gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE TREATMENT OF GLASSHOUSE SOILS WITH CHLOROPICRIN FOR THE CONTROL OF <i>HETERODERA MARIONI</i> (CORNU) GOODEY, AND OTHER SOIL PATHOGENS (1937)

Chloropicrin in 1 cc. doses is lethal to bulb nematodes at six inches from the point of injection or within a soil volume of one cubic foot. It is also lethal to fungi. The vegetative stages are destroyed at 1:195,000, and certain sclerotia at 1:90,000.The injection of chloropicrin into greenhouse soils lowered the incidence and pathogenicity of a root-knot infection on both a summer and winter crop of tomatoes and greatly increased the yields of fruit. The chloropicrin costs $1.65 per pound or $8.50 to treat 2000 sq. ft. of soil.
Atrial fibrillatory cycle length: computer simulation and potential clinical importance (2007)

Atrial fibrillatory cycle length is inversely associated with the number of sources participating in AF maintenance observed in the computer model. In addition, AFCL is an important predictor of baseline duration of the arrhythmia, type of AF, and ease of catheter ablation therapy to terminate AF.
Future directions in packet radio architectures and protocols (1987)

The technology of packet switching over multihop, multiple-access channels has evolved to the point at which its protocols can now support internetwork operation of medium-size networks whose nodes possess some degree of mobility. As regards the needs and challenges of the future operating environment, it is clear that these can be met only by enhancing the packet radio architecture and its protocols. We discuss several enhancements that allow the organization of large, dynamic networks that can operate over multiple channels, adapt to varying conditions, and possess self-monitoring and self-control capabilities. As these areas are examined, the attendant issues and tradeoffs are discussed; in addition, some protocols and information regarding their performance are presented.
Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Vaccine Elicits Antibodies Targeting Multiple Epitopes on the Envelope Glycoproteins Associated with Broad Cross-Neutralization (2014)

An effective prophylactic vaccine for HCV is needed for optimal control of the disease burden. The high diversity of HCV has posed a challenge for developing vaccines that elicit neutralizing antibodies for protection against infection. Despite this, we have previously shown that a vaccine comprising recombinant envelope glycoproteins derived from a single genotype 1a strain was capable of eliciting a cross-neutralizing antibody response in human volunteers. Here, we have used competition binding assays and peptide binding assays to show that antibodies present in the antisera from vaccinated goats and humans bind epitopes overlapping with those of a variety of well-characterized cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. This provides a mechanism for the cross-neutralizing human antisera: antibodies present in the antisera bind to conserved regions associated with cross-neutralization. Importantly, this work provides further support for a vaccine comprising recombinant envelope glycoproteins, perhaps in a formulation with a vaccine component eliciting strong anti-HCV CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses.
Corrosion and corrosion control. Third edition (1985)

Using a quantitative approach (including basic equations, explained and derived, and illustrative problems), this volume discusses the basic thermodynamic and electrochemical principles that cause corrosion and treats practical corrosion problems and methods of protection and prevention. A new chapter covers cobalt and its alloys, and expanded discussions focus on electrochemical polarization, cracking, fatigue and steel reinforcements in concrete. Selected Contents: Definition and Importance; Passivity; Atmospheric Corrosion of Iron and Other Metals; Oxidation and Tarnish; Metallic Coatings; Inorganic Coatings; Inhibitors and Passivators; Treatment of Water and Steam Systems; Alloying for Corrosion Resistance; Stainless Steels; Aluminum and Magnesium; Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys; Silicon-Iron-and Silicon-Nickel Alloys; Problems
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Mechanism Based Inhibitors: Common Sub-Structures and Reactivity (2005)

The inhibition of human cytochrome P450s (CYPs) is one of the most common mechanisms which can lead to drug-drug interactions. The inhibition of CYPs can be reversible (competitive or non-competitive) or irreversible. Irreversible inhibition usually derives from activation of a drug by CYPs into a reactive metabolite, which tightly binds to the enzyme active site, leading to a long lasting inactivation. This process is called "mechanism based inhibition" or "suicide inhibition". The irreversible inactivation usually implies the formation of a covalent bond between the metabolite and the enzyme, which can lead to hapten formation and can in some cases trigger an autoimmune-response. For these reasons it is of utmost importance to study the mechanism of the CYP inhibition of new potential drugs as early as possible during the drug discovery process. The literature on CYPs is vast and covers numerous aspects of their biology and biochemistry, however to our knowledge there is no general and systematic review focusing on mechanism-based inhibitors; we have reviewed the literature and compiled all the available data on chemical entities, which are known to be CYP suicide inhibitors. Each compound is reported together with its chemical structure, the CYP isoform and the parameters describing the inactivation. Literature references are reported together with their PMID (PubMed ID number) to allow a fast retrieval of the papers. This review offers a quick reference to help predict liabilities of new chemical entities without carrying out extensive in vitro work, and will hopefully help in designing safer drugs.
Interfacing Silicon Nanowires with Mammalian Cells (2007)

We present the first demonstration of a direct interface of silicon nanowires with mammalian cells such as mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells and human embryonic kidney (HEK 293T) cells without any external force. The cells were cultured on a silicon (Si) substrate with a vertically aligned SiNW array on it. The penetration of the SiNW array into individual cells naturally occurred during the incubation. The cells survived up to several days on the nanowire substrates. The longevity of the cells was highly dependent on the diameter of SiNWs. Furthermore, successful maintenance of cardiac myocytes derived from mES cells on the wire array substrates was observed, and gene delivery using the SiNW array was demonstrated. Our results suggest that the nanowires can be potentially utilized as a powerful tool for studying intra- and intercellular biological processes.
3-D wafer scale architectures for neural network computing (1993)

We introduce a class of massively parallel computer architectures which can be configured to efficiently handle a variety of neural network models. The underlying technology is three-dimensional wafer scale integration (3-D WSI), which provides an ideal medium to construct powerful, compact, and low power hardware tailored for neural network processing. A second generation prototype computer consisting of a 128*128 array of processors formed by stacking 8 CMOS wafers is nearing completion. The performance of this prototype is compared with enhanced architectures configured with special wafer types to accelerate neural network operations. The design of these specialized resources emphasizes the synergy between neural processing functions and the 3-D WSI architecture and packaging. Detailed microcode emulations are used to assess the impact of different algorithm/architecture modifications. Neural networks for cooperative vision integration and multilayer backpropagation are mapped onto various 3-D wafer stacks. Estimated performance for the vision integration network is 2.4 billion connections per second. For the backprop network training algorithm, the performance ranges from 1.1 billion connection updates per second (GCUPS) for a near-term 128*128 prototype up to 53.4 GCUPS for a future 512*512 machine with more extensive neural processing hardware enhancements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Studies on the Attraction of Aedes Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to Man (1977)

A simple olfactometer was constructed for studying physical and chemical factors attracting Aedes aegypti (L.) man. A stream of 1% CO2 in air activated and attracted the mosquitoes. It was more attractive at 60% relative humidity (rh) than at the other rh tested (26%, 42%, 76% and 90%). Mosquitoes were deterred from high rh (76% and 90%), but thirsty mosquitoes were attracted to high rh (76%). Mosquitoes were attracted to convection heat (34°C) if the air was humid (40% rh) and to a warm air stream if the air was humid (60% rh), but not if the air was dry. The attraction of mosquitoes to lactic acid was confirmed. When passed over a human forearm, a 1% CO2 stream was more attractive than a stream of air, though both attracted mosquitoes. One percent CO2 at 34°C and 60% rh was as attractive as 1% CO2 passing over the forearm. A 5% stream of CO2 passed over glass beads upon which emanation of the forearm had been trapped attracted mosquitoes from 1–5 min., depending on how much emanation had been trapped. The causes for discrepancy in the results of various investigators on the responses of mosquitoes to CO2 and humidity are discussed.
Modulation of Estrogen Signaling by the Novel Interaction of Heat Shock Protein 27, a Biomarker for Atherosclerosis, and Estrogen Receptor β (2005)

HSP27, an ERbeta-associated protein, shows attenuated expression with coronary atherosclerosis and modulates estrogen signaling.
Identification of the C1q-binding Sites of Human C1r and C1s (2009)

The C1 complex of complement is assembled from a recognition protein C1q and C1s-C1r-C1r-C1s, a Ca(2+)-dependent tetramer of two modular proteases C1r and C1s. Resolution of the x-ray structure of the N-terminal CUB(1)-epidermal growth factor (EGF) C1s segment has led to a model of the C1q/C1s-C1r-C1r-C1s interaction where the C1q collagen stem binds at the C1r/C1s interface through ionic bonds involving acidic residues contributed by the C1r EGF module (Gregory, L. A., Thielens, N. M., Arlaud, G. J., Fontecilla-Camps, J. C., and Gaboriaud, C. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 32157-32164). To identify the C1q-binding sites of C1s-C1r-C1r-C1s, a series of C1r and C1s mutants was expressed, and the C1q binding ability of the resulting tetramer variants was assessed by surface plasmon resonance. Mutations targeting the Glu(137)-Glu-Asp(139) stretch in the C1r EGF module had no effect on C1 assembly, ruling out our previous interaction model. Additional mutations targeting residues expected to participate in the Ca(2+)-binding sites of the C1r and C1s CUB modules provided evidence for high affinity C1q-binding sites contributed by the C1r CUB(1) and CUB(2) modules and lower affinity sites contributed by C1s CUB(1). All of the sites implicate acidic residues also contributing Ca(2+) ligands. C1s-C1r-C1r-C1s thus contributes six C1q-binding sites, one per C1q stem. Based on the location of these sites and available structural information, we propose a refined model of C1 assembly where the CUB(1)-EGF-CUB(2) interaction domains of C1r and C1s are entirely clustered inside C1q and interact through six binding sites with reactive lysines of the C1q stems. This mechanism is similar to that demonstrated for mannan-binding lectin (MBL)-MBL-associated serine protease and ficolin-MBL-associated serine protease complexes.
In vitro analysis of a primary, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to avian leukosis virus (ALV), using target cells expressing MHC class I cDNA inserted into a recombinant ALV vector (1995)

The interaction between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is an important component of the host's resistance to viral infections and tumor formation. In this study, an avian leukosis virus (ALV) vector system, RCASBP, expressing MHC chicken class I (B-F) cDNA was used to develop target cells expressing the chicken class I glycoproteins complexed with ALV antigens on the cell surface. Peripheral blood from chickens inoculated with ALV was shown to contain antigen-specific, MHC-restricted, CD8+ effector CTLs, using a 51Cr release assay utilizing the RCASBP B-F target cells. The stimulated effector cells were also predominantly alpha beta T-cell receptor-positive (TCR2) T cells. The CTL response varied between two haplotypes of chickens which differed in their response to Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-induced tumors. Chickens with the B21 haplotype which regress RSV-induced tumors showed maximal cytolytic activity, while chickens with the B13 haplotype which do not regress RSV-induced tumors had minimal to no cytolytic activity. In addition to assessing the CTL response to ALV, the creation of MHC-specific immortal target cell lines will be extremely useful in evaluating CTL responses to other viral disease in chickens.
Special Organism Isolation: Attempting to Bridge the Gap (1994)

There have been many changes in infection control in the 10 years since the last publication of isolation guidelines for hospitals by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hospitals since have used the 1988 CDC Update on Universal Precautions as a minimum because it is required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Even before these changes, Lynch and Jackson described the concept of body substance isolation, which is intended primarily to decrease cross-transmission between patients. Many hospitals' universal precautions policies also incorporate the concept of body substance isolation to prevent the transmission of non-bloodborne as well as bloodborne pathogens. The 1988 CDC update states that the use of universal precautions does not eliminate the need for other category- or disease-specific isolation, or an institution's own system of isolation precautions.West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Connecticut and the University Health System and Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital in San Antonio, Texas, have adopted a universal precautions/body substance isolation (UP/BSI) policy as a standard for all patients in an attempt to lessen the confusion. All three hospitals are large, university-affiliated, tertiary care teaching institutions. Blood and all body fluids or tissue from all patients are considered potentially infectious and barrier precautions are used accordingly. Body substance isolation has been shown to decrease the transmission of some non-blood-borne pathogens.
Inferring the Conformation of RNA Base Pairs and Triples from Patterns of Sequence Variation (1997)

The success of comparative analysis in resolving RNA secondary structure and numerous tertiary interactions relies on the presence of base covariations. Although the majority of base covariations in aligned sequences is associated to Watson-Crick base pairs, many involve non-canonical or restricted base pair exchanges (e.g. only G:C/A:U), reflecting more specific structural constraints. We have developed a computer program that determines potential base pairing conformations for a given set of paired nucleotides in a sequence alignment. This program (ISOPAIR) assumes that the base pair conformation is maintained through sequence variation without significantly affecting the path of the sugar-phosphate backbone. ISOPAIR identifies such 'isomorphic' structures for any set of input base pair or base triple sequences. The program was applied to base pairs and triples with known structures and sequence exchanges. In several instances, isomorphic structures were correctly identified with ISOPAIR. Thus, ISOPAIR is useful when assessing non-canonical base pair conformations in comparative analysis. ISOPAIR applications are limited to those cases where unusual base pair exchanges indeed reflect a non-canonical conformation.
Laboratory Design and Field Implementation of Microbial Profile Modification Process (2000)

Summary A microbial profile modification (MPM) process consisting of sequential injection of spores and nutrient was designed and tested for the first time in a carbonate reservoir. An 80-acre, inverted five-spot pattern located in Eunice Monument South Unit in Lea County, New Mexico, was chosen for the field trial. Injection profiles taken before and after the microbial treatment showed that the thief zones were plugged by the biofilm resulting in fluid diversion. Injection profiles also indicated that the biofilm which formed in the reservoir remained stable for more than 8 months. The results of the field trial proved the viability of the MPM technology.
The use of two-cistron constructions in improving the expression of a heterologous gene in<i>E.coli</i> (1990)

Many heterologous genes when cloned into bacterial expression vectors are poorly expressed because of an inefficient ribosome binding site (RBS). We have constructed a plasmid which expresses human gamma-interferon (gamma-IF), where the level of expression is limited by the RBS. Expression was increased by placing the gamma-IF sequence immediately downstream of a small translated sequence. The production of gamma-IF was dependent upon the efficiency of translation of this upstream cistron and could be increased to very high levels. The same upstream cistron would greatly improve the expression of gamma-IF in a plasmid where the RBS was very poor due to inhibitory secondary structure at the 5' end of its mRNA. However, it would not improve the efficiency of a poor RBS containing a weak Shine-Dalgarno sequence. The general utility of the two-cistron expression strategy to diagnose a weak RBS is discussed.
Simple syntheses and alkylation reactions of 3-iodo-o-carborane and 9,12-diiodo-o-carborane (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSimple syntheses and alkylation reactions of 3-iodo-o-carborane and 9,12-diiodo-o-carboraneJi Li, Cameron F. Logan, and Maitland Jones Jr.Cite this: Inorg. Chem. 1991, 30, 25, 4866–4868Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00025a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00025a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1015Altmetric-Citations109LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
E‐selectin binding by pancreatic tumor cells is inhibited by cancer sera (1994)

Tumor cells interact with endothelial cells during both intra- and extravasation. Understanding how these interactions are modulated could lead to the development of ways to alter the metastatic potential of tumor cells. Three pancreatic cancer cell lines, SW1990, CAPAN-2 and PANC-I, were examined for their ability to bind to the endothelial cell adhesion molecule E-selectin (ELAM-1). SW1990 cells exhibited highest binding, highest surface expression of the carbohydrate antigens sialylated Lewis(a) (sLe(a)) and sialylated Lewis(x) (sLe(x)) and released the most high m.w. sLe(a) and sLe(x) antigens. Expression of sLe(a) and sLe(x) antigens and binding to E-selectin were reduced by pre-treatment of SW1990 cells with the O-linked glycosylation inhibitor benzyl-alpha-GalNAc but not with the N-linked glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin. Expression of peptide epitopes associated with MUC1 apomucins was increased by benzyl-alpha-GalNAc. Cell binding was greatly reduced by mucins purified from SW1990 xenografts and by an antibody against sLe(a). An antibody against sLe(x) had a much less marked effect. Sera from pancreatic cancer patients reduced SW1990 cell binding to E-selectin but sera from normals did not. The degree of inhibition was related to the sLe(x) level in the sample. When cancer serum was separated by column chromatography on Sephacryl S-400, the void volume fractions contained most of the sLe(a) and sLe(x) antigens and most of the inhibitory activity to E-selectin binding. Differences in the relative availability of sLe(a) and sLe(x) ligands on serum molecules and on the SW1990 cell surface may account for the differences between antibody and serum inhibition results. Thus SW1990 cell adhesion to E-selectin is mediated by ligands on mucinous glycoproteins, and adhesion can be inhibited by mucins, high blood levels of sLe(x) and reduction of cellular O-linked glycosylation.
COMPARABILITY OF TOEFL CBT WRITING PROMPTS: RESPONSE MODE ANALYSES (2004)

ABSTRACT Eighty‐three Test of English as a Foreign Language™ (TOEFL®) CBT writing prompts that were administered between July 1998 and August 2000 were examined in order to identify differences in scores that could be attributed to the response mode chosen by examinees (handwritten or word processed). Differences were examined statistically using polytomous logistic regression. An English language ability (ELA) variable was developed from the multiple‐choice components of the TOEFL examination and used as a matching variable. Although there was little observed difference in mean writing scores, when examinees were matched on English language ability, small differences were observed in effect sizes consistently favoring the handwritten response mode. The difference favoring the handwritten response mode occurred for all of the writing prompts analyzed; however, the differences for individual writing prompts were small. This difference suggests a general effect for response mode.
Recent Advances in Pestivirus Research (1989)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.