gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
STABILITY OF DOXORUBICIN, DAUNORUBICIN and EPIRUBICIN IN PLASTIC SYRINGES and MINIBAGS (1990)

The shelf lives of doxorubicin, daunorubicin and epirubicin in infusion fluids were studied using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods. Doxorubicin and epirubicin were stable (loss in potency of less than 10%) for 24 and 20 days respectively, when dissolved in sodium chloride solution (0.9%; pH, 6.47) at 25 degrees C and stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) minibags, while daunorubicin was stable for at least 43 days. All three drugs were stable for at least 43 days in sodium chloride (0.9%; pH 6.47 and 5.20) and dextrose (5%; pH 4.36) at 4 and -20 degrees C. Repeated thawing and re-freezing of these solutions at ambient temperature did not cause degradation. All three drugs were stable for at least 43 days when reconstituted with Water-for-Injections BP and stored in polypropylene syringes at 4 degrees C.
The Influence of Formulation and Device Variables on the Intransasal Absorption of Salmon Calcitonin (1995)

The nasal administration of drugs, particularly peptides, is very beneficial but like other mucosal routes, suffers from low bioavailability for the higher molecular weight compounds. The nasal bioavailability of peptides and proteins is influenced by the dosage form as well as the devices used for administration. In the present study an effort was made to investigate the effect of formulation and device variables on the intranasal delivery and absorption of salmon calcitonin (sCT). The formulations were designed as nasal sprays with viscosity of 1 and 76 cps using methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancing agent at 0 and 1% w/w; tonicity of 100 mOsm, 300 mOsm and 600 mOsm using sodium chloride as a tonicity adjusting agent; an acidic phospholipid, Dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG), as an absorption enhancer at 1% w/w and chlorobutanol as the preservative. The formulations were investigated for viscosity by using a cone and plate viscometer and for droplet size distribution with a Malvern laser sizer. The selected formulations were delivered to the nasal cavity of healthy male New Zealand rabbits using a commercially available metered spray pump and a prototype device, nasal micron spray pump, to facilitate a uniform distribution of the spray in the nasal cavity. The components of the devices, mechanism of pump and actuator design were evaluated for dose accuracy as well as their ability to generate a uniform distribution of spray in the nasal cavity. A full factorial design with tonicity at three levels, viscosity at two levels and concentration of enhancer at two levels was used as the experimental design. Serum levels of sCT were determined using a double antibody radioimrnunoassay. The area under the curve (AUC) and bioavailability were determined using pharrnacokinetic software MKDATA. The pharmacodynamic effect of salmon calcitonin of lowering of calcium was measured, by complexation with arsenazo III, using a visible spectrophotometric technique at 650 nm. The data was analyzed using ANOVA and the comparisons among the treatments were performed using Scheffe's multiple comparison analysis and Fisher's least significance test. Deviation from isotonicity (300 mOsm) enhanced the intranasal bioavailability of sCT by 4-5 fold while the addition of DMPG at a concentration of 1% w/w doubled the bioavailability. Variation in the viscosity of formulations did not influence the bioavailability of salmon calcitonin. The data was interpreted using response surface methodology (RSM) with canonical analysis parameters demonstrating that optimum formulations could be designed.
X-Ray Contrast Media Mechanisms in the Release of Mast Cell Contents: Understanding These Leads to a Treatment for Allergies (2011)

A long history of searching for the etiology of X-ray contrast material (CM) reactions has led to the understanding that the CM do not produce anti-CM antigens. Since CM reactions are anaphylactoid in nature, however, a source for mast cell activation was sought. This resulted in the finding that concentrated CM could suppress mast cell activation by attachment to the Fc portion of IgE and IgG. This is presumed to be a steric hindrance effect. In a study of the effects of CM on BP and a study of the effects of CM in sensitized rats, it was concluded that less concentrated CM activated mast cells and that this mechanism was best explained by bridging of adjacent IgE molecules via attachment to their Fc segments. The mast cell release of heparin activating the contact system, as well as the release of histamine, is believed to be responsible for CM reactions and allergic diatheses.
Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial (2007)

Although further long-term studies of DHEA therapy, with dosage adjustment, are desirable, our results support some beneficial effects of prolonged DHEA treatment in Addison's disease.
Markedly increased amounts of messenger RNAs for vascular endothelial growth factor and placenta growth factor in renal cell carcinoma associated with angiogenesis. (1994)

The presence of mRNAs for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and a VEGF-related protein, placenta growth factor (PIGF) was examined in 29 cases of renal cell carcinoma tissues and adjacent normal kidney tissues and in 4 human renal cell carcinoma cell lines. Northern blot analysis showed that 26 of 27 hypervascular renal cell carcinoma tissues (96%) exhibited a markedly elevated level (3-13 fold) of VEGF mRNA compared to the adjacent normal kidney tissues. Even tumors of small size, whenever they were hypervascular, overexpressed VEGF mRNA. We also demonstrated that mRNA for PIGF was expressed in 21 of 23 hypervascular renal cell carcinoma tissues (91%) but was not detected in the adjacent normal kidney tissues. Two hypovascular carcinoma tissues neither overexpressed VEGF mRNA nor had PIGF mRNA. VEGF mRNA was detected in four human renal cell carcinoma cell lines, while PIGF mRNA was not. There was no difference in the level of basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA between tumor tissues and normal kidney tissue, although our previous study demonstrated elevated basic fibroblast growth factor protein in the serum of renal cell carcinoma patients (K. Fujimoto et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 180: 386-392, 1991). Taken together, these results suggest that VEGF, PIGF, and basic fibroblast growth factor are cooperatively working to increase the angiogenesis in renal cell carcinoma in vivo.
Isoflurane and Propofol Block Neurotoxicity Caused by MK-801 in the Rat Posterior Cingulate/Retrosplenial Cortex (1997)

In acute brain injury syndromes, the potent N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, MK-801, can prevent neuronal degeneration, and the general anesthetics, isoflurane and propofol, may also provide neuroprotective benefits. An obstacle to the use of NMDA antagonists for neuroprotective purposes is that they can cause a neurotoxic vacuole reaction in cerebrocortical neurons. This study demonstrates the ability of isoflurane and propofol to prevent the neurotoxic vacuole reaction induced by MK-801. Low sedative doses of inhaled isoflurane (1%) or intravenous (i.v.) propofol (7.5 mg/kg/h) were as effective as higher general anesthetic doses. Thus, in the clinical management of acute brain injury conditions such as stroke and brain trauma, administration of one of these anesthetic agents together with an NMDA antagonist may be an excellent formula for obtaining optimal neuroprotection while eliminating serious side effects.
The Risk Factors and Time Course of Sepsis and Organ Dysfunction after Burn Trauma (2003)

When it occurs, severe MOD is usually preceded by infection. In addition, an elevated base deficit at 24 hours and septic shock are the most important factors associated with and possibly contributing to death after burn trauma.
Multilingualism: New Perspectives on Syntactic Development (2012)

The chapter presents results of a series of studies which provide strong support against simplified accounts of language transfer from either first language (L1) or any previous language. These studies help us better understand language acquisition, and most particularly the nature of the hypotheses language learners impose when learning a new target language. Language development studies focusing on the acquisition of relative clauses in English presented in this chapter seek to elucidate language development by contemplating the development of language-specific properties of the complementizer phrase (CP). The chapter introduces three influential current models of multilingual acquisition: the second-language (L2) status factor; the typological primacy model; and the cumulative enhancement model (CEM) for language acquisition. L1 acquisition studies have provided important insights into how the mind and language work. The chapter also explores L3 acquisition, the acquisition process of any multilingual learner whether of a third language or a fourth language.
Multi-source Neural Automatic Post-Editing: FBK’s participation in the WMT 2017 APE shared task (2017)

Previous phrase-based approaches to Automatic Post-editing (APE) have shown that the dependency of MT errors from the source sentence can be exploited by jointly learning from source and target information. By integrating this notion in a neural approach to the problem, we present the multi-source neural machine translation (NMT) system submitted by FBK to the WMT 2017 APE shared task. Our system implements multi-source NMT in a weighted ensemble of 8 models. The n-best hypotheses produced by this ensemble are further re-ranked using features based on the edit distance between the original MT output and each APE hypothesis, as well as other statistical models (n-gram language model and operation sequence model). This solution resulted in the best system submission for this round of the APE shared task for both en-de and de-en language directions. For the former language direction, our primary submission improves over the MT baseline up to -4.9 TER and +7.6 BLEU points. For the latter, where the higher quality of the original MT output reduces the room for improvement, the gains are lower but still significant (-0.25 TER and +0.3 BLEU).
Content-based retrieval in large image databases (2006)

Retrieving hidden information in image databases is a difficult task because of their complex structure and the subjectivity related to their interpretation. In this situation the use of an index is primordial. We propose an effective method for locally updating neighborhood graphs which constitute our index. This method is based on an intelligent way for locating points in a multidimensional space. Promising results are obtained after experimentations on various databases.
The Canonical Helix of Urea Oligomers at Atomic Resolution: Insights Into Folding‐Induced Axial Organization (2009)

Von Natur aus helical: Harnstoffbasierte Peptidmimetika mit proteinogenen Seitenketten sind im Kristall vollständig helical (siehe Bild). Schon vier acyclische Reste genügen für die komplette Helixbildung unter Absättigung aller komplementären H-Bindungsstellen (bis zu 14 in einem 8mer). Durch Kopf-Schwanz-Anordnung und H-Brücken packen sich die Helices zu unendlichen Netzwerken mit unterschiedlichen Topologien.
Expression of the Atrial Natriuretic Factor Gene in small Cell Lung Cancer Tumors and Tumor Cell Lines (1990)

Hyponatremia in patients with small cell lung cancer can be caused by tumor production of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and result in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. In evaluating the expression of AVP mRNA from tumor and tumor cell line specimens from five patients with small cell lung cancer and hyponatremia (presumed to have the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone), we found that the tumors and tumor cell lines from two of these five patients expressed AVP mRNA. The RNA samples from the three patients with undetectable AVP mRNA expressed abundant atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) mRNA. Analysis of specimens from three patients with small cell lung cancer and normal serum sodium levels revealed no detectable AVP mRNA expression, and samples from only one of these three patients' specimens expressed detectable ANF mRNA. The AVP and ANF peptide levels in lysate preparations of the tumor cell lines from four of these patients were tested by radioimmunoassay and confirmed the gene expression data. These studies demonstrate ectopic production of ANF mRNA in small cell lung cancer specimens from patients with this cancer and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. These findings will be of particular interest if future studies demonstrate that ectopic ANF production can cause sodium abnormalities in patients with small cell lung cancer.
Control of compound semiconductor–insulator interfaces by an ultrathin molecular-beam epitaxy Si layer (1989)

Based on the disorder induced gap state (DIGS) model, an attempt is made to control the insulator–semiconductor (I–S) interfaces of GaAs and In0.53Ga0.47As by an ultrathin surface-oxidized silicon (Si) interface control layer (ICL). A Si ICL is grown on GaAs or InGaAs by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and is partially oxidized. Then, a thick SiO2 or Si3N4 layer is deposited by in situ photo-CVD processes. An in situ XPS analysis confirms formation of the intended structures. In the GaAs structure, the state density in the midgap region is remarkably reduced. However, the interface Fermi level is blocked by a high density of interface states near the conduction band minimum, contrary to the recent reports of ‘‘complete unpinning.’’ These states are Si-derived intrinsic states, judging from the band line-up. On the other hand, no such states exist in the InGaAs structure and completely ‘‘unpinned’’ behavior with a very small hysteresis is realized after annealing. The result is interpreted in terms of successful pseudomorphic matching of Si ICL to InGaAs combined with excellent I–S matching between Si ICL and SiO2.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Annexin II Tetramer Is Stimulated by Membrane Binding (1997)

In the present article we have examined if the interaction of the Ca2+-binding protein, annexin II tetramer (AIIt) with the plasma membrane phospholipids or with the submembranous cytoskeleton, effects the accessibility of the tyrosine phosphorylation site of AIIt. In the presence of Ca2+, pp60(c-src) catalyzed the incorporation of 0.22 +/- 0.05 mol of phosphate/mol of AIIt (mean +/- S.D., n = 5). The Ca2+-dependent binding of AIIt to purified adrenal medulla plasma membrane or phosphatidylserine vesicles stimulated the pp60(c-src)-dependent phosphorylation of AIIt to 0.62 +/- 0.04 mol of phosphate/mol of AIIt (mean +/- S.D., n = 5) or 0.93 +/- 0.07 mol of phosphate/mol of AIIt (mean +/- S.D., n = 5), respectively. Phosphatidylserine- or phosphatidylinositol-containing vesicles but not vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine, stimulated the phosphorylation of AIIt. In contrast, the binding of AIIt to F-actin resulted in the incorporation of only 0.04 +/- 0.04 mol of phosphate/mol of AIIt (mean +/- S.D., n = 5). These results suggest that the interaction of AIIt with plasma membrane and not the submembranous cytoskeleton, activates the tyrosine phosphorylation of AIIt by inducing a conformational change in the protein resulting in the enhanced exposure or accessibility of the tyrosine-phosphorylation site.
Murine natural killer cell activation receptors (2001)

Natural killer (NK) cells express two types of receptors involved in target recognition: inhibitory receptors for target cell MHC class I molecules and activation receptors. While there has been significant progress in understanding the inhibitory receptors, less is known about the activation receptors. Detailed analysis of several mouse NK-cell activation receptors provides insight into the physiologic relevance of these receptors in the innate immune response.
Distributed Hierarchical Processing in the Primate Cerebral Cortex (1991)

In recent years, many new cortical areas have been identified in the macaque monkey. The number of identified connections between areas has increased even more dramatically. We report here on (1) a summary of the layout of cortical areas associated with vision and with other modalities, (2) a computerized database for storing and representing large amounts of information on connectivity patterns, and (3) the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex. Our analysis concentrates on the visual system, which includes 25 neocortical areas that are predominantly or exclusively visual in function, plus an additional 7 areas that we regard as visual-association areas on the basis of their extensive visual inputs. A total of 305 connections among these 32 visual and visual-association areas have been reported. This represents 31% of the possible number of pathways it each area were connected with all others. The actual degree of connectivity is likely to be closer to 40%. The great majority of pathways involve reciprocal connections between areas. There are also extensive connections with cortical areas outside the visual system proper, including the somatosensory cortex, as well as neocortical, transitional, and archicortical regions in the temporal and frontal lobes. In the somatosensory/motor system, there are 62 identified pathways linking 13 cortical areas, suggesting an overall connectivity of about 40%. Based on the laminar patterns of connections between areas, we propose a hierarchy of visual areas and of somato sensory/motor areas that is more comprehensive than those suggested in other recent studies. The current version of the visual hierarchy includes 10 levels of cortical processing. Altogether, it contains 14 levels if one includes the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus at the bottom as well as the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus at the top. Within this hierarchy, there are multiple, intertwined processing streams, which, at a low level, are related to the compartmental organization of areas V1 and V2 and, at a high level, are related to the distinction between processing centers in the temporal and parietal lobes. However, there are some pathways and relationships (about 10% of the total) whose descriptions do not fit cleanly into this hierarchical scheme for one reason or another. In most instances, though, it is unclear whether these represent genuine exceptions to a strict hierarchy rather than inaccuracies or uncertainties in the reported assignment.
Generation of cDNA Probes Directed by Amino Acid Sequence: Cloning of Urate Oxidase (1988)

Urate oxidase (E.C. 1.7.3.3) catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin in most mammals except humans and certain primates. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence for porcine urate oxidase was determined and used in a novel procedure for generating complementary DNA (cDNA) probes to this amino acid sequence. The procedure is based on the polymerase chain reaction and utilizes mixed oligonucleotide primers complementary to the reverse translation products of an amino acid sequence. This rapid and simple cDNA cloning procedure is generally applicable and requires only a partial amino acid sequence. A cDNA probe developed by this procedure was used to isolate a full-length porcine urate oxidase cDNA and to demonstrate the presence of homologous genomic sequences in humans.
Possible Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with Intrathecal Medication in the MPTP Model (1988)

Peer Reviewed
Binding Sites of Leukocyte β2 Integrins (LFA-1, Mac-1) on the Human ICAM-4/LW Blood Group Protein (2000)

The red cell ICAM-4/LW blood group glycoprotein, which belongs to the family of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs), has been reported to interact with CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) and CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) beta(2) integrins. To better define the basis of the ICAM-4/beta(2) integrin interaction, we have generated wild-type, domain-deleted and mutated recombinant chimeric ICAM-4-Fc proteins and analyzed their interaction in a cellular adhesion assay with LFA-1 and Mac-1 L-cell stable transfectants. We found that monoclonal antibodies against CD11a, CD11b, CD18, or LW(ab) block adhesion of transfectant L-cells to immobilized ICAM-4-Fc protein and that the ICAM-4/beta(2) integrin interaction was highly sensitive to the presence of the divalent cations Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). Deletion of individual Ig-domains D1 or D2 of the extracellular part of ICAM-4 showed that LFA-1 binds to the first Ig-like domain, whereas the Mac-1 binding site encompassed both the first and the second Ig-like domains. Based on the crystal structure of ICAM-2, we propose a model for the Ig-like domains D1 and D2 of ICAM-4. Accordingly, by site-directed mutagenesis of 22 amino acid positions spread out on all faces of the ICAM-4 molecule, we identified four exposed residues, Leu(80), Trp(93), and Arg(97) on the CFG face and Trp(77) on the E-F loop of domain D1 that may contact LFA-1 as part of the binding site. However, the single and double mutants R52E and T91Q on the CFG face of domain D1, which correspond to the key residues Glu(34) and Gln(73) for ICAM-1 binding to LFA-1, had no effect on LFA-1 binding. In contrast, all mutants on the CFG face of domain D1 and residues Glu(151) and Thr(154) in the C'-E loop of the domain D2 seem to play a dominant role in Mac-1 binding. These data suggest that the binding site for LFA-1 on ICAM-4 overlaps but is distinct from the Mac-1 binding site.
Monoclonality in B-lymphoproliferative disorders detected at the DNA level (1990)

A new method was developed for detection of monoclonality at the DNA level in B-lymphoproliferative disease using the polymerase chain reaction and consensus primers for the V and J regions of the immunoglobulin gene. Monoclonality was detected in DNA from 15 of 15 clonal B-lymphoblastoid cell lines and from 19 of 23 cases of B-lymphocyte neoplasia, but not from any of 16 normal T-lymphocyte clones, 9 cases of T-lymphocyte neoplasia, 20 samples of polyclonal peripheral blood lymphocytes, and 8 cases of reactive lymphadenopathy. This method for detection of monoclonality is likely to be of routine value in diagnosis owing to its simplicity, speed, and versatility.
Some properties of a soluble methane mono-oxygenase from Methylococcus capsulatus strain Bath (1976)

Soluble extracts of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), obtained by centrifugation of crude extracts at 160000g for 1h, catalyse the NAD(P)H- and O2-dependent disappearance of bromomethane, and also the formation of methanol from methane. Soluble methane mono-oxygenase is not inhibited by chelating agents or by most electron-transport inhibitors, and is a multicomponent enzyme.