gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Glucocorticoids in the Stress-Induced Reduction of Extrathyroidal 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine Generation in Rats* (1987)

Serum concentrations of T4, T3, and rT3 as well as liver and kidney 5'-deiodinase activity, have been examined in rats stressed by restraint. After immobilization, serum concentrations of T3 decreased significantly (6 hr, -33 +/- 1%; 8 h, -42 +/- 3%), while serum rT3 increased (6 h, +55 +/- 3%; 8 h, +75 +/- 5%). In the same or similarly treated animals, there was a time-dependent reduction in T4 5'-deiodinase activity in both liver (4 h, -23 +/- 2%; 8 h, -43 +/- 3%) and kidney (4 h, -18 +/- 1%; 8 h, -42 +/- 3%) homogenates. The reduction in hepatic and renal T3 production was due to reduced enzyme activity and not to reduced substrate availability. In spite of reductions in serum TSH (4 h, -9 +/- 1%; 8 h, -51 +/- 5%), the serum T4 concentration did not fall. The serum concentration of corticosterone reached 30 times the basal level after 8 h of restraint. Either adrenalectomy or metyrapone treatment, followed by replacement with nonstress doses of B, completely prevented the alterations of iodothyronine metabolism induced by restraint. These results indicate that the stress-induced elevation of plasma glucocorticoids plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the low T3 syndrome in this model. The reduction in serum T3 may be accounted for by a reduction in T3 production by liver and kidney, adding support to the concept that these organs are an important source of plasma T3 in the rat.
Homeostasis model assessment as a clinical index of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients treated with sulfonylureas. (1999)

The HOMA IR strongly correlated with the clamp IR in type 2 diabetic patients treated with SUs as well as in those treated with diet alone.
Carrier ampholytes for IEF, on their fortieth anniversary (1967–2007), brought to trial in court: The verdict (2007)

The present review summarizes the data accumulated in 1-year work, by exploring, via a 3-D methodology (Rotofor fractionation followed by CE-MS), all the narrow (2 pH unit wide) carrier ampholyte (CA) compounds for IEF, produced by three companies (Pharmacia with Pharmalyte and Ampholine, BioRad with Bio-Lyte and Serva with Servalyt). All species have been assessed by measuring the types of pH gradient produced, the total number of individual chemicals (with M(r) values) and isoforms and their focusing behavior ('good' or 'poor' ampholytes). Servalyt contains a grand total of 686 chemical entities and no less than 3899 isoforms; Pharmalyte 643 and 2211; Bio-Lyte 255 and 1192; Ampholine 294 and 1182, respectively. In terms of M(r) distribution, although all 2-pH-unit ranges start with the same low M(r) values (ca. 200) their upper limits are quite different. Thus, Pharmalyte reaches an upper M(r) value of 1179 (in the pH 4-6 range), versus 907 for Servalyt, 835 for Bio-Lyte and 893 for Ampholine. In general, in going towards the more alkaline pH intervals (e.g. pH 8-10) the molecular mass of carrier ampholytes (CAs) is reduced to as low as 491 (Bio-Lyte), indicating that the alkaline species are probably made with shorter oligoamines and are, in general, less substituted. All acidic pH intervals (up to pH 6-8) appear to be constituted by a very large proportion of well focusing species, indicating small values of DeltapK across their pI. Above pH 8, all brands of CAs worsen, the vast majority being unable to focus properly and sustain adequately the pH gradient. General guidelines are given for the synthesis of new alkaline species for improving the basic pH ranges.
2,5-Benzodiazocines and intermediates (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT2,5-Benzodiazocines and intermediatesTheodore S. Sulkowski, Myles A. Wille, Albert A. Mascitti, and James L. DieboldCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 7, 2180–2184Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01282a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01282a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views154Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Altered levels of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in plasma and leukocytes of sickle cell anemia patients and effects of hydroxyurea therapy (2008)

Inflammation, cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, and endothelial injury contribute to sickle cell anemia (SCA) vaso-occlusion. Although alterations in inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers have been related, reports have been conflicting, and a conclusive role for these molecules in the disease remains to be established. Furthermore, the effect of hydroxyurea therapy (HU) on the release of inflammatory mediators is not understood. This study aimed to determine plasma levels and leukocyte gene expressions of inflammatory mediators in healthy controls, steady-state SCA patients, and SCA patients on HU therapy. TNF-alpha, IL-8, and PGE(2) levels were significantly higher in the plasma of SCA individuals when compared with control individuals. HU therapy was associated with a significant reversal of augmented TNF-alpha and, interestingly, increased plasma anti-inflammatory IL-10. IFN-gamma, IL-10, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) gene expressions were unaltered in SCA mononuclear cells (MC); however, gene expressions of TNF-alpha, IL-8, and the protective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were significantly higher. HU therapy was not associated with significantly altered SCA MC inflammatory gene expression, although COX-2 mRNA expression was decreased. In SCA neutrophils, gene expressions of IL-8, IFN-gamma, iNOS, and HO-1 were significantly higher than those of control subjects. Patients on HU demonstrated lower iNOS and higher IL-10 neutrophil gene expressions. Taken together, data suggest that alterations in the gene expressions and productions of a number of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators are present in SCA and importantly, in those patients on HU therapy. Knowledge of these pathways may contribute to further the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease.
Computerized Manufacturing of Transparent Face Masks for the Treatment of Facial Scarring (2003)

In this work an integrated system of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing specifically designed to fabricate affordable transparent face masks is discussed. FaceScan, a custom-designed software system, integrates shape capture, mask design, and pattern fabrication. The software controls a linear scan noncontact laser imager for facial topography acquisition and a milling machine for pattern fabrication. Compared with conventional methods of mask fabrication, this system is faster, more accurate, and less stressful for the patient and allows for greater control of the finished product. Masks for two subjects have been successfully fabricated using this system.
Encrustation of biomaterials in the urinary tract (2000)

The present review focuses on technological advances and relevant research related to encrustation of biomaterials in the urinary tract. The importance of physical and chemical biomaterial type, biocompatibility, material coatings such as hydrogels, and infection related to alloplastic materials used in urological practice are discussed. Recent in-vitro and in-vivo research has focused on materials that will reduce encrustation and bacterial biofilm formation, complications that limit the long-term use of urinary materials. Coordinating scientific resources in a multidisciplinary manner for a better understanding of factors that are involved in encrustation and biofilm formation will offer the potential to modify or resolve the problem of encrustation of foreign materials in the urinary tract.
EXPERIMENTAL RENAL INSUFFICIENCY PRODUCED BY PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY (1932)

A review of the literature of experimental nephritis shows that investigators have failed to produce chronic renal lesions in experimental animals comparable to those noted in man. Chemicals and toxins may cause an acute fatal condition or one from which the animal will recover, but the most promising procedure seems to lie in the removal or destruction of renal tissue. The literature dealing with the effects of experimental renal insufficiency induced by the operative removal of kidney tissue contains conflicting conclusions and results. The reasons for many of the differences can be accounted for by the lack of controlled experimental conditions, involving the dietary regimen, the amount of kidney tissue removed, the period of experimentation and the type of animal used. Since the efforts of many investigators to produce consistently such signs as hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, polyuria, albuminuria, etc., have been unsuccessful or only partially successful, a series of experiments
The Preimplantation Embryo: Handle with Care (2008)

The past decade has seen considerable advances in our understanding of intrinsic developmental mechanisms associated with gametogenesis and embryogenesis and accompanying applications in the fields of reproductive medicine, embryonic stem cell biology, and nuclear reprogramming. However, a new focus has recently emerged concerning the homeostatic regulation of embryonic cells, how this is set, and how it may influence the longitudinal progression and optimization of the developmental program and indeed the phenotype of the offspring. Attention has been drawn to the preimplantation stage of development as a sensitive "window" when in vitro and in vivo manipulations, such as culture conditions or maternal diet, may have critical consequences. In this article, we review how changes in environmental conditions, mediated via a range of epigenetic, cellular, and metabolic mechanisms in the preimplantation embryo, may alter the pattern of cell division, gene expression, morphology, and potential. We consider how fetal and postnatal phenotype may become susceptible to the plasticity of the preimplantation embryo and the risks for adult health and physiology.
Benzodiazepine dependence and its treatment with low dose flumazenil (2012)

Globally benzodiazepines remain one of the most prescribed medication groups, especially in the primary care setting. With such high levels of prescribing it is not surprising that benzodiazepine dependence is common, cutting across all socioeconomic levels. Despite recognition of the potential for the development of iatrogenic dependence and the lack of any effective treatment, benzodiazepines continue to be widely prescribed in general practice. Conventional dependence management, benzodiazepine tapering, is commonly a protracted process over several weeks or months. It is often associated with significant withdrawal symptoms and craving leading to patient drop out and return to use. Accordingly, there is a worldwide need to find effective pharmacotherapeutic interventions for benzodiazepine dependence. One drug of increasing interest is the GABAA benzodiazepine receptor antagonist/partial agonist, flumazenil. Multiple bolus intravenous infusions of low dose flumazenil used either with or without benzodiazepine tapering can reduce withdrawal sequelae, and/or longer term symptoms in the months following withdrawal. Preliminary data suggest that continuous intravenous or subcutaneous flumazenil infusion for 4 days significantly reduces acute benzodiazepine withdrawal sequelae. The subcutaneous infusion was shown to be tissue compatible so the development of a longer acting (i.e. several weeks) depot flumazenil formulation has been explored. This could be capable of managing both acute and longer term benzodiazepine withdrawal sequelae. Preliminary in vitro water bath and in vivo biocompatibility data in sheep show that such an implant is feasible and so is likely to be used in clinical trials in the near future.
Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection and Identification of<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>Types A, B, E, and F in Food and Fecal Material (2001)

Botulism is diagnosed by detecting botulinum neurotoxin and Clostridium botulinum cells in the patient and in suspected food samples. In this study, a multiplex PCR assay for the detection of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F in food and fecal material was developed. The method employs four new primer pairs with equal melting temperatures, each being specific to botulinum neurotoxin gene type A, B, E, or F, and enables a simultaneous detection of the four serotypes. A total of 43 C. botulinum strains and 18 strains of other bacterial species were tested. DNA amplification fragments of 782 bp for C. botulinum type A alone, 205 bp for type B alone, 389 bp for type E alone, and 543 bp for type F alone were obtained. Other bacterial species, including C. sporogenes and the nontoxigenic nonproteolytic C. botulinum-like organisms, did not yield a PCR product. Sensitivity of the PCR for types A, E, and F was 10(2) cells and for type B was 10 cells per reaction mixture. With a two-step enrichment, the detection limit in food and fecal samples varied from 10(-2) spore/g for types A, B, and F to 10(-1) spore/g of sample material for type E. Of 72 natural food samples investigated, two were shown to contain C. botulinum type A, two contained type B, and one contained type E. The assay is sensitive and specific and provides a marked improvement in the PCR diagnostics of C. botulinum.
Tuftsin and tuftsin conjugates potentiate immunogenic processes: effects and possible mechanisms. (1987)

The immunoglobulin heavy chain associated tetrapeptide, tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg), known for its phagocytosis-stimulating activity was found to augment the antigen presenting capacity of macrophages in culture when applied simultaneously with the antigen. To study the immunogenic effect of tuftsin in vivo the peptide was coupled covalently to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) antigens to form stable entities. Tuftsin-antigen conjugates were found to be very potent immunogens as tested by their capacity to increase antigen presentation in culture in primary and secondary responses. Thus, monolayers of macrophages pulsed in vitro with KLH-tuftsin conjugates exerted a stronger immunogenic effect than KLH alone. BSA, which by itself was not immunogenic, when applied to macrophages as tuftsin conjugate evoked a high lymphoproliferative immune response. In vivo, BSA conjugated to tuftsin, when injected in aqueous solutions, augmented significantly antibody production, whereas administration of BSA alone or BSA admixed with tuftsin had no immunogenic effect. Studies conducted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the activation of the immunogenic function of macrophages by the peptide revealed that treatment of cells with antigen and tuftsin increases secretion of interleukin-1 and expression of cell surface Ia encoded antigens. The effect of tuftsin on increasing the immunogenic capacity of antigens may at least partly be attributed to these effects.
Interspecies transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to Syrian hamsters with reference to clinical syndromes and strains of agent. (1978)

Experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was serially transmitted from guinea pigs to Syrian hamsters with 100% incidence, morbidity, and mortality. All animals developed a subacute spongiform virus encephalopathy with neuronal destruction and concomitant astrocytic changes. In the first passage three different clinical syndromes were recorded, each with widely variant incubation times; these results suggested there may be different strains of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob agent, some of which may be partially separated when the agent is passaged from one species to another. Accumulations of neurofilaments in neuronal perikarya and processes and increased lipofuscin were suggestive of changes seen in senility and aging.
Robust Superhydrophobic Silicon without a Low Surface-Energy Hydrophobic Coating (2014)

Superhydrophobic surfaces without low surface-energy (hydrophobic) modification such as silanization or (fluoro)polymer coatings are crucial for water-repellent applications that need to survive under harsh UV or IR exposures and mechanical abrasion. In this work, robust low-hysteresis superhydrophobic surfaces are demonstrated using a novel hierarchical silicon structure without a low surface-energy coating. The proposed geometry produces superhydrophobicity out of silicon that is naturally hydrophilic. The structure is composed of collapsed silicon nanowires on top and bottom of T-shaped micropillars. Collapsed silicon nanowires cause superhydrophobicity due to nanoscale air pockets trapped below them. T-shaped micropillars significantly decrease the water contact angle hysteresis because microscale air pockets are trapped between them and can not easily escape. Robustness is studied under mechanical polishing, high-energy photoexposure, high temperature, high-pressure water shower, and different acidic and solvent environments. Mechanical abrasion damages the nanowires on top of micropillars, but those at the bottom survive. Small increase of hysteresis is seen, but the surface is still superhydrophobic after abrasion.
The relative amount of an influenza A virus segment present in the viral particle is not affected by a reduction in replication of that segment (1995)

The principles of influenza A virus replication and packaging are not fully understood. In order to investigate the signals required for these processes we have introduced mutations in the terminal non-coding region of an influenza A virus neuraminidase (NA) gene. Specifically, we have obtained two viruses, NA/X and NA/Y, which produced a reduced amount of NA-specific genomic RNA in infected cells but not in the viral particle. These data indicate that (i) specific signals which affect the amount of RNA in the viral particle are distinct from those required for viral replication and (ii) the amount of packaged RNA is not strictly dependent on the amount of RNA produced during replication. In addition, mutant NA/Y was shown to be effectively attenuated in mice. Thus, diminished replication of one viral segment might be a principle on which to base a live influenza virus vaccine.
Towards Milli-Second IGP Convergence (2000)

It is possible for link-state routing protocols to converge in link propagation time scales, that is, in tens of milliseconds. However, current deployments of ISIS[6][1], a link-state routing protocol, are not anywhere near this point. In this paper, we present some analyses of ISIS convergence by showing its behavior upon link/router failures and repairs, and its scaling properties to large networks, both in terms of number of nodes and links. We then explore changes needed in the ISIS specification and implementations to reach IGP convergence in milliseconds. Our results are based on experimentation done with ISIS, but some of the findings may apply to OSPF as well. This paper contains color figures and graphs which are missing from the ASCII version of the paper. The postscript and pdf versions of this paper can be found in the Internet-Drafts repository.
Efficacy of Polyclonal Antibodies for Treatment of Ocular Herpes Simplex Infection (2001)

We conclude that polyclonal antibodies to glycoprotein D appear to be effective antiviral agents in vitro and in vivo in a rabbit model of HSV-1 keratitis and show promise as a new antiviral treatment for ophthalmic use.
Environmentally Benign Synthesis of H-Phosphinic Acids Using a Water-Tolerant, Recyclable Polymer-Supported Catalyst (2004)

[reaction: see text] A reusable polymer-supported hydrophosphinylation catalyst is described for the preparation of H-phosphinic acids. The polystyrene-based ligand is prepared in one step from commercially available compounds. The polymeric catalyst generally gives good yields for a variety of substrates and is water- and air-tolerant, although the scope of alkenes and alkynes which can be employed is somewhat narrower than with our original xantphos/Pd(2)dba(3) catalyst.
Evolutionary generation of neural network update signals for the topology optimization of structures (2013)

In the adaptation of natural load bearing structures like bones and trees, regions subject to high physical loads accumulate structural material based on local stimuli, while it is reduced in others. This strategy can lead to efficient structures and has been modeled in the field of topology optimization. Instead of modeling the observed strategy we target the evolutionary process, which gave rise to theses strategies. We propose to use an evolutionary process in order to find a suitable mapping from local sensory information to an update signal, based on which a structure is adapted. The target is to evolve a generalizable update signal for quality functions that can not be optimized by existing topology optimization methods. As a first study, the update signal is represented by a feed-forward neural network model and its weights are tuned by an evolutionary strategy in order to optimize a minimum compliance structure. The resulting update signal is subsequently compared to the true compliance sensitivities and indicate that evolving a neural network update signal by optimization is a demanding task, yet possible at least for the provided example problem.
On‐line monitoring of the viscosity in dextran fermentation using piezoelectric quartz crystal (1990)

A novel viscous sensor utilizing AT-cut quartz crystal to monitor the viscosity of fermentation broth was developed. The sensor system was constructed from the piezoelectric quartz crystal fixed to the cell, exposing only one side of the quartz crystal electrode, an oscillating circuit, a peak level meter, and a personal computer. In order to investigate the characteristics of the sensor system, a sensor signal relating to the resonant resistance of the quartz crystal was measured using dextran solutions with different molecular weights. The linear relationship was obtained between the sensor signal and the (rhoeta)(1/2) of the liquid, where rho and eta are the density and viscosity, respectively. The sensor signal was dependent not only on the viscosity of the liquid but also on the molecular weight of dextran, because dextran solution shows a non-Newtonian property. The sensor system was applied for the on-line monitoring of the viscosity in dextran fermentation. A good correlation was observed between the sensor signal and the viscosity value measured with a rotational viscometer for the fermentation broth. Little bubbling effect and agitation of the sensor signal were observed, showing that this system can be utilized for viscosity monitoring in a bioprocess.
AI Approaches to Fraud Detection and Risk Management (1998)

The 1997 AAAI Workshop on AI Approaches to Fraud Detection and Risk Management brought together over 50 researchers and practitioners to discuss problems of fraud detection, computer intrusion detection, and risk scoring. This article presents highlights, including discussions of problematic issues that are common to these application domains, and proposed solutions that apply a variety of AI techniques.