gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FP 12.4: A CMOS Scheme for 0.5V Supply Voltage with Pico-Ampere Standby Current (1998)

Recently, low-power requirements are getting stronger in VLSI designs. Since the power consumption of CMOS VLSIs quadratically depends on the supply voltage, low-voltage circuits have been exploited. If a VLSI is operated in 0.5V~0.8V VDD range for lowpower consumption, the threshold voltage of MOSFETs, VTH, should be well below 0.5V to turn the MOSFETs on. VTH between 0.1V and 0.2V causes 10nA-order subthreshold leakage current per logic gate in a standby mode, which leads to 10mA standby current for 1M-gate VLSIs. This hinders application of the VLSIs in mobile equipment powered by a small battery. The super cut-off CMOS (SCCMOS) circuit overcomes this problem. With the SCCMOS, operation is possible below 0.5V~0.8V VDD with 0.1V~0.2V VTH and, at the same time, pA-order standby current per logic gate can be achieved.
Pathways for protection from noise induced hearing loss. (2003)

There is increasing evidence that at least one function of both the medial and the lateral olivocochlear efferent systems is to provide adjustment of the set point of activity in their postsynaptic target, the outer hair cells and afferent processes, respectively. New results, summarized in this review, suggest that both efferent systems can provide protection from noise through this mechanism. There are also intracellular pathways that can provide protection from noise-induced cellular damage in the cochlea. This review also summarizes new results on the pathways that regulate and react to levels of reactive oxygen species in the cochlea as well as the role of stress pathways for the heat shock proteins and for neurotrophic factors in protection, recovery and repair.
Novel induced mlo mutant alleles in combination with site-directed mutagenesis reveal functionally important domains in the heptahelical barley Mlo protein (2010)

Our findings identify functionally important regions of the polytopic barley Mlo protein and reveal the differential sensitivity of individual protein domains to cellular quality control.
Symmetric Stereo Matching for Occlusion Handling (2005)

In this paper, we propose a symmetric stereo model to handle occlusion in dense two-frame stereo. Our occlusion reasoning is directly based on the visibility constraint that is more general than both ordering and uniqueness constraints used in previous work. The visibility constraint requires occlusion in one image and disparity in the other to be consistent. We embed the visibility constraint within an energy minimization framework, resulting in a symmetric stereo model that treats left and right images equally. An iterative optimization algorithm is used to approximate the minimum of the energy using belief propagation. Our stereo model can also incorporate segmentation as a soft constraint. Experimental results on the Middlebury stereo images show that our algorithm is state-of-the-art.
Harnessing endogenous miR-181a to segregate transgenic antigen receptor expression in developing versus post-thymic T cells in murine hematopoietic chimeras (2008)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by targeting complementary sequences, referred to as miRNA recognition elements (MREs), typically located in the 3' untranslated region of mRNAs. miR-181a is highly expressed in developing thymocytes and markedly downregulated in post-thymic T cells. We investigated whether endogenous miR-181a can be harnessed to segregate expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and TCRs between developing and mature T cells. Lentiviral-encoded antigen receptors were tagged with a miR-181a-specific MRE and transduced into mouse BM cells that were used to generate hematopoietic chimeras. Expression of a CAR specific for human CD19 (hCD19) was selectively suppressed in late double-negative and double-positive thymocytes, coinciding with the peak in endogenous miR-181a expression. Receptor expression was fully restored in post-thymic resting and activated T cells, affording protection against a subsequent challenge with hCD19+ tumors. Hematopoietic mouse chimeras engrafted with a conalbumin-specific TCR prone to thymic clonal deletion acquired peptide-specific T cell responsiveness only when the vector-encoded TCR transcript was similarly engineered to be subject to regulation by miR-181a. These results demonstrate the potential of miRNA-regulated transgene expression in stem cell-based therapies, including cancer immunotherapy.
Kinetics of Nikkomycin Z Degradation in Aqueous Solution and in Plasma. (1997)

The stability of nikkomycin Z in aqueous solution at various pH values and in the plasma of several kinds of experimental animals was studied. The degradation of nikkomycin Z in aqueous solution at pH 4 to 11.5 and in plasma was an apparent first-order reaction. The degradation rate at 37 degrees C increased with increasing pH, from 4.0 to 7.5, and decreased with increasing pH from 7.5 to 10.2. Above pH 10.2, the degradation rate was constant. The maximal rate of nikkomycin Z degradation was observed in pH 7.5 buffer solution, in which the apparent first-order rate constant (k(obs)) was 8.08 x 10(-2) h(-1) (t1/2 = 8.6 h). The degradation rate of nikkomycin Z in dog plasma at 37 degrees C was the almost same as that in pH 7.5 buffer. The rates in rat, mouse, and rabbit plasma were much greater than that in pH 7.5 buffer; the k(obs) values for rat, mouse, rabbit, and dog plasma at 37 degrees C were 1.74 x 10(-1) min(-1), 3.64 x 10(-2) min(-1), 5.10 x 10(-1) h(-1), and 6.14 x 10(-2) h(-1), respectively. The degradation rate of nikkomycin Z in rat plasma was markedly decreased when NaF, an esterase inhibitor, was added to the plasma. The findings of faster degradation rates in rat, mouse, and rabbit plasma compared with that in pH 7.5 buffer were considered to be due to an esterase in the plasma. This notion was supported by results showing the degradation rate of nikkomycin Z in porcine liver esterase solution.
Prognostic Value of CD25 Expression on Lymphocytes and Tumor Cells in Squamous-Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck (2008)

CD4(+) CD25(+) T-cells play a central role in initiating and maintaining anticancer immune response. On the other hand, CD25(+) is also expressed on tumor cells, the meaning of which is currently unclear. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the prognostic value of the presence of CD4(+) CD25(+) T-cells in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and of CD25 on SCCHN tumor cells. Thirty-five (35) patients diagnosed with a primary untreated SCCHN were included in this study. Instantly snap-frozen resection or biopsy specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Histologic results obtained were related to overall, disease-free survival. On univariate analysis, both lymph-node status and the number of CD25(+) lymphocytes were associated with disease-free survival (p=0.039 and 0.04). On multivariate analysis, only the number of CD25(+) lymphocytes showed an association with disease-free survival (p=0.036), whereas both factors showed an independent association with overall survival (p=0.007 and 0.003). Contrarywise, the CD25 expression on SCCHN tumor cells was not associated with disease-free survival nor with overall survival. The presence of a high number of SCCHN-infiltrating CD4(+) CD25(+) lymphocytes is associated with a good prognosis in SCCHN patients. Contrarywise, the CD25 expression on SCCHN tumor cells is not associated with a prognosis in SCCHN patients, and its role and meaning remains to be elucidated.
Singer Identification In Polyphonic Music Using Vocal Separation And Pattern Recognition Methods. (2007)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
modern semiconductor device physics (1997)

Bipolar Transistors (P. Asbeck). Compound-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (M. Shur & T. Fjeldly). MOSFETs and Related Devices (S. Hillenius). Power Devices (B. Baliga). Quantum-Effect and Hot-Electron Devices (S. Luryi & A. Zaslavsky). Active Microwave Diodes (H. Eisele & G. Haddad). High-Speed Photonic Devices (T. Lee & S. Chandrasekhar). Solar Cells (M. Green). Appendices. Index.
Simple Synthetic Route to “Oxa-Deaza-Flavins” (2H-[1]-Benzopyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(3H)-diones) (1981)

e d u c t i o n o f s u b s t i t u t e d [I]-benzopyrano ~, 3 -~p y r i m i d i n e -2 , 4 ( 3 ~) -d i o n e s , "oxa-deaza-flavlns", (11).a r e described.
Isolation and Characterization of Thermosensitive <i>Escherichia coli</i> Mutants Defective in Deoxyribonucleic Acid Replication (1973)

Thermosensitive deoxyribonucleic acid replication-defective mutants have been isolated by using an autoradiographic selection method. The mutants have been analyzed genetically and biochemically. Some of the mutants show thermosensitivity of in vitro deoxyribonucleic acid replication. These can be classified into three groups according to their behavior in in vitro complementation assays. This classification is congruent with that obtained by genetic mapping by using cotransduction frequencies with selected markers in P1 transduction analysis.
Affinity enhancement and transmembrane signaling are associated with distinct epitopes on the CD8 alpha beta heterodimer (1991)

CD8 is a heterodimeric membrane glycoprotein on MHC class I-restricted T lymphocytes that cooperates with the alpha beta CD3 TCR in the recognition of MHC class I molecules presenting antigenic peptides. Co-operation has two components: enhancement of the affinity of MHC/peptide-TCR interaction, and signal transduction through the T cell membrane. The cytolytic function of CTL is primarily dependent on the affinity-enhancement component of CD8-TCR cooperation whereas activation of resting CD8+ T cells is primarily dependent on transmembrane signaling. Using a panel of mAb, two to the alpha-chain and three to the beta-chain of CD8, we investigated the relationships between epitopes and functional regions of the CD8 molecule. Two of the antibodies, one to the alpha-chain and one to the beta-chain of CD8, inhibit the cytolytic function of CTL but not the generation of CTL from resting T cells. Another two antibodies, also one to the alpha- and one to the beta-chain, inhibited the generation of CTL while enhancing the cytolytic function of CTL. These results suggest that both the alpha- and beta-chain of CD8 possess two distinct regions, one involved in affinity enhancement and the other in transmembrane signaling. The former may be the MHC class I-binding region whereas the latter may associate with the alpha beta CD3 TCR. The data can explain the apparent functional equivalence of CD8 alpha alpha homodimers and alpha beta heterodimers.
MAPK signaling in inflammation-associated cancer development (2010)

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases comprise a family of protein-serine/threonine kinases, which are highly conserved in protein structures from unicellular eukaryotic organisms to multicellular organisms, including mammals. These kinases, including ERKs, JNKs and p38s, are regulated by a phosphorelay cascade, with a prototype of three protein kinases that sequentially phosphorylate one another. MAPKs transduce extracellular signals into a variety of cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, survival, death, and differentiation. Consistent with their essential cellular functions, MAPKs have been shown to play critical roles in embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis and various pathologies. In this review, we discuss recent findings that reveal the profound impact of these pathways on chronic inflammation and, particularly, inflammation-associated cancer development.
Grape seed extract to improve liver function in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver change (2010)

This study describes the beneficial effect of using grape seed extract for three months in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. These results may improve with a longer period of follow-up.
Formation of nanocrystalline NiFe2O4 (1998)

Coprecipitates, Ni(OH)2 + 2Fe(OH3, were milled in a planetary mill, using an agate bowl and balls (99.9% SiO2), and then heated at a maximum temperature of 573 or 773 K. The Mossbauer spectra at 298 K of the ball-milled samples (not heated) showed the superposition of two quadrupole doublets. After heating at 573 K, the superposition of two doublets was preserved at 298 K with a slight increase in the quadrupole splitting for the sample ball-milled for 64 h. After heating at 573 K, the ball-milled samples showed at 80 K a central quadrupole doublet and a sextet with very broad lines. All the samples heated to 573 K were amorphous for according to X-ray diffraction while those heated to 773 K exhibited crystalline NiFe2O4 with broadened diffraction lines. At 298 K, superposition of two sextets in the Mossbauer spectra was observed for the samples obtained after heating at 773 K, indicating the presence of nickel ferrite as a single phase. The average sizes of NiFe2O4 crystallites were in the nanosize range (8-12 nm). The Fourier transform infrared spectra of the samples heated at 773 K showed two very strong bands with positions at 601-603 and 408-411 cm-1, which can be ascribed to NiFe2O4.
A decade of vibrational micro-spectroscopy of human cells and tissue (1994–2004) (2004)

Instrumentation used in infrared microspectroscopy (IR-MSP) permits the acquisition of spectra from samples as small as 100 pg (10(-10) g), and as small as 1 pg for Raman microspectroscopy (RA-MSP). This, in turn, allows the acquisition of spectral data from objects as small as fractions of human cells, and of small regions of microtome tissue sections. Since vibrational spectroscopy is exquisitely sensitive to the biochemical composition of the sample, and variations therein, it is possible to monitor metabolic processes in tissue and cells, and to construct spectral maps based on thousands of IR spectra collected from pixels of tissue. These images, in turn, reveal information on tissue structure, distribution of cellular components, metabolic activity and state of health of cells and tissue.
Gene dosage and gene expression in the <i>HLA</i> region: Evidence from deletion variants (1982)

Among variants selected in a human cell line for nonexpression of a single gene product in the HLA complex, most are single-gene variants, but several have been isolated that are cis-acting and abolish expression of a series of closely linked genes. The two most plausible mechanisms by which such variants could arise are mitotic crossing-over and chromosome deletion. In two HLA variants the presence of a visible chromosome deletion, a 50% reduction in activity of glyoxalase I (a closely linked marker), or both provided evidence for deletional origins. In a third variant these changes were not demonstrable. All three variants showed reductions in amount of cell surface HLA antigens: 40% for the Ia antigens (HLA-DR) and 20-25% for HLA-ABC antigens. The reductions in cell surface antigen in deletion variants have an important implication: in the case of the HLA-A, -B, and -C heterodimer, which consists of a subunit coded for within the major histocompatibility complex and another subunit (beta(2)-microglobulin) coded for on a different chromosome, it is the gene of the major histocompatibility complex that is limiting. The nonmutant haplotype includes A2; binding of an A2 monoclonal antibody in two of the mutants was found to be approximately equal to that in the wild-type cells. Thus, loss of one copy of HLA-ABC genes does not lead to gene dosage compensation-i.e., increased activity by the remaining ABC alleles. The results with the two types of antibodies support a deletional mechanism and are inconsistent with mitotic crossing-over. Of interest with respect to the potential use of deletion variants for purposes of mapping is the fact that each of these variants has distinctive breakpoints. The absence of mitotic crossing-over in 1.2 x 10(7) cells selected suggests that the event is rare in this autosomal region, if it occurs at all.
The validity of stimulus-evoked EMG for studying muscle fatigue characteristics of paraplegic subjects during dynamic cycling movement (1997)

The fatigue characteristics of paralyzed muscles were investigated during dynamic cycling movement induced by functional electrical stimulation (FES). The peak-to-peak (PTP) amplitude of stimulus-evoked electromyogram (EMG), after suppression of stimulus artifact, was adopted as fatigue indicator. Compared to static contraction, the effects of dynamic movement factors on the stimulus-evoked EMG, such as the intermittent stimulation, joint angle, and contraction speed, were first evaluated in separate experiments. The results of isolated tests laid the foundation for interpreting the data obtained in two FES-cycling experiments, performed under maximum stimulation or in controlled cycling speeds. The effects of intermittent stimulation and joint angle caused periodic changes in PTP amplitude which can be alleviated by averaging the PTP amplitude of one cycle. Under the same stimulation intensity, our results indicated that slower muscle contraction speed would have larger PTP amplitude and vice versa. For the limited number of subjects with paraplegia studied, our results showed that the use of EMG PTP as reliable muscle fatigue indicator during dynamic movement is only valid at the same cycling speed or corresponding contraction speed. The decline of the PTP amplitude decreased with the decay of muscle force can be observed during cycling movement; however, reduction of cycling speed had the opposite effect on PTP amplitude. Observations from the hyperbolic modeling of fatigue process demonstrated that the EMG PTP of a fatigued muscle under dynamic movement decreased at a slower rate.
Catalysis for CO2 conversion: a key technology for rapid introduction of renewable energy in the value chain of chemical industries (2013)

Replacement of part of the fossil fuel consumption by renewable energy, in particular in the chemical industry, is a central strategy for resource and energy efficiency. This perspective will show that CO2 is the key molecule to proceed effectively in this direction. The routes, opportunities and barriers in increasing the share of renewable energy by using CO2 reaction and their impact on the chemical and energy value chains are discussed after introducing the general aspects of this topic evidencing the tight integration between the CO2 use and renewable energy insertion in the value chain of the process industry. The focus of this perspective article is on the catalytic aspects of the chemistries involved, with an analysis of the state-of-the-art, perspectives and targets to be developed. The reactions discussed are the production of short-chain olefins (ethylene, propylene) from CO2, and the conversion of carbon dioxide to syngas, formic acid, methanol and dimethyl ether, hydrocarbons via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and methane. The relevance of availability, cost and environmental footprints of H2 production routes using renewable energies is addressed. The final part discusses the possible scenario for CO2 as an intermediary for the incorporation of renewable energy in the process industry, with a concise roadmap for catalysis needs and barriers to reach this goal.
Recycling of glucosylceramide and sphingosine for the biosynthesis of gangliosides and sphingomyelin in rat liver (1990)

It was previously shown that sphingomyelin and gangliosides can be biosynthesized starting from sphingosine or sphingosine-containing fragments which originated in the course of GM1 ganglioside catabolism. In the present paper we investigated which fragments were specifically re-used for sphingomyelin and ganglioside biosynthesis in rat liver. At 30 h after intravenous injection of GM1 labelled at the level of the fatty acid ([stearoyl-14C]GM1) or of the sphingosine ([Sph-3H]) moiety, it was observed that radioactive sphingomyelin was formed almost exclusively after the sphingosine-labelled-GM1 administration. This permitted the recognition of sphingosine as the metabolite re-used for sphingomyelin biosynthesis. Conversely, gangliosides more complex than GM1 were similarly radiolabelled after the two treatments, thus ruling out sphingosine re-utilization for ganglioside biosynthesis. For the identification of the lipid fragment re-used for ganglioside biosynthesis, we administered to rats neutral glycosphingolipids (galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide and lactosylceramide) each radiolabelled in the sphingosine moiety or in the terminal sugar residue. Thereafter we compared the formation of radiolabelled gangliosides in the liver with respect to the species administered and the label location. After galactosylceramide was injected, no radiolabelled gangliosides were formed. After the administration of differently labelled glucosylceramide, radiolabelled gangliosides were formed, regardless of the position of the label. After lactosylceramide administration, the ganglioside fraction became more radioactive when the long-chain-base-labelled precursors were used. These results suggest that glucosylceramide, derived from glycosphingolipid and ganglioside catabolism, is recycled for ganglioside biosynthesis.
Phosphate Glasses (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Making Phosphate Glasses Phosphate Glass Structure Temperature Behaviour and Crystallisation Phosphate Glass Dissolution Cell Compatibility of Glasses Phosphate Glass Fibres and Composites Applications Summary References
Neuronal Hyperpolarization-Activated Pacemaker Channels Drive Neuropathic Pain (2003)

Neuropathic pain is a common and often incapacitating clinical problem for which little useful therapy is presently available. Painful peripheral neuropathies can have many etiologies, among which are trauma, viral infections, exposure to radiation or chemotherapy, and metabolic or autoimmune diseases. Sufferers generally experience both pain at rest and exaggerated, painful sensitivity to light touch. Spontaneous firing of injured nerves is believed to play a critical role in the induction and maintenance of neuropathic pain syndromes. Using a well characterized nerve ligation model in the rat, we demonstrate that hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-modulated (HCN) "pacemaker" channels play a previously unrecognized role in both touch-related pain and spontaneous neuronal discharge originating in the damaged dorsal root ganglion. HCN channels, particularly HCN1, are abundantly expressed in rat primary afferent somata. Nerve injury markedly increases pacemaker currents in large-diameter dorsal root ganglion neurons and results in pacemaker-driven spontaneous action potentials in the ligated nerve. Pharmacological blockade of HCN activity using the specific inhibitor ZD7288 reverses abnormal hypersensitivity to light touch and decreases the firing frequency of ectopic discharges originating in Abeta and Adelta fibers by 90 and 40%, respectively, without conduction blockade. These findings suggest novel insights into the molecular basis of pain and the possibility of new, specific, effective pharmacological therapies.
13 GHz cascaded 4:1 CMOS injection locked frequency divider (2006)

In this paper the first 4:1 injection locked frequency divider (ILFD) consisting of two cascaded divide-by-two LC-resonance ILFDs is presented. The locking range of the divider can be enhanced by optimal locking transistor biasing. For an input frequency of 13 GHz two ILFDs in standard 130 nm CMOS technology generate IQ-output signals within a locking range of 2.2 GHz without any varactor. The power consumption is 12 mW from a supply voltage of 1.5 V.