL-6 and TNF-α Synergistically Inhibit Allograft Acceptance (2009)

Previous studies suggested that activation of the innate immune system impairs the induction of transplantation tolerance, but the responsible inflammatory mediators have not been identified. In this study, we examined whether IL-6 and TNF-alpha promote resistance to transplantation tolerance. Using a highly immunogenic murine skin allograft model, we found that the absence of both IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the graft recipient synergized with co-stimulatory blockade to induce tolerance. Furthermore, IL-6 and TNF-alpha acted together to promote T cell alloimmune responses both in vitro and in vivo and to impair the ability of regulatory T cells to suppress effector T cell alloimmunity. In addition, deficiency of recipient IRAK-M, a negative regulator of certain innate immune pathways, augmented cellular IL-6 and TNF-alpha responses and impaired the ability of co-stimulatory blockade to extend allograft survival. In summary, IL-6 and TNF-alpha synergistically impair the efficacy of therapies that promote allograft acceptance.
Aerosol delivery during mechanical ventilation. (2002)

Aerosols can be delivered during mechanical ventilation using either a nebulizer or MDI. The MDI is the most efficient method of aerosol delivery, whereas the greatest absolute amount of drug delivery is with the nebulizer.
Targeting tissue factor on tumor vascular endothelial cells and tumor cells for immunotherapy in mouse models of prostatic cancer (2001)

The efficacy and safety of an immunoconjugate (icon) molecule, composed of a mutated mouse factor VII (mfVII) targeting domain and the Fc effector domain of an IgG1 Ig (mfVII/Fc icon), was tested with a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model of human prostatic cancer and an immunocompetent mouse model of mouse prostatic cancer. The SCID mice were first injected s.c. with a human prostatic tumor line, forming a skin tumor that produces a high blood titer of prostate-specific antigen and metastasizes to bone. The icon was encoded in a replication-incompetent adenoviral vector that was injected directly into the skin tumor. The tumor cells infected by the vector synthesize and secrete the icon into the blood, and the blood-borne icon binds with high affinity and specificity to mouse tissue factor expressed on endothelial cells lining the lumen of the tumor vasculature and to human tissue factor expressed on the tumor cells. The Fc domain of the icon activates a cytolytic immune attack against cells that bind the icon. The immunotherapy tests in SCID mice demonstrated that intratumoral injections of the adenoviral vector encoding the mfVII/human Fc icon resulted in long-term regression of the injected human prostatic tumor and also of a distant uninjected tumor, without associated toxicity to the mice. Comparable results were obtained with a SCID mouse model of human melanoma. At the end of the experiments the mice appeared to be free of viable tumor cells. This protocol also could be efficacious for treating cancer patients who have vascularized tumors.
Transforming Growth Factor-&#946; Superfamily: Evaluation as Breast Cancer Biomarkers and Preventive Agents (2004)

The Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGFbeta) superfamily of cytokines is comprised of a number of structurally-related, secreted polypeptides that regulate a multitude of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation and neoplastic transformation. These growth regulatory molecules induce ligand-mediated hetero-oligomerization of distinct type II and type I serine/threonine kinase receptors that transmit signals predominantly through receptor-activated Smad proteins but also induce Smad-independent pathways. Ligands, receptors and intracellular mediators of signaling initiated by members of the TGFbeta family are expressed in the mammary gland and disruption of these pathways may contribute to the development and progression of human breast cancer. Since many facets of TGFbeta and breast cancer have been recently reviewed in several articles, except for discussion of recent developments on some aspects of TGFbeta, the major focus of this review will be on the role of activins, inhibins, BMPs, nodal and MIS-signaling in breast cancer with emphasis on their utility as potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets.
Us and Them: business unionism in America and some implications for the UK (1991)

Sheila Cohen provides a detailed review of Kim Moody's book An Injury to All. On the basis of a consideration of ‘business unionism’ in the US, Cohen presents a critical analysis of reformism in the British Trade Union movement, and urges socialists to recognise the practical potential of ‘economistic’ trade union activity.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE RELATION OF THE INHIBITORY TO THE ACCELERATOR NERVES OF THE HEART (1897)

The experiments described in Part IV of this paper show that in whatever manner the problem of the relation of the vagus to the accelerators is approached, whether the accelerators are stimulated during a stimulation of the vagus, or the vagus during a stimulation of the accelerators, or both are stimulated simultaneously, either for a short or for a longer period, the result is the same, viz., the effect upon the rate of the heart is determined entirely by the relative strength of the stimuli applied to the two nerves. If the stimuli are of approximately the same strength, as judged by the effect of stimulating the nerves separately, the rate of the heart is but slightly affected; if the stimulus applied to the vagus is the stronger, the heart is slowed; if it is weaker, the heart is accelerated. In all cases the result of stimulating the two nerves simultaneously is approximately the algebraic sum of the results of stimulating them separately; sometimes the inhibitory effect slightly predominates, but not more frequently than does the accelerator effect. Moreover, the two nerves may be stimulated simultaneously for a considerable period of time without either completely overcoming the effect of the other. Thus as far as their effect upon the rate of the ventricular beat is concerned, the vagus and accelerator nerves seem to be purely antagonistic; the statement that a minimal stimulation of the one can completely overcome a maximal stimulation of the other is undoubtedly incorrect, and the hypotheses as to the mode of action of these nerves upon the heart, based upon this statement, lose their chief support.
NKp46 is the major triggering receptor involved in the natural cytotoxicity of fresh or cultured human NK cells. Correlation between surface density of NKp46 and natural cytotoxicity against autologous, allogeneic or xenogeneic target cells (1999)

NKp46 is a novel triggering receptor expressed by all human NK cells that is involved in natural cytotoxicity. In this study we show that the surface density of NKp46 may vary in different NK cells and that a precise correlation exists between the NKp46 phenotype of NK clones and their natural cytotoxicity against HLA-class I-unprotected allogeneic or xenogeneic cells. Thus, NKp46bright clones efficiently lysed human and murine tumor cells while NKp46dull clones were poorly cytolytic against both types of target cells. We also show that the NKp46 phenotype of NK clones correlates with their ability to lyse HLA-class I-unprotected autologous cells. Finally, NKp46 was found to be deeply involved in the natural cytotoxicity mediated by freshly derived NK cells. This was indicated both by the inhibition of cytolysis after monoclonal antibody-mediated masking of NKp46 and by the correlation existing between the natural cytotoxicity of fresh NK cells derived from different donors and their NKp46 phenotype. In conclusion, these studies strongly support the concept that NKp46 plays a central role in the physiological triggering of NK cells and, as a consequence (in concert with killer inhibitory receptors), in the NK-mediated clearance of abnormal cells expressing inadequate amounts of HLA-class I molecules.
Solvent-dried and gamma-irradiated tendon allografts in rats (1998)

We examined solvent-dried, gamma-irradiated (SD-R) allografts and fresh-frozen (FF) allografts mechanically and morphologically. Before transplantation, FF grafts were more than six times stronger than SD-R grafts. After four weeks, the tensile strength was about the same in both groups. At 24 weeks only collagen fibrils of small diameter were observed in the SD-R grafts while in FF grafts fibrils of small and intermediate diameter were seen. Clinically, we suggest that SD-R grafts could be used as a favourable alternative to FF grafts if care was taken regarding their initial mechanical weakness.
Thermopower of lead chalcogenides at high pressures (2002)

Thermopower measurements on PbX crystals (X=Te, Se, S) at high hydrostatic pressures of up to 35 GPa are reported. New data were obtained on the magnitude and on the pressure dependence of the thermopower of high-pressure semiconducting and metallic phases. The phase transitions occurring in PbX are treated in terms of a model in which the transition to an insulator electronic spectrum is caused by the Peierls lattice distortion.
Treatment of Simulated Soil Decontamination Waste Solution by Ferrocyanide-Anion Exchange Resin Beads (2005)

Preparation of ferrocyanide-anion exchange resin and adsorption test of the prepared resin on the Cs$ion were performed. Adsorption capability of the prepared resin on the Csion in the simulated citric acid based soil decontamination waste solution was 4 times greater than that of the commercial cation exchange resin. Adsorption equilibrium of the prepared resin on the Csion reached within 360 minutes. Adsorption capability on the Csion became to decrease above the necessary Coion concentration in the experimental range. Recycling test of the spent ion exchange resin by the successive application of hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine was also performed. It was found that desorption of Csion from the resin occurred to satisfy the electroneutrality condition without any degradation of the resin.
Electrochemical Treatment of Cancer. I (1989)

Percutaneous placement of an intraneoplasmic electrode in pulmonary metastases of three patients with extrathoracic primary cancers permitted electrochemical treatment of these lesions. These reacted variably to anodic and cathodic electrodes. One breast cancer metastasis disappeared after treatment with the anodic field. A small metastasis from a cancer of the urinary bladder was found to be resistant to both anodic and cathodic fields despite large doses of current. Two large metastases of about equal size from the leiomyosarcoma of the uterus showed progression of the cranial anodic neoplasm but regression of the caudal cathodic neoplasm. At reversed polarity the cathodic neoplasm showed a tendency to regress and the caudal neoplasm continued to disappear. It appears that different neoplasms may show a variable response to anodic or cathodic fields or may show poor sensitivity to both fields.
The ortho-Alkylation of Phenols1 (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe ortho-Alkylation of Phenols1ALFRED J. KOLKA, JOHN P. NAPOLITANO, ALLEN H. FILBEY, and GEORGE G. ECKECite this: J. Org. Chem. 1957, 22, 6, 642–646Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01357a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01357a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views978Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Transparent CNT Composites (2003)

Thin networks of carbon nanotubes not far away from its percolation threshold are used as transparent electrode. At a transmission of about 90% the surface resistance is about 1 kΩ cm and too high to replace ITO. However, it is conducting enough to be used as electrode in electrochemistry. Here the carbon nanotube network is used as conductive backbone structure to deposit another material. In case of conducting polymers the resistance is increasing by about 50–70% for polyaniline and polypyrrol respectively. These CNT/conducting polymer composites are still transparent but now more wavelength selective. The electrical properties are dominated by the CNT whereas the transmission characteristics by the polymer.
Object-oriented displays (1998)

Overview: In this project we propose the concept of Oriented Display”, which enables an operator to perceive and to operate the virtual object as if it were a real object. Based on this concept, we designed and implemented three types of object oriented display: (i) The MEDIA-A (MEDIA-Ace), (ii) The MEDIA3 (MEDIACube) and (iii) The MEDIA X’tal (MEDIA-Crystal). The MEDIA-A consists of a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel and a tilt sensor. The MEDIA3 consists of a position/orientation sensor and four LCD panels, which is arranged in the shape of cubic body. The MEDIA X a type of object oriented display which uses optical projection.
Chronic exposure to free fatty acid reduces pancreatic beta cell insulin content by increasing basal insulin secretion that is not compensated for by a corresponding increase in proinsulin biosynthesis translation. (1998)

The pancreatic beta cell normally maintains a stable balance among insulin secretion, insulin production, and insulin degradation to keep optimal intracellular stores of the hormone. Elevated levels of FFA markedly enhance insulin secretion; however, the effects of FFA on insulin production and intracellular stores remain unclear. In this study, twofold elevation in total circulating FFA effected by infusion of lard oil and heparin into rats for 6 h under normoglycemic conditions resulted in a marked elevation of circulating insulin levels evident after 4 h, and a 30% decrease in pancreatic insulin content after a 6-h infusion in vivo. Adding 125 muM oleate to isolated rat pancreatic islets cultured with 5.6 mM glucose caused a 50% fall in their insulin content over 24 h, coupled with a marked enhancement of basal insulin secretion. Both effects of fatty acid were blocked by somatostatin. In contrast to the stimulatory effects of oleate on insulin secretion, glucose-induced proinsulin biosynthesis was inhibited by oleate up to 24 h, but was unaffected thereafter. This result was in spite of a two- to threefold oleate-induced increase in preproinsulin mRNA levels, underscoring the importance of translational regulation of proinsulin biosynthesis in maintaining beta cell insulin stores. Collectively, these results suggest that chronically elevated FFA contribute to beta cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of NIDDM by significantly increasing the basal rate of insulin secretion. This increase in turn results in a decrease in the beta cell's intracellular stores that cannot be offset by commensurate FFA induction of proinsulin biosynthesis.