gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal Antibodies to Three Structural Proteins of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus: Characterization of Epitopes and Antigenic Differentiation of Australian Strains (1991)

Ten monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against three structural proteins of infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV), the peplomer (S), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins, were characterized and used to determine the antigenic relationship between Australian IBV strains. One MAb (MAb 5) was directed against an epitope on the S1 subunit of the peplomer, another (MAb 2) against an epitope on the M glycoprotein and eight MAbs (MAbs 1, 7, 9, 16, 24, 26, 27 and 51) were directed against seven non-overlapping epitopes on the N protein. None of the MAbs neutralized infectivity or inhibited haemagglutination of the virus. Conservation of the nine epitopes detected by these MAbs was determined in 13 serotypes of Australian IBV strains. Only epitope 5 on the S1 subunit of the peplomer was conserved in all strains. Epitope 2 on the M protein showed a high degree of conservation although this epitope was absent from four strains. None of the eight epitopes on the N proteins was conserved in all IBV strains but four epitopes (1, 16, 24 and 27) showed a high degree of conservation. Epitope 9 on the N protein was present only in IBV strains of one serotype whereas epitope 7 on the N protein distinguished vaccine viruses of serotype B from other IBV strains. The presence or absence of nine epitopes on three structural proteins differentiated IBV strains into five antigenic groups.
Involvement of the AML1 gene in the t(3;21) in therapy-related leukemia and in chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis. (1993)

A nonrandom translocation between chromosomes 3 and 21, t(3;21)(q26.2;q22) has been detected in patients with a myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia after treatment (t-MDS/t-AML) for a primary malignant disease and in chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis (CML-BC). In these patients, the breakpoint on chromosome 21 is at band 21q22. This band is also involved in the t(8;21)(q22;q22) detected in 40% of the patients with acute myeloid leukemia subtype M2 (AML-M2) de novo who have an abnormal karyotype. In the t(8;21), the AML1 gene is the site of the breakpoint on chromosome 21. The AML1 gene is transcribed from telomere to centromere, and in the t(8;21) the 5' part of AML1 is fused to the ETO gene on chromosome 8 to produce the chimeric AML1/ETO on the der(8) chromosome. We found that AML1 is also rearranged in two t-AML patients and in one CML-BC patient with the t(3;21), but the breakpoints are approximately 40 to 60 kb downstream to those of AML-M2 patients. This region contains at least one additional exon of AML1, as determined by using an AML1 cDNA as a probe in Southern blot analysis. The t(3;21) breakpoints for the remaining patients could not be determined because, by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, the breaks are outside of the region covered by the available probes.
Synthesis and Light-Emitting Properties of Difunctional Dendritic Distyrylstilbenes (2001)

A novel series of poly(benzyl ether) type dendritic distyrylbenzenes beating various electron or hole affinitive moieties including 1,3,4-oxadiazole, cyano, and propoxy groups on the outer surface of the first- and second-generations dendritic wedges have been synthesized for blue-light emission. Both theoretical and optical studies show that incorporation of the surface functionalized dendritic wedges into the nonconjugated meta positions of a distyrylstilbene skeleton does not disrupt the coplanarity of the π-conjugated core. Excitation of the surface functionalized dendritic wedges leads to substantial energy transfer from the dendritic wedges to the emissive core (up to 59%). Importantly, all the dendritic distyrylstilbenes show very high fluorescence quantum yields (over 93%). Single-layer light-emitting diodes (LED) using dendritic distyrylstilbene (DSB) doped poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) film as an emissive layer with structure of (ITO/DSB:PVK/Al) have been fabricated and investigated. The emission wavelengths and spectral features are very similar among the solution emission, solid-state photoluminescence, and electroluminescence spectra. The device performance of the first-generation dendritic DSB doped single-layer LEDs is generally superior to that of the corresponding second-generation dendrimer based devices. In addition, the propoxy surface functionalized dendritic DSB devices consistently show the best device performance and relative stability among the others.
Agonist-induced myopathy at the neuromuscular junction is mediated by calcium. (1979)

Inactivation of cholinesterases at mammalian neuromuscular junctions (nmj) produces extensive muscle "necrosis." Fine-structurally, this myopathy begins near the nmj with an increase in large-diameter vesicles in the soleplasm, the dissolution of Z-disks, dilation of mitochondria, destruction of sarcoplasmic reticulum, and often a highly specific contracture of the muscle under the endplate. Since a Ca++-activated protease which specifically removes Z-disks is known to exist in mammalian skeletal muscle, we tested the possibility that the myopathy after esterase inactivation is due to the prolongation of acetylcholine lifetime and thus of Ca++ influx. We first produced the myopathy near endplates by inactivating esterases with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) followed by nerve stimulation for 1--2 h in vitro. The myopathy was later mimicked by bath application of carbamylcholine without esterase inhibitors. This myopathy could be prevented by inactivating the acetylcholine receptors (AChR) with alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BGT) or by removing Ca++ from the bath with EGTA. These results favor the hypothesis that esterase inhibition leads to an agonist-induced myopathy, which is mediated by Ca++ and requires an intact AChR.
Clock event suppression algorithm of VELVET and its application to S-820 development (1988)

An advanced clock event suppression algorithm for high-speed logic simulation is described.A new signal value “Cn” and a “current clock (CC)”, which indicates the current status of clock signals, has been introduced to realize this algorithm.This algorithm suppresses about 60% of the total events, and eliminates 40% of CPU time. No overhead is needed to incorporate this algorithm using hardware support of VELVET (vectorized processing system for logic verification).Hitachi's latest supercomputer S-820 has been developed using VELVET. The development period has been shortened to 3/4 that of the S-810.
The Information Lost in Erasures (2008)

We consider sources and channels with memory observed through erasure channels. In particular, we examine the impact of sporadic erasures on the fundamental limits of lossless data compression, lossy data compression, channel coding, and denoising. We define the erasure entropy of a collection of random variables as the sum of entropies of the individual variables conditioned on all the rest. The erasure entropy measures the information content carried by each symbol knowing its context. The erasure entropy rate is shown to be the minimal amount of bits per erasure required to recover the lost information in the limit of small erasure probability. When we allow recovery of the erased symbols within a prescribed degree of distortion, the fundamental tradeoff is described by the erasure rate-distortion function which we characterize. We show that in the regime of sporadic erasures, knowledge at the encoder of the erasure locations does not lower the rate required to achieve a given distortion. When no additional encoded information is available, the erased information is reconstructed solely on the basis of its context by a denoiser. Connections between erasure entropy and discrete denoising are developed. The decrease of the capacity of channels with memory due to sporadic memoryless erasures is also characterized in wide generality.
A generalized expansion for radiated and scattered fields (1971)

At a given frequency every perfectly conducting obstacle has associated with it a particular set of surface currents and corresponding radiated fields which are characteristic of the obstacle shape and independent of any specific excitation. These characteristic modes form a useful basis set in which to expand fields radiated or scattered at a great distance from the obstacle. Once these modes are known for a given obstacle, the scattering of plane waves incident from arbitrary source directions into arbitrary receiver directions may be evaluated concisely. To support the theory, a method is described for determining characteristic mode currents on thin wires of general shape and is applied to several shapes to generate certain backscattering and input admittance data. Wherever possible comparison is made with existing data.
Digital radiography using high dynamic range technique (2009)

This paper present benefits of High Dynamic Range (HDR) method. This technique improves the quality of digital radiography.

We present the result of processing the input images using high dynamic range software. It is noticed, that in the final image (processed image), by applying the filter, on can distinguish details that in the input images cannot be clearly observed.
Internal Dielectric Transduction in Bulk-Mode Resonators (2009)

This paper investigates electrostatic transduction of a longitudinal-mode silicon acoustic resonator with internal dielectric films. Geometric optimization of internal dielectrically transduced resonators is derived analytically and shown experimentally. Analysis of internal dielectric transduction shows a maximum transduction efficiency with thin dielectric films at points of maximum strain of the desired resonant mode. With this design optimization, a silicon bar resonator is realized with a ninth harmonic resonance of 4.5 GHz and a quality factor of over 11 000, resulting in a record high f middotQ product in silicon of 5.1 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> . The novel dielectric transducer demonstrates improved resonator performance with increasing frequency, with optimal transduction efficiency when the acoustic wavelength is twice the dielectric thickness. Such frequency scaling behavior enables the realization of resonators up to the super-high-frequency domain.
A Machine Vision System for Automated Joint Bar Inspection From a Moving Rail Vehicle (2007)

Broken joint bars have been identified as one of the major causes of main line derailments in the US. On October 2006, the US Federal Railroad Administration issued a federal regulation that mandates periodic inspections to detect cracks and other indications of potential failures in CWR joints [1]. The rule requires periodic on-foot inspection or an approved alternative procedure providing equivalent or higher level of safety. This paper describes a new machine vision-based system for joint bars inspection at speeds up to 70 mph. Four line-scan cameras mounted on a hi-railer or full size rail vehicle continuously capture high resolution images from both sides of each rail. An on-board computer system analyzes these images in real time to detect the joint bars. Each joint bar image is automatically saved and analyzed for visible fatigue cracks. The images can also be analyzed for missing bolts and other defects. When a potential defect is detected, the system provides audio warning, tags the image with GPS position, and displays the joint bar image with highlighted defects on the screen. The operator may confirm or reject defects. At the end of the survey, the operator can generate a survey report with the joint bar GPS location and types of all defects. This new system improves productivity and workers safety, inspecting joint bars from a moving vehicle instead of having to walk along highly transited tracks. It also allows the railroads to reduce the time between inspections, preventing defects to develop into hazards. Several tests have been performed on different rail roads showing system defect detection capabilities on both CWR and jointed track.
<i>ERCC1</i> and <i>ERCC2</i> Polymorphisms Predict Clinical Outcomes of Oxaliplatin-Based Chemotherapies in Gastric and Colorectal Cancer: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis (2011)

NER ERCC1 rs11615C>T and ERCC2 rs13181T>G polymorphisms are useful prognostic factors in oxaliplatin-based treatment of gastric and colorectal cancer. Larger studies and further clinical trials are warranted to confirm these findings.
Dose Reduction of Efavirenz: An Observational Study Describing Cost–Effectiveness, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenetics (2014)

The individualization of EFV dosage guided by genotyping 516G>T CYP2B6 and therapeutic drug monitoring could increase the efficiency of EFV use in antiretroviral treatment.
Therapy for Open-Angle Glaucoma (2018)

The POAG optic neuropathies result in optic disk damage and visual field loss. Ophthalmic medication therapy retards glaucoma progression, but many older patients require multiple medications to preserve vision and quality of life. An agent from the ophthalmic prostaglandin analog class is used as initial therapy in current practice because of the convenience of once-a-day administration and lower incidence of systemic side effects and slightly increased efficacy compared with other available ophthalmic medication classes. The other ophthalmic medication classes used in clinical practice include the beta-adrenergic blocking agents, the alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, and the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Proper ophthalmic eye-drop administration and medication adherence are imperative for preserving vision in POAG. Selective laser trabeculoplasty is a viable alternative to ophthalmic medications either initially or if a patient experiences ocular or systemic side effects from medication therapy. A modified prostaglandin analog was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in November 2017; its role in clinical practice is still evolving.
Protein and carbohydrate structural analysis of a recombinant soluble CD4 receptor by mass spectrometry (1989)

The primary structure of a soluble form of the CD4 receptor (sCD4) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells has been confirmed by mass spectrometric peptide mapping and and tandem mass spectrometry. These studies corroborated 95% of the 369-amino acid-long sequence and established the fidelity of translation of the NH2 and COOH terminal including the absence of "ragged ends." The arrangement of the three disulfide bonds in recombinant sCD4 was also established by mass spectrometry and comparative high performance liquid chromatography mapping and shown to be identical to that expected from previous studies of intrachain disulfide bonding in T4 antigens derived from sheep and mouse. No other arrangements of disulfides were detected. Carbohydrate mapping by mass spectrometry was used to establish that both potential Asn-linked glycosylation sites in sCD4 (Asn271 and Asn300) have oligosaccharides attached. Structural characterization by mass spectrometry and methylation analysis of the heterogeneous family of oligosaccharides at each of the specific attachment sites indicates that the major components of both families of oligosaccharides have the following biantennary structures: (Formula, see text) where m + n = 0-2, and x = 0,1. Minor carbohydrate components having three N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) groups and an additional hexose-hexosamine unit were detected by high performance anion-exchange chromatography.
Fine Specificity and Cross-Clade Reactivity of HIV Type 1 Gag-Specific CD4 <sup>+</sup> T Cells (2004)

Despite growing evidence that HIV-1-specific CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells may play a role in the control of viremia, discrete Th cell epitopes remain poorly defined. Furthermore, it is not known whether Th cell responses generated using vaccines based on clade B virus sequences will elicit immune responses that are effective in regions of the world where non-clade B viruses predominate. To address these issues we isolated CD4(+) T cell clones from individuals with vigorous HIV-1-specific Th cell responses and identified the minimum epitopes recognized. The minimum peptide length required for induction of CD4(+) T cell proliferation, IFN-gamma secretion, and cytolytic activity ranged from 9 to 16 amino acids in the five epitopes studied. Cross-clade recognition of the defined epitopes was examined for variant peptides from clades A, B, C, D, and AE. Over half the variant epitopes (17 of 32) exhibited impaired recognition, defined as less than 50% of the IFN-gamma secretion elicited by B clade consensus sequence. There was no evidence for antagonistic activity mediated by the variant peptides, and despite strong responses there was no escape of autologous virus from Th responses in the epitopes we studied. Abrogated recognition of variant CD4(+) T cell epitopes presents a potential obstacle to vaccine development.
Performance of screening for aneuploidies by cell‐free <scp>DNA</scp> analysis of maternal blood in twin pregnancies (2014)

In twin pregnancies screening by cfDNA testing is feasible, but the failure rate is higher and detection rate may be lower than in singletons.
Induction of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Release and Ovulation in Rats, Hamsters, and Rabbits by Synthetic Luteinizing Hormone—Releasing Factor (LRF) (1973)

The efficacy of synthetic LRF in inducing LH release in the estrogen progesteroneblocked, chronically ovariectomized rat and ovulation in the cycling rat, hamster, and rabbit was established. Synthetic LRF was highly effective by various modes of administration, but there were differences in the time course and magnitude of the LH release response depending on the route, and differences in the quantity of LRF required to induce ovulation depending on the species. Following the intracarotid injection of LRF, serum LH peaked at 10 min and a linear log dose—response relationship was obtained over the range of 1 to 5O ng per rat. After the oral administration of 1 mg of LRF, serum LH concentrations were increased to a maximum (27– fold) by 30 min, then steadily declined, reaching basal levels by 90 min. A sustained effect of LRF (10 or 100 μg/rat) on LH secretion was noted following intravaginal dosing using a repository vehicle; serum LH was significantly increased by 10 min, maximal at 30 min, and remained elevated for at least an additional 90 min. LRF, given sc in μg quantities or orally in mg amounts, induced ovulation in chlorpromazine (CPZ)—blocked proestrous rats. The lowest sc dose of LRF yielding 100% ovulation (MED100) in the CPZ—blocked proestrous rat was 1 μg (3.7 μg/kg body wt) whereas in the phenobarbital—blocked proestrus hamster the MED100 was 0.01 μg (0.11 μg/kg body wt). In estrous rabbits, an iv dose of 2.5 μg of LRF (0.88 μg/kg body wt) was the MED100 for induction of ovulation, a value intermediate to that of the rat and hamster. The administration of pharmacological doses (1000 times or more the MED100) to cycling rats, hamsters, or rabbits at a time coincident with the endogenous surge of ovulating hormone failed to induce superovulation. These results demonstrate that synthetic LRF is highly efficacious by several routes of administration in stimulating LH release and ovulation in three rodent species. (Endocrinology92: 1515, 1973)
NATURAL KILLER CELLS WEAKLY RESIST ENGRAFTMENT OF ALLOGENEIC, LONG-TERM, MULTILINEAGE-REPOPULATING HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS1 (1996)

Natural killer (NK) cells effect hybrid resistance, in which parental hematopoietic cell grafts are rejected by F1 recipients. NK cells can also resist engraftment of fully MHC-mismatched allogeneic marrow. However, studies of NK cell-mediated alloresistance have relied on short-term proliferation, colony, or survival assays; therefore, their results may not reflect effects of NK cells on the engraftment of allogeneic pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC). We have now addressed the role of NK cells in resisting engraftment of these most primitive hematopoietic cells, which provide long-term repopulation of multiple hematopoietic lineages. We took advantage of a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen that permits allogeneic marrow engraftment and induction of mixed chimerism in mice to evaluate the effect of host NK cell depletion with mAb PK136 on long-term competitive repopulating ability of allogeneic marrow. Mice were pretreated with depleting anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 mAbs, then received 3 Gy of whole body irradiation and 7 Gy of thymic irradiation prior to allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Depending on the strain combination used, statistically significant increases in long-term allogeneic repopulation of both myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages were observed in recipients depleted of NK cells before bone marrow transplantation compared with controls. Depletion of host NK cells alone was sufficient to enhance donor PHSC engraftment. However, a statistically significant increase in allogeneic reconstitution in NK cell-depleted chimeras compared with control chimeras was not observed in every experiment, and differences were most readily apparent in a strain combination in which recipient NK cells have been shown to have high resistance to engraftment of donor short-term repopulating cells. Chronic (16 weeks) anti-NK1.1 treatment resulted in higher levels of donor-type repopulation than that in animals receiving only pretransplant NK cell depletion. Our studies demonstrate for the first time that host NK cells resist engraftment of allogeneic long-term repopulating PHSC, and provide a model for studying the elements that determine what is regarded as "self" and "non-self" by newly developing NK cells.
Heterodimeric Tacrine-Based Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors:  Investigating Ligand−Peripheral Site Interactions (1999)

Dimeric acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors containing a single 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (tacrine) unit were constructed in an effort to further delineate structural requirements for optimal binding to the AChE peripheral site. Basic amines of differing hydrophobicity were selected as peripheral site ligands, and in each case, improvements in inhibitory potency and selectivity were seen relative to tacrine itself. AChE IC(50) values of the optimum dimers decrease significantly as the peripheral site ligand was permuted in the series ammonia > dimethylamine > 4-aminopyridine > 4-aminoquinoline > tacrine. Calculated desolvation free energies of the optimum dimers match the trend in IC(50) values, suggesting the importance of ligand hydrophobicity for effective cation-pi interaction with the peripheral site.
Expression of neural and neurotrophic markers in nucleus pulposus cells isolated from degenerated intervertebral disc (2012)

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common disorder of the lower spine. Since it is caused by loss of cellularity, there is interest in the comprehension of the cellular phenotypes. This study aimed to verify if stem cells isolated from nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs (NPs-IVD), which may express neurogenic properties, may be implicated in IVD disease. NPs-IVD isolated from 14 human pathological discs were cultured under mesenchymal and neural differentiation. An induction of the neural markers GFAP, NF, MAP2, O4, and a decrement of the expression of the immature neural markers β-tubulin III, Nestin, NG2, occurred within the neural differentiation. The expression of TrkA and p75NGFR, the receptors of NGF, was not correlated with neural induction; in contrast, TrkB, the BDNF receptor, increased and was co-expressed with acid sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3). In the same condition, neuroinflammatory markers were over-expressed. We confirm our hypothesis that stem cells within IVD degeneration acquire neurogenic phenotype, causing the induction of markers related to inflammatory condition. These cells could promote the enrolment of neurotrophines in adaptation to the acidic microenvironment in degenerative conditions. These data could improve our knowledge about IVD cellularity and eventually lead to the development of pharmacological therapies.