gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fuel-Powered Artificial Muscles (2006)

Artificial muscles and electric motors found in autonomous robots and prosthetic limbs are typically battery-powered, which severely restricts the duration of their performance and can necessitate long inactivity during battery recharge. To help solve these problems, we demonstrated two types of artificial muscles that convert the chemical energy of high-energy-density fuels to mechanical energy. The first type stores electrical charge and uses changes in stored charge for mechanical actuation. In contrast with electrically powered electrochemical muscles, only half of the actuator cycle is electrochemical. The second type of fuel-powered muscle provides a demonstrated actuator stroke and power density comparable to those of natural skeletal muscle and generated stresses that are over a hundred times higher.
When virtual is harder than real: security challenges in virtual machine based computing environments (2005)

As virtual machines become pervasive users will be able to create, modify and distribute new “machines ” with unprecedented ease. This flexibility provides tremendous benefits for users. Unfortunately, it can also undermine many assumptions that today’s relatively static security architectures rely on about the number of hosts in a system, their mobility, connectivity, patch cycle, etc. We examine a variety of security problems virtual computing environments give rise to. We then discuss potential directions for changing security architectures to adapt to these demands. 1
MEF revisited: low k 1 effects versus mask topography effects (2003)

At 4X magnification and k1 approaching 0.25, primary mask features, that will ultimately print on the wafer, can be on the order of the wavelength for conventional exposure tool. For immersion lithography, the primary mask feature sizes could even fall below the wavelength. At the same time, the aspect ratio of the features defined on the mask increases since the absorber thickness did not scale with the technology nodes. For alternating phase-shifting masks, the etch depth into the quartz required to create a 180 degree phase-shift has not scaled with technology nodes since it is proportional to the wavelength of exposure and the wavelength of exposure has not scaled with technology nodes. Near wavelength and high aspect ratio mask features increase the importance of mask topography effects. Simulations can be used as a mean to de-correlate the contributions of low k1 effects versus mask topography effects. The “thin-mask” approximation results can be compared to the “thick-mask” simulation results. The effect of the feature aspect ratio can be investigated by changing the magnification factor. The results indicated in this paper show that mask topography effects can represent a significant part of the MEEF even for binary masks.
JPEG compression immune steganography using wavelet transform (2004)

Steganography is art of hiding a secret media in another media. One of the major challenges in steganography is robustness, since the stego-signal need to survive multiple kinds of data processing. Low pass filtering, for example JPEG compression, is known as a common attack against stego-signal in image based steganography. We present a new method of image steganography that is extremely robust against JPEG compression while allowing error free information extracting. The method is based on 2D lossless wavelet transform and convolution error correction coding. Experimental results show that hidden information can be retrieved with zero bit error rates even when the stego-image experienced maximum JPEG compression.
Use and Limitations of E/e' to Assess Left Ventricular Filling Pressure by Echocardiography (2011)

Measurement of left ventricular (LV) filling pressure is useful in decision making and prediction of outcomes in various cardiovascular diseases. Invasive cardiac catheterization has been the gold standard in LV filling pressure measurement, but carries the risk of complications and has a similar predictive value for clinical outcomes compared with non-invasive LV filling pressure estimation by echocardiography. A variety of echocardiographic measurement methods have been suggested to estimate LV filling pressure. The most frequently used method for this purpose is the ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/e'), which has become central in the guidelines for diastolic evaluation. This review will discuss the use the E/e' ratio in prediction of LV filling pressure and its potential pitfalls.
Performance of handover for multiple users in heterogeneous wireless networks (2009)

Handover solutions ensuring seamless connectivity and high user-perceived quality of service for a given application context are essential for multi-mode wireless devices in heterogeneous wireless network environments. A critical handover step, the network selection decision, is automatically and transparently made in the user's terminal, aiming to keep the user “always best connected”. We propose Quantified Adaptive Delay Selection (QADS), a novel multi-user-aware handover algorithm that maintains high quality of service levels for mobile users performing handover in heterogeneous wireless network environments. QADS is a user-centric solution buildt on the IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover standard. It addresses the problem of multiple mobile nodes performing network selection independently, using the same selection algorithm. With innovative mechanisms based on adaptive contention and randomization, the algorithm increases overall user-perceived quality of service.
The holy grail of metabolic disease (2012)

BAT is a powerful organ that controls the development of metabolic disease. These powers are boosted by mechanisms that turn white into brown fat and enhance lipid flux into BAT. However, in humans, it remains unclear what was the first: metabolic disease or decreased BAT activity.
A Multifractal Dynamical Model of Human Gait (2006)

Walking is regulated through the motorcontrol system (MCS). The MCS consists of a network of neurons from the central nervous system (CNS) and the intraspinal nervous system (INS), which is capable of producing a syncopated output. The coupling of the latter two systems produces a complex stride interval time series that is characterized by fractal and multifractal properties that depend upon several biological and stress constraints. It has been shown that: (i) the gait phenomenon is essentially a rhythmic cycle that obeys particular phase symmetries in the synchronized movement of the limbs; (ii) the fractal and multifractal nature of the stride interval fluctuations become slightly more pronounced under faster or slower paced frequencies relative to the normal paced frequency of a subject; (iii) the randomness of the fluctuations increases if subjects are asked to synchronize their gait with the frequency of a metronome or if the subjects are elderly or suffering from neurodegenerative disease. Here we present a new model, called the super central pattern generator, able to reproduce these known properties of walking and discuss the physiological and psychological interpretations of the model parameters.
Class DE inverters and rectifiers for DC-DC conversion (2002)

A new family of Class DE inverters and related rectifiers is presented. Based on the Class D RF inverter, the circuits feature Class E switching transitions (zero voltage, zero dv/dt), giving low switching losses despite device capacitance and stored charge, combined with low voltage stress. Matching between inverter and rectifier is considered, time reversal duality is introduced and a family of inverters and rectifiers is presented. The circuits should find application in megahertz DC-DC converters.
Adeno-Associated Virus Encoding Green Fluorescent Protein as a Label for Retinal Pigment Epithelium (2003)

AAV-GFP-labeling of confluent cultured RPE and RPE in situ can be used to identify transplanted RPE, with some reservations. Cell division may cause dilution of the label, and release of cell contents into the subretinal space may cause label transfer to photoreceptors. Exposure to light of transduced cells should be limited.
Monitoring Urinary Excretion of Cannabinoids by Fluorescence-Polarization Immunoassay: A Cannabinoid-to-Creatinine Ratio Study (2002)

Drug testing in substance abuse treatment programs is focused on urine analysis of parent drugs and major metabolites. Huestis reported that serial monitoring of the major urinary cannabinoid metabolite (delta9-THC-COOH)-to-creatinine ratios in paired urine specimens (collected at least 24 hours apart) could differentiate new marijuana or hashish use from residual cannabinoid metabolite excretion in urine after previous drug use. Subjects with a history of chronic marijuana use were screened for cannabinoids in urine over several months by an enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) with a cut-off value of 50 ng/mL. Presumptive positive specimens were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for delta9-THC-COOH with a cut-off value of 15 ng/mL. The objective of this study was to determine whether a semiquantitative cannabinoids immunoassay (corrected for creatinine concentration) could differentiate new marijuana use from residual cannabinoid excretion in chronic users of marijuana or hashish compared with GC-MS. The criterion for new marijuana use was a cannabinoid-to-creatinine ratio > or =0.5 (dividing the immunoassay quantitative result to creatinine ratio of specimen 2 by the specimen 1 ratio, specimen 3 by the specimen 2 ratio, etc.). Urine specimens were analyzed by fluorescence-polarization immunoassay (FPIA) on an Abbott TDxFLx analyzer after analysis by GC-MS. In 90 urine specimens (group A) with delta9-THC-COOH values determined by GC-MS, the mean delta9-THC-COOH concentration was 44.4 ng/mL (range, 16-100), and the mean FPIA total cannabinoids value was 91.7 ng/mL (range, 21-204 ng/mL) with a correlation coefficient of 0.993 (group A). In 111 specimens (group B), the mean delta9-THC-COOH concentration was 361 ng/mL (range, 101-960 ng/mL). The mean FPIA value was 657 ng/mL (range, 211-1,270 ng/mL), and the correlation coefficient of the B series was 0.975. Percent cross-reactivity for delta9-THC-COOH standards prepared in drug-free urine by FPIA was 82% at 25 ng/mL, 45% at 50 ng/mL, and 50% at 100 ng/mL. Overall, there was 89% agreement (132 of 148 specimens) between FPIA and GC-MS. In 16 of 148 specimens, however, the FPIA and GC-MS paired urine data did not agree. The sensitivity of the FPIA assay was 95.3%, and the specificity was 44.4%. The authors conclude that FPIA cannabinoid analysis should be further evaluated as an alternative to GC-MS quantitation to help distinguish new marijuana use from residual marijuana metabolite excretion in clinical drug treatment programs.
Trolox-Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity Assay Versus Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity Assay in Plasma (2004)

Because of difficulty in measuring each antioxidant component separately and interactions among antioxidants, methods have been developed to assess the total antioxidant capacity of serum or plasma. The 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox)-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay (1), the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay (2), and the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay (3) are commonly used and have been extensively evaluated. Although comparable mean results have been obtained with the TEAC and ORAC assays (4)(5), no correlation has been found between ORAC and TEAC values or between FRAP and TEAC values (6). This lack of correlation between TEAC and other assays is likely attributable to underestimation of overall antioxidant capacity. Underestimation may be related to the effects of dilution (7) and to premature measurement of inhibition percentage at a fixed time of 3 min (6). In fact, both the ORAC and TEAC assays are inhibition methods: a sample is added to a free- radical-generating system, and the inhibition of the free radical action is measured. This inhibition is related to the antioxidant capacity of the sample. In addition, both assay methods measure antioxidants in serum or plasma proteins, including albumin (6). In this study we investigated the performance of the TEAC assay, modified the procedure, and then reevaluated the TEAC for comparison with the ORAC assay.

The TEAC assay, commercialized by Randox Laboratories Ltd., is based on the suppression of the absorbance of radical cations of 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonate) (ABTS) by antioxidants in the test sample when ABTS incubates with a peroxidase (metmyoglobin) and H2O2 (1). If the inhibition time is fixed at 3 min, as stated in the manufacturer’s instructions, the added antioxidants quench ABTS radicals in a nonlinear dose–response fashion (6). To optimize the incubation period for the complete inhibition of ABTS radical …
Exploiting Network Structure for Active Inference in Collective Classification (2007)

Active inference seeks to maximize classification performance while minimizing the amount of data that must be labeled ex ante. This task is particularly relevant in the context of relational data, where statistical dependencies among instances can be exploited to improve classification accuracy. We show that efficient methods for indexing network structure can be exploited to select high-value nodes for labeling. This approach substantially outperforms random selection and selection based on simple measures of local structure. We demonstrate the relative effectiveness of this selection approach through experiments with a relational neighbor classifier on a variety of real and synthetic data sets, and identify the necessary characteristics of the data set that allow this approach to perform well.
Arthroscopic treatment of localized pigmented villonodular synovitis: long-term functional results. (2010)

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a proliferative disorder that may lead to joint destruction and activity limitation. We conducted a retrospective study to determine the long-term results of localized PVNS (LPVNS) treated with arthroscopic excision, specifically with respect to postoperative activity level and symptom resolution. We reviewed the cases of 11 patients who had been treated with arthroscopic excision and partial synovectomy of LPVNS and been followed up for a mean of 112 months. Preoperative and postoperative Ogilvie-Harris scores, Tegner activity level scores, and UCLA activity level scores were calculated to determine disease-specific and general functional outcomes, respectively. We noted 2 cases in which posteromedial lesions recurred, moderate resolution of preoperative symptoms in most cases, and 2 cases in which the patient developed secondary osteoarthritis requiring surgical intervention. Arthroscopic excision of LPVNS can improve symptoms with a return to preoperative activity levels, but patients may develop secondary osteoarthritis after treatment, as noted in long-term follow-up.
The Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant MitoQ Prevents Loss of Spatial Memory Retention and Early Neuropathology in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease (2011)

Considerable evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We examined the ability of the novel mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ (mitoquinone mesylate: [10-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,6-dioxo-1,4-cycloheexadienl-yl) decyl triphenylphosphonium methanesulfonate]) to prevent AD-like pathology in mouse cortical neurons in cell culture and in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD). MitoQ attenuated β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity in cortical neurons and also prevented increased production of reactive species and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ(m)) in them. To determine whether the mitochondrial protection conferred by MitoQ was sufficient to prevent the emergence of AD-like neuropathology in vivo, we treated young female 3xTg-AD mice with MitoQ for 5 months and analyzed the effect on the progression of AD-like pathologies. Our results show that MitoQ prevented cognitive decline in these mice as well as oxidative stress, Aβ accumulation, astrogliosis, synaptic loss, and caspase activation in their brains. The work presented herein suggests a central role for mitochondria in neurodegeneration and provides evidence supporting the use of mitochondria-targeted therapeutics in diseases involving oxidative stress and metabolic failure, namely AD.
Cleavage of Phage DNA by the Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR3-Cas System (2012)

Streptococcus thermophilus, similar to other Bacteria and Archaea, has developed defense mechanisms to protect cells against invasion by foreign nucleic acids, such as virus infections and plasmid transformations. One defense system recently described in these organisms is the CRISPR-Cas system (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats loci coupled to CRISPR-associated genes). Two S. thermophilus CRISPR-Cas systems, CRISPR1-Cas and CRISPR3-Cas, have been shown to actively block phage infection. The CRISPR1-Cas system interferes by cleaving foreign dsDNA entering the cell in a length-specific and orientation-dependant manner. Here, we show that the S. thermophilus CRISPR3-Cas system acts by cleaving phage dsDNA genomes at the same specific position inside the targeted protospacer as observed with the CRISPR1-Cas system. Only one cleavage site was observed in all tested strains. Moreover, we observed that the CRISPR1-Cas and CRISPR3-Cas systems are compatible and, when both systems are present within the same cell, provide increased resistance against phage infection by both cleaving the invading dsDNA. We also determined that overall phage resistance efficiency is correlated to the total number of newly acquired spacers in both CRISPR loci.
Reduced-Reference Image Quality Assessment Using Divisive Normalization-Based Image Representation (2009)

Reduced-reference image quality assessment (RRIQA) methods estimate image quality degradations with partial information about the ldquoperfect-qualityrdquo reference image. In this paper, we propose an RRIQA algorithm based on a divisive normalization image representation. Divisive normalization has been recognized as a successful approach to model the perceptual sensitivity of biological vision. It also provides a useful image representation that significantly improves statistical independence for natural images. By using a Gaussian scale mixture statistical model of image wavelet coefficients, we compute a divisive normalization transformation (DNT) for images and evaluate the quality of a distorted image by comparing a set of reduced-reference statistical features extracted from DNT-domain representations of the reference and distorted images, respectively. This leads to a generic or general-purpose RRIQA method, in which no assumption is made about the types of distortions occurring in the image being evaluated. The proposed algorithm is cross-validated using two publicly-accessible subject-rated image databases (the UT-Austin LIVE database and the Cornell-VCL A57 database) and demonstrates good performance across a wide range of image distortions.
An investigation of wafer-to-wafer alignment tolerances for three-dimensional integrated circuit fabrication (2005)

We report results of an analysis of alignment data obtained from wafers aligned and oxide bonded in our facility. A description of an advanced wafer alignment tool currently under development is also presented. Two types of wafer pairs were measured for this work. Wafers from the first type, referred to as metal-only pairs, were fabricated by patterning a 630 nm thick Ti/AlSi/Ti/TiN metal layer that was deposited on thermally grown SiO/sub 2/ on bulk silicon substrates. The metal layer was then covered with PETEOS and LTO films and polished by CMP. No other lithographic layers were defined on these wafers. The other type, referred to as device pairs, consisted of single-metal photodiode wafers fabricated in bulk silicon and three-metal CMOS wafers fabricated using a 180 nm FDSOI process. All lithographic layers on all of the wafers were defined using a Canon FPA-3000 EX4 wafer stepper and a die-to-die spacing of 22 mm.
Isolation of Fish Genes Whose Level of Expression is Altered in Response to Pollutant Exposure (2003)

Axillary ultrasound-negative patients before and after primary systemic chemotherapy were suitable for sentinel lymph node biopsy. Axillary ultrasound should be used during primary systemic chemotherapy and before surgery.
Mutations of the human PTEN gene (2000)

PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten), a recently discovered tumor suppressor gene, appears to negatively control the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway for regulation of cell proliferation and cell survival by dephosphorylating the phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate. To date, 110 germline PTEN mutations have been reported in patients affected with two tumor predisposing syndromes, each having overlapping clinical features: Cowden disease and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome. These germline mutations are scattered along the length of the gene, with the exception of exon 9 (no mutation reported) and exon 1 (only two mutations reported). A mutational hot spot is found in exon 5, which encodes the phosphatase catalytic core motif, and recurrent mutations are also found at CpG dinucleotides suggesting deamination-induced mutations. PTEN has also been found to be defective in a large number of sporadic human tumors. In this article, 332 somatic point mutations of PTEN, occurring in primary tumors or metastasis, have been reviewed. Somatic PTEN mutations are more particularly involved in two types of human cancers: endometrial carcinomas and glioblastomas. In most cases, these somatic mutations result in protein inactivation and, as with germline mutations, recurrent somatic mutations are found in CpG dinucleotides. A mutagenesis by insertion-deletion in repetitive elements is however specifically observed in endometrial carcinomas.
Antibody Therapeutics in Cancer (2013)

In a relatively short period of time, monoclonal antibodies have entered the mainstream of cancer therapy. Their first use was as antagonists of oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases, but today monoclonal antibodies have emerged as long-sought vehicles for the targeted delivery of potent chemotherapeutic agents and as powerful tools to manipulate anticancer immune responses. With ever more promising results from the clinic, the future will likely see continued growth in the discovery and development of therapeutic antibodies and their derivatives.
Large Set of CI Spreading Codes for High-Capacity MC-CDMA (2004)

In this letter, a large set of spreading codes that doubles capacity in multicarrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) systems without any cost in bandwidth and with negligible cost in performance is introduced. This large set is comprised of: 1) complex spreading codes instead of conventional real-valued spreading codes and 2) two sets, each made up of orthogonal complex spreading codes, with minimum cross correlation between sets. Simulations performed over Rayleigh fading channels demonstrate 100% gains in terms of MC-CDMA capacity with negligible loss in performance.