gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance Comparison of Single-Sideband Direct Detection Nyquist-Subcarrier Modulation and OFDM (2015)

Direct detection transceivers offer advantages, including low cost and complexity, in short- and medium-haul links. We carried out studies seeking to identify the signal formats which offer the highest information spectral densities and maximum transmission distances for direct detection links. The performance of two spectrally efficient optical signal formats, single-sideband (SSB) Nyquist pulse-shaped subcarrier modulation (SCM) and SSB orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), are compared by means of simulations. The comparison is performed for a range of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) net information spectral densities up to 2.0 b/s/Hz by varying the signal bandwidth, modulation cardinality, and WDM channel spacing. The signal formats' tolerance to signal-signal beating interference, resulting from square-law detection, is investigated, and the Nyquist-SCM format is found to suffer lower penalties from this nonlinearity at high information spectral densities. In 7 × 28 Gb/s WDM transmission at 2.0 b/s/Hz (with electronic predistortion and EDFA-only amplification), Nyquist-SCM signals can be transmitted over distances of up to 720 km of standard SMF in comparison to a maximum of 320 km with the OFDM signal format.
Correcting Inhomogeneity of Variance with Power Transformation Weighting (1974)

A method is presented for using power transformation weîghts in least squares analysis to account for inhomogeneity of variance. The need for this form of weighting is common. In particular, it frequently arises when, as is illustrated with an example, a linearized kinetic rate expression is analyzed.
Scaffolding of Polymers by Supramolecular Nanoribbons (2002)

Supramolecular nanoribbons formed by dendron rod–coil molecules show ordered birefringence! The authors describe here how self-assembling block molecules containing dendritic, rodlike, and flexible segments can cause certain monomers to gel into ordered birefringent media. As demonstrated in the Figure even an amorphous polymer such as polystyrene (left) can be transformed into a birefringent solid (right).
Characterizing Inter-Domain Rerouting by Betweenness Centrality after Disruptive Events (2013)

Rerouting is not uncommon in nowadays Internet because it can be triggered by many root causes, such as network faults, routing attacks, etc. However, few methods effectively characterize rerouting in the whole Internet. In this paper, inspired by a well known network science metric - betweenness centrality, we propose a new approach to characterize inter-domain reroutings. By defining and analysing the variation of AS betweenness centrality for neighbouring-destination routes and global routes separately, our method empowers users to identify the temporal, topological, and relational characteristics of route changes. We apply our method to investigate the Internet's reactions to four different disruptive events, including Japan earthquake in March 2011, SEA-ME-WE 4 cable fault in April 2010, routing attack on YouTube in February 2008, and AS4761 hijacking event in January 2011. This examination reveals many new insights. For example, the route flapping and the congestion caused by the side-effect of rerouting after cable faults significantly degraded path quality. Moreover, direct providers of attackers and victims are the most critical positions for amplifying impact of prefix hijacking attacks. Such results shed light on how to implement effective reactions to network faults and how to deploy efficient defense mechanisms against routing attacks.
Inherited Cardiac Diseases Caused by Mutations in the Nav1.5 Sodium Channel (2009)

A prerequisite for a normal cardiac function is a proper generation and propagation of electrical impulses. Contraction of the heart is obtained through a delicate matched transmission of the electrical impulses. A pivotal element of the impulse propagation is the depolarizing sodium current, responsible for the initial depolarization of the cardiomyocytes. Recent research has shown that mutations in the SCN5A gene, encoding the cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5, are associated with both rare forms of ventricular arrhythmia, as well as the most frequent form of arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation (AF). In this comprehensive review, we describe the functional role of Nav1.5 and its associated proteins in propagation and depolarization both in a normal- and in a pathophysiological setting. Furthermore, several of the arrhythmogenic diseases, such as long-QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and AF, reported to be associated with mutations in SCN5A, are thoroughly described.
Efficient techniques for interactive texture placement (1994)

This paper describes efficient algorithms for the placement and distortion of textures. The textures include surface color maps and environment maps. Affine transformations of a texture, as well as localized warps, are used to align features in the texture with features of the model. Image-space caches are used to enable texture placement in real time.
A True-Color Sensor and Suitable Evaluation Algorithm for Plant Recognition (2017)

Plant-specific herbicide application requires sensor systems for plant recognition and differentiation. A literature review reveals a lack of sensor systems capable of recognizing small weeds in early stages of development (in the two- or four-leaf stage) and crop plants, of making spraying decisions in real time and, in addition, are that are inexpensive and ready for practical use in sprayers. The system described in this work is based on free cascadable and programmable true-color sensors for real-time recognition and identification of individual weed and crop plants. The application of this type of sensor is suitable for municipal areas and farmland with and without crops to perform the site-specific application of herbicides. Initially, databases with reflection properties of plants, natural and artificial backgrounds were created. Crop and weed plants should be recognized by the use of mathematical algorithms and decision models based on these data. They include the characteristic color spectrum, as well as the reflectance characteristics of unvegetated areas and areas with organic material. The CIE-Lab color-space was chosen for color matching because it contains information not only about coloration (a- and b-channel), but also about luminance (L-channel), thus increasing accuracy. Four different decision making algorithms based on different parameters are explained: (i) color similarity (ΔE); (ii) color similarity split in ΔL, Δa and Δb; (iii) a virtual channel 'd' and (iv) statistical distribution of the differences of reflection backgrounds and plants. Afterwards, the detection success of the recognition system is described. Furthermore, the minimum weed/plant coverage of the measuring spot was calculated by a mathematical model. Plants with a size of 1-5% of the spot can be recognized, and weeds in the two-leaf stage can be identified with a measuring spot size of 5 cm. By choosing a decision model previously, the detection quality can be increased. Depending on the characteristics of the background, different models are suitable. Finally, the results of field trials on municipal areas (with models of plants), winter wheat fields (with artificial plants) and grassland (with dock) are shown. In each experimental variant, objects and weeds could be recognized.
The Headgroup Evolution of Cationic Lipids for Gene Delivery (2013)

Cationic lipids are one of the most widely used nonviral vectors for gene delivery and are especially attractive because they can be easily synthesized and extensively characterized. Additionally, they can best facilitate the elucidation of structure-activity relationships by modifying each of their constituent domains. The polar hydrophilic headgroups enable the condensation of nucleic acids by electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged phosphate groups of the genes, and further govern transfection efficiency. The headgroups of cationic lipids play a crucial role for gene delivery; they can be quaternary ammoniums, amines, aminoacids or peptides, guanidiniums, heterocyclic headgroups, and some unusual headgroups. This review summarizes recent research results concerning the nature (such as the structure and shape of cationic headgroup) and density (such as the number and the spacing of cationic headgroup) of head functional groups for improving the design of efficient cationic lipids to overcome the critical barriers of in vitro and in vivo transfection.
A Cross-Correlation Mitigation Method Based on Subspace Projection for GPS Receiver (2012)

As the cross-correlation peak between the GPS C/A codes is non-zero, it will degrade the performance of the detection probability and increase the bit error rate of the weak signals when coexisting strong ones. In this paper, the basic principle of the cross-correlation mitigation method based on subspace projection is analyzed and the architecture of suppressor is presented. The corresponding subspace matrix for strong signals can be constructed after the receiver acquiring the code phases, carrier frequencies and data-bit modulation of all strong signals. The projection of the input signals onto the strong signal subspace is the sum of the strong signals and the projection of the noise. Then the projection can be used as an estimate of the strong signals. After subtracting the estimated strong signals from the input signals, the result consists of weak signals, noises and the residue error resulted from the projection operation. Then the acquisition and tracking of the weak signals can be implemented. Two kinds of receiver structure have been proposed for two different scenarios. One is for that the strengths of the strong signals are almost the same. And the other is under that the strengths of the strong signals are largely different. In comparison with the direct interference cancellation technique, only the code phases, carrier frequencies and data-bit modulation of strong signals are required and the method is independent of the carrier phases of the strong signals with complex signal processing. The simulation results indicate that the method can suppress the cross-correlation interference effectively and ADC requires 4-bit quantization at least when the weak signal to the strong signal ratio is -20 dB.
High-speed polarization sensitive optical frequency domain imaging with frequency multiplexing (2008)

Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) provides a cross-sectional image of birefringence in biological samples that is complementary in many applications to the standard reflectance-based image. Recent ex vivo studies have demonstrated that birefringence mapping enables the characterization of collagen and smooth muscle concentration and distribution in vascular tissues. Instruments capable of applying these measurements percutaneously in vivo may provide new insights into coronary atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction. We have developed a polarization sensitive optical frequency domain imaging (PS-OFDI) system that enables high-speed intravascular birefringence imaging through a fiber-optic catheter. The novel design of this system utilizes frequency multiplexing to simultaneously measure reflectance of two incident polarization states, overcoming concerns regarding temporal variations of the catheter fiber birefringence and spatial variations in the birefringence of the sample. We demonstrate circular cross-sectional birefringence imaging of a human coronary artery ex vivo through a flexible fiber-optic catheter with an A-line rate of 62 kHz and a ranging depth of 6.2 mm.
Homophilic adhesion mediated by the neural cell adhesion molecule involves multiple immunoglobulin domains. (1996)

The neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) mediates homophilic binding between a variety of cell types including neurons, neurons and glia, and neurons and muscle cells. The mechanism by which N-CAM on one cell interacts with N-CAM on another, however, is unknown. Attempts to identify which of the five immunoglobulin-like domains (Ig I-V) and the two fibronectin type III repeats (FnIII 1-2) in the extracellular region of N-CAM are involved in this process have led to ambiguous results. We have generated soluble recombinant proteins corresponding to each of the individual immunoglobulin domains and the combined FnIII 1-2 and prepared polyclonal antibodies specific for each. The purified proteins and antibodies were used in aggregation experiments with fluorescent microspheres and chicken embryo brain cells to determine possible contributions of each domain to homophilic adhesion. The recombinant domains were tested for their ability to bind to purified native N-CAM, to bind to each other, and to inhibit the aggregation of N-CAM on microspheres and the aggregation of neuronal cells. Each of the immunoglobulin domains bound to N-CAM, and in solution all of the immunoglobulin domains inhibited the aggregation of N-CAM-coated microspheres. Soluble Ig II, Ig III, and Ig IV inhibited neuronal aggregation; antibodies against whole N-CAM, the Ig III domain, and the Ig I domain all strongly inhibited neuronal aggregation, as well as the aggregation of N-CAM-coated microspheres. Of all the domains, the third immunoglobulin domain alone demonstrated the ability to self-aggregate, whereas Ig I bound to Ig V and Ig II bound to Ig IV. The combined FnIII 1-2 exhibited a slight ability to self-aggregate but did not bind to any of the immunoglobulin-like domains. These results suggest that N-CAM-N-CAM binding involves all five immunoglobulin domains and prompt the hypothesis that in homophilic cell-cell binding mediated by N-CAM these domains may interact pairwise in an antiparallel orientation.
EST comparison indicates 38% of human mRNAs contain possible alternative splice forms (2000)

Expressed sequence tag (EST) databases represent a large volume of information on expressed genes including tissue type, expression profile and exon structure. In this study we create an extensive data set of human alternative splicing. We report the analysis of 7867 non-redundant mRNAs, 3011 of which contained alternative splice forms (38% of all mRNAs analysed). From a total of 12572 ESTs 4560 different possible alternative splice forms were detected. Interestingly, 70% of the alternative splice forms correspond to exon deletion events with only 30% exonic insertions. We experimentally verified 19 different splice forms from 16 genes in a total subset of 20 studied; all of the respective genes are of medical relevance.
Restoration of hair growth by surgical implantation of follicular dermal sheath (1992)

The capacity of lower follicle dermal sheath to restore hair growth was tested by removing the lower halves of follicles, and then immediately implanting material containing dermal sheath cells from these bases, into the remaining upper epidermal follicle cavity. Over 60% of recipient follicles produced stout emergent vibrissa fibres and some operations resulted in multiple hair production from a single follicle. Histological examination revealed new dermal papillae within large bulb structures which were sited below the level of amputation--a feature that indicated that the new dermal papilla was derived from implanted material. For many follicles, the failure to produce emergent fibres could be accounted for after histological examination. These results provide clear evidence that lower follicle dermal sheath cells are capable of replacing those of the dermal papilla and it shows that they can do so in the context of the upper follicle. However, because elements of lower follicle epidermis were present in the implant material, the interactive sequence of events cannot be established. Dermal sheath cells have immense potential for papilla cell replacement: questions remain as to whether the distinction between sheath and papilla cells is one of context, or whether the transition requires specific external influences.
A Comparative Study of Single-Poly Embedded Flash Memory Disturbance, Program/Erase Speed, Endurance, and Retention Characteristic (2014)

Single-poly embedded flash (eFlash) memory is a unique category of embedded nonvolatile memory (eNVM) that can be built in a generic logic technology. Several single-poly eFlash cells have been proposed for cost-effective moderate density eNVM applications. However, the optimal cell configuration of single-poly eFlash is still under debate. In this paper, we compared various single-poly eFlash memory structures in terms of disturbance, program/erase speed, endurance, and retention characteristic based on simulated and experimental data from two eFlash test chips fabricated in a generic 65-nm logic process using standard 2.5 V I/O transistors with 5-nm tunnel oxide. We conclude that a 5T eFlash cell structure combining a pMOS coupling device, an NCAP tunneling device, and an nMOS read/program device with two additional pass transistors to support self-boosting is the most attractive option for logic-compatible eNVMs.
Gut pain &amp; visceral hypersensitivity (2013)

Visceral pain is a highly complex entity whose experience is variable in health and disease. It can occur in patients with organic disease and also in those without any readily identifiable structural or biochemical abnormality such as in the functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Despite considerable progress in our understanding of the culpable underlying mechanisms significant knowledge gaps remain, representing a significant unmet need in gastroenterology. A key, but not universal, pathological feature is that patients with FGID often display heightened sensitivity to experimental gut stimulation, termed visceral hypersensitivity. A plethora of factors have been proposed to account for this epiphenomenon including peripheral sensitization, central sensitization, aberrant central processing, genetic, psychological and abnormalities within the stress responsive systems. Further research is needed, bringing together complementary research themes from a diverse array of academic disciplines ranging from gastroenterology to nociceptive physiology to functional neuro-imaging, to address this unmet need.
Expression and purification of functional recombinant meningococcal transferrin-binding protein A (2002)

Pathogenic bacteria of the genus Neisseria have a siderophore-independent iron-uptake system reliant on a direct interaction between the bacterial cell and human transferrin (hTf), a serum protein. In the meningococcus, this uptake system is dependent on two surface-exposed, transferrin-binding proteins (Tbps), TbpA and TbpB. TbpA is highly conserved among meningococcal strains, and is thought to be a porin-like integral protein that functions as a gated channel for the passage of iron into the periplasm. TbpB is more variable in size, lipidated and fully surface-exposed. Given its location on the cell surface, its role in pathogenicity and interstrain sequence conservation, TbpA is currently being regarded for inclusion in a meningococcal vaccine effective against all serogroups. This requires gaining knowledge of the ligand-receptor interactions. In the present study we have optimized a procedure for obtaining purified, functionally active recombinant TbpA at a level and stability necessary for the initiation of such studies.
Anti-CD73 antibody therapy inhibits breast tumor growth and metastasis (2010)

Extracellular adenosine is a potent immunosuppressor that accumulates during tumor growth. We performed proof-of-concept studies investigating the therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapy against CD73, an ecto-enzyme overexpressed on breast-cancer cells that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of adenosine monophosphates into adenosine. We showed that anti-CD73 mAb therapy significantly delayed primary 4T1.2 and E0771 tumor growth in immune-competent mice and significantly inhibited the development of spontaneous 4T1.2 lung metastases. Notably, anti-CD73 mAb therapy was essentially dependent on the induction of adaptive anti-tumor immune responses. Knockdown of CD73 in 4T1.2 tumor cells confirmed the tumor-promoting effects of CD73. In addition to its immunosuppressive effect, CD73 enhanced tumor-cell chemotaxis, suggesting a role for CD73-derived adenosine in tumor metastasis. Accordingly, administration of adenosine-5'-N-ethylcarboxamide to tumor-bearing mice significantly enhanced spontaneous 4T1.2 lung metastasis. Using selective adenosine-receptor antagonists, we showed that activation of A2B adenosine receptors promoted 4T1.2 tumor-cell chemotaxis in vitro and metastasis in vivo. In conclusion, our study identified tumor-derived CD73 as a mechanism of tumor immune escape and tumor metastasis, and it also established the proof of concept that targeted therapy against CD73 can trigger adaptive anti-tumor immunity and inhibit metastasis of breast cancer.
HIV Antigen Incorporation within Adenovirus Hexon Hypervariable 2 for a Novel HIV Vaccine Approach (2010)

Adenoviral (Ad) vectors have been used for a variety of vaccine applications including cancer and infectious diseases. Traditionally, Ad-based vaccines are designed to express antigens through transgene expression of a given antigen. However, in some cases these conventional Ad-based vaccines have had sub-optimal clinical results. These sub-optimal results are attributed in part to pre-existing Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) immunity. In order to circumvent the need for antigen expression via transgene incorporation, the "antigen capsid-incorporation" strategy has been developed and used for Ad-based vaccine development in the context of a few diseases. This strategy embodies the incorporation of antigenic peptides within the capsid structure of viral vectors. The major capsid protein hexon has been utilized for these capsid incorporation strategies due to hexon's natural role in the generation of anti-Ad immune response and its numerical representation within the Ad virion. Using this strategy, we have developed the means to incorporate heterologous peptide epitopes specifically within the major surface-exposed domains of the Ad capsid protein hexon. Our study herein focuses on generation of multivalent vaccine vectors presenting HIV antigens within the Ad capsid protein hexon, as well as expressing an HIV antigen as a transgene. These novel vectors utilize HVR2 as an incorporation site for a twenty-four amino acid region of the HIV membrane proximal ectodomain region (MPER), derived from HIV glycoprotein gp41 (gp41). Our study herein illustrates that our multivalent anti-HIV vectors elicit a cellular anti-HIV response. Furthermore, vaccinations with these vectors, which present HIV antigens at HVR2, elicit a HIV epitope-specific humoral immune response.