gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acetylene (2011)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 3.1. Industrially Important Reactions 3.2. Other Reactions; Derivatives 4. Production 4.1. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects 4.2. Partial Combustion Processes 4.2.1. BASF Process (Sachsse‐Bartholome) 4.2.2. Other Partial Combustion Processes 4.2.3. Submerged Flame Process 4.2.4. Partial Combustion Carbide Process 4.3. Electrothermic Processes 4.3.1. Production from Gaseous and/or Gasified Hydrocarbons (Hüls Arc Process) 4.3.2. Production from Liquid Hydrocarbons (Plasma Arc Process) 4.3.3. Production from Coal (Arc Coal Process) 4.3.4. Production from Calcium Carbide 4.3.4.1. Wet Generators 4.3.4.2. Dry Generators 4.3.4.3. Acetylene Purification 4.4. Other Cracking Processes 4.4.1. Thermal Cracking By Heat Carriers 4.4.2. Acetylene as a Byproduct of Steam Cracking 5. Safety Precautions, Transportation, and Storage 5.1. General Safety Factors and Safety Measures 5.2. Acetylene Storage in Cylinders 6. Uses and Economic Aspects 6.1. Use in Metal Processing 6.2. Use as Raw Material in Chemical Industry 6.3. Competitive Position of Acetylene as Chemical Feedstock 7. Toxicology and Occupational Health
Performance evaluation of Multilevel Converter based cell balancer with reciprocating air flow (2012)

The modeling and design of an active battery cell balancing system using Multilevel Converter (MLC) for EV/HEV/PHEV is studied under unidirectional as well as reciprocating air flow. The MLC allows to independently switch ON/OFF each battery cell in a battery pack. The optimal policy (OP ) exploiting this extra degree-of-freedom can achieve both temperature and state-of-charge (SoC) balancing among the cells. The OP is calculated as the solution to a convex optimization problem based on the assumption of perfect state information and future driving. This study has shown that OP gives significant benefit in terms of reduction in temperature and SoC deviations, especially under parameter variations, compared to uniformly using all the cells. It is also shown that using reciprocating flow for OP gives no significant benefit. Thus, reciprocating flow is redundant for MLC-based active cell balancing system when operated using OP.
The role of Ca2+ in activation of mature cytotoxic T lymphocytes for lysis. (1987)

We carried out a detailed analysis of the requirement for Ca2+ in the lysis of target cells by cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In direct, antigen-specific lysis we always observed an influx of Ca2+ into the CTL concomitant with target cell binding. However, we never observed an increase in CTL Ca2+ content during lectin-mediated lysis, or nonspecific lysis by phorbol myristate acetate-induced CTL. We found that in all three types of lysis (direct, lectin-mediated lysis, C or phorbol myristate acetate-induced) the requirement for Ca2+ in lysis was dictated by the target cell used; the same CTL can kill one target cell in the absence of detectable Ca2+, and absolutely require Ca2+ for the lysis of another target cell. Target cell killing, when it occurred in the absence of Ca2+, was accompanied by microtubule organizing center reorientation in the CTL, showing that this function is not uniformly Ca2+ dependent. These results provide further evidence that Ca2+ is not always required for activation of the lytic pathway in CTL, although Ca2+ may be absolutely required for other CTL functions such as interleukin production or expression of the interleukin 2 receptor.
Stem Cell-Based Therapies and Immunomodulatory Approaches in Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes (2011)

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease against pancreatic β cells. The autoimmune response begins months or years before the clinical presentation. At the time of hyperglycemic symptoms a small amount of β cell mass still remains. The main therapeutic option to type 1 diabetes mellitus is daily insulin injections which is shown to promote tighter glucose control and to reduce much of diabetic chronic complications. Subgroup analysis of the Diabetes Control and Complication Trial (DCCT) showed another important aspect related to long term complications of diabetes, ie, patients with initially larger residual β cell mass suffered less microvascular complications and less hypoglycemic events than those patients with small amounts of β cells at diagnosis. In face of this, β cell preservation has become another important target in the management of type 1 diabetes and its related complications. In this review, we summarize various immunomodulatory regimens ever used in humans, including stem cell-based strategies, aiming at blocking autoimmunity against pancreatic β cells and at promoting β cell preservation and/or possible β cell regeneration in recent-onset type 1 diabetes.
The Role of the Androgen Receptor in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (2013)

Greater than 70% of human breast cancers express the androgen receptor (AR). Emerging preclinical and clinical data suggest that AR may play a role in breast cancer pathogenesis and may serve as a therapeutic target in certain more difficult-to-treat breast cancer subtypes, such as triple-negative breast cancer. Although this is an area of active investigation, the clinical significance of this hormone receptor as a prognostic/predictive marker and its functional role in tumorigenesis is unclear. This review provides an update on the advances made in the last several years regarding the role of AR as a prognostic/predictive biomarker in breast cancer, the underlying biology of AR signaling in breast cancer development and the available clinical data for the use of androgen inhibition in the treatment of AR(+) triple-negative breast cancer.
Effects of subclass change on the structural stability of chimeric, humanized, and human antibodies under thermal stress (2013)

To address how changes in the subclass of antibody molecules affect their thermodynamic stability, we prepared three types of four monoclonal antibody molecules (chimeric, humanized, and human) and analyzed their structural stability under thermal stress by using size-exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), circular dichroism (CD), and differential scanning fluoroscopy (DSF) with SYPRO Orange as a dye probe. All four molecules showed the same trend in change of structural stability; the order of the total amount of aggregates was IgG1 < IgG2 < IgG4. We thus successfully cross-validated the effects of subclass change on the structural stability of antibodies under thermal stress by using four methods. The T(h) values obtained with DSF were well correlated with the onset temperatures obtained with DSC and CD, suggesting that structural perturbation of the CH2 region could be monitored by using DSF. Our results suggested that variable domains dominated changes in structural stability and that the physicochemical properties of the constant regions of IgG were not altered, regardless of the variable regions fused.
Importance of surface reactions in the photochemistry of zinc sulfide colloids (1990)

The photochem. of colloidal ZnS was studied under a variety of exptl. conditions. The time dependence of the photocorrosion was examd. by using time-resolved fluorescence, static fluorescence, and electrospectroscopy for chem. anal. (ESCA) techniques. A qual. model for the semiconductor and its electrolyte interface is developed to explain the exptl. observations where elemental Zn, S, and SO42- formed on the surface act as e-/h+ recombination centers. The photocorrosion products were identified as SO42-, SO32-, and S. The importance of the surface chem. in the photochem. is shown via the correlation between the growth in the emission intensities and the formation of the photocorrosion products on the surface of the dried colloids.
Detection of Airgap Eccentricity for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Based on the d-Axis Inductance (2011)

The majority of the work performed for detecting eccentricity faults for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) focus on motor current signature analysis (MCSA), as it provides continuous online monitoring with existing current sensors. However, MCSA cannot be applied under nonstationary conditions and cannot distinguish faults with load torque oscillations, which are limitations for many PMSM drive applications. In this paper, it is shown that the d-axis inductance L <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_d$</tex></formula> decreases with an increase in the severity of eccentricity due to the change in the degree of magnetic saturation, and it is proposed as a new fault indicator. The inverter can be used to perform a standstill test automatically whenever the motor is stopped to measure L <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_d$</tex></formula> for eccentricity testing independent of load variations or oscillations, which is not possible with MCSA. An finite element and experimental study on a 10-hp PMSM verifies that eccentricity can be detected independent of the load with high sensitivity and reliability.
Serology of Culture-Confirmed Cases of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis (2000)

We evaluated the antibody responses in the sera of 24 patients with culture-confirmed human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE). Antibody titers were measured by an indirect immunofluorescent-antibody assay (IFA) by using a local human isolate as the source of antigen. All patients received appropriate antimicrobial treatment. One hundred five serum specimens collected at baseline and at periodic intervals for up to 14 months were included in the study. Seroconversion was observed in 21 of 23 patients (91.3%) from whom convalescent-phase sera were obtained. Antibodies were first detected at an average of 11.5 days after onset of symptoms. Peak titers (>/=2,560 for 71.4% of patients and >/=640 for 95.2% of patients) were obtained an average of 14.7 days after onset of symptoms. Eleven of 13 patients (84.6%) from whom sera were collected between 6 and 10 months after onset of symptoms were still seropositive, and sera from 5 of 10 (50%) patients tested positive between 11 and 14 months after onset of symptoms. For a subset of 71 serum specimens from 17 patients with culture-confirmed HGE also tested by IFA by using either a human isolate from Wisconsin or an Ehrlichia equi isolate from a horse, there was qualitative agreement for 62 serum specimens (87. 3%). Peak titers were higher, however, with the local human HGE isolate, but the difference was not statistically significant. In summary, most patients with culture-confirmed HGE develop antibodies within 2 weeks of onset of symptoms. Antibodies reach high titers during the first month and remain detectable in about one-half of patients at 1 year after onset of symptoms.
Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA): could it be useful to predict perinatal asphyxia? (2012)

Perinatal asphyxia is a significant cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is estimated that around 23% of all newborn deaths are caused by birth asphyxia. Each year, between four and nine million newborns develop birth asphyxia worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, despite major advances in monitoring and knowledge of fetal and neonatal physiology and development, perinatal asphyxia remains a serious condition that causes significant mortality and long-term morbidity. However, to date no single marker of perinatal asphyxia has shown good predictive efficacy in prediction and early diagnosis of perinatal asphyxia. On the other hand, ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) is a new biomarker in identification of myocardial ischemia of myocardial necrosis. IMA may also increase in the ischemia of liver, brain, kidney and bowel. Ischemia of these organs may also seen in perinatal asphyxia as well. Reactive oxygen species, produced during ischaemia/reperfusion which is essential steps of perinatal asphyxia, may generate the highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. These hydroxyl radicals modify the albumin and transforms it into IMA. Therefore, IMA might be useful for the prediction and diagnosis of perinatal asphyxia. Further studies are urgently needed to determine the role of IMA in the prediction of perinatal asphyxia.
7Li and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of Li1−3xMgFexPO4 (1998)

We report a 7Li and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study in the Li1−3xMgFexPO4 phases between 150 and 410 K. This study, complementary to those made using Mössbauer and magnetic neutron diffraction experiments, confirms that the Fe ions enter as Fe(III) in the lattice, and that they enter substituting Li ions. Ionic conductivity measurements, together with the NMR behavior of the 7Li and 31P NMR spectra show that no Li mobility occurs in the temperature range studied even with the addition of the Fe impurity.
Acute effects of dexamethasone on intraocular pressure in glaucoma. (1985)

The effects of 3 mg orally administered dexamethasone on the intraocular pressure (IOP) were examined in four patients with primary open-angle glaucoma hospitalized for this study. Plasma-free glucocorticoid activity was measured by a radioreceptor assay. Diurnal rhythms of IOP and plasma-free glucocorticoid activity were detected prior to administration of dexamethasone. The plasma-free glucocorticoid activity rose two- to threefold in the 30-min period following steroid administration and then declined throughout the rest of the day. IOP was approximately 2 mmHg higher in the 0-4-hr period and approximately 5.5 mmHg higher in the 4-8-hr period following the pharmacologic doses of dexamethasone compared with similar periods on control days. The increase in the IOP was highly significant (P less than 0.006) in the latter time period. These findings suggest that the glucocorticoids may have a greater role in regulating IOP than generally has been appreciated.
Intelligent autonomous vehicles: recent progress and central research issues (1992)

The wide range of applications involving automatically guided vehicles presents many problems for the guidance and control of such vehicles. The difficulties encountered in preparing an intelligent autonomous vehicle to travel across often unknown and frequently hazardous environments require the co-ordination of many sensors. Not only have the vehicles to steer, in the right direction, and avoid obstacles, but they also have to perform additional tasks on arrival, e.g. fire-fighting. Speed, direction and velocity have to be carefully monitored, often from a remote position or by preprogramming.
A Phase II Study of DAS181, a Novel Host Directed Antiviral for the Treatment of Influenza Infection (2012)

DAS181 significantly reduced viral load in participants infected with influenza, thus warranting future clinical development of this novel host-directed therapy. CLINICAL TRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT01037205.
Application of synthetic alkyl glycoside vesicles as drug carriers. I. Preparation and physical properties. (1985)

It was observed that alkyl glycosides formed lamellar vesicles like phosphatidylcholine vesicles (liposomes), and the application of these vesicles as drug carriers was attempted. Various alkyl glycosides were synthesized and vesicles were prepared with these glycosides. The encapsulation capacity of the vesicles was examined in relation to alkyl chain length, sugar moiety, and lipid composition. The glucosides of myristyl, cetyl, and stearyl alcohols formed vesicles, but those of lauryl, decyl, and octyl alcohols did not. The vesicles of glucoside, galactoside, and mannoside showed fairly good encapsulation capacity but those of lactoside showed low capacity. An appropriate ratio of glycoside, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate is an important factor for the formation of these vesicles, especially with regard to dicetylphosphate. The alkyl glycoside vesicles show longer lives on stage in an ampule at 20°C than phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The stability in plasma was also examined. The glycoside vesicles showed rapid release of about 40% of the aqueous contents, but after that, they showed outstanding stability for 48h in plasma at 37°C. On the other hand, phosphatidylcholine vesicles showed rapid release of only about 30%, but they disintegrated gradually and showed low encapsulation capacity (about 20%) after 48h. The present results suggest that the application of alkyl glycoside vesicles as drug carriers may be feasible.
Computer aided adjustment of the phrenic pacemaker: automatic functions, documentation, and quality control. (1997)

Electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerves of patients with complete ventilatory insufficiency with the Vienna respiratory pacemaker has been in clinical use since 1983. During the adjustment of stimulation parameters with this device, the following problems have occurred: for some measurements like the recruitment curve, series of complete inspiration cycles have to be stimulated, which causes the danger of muscle fatigue for unconditioned patients. The documentation is completed predominantly by hand, taking time and increasing the possibility of error. As a first step to solve these problems, we developed a new stimulation and measurement system. It consists of a PC with data acquisition hardware, the necessary sensors, and amplifier circuitry. The implanted stimulator is controlled via the parallel interface. The new system offers some advantages: computer control shortens the time for measurement and documentation, and the stress on the patient and the risk of error is reduced; synchronized measurement makes it possible to use single stimulation pulses instead of bursts and ramps to reduce diaphragm fatigue; digital signal processing improves measurement results and reproducibility; and help functions and self tests are provided, together with a graphical user interface. We used sensors for air flow, diaphragm EMG, and acceleration, on up to 8 channels simultaneously. Combined sample rates of up to 100 kS/s were possible. The system could be adapted for other uses involving functional electrical stimulation with our implantable nerve stimulators. Using this equipment saves a lot of effort, and the adjustment process can be focused on improved stimulation results and better performance for the patient. Current research is studying implementation of automatic functions like acquisition of stimulation thresholds. This could result in a predominantly automated adjustment of the phrenic pacemaker and even in a closed-loop controlled system in the future.
Mechanism of immunomodulatory drugs' action in the treatment of multiple myeloma (2013)

Although immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), such as thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide, are widely used in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), the molecular mechanism of IMiDs' action is largely unknown. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the application of IMiDs in MM cancer treatment as well as their effects on immunomodulatory activities, anti-angiogenic activities, intervention of cell surface adhesion molecules between myeloma cells and bone marrow stromal cells, anti-inflammatory activities, anti-proliferation, pro-apoptotic effects, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of cell migration and metastasis. In addition, the potential IMiDs' target protein, IMiDs' target protein's functional role, and the potential molecular mechanisms of IMiDs resistance will be discussed. We wish, by presentation of our naive discussion, that this review article will facilitate further investigation in these fields.
Nanobodies and Nanobody-Based Human Heavy Chain Antibodies As Antitumor Therapeutics (2017)

Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized cancer therapy. However, delivery to tumor cells <i>in vivo</i> is hampered by the large size (150 kDa) of conventional antibodies. The minimal target recognition module of a conventional antibody is composed of two non-covalently associated variable domains (VH and VL). The proper orientation of these domains is mediated by their hydrophobic interface and is stabilized by their linkage to disulfide-linked constant domains (CH1 and CL). VH and VL domains can be fused <i>via</i> a genetic linker into a single-chain variable fragment (scFv). scFv modules in turn can be fused to one another, e.g., to generate a bispecific T-cell engager, or they can be fused in various orientations to antibody hinge and Fc domains to generate bi- and multispecific antibodies. However, the inherent hydrophobic interaction of VH and VL domains limits the stability and solubility of engineered antibodies, often causing aggregation and/or mispairing of V-domains. Nanobodies (15 kDa) and nanobody-based human heavy chain antibodies (75 kDa) can overcome these limitations. Camelids naturally produce antibodies composed only of heavy chains in which the target recognition module is composed of a single variable domain (VHH or Nb). Advantageous features of nanobodies include their small size, high solubility, high stability, and excellent tissue penetration <i>in vivo</i>. Nanobodies can readily be linked genetically to Fc-domains, other nanobodies, peptide tags, or toxins and can be conjugated chemically at a specific site to drugs, radionuclides, photosensitizers, and nanoparticles. These properties make them particularly suited for specific and efficient targeting of tumors <i>in vivo</i>. Chimeric nanobody-heavy chain antibodies combine advantageous features of nanobodies and human Fc domains in about half the size of a conventional antibody. In this review, we discuss recent developments and perspectives for applications of nanobodies and nanobody-based human heavy chain antibodies as antitumor therapeutics.
Bio-signal based control in assistive robots: a survey (2015)

Recently, bio-signal based control has been gradually deployed in biomedical devices and assistive robots for improving the quality of life of disabled and elderly people, among which electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalography (EEG) bio-signals are being used widely. This paper reviews the deployment of these bio-signals in the state of art of control systems. The main aim of this paper is to describe the techniques used for (i) collecting EMG and EEG signals and diving these signals into segments (data acquisition and data segmentation stage), (ii) dividing the important data and removing redundant data from the EMG and EEG segments (feature extraction stage), and (iii) identifying categories from the relevant data obtained in the previous stage (classification stage). Furthermore, this paper presents a summary of applications controlled through these two bio-signals and some research challenges in the creation of these control systems. Finally, a brief conclusion is summarized.
Lenalidomide: a novel anticancer drug with multiple modalities (2008)

Over the past 5 years, lenalidomide (Revlimid, Celgene Co., Summit, NJ, USA), a member of a class of drugs termed immunomodulatory drugs, has emerged as a significant weapon in the arsenal of cancer-therapeutics. It is a lead therapeutic in multiple myeloma and del-5q myelodysplastic syndromes and has also been trialed for acute leukaemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma, T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, prostate cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, malignant melanoma, renal cancer, advanced ovarian and peritoneal carcinoma. The most significant development for lenalidomide has been its FDA approval (US and Europe) for previously treated multiple myeloma in combination with dexamethasone. The following review describes key clinical and mechanistic breakthroughs that have made lenalidomide a leading cancer therapeutic.