gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non Contact Heart Monitoring (2012)

Heart rate is, among the many vital signs (respiration rate, blood oxygen saturation, arterial blood pressure, etc.), one of the most commonly measured and monitored. Whatever will be the sensing principle or the monitoring method used, data referred to the heart rate can be considered the primary vital sign information which is needed on a patient approach in both emergency and clinical situations. Heart rate data are used to measure anomalous rate or irregular pulse rate (arrhythmias) or heart block. The post-processing of the data can be used to verify trends or single events, providing precious elements to the patient diagnosis. Heart-rate variability (HRV) can be performed on recorded data in order to have an objective measure of eventual cardiac abnormalities (irregular beat-to-beat time is a prognostic factor for atrial fibrillation (Gorgas, 2004). Low HRV is also a known prognostic marker for several cardiovascular diseases. Other possible use of the heart rate data are related to the analysis of the circadian rhythm (sleep), temperature regulation, cardiac sympathetic nervous activity and synchronization with respiration rate. Since the past centuries, observation of the electrophysiologic effects related to the heart beats are reported. In 1842, Carlo Matteucci, Professor of Physics at the University of Pisa, shows that an electric current accompanies each heart beat. In 1902 Einthoven publishes (Einthoven, 1902) the first electrocardiogram recorded on a string galvanometer, opening the way to the electrocardiography (ECG) era which is still, nowadays, the primary heart rate monitoring procedure. To date, an enormous series of procedures, methods and devices for ECG monitoring are available on the market (Gorgels PM, 2007; Webster, 1988). The majority of these contributions are based on the need to place some electrodes on standard positions on the body surface (i.e. Einthoven’s triangle), as depicted in fig. 1. ECG measurements can be divided into two types according to where electrodes are attached or fixed. The first type involves measurements with conventional ”fixed-on-body” electrodes such as Ag–AgCl electrodes, and the other involves measurements using electrodes installed on appliances or furniture. Even if fixed-on-body electrodes (fig. 2) are reliable and give good signal quality, they are inconvenient and inadequate for long-term, everyday measurements. Moreover the presence of cables (one for each of the electrodes placed) can considerably limit the patient mobility and comfort, forcing him to maintain the initial position (supine) for all the monitoring period of time or limiting his/her movements because of the cables length.”
Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Carbohydrate‐Derived Annulated Cyclopentadienes and Ferrocenes (1996)

Abstract The cyclopentadienes 3a/b/c, 8b/c, 12a/b/d , and 16a/b/d were prepared as mixtures of regioisomers from the D ‐mannitol‐derivatives 1,6,10 , and 14 and transformed into the ferrocenes 17, 18 , and 19 (73%; 38:17:45), 23, 24 , and 25 (70%; 6:42 :52), 26 (31%), and 27 (27%), respectively. Deprotection of 17–19 with HCl/MeOH gave the H 2 O‐soluble ferrocenes 20–22 ; chloromercuration and iodination of 17 via 29 led to the C 2 ‐symmetric diiodo‐ferrocene 30 . The mono(chloromercurio) derivative 28 , obtained as a by‐product, was also transformed into 29 . The structure of the ferrocenes 18 and 19 , and of the bis(chloromercurio)ferrocene 29 has been established by X‐ray analysis. The starting cyclopentadienes 3 were obtained in 50% yield from 1 by dialkylation of CpNa, followed by thermolysis of the spiro‐annulated 2 . Similarly, dimesylate 6 (from 4 ) gave the spiro‐annulated diene 7 and the annulated dienes 8 in about equal amounts; thermolysis transformed 7 into 8 (62%). The dienes 12 were prepared in 15% yield from the ditriflate 10 via 11 , the dimesylate 9 proving insufficiently reactive, and the dienes 16 (49%) from 14 via 15 .
The thymus and central tolerance (2001)

T-cell differentiation in the thymus generates a peripheral repertoire of mature T cells that mounts strong responses to foreign antigens but is largely unresponsive to self-antigens. This state of specific immunological tolerance to self-components involves both central and peripheral mechanisms. Here we review the process whereby many T cells with potential reactivity for self-antigens are eliminated in the thymus during early T-cell differentiation. This process of central tolerance (negative selection) reflects apoptosis and is a consequence of immature T cells receiving strong intracellular signalling through T-cell receptor (TCR) recognition of peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Central tolerance occurs mainly in the medullary region of the thymus and depends upon contact with peptide-MHC complexes expressed on bone-marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs); whether tolerance also occurs in the cortex is still controversial. Tolerance induction requires a combination of TCR ligation and co-stimulatory signals. Co-stimulation reflects interaction between complementary molecules on T cells and APCs and probably involves multiple molecules acting in consort, which may account for why deletion of individual molecules with known or potential co-stimulatory function has little or no effect on central tolerance. The range of self-antigens that induce central tolerance is considerable and, via low-level expression in the thymus, may also include tissue-specific antigens; central tolerance to these latter antigens, however, is likely to be limited to high-affinity T cells, leaving low-affinity cells to escape. Tolerance to alloantigens and the possibility of using central tolerance to promote acceptance of allografts are discussed.
Cardiac Endothelin-1 Plays a Critical Role in the Functional Deterioration of Left Ventricles During the Transition From Compensatory Hypertrophy to Congestive Heart Failure in Salt-Sensitive Hypertensive Rats (1998)

The accelerated myocardial synthesis of ET-1 contributes directly to LV contractile dysfunction during the transition from LVH to CHF. Unelevated levels of LV ET-1 at the established LVH stage and lack of effects on LV mass by chronic bosentan treatment suggest that myocardial growth is mediated through alternative pathways. These studies indicate that chronic ET antagonism may provide an additional strategy for heart failure therapy in humans.
Making and using CO (1975)

A new commercial process to separate carbon monoxide from a variety of gaseous mixtures including nitrogen rich streams was developed. The process is tradenamed Cosorb. It is based on the selective complexation of CO in an aromatic solvent with an activating agent referred to as copper aluminum chloride (CuAlCl/sub 4/). Other components in the gas stream, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and methane, are either only slightly soluble or are only dissolved rather than complexed. A coal gasification process, using an air burner gasifier and Cosorb to separate CO, is an economical way to use coal as a source of pure CO for chemical synthesis and ore reduction. The main areas where substantial economics result over previous technology are gasification, work of compression, and gas purification.
A Bid to Thwart HIV With Shot of Long-Lasting Drug (2014)

Four shots a year with a long-lasting drug may prevent HIV infection in the future.
Image Feature Analysis of False-Positive Diagnoses Produced by Automated Detection of Lung Nodules (1992)

Our results show that incorporating knowledge from experienced chest radiologists into the computer algorithm will play an important role in the development of computerized schemes for the detection of pulmonary nodules.
Human Immune Responses to a Novel Norwalk Virus Vaccine Delivered in Transgenic Potatoes (2000)

A new approach for delivering vaccine antigens is the use of inexpensive, plentiful, plant-based oral vaccines. Norwalk virus capsid protein (NVCP), assembled into virus-like particles, was used as a test antigen, to determine whether immune responses could be generated in volunteers who ingested transgenic potatoes. Twenty-four healthy adult volunteers received 2 or 3 doses of transgenic potato (n=20) or 3 doses of wild-type potato (n=4). Each dose consisted of 150 g of raw, peeled, diced potato that contained 215-751 microgram of NVCP. Nineteen (95%) of 20 volunteers who ingested transgenic potatoes developed significant increases in the numbers of specific IgA antibody-secreting cells. Four (20%) of 20 volunteers developed specific serum IgG, and 6 (30%) of 20 volunteers developed specific stool IgA. Overall, 19 of 20 volunteers developed an immune response of some kind, although the level of serum antibody increases was modest.
AirSEM: Electron Microscopy in Air, without a Specimen Chamber (2013)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Structure–function relationships in human ribonucleases: main distinctive features of the major RNase types (1997)

Human extracellular ribonucleases (RNase), together with other members of the mammalian RNase superfamily, can be classified into four different enzyme types on the basis of their structural, catalytic and/or biological properties. Their occurrence and main distinctive features have been described, and catalytic differences (action on single- and double-stranded RNAs, dependence of enzyme activity on pH, ionic strength and cations, and hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides) have been comparatively analyzed and discussed. In addition, some data considered here concerning human nonpancreatic-type RNases may support the suggestion [Chuchillo et al. (1993) FEBS Lett. 333, 207-210] that the enzyme 'ribonuclease', presently classified as 'hydrolase', should be reclassified as 'transferase'.
The kinetics of cytochalasin D binding to monomeric actin. (1986)

It has been shown previously, using G-actin labeled with N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5-sulfo-1-naphthyl)ethylene-diamine, that Mg2+ induces a conformational change in monomeric G-actin as a consequence of binding to a tight divalent cation binding site (Frieden, C. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 2882-2886). Using the same fluorescent probe, we show that, subsequent to the Mg2+-induced conformational change, cytochalasin D induces a fluorescence decrease. The data are consistent with a mechanism which proposes that, after Mg2+ binding, cytochalasin D binds and induces a second conformational change which results in overall tight binding of the cytochalasin. The initial binding of cytochalasin D to monomeric actin labeled with the fluorescent probe was found to be 200 microM, and the forward and reverse rate constants for the subsequent conformational change were 350 s-1 and 8 s-1, respectively, with an overall dissociation constant to the Mg2+-induced form of 4.6 microM. The conformational change does not occur in monomeric actin in the presence of Ca2+ rather than Mg2+, but Ca2+ competes with Mg2+ for the tight binding site on the G-actin molecule. Direct binding studies show that actin which has not been labeled with the fluorophore binds cytochalasin D more tightly. The conformational change induced by Mg2+ and cytochalasin D precedes the formation of an actin dimer.
Canonical and Alternative MAPK Signaling (2007)

The archetype of MAPK cascade activation is somewhat challenged by the most recent discovery of unexpected phosphorylation patterns, alternative activation mechanisms and sub-cellular localization, in various members of this protein kinase family. In particular, activation by autophosphorylation pathways has now been described for the three best understood MAPK subgroups: ERK1/2; JNK1/2 and p38 alpha/beta. Also, a form of dosage compensation between homologs has been shown to occur in the case of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2. In this paper we summarize the MAPK activation pathway, with an emphasis on non-canonical examples. We use this information to propose a model for MAPK signal transduction that considers a cross-talk between MAPKs with different activation loop sequence motifs and unique C-terminal extensions. We highlight the occurrence of non-canonical substrate specificity during MAPK auto-activation, in strong connection with MAPK homo- and hetero-dimerization events.
Nurse Case Management To Improve Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization (1998)

A nurse case manager with considerable management responsibility can, in association with primary care physicians and an endocrinologist, help improve glycemic control in diabetic patients in a group-model HMO.
Similarity in genome organization between Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) and vaccinia virus (VV): identification of MCV homologues of the VV genes for protein kinase 2, structural protein VP8, RNA polymerase 35 kDa subunit and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (1996)

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) and vaccinia virus (VV) are serologically unrelated poxviruses with a disparate genome composition (MCV, 66% G+C; VV, 33% G+C). Molecular studies of MCV have been hindered by the inability to propagate the virus in cells cultured in vitro. We sequenced 7765 bp of MCV DNA cloned from four widely spaced regions throughout the MCV genome and identified a total of 11 potential open reading frames (ORF), designated CX1-11. These include MCV homologues of the VV genes encoding protein kinase 2, structural protein VP8, RNA polymerase 35 kDa subunit and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The position and orientation of the MCV ORFs was collinear to the VV genome, with the exception of the region around ORF CX11 which is inverted in the MCV genome.
Review article: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth - prevalence, clinical features, current and developing diagnostic tests, and treatment (2013)

Background The symptoms and signs of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) are often identical to a variety of diseases and can lead to diagnostic confusion. Aims To review the diagnostic options for SIBO and present new investigative options for the condition. Methods A literature search was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science for English articles and abstracts. Search terms included free text words and combinations of the following terms ‘small intestinal bacterial overgrowth’, ‘small bowel bacterial overgrowth’, ‘diagnostic tests’, ‘treatment’, ‘antibiotics’, ‘probiotics’, ‘metabonomics’, ‘proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy’, ‘electronic nose’ and ‘field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry’. Results All of the available methods to test for SIBO have inherent limitations and no ‘gold-standard’ diagnostic test for the condition exists. Accurate diagnosis of SIBO requires identification of bacterial species growing inappropriately within the small intestine and symptom response to antibiotics. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electronic nose technology and/or field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry may represent better investigative options for the condition. Conclusions Novel diagnostic options are needed to supplement or replace available tests.
Utilization of the rpoB Gene as a Specific Chromosomal Marker for Real-Time PCR Detection of Bacillus anthracis (2001)

The potential use of Bacillus anthracis as a weapon of mass destruction poses a threat to humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife and necessitates the need for a rapid and highly specific detection assay. We have developed a real-time PCR-based assay for the specific detection of B. anthracis by taking advantage of the unique nucleotide sequence of the B. anthracis rpoB gene. Variable region 1 of the rpoB gene was sequenced from 36 Bacillus strains, including 16 B. anthracis strains and 20 other related bacilli, and four nucleotides specific for B. anthracis were identified. PCR primers were selected so that two B. anthracis-specific nucleotides were at their 3' ends, whereas the remaining bases were specific to the probe region. This format permitted the PCR reactions to be performed on a LightCycler via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The assay was found to be specific for 144 B. anthracis strains from different geographical locations and did not cross-react with other related bacilli (175 strains), with the exception of one strain. The PCR assay can be performed on isolated DNA as well as crude vegetative cell lysates in less than 1 h. Therefore, the rpoB-FRET assay could be used as a new chromosomal marker for rapid detection of B. anthracis.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Traumatic Brain Injury (2001)

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) offers a unique non-invasive approach for assessing the metabolic status of the brain in vivo and is particularly suited to studying traumatic brain injury (TBI). In particular, MRS provides a noninvasive means for quantifying such neurochemicals as N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine, phosphocreatine, choline, lactate, myo-inositol, glutamine, glutamate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and inorganic phosphate in humans following TBI and in animal models. Many of these chemicals have been shown to be perturbed following TBI. NAA, a marker of neuronal integrity, has been shown to be reduced following TBI, reflecting diffuse axonal injury or metabolic depression, and concentrations of NAA predict cognitive outcome. Elevation of choline-containing compounds indicates membrane breakdown or inflammation or both. MRS can also detect alterations in high energy phosphates reflecting the energetic abnormalities seen after TBI. Accordingly, MRS may be useful to monitor cellular response to therapeutic interventions in TBI.
Two highly similar multidrug transporters of Bacillus subtilis whose expression is differentially regulated (1995)

The Bacillus subtilis genome encodes two multidrug efflux transporters sharing 51% sequence identity: Bmr, described previously, and Blt, described here. Overexpression of either transporter in B. subtilis leads to a similar increase in resistance to ethidium bromide, rhodamine and acridine dyes, tetraphenylphosphonium, doxorubicin, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics. However, Blt differs widely from Bmr in its expression pattern. Under standard cultivation conditions, B. subtilis expresses Bmr but Blt expression is undetectable. We have previously shown that Bmr expression is regulated by BmrR, a member of the family of MerR-like transcriptional activators. Here we show that blt transcription is regulated by another member of the same family, BltR. The DNA-binding domains of BmrR and BltR are related, but their putative inducer-binding domains are dissimilar, suggesting that Bmr and Blt are expressed in response to different inducers. Indeed, rhodamine, a substrate of Bmr and Blt and a known inducer of Bmr expression, does not induce Blt expression. Blt expression has been observed only in B. subtilis, carrying mutation acfA, which, as we show here, alters the sequence of the blt gene promoter. Unlike bmr, which is transcribed as a monocistronic mRNA, blt is cotranscribed with a downstream gene encoding a putative acetyltransferase. Overall, the differences in transcriptional control and operon organization between bmr and blt suggest that the transporters encoded by these genes have independent functions involving the transport of distinct physiological compounds.
A technique for the quantitative evaluation of dose distributions (1998)

The commissioning of a three-dimensional treatment planning system requires comparisons of measured and calculated dose distributions. Techniques have been developed to facilitate quantitative comparisons, including superimposed isodoses, dose-difference, and distance-to-agreement (DTA) distributions. The criterion for acceptable calculation performance is generally defined as a tolerance of the dose and DTA in regions of low and high dose gradients, respectively. The dose difference and DTA distributions complement each other in their useful regions. A composite distribution has recently been developed that presents the dose difference in regions that fail both dose-difference and DTA comparison criteria. Although the composite distribution identifies locations where the calculation fails the preselected criteria, no numerical quality measure is provided for display or analysis. A technique is developed to unify dose distribution comparisons using the acceptance criteria. The measure of acceptability is the multidimensional distance between the measurement and calculation points in both the dose and the physical distance, scaled as a fraction of the acceptance criteria. In a space composed of dose and spatial coordinates, the acceptance criteria form an ellipsoid surface, the major axis scales of which are determined by individual acceptance criteria and the center of which is located at the measurement point in question. When the calculated dose distribution surface passes through the ellipsoid, the calculation passes the acceptance test for the measurement point. The minimum radial distance between the measurement point and the calculation points (expressed as a surface in the dose-distance space) is termed the gamma index. Regions where gamma > 1 correspond to locations where the calculation does not meet the acceptance criteria. The determination of gamma throughout the measured dose distribution provides a presentation that quantitatively indicates the calculation accuracy. Examples of a 6 MV beam penumbra are used to illustrate the gamma index.
RNA aptamers that specifically bind to the Ras‐binding domain of Raf‐1 (1998)

RNA aptamers that bind to the Ras-binding domain (RBD) of a proto-oncogene product, Raf-1, were isolated from a pool of random sequences using a glutathione S-transferase-fused RBD (GST-RBD). The RNA molecules bind to the GST-RBD, but not to GST, with dissociation constants of about 300 nM. In contrast, these RNA aptamers do not bind to the Ras-binding domain of the RGL protein, which is also known to be activated by Ras. The aptamers actually compete with Ras for binding to the Raf-1 RBD. The anti-Raf-1 aptamers may be used to specifically inhibit the Ras-Raf interaction in the complicated signaling network in mammalian cells.
Monoclonal antibodies to the Mr 74,000 cholesteryl ester transfer protein neutralize all of the cholesteryl ester and triglyceride transfer activities in human plasma. (1988)

A cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) of apparent Mr 74,000 has recently been purified from human plasma. Three monoclonal neutralizing antibodies to the CETP were obtained by immunizing mice with purified CETP. The antibodies, each recognizing a similar epitope on CETP, caused parallel and complete immunotitration of plasma cholesteryl ester and triglyceride transfer activities but only partial inhibition of phospholipid transfer activity. Monoclonal immunoaffinity chromatography of plasma or its fractions showed complete removal of cholesteryl ester and triglyceride transfer activities but incomplete removal of phospholipid transfer activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting of the immunoaffinity-retained fractions showed that only the Mr 74,000 protein was immunoreactive. The results suggest that the previously characterized CETP accounts for all of the cholesteryl ester and triglyceride transfer activity in human plasma but only part of the phospholipid transfer activity.
On testing the significance of sets of genes (2007)

This paper discusses the problem of identifying differentially expressed groups of genes from a microarray experiment. The groups of genes are externally defined, for example, sets of gene pathways derived from biological databases. Our starting point is the interesting Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) procedure of Subramanian et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (2005) 15545–15550]. We study the problem in some generality and propose two potential improvements to GSEA: the maxmean statistic for summarizing gene-sets, and restandardization for more accurate inferences. We discuss a variety of examples and extensions, including the use of gene-set scores for class predictions. We also describe a new R language package GSA that implements our ideas.