gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noise in microelectromechanical system resonators (1999)

Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) based resonators and filters, ranging in frequencies from kHz to GHz, have been proposed. The question of how the stabilities of such resonators scale with dimensions is examined in this paper, with emphasis on the noise characteristics. When the dimensions of a resonator become small, instabilities that are negligible in macro-scale devices become prominent. The effects of fluctuations in temperature, adsorbing/desorbing molecules, outgassing, Brownian motion, Johnson noise, drive power and self-heating, and random vibration are explored. When the device is small, the effects of fluctuations in the numbers of photons, phonons, electrons and adsorbed molecules can all affect the noise characteristics. For all but the random vibration-induced noise, reducing the dimensions increases the noise. At submicron dimensions, especially, the frequency noise due to temperature fluctuations, Johnson noise, and adsorption/desorption are likely to limit the applications of ultra-small resonators.
Automated name authority control (2001)

This paper describes a system for the automated assignment of authoriz ed names. A collaboration between a computer scientist and a librarian, the system provides for enhanced end-user searching of digital libraries without increasing drastically the cost and effort of creating a digital library. It is a part of the workflow management system of the Levy Sheet Music Project.
Copper On-Chip Interconnections: A Breakthrough in Electrodeposition to Make Better Chips (1999)

On-chip interconnections comprise a multilevel structure of fine wiring located on the top of the transistor circuitry of logic or memory chips, whose role is to connect circuits together as shown in Fig. 1. To avoid significant degradation of circuit speed, on-chip interconnections should permit rapid signal transmission among the various parts of the circuitry. Ever since the development of the integrated circuit about 40 years ago, the most pervasively used materials for the fabrication of the wiring structure have been aluminum as the conductor (or more recently an aluminum-copper alloy for better reliability) and silicon dioxide as the insulator. The transition to copper as the conductor and to a better insulator began with IBM’s announcement in September 1997 and product shipment since June 1998. This signals one of the most important changes in materials that the semiconductor industry has experienced since its creation. Copper metallization was implemented first since significant gains can be obtained by copper alone.
Microstructure evolution and abnormal grain growth during copper wafer bonding (2002)

Evolution of microstructure morphologies and grain orientations of Cu–Cu bonded wafers during bonding and annealing were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and x-ray diffraction. The bonded Cu grain structure reaches steady state after post-bonding anneal. An abnormal (220) grain growth was observed during the initial bonding process. Upon annealing, the preferred grain orientation of the whole film shifts from (111) to (220). The effects of yielding and energy minimization are possible reasons for the evolution of the preferred grain orientation.
On clusterings (2004)

We motivate and develop a natural bicriteria measure for assessing the quality of a clustering that avoids the drawbacks of existing measures. A simple recursive heuristic is shown to have poly-logarithmic worst-case guarantees under the new measure. The main result of the article is the analysis of a popular spectral algorithm. One variant of spectral clustering turns out to have effective worst-case guarantees; another finds a "good" clustering, if one exists.
Global expression analysis of well-differentiated pancreatic endocrine neoplasms using oligonucleotide microarrays. (2003)

Global expression analysis provides insight into tumorigenic pathways in PENs and may identify potential prognostic and therapeutic markers for these uncommon neoplasms.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2−Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients (2020)

A new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has recently emerged to cause a human pandemic. Although molecular diagnostic tests were rapidly developed, serologic assays are still lacking, yet urgently needed. Validated serologic assays are needed for contact tracing, identifying the viral reservoir, and epidemiologic studies. We developed serologic assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing, spike protein-specific, and nucleocapsid-specific antibodies. Using serum samples from patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, other coronaviruses, or other respiratory pathogenic infections, we validated and tested various antigens in different in-house and commercial ELISAs. We demonstrated that most PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected persons seroconverted by 2 weeks after disease onset. We found that commercial S1 IgG or IgA ELISAs were of lower specificity, and sensitivity varied between the 2 assays; the IgA ELISA showed higher sensitivity. Overall, the validated assays described can be instrumental for detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies for diagnostic, seroepidemiologic, and vaccine evaluation studies.
Effect of Hemolysis and Clotting on Proton Relaxation Times of Blood (1986)

The proton relaxation times T1 and T2 of plasma and clotted blood stored in test tubes were studied at a magnetic field of 0.225 T as a function of time. A satisfactory description of both relaxation processes could be made by two exponential components for the plasma and three components for the clot. The major relaxation component in plasma was the slower one, the T1 of which shortened from about 1 300 ms to about 400 ms between the second and sixth day of storage. The plasma T2 behaved similarly, but shortened less. The shortening of the relaxation time in plasma surrounding the experimental thrombus was concluded to be due to a number of factors, including the release of hemoglobin into plasma, the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin, a concomitant change in the configuration of hemoglobin molecules, and an increased concentration of iron in plasma. The shortening of the relaxation time may also occur in an in vivo hematoma and change the magnetic resonance appearance of a hematoma with time.
Controllable Synthesis of Shuttle‐Shaped Ceria and Its Catalytic Properties for CO Oxidation (2009)

Abstract Shuttle‐shaped ceria was obtained in a high yield via a surfactant octadecylamine and urea assisted solvothermal process. The crystalline structure and morphology were characterized with powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Preliminary catalytic measurement shows that the shuttle‐shaped CeO 2 exhibits an enhanced activity for CO oxidation, which may be attributed to its higher porosity and more oxygen vacancies.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Roles of Interferon Regulatory Factors in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (2016)

The Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) family consists of multiple transcription factors involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes. Originally identified as transcriptional regulators of the type I interferon system, IRFs play a pivotal role in adaptive immunity, cell growth, differentiation and tumorigenesis. Hence, understanding IRF biology has important implications in the host response to cancer development and progression. Many lines of evidence suggest that different IRFs are involved in the pathogenesis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), a myeloproliferative disorder caused by the BCR-ABL oncoprotein. BCR-ABL displays constitutive tyrosine kinase activity that favors cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis and allows cell survival even in the absence of proper adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Different BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors are currently available for CML treatment. These drugs are able to generate eight year CML-specific overall survival rates >90%, only a minority of patients will achieve molecular responses compatible with drug discontinuation. Thus, there is an unmet need for additional therapeutic targets that may lead to the cure of most patients diagnosed with CML. A growing body of evidence has suggested a role for both IRF4 and IRF8 in the pathogenesis of CML. Furthermore, IRF1 is consistently deleted at one or both alleles in patients with leukemia and myelodysplasia. Finally, we have recently demonstrated that IRF5 is a target of BCR-ABL kinase activity and reduces CML cell proliferation. In this article, we provide an update on the current knowledge of the role of the IRFs in CML.
Speech coding with an analysis-by-synthesis sinusoidal model (2002)

We introduce a general and powerful approach to sinusoidal modeling of speech wherein a closed-loop analysis-by-synthesis (AbS) technique sequentially extracts the parameters for each sinusoidal component. Low bit-rate speech coding is achieved by efficiently constraining the allowed frequencies of sinusoidal components into sets of frequency intervals or bins. In conjunction with the closed-loop analysis, the constrained frequency regions allow us to efficiently vector quantize the frequency information in each frame. In voiced frames, two sets of frequency vectors are generated: one for harmonically related components and the other for non-harmonically related components of the voiced segment. In transition frames, a vector of nonuniformly spaced frequencies is selected from a frequency codebook using frequency bin vector quantization (FBVQ) to represent the frequency domain information. The effectiveness of the coding scheme is enhanced by exploiting the critical band concept of auditory perception in defining the frequency bins. In transition segments, the sinusoidal phases are modeled and coded. Subjective tests with a partially quantized model indicate that, for a target rate of 4 kbps, the coder quality exceeds that of the G.729 standard at 8 kbps.
An ultrafast all-optical gate (1983)

We present a new ultrafast optical waveguide gate based on a nonlinear optical interaction in a waveguide interferometer. A train of signal pulses is gated by control pulses which change the refractive index in only one arm of the interferometer. The principle of operation is demonstrated using a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 2 cm long, fabricated in a LiNbO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> substrate. The experiments were performed with a near-infrared dye laser which produced 5 ps pulses at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\lambda = 840</tex> nm. A maximum modulation on the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> was obtained for a peak control power of 2 W. Experimentally, we determined the appropriate nonlinear coefficient of LiNbO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> to be <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n_{2} = 3 \times 10^{-9}</tex> (MW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . As possible applications of the structure we describe an all-optical inverter, an XOR gate, and an AND gate. We conclude with a brief description of a random number generator encoder and decoder based on a few all-optical logic gates.
Photonic crystal defect microcavities with indium arsenide quantum dots (2002)

The coupling of InAs QDs emission to the two dimensional photonic crystal defect cavity has been demonstrated for the first time and a narrow filtered emission linewidth could be observed. We describe the emission from 2D photonic crystals that contain an InAs QDs active layer. The epitaxial layers were grown on [001] GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy.
Volume-regulated chloride conductance in the LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line (2000)

Patch-clamp recordings were used to study ion currents induced by cell swelling caused by hypotonicity in human prostate cancer epithelial cells, LNCaP. The reversal potential of the swelling-evoked current suggested that Cl(-) was the primary charge carrier (termed I(Cl,swell)). The selectivity sequence of the underlying volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) for different anions was Br(-) approximately I(-) > Cl(-) > F(-) > methanesulfonate >> glutamate, with relative permeability numbers of 1.26, 1.20, 1.0, 0.77, 0.49, and 0.036, respectively. The current-voltage patterns of the whole cell currents as well as single-channel currents showed moderate outward rectification. Unitary VRAC conductance was determined at 9.6 +/- 1.8 pS. Conventional Cl(-) channel blockers 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (100 microM) and DIDS (100 microM) inhibited whole cell I(Cl,swell) in a voltage-dependent manner, with the block decreasing from 39.6 +/- 9.7% and 71.0 +/- 11. 0% at +50 mV to 26.2 +/- 7.2% and 14.5 +/- 6.6% at -100 mV, respectively. Verapamil (50 microM), a standard Ca(2+) antagonist and P-glycoprotein function inhibitor, depressed the current by a maximum of 15%. Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors downregulated I(Cl,swell) (genistein with an IC(50) of 2.6 microM and lavendustin A by 60 +/- 14% at 1 microM). The protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate (500 microM) stimulated I(Cl,swell) by 54 +/- 11%. We conclude that VRACs in human prostate cancer epithelial cells are modulated via protein tyrosine phosphorylation.
Association between C-Reactive Protein Rapid Test and Group A Streptococcus Infection in Acute Pharyngitis (2014)

CRP concentrations are not associated with group A streptococcus infection in patients with acute pharyngitis. The use of this point of care test is therefore not useful for distinguishing patients who require antibiotic therapy.
Rapid Laser Scanning for Facial Resurfacing (1995)

Combining the CPG with the Ultrapulse laser is a valuable addition making the procedure faster and more controllable.
An Animal Model for Neuron-Specific Spinal Cord Lesions by the Microinjection of N-Methylaspartate, Kainic Acid, and Quisqualic Acid (1985)

It has been shown that N-methylaspartate (NMA), kainic acid (KA), and quisqualic acid (QA) can produce preferential neuronal damage in various parts of the striatum, hippocampus, and thalamus with relative sparing of axons in transit. Thus far, the evidence that axons in transit escape destruction has been based largely on histological observations. To test the functional integrity of axons in passage, we made unilateral lesions with these agents in the cervical spinal cord of rats and compared the subsequent functional deficits with those seen after spinal cord hemisections. Observations were made in 14 rats. In each case, a laminectomy at the C6-C7 level was performed under general anesthesia. Animals receiving microinjections of KA, QA, or NMA showed motor and sensory deficits only in the ipsilateral forepaw and remained able to use the hindpaws normally. By contrast, animals undergoing spinal cord hemisection developed obvious motor deficits in the ipsilateral hindpaw in addition to the deficits in the forepaw. Histological observations of the spinal cords confirmed an extensive gray matter destruction with relative preservation of the long tracts in animals injected with KA, QA, and NMA. In addition, it was noted that spinal cord neurons appear relatively less sensitive to KA and more sensitive to QA than neurons in the thalamus, striatum, or hippocampus. The possible application of these findings for the production of dorsal root entry zone lesions will be discussed.
Studies on v-triazoles. Part 4. The 4-methoxybenzyl group, a versatile N-protecting group for the synthesis of N-unsubstituted v-triazoles (1982)

A series of readily prepared monocyclic N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-v-triazoles (1) have been converted into their N-unsubstituted derivatives (2) by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid at 65 °C. The procedure allows the synthesis of a range of N-unsubstituted v-triazoles. Its applicability to multicyclic systems is demonstrated by the synthesis of 3,9-dihydro-9-oxobenzopyrano[2,3-d]-v-triazole (5b), one of a series of compounds of interest as potential antiallergic agents.
Control of oncogenesis and cancer therapy resistance by the transcription factor NF-κB (2001)

The abilities of NF-κB to promote cell proliferation, suppress apoptosis, promote cell migration, and suppress differentiation apparently have been co-opted by cellular and viral oncoproteins to promote oncogenesis (Figure ​(Figure2).2). Direct evidence, using both in vitro and in vivo models, indicates that NF-κB is required for oncogenesis, probably at multiple levels. NF-κB likely plays an important role in the early events of oncogenesis, possibly functioning primarily in protecting against transformation-associated apoptosis. In most late-stage tumor cells, classic NF-κB (the p50-p65 heterodimer) is clearly not the only survival factor, because its inhibition does not induce apoptosis in many of these tumor cells. This observation suggests that other events have occurred to upregulate NF-κB–independent cell survival pathways. However, clearly some cancer cells depend on NF-κB for their survival. NF-κB also can contribute to cell progression by transcriptionally upregulating cyclin D1 with corresponding hyperphosphorylation of the tumor suppressor protein Rb. The induction of NF-κB–controlled proliferation may correlate with loss of differentiation in certain settings (47), which may promote oncogenesis. NF-κB is known to regulate certain genes associated with metastasis, such as matrix metalloproteinase 9, tissue plasminogen activator, and ICAM-1. Thus, a more relevant role for NF-κB in later-stage oncogenesis may be to promote metastasis and angiogenesis. Although many tumor cells display some level of constitutive nuclear NF-κB, higher levels of NF-κB and the transcriptional potential of NF-κB can be further enhanced in response to certain types of chemotherapy. Consistent with this, inhibition of NF-κB in parallel with certain (but apparently not all) chemotherapy treatments strongly enhances the apoptotic potential of the chemotherapy. This observation indicates that NF-κB plays an important role in inducible chemoresistance and establishes NF-κB inhibition as a new adjuvant approach in chemotherapy.
Continuing Education—A Look to the Future (1987)

One of the charges to the ASCE Committee on Continuing Professional Development (CCPD) is to develop and recommend policies, programs, and procedures for the continuing education of engineers. As a current CCPD member and past chairman, the writer has seen an upsurge into various home study courses and rumblings concerning various methods of delivery for home as well as remote‐site learning. This paper presents and extrapolates the trends in continuing education and discusses the most difficult problem associated with professional development, motivation. The role which ASCE should play is also discussed.
Enkephalin. Synthesis of two pentapeptides isolated from porcine brain with receptor-mediated opiate agonist activity (1976)

The synthesis and purification of L-tyrosylglycylglycyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-methione (methionine5-enkephalin) and L-tyrosylglycylglycyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucine (leucine5-enkephalin) are described. These synthetic peptides were identical in both physical and biological characteristics with the constituents of enkephalin, a material isolated from porcine brain with potent receptor-mediated opiate agonist activity.
Designing IP networks with performance guarantees (2002)

Traditional Internet protocol (IP) networks are built with very limited-capacity planning and design optimization, and can only provide best-effort service without performance guarantees. To meet customer expectations, however, IP networks must be designed for predictable performance; in particular, network service providers must be able to offer bandwidth guarantees for virtual private network (VPN) customers. Lucent Technologies' PacketStar IP switch supports novel traffic scheduling and buffer management capabilities - including per-flow queuing with weighted fair queuing (WFQ) and longest-queue drop (LQD) - that provide minimum bandwidth guarantees for VPNs while achieving a very high level of resource utilization. Legacy routers, on the other hand, do not support adequate flow isolation. Their first-in-first-out (FIFO) scheduling, even when combined with random early detection (RED) buffer management, results in little control over bandwidth sharing among VPNs, and throughput is dictated mainly by the dynamic properties of transport control protocol (TCP). In this paper, we present algorithms for IP network design and capacity optimization that serve as a foundation for determining the economic benefits of providing quality of service (QoS) differentiation on a network-wide basis using advanced, next-generation routers such as the Lucent PacketStar IP switch. The algorithms yield strategies for optimal placement of such routers in an embedded network of legacy routers. We illustrate and validate our design proposals with several case studies, including one based on a large-scale carrier-class network.
Hydrolysis of cellulose fiber in the presence of 12‐tungstosilicic acid (1985)

Abstract Hydrolysis of cellulose fiber in the presence of 12‐tungstosilicic acid was investigated, and the acid was found to show a higher catalytic activity than did hydrochloric acid at the same concentration of acid, although the ratio of the activities of 12‐tungstosilicic acid to hydrochloric acid depended on the concentration. The influence of the ionic strength on the reaction rates was examined, and it was believed that the difference in the ionic strength between 12‐tungstosilicic acid and hydrochloric acid at the same concentration of acid was one of reasons for the higher catalytic activity of 12‐tungstosilicic acid. From the examinations of change in degree of polymerization of the cellulose fiber with the hydrolysis and adsorption behavior of 12‐tungstosilicic acid by the cellulose, fiber, it was found that 12‐tungstosilicic acid, in spite of its bulky structure, easily penetrated into the amorphous region of the cellulose fiber, as does hydrochloric acid, and catalyzed the hydrolysis of glucoside bond there.
Antiviral Synergy between Inhibitors of HIV Proteinase and Reverse Transcriptase (1993)

Ro 31–8959, a potent and specific inhibitor of HIV proteinases, is shown to interact synergistically in combination with nucleoside analogue inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase (AZT, ddC, 2′-FddC). Ninety per cent inhibition endpoints (IC 90 ), obtained from checkerboard titrations of compound mixtures on CEM-T4 cells infected with HIV-i strain GB8, have been further analysed. Compared with concentrations needed when inhibitors are used individually, reductions of between 2- and 30-fold were observed in combination, depending on the nucleoside analogue and the ratio of concentrations employed. The results suggest that combinations of AZT or ddC with Ro 31–8959 should be considered for development as candidate antiviral treatments of patients with HIV infection.