gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correlation between Local Glaucomatous Visual Field Defects and Loss of Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Measured with Polarimetry and Spectral Domain OCT (2009)

purpose. To study the correlation between local perimetric field defects and glaucoma-induced thickness reduction of the nerve layer measured in the peripapillary area with scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SOCT) and to compare the results with those of a theoretical model. methods. The thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer was determined in 32 sectors (11.25° each) by using SLP with variable cornea compensation (GDxVCC; Laser Diagnostics, San Diego, CA) and the newly introduced high-resolution SOCT (Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Eighty-eight healthy subjects served as control subjects, to determine the thickness deviation in patients with glaucoma. The relationship between glaucomatous nerve fiber reduction and visual field losses was calculated in six nerve fiber bundle–related areas. Sixty-four patients at different stages of open-angle glaucoma and 26 patients with ocular hypertension underwent perimetry (Octopus G1; Haag-Streit, Köniz, Switzerland) and measurements with the two morphometric techniques. results. Sector-shaped analyses between local perimetric losses and reduction of the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness showed a significant association for corresponding areas except for the central visual field in SLP. Correlation coefficients were highest in the area of the nasal inferior visual field (SOCT, −0.81; SLP, −0.57). A linear model describes the association between structural and functional damage. conclusions. Localized perimetric defects can be explained by reduced nerve fiber layer thickness. The data indicate that the present SOCT is useful for determining the functional-structural relationship in peripapillary areas and that association between perimetric defects and corresponding nerve fiber losses is stronger for SOCT than for the present SLP. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00494923.)
Akt/Protein Kinase B Is Regulated by Autophosphorylation at the Hypothetical PDK-2 Site (2000)

The function of Akt (protein kinase B) is regulated by phosphorylation on two sites conserved within the AGC kinase family: the activation loop (Thr-308) in the kinase core and a hydrophobic phosphorylation site on the carboxyl terminus (Ser-473). Thr-308 is phosphorylated by the phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, (PDK-1), whereas the mechanism of phosphorylation of the hydrophobic site, tentatively referred to as the PDK-2 site, is unknown. Here we report that phosphorylation of the hydrophobic motif requires catalytically competent Akt. First we show that a kinase-inactive construct of Akt fails to incorporate phosphate at Ser-473 following IGF-1 stimulation in vivo but does incorporate phosphate at Thr-308 and a second carboxyl-terminal site, Thr-450; this ligand triggers the phosphorylation of both sites in wild-type enzyme. Neither does a catalytically inactive construct in which phosphorylation at the activation loop is blocked, T308A, become phosphorylated on the hydrophobic site in response to stimulation. Second, we show that Akt autophosphorylates on the hydrophobic site in vitro: phosphorylation of the activation loop by PDK-1 triggers the phosphorylation of the hydrophobic site in kinase-active, but not thermally inactivated, Akt alpha. Thus, Akt is regulated by autophosphorylation at the Ser-473 hydrophobic site.
What limits the performance of current invasive brain machine interfaces? (2014)

The concept of a brain-machine interface (BMI) or a computer-brain interface is simple: BMI creates a communication pathway for a direct control by brain of an external device. In reality BMIs are very complex devices and only recently the increase in computing power of microprocessors enabled a boom in BMI research that continues almost unabated to this date, the high point being the insertion of electrode arrays into the brains of 5 human patients in a clinical trial run by Cyberkinetics with few other clinical tests still in progress. Meanwhile several EEG-based BMI devices (non-invasive BMIs) were launched commercially. Modern electronics and dry electrode technology made possible to drive the cost of some of these devices below few hundred dollars. However, the initial excitement of the direct control by brain waves of a computer or other equipment is dampened by large efforts required for learning, high error rates and slow response speed. All these problems are directly related to low information transfer rates typical for such EEG-based BMIs. In invasive BMIs employing multiple electrodes inserted into the brain one may expect much higher information transfer rates than in EEG-based BMIs because, in theory, each electrode provides an independent information channel. However, although invasive BMIs require more expensive equipment and have ethical problems related to the need to insert electrodes in the live brain, such financial and ethical costs are often not offset by a dramatic improvement in the information transfer rate. Thus the main topic of this review is why in invasive BMIs an apparently much larger information content obtained with multiple extracellular electrodes does not translate into much higher rates of information transfer? This paper explores possible answers to this question by concluding that more research on what movement parameters are encoded by neurons in motor cortex is needed before we can enjoy the next generation BMIs.
FACILE SYNTHESIS OF BENZYL KETONES BY THE REDUCTIVE COUPLING OF BENZYL BROMIDE AND ACYL CHLORIDES IN THE PRESENCE OF A PALLADIUM CATALYST AND ZINC POWDER (1981)

Abstract Benzyl ketones were obtained in good yields from benzyl bromide and acyl chlorides by the combined use of Zn and a palladium catalyst under mild conditions.
Energy Efficient Production of Hydrogen and Syngas from Biomass:  Development of Low-Temperature Catalytic Process for Cellulose Gasification (2002)

The Rh/CeO2/M (M = SiO2, Al2O3, and ZrO2) type catalysts with various compositions have been prepared and investigated in the gasification of cellulose, a model compound of biomass, in a fluidized bed reactor at 500-700 degrees C. The conventional nickel and dolomite catalysts have also been investigated. Among the catalysts, Rh/CeO2/SiO2 with 35% CeO2 has been found to be the best catalyst with respect to the carbon conversion to gas and product distribution. The steam addition contributed to the complete conversion of cellulose to gas even at 600 degrees C. Lower steam supply gave the syngas and higher steam supply gave the hydrogen as the major product. Hydrogen and syngas from cellulose or cellulosic biomass gasification are environmentally super clean gaseous fuels for power generation. Moreover, the syngas derived liquid fuels such as methanol, dimethyl ether, and synthetic diesels are also super clean transportation fuels. However, the use of cellulose or cellulosic biomass for energy source through the gasification is challenging because of the formation of tar and char during the gasification process. It is interesting that no tar or char was finally formed in the effluent gas at as low as 500-600 degrees C using Rh/CeO2/SiO2(35) catalyst in this process.
Purification and characterization of an extracellular proline iminopeptidase from Corynebacterium variabilis NCDO 2101 (2001)

The findings of this work contribute to the knowledge of the enzymology of smear bacteria in order to improve the ripening of bacterial surface-ripened cheeses.
Protein Expression Profiling of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Using Recombinant Antibody Microarrays (2013)

Proteomics, the large-scale analysis of proteins, is a rapidly evolving field with an increasing number of key clinical applications, such as diagnosis, prognosis, and classification. In order to generate complete protein expression profiles, or protein atlases, any crude sample format must be addressable in a rapid, multiplex, and sensitive manner. A common and clinically central sample format, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue material, holds great potential as a source for disease-associated biomarker signatures. However, despite major efforts, extraction and subsequent profiling of proteins from FFPE tissue has proven to be challenging. In this proof-of-concept study, we have demonstrated for the first time that proteins could be extracted, labeled, and subsequently profiled in a multiplex, sensitive, and reproducible manner using recombinant scFv antibody microarrays. Thus, we have added FFPE samples to the list of sample formats available for high-throughput analysis by affinity proteomics, paving the way for the next generation of biomarker-driven discovery projects.
Miniature erbium:ytterbium fiber Fabry-Perot multiwavelength lasers (1997)

We demonstrate stable simultaneous lasing of up to 29 wavelengths in miniature 1- and 2-mm-long Er/sup 3+/:Yb/sup 3+/ fiber Fabry-Perot lasers. The wavelengths are separated by 0.8 (100 GHz) and 0.4 nm (50 GHz), respectively, corresponding to the free spectral range of the laser cavity. The number of lasing wavelengths and the power stability of the individual modes are greatly enhanced by cooling the laser in liquid nitrogen (77 K). The polarization modes and linewidth of each wavelength are measured with high resolution by heterodyning with a local oscillator. The homogeneous linewidth of the Er/sup 3+/:Yb/sup 3+/ fiber at 77 K is determined to be /spl sim/0.5 nm, from spectral-hole-burning measurements, which accounts for the generation of a stable multiwavelength lasing comb with wavelength separations of 0.4 nm.
Use of mesalazine slow release suppositories 1 g three times per week to maintain remission of ulcerative proctitis: a randomised double blind placebo controlled multicentre study (1998)

Mesalazine suppositories 1 g three times a week are effective for preventing relapses of cryptogenetic proctitis. Increasing the dose to 1 g/day is effective in a high proportion of subjects who relapsed.
Ultrastructural observations of lethal yellow <i>(A</i> <i>y</i> <i>/A</i> <i>y</i> <i>)</i> mouse embryos (1976)

Ay/Ay embroys were identified by the presence of large exluded blastomeres (Pedersen, 1974) and examined cytologically and ultrastructurally. Cell organelles, inclusions and junctions in the excluded blastomeres were compared with those of non-excluded cells of Ay/Ay embryos and control embryos. Excluded blastomeres always had the fine structural characteristics of earlier developmental stages and may have arrested at the 4- to 8-cell stage of slightly later. Interior cells (inner cell mass) were observed in all mutant blastocysts. Non-excluded cells of Ay/Ay embryos were normal until degenerative changes appear in the late blastocyst stage. The mode of action of the +Ay gene was not determined, but evidence from this study and others indicate that the effects of +Ay gene action occur over a wide range of time in early cleavage and implantation.
Respiratory Variations in Pulse Oximetry Plethysmographic Waveform Amplitude to Predict Fluid Responsiveness in the Operating Room (2007)

DeltaPOP can predict fluid responsiveness noninvasively in mechanically ventilated patients during general anesthesia. This index has potential clinical applications.
Affinity Determination of Biotinylated Antibodies by Flow Cytometry (2012)

Affinity determination is a crucial step of an antibody characterization. Here, we describe a method for antibody affinity determination by flow cytometry, relying on the unique affinity of biotin for streptavidin for easy and efficient antibody labeling. Several labeling approaches are described and discussed in this chapter, including chemical and enzymatic (in vivo and in vitro) biotinylation. Finally, a procedure for K (D) determination by flow cytometry is precisely described.
MicroRNA-208a is a regulator of cardiac hypertrophy and conduction in mice (2009)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that have gained status as important regulators of gene expression. Here, we investigated the function and molecular mechanisms of the miR-208 family of miRNAs in adult mouse heart physiology. We found that miR-208a, which is encoded within an intron of alpha-cardiac muscle myosin heavy chain gene (Myh6), was actually a member of a miRNA family that also included miR-208b, which was determined to be encoded within an intron of beta-cardiac muscle myosin heavy chain gene (Myh7). These miRNAs were differentially expressed in the mouse heart, paralleling the expression of their host genes. Transgenic overexpression of miR-208a in the heart was sufficient to induce hypertrophic growth in mice, which resulted in pronounced repression of the miR-208 regulatory targets thyroid hormone-associated protein 1 and myostatin, 2 negative regulators of muscle growth and hypertrophy. Studies of the miR-208a Tg mice indicated that miR-208a expression was sufficient to induce arrhythmias. Furthermore, analysis of mice lacking miR-208a indicated that miR-208a was required for proper cardiac conduction and expression of the cardiac transcription factors homeodomain-only protein and GATA4 and the gap junction protein connexin 40. Together, our studies uncover what we believe are novel miRNA-dependent mechanisms that modulate cardiac hypertrophy and electrical conduction.
A Single-Layer HDR Video Coding Framework with SDR Compatibility (2017)

The migration from high-definition TV to ultrahigh definition (UHD) is already underway. In addition to an increase of picture spatial resolution, UHD potentially provides more color by introducing a wider color gamut, and better contrast by moving from standard dynamic range (SDR) to high dynamic range (HDR). The transition from SDR to HDR will require distribution solutions supporting some level of SDR backward compatibility. This paper presents the HDR content distribution scheme jointly developed by Technicolor and Philips. The solution is based on a single-layer codec design and provides SDR compatibility, thanks to a preprocessing step applied prior to the encoding. The resulting SDR video can be compressed and distributed, then decoded using standard-compliant decoders (e.g., high efficiency video coding Main 10 compliant) and directly rendered on SDR displays. Dynamic metadata of limited size are used to reconstruct the HDR signal from the decoded SDR video, using a post-processing that is the functional inverse of the preprocessing. Both HDR quality and artistic intent are preserved. Pre- and postprocessing are applied independently per picture, do not involve any interpixel dependence, and are codec agnostic.
Effective antigen presentation by dendritic cells is NF-κB dependent: coordinate regulation of MHC, co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines (2001)

Antigen presentation is a key rate-limiting step in the immune response. Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells for naive T cells, due to their high expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules, but little is known about the biochemical pathways that regulate this function. We here demonstrate that monocyte-derived mature DC can be infected with adenovirus at high efficiency (>95%) and that this procedure can be used to dissect out which pathways are essential for inducing DC antigen presentation to naive T cells. Using adenoviral transfer of the endogenous inhibitor of NF-kappaB, IkappaBalpha, we show that DC antigen presentation is NF-kappaB dependent. The mechanism for this is that NF-kappaB is essential for three aspects of antigen-presenting function: blocking NF-kappaB coordinately down-regulates HLA class II, co-stimulatory molecules like CD80, CD86 and CD40, and immuno-stimulatory cytokines like IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In contrast adhesion molecules are up-regulated after infection with the adenovirus transferring IkappaBalpha, indicating that NF-kappaB also regulates the duration of T cell-DC interaction. These results establish NF-kappaB as an effective target for blocking DC antigen presentation and inhibiting T cell-dependent immune responses, and this finding has potential implications for the development of therapeutic agents for use in allergy, autoimmunity and transplantation.
Biosynthesis of fatty acids in the docosahexaenoic acid-producing bacterium <i>Moritella marina</i> strain MP-I (2000)

We have isolated the fatty acid biosynthetic (fab) gene cluster taking part in the synthesis of middle-chain fatty acids and a genomic segment which was homologous with the eicosapentaenoic acid-biosynthetic gene cluster from the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-producing bacterium Moritella marina strain MP-1. This segment was presumed to include the DHA-biosynthetic gene cluster of M. marina strain MP-1. When M. marina strain MP-1 was cultured in medium containing cerulenin, a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor, decreases in levels of middle-chain fatty acids and remarkable increases in levels of DHA were observed. These results suggest that the synthesis of middle-chain fatty acids works independently of the synthesis of DHA.
Mpls: Technology and Applications (2000)

A detailed analysis and practical guide to Multiprotocol Label Switching, MPLS: Technology and Applications does a good job of explaining why you'd want to deploy MPLS on your network, before it gives you the details on how to go about the task. The authors, two senior Cisco Systems engineers who are involved directly in the development of MPLS standards and equipment, explain the problems that are inherent in providing IP routing service over Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) links, and show how MPLS does its job. Also, they helpfully discuss emerging ways of providing Virtual Private Network (VPN) services with MPLS. Throughout, the focus is on minimizing network traffic, optimizing routing, and generally using the MPLS toolkit to solve otherwise difficult networking problems. This is a book as much about traffic engineering as any specific technology. Coverage suffers a bit from a shortage of flow charts, state diagrams, and conceptual drawings. Readers are expected to decode some very long, very dense passages of text without assistance. On the other hand, they are assumed also to know relatively little. MPLS concepts that are probably new to most readers are explained carefully and connected to more familiar internetworking terms and concepts. This book deals with MPLS comprehensively, adequately preparing the network administrator to implement better traffic management. --David Wall Topics covered: Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), treated comprehensively, both IP-switching and tag-switching approaches to label switching, and the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP). Quality of Service (QoS) and Virtual Private Network (VPN) coverage give the book some practical flavor.
Chromosomal targeting of replicating plasmids in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha (1992)

Using an optimized transformation protocol we have studied the possible interactions between transforming plasmid DNA and the Hansenula polymorpha genome. Plasmids consisting only of a pBR322 replicon, an antibiotic resistance marker for Escherichia coli and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae LEU2 gene were shown to replicate autonomously in the yeast at an approximate copy number of 6 (copies per genome equivalent). This autonomous behaviour is probably due to an H. polymorpha replicon-like sequence present on the S. cerevisiae LEU2 gene fragment. Plasmids replicated as multimers consisting of monomers connected in a head-to-tail configuration. Two out of nine transformants analysed appeared to contain plasmid multimers in which one of the monomers contained a deletion. Plasmids containing internal or flanking regions of the genomic alcohol oxidase gene were shown to integrate by homologous single or double cross-over recombination. Both single- and multi-copy (two or three) tandem integrations were observed. Targeted integration occurred in 1-22% of the cases and was only observed with plasmids linearized within the genomic sequences, indicating that homologous linear ends are recombinogenic in H. polymorpha. In the cases in which no targeted integration occurred, double-strand breaks were efficiently repaired in a homology-independent way. Repair of double-strand breaks was precise in 50-68% of the cases. Linearization within homologous as well as nonhomologous plasmid regions stimulated transformation frequencies up to 15-fold.
Mesotherapy and Phosphatidylcholine Injections: Historical Clarification and Review (2006)

Mesotherapy is distinct from a method of treating adipose tissue with subcutaneous injections of deoxycholate alone or in combination with phosphatidylcholine. Additional clinical and experimental studies are necessary to more definitively establish the safety and efficacy of these treatments.
An algorithm to detect positive cycles in a constraint graph for layout compaction (2002)

The problems of finding positive cycles and calculating the longest path lengths in a given constraint graph are considered. An O(b S(n,m)) time algorithm is proposed, where n, m, and b are the numbers of vertices, edges, and backward edges (corresponding to the user-defined design rules) in the graph, and S(n,m) is the time needed in the Dijkstra algorithm. Experimental results are shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
[FLAG regimen as consolidation therapy for patients with acute myeloid leukemia]. (2009)

The objective of study was to primarily explore the efficacy of combination of high doses cytarabine, fludarabine and G-CSF (FLAG) as the consolidation therapy for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and to analyze the influence of FLAG on peripheral stem cell mobilization. 31 patients with AML in complete remission were divided into two groups based on induction regimens, e.g. IA group (idarubicin and cytarabine) and non-IA group. All patients were consolidated with FLAG regimen which including fludarabine 50 mg/d, days 1-5; Ara-C 2 g/(m(2).d), days 1-5; G-CSF 300 microg/d. Time of its use sustained from day 0 until absolute neutrophil count > 1.0 x 10(9)/L. 17 patients received 2 or 3 courses of FLAG regimen, and 14 patients took 1 course. 9 patients received 2 courses of FLAG regimen as consolidation therapy, and then peripheral stem cells were collected from them. The results showed that sufficient peripheral stem cells were obtained in 7 out of 9 patients (77.8%) after 2 courses of FLAG regimen, however one patient failed to obtain sufficient CD34(+) cells after 3 courses. 6 patients received autologous stem cell transplantation, 3 patients received allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and 7 cases received 2 courses of Ara-c after treating with mitoxantrone or daunorubicin. One patient died within 4 weeks. 9 patients relapsed. The median survival duration was 14 (1 - 46) months and median disease-free survival time was 12 (2 - 45) months. There was no significant difference for OS and DFS between IA and non-IA groups. Myelosuppression and infections due to neutropenia were the most frequent adverse effects, severe nonhematologic toxicities were not observed in all patients. It is concluded that as consolidation regimen, the FLAG is an effective and well-tolerated treatment in AML with acceptable toxicity, and may not influence the peripheral stem cell mobilization for autologous stem cell transplantation after 2 courses of FLAG.