gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Localization of Fas/CD95 into the Lipid Rafts on Down-Modulation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling Pathway (2008)

Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is known to protect tumor cells from apoptosis and more specifically from the Fas-mediated apoptotic signal. The antitumoral agent edelfosine sensitizes leukemic cells to death by inducing the redistribution of the apoptotic receptor Fas into plasma membrane subdomains called lipid rafts. Herein, we show that inhibition of the PI3K signal by edelfosine triggers a Fas-mediated apoptotic signal independently of the Fas/FasL interaction. Furthermore, similarly to edelfosine, blockade of the PI3K activity, using specific inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin, leads to the clustering of Fas whose supramolecular complex is colocalized within the lipid rafts. These findings indicate that the antitumoral agent edelfosine down-modulates the PI3K signal to sensitize tumor cells to death through the redistribution of Fas into large platform of membrane rafts.
Treatment of rat hemiparkinson model with xenogeneic neural transplantation: Tolerance induction by anti‐T‐cell antibodies (1997)

To obtain basic knowledge for the application of xenogeneic neural transplantation to patients with Parkinson's disease, the rejection process of xenogeneic neural grafts in rats was examined and a therapy to control it was developed. Tissues including the ventral mesencephalon were taken from mouse embryos and transplanted into the right lateral ventricle of mature male rats. Transplanted xenografts were usually rejected by day 15. To prevent the graft rejection, host rats were treated with anti-T-cell receptor αβ (anti-TCRαβ) or anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or by a combination of the two. Anti-TCRαβ (1 mg/kg) and anti-CD2 (7 mg/kg) mAb were administered for 3 consecutive days (day -2, -1, and 0 of transplantation). Although the administration of mAb against either CD2 or TCRαβ did not induce tolerance, the combination therapy with anti-CD2 and anti-TCR αβ mAb produced graft survival for more than 100 days. The tolerance induced by this combined antibody therapy is antigen specific because rats with long-term surviving neural xenograft accepted a second neural graft from the same donor strain C3H/He mouse, but not from a third-party strain BALB/c mouse, without additional treatment. In addition, T cells isolated from these rats did not respond to cultured C3H/He brain cells, but did respond vigorously to BALB/c brain cells in mixed lymphocyte reaction. More importantly, the finding that xenograft transplantation with the proper treatment reduced the rotation rate of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats confirmed that surviving grafts functioned properly. The results of the present study suggest that xenogeneic neural transplantation in combination with T-cell-targeted immunotherapy is an effective approach for treatment of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 48:385–396, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An emerging molecular map of the phytochromes (1997)

ABSTRACT Molecular mapping studies and sequence comparisons are providing provocative new insights into regions of the phytochrome polypeptide important to the functional activities of the photoreceptor. The NH 2 ‐terminal structural domain contains the determinants for photoperception, and for the differences in photosensory specificity and photolability between phyA and phyB. However, a contiguous COOH‐terminal domain is also required for the transfer of perceived informational signals downstream to transduction pathway components and for PfrA‐specific degradation to proceed. The COOH‐terminal domains of phyA and phyB are functionally interchangeable in these processes and a core sequence at the proximal end of this domain contains determinants necessary for signal transfer from both phyA and phyB, suggesting a common biochemical mechanism of signal transfer for the two photoreceptors. Striking sequence similarity between the NH 2 ‐terminal domain of a Synechocystis protein, ORF SLR0473, and the phytochromes indicates that the cyanobacteria contain phytochrome‐related photoreceptors. The COOH‐terminal domains of ORF SLR0473 and the phytochromes are also related to one another and both show sequence similarities to the sensor histidine kinases. These data raise the possibility that the cyanobacteria have a functional photoregulated histidine kinase signalling system and that the plant phytochromes represent remnants of that system.
An Adaptive Pre-Distortion Technique to Mitigate the DTC Nonlinearity in Digital PLLs (2014)

Digital fractional-N phase-locked loops (PLLs) are an attractive alternative to analog PLLs in the design of frequency synthesizers for wireless applications. However, the main obstacle to their full acceptance in the wireless-systems arena is their higher content of output spurious tones, whose level is ultimately set by the nonlinearity of the time-to-digital converter (TDC). The known methods to improve the linearity of the TDC either increase its dissipation and phase noise or require slow foreground calibrations. By contrast, the class of digital PLLs based on a one-bit TDC driven by a multibit digital-to-time converter (DTC) substantially reduces power dissipation and eliminates the TDC nonlinearity issues. Although its spur performance depends on DTC linearity, the modified architecture enables the application of a background adaptive pre-distortion which does not compromise the PLL phase-noise level and power consumption and is much faster than other calibration techniques. This paper presents a 3.6-GHz digital PLL in 65-nm CMOS, with in-band fractional spurs dropping from -39 to -52 dBc when the pre-distortion is enabled, in-band phase noise of -103 dBc/Hz and power consumption of 4.2 mW.
Large DNA fragment sizing by flow cytometry: application to the characterization of P1 artificial chromosome (PAC) clones (1996)

A flow cytometry-based, ultrasensitive fluorescence detection technique is used to size individual DNA fragments up to 167 kb in length. Application of this technology to the sizing of P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs) in both linear and supercoiled forms is described. It is demonstrated that this method is well suited to characterizing PAC/BAC clones and will be very useful for the analysis of large insert libraries. Fluorescence bursts are recorded as individual, dye stained DNA fragments pass through a low power, focused, continuous laser beam. The magnitudes of the fluorescence bursts are linearly proportional to the lengths of the DNA fragments. The histograms of the burst sizes are generated in <3 min with <1 pg of DNA. Results on linear fragments are consistent with those obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In comparison with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, sizing of large DNA fragments by this approach is more accurate, much faster, requires much less DNA, and is independent of the DNA conformation.
Macroconidium Formation in Submerged Cultures by a Nonsporulating Strain of Gibberella Zeae (1965)

SUMMARYThe typical New Jersey corn stalk-rotting strain of G. zeae does not sporulate in laboratory surface culture. This organism produced, in a normal manner, abundant, typical macrospores only in shake culture on a medium consisting of simple-salts, yeast extract, and carboxymethylcellulose. Under these conditions aeration by shaking and carboxymethylcellulose was necessary for spore production. The nutritional condition of the inoculum influenced the extent of sporulation. Exclusion of KH2PO4 from the sporulation medium significantly reduced sporulation. Sporulation of G. zeae was poor in shake cultures of PD, V-8, Czapeks and Parks media.
Transfection and DNA-Mediated Gene Transfer (2011)

The advent of recent technologies such as gene expression microarrays and high-throughput sequencing methods has allowed for unveiling the molecular complexity of cancer. However, compared to the genomic discovery stage, the functional characterization of genes that have been found altered (by somatic mutations, rearrangements, or copy number variations) or differentially regulated at the expression level is still lagging behind. In the future, it is anticipated that efforts would be aimed at addressing the impact of such genes on several cancer traits, including tumor formation, dissemination, and response to therapies. These studies would likely have to rely on introducing the gene(s) of interest (in its -wild-type or altered version) in cellular models. We describe here a number of techniques to introduce nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells, ranging from conventional plasmid transfection to lentiviral -transduction and adeno-associated viral (AAV)-mediated DNA transfer.
C3d fragment of complement interacts with laminin and binds to basement membranes of glomerulus and trophoblast. (1986)

Two mouse monoclonal antibodies generated against human placental homogenate were found to react specifically with human complement component C3. In immunofluorescence of human tissues, these antibodies gave a bright linear staining outlining the glomerular basement membrane of the adult kidney and the trophoblast basement membrane of placenta. An identical staining pattern was observed with a rabbit C3d antiserum which also prevented binding of the monoclonal antibodies to tissue sections. Only negligible basement membrane staining was observed in the same tissues with antisera to human C3c, C5, IgG, IgA, or IgM. When interactions of C3 with basement membrane proteins were tested in enzyme immunoassays and column chromatography, C3(H2O) was found to bind efficiently to solid-phase laminin. Native C3 from fresh plasma did not bind to laminin but C3 from plasma treated with methylamine bound efficiently. When C3 was cleaved with trypsin, C3b and C3d but not C3c bound to laminin-Sepharose. The interaction of C3 and laminin was inhibited by soluble laminin and by high ionic strength. The results indicate that C3d, a biologically active breakdown product of C3, can be found in glomerular and placental basement membranes in the absence of signs for ongoing local complement activation or immune complex deposition. It is possible that binding affinities between C3 and basement membrane molecules, especially laminin, are involved in the retention of C3d at these sites. Such interactions between C3 and components of the glomerular basement membrane could play important roles in complement-related pathological processes of the glomerulus.
Determination of trace amounts of phosphate in water after preconcentration using a thermally reversible polymer (1993)

A method for concentrating and determining phosphate in natural waters, using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm); a thermally reversible polymer, is described. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) is soluble in water below 31 degrees C but shrinks abruptly on heating above 31 degrees C, becoming insoluble. With phase separation of PNIPAAm from aqueous solution at 45 degrees C, a molybdophosphate-Malachite Green aggregate (P-Mo-MG), formed by reaction of a Mo-MG reagent, obtained by mixing ammonium molybdate and Malachite Green, was incorporated in PNIPAAm and the resulting solid stuck to the walls of the reaction vessel. After discarding the supernatant solution by decantation, the P-Mo-MG aggregate was dissolved in a small volume of methylcellosolve together with PNIPAAm. The absorbance (lambda max = 627 nm) was proportional to the concentration of phosphate with an apparent molar absorptivity of 2.6 x 10(4) m2 mol-1. This method makes possible the rapid determination of trace amounts of phosphate in water using simple apparatus. The detection limit was 2 nmol dm-3 of phosphate. The method was successfully applied to the determination of phosphate in natural water samples such as tap water, mineral water and rain water.
Design and implementation of Taxi advertisement system (2014)

Nowadays advertising is widely used to promote various products. Counting-based advertising system is a promising solution for operators to enhance system resource utilization with potential profit, which is the focus of this paper. On the system, each advertisement order comprises the display length, the contract period, and the expected play count. The objective is to fulfill the expected play count within the contract period for each advertisement. However, operators face the challenge of deciding whether they should admit new orders or not without the knowledge of total amount of available time. Therefore, we propose an efficient method based on support vector machine (SVM) to predict the available time of the system in the future. In addition, a scheduling mechanism is established in consideration of fairness among advertisements. We then conduct a series of simulations by using the real data provided by Taiwan Taxi Company to evaluate the performance of our proposed advertising system. The experiment results show that our proposed scheme can highly satisfy the needs for accepted advertisements in both prediction and scheduling phases.
&lt;title&gt;Digital tester-based measurement methodology for process control in multilevel metallization systems&lt;/title&gt; (1995)

The control of metallization layers' integrity gain more importance increasing the total number of metallization layers. Therefore, an electrical measurement procedure has to separate defectless test structure elements from faulty test structure elements. To decrease the number of test procedures and test equipment, this binary decision will be made parallel to the functional test of product chips using the same digital test system to measure test structure elements too. In addition, the geometrical arrangement of the test structure layout elements will also be transformed to binary description. As a result of this, novel algorithms will now enable the direct comparison of both binary data sets to extract test structure faults like opens and shorts as well as process specific defect parameters.
Universal protocol for grafting PCR primers onto various lab-on-a-chip substrates for solid-phase PCR (2012)

A universal protocol for grafting PCR primers onto glass, PDMS, COP, COC, and PP is developed and evaluated by solid-phase PCR (SP-PCR). Primers are immobilized in a PCR compatible way featuring spots with high homogeneity and integrity. Furthermore, we show a protocol for binding a PCR product to immobilized PCR primers via solid-phase PCR (SP-PCR). Previously reported “enhanced SP-PCR” (Z. Kahn et al. Anal. Biochem., 2008, 375, 391–393) is improved in terms of factorial signal increase from 9.9 to 86.8 and specificity from 11.7 to 45.9. The presented immobilization- and SP-PCR protocols may enable integration of DNA microarrays directly into microfluidic lab-on-a-chip cartridges of various materials for analysis via SP-PCR. Beside planar microarrays, another interesting application could be to coat the inner surfaces of a chip with PCR primers to recover generated PCR products in digital PCR systems.
Novel Suppressive Function of Transitional 2 B Cells in Experimental Arthritis (2007)

The immune system contains natural regulatory cells important in the maintenance of tolerance. Although this suppressive function is usually attributed to CD4 regulatory T cells, recent reports have revealed an immunoregulatory role for IL-10-producing B cells in the context of several autoimmune diseases including collagen-induced arthritis. In the present study, we attribute this suppressive function to a B cell subset expressing high levels of CD21, CD23, and IgM, previously identified as transitional 2-marginal zone precursor (T2-MZP) B cells. T2-MZP B cells are present in the spleens of naive mice and increase during the remission phase of arthritis. Following adoptive transfer to immunized DBA/1 mice, T2-MZP B cells significantly prevented new disease and ameliorated established disease. The suppressive effect on arthritis was paralleled by an inhibition of Ag-specific T cell activation and a reduction in cells exhibiting Th1-type functional responses. We also provide evidence that this regulatory subset mediates its suppression through the secretion of suppressive cytokines and not by cell-to-cell contact. The ability to regulate an established immune response by T2-MZP B cells endows this subset of B cells with a striking and previously unrecognized immunoregulatory potential.
Anesthesia and Muscle Relaxation with Intrathecal Injections of AR636 and AG489, Two Acylpolyamine Spider Toxins, in Rat (1992)

Acylpolyamine toxins are constituents isolated from many invertebrate predator venoms. These toxins are structurally novel and potent noncompetitive ligand-mediated ion channel antagonists. This study was designed to explore the sensory and motor effects of intrathecally applied acylpolyamine toxin. AR636 and AG489, acylpolyamine toxins from the spiders Argiope aurantia and Agelenopsis aperta, respectively, were injected intrathecally into rats prepared with chronic spinal catheters, and the effect on spinal function was assessed. AR636 was found to evoke a dose-dependent incidence of muscle flaccidity as well as a blockade of the agitation otherwise evoked by noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli applied to the tail or hind paws. AR636 has a calculated effective concentration (EC50) of 2 micrograms for motor inhibition and 7 micrograms for sensory inhibition. In contrast, AG489 was not found to have any effects at the highest tested dose of 50 micrograms. The precise mechanism whereby AR636 exerts its action in the rat spinal cord is not known, but in insect models, this agent is known to act as a postsynaptic, noncompetitive antagonist at a glutamate receptor and to block cholinergic-gated ion channels. Thus, this agent, a representative of the acylpolyamine toxins, has prominent effects on the sensory and motor systems of mammals, and this class of agents may be found to have potential application as spinally acting muscle relaxants and/or anesthetics.
Mode deformation due to self-focusing in injection lasers and its connection with nonlinearity of the output characteristic (1978)

The effect of the pump current on the mode configuration of an injection laser with an external selective resonator was studied. It was found that in a single-mode regime, controlled by the external resonator, a number of regularly spaced filamentary channels appear as the pump current is increased. Interference effects give rise to side lobes in the far-field radiation-pattern polar diagram, which are interpreted as being due to self-focusing of the radiation in the active medium, arising from the relationship of the refractive index of the inverted semiconductor with the electron density and the electromagnetic field intensity. The appearance of channels is accompanied by a kink in the energy characteristic of the laser.
The N Terminus of Bacterial Elongation Factor Tu Elicits Innate Immunity in Arabidopsis Plants (2004)

Innate immunity is based on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here, we show that elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), the most abundant bacterial protein, acts as a PAMP in Arabidopsis thaliana and other Brassicaceae. EF-Tu is highly conserved in all bacteria and is known to be N-acetylated in Escherichia coli. Arabidopsis plants specifically recognize the N terminus of the protein, and an N-acetylated peptide comprising the first 18 amino acids, termed elf18, is fully active as inducer of defense responses. The shorter peptide, elf12, comprising the acetyl group and the first 12 N-terminal amino acids, is inactive as elicitor but acts as a specific antagonist for EF-Tu-related elicitors. In leaves of Arabidopsis plants, elf18 induces an oxidative burst and biosynthesis of ethylene, and it triggers resistance to subsequent infection with pathogenic bacteria.
Acoustic focusing device with an interdigital transducer (1977)

We have devised a new type of simple acoustic focusing device with an interdigital transducer in which all radiation from each section of the transducer constructively interferes at a focal point in water. The position of the focal point of the device is variable by changing the carrier frequency of an electrical signal applied to the transducer. The device is applicable to the acoustic imaging in both transmitting and reflecting modes. This paper reports basic design considerations for the transducer and discusses operational performance.
The Kidney Androgen-regulated Protein Promoter Confers Renal Proximal Tubule Cell-specific and Highly Androgen-responsive Expression on the Human Angiotensinogen Gene in Transgenic Mice (1997)

Transgenic mice were generated containing a 1542-base pair fragment of the kidney androgen-regulated protein (KAP) promoter fused to the human angiotensinogen (HAGT) gene with the goal of specifically targeting inducible expression of renin-angiotensin system components to the kidney. High level expression of both KAP-HAGT and endogenous KAP mRNA was evident in the kidney of male mice from two independent transgenic lines. Renal expression of the transgene in female mice was undetectable under basal conditions but could be strongly induced by administration of testosterone. Testosterone treatment did not cause a transcriptional induction in any other tissues examined. However, an analysis of six androgen target tissues in males revealed that the transgene was expressed in epididymis. No other extra-renal expression of the transgene was detected. In situ hybridization demonstrated that expression of HAGT (and KAP) mRNA in males and testosterone-treated females was restricted to proximal tubule epithelial cells in the renal cortex. Although there was no detectable human angiotensinogen protein in plasma, it was evident in the urine, consistent with a pathway of synthesis in proximal tubule cells and release into the tubular lumen. These results demonstrate that 1542 base pairs of the KAP promoter is sufficient to drive expression of a heterologous reporter gene in a tissue-specific, cell-specific, and androgen-regulated fashion in transgenic mice.
A 16 mW, 120 dB linear switched-capacitor delta-sigma modulator with dynamic biasing (1998)

A high resolution fourth-order ΔΣ ADC is presented. Power reduction techniques have been applied across many aspects of the design. A class-A amplifier was designed with bias currents optimized according to the expected activity in each clock phase. The modulator achieves a 122dB dynamic range over a 400Hz bandwidth, -123dB THD, and 16mW power consumption from a single 5V supply. It is implemented in a 0.6µm double polysilicon CMOS process, and has an active area of 2 mm2.
Neuron-specific enolase is a marker of cerebral ischemia and infarct size in rat cerebrospinal fluid. (1988)

Neuron-specific enolase concentrations were measured in samples of rat cerebrospinal fluid obtained repeatedly before and after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. A method for reliable, repeated sampling of cisternal cerebrospinal fluid was developed for this purpose. Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery induced cerebral infarcts of slightly variable size with good correlation to raised neuron-specific enolase concentrations. Sham operation caused only superficial cortical damage at the site of surgery and was followed by an early, slight, and transient increase in neuron-specific enolase concentration. With our technique, the development of cerebral infarcts can be studied in individual rats under experimentally controlled conditions over an extended period of time. Analysis of neuron-specific enolase can be used in trials of drugs for mitigating the effect of ischemia. Information concerning the release of neuron-specific enolase from ischemic cerebral tissue to the cerebrospinal fluid is important because neuron-specific enolase in the cerebrospinal fluid can be determined in patients suffering from cerebrovascular insult.
Eosinophils and Asthma (1991)

To the Editor: Bousquet et al. (Oct. 11 issue)1 and others2 2345 report that there is a general association between numbers of eosinophils and the severity of asthma. Unfortunately, the controls for their bronchial-biopsy data1 may not have been appropriate, since material obtained post mortem canno