gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FRC Compression Heating Experiment (FRCHX) at AFRL (2007)

Summary form only given. Over the past six years, the Air Force Research Laboratory in Albuquerque, NM has been working in close collaboration with Los Alamos National Laboratory on their field-reversed configuration (FRC) experiment, FRX-L. Through these joint efforts a second experiment has been designed and is now being assembled and tested at the AFRL. This new experiment, which is referred to as the FRC Heating Experiment (FRCHX), has the goal of not only forming a plasma in a field-reversed configuration but of also translating it into an aluminum flux conserving shell (solid liner), where it will be subsequently heated through rapid compression of the liner. The FRC formation portion of FRCHX has been designed to closely match the electrical properties of FRX-L so that FRCs of similar parameters can be formed. Likewise, the translation portion of FRCHX, which has been designed and fabricated concurrently with the new translation section of FRX-L, also closely matches that of FRX-L. The design approach being taken to compressively heat the FRC in the final portion of FRCHX relies on the experimental setup used during two earlier "deformable-contact" vacuum liner experiments that were performed with the Shiva Star Capacitor Bank. In these experiments the liner electrodes had 8-cm-diameter holes on their axes, and both tests were found to be successful in that the ends of the 10-cm diameter, 30-cm long aluminum liner stretched and maintained contact with the electrodes while the body of the liner glided radially inward to implode uniformly. This presentation focuses on the system design and integration of the first two portions of the FRCHX experiment, the FRC formation and translation sections. The performance characteristics of each, as determined by recent test results, are discussed, along with the various magnetic and plasma diagnostics that are being fielded in both sections. Remaining tasks to be accomplished before a complete FRC formation, translation, and compression experiment can be performed are also outlined at the end.
High-throughput sensing and noninvasive imaging of protein nuclear transport by using reconstitution of split Renilla luciferase (2004)

Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of functional proteins plays a key role in regulating gene expressions in response to extracellular signals. We developed a genetically encoded bioluminescent indicator for monitoring the nuclear trafficking of target proteins in vitro and in vivo. The principle is based on reconstitution of split fragments of Renilla reniformis (Rluc) by protein splicing with a DnaE intein (a catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase III). A target cytosolic protein fused to the N-terminal half of Rluc is expressed in mammalian cells. If the protein translocates into the nucleus, the Rluc moiety meets the C-terminal half of Rluc, and full-length Rluc is reconstituted by protein splicing. We demonstrated quantitative cell-based in vitro sensing of ligand-induced translocation of androgen receptor, which allowed high-throughput screening of exo- and endogenous agonists and antagonists. Furthermore, the indicator enabled noninvasive in vivo imaging of the androgen receptor translocation in the brains of living mice with a charge-coupled device imaging system. These rapid and quantitative analyses in vitro and in vivo provide a wide variety of applications for screening pharmacological or toxicological compounds and testing them in living animals.
Resonant Fowler-Nordheim tunneling through layered tunnel barriers and its possible applications (2003)

We have analyzed electron transfer through layered, symmetric, crested tunnel barriers, including the effect of resonant Fowler-Nordheim tunneling via electron subbands formed at the layer interfaces. The high sensitivity of the current to an applied electric field implies that the barriers may be used in terabit-scalable, nonvolatile, fast, bit-addressable memory (NOVORAM), as well as for ultradense, electrostatic data storage (ESTOR) and electronic cooling.
기능성 소화불량증에 대한 추나요법의 효과 : 체계적 문헌고찰과 메타분석 (2015)

Objectives : To evaluate the evidence supporting the effectiveness of Chuna manual therapy for functional dyspepsia.
Methods : We conducted search...
The Neutralization of Interferons by Antibody III. The Constant Antibody Bioassay, A Highly Sensitive Quantitative Detector of Low Antibody Levels (2008)

The neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that develop in patients during interferon (IFN) therapy can reduce its beneficial effects. The universally employed method of NAb measurement currently is the constant IFN method, in which antigen at a single given concentration is mixed with serial dilutions of serum, the lowest final dilution of which (usually 1:20) is constrained by the potential adverse effect of human serum on human cells in culture. The constant antibody (Ab) method described herein uses serum at a certain set dilution (usually 1:20) mixed with a series of IFN concentrations. Theoretical neutralization curves based on the previously presented model of the Ab-IFN reaction are depicted herein in terms of experimentally observable quantities. As predicted by the theoretical studies, the constant Ab method was demonstrated experimentally to extend the lower limits of detection of Ab by a factor of 10-20. The excellent agreement observed between the theoretical prediction and experimental findings reinforces the validity of using as NAb unitage the titer based on 10-fold reduction of IFN activity, reportable as Tenfold Reduction Units (TRU)/mL, as previously recommended. Testing by the constant Ab method of sera previously considered negative (<20 TRU/mL by the constant IFN method) from patients treated with Rebif or Betaseron showed that approximately 50% had detectable NAbs; such sera from Avonex-treated patients had titers of <1 TRU/mL. The constant Ab method can be used as a quantitative, sensitive IFN NAb screening bioassay of any nature, and should be able to detect low levels of NAbs early in the course of IFN therapy. The method may be useful to test monoclonal antibodies for otherwise undetectable NAbs. In principle, the constant Ab method should be applicable to the measurement of NAbs against any cytokine or other protein-effector molecule.
A 250 mW, 60 frames/s 1280×720 pixel 9 b CMOS digital image sensor (2003)

Many imaging systems with industrial and machine vision applications now require sensors with a combination of >1 Mpixel revolution and >30 frames/s rate. This must be achieved at low cost and with minimum impact on system complexity or power consumption. Reported CCDs have this level of performance. However, the inherent analog nature of CCDs leads to a requirement for driving large external loads at high frequency from the image sensor. CMOS active pixel sensors (APS) are ideal for these applications due to the possibility for on-chip signal processing (especially analog-to digital converters [ADC]) integration and inherent low power consumption. This advantage is especially important in large-format high speed imaging applications. Other CMOS image sensors reported to date have either targeted small-format applications or are low frame rate devices. This 1280(H)x 720(V) CMOS APS capable of 60 frames/s operation includes on-chip, 10b, column-parallel, self-calibrating ADCs with 9b performance. Four 10b wide digital output ports support a data rate of 55.3 Mpixels/s. The sensor is in a standard 0.5/spl mu/m 2P2M technology and has power consumption <250 mW.
Protease-Activated Receptors (PAR1 and PAR2) Contribute to Tumor Cell Motility and Metastasis (2004)

The effects of the pleiotropic serine protease thrombin on tumor cells are commonly thought to be mediated by the thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). We demonstrate here that PAR1 activation has a role in experimental metastasis using the anti-PAR1 antibodies ATAP2 and WEDE15, which block PAR1 cleavage and activation. Thrombin also stimulates chemokinesis of human melanoma cells toward fibroblast conditioned media and soluble matrix proteins. Thrombin-enhanced migration is abolished by anti-PAR1 antibodies, demonstrating that PAR1 cleavage and activation are required. The PAR1-specific agonist peptide TFLLRNPNDK, however, does not stimulate migration, indicating that PAR1 activation is not sufficient. In contrast, a combination of TFLLRNPNDK and the PAR2 agonist peptide SLIGRL mimics the thrombin effect on migration, whereas PAR2 agonist alone has no effect. Agonist peptides for the thrombin receptors PAR3 and PAR4 used alone or with PAR1 agonist also have no effect. Similarly, activation of PAR1 and PAR2 also enhances chemokinesis of prostate cancer cells. Desensitization with PAR2 agonist abolishes thrombin-enhanced cell motility, demonstrating that thrombin acts through PAR2. PAR2 is cleaved by proteases with trypsin-like specificity but not by thrombin. Thrombin enhances migration in the presence of a cleavage-blocking anti-PAR2 antibody, suggesting that thrombin activates PAR2 indirectly and independent of receptor cleavage. Treatment of melanoma cells with trypsin or PAR2 agonist peptide enhances experimental metastasis. Together, these data confirm a role for PAR1 in migration and metastasis and demonstrate an unexpected role for PAR2 in thrombin-dependent tumor cell migration and in metastasis.
CD28-mediated costimulation of interleukin 2 (IL-2) production plays a critical role in T cell priming for IL-4 and interferon gamma production. (1994)

Naive T cells require interleukin 4 (IL-4) to develop into IL-4-producing T cells and IL-4 blocks development of such cells into interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) producers. Prior studies in accessory cell-independent priming systems using antireceptor antibodies as agonists have demonstrated that IL-2 is also necessary for the development of IL-4-producing cells under these culture conditions. Here we have examined the role of IL-2 and the CD28 costimulation pathway in priming for IL-4 and IFN-gamma production using a more physiologic model. This involved antigen presentation by accessory cells to naive CD4+ T cells from transgenic mice whose cells express a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for a cytochrome c peptide in association with I-Ek. With splenic antigen-presenting cells (APCs), inhibition of CD28 costimulation by the fusion protein CTLA4-immunoglobulin (Ig) blocked effective priming. Similarly, transfected fibroblasts expressing both MHC class II and the CD28 ligand B7 could prime for IL-4 production and such priming also was blocked by CTLA4-Ig. However, APCs deficient in CD28 ligands also could prime TCR transgenic T cells to become IL-4 producers if an exogenous source of IL-2, as well as IL-4, was provided, and the inhibition of priming seen with splenic or transfected fibroblast APCs in the presence of CTLA4-Ig could be reversed by addition of IL-2. Likewise, priming for IFN-gamma production could be blocked by CTLA4-Ig and reversed by IL-2. Thus, we conclude that IL-2 plays a critical role in priming naive CD4+ T cells to become IL-4 or IFN-gamma producers. Engagement of the CD28 pathway, although normally important in such priming, is unnecessary in the presence of exogenous IL-2.
Pteridines. IV. Derivatives of 2,4-Diamino-6,7-diphenylpteridine (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPteridines. IV. Derivatives of 2,4-Diamino-6,7-diphenylpteridineC. K. Cain, E. C. Taylor, and Louise J. DanielCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 3, 892–896Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01171a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01171a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views90Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High-Programmed Death-1 Levels on Hepatitis C Virus-Specific T Cells during Acute Infection Are Associated with Viral Persistence and Require Preservation of Cognate Antigen during Chronic Infection (2008)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important human pathogen that represents a model for chronic infection given that the majority of infected individuals fail to clear the infection despite generation of virus-specific T cell responses during the period of acute infection. Although viral sequence evolution at targeted MHC class I-restricted epitopes represents one mechanism for immune escape in HCV, many targeted epitopes remain intact under circumstances of viral persistence. To explore alternative mechanisms of HCV immune evasion, we analyzed patterns of expression of a major inhibitory receptor on T cells, programmed death-1 (PD-1), from the time of initial infection and correlated these with HCV RNA levels, outcome of infection, and sequence escape within the targeted epitope. We show that the level of PD-1 expression in early HCV infection is significantly higher on HCV-specific T cells from subjects who progress to chronic HCV infection than from those who clear infection. This correlation is independent of HCV RNA levels, compatible with the notion that high PD-1 expression on HCV-specific CD8 T cells during acute infection inhibits viral clearance. Viral escape during persistent infection is associated with reduction in PD-1 levels on the surface of HCV-specific T cells, supporting the necessity of ongoing antigenic stimulation of T cells for maintenance of PD-1 expression. These results support the idea that PD-1 expression on T cells specific for nonescaped epitopes contributes to viral persistence and suggest that PD-1 blockade may alter the outcome of HCV infection.
Mechanism of translational regulation by miR-2 from sites in the 5′ untranslated region or the open reading frame (2010)

MicroRNAs (miRs) commonly regulate translation from target mRNA 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). While effective miR-binding sites have also been identified in 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) or open reading frames (ORFs), the mechanism(s) of miR-mediated regulation from these sites has not been defined. Here, we systematically investigate how the position of miR-binding sites influences translational regulation and characterize their mechanistic basis. We show that specific translational regulation is elicited in vitro and in vivo not only from the 3'UTR, but equally effectively from six Drosophila miR-2-binding sites in the 5'UTR or the ORF. In all cases, miR-2 triggers mRNA deadenylation and inhibits translation initiation in a cap-dependent fashion. In contrast, single or dual miR-2-binding sites in the 5'UTR or the ORF yield rather inefficient or no regulation. This work represents the first demonstration that 5'UTR and ORF miR-binding sites can function mechanistically similarly to the intensively investigated 3'UTR sites. Using single or dual binding sites, it also reveals a biological rationale for the high prevalence of miR regulatory sites in the 3'UTR.
Point of NO Return for Nitrergic Nerves in Diabetes: A New Insight into Diabetic Complications (2004)

Aberrations in nitrergic neurotransmission, due to a decrease in neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) protein, play an important role in the pathogenesis of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. Until recently the mechanism of the decrease in nNOS protein content in nitrergic nerves during diabetes was debated. Two different views were prevailing, one attributing the nNOS decrease to nitrergic nerve degeneration, the other to an alteration in nNOS expression. Our recent study in which we showed that nitrergic nerves undergo a degenerative process in two phases might bring a solution to this debate. Our model suggests that, in the early stages of diabetes, nNOS expression is decreased in the nitrergic axons while nNOS levels are unaffected in the cell bodies, most probably due to a defect in axonal transport. This decrease is reversible with insulin treatment. As the diabetes progresses, nNOS starts to accumulate in the cell bodies since it cannot be transported down to the axons. Increased nNOS protein and NO production coincide with accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in the blood and tissues. Synergistic action of AGEs and endogenous NO leads to increased oxidative stress within the cell bodies, resulting in apoptosis. This degenerative phase of nitrergic neuropathy is not reversible with insulin treatment. This suggests a point of no return for autonomic nerves after which the degenerative changes become irreversible. Future therapeutic approaches could target the defective axonal transport and prevention of AGEs accumulation before this point of no return. In the later stages, reduction of AGEs, replenishment of lost nitrergic neurons and restoration of function are putative therapeutic targets.
Robust superconducting die attach process (1997)

As complexity of superconducting digital systems increase, the need for multi-chip modules and a reliable, high bandwidth attachment scheme for superconducting die becomes more and more critical. We have developed a flip chip die attach process for Low Temperature Superconducting (LTS) chips using InSn reflow soldering. Using standard reflow techniques, we create highly reproducible, uniform 14 micron-high solder bumps on gold-defined pad regions. Subsequent alignment, compression, and reflow soldering produce reliable, low inductance connections with high yield. The short interconnect distance of 5-7 /spl mu/m results in low enough inductance to support multi-GHz chip interconnect at low impedance. We have successfully tested and thermally cycled flip chipped die over many temperature cycles to liquid helium temperatures with no failures. We will report on successful attachment, testing, and rework of superconducting circuit chips. Specifically, we present data on solder bump uniformity, yield, electrical and thermal characteristics, reworkability, and reliability under repeated thermal cycling.
Dynamic association of RNA-editing enzymes with the nucleolus (2003)

ADAR1 and ADAR2 are editing enzymes that deaminate adenosine to inosine in long double stranded RNA duplexes and specific pre-mRNA transcripts. Here, we show that full-length and N-terminally truncated forms of ADAR1 are simultaneously expressed in HeLa and COS7 cells owing to the usage of alternative starting methionines. Because the N-terminus of ADAR1 contains a nuclear export signal, the full-length protein localizes predominantly in the cytoplasm, whereas the N-terminally truncated forms are exclusively nuclear and accumulate in the nucleolus. ADAR2, which lacks a region homologous to the N-terminal domain of ADAR1, localizes exclusively to the nucleus and similarly accumulates in the nucleolus. Within the nucleolus, ADAR1 and ADAR2 co-localize in a novel compartment. Photobleaching experiments demonstrate that, in live cells, ADAR1 and ADAR2 are in constant flux in and out of the nucleolus. When cells express the editing-competent glutamate receptor GluR-B RNA, endogenous ADAR1 and ADAR2 de-localize from the nucleolus and accumulate at sites where the substrate transcripts accumulate. This suggests that ADAR1 and ADAR2 are constantly moving through the nucleolus and might be recruited onto specific editing substrates present elsewhere in the cell.
The Reduction of Oxygen in Various Room Temperature Ionic Liquids in the Temperature Range 293−318 K: Exploring the Applicability of the Stokes−Einstein Relationship in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (2009)

The voltammetry for the reduction of oxygen at a microdisk electrode is reported in six commonly used RTILs: [C(4)mim][NTf(2)], [C(4)mpyrr][NTf(2)], [C(4)dmim][NTf(2)], [C(4)mim][BF(4)], [C(4)mim][PF(6)], and [N(6,2,2,2)][NTf(2)], where [C(4)mim](+) is 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, [NTf(2)](-) is bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, [C(4)mpyrr](+) is N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, [C(4)dmim](+) is 1-butyl-2,3-methylimidazolium, [BF(4)](-) is tetrafluoroborate, [PF(6)](-) is hexafluorophosphate, and [N(6,2,2,2)](+) is n-hexyltriethylammonium at varying scan rates (50-4000 mV s(-1)) and temperatures (293-318 K). Diffusion coefficients, D, of oxygen are deduced at each temperature from potential-step chronoamperometry, and diffusional activation energies are calculated. Oxygen solubilities are also reported as a function of temperature. In the six ionic liquids, the Stokes-Einstein relationship (D proportional, variant eta(-1)) was found to apply only very approximately for oxygen. This is considered in relationship to the behavior of other diverse solutes in RTILs.
Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with localized and metastatic prostatic carcinoma: clinical implications. (1995)

An RT-PCR-based assay for PSA mRNA can detect circulating cells in the peripheral blood of patients with prostatic cancer. The frequency of positivity increases with tumor stage. A unique observation was the detection of cells in patients with no measurable PSA on hormonal therapy. This suggests that continued seeding of distant sites may still be occurring in these patients, despite seemingly successful therapy. The relationship between continued seeding, disease progression, and survival will require further study.