gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rheological and Structural Characterization of the Interactions between Cyclodextrin Compounds and Hydrophobically Modified Alginate (2006)

Interactions in semidilute solutions of a hydrophobically modified alginate (HM-alginate) in the presence of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) monomer or a beta-cyclodextrin polymer (poly(beta-CD)) have been characterized at different temperatures with the aid of rheology and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The viscosity results for the HM-alginate/HP-beta-CD system reveal progressive deactivation of the hydrophobic associations as the concentration of HP-beta-CD increases. For the HM-alginate/poly(beta-CD) system, on the other hand, addition of poly(beta-CD) sets up bridges between adjacent polymer chains and thereby strengthens the associative network. A novel shear-thickening effect is observed at fairly high shear rates for the HM-alginate/poly(beta-CD) system, and this feature is influenced by temperature. Elevated temperature induces higher chain mobility and the formation of weaker network associations. Analyses of the SANS data disclosed that the association strength in HM-alginate/poly(beta-CD) mixtures increases strongly with increasing cosolute concentration, whereas no effect or a moderate weakening of the strength can be traced in HM-alginate/HP-beta-CD solutions upon addition of HP-beta-CD. The value of the correlation length xi is virtually not affected by the addition of cosolute for the HM-alginate/poly(beta-CD) system, whereas the decoupling of hydrophobic moieties of the polymer upon addition of HP-beta-CD gives rise to a smaller value of xi, suggesting that the size of the heterogeneity patches is reduced. The SANS results suggest that compact association structures are formed in the HM-alginate/poly(beta-CD) solutions.
Vertically Integrated Circuits at Fermilab (2010)

The exploration of vertically integrated circuits, also commonly known as 3D-IC technology, for applications in radiation detection started at Fermilab in 2006. This paper examines the opportunities that vertical integration offers by looking at various 3D designs that have been completed by Fermilab. The emphasis is on opportunities that are presented by through silicon vias (TSV), wafer and circuit thinning, and finally fusion bonding techniques to replace conventional bump bonding. Early work by Fermilab has led to an international consortium for the development of 3D-IC circuits for High Energy Physics. For the first time, Fermilab has organized a 3D MPW run, to which more than 25 different designs have been submitted by the consortium.
Performance of the Celera Diagnostics ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System for Sequence-Based Analysis of Diverse Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains (2004)

The Celera Diagnostics ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System is a Food and Drug Administration-cleared, integrated system for sequence-based analysis of drug resistance mutations in subtype B human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease and reverse transcriptase (RT). We evaluated the performance of this system for the analysis of diverse HIV-1 strains. Plasma samples were obtained from 126 individuals from Uganda, Cameroon, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil, and Thailand with viral loads ranging from 2.92 to >6.0 log(10) copies/ml. HIV-1 genotyping was performed with the ViroSeq system. HIV-1 subtyping was performed by using phylogenetic methods. PCR products suitable for sequencing were obtained for 125 (99%) of the 126 samples. Genotypes including protease (amino acids 1 to 99) and RT (amino acids 1 to 321) were obtained for 124 (98%) of the samples. Full bidirectional sequence data were obtained for 95 of those samples. The sequences were categorized into the following subtypes: A1/A2 (16 samples), B (12 samples), C (13 samples), D (11 samples), CRF01_AE (9 samples), F/F2 (9 samples), G (7 samples), CRF02_AG (32 samples), H (1 sample), and intersubtype recombinant (14 samples). The performances of the individual sequencing primers were examined. Genotyping of duplicate samples in a second laboratory was successful for 124 of the 126 samples. The identity level for the sequence data from two laboratories ranged from 98 to 100% (median, 99.8%). The ViroSeq system performs well for the analysis of plasma samples with diverse non-B subtypes. The availability of this genotyping system should facilitate studies of HIV-1 drug resistance in non-subtype B strains of HIV-1.
23. Immunization, Isolation of Immunoglobulins, Estimation of Antibody Titre (1973)

Summary. High titred monospecific antibodies are obtained in rabbits injecting as little as 25 μg pure antigen per kg body weight. For polyspecific antibodies the dose is increased 10 times. The immunization schedule is described in detail. A procedure is given for the isolation of the immunoglobulins from antiserum by salting out and ion exchange chromatography. Finally antibody titres as measured by 4 different titration methods are compared using anti‐human IgG from rabbits as a model.
Morphology‐property relationships in oriented PET films: A role of in‐plane crystalline orientation distribution on the film properties (1993)

Abstract The role of in‐plane crystalline, amorphous, and overall molecular orientation on various properties in the plane of the films was investigated using a variety of techniques. It is shown that for a fixed value of crystallinity the in‐plane crystalline orientation and the nature of the constraint imposed by the crystallites on the molecules play an important role in obtaining isotropic in‐plane expansion or shrinkage properties. Achievement of in‐plane isotropic tensile strength and elongation at the break are found to depend entirely upon an isotropic distribution of the amorphous orientation; the orientation of crystallites plays no detectable role. Furthermore, the deformation mechanisms of sequential and simultaneous biaxial stretching processes have been investigated and compared. The simulteneous stretching process is considered to be a more controlled film‐fabricating method compared to sequential stretching in achieving balanced, in‐plane film properties. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Seroflocculating Steroids (1964)

Abstract A screening test used in the study of steroids having seroflocculating activity is described. Twenty compounds previously screened and assigned to activity classes were rescreened using the same set of sera. Results duplicated previous screening reasonably well, and indicated that the method is practical and reproducible.
Optimised constellations for transmitter diversity (2003)

In this paper transmitter antenna diversity for the downlink is proposed in conjunction with the optimum fading diversity transform. In spectrally efficient transmitter antenna frequency and time diversity schemes the information bit stream is divided into sub-streams and each sub-stream is transmitted over a different antenna, a different frequency, or a different time slot. The present work provides a fading resistant transmission scheme where a base station uses M1 antennas and M2 time slots (M=M1/spl times/M2). These transmissions are coordinated to mitigate the effects of multi-path Rayleigh fading and the mobile receiver can recover the entire M-dimensional transmitted vector as long as the signal energy of at least one coordinate is large enough. The selective transmitter antenna diversity (antenna diversity) scheme is coordinated with the new complex diversity transform (time diversity) to get the highest BER performance for low signal to noise ratio. This scheme offers a significant BER performance improvement over previous M-dimensional fading resistant constellations proposed.
Targeting the Prostaglandin D2 Receptors DP and CRTH2 for Treatment of Inflammation (2006)

The involvement of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) in inflammatory diseases like allergy and asthma is well established, thus blocking the effect of this mediator represents a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of such diseases. PGD(2) is now known to act through two seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptors, DP (DP(1)) and CRTH2 (DP(2)), which are also activated by several endogenous metabolites from the arachidonic acid cascade, making the regulatory system highly complex. There has recently been a considerable effort aimed at developing antagonists of the PGD(2) receptors for treatment of inflammatory conditions like asthma and rhinitis. Several potent DP antagonists are now known, and one of these is currently in clinical trials for treatment of asthma. CRTH2 has received much attention since its identification as the second high affinity PGD(2) receptor in 2001, and a number of potent and selective antagonists have recently become available. This review will briefly discuss the biological background and validation of DP and CRTH2 as targets for antiinflammatory drugs, and then highlight developments in medicinal chemistry which have appeared in journals and patent applications in the last few years, and which have brought us closer to therapeutic applications of PGD(2) receptor antagonists in various indications.
Feline immunodeficiency virus infection--a model for HIV and AIDS? (1995)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
Non-redundant patent sequence databases with value-added annotations at two levels (2009)

The European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) provides public access to patent data, including abstracts, chemical compounds and sequences. Sequences can appear multiple times due to the filing of the same invention with multiple patent offices, or the use of the same sequence by different inventors in different contexts. Information relating to the source invention may be incomplete, and biological information available in patent documents elsewhere may not be reflected in the annotation of the sequence. Search and analysis of these data have become increasingly challenging for both the scientific and intellectual-property communities. Here, we report a collection of non-redundant patent sequence databases, which cover the EMBL-Bank nucleotides patent class and the patent protein databases and contain value-added annotations from patent documents. The databases were created at two levels by the use of sequence MD5 checksums. Sequences within a level-1 cluster are 100% identical over their whole length. Level-2 clusters were defined by sub-grouping level-1 clusters based on patent family information. Value-added annotations, such as publication number corrections, earliest publication dates and feature collations, significantly enhance the quality of the data, allowing for better tracking and cross-referencing. The databases are available format: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/patentdata/nr/.
Analysis of preferred orientations in PST and PZT thin films on various substrates (1998)

Abstract Orientation distributions of Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 and Pb2ScTaO6 thin films deposited on various substrates and buffer layers are described. All observed textures are basically fibre textures. Only PST films deposited on show a weak in-plane alignment, with ⟨100⟩ PST perpendicular to the film surface. PST films deposited on a Pt/(100)-Si substrate exhibit strong ⟨111⟩ fibre texute, tilted 5° to the normal. The Pt substrate has also a ⟨111⟩ fibre texture, with orientation densities as high as 60 times the random distribution (m.r.d.). On both substrates, PST films show maxima in the orientation distribution near 35 m.r.d. PZT films (PZT/Pt/Si-(100) and PZT/Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si-(100)) have a ⟨111⟩ fibre texture. The maximum orientation distribution observed for PZT is 200 m.r.d. A minor (100) fibre component may be present. The Pt textures resemble qualitatively those of PZT, mainly (111). The addition of a Ti buffer layer on grown SiO2 favors the stabilization of PZT in a tetragonal crystal system, and increases strongly the Pt texture, and to a lesser degree that of PZT. Key Words: Ferroelectricstexturethin filmsPSTPZTorientation distribution
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 is coupled to hormonally regulated release of arachidonic acid. (1992)

Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) binds to natural membrane vesicles in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion, resulting in the selective release of arachidonic acid, thus implicating cPLA2 in the hormonally regulated production of eicosanoids. Here we report that the treatment of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells overexpressing cPLA2 with ATP or thrombin resulted in an increased release of arachidonic acid as compared with parental CHO cells, demonstrating the hormonal coupling of cPLA2. In contrast, CHO cells overexpressing a secreted form of mammalian PLA2 (sPLA2-II) failed to show any increased hormonal responsiveness. Interestingly, we have noted that the activation of cPLA2 with a wide variety of agents stimulates the phosphorylation of cPLA2 on serine residues. Pretreatment of cells with staurosporin blocked the ATP-mediated phosphorylation of cPLA2 and strongly inhibited the activation of the enzyme. Increased cPLA2 activity was also observed in lysates prepared from ATP-treated cells and was sensitive to phosphatase treatment. These results suggest that in addition to Ca2+, the phosphorylation of cPLA2 plays an important role in the agonist-induced activation of cPLA2.
Mild Pd-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Methanesulfonamide and Related Nucleophiles: Avoiding Potentially Genotoxic Reagents and Byproducts (2011)

A convenient, general, and high yielding Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of methanesulfonamide with aryl bromides and chlorides is reported. The use of this method eliminates concern over genotoxic impurities that can arise when an aniline is reacted with methanesulfonyl chloride. The application of this method to the synthesis of dofetilide is also reported.
Kinesin Spindle Protein (KSP) Inhibitors. 9. Discovery of (2S)-4-(2,5-Difluorophenyl)-N-[(3R,4S)-3-fluoro-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-N-methyl-2-phenyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-1-carboxamide (MK-0731) for the Treatment of Taxane-Refractory Cancer (2008)

Inhibition of kinesin spindle protein (KSP) is a novel mechanism for treatment of cancer with the potential to overcome limitations associated with currently employed cytotoxic agents. Herein, we describe a C2-hydroxymethyl dihydropyrrole KSP inhibitor ( 11) that circumvents hERG channel binding and poor in vivo potency, issues that limited earlier compounds from our program. However, introduction of the C2-hydroxymethyl group caused 11 to be a substrate for cellular efflux by P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Utilizing knowledge garnered from previous KSP inhibitors, we found that beta-fluorination modulated the p K a of the piperidine nitrogen and reduced Pgp efflux, but the resulting compound ( 14) generated a toxic metabolite in vivo. Incorporation of fluorine in a strategic, metabolically benign position by synthesis of an N-methyl-3-fluoro-4-(aminomethyl)piperidine urea led to compound 30 that has an optimal in vitro and metabolic profile. Compound 30 (MK-0731) was recently studied in a phase I clinical trial in patients with taxane-refractory solid tumors.
Self-patterning of fine metal electrodes by means of the formation of isolated silver nanoclusters embedded in polyaniline (2009)

A novel self-patterning technique, which is not based on surface energy differentiation with low or high surface energy as used in conventional surface energy techniques, is presented, using polyaniline and an organometallic silver compound. The underlying mechanisms used to control the electrical conductivity of the metallic silver converted from the organometallic silver compound by a thermal process are also analysed, with electrical and microstructural characterizations. It is found that polyaniline in conjunction with the organometallic silver compound changes its oxidation state from the conductive emeraldine form to the non-conductive pernigraniline form, and silver nanoclusters in the presence of polyaniline do not form a continuous conductive network, although the sheet resistance of silver nanoclusters in the absence of polyaniline is as low as 4.27 +/- Omega/ square at the curing temperature of 230 degrees C. By means of these chemical and physical traits of polyaniline and the organometallic silver compound, alternating conductive and non-conductive stripes were self-patterned without the aid of surface energy patterning techniques, the linewidth and nominal pitch of which went down to 23.2 +/- 0.7 microm and 40 microm, respectively.
Antiviral and resistance studies of AG1343, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease (1996)

AG1343 ([3S-(3R*,4aR*,8aR*,2'S*,3'S*)]-2-[2' hydroxy-3'-phenylthiomethyl-4'-aza-5'-oxo-5'-(2''-methyl-3''-hydro xy-phenyl) pentyl]-decahydroiso-quinoline-3-N-t-butylcarboxamide methanesulfonic acid) is a selective, nonpeptidic inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease (Ki = 2 nM) that was discovered by protein structure-based drug design methodologies. AG1343 was effective against the replication of several laboratory and clinical HIV type 1 (HIV-1) or HIV-2 isolates including pyridinone- and zidovudine-resistant strains, with 50% effective concentrations ranging from 9 to 60 nM. In reversibility studies, inhibition of gag (p55) proteolytic processing in HIV-1 particles from cells treated with AG1343 was maintained for up to 36 h after drug removal. The ability of virus to develop resistance to AG1343 was studied by serial passage of HIV-1 NL4.3 in the presence of increasing concentrations of drug. After 28 passages, a variant with a 30-fold reduction in susceptibility to AG1343 was isolated. Molecular analysis of the protease from this variant indicated a double change from a Met to Ile at residue 46 and an Ile to Val or Ala at residue 84 (M46I+I84V, A). Consistent with these findings, reductions in susceptibility were observed for recombinant viruses constructed to contain the single I84V change or the double M46I+I84V substitutions. Resistance, however, was not detected for recombinant viruses containing other key mutations in HIV-1 protease, including a Val to Ile change at residue 32 or a Val to Ala or Phe at residue 82. The potent anti-HIV activity of AG1343 against several isolates suggests that AG1343 should perform well during ongoing human phase II clinical trials.
AZD9496: An Oral Estrogen Receptor Inhibitor That Blocks the Growth of ER-Positive and ESR1 -Mutant Breast Tumors in Preclinical Models (2016)

Fulvestrant is an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist administered to breast cancer patients by monthly intramuscular injection. Given its present limitations of dosing and route of administration, a more flexible orally available compound has been sought to pursue the potential benefits of this drug in patients with advanced metastatic disease. Here we report the identification and characterization of AZD9496, a nonsteroidal small-molecule inhibitor of ERα, which is a potent and selective antagonist and downregulator of ERα in vitro and in vivo in ER-positive models of breast cancer. Significant tumor growth inhibition was observed as low as 0.5 mg/kg dose in the estrogen-dependent MCF-7 xenograft model, where this effect was accompanied by a dose-dependent decrease in PR protein levels, demonstrating potent antagonist activity. Combining AZD9496 with PI3K pathway and CDK4/6 inhibitors led to further growth-inhibitory effects compared with monotherapy alone. Tumor regressions were also seen in a long-term estrogen-deprived breast model, where significant downregulation of ERα protein was observed. AZD9496 bound and downregulated clinically relevant ESR1 mutants in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in an ESR1-mutant patient-derived xenograft model that included a D538G mutation. Collectively, the pharmacologic evidence showed that AZD9496 is an oral, nonsteroidal, selective estrogen receptor antagonist and downregulator in ER(+) breast cells that could provide meaningful benefit to ER(+) breast cancer patients. AZD9496 is currently being evaluated in a phase I clinical trial. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3307-18. ©2016 AACR.
Dynamic Behavior of a Vertical Riser and Service Life Reduction (2005)

In the last years, the most of offshore oil and gas reserves discoveries in Brazil are placed in ultra-deep water depths. Petroleum production from these offshore fields needs developments with novel solutions in terms of necessary technologies and economical viability. The use of vertical rigid risers such as top tensioned risers (TTR) and others like combined systems as self standing hybrid risers and steel catenary risers for ultra-deep waters have shown viable from both, technical and economical aspects. However, there are needs for detailed studies on their dynamic behavior in order to improve, particularly, the understanding of influence of the environment as wave and current, and floating platform oscillations at the riser top. The present work presents studies on vertical top tensioned riser dynamic behavior through time domain simulations of its displacements and respective, bending moments and stresses. Influences of the vortex induced vibrations (VIV) and waves on the riser service life reduction are analyzed. Maximum and minimum envelops for displacements and stresses along riser length are shown.
Visible Wavelength Color Filters Using Dielectric Subwavelength Gratings for Backside-Illuminated CMOS Image Sensor Technologies (2017)

We report transmissive color filters based on subwavelength dielectric gratings that can replace conventional dye-based color filters used in backside-illuminated CMOS image sensor (BSI CIS) technologies. The filters are patterned in an 80 nm-thick poly silicon film on a 115 nm-thick SiO<sub>2</sub> spacer layer. They are optimized for operating at the primary RGB colors, exhibit peak transmittance of 60-80%, and have an almost insensitive response over a ± 20° angular range. This technology enables shrinking of the pixel sizes down to near a micrometer.
Future Developments In Artificial Insemination Technology (1993)

The development of artificial insemination (AI) technology over the past decade has resulted in some significant advances in poultry breeding. However, because there are few poultry scientists performing fundamental research to advance AI technology, alternative approaches must be examined in an effort to expand AI technology. This paper suggests that the technology available for cell and tissue culture propagation should be evaluated and the applicability of this technology to poultry AI technology assessed. Instrumentation and clinical testing procedures used for the evaluation of somatic cells in culture could provide objective data before and after semen storage on large numbers of males in a short period of time. Furthermore, cell culture media and supplements already commercially available may be useful in the storage of semen for 24 hr or longer.