gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular ion yield enhancement in static secondary ion mass spectrometry by soft landing of protonated water clusters (2010)

Abstract An effective online method for molecular ion yield enhancement in static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is demonstrated using a custom‐built soft landing (SL) instrument equipped with SIMS capabilities. Dramatic molecular ion yield enhancement has been observed for amino acids and peptides on silica substrates after soft landing a mixture of protonated water clusters [H(H 2 O) n ] + ( n = 4 to &gt; 100). Image current measurements and experiments on semiconducting and metal substrates confirmed that protonation of the analyte molecule and effective charge retention on the substrate is the reason for the observed phenomenon. Enhancement could also be observed‐less conveniently‐by offline treatment of the surface using electrospray deposition of 2% acetic acid in methanol/water solution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Selective-broadcast optical passive star comer design for dense WDM networks (1991)

A technique is described for design and implementation of an integrated selective-broadcast passive optical star couplers that uses a space-varying refractive index slab. The coupler offers the potential for inexpensive implementation of various routing schemes. It is possible to incorporate a network traffic routing matrix in the design fabric of this bandwidth-selective coupler. The matrix may resemble any desired physical cross connection for routing user traffic. As an example, a shuffle-exchange cross-connect implementation is described. It is shown how this specific routing matrix can be built into the coupler fabric. Such a coupler has application in dense wavelength division multiplexed optical passive star networks where a selective or limited-broadcast coupling capability is desirable.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
&lt;title&gt;Light-scattering-based micrometrology&lt;/title&gt; (1996)

Optical scatterometry, defined as the characterization of surfaces via diffracted light analysis, has been shown to be an attractive tool for the metrology of microlithographic structures. To tackle the inverse scattering problem, advanced data analysis schemes have been developed. This paper illustrates the application of light scattering to characterize developed resist lines in terms of multi- parameter measurements. Additionally, the depth prediction and the width prediction of special silicon concentration profiles, embedded in a plane resist layer, are reported. Substantial accuracy gains have been achieved by using partial least squares (PLS) regression along with quasi- nonlinear data preparation techniques, including range splitting or enhanced quadratic and cubic approaches. Moreover, a combination of PLS and minimum mean square error methods enables rapid and nearly arbitrarily accurate measurements.
Building virtual structures with physical blocks (1999)

We describe a tangible interface for building virtual structures using physical building blocks. We demonstrate two applications of our system. In one version, the blocks are used to construct geometric models of objects and structures for a popular game, Quake II™. In another version, buildings created with our blocks are rendered in different styles, using intelligent decoration of the building model.
Retroviral DNA integrated during infection by an integration-deficient mutant of murine leukemia virus is oligomeric (1987)

Mutants with lesions engineered into the 3' region of the pol gene of murine leukemia virus (MLV), the region that encodes p40pol, have allowed us to define a function that is required for the normal integration of retroviral DNA. Two such mutants, MLV-SF1, which bears a single missense mutation (L. A. Donehower and H. E. Varmus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6461-6465, 1984), and MLV-SF2, which has a frameshift mutation at the same site, have been used to explore the consequences of integration deficiencies. Pseudotypes that were formed with viral proteins supplied by these mutants and a replication-defective genome that carried a selectable genetic marker induced colony formation at least 100-fold less efficiently than did pseudotypes that were formed with proteins encoded by wild-type helper virus. Most of the proviruses from the mutant pseudotypes were manifestly aberrant when they were analyzed by mapping with restriction enzymes. Rare proviruses that appeared to be normal by restriction enzyme mapping were molecularly cloned and subjected to more detailed study. Two proviruses resulting from infection with the MLV-SF1 pseudotype were identical or nearly identical to wild-type MI V proviruses. Two base pairs were missing from the ends of the long terminal repeats at the host-viral junctions, and 4- or 5-base-pair duplications of host DNA flanked the proviruses. Thus, the missense mutant appears to retain a low level of normal integration activity. Four proviruses from cells that were infected with the MLV-SF2 pseudotype were flanked on both sides by viral DNA of either helper or vector origin, with a single long terminal repeat at each end of the intact vector DNA and with irregular junctions of viral and host DNAs. These results are most simply explained by the nonspecific integration of dimeric or trimeric forms of viral DNA, which may arise during infection by replicative or recombinational mechanisms.
Recent Developments in the Mode of Action of Fungicides (1996)

This review considers the effect of various fungicides, especially synthetic strobilurins, on fungal respiration, discusses recent contributions of biochemistry to the anilinopyrimidines and the phenylpyrroles and also discusses the future development of chemical inducers of systemic acquired resistance in host plants.
Molten Salt Synthesis of Different Ionic Radii Metallic Compounds Doped Lithium Titanate Used in Li-Ion Battery Anodes (2017)

In order to systematically characterize the effects of ion doping on Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) through the molten salt method, different metallic compounds with varying ionic radii doped into LTO were investigated. The results show that doped ions (Al3+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and F−) with similar ionic radius as Li+, Ti4+ or O2− ions can enter into LTO, which leads to smaller particle size than pure LTO, therefore, increasing the specific surface area and shortening Li+ transfer path of LTO. However, La3+ with a much larger ionic radius cannot enter into LTO. Ion doping can enhance the intrinsic conductivity of LTO, thus improving the electrochemical performance of LTO. As the ionic radii of Fe2+ and Fe3+ are the closest to those of Li+ and Ti4+, Fe3O4 doped LTO exhibits the best electrochemical performance, an excellent first discharge capacity of 269.3 mAh·g−1 at the 0.15 C, good high-rate capability (123.4 mAh·g−1 at 10 C); even after 300 discharge/charge cycles, the discharge capacity is 141.1 mAh·g−1, gives an excellent cycle performance with 12.4% loss of capacity at 1 C rate. Due to these factors, Fe3O4 is the most suitable metallic compound doped in LTO via molten salt method.
Differential induction by interferons of major histocompatibility complex-encoded and non-major histocompatibility complex-encoded antigens in human breast and ovarian carcinoma cell lines. (1989)

Treatment of cancer cells with interferons can modulate expression of cell surface antigens, particularly those of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). To examine the effect of recombinant gamma- and alpha-interferons on expression of non-MHC antigens, murine monoclonal antibodies have been used to quantitate 14 distinct tumor-associated cell surface antigens from five breast cancer cell lines and five ovarian cancer cell lines using a live cell radioimmunoassay. Both Class I and Class II MHC antigens could be augmented or induced with gamma-interferon. Significantly increased expression of MHC antigens was observed in nine of 10 cell lines with induction indices as high as 11-fold. When 17 non-MHC epitopes were measured on 10 cell lines, minimal (1.3-2.7-fold) induction was observed in 10 of the 170 instances evaluated. Expression of only two epitopes, 2G3 and 735B11, was increased on more than one cell line. On six cell lines expression of non-MHC epitopes could not be increased. Consequently, among many different cell surface determinants, interferons produced a highly selective augmentation or induction of MHC antigens, whereas augmentation or induction of other tumor-associated antigens was apparently restricted to a few epitopes.
Understanding Human Coronavirus HCoV-NL63~!2009-11-13~!2010-04-09~!2010-05-25~! (2010)

Even though coronavirus infection of humans is not normally associated with severe diseases, the identification of the coronavirus responsible for the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome showed that highly pathogenic coronaviruses can enter the human population. Shortly thereafter, in Holland in 2004, another novel human coronavirus (HCoV-NL63) was isolated from a seven-month old infant suffering from respiratory symptoms. This virus has subsequently been identified in various countries, indicating a worldwide distribution. HCoV-NL63 has been shown to infect mainly children and the immunocommpromised, who presented with either mild upper respiratory symptoms (cough, fever and rhinorrhoea) or more serious lower respiratory tract involvement such as bronchiolitis and croup, which was observed mainly in younger children. In fact, HCoV-NL63 is the aetiological agent for up to 10% of all respiratory diseases. This review summarizes recent findings of human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 infections, including isolation and identification, phylogeny and taxonomy, genome structure and transcriptional regulation, transmission and pathogenesis, and detection and diagnosis.
Detection of pancreatic cancer tumours and precursor lesions by cathepsin E activity in mouse models (2011)

The elevated Cath E expression in PanIN and pancreatic tumours allowed in-vivo detection of human PDAC xenografts and imaging of pancreas with PanIN and PDAC tumours in GEMM. Our results support the usefulness of Cath E activity as a potential molecular target for PDAC and early detection imaging.
Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease: Critical role for the astrocyte (2009)

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) animal model of PD. It is known that under conditions of oxidative stress, the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) binds to antioxidant response element (ARE) to induce antioxidant and phase II detoxification enzymes. To investigate the role of Nrf2 in the process of MPTP-induced toxicity, mice expressing the human placental alkaline phosphatase (hPAP) gene driven by a promoter containing a core ARE sequence (ARE-hPAP) were used. ARE-hPAP mice were injected (30 mg/kg) once per day for 5 days and killed 7 days after the last MPTP injection. In response to this design, ARE-dependent gene expression was decreased in striatum whereas it was increased in substantia nigra. The same MPTP protocol was applied in Nrf2(+/+) and Nrf2(-/-) mice; Nrf2 deficiency increases MPTP sensitivity. Furthermore, we evaluated the potential for astrocytic Nrf2 overexpression to protect from MPTP toxicity. Transgenic mice with Nrf2 under control of the astrocyte-specific promoter for the glial fribillary acidic protein (GFAP-Nrf2) on both a Nrf2(+/+) and Nrf2(-/-) background were administered MPTP. In the latter case, only the astrocytes expressed Nrf2. Independent of background, MPTP-mediated toxicity was abolished in GFAP-Nrf2 mice. These striking results indicate that Nrf2 expression restricted to astrocytes is sufficient to protect against MPTP and astrocytic modulation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway is a promising target for therapeutics aimed at reducing or preventing neuronal death in PD.
Study on Selection and Strategies of Target Business in M&A (2007)

The correct selection of target business is one of the key point to the successful MA,the paper thinks that the maximum synergy is the important basis for the selection,then analyzes the shortcomings of the various evaluation approaches of synergies.Further more,it explores the principle to the selection process,According to it's features,the paper proposes the application of the analytic hierarchy process for the target business selection,at last it provides a case study.
Soil Detection and Mobility of Fluridone (1979)

Bioassay and gas chromatographic procedures were evaluated for their effectiveness in detecting fluridone [1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1 H )-pyridinone] in soil. Bioassay procedures were limited to a detection range of 0.05 to 0.45 ppmw if grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Monech) was used. Visual estimations of chlorophyll content in affected plants, used as an indicator of fluridone concentration, were as reliable as spectrophotometric determinations. Gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) procedures were less variable than the bioassay and had no upper limit of detection. Recovery of fluridone from treated soil ranged from 60 to 100 percent, depending on soil type. Soil water content affected percent recovery. Fluridone did not leach more than 1 cm in clay or sandy loam soils when up to 10 cm of water was passed through a soil column containing the herbicide, as determined by GLC. Extensive downward movement, 12 to 16 cm, occurred in a coarse sand when 5 or 10 cm of water was passed through the column.
Pitfalls in Antiprotease Therapy of Emphysema (1994)

Many individuals with emphysema are unable to stop smoking despite the best efforts of specialists in smoking cessation. Because emphysema is a slowly progressive disease, it is rational to attempt to develop drugs for it. The hope is that drug therapy will slow the rate of decline of lung function, thereby delaying the onset of disability and prolonging life. The major emphasis in drug development has been on antiproteases having the ability to inhibit neutrophil elastase. There are a number of potential pitfalls in the development of such drugs. Although there is gathering evidence that elastin degradation is a part of the development of human emphysema, it is evident from studies in experimental emphysema that protease-antiprotease imbalance is not the only pathogenetic mechanism that gives rise to emphysema. There is strong evidence that human centrilobular and panacinar emphysema are different in pathogenesis. Indeed, airspace enlargement may be considered one of the stereotyped ways that the lung heals after a variety of injuries. There is accumulating evidence that macrophages as well as neutrophils may participate in elastolysis; antiproteases designed to inhibit neutrophil elastase may not inhibit the metalloproteases produced by macrophages. Some antiproteases may serve to transport elastase into the interstitium of the lung and actually increase the risk of emphysema. A process study of antiprotease therapy, using a measure of alteration of elastase burden of the lungs and urinary elastin peptides and desmosine measurements as markers of elastin degradation is now feasible. An outcome study of antiprotease therapy of emphysema should not be undertaken unless there is evidence from a process study that an antiprotease has biochemical efficacy and no unacceptable side effects.
Empirical Data and Regression Analysis for Estimation of Infrastructure Resilience with Application to Electric Power Outages (2012)

Recent natural disasters have highlighted the need for increased planning for disruptive events. Forecasting damage and time that a system will be inoperable is important for disruption planning. The resilience of critical infrastructure systems, or their ability to recover quickly from a disruption, can mitigate adverse consequences of the disruption. This paper quantifies the resilience of a critical infrastructure sector through the dynamic inoperability input-output model (DIIM). The DIIM, which describes how inoperability propagates through a set of interdependent industry and infrastructure sectors following a disruptive event, includes a resilience parameter that has not yet been adequately assessed. This paper provides a data-driven approach to derive the resilience parameter through regression models. Data may contain different disruption scenarios, and regression models can incorporate these scenarios through the use of categorical or dummy variables. A mixed-effects model offers an alternate approach of accounting for these scenarios, and these models estimate parameters based on the combination of all scenarios (fixed effects) and an individual scenario (random effects). These regression models are illustrated with electric power outage data and a regional disruption that uses the DIIM to model production losses in Oklahoma following an electric power outage.
Prospective evaluation of plasma levels of ANGPT2, TuM2PK, and VEGF in patients with renal cell carcinoma (2015)

Our results suggest that ANGPT2 is a marker of RCC. Additionally, ANGPT2 and TuM2PK significantly correlated with several adverse pathological features. Further studies are needed to determine clinical applicability.
The use of a genotypic marker to demonstrate clonal dominance during the growth and metastasis of a human breast carcinoma in nude mice (1990)

When a mixture of 11 clones of a human breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-435)--each clone transfected with pSV2neo and identified as having a unique insertion site of the gene--was injected into nude mice, the resulting tumors were found to contain only one clone (Neo 24). This clone, identified by the unique restriction fragments on Southern blot analyses, was also found in metastases recovered from the lungs and lymph nodes of the animals. The individual clones showed no differences in in vitro growth, while in vivo the Neo 24 cells produced the largest tumors. Thus, one explanation for the observed clonal dominance in this study could be the more rapid growth in vivo of the Neo 24 cells. This study illustrates how an introduced selectable gene marker can be used in lineage studies of human tumor cell populations.
Physical Instability of a Therapeutic Fc Fusion Protein: Domain Contributions to Conformational and Colloidal Stability (2009)

Protein therapeutics made up of artificially combined proteins or protein domains, so-called fusion proteins, are a novel and growing class of biopharmaceuticals. We have studied abatacept (Orencia), a fusion protein that is constructed of a modified IgG Fc domain and the soluble part of the T-cell receptor CTLA-4. In accelerated degradation studies conducted at 40 degrees C, a pH shift from 7.5 to 6.0 yields significantly faster aggregation kinetics, as measured by size-exclusion chromatography. To understand how the fusion domains and their interactions contribute to this result, we considered aggregation in light of the modified Lumry-Eyring reaction pathway. Protein conformational stabilities against chaotropes and temperature were measured. The structural consequences of these perturbations were observed by a variety of experimental techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism, and intrinsic fluorescence. Abatacept's colloidal stability was studied by measuring zeta potentials and osmotic second virial coefficients, as well as by modeling electrostatic potentials on the protein's surface. The domains of abatacept exhibit different conformational stabilities that are highly pH dependent, whereas abatacept was weakly colloidally unstable at pH 6 or 7.5. These results are ascribed to conformational instability of the CTLA-4 and C(H)2 domains, which unfold to form a molten globule-like structure that is aggregation-prone. We suggest the instability against aggregation is determined by the least stable domains.
The genetics of ivermectin resistance in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (2000)

The ability of organisms to evolve resistance threatens the effectiveness of every antibiotic drug. We show that in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, simultaneous mutation of three genes, avr-14, avr-15, and glc-1, encoding glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) alpha-type subunits confers high-level resistance to the antiparasitic drug ivermectin. In contrast, mutating any two channel genes confers modest or no resistance. We propose a model in which ivermectin sensitivity in C. elegans is mediated by genes affecting parallel genetic pathways defined by the family of GluCl genes. The sensitivity of these pathways is further modulated by unc-7, unc-9, and the Dyf (dye filling defective) genes, which alter the structure of the nervous system. Our results suggest that the evolution of drug resistance can be slowed by targeting antibiotic drugs to several members of a multigene family.
Deep Architecture for Traffic Flow Prediction: Deep Belief Networks With Multitask Learning (2014)

Traffic flow prediction is a fundamental problem in transportation modeling and management. Many existing approaches fail to provide favorable results due to being: 1) shallow in architecture; 2) hand engineered in features; and 3) separate in learning. In this paper we propose a deep architecture that consists of two parts, i.e., a deep belief network (DBN) at the bottom and a multitask regression layer at the top. A DBN is employed here for unsupervised feature learning. It can learn effective features for traffic flow prediction in an unsupervised fashion, which has been examined and found to be effective for many areas such as image and audio classification. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that applies the deep learning approach to transportation research. To incorporate multitask learning (MTL) in our deep architecture, a multitask regression layer is used above the DBN for supervised prediction. We further investigate homogeneous MTL and heterogeneous MTL for traffic flow prediction. To take full advantage of weight sharing in our deep architecture, we propose a grouping method based on the weights in the top layer to make MTL more effective. Experiments on transportation data sets show good performance of our deep architecture. Abundant experiments show that our approach achieved close to 5% improvements over the state of the art. It is also presented that MTL can improve the generalization performance of shared tasks. These positive results demonstrate that deep learning and MTL are promising in transportation research.
Enhanced T-cell reconstitution by hematopoietic progenitors expanded ex vivo using the Notch ligand Delta1 (2007)

A physiologic role for Notch signaling in hematopoiesis has been clearly defined in lymphoid differentiation, with evidence suggesting a critical role in T-cell versus B-cell fate decisions. Previously, we demonstrated that activation of endogenous Notch receptors by culture of murine lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-kit(+) (LSK) hematopoietic progenitors with exogenously presented Notch ligand, Delta1(ext-IgG), consisting of the extracellular domain of Delta1 fused to the Fc domain of human IgG(1), promoted early T-cell differentiation and increased the number of progenitors capable of short-term lymphoid and myeloid reconstitution. Here we show that culture of LSK precursors with Delta1(ext-IgG) increases the number of progenitors that are able to rapidly repopulate the thymus and accelerate early T-cell reconstitution with a diversified T-cell receptor repertoire. Most of the early T-cell reconstitution originated from cells that expressed lymphoid-associated antigens: B220, Thy1, CD25, and/or IL7Ralpha, whereas the most efficient thymic repopulation on a per cell basis originated from the smaller number of cultured cells that did not express lymphoid-associated antigens. These findings demonstrate the potential of Delta1(ext-IgG)-cultured cells for accelerating early immune reconstitution after hematopoietic cell transplantation.