gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Translating collocations for use in bilingual lexicons (1994)

Collocations are notoriously difficult for non-native speakers to translate, primarily because they are opaque and can not be translated on a word by word basis. We describe a program named Champollion which, given a pair of parallel corpora in two different languages, automatically produces translations of an input list of collocations. Our goal is to provide a tool to compile bilingual lexical information above the word level in multiple languages and domains. The algorithm we use is based on statistical methods and produces p word translations of n word collocations in which n and p need not be the same; the collocations can be either flexible or fixed compounds. For example, Champollion translates "to make a decision," "employment equity," and "stock market," respectively into: "prendre une decision," "équité en matière d'emploi," and "bourse." Testing and evaluation of Champollion on one year's worth of the Hansards corpus yielded 300 collocations and their translations, evaluated at 77% accuracy. In this paper, we describe the statistical measures used, the algorithm, and the implementation of Champollion, presenting our results and evaluation.
Effect of Clomiphene Citrate and Its Isomers on Sexual Behavior in Ovariectomized Rats1 (1973)

The effects of clomiphene citrate and its two isomers were evaluated as to their ability to induce sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats. Ten–µg, 100–µg, 1–mg and 10–mg doses of either cis—clomiphene—, trans—clomiphene—, or racemic clomiphene—citrate were given to individual groups of 8 rats for 10 days. On the eleventh day each group received 500 µg sc of progesterone in oil. Ten mount behavior tests were performed on the afternoon of treatment days 5, 10 and 11. One mg of trans—clomiphene citrate caused a significant increase in the lordosis response on day 5. Cis—clomiphene citrate was ineffective in facilitating the lordosis response. Racemic clomiphene citrate, alone, caused a significant increase in the lordosis response after 10 mg per day for 10 days and treatment with progesterone increased the lordosis response in animals treated with either 1 or 10 mg per day. Based on the response to trans—clomiphene, clomiphene citrate did not cause as significant an increase in the lordosis response as would be expected for a racemic mixture. Similarly, the trans isomer was 10 times more effective than the cis isomer in causing vaginal cornification and 20 times more effective than clomiphene citrate. Because of these unexpected responses with the racemic form of clomiphene it is suggested that the cis isomer may interfere with the trans isomer. It is concluded that the trans isomer of clomiphene is particularly effective in facilitating sexual behavior. (Endocrinology92: 1079, 1973)
Thymocyte Transfer to Enucleated Oocytes in the Mouse. (1993)

Thymocytes from fetal, newborn, and adult mice were transferred into enucleated oocytes by standard micromanipulation. The developmental ability of oocytes receiving a thymocyte was examined in vitro. Most of the reconstituted eggs were successfully activated and formed a pronucleus-like structure. The percentage of reconstituted eggs developing to the 2-cell stage was high, 75-84%, but development of embryos to more advanced stages was limited. Only 8 and 1% of the reconstituted eggs receiving a thymocyte from fetal and newborn mice developed to the blastocyst stage, respectively. None developed to the 8-cell stage when a thymocyte from adult mice was transferred. Analysis of newly synthesized proteins of the reconstituted embryos showed that 68-70 kDa heat shock proteins, initial markers of embryonic genome activation, were synthesized at the late 2-cell stage.
Abstract 591: Efficacy of ALKS 4230, a novel immunotherapeutic agent, in murine syngeneic tumor models alone and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (2017)

Abstract ALKS 4230 is a novel immunotherapeutic agent being tested in an ongoing phase 1 study to evaluate safety and tolerability in the treatment of patients with refractory solid tumors. ALKS 4230 is a selective agonist of the intermediate-affinity interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor that when administered to mice results in a significant increase in numbers of memory CD8+ T cells and NK cells with no expansion of CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). The selectivity achieved by ALKS 4230 is due to the fact that the molecule is a fusion of circularly permuted IL-2 to the extracellular portion of the IL-2 receptor α, and the resulting fusion protein is sterically prevented from binding to the high-affinity IL-2 receptor expressed on Tregs. The efficacy of ALKS 4230 was compared to recombinant human IL-2 in a B16F10 lung tumor metastasis model. ALKS 4230 treatment resulted in dose-dependent reduction of lung tumor colonization, with 100% inhibition at the highest dose tested. In contrast, while IL-2 was able to reduce lung tumor colonization, the maximal level of inhibition achieved was 60-70% at multiple dose levels such that increasing doses did not result in greater inhibition. Thus, the activation and expansion of effector cells without expansion of Tregs in response to ALKS 4230 treatment correlates with its improved efficacy over IL-2, which non-selectively expands both effector cells and Tregs. The antitumor efficacy mediated by ALKS 4230 was further evaluated in several murine subcutaneous syngeneic tumor models, including B16F10, MC38 and EMT6. Treatment with ALKS 4230 or its murine ortholog resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and improved survival in multiple models. When dosed in combination with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1 antibodies, ALKS 4230 resulted in further improvement of tumor growth inhibition and survival. These results demonstrate the murine antitumor efficacy of ALKS 4230 alone and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors and support the ongoing clinical evaluation of ALKS 4230 as an immunotherapy for cancer. Citation Format: Heather C. Losey, Jared E. Lopes, Reginald L. Dean, Michael R. Huff, Rosemarie A. Moroso, Juan C. Alvarez. Efficacy of ALKS 4230, a novel immunotherapeutic agent, in murine syngeneic tumor models alone and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 591. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-591
Bacterial Inactivation by a Singlet Oxygen Bubbler: Identifying Factors Controlling the Toxicity of <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> Bubbles (2012)

A microphotoreactor device was developed to generate bubbles (1.4 mm diameter, 90 μL) containing singlet oxygen at levels toxic to bacteria and fungus. As singlet oxygen decays rapidly to triplet oxygen, the bubbles leave behind no waste or byproducts other than O(2). From a comparative study in deaerated, air saturated, and oxygenated solutions, it was reasoned that the singlet oxygen bubbles inactivate Escherichia coli and Aspergillus fumigatus, mainly by an oxygen gradient inside and outside of the bubble such that singlet oxygen is solvated and diffuses through the aqueous solution until it reacts with the target organism. Thus, singlet oxygen bubble toxicity was inversely proportional to the amount of dissolved oxygen in solution. In a second mechanism, singlet oxygen interacts directly with E. coli that accumulate at the gas-liquid interface although this mechanism operates at a rate approximately 10 times slower. Due to encapsulation in the gaseous core of the bubble and a 0.98 ms lifetime, the bubbles can traverse relatively long 0.39 mm distances carrying (1)O(2) far into the solution; by comparison the diffusion distance of (1)O(2) fully solvated in H(2)O is much shorter (~150 nm). Bubbles that reached the outer air-water interface contained no (1)O(2). The mechanism by which (1)O(2) deactivated organisms was explored through the addition of detergent molecules and Ca(2+) ions. Results indicate that the preferential accumulation of E. coli at the air-water interface of the bubble leads to enhanced toxicity of bubbles containing (1)O(2). The singlet oxygen device offers intriguing possibilities for creating new types of disinfection strategies based on photodynamic ((1)O(2)) bubble carriers.
Diversifying the secretory routes in neurons (2015)

Nervous system homeostasis and synaptic function need dedicated mechanisms to locally regulate the molecular composition of the neuronal plasma membrane and allow the development, maintenance and plastic modification of the neuronal morphology. The cytoskeleton and intracellular trafficking lies at the core of all these processes. In most mammalian cells, the Golgi apparatus (GA) is at the center of the biosynthetic pathway, located in the proximity of the microtubule-organizing center. In addition to this central localization, the somatic GA in neurons is complemented by satellite Golgi outposts (GOPs) in dendrites, which are essential for dendritic morphogenesis and are emerging like local stations of membranes trafficking to synapses. Largely, GOPs participation in post-ER trafficking has been determined by imaging the transport of the exogenous protein VSVG. Here we review the diversity of neuronal cargoes that traffic through GOPs and the assortment of different biosynthetic routes to synapses. We also analyze the recent advances in understanding the role of cytoskeleton and Golgi matrix proteins in the biogenesis of GOPs and how the diversity of secretory routes can be generated.
Tamoxifen blocks chloride channels. A possible mechanism for cataract formation. (1994)

Tamoxifen is an antiestrogen frequently used in the treatment of breast cancer and is currently being assessed as a prophylactic for those at high risk of developing tumors. We have found that tamoxifen and its derivatives are high-affinity blockers of specific chloride channels. This blockade appears to be independent of the interaction of tamoxifen with the estrogen receptor and therefore reflects an alternative cellular target. One of the clinical side effects of tamoxifen is impaired vision and cataract. Chloride channels in the lens of the eye were shown to be essential for maintaining normal lens hydration and transmittance. These channels were blocked by tamoxifen and, in organ culture, tamoxifen led to lens opacity associated with cataracts at clinically relevant concentrations. These data suggest a molecular mechanism by which tamoxifen can cause cataract formation and have implications for the clinical use of tamoxifen and related antiestrogens.
Interaction of Fine Particles and Nanoparticles with Red Blood Cells Visualized with Advanced Microscopic Techniques (2006)

So far, little is known about the interaction of nanoparticles with lung cells, the entering of nanoparticles, and their transport through the blood stream to other organs. The entering and localization of different nanoparticles consisting of differing materials and of different charges were studied in human red blood cells. As these cells do not have any phagocytic receptors on their surface, and no actinmyosin system, we chose them as a model for nonphagocytic cells to study how nanoparticles penetrate cell membranes. We combined different microscopic techniques to visualize fine and nanoparticles in red blood cells: (I) fluorescent particles were analyzed by laser scanning microscopy combined with digital image restoration, (II) gold particles were analyzed by conventional transmission electron microscopy and energy filtering transmission electron microscopy, and (III) titanium dioxide particles were analyzed by energy filtering transmission electron microscopy. By using these differing microscopic techniques we were able to visualize and detect particles < or = 0.2 microm and nanoparticles in red blood cells. We found that the surface charge and the material of the particles did not influence their entering. These results suggest that particles may penetrate the red blood cell membrane by a still unknown mechanism different from phagocytosis and endocytosis.
Molecular cloning of a putative homolog of proline/arginine‐rich antibacterial peptides from porcine bone marrow (1993)

Screening of a porcine bone marrow cDNA library with a PCR-derived probe from rabbit LPS-binding protein CAP18 led to the discovery of two closely related clones. The longer, full-length cDNA clone encodes a 228 amino acid residue protein similar to the family of antibacterial/LPS-binding cationic peptides. In contrast to other hitherto discovered precursors of Pro/Arg-rich peptides from this family, they have a novel, unique structure of the C-terminal region of 100 amino acid residues with a repeating sequence of ten residues (FPPPNXPGPR, where X = V or F). These precursors could represent a part of the antibacterial peptide repertoire of porcine bone marrow.
Distribution of Deposited Carbon in Carbon Brake Disc Made by Pressure-Gradient Chemical Vapor Infiltration (2007)

The carbon brake discs were manufactured by densification the carbon fiber preform using PG-CVI technology with Propene as a carbon precursor gas and Nitrogen as a carrier gas. The densities of carbon brake discs were tested at different densification time. The results indicate that the densification rate is more rapid before 100 hrs than after 200 hrs. The CTscanning image and the SEM technology were used to observe the inner subtle structure. CT-images show the density distribution in the carbon brake disc clearly. The carbon brake disk made by PG-CVI is not very uniform. There is a density gradient in the bulk. The high-density part in the carbon brake is really located in the friction surface, especially in the part of inner circle. This density distribution is most suitable for the stator disc.
Light Microscopic Stereological Analysis of the Normal Human Prostate and of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (1979)

Normal prostate glands from 6 men less than 30 years old and enucleated tissue of benign prostatic hyperplasia were analyzed by stereological methods. Studies on the relative volumetric amount of fibromuscular (stromal) and glandular areas of the gland reveal no statistically significant difference between the inner and outer parts of the normal prostate and between the inner part of the normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, in benign prostatic hyperplasia there is a significant increase in the volumetric amount of the fibromuscular tissue and a decrease in the glandular area compared to the outer part of the normal prostate and the whole normal prostate (sum of the inner and the outer parts). These stereological data are discussed with respect to the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Evaluation of Soy Phytoestrogens for the Treatment of Hot Flashes in Breast Cancer Survivors: A North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial (2000)

The soy product did not alleviate hot flashes in breast cancer survivors.
A 4.8 kbps code-excited linear predictive coder (1988)

A secure voice system STU-3 capable of providing end-to-end secure voice communications (1984) was developed. The terminal for the new system will be built around the standard LPC-10 voice processor algorithm. The performance of the present STU-3 processor is considered to be good, its response to nonspeech sounds such as whistles, coughs and impulse-like noises may not be completely acceptable. Speech in noisy environments also causes problems with the LPC-10 voice algorithm. In addition, there is always a demand for something better. It is hoped that LPC-10's 2.4 kbps voice performance will be complemented with a very high quality speech coder operating at a higher data rate. This new coder is one of a number of candidate algorithms being considered for an upgraded version of the STU-3 in late 1989. The problems of designing a code-excited linear predictive (CELP) coder to provide very high quality speech at a 4.8 kbps data rate that can be implemented on today's hardware are considered.
Solid‐state polymerization of maleimide by 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (1968)

Abstract The solid‐state polymerization of maleimide by 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile was studied over the temperature range 65–85°C. The polymerization was carried out either by heating the solid mixture of maleimide and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile or by heating the two compounds separately in twin ampules. The results of the kinetic study showed that the lifetime of the propagating radicals was short and that the rate of termination was proportional to the mole amount of propagating radicals. The ESR spectrum showed that stable radicals that were not main propagating radicals were in the polymerizing system.
Adenylate Cyclase Toxin (ACT) from<i>Bordetella hinzii</i>: Characterization and Differences from ACT of<i>Bordetella pertussis</i> (2005)

Bordetella hinzii is a commensal respiratory microorganism in poultry but is increasingly being recognized as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised humans. Although associated with a variety of disease states, practically nothing is known about the mechanisms employed by this bacterium. In this study, we show by DNA sequencing and reverse transcription-PCR that both commensal and clinical strains of B. hinzii possess and transcriptionally express cyaA, the gene encoding adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) in other pathogenic Bordetella species. By Western blotting, we also found that B. hinzii produces full-length ACT protein in quantities that are comparable to those made by B. pertussis. In contrast to B. pertussis ACT, however, ACT from B. hinzii is less extractable from whole bacteria, nonhemolytic, has a 50-fold reduction in adenylate cyclase activity, and is unable to elevate cyclic AMP levels in host macrophages (nontoxic). The decrease in enzymatic activity is attributable, at least in part, to a decreased binding affinity of B. hinzii ACT for calmodulin, the eukaryotic activator of B. pertussis ACT. In addition, we demonstrate that the lack of intoxication by B. hinzii ACT may be due to the absence of expression of cyaC, the gene encoding the accessory protein required for the acylation of B. pertussis ACT. These results demonstrate the expression of ACT by B. hinzii and represent the first characterization of a potential virulence factor of this organism.
Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on young patients with papillary thyroid cancer and bilateral cervical metastases (2008)

These young patients with papillary thyroid cancer and cervical metastases have a good prognosis after suitable treatment.
Training utility of multiship air combat simulation (1993)

The Air Force's Armstrong Laboratory recently developed a distributed interactive simulation system. The purpose of this system is to support training effectiveness research involving combat skills.
Progesterone Receptor Isoforms, PR-B and PR-A, in Breast Cancer: Correlations with Clinicopathologic Tumor Parameters and Expression of AP-1 Factors (2000)

In the present study, we used Western blot analysis to determine the expression of the progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms, PR-B and PR-A, in breast tumors (n = 53), and correlated the expression patterns of the two isoforms with the clinicopathological parameters of these tumors and with expression of the AP-1 family of transcription factors. Expression of the two PR isoforms correlated significantly with each other, indicating that the expression of the two isoforms is probably regulated in a correlated fashion. Expression of both isoforms correlated significantly with expression of the estrogen receptor (ER). Furthermore, expression of PR-B was found to correlate significantly with the absence of ErbB2/neu. For the AP-1 factors, Fra-1 expression showed an inverse correlation with PR-B expression. In contrast, expression of FosB correlated significantly with expression of both isoforms, and the association was stronger with PR-B expression. An analysis of the ratio of expression of the two isoforms showed that most of the tumors expressed PR-A levels which were equal or higher than the corresponding PR-B expression levels (together 94% of the analyzed tumors) indicating that, in mammary carcinomas, a predominance of the PR-A isoform over the PR-B isoform seems to be the case. While there was no statistically significant correlation with age, staging and histological type, expression of both isoforms correlated with a more differentiated phenotype (G1/G2 grading). However, this association was stronger for PR-B. Also, a PR-A ≤ PR-B expression level was associated with G1/G2 grading, while a PR-A > PR-B expression level showed an association with a more undifferentiated phenotype (G3 grading). The expression level of the two PR isoforms might prove to be of prognostic and/or predictive value, especially since the two isoforms have been shown to be functionally different and to modulate the response of tumor cells to progestins and antiprogestins differently.
Antigenic drift in influenza virus H3 hemagglutinin from 1968 to 1980: multiple evolutionary pathways and sequential amino acid changes at key antigenic sites (1983)

Surveys of the antigenic properties of a wide range of variants of the H3N2 (Hong Kong) influenza virus subtype have revealed complex patterns of variants cocirculating during each of the main epidemic eras of the subtype. We determined hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences for 14 isolates chosen to give the wildest possible spread of variant types. The addition of these data to existing HA gene sequence information for other variants provides a comprehensive picture of HA gene evolution during antigenic drift among H3N2 subtype viruses. The data reveal the existence of multiple evolutionary pathways during at least one period of development of the subtype and strikingly demonstrate that amino acid changes are limited to a small number of locations on the HA molecule during antigenic drift. The occurrence of sequential amino acid changes at key positions within these variable regions suggests that the HA structure has remained constant during subtype evolution so that only limited possibilities remain for further antigenic drift among H3N2 viruses.