gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temperature Measurements and Histology of the Canine Prostate During Transurethral Hyperthermia (1993)

Intraprostatic temperature measurements during transurethral hyperthermia at 44.5C were obtained in 5 dogs. Temperatures were also recorded in the bladder neck wall and the rectal wall. After completion of the temperature measurements, hyperthermia was continued for 3 hours. The prostates were then removed and taken for histologic examination immediately after hyperthermia and 1 week and 1 month later. The mean temperatures obtained in the 5 canine prostates were 44.5 +/- 0.4C at the heating electrode; 43.8 +/- 0.4C at a distance of 3 mm. from the electrode; 42.6 +/- 0.5C, 40.8 +/- 0.4C and 39.4 +/- 0.5C, 6, 9 and 12 mm. from the heating electrode, respectively, in the right, prostatic lobe. Similar temperatures were measured in the left lobe. The thermal gradient in the prostatic tissue was therefore about 4C per 1 cm. On histology, hemorrhagic necrosis of the prostatic tissue adjacent to the urethra was found. These histologic changes were found as much as 5 mm. from the heating antenna (where the temperatures measured were above 43C). The findings of our study may have major clinical importance. We found that thermal energy above 43C provides enough penetration to cause tissue damage and be clinically effective in most patients, while the thermal gradient around the heating electrode of 4C per 1 cm. is steep enough to confine histologic damage within the prostate.
Carboxylation of Aromatic and Aliphatic Bromides and Triflates with CO<sub>2</sub> by Dual Visible‐Light–Nickel Catalysis (2017)

We report the efficient carboxylation of bromides and triflates with K<sub>2</sub> CO<sub>3</sub> as the source of CO<sub>2</sub> in the presence of an organic photocatalyst in combination with a nickel complex under visible light irradiation at room temperature. The reaction is compatible with a variety of functional groups and has been successfully applied to the synthesis and derivatization of biologically active molecules. In particular, the carboxylation of unactivated cyclic alkyl bromides proceeded well with our protocol, thus extending the scope of this transformation. Spectroscopic and spectroelectrochemical investigations indicated the generation of a Ni<sup>0</sup> species as a catalytic reactive intermediate.
Changes of inducible protein-10 and regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted protein in acute rejection of pancreas transplantation in rats (2006)

Our study suggests a possible role of IP-10 and RANTES in acute rejection and early monitoring of chemokines may be helpful in predicting the outcome of pancreas transplantation.
Porous polymer catalysts with hierarchical structures (2015)

The emergence of porous organic polymers (POPs) has provided great opportunities for new applications in heterogeneous catalysis owing to their unprecedented intrinsic structural features such as high surface areas, extraordinary framework stabilities and chemically adjustable compositions. In this tutorial review, representative recent developments in the POPs-based catalysts with hierarchically porous structures are presented. Various strategies for the syntheses of hierarchically porous polymers including hard-templating, soft-templating and template-free approaches and the design of catalytically active porous polymers including post-modification, co-polymerization and self-polymerization have been discussed. In addition, their catalytic properties are compared. Finally, we emphasize the importance of the synthesis of hierarchically porous polymer based heterogeneous catalysts using sustainable routes under template-free and metal-free conditions.
Human amyloid β‐induced neuroinflammation is an early event in neurodegeneration (2005)

Using a human amyloid beta (Abeta) intracerebroventricular infusion mouse model of Alzheimer's disease-related injury, we previously demonstrated that systemic administration of a glial activation inhibitor could suppress neuroinflammation, prevent synaptic damage, and attenuate hippocampal-dependent behavioral deficits. We report that Abeta-induced neuroinflammation is an early event associated with onset and progression of pathophysiology, can be suppressed by the glial inhibitor over a range of intervention start times, and is amenable to suppression without inhibiting peripheral tissue inflammatory responses. Specifically, hippocampal neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration occur in close time proximity at 4-6 weeks after the start of infusion. Intraperitoneal administration of inhibitor for 2-week intervals starting at various times after initiation of Abeta infusion suppresses progression of pathophysiology. The glial inhibitor is a selective suppressor of neuroinflammation, in that it does not block peripheral tissue production of proinflammatory cytokines or markers of B- and T-cell activation after a systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge. These results support a causal link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, have important implications for future therapeutic development, and provide insight into the relative time window for targeting neuroinflammation with positive neurological outcomes.
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. (1992)

Neuronal activity causes local changes in cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and blood oxygenation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques sensitive to changes in cerebral blood flow and blood oxygenation were developed by high-speed echo planar imaging. These techniques were used to obtain completely noninvasive tomographic maps of human brain activity, by using visual and motor stimulus paradigms. Changes in blood oxygenation were detected by using a gradient echo (GE) imaging sequence sensitive to the paramagnetic state of deoxygenated hemoglobin. Blood flow changes were evaluated by a spin-echo inversion recovery (IR), tissue relaxation parameter T1-sensitive pulse sequence. A series of images were acquired continuously with the same imaging pulse sequence (either GE or IR) during task activation. Cine display of subtraction images (activated minus baseline) directly demonstrates activity-induced changes in brain MR signal observed at a temporal resolution of seconds. During 8-Hz patterned-flash photic stimulation, a significant increase in signal intensity (paired t test; P less than 0.001) of 1.8% +/- 0.8% (GE) and 1.8% +/- 0.9% (IR) was observed in the primary visual cortex (V1) of seven normal volunteers. The mean rise-time constant of the signal change was 4.4 +/- 2.2 s for the GE images and 8.9 +/- 2.8 s for the IR images. The stimulation frequency dependence of visual activation agrees with previous positron emission tomography observations, with the largest MR signal response occurring at 8 Hz. Similar signal changes were observed within the human primary motor cortex (M1) during a hand squeezing task and in animal models of increased blood flow by hypercapnia. By using intrinsic blood-tissue contrast, functional MRI opens a spatial-temporal window onto individual brain physiology.
A Rapid-Response Humoral Vaccine Platform Exploiting Pre-Existing Non-Cognate Populations of Anti-Vaccine or Anti-Viral CD4+ T Helper Cells to Confirm B Cell Activation (2016)

The need for CD4+ T cell responses to arise de novo following vaccination can limit the speed of B cell responses. Populations of pre-existing vaccine-induced or anti-viral CD4+ T cells recognising distinct antigens could be exploited to overcome this limitation. We hypothesise that liposomal vaccine particles encapsulating epitopes that are recognised, after processing and B cell MHCII presentation, by pre-existing CD4+ T cells will exploit this pre-existing T cell help and result in improved antibody responses to distinct target antigens displayed on the particle surface. Liposomal vaccine particles were engineered to display the malaria circumsporozoite (CSP) antigen on their surface, with helper CD4+ epitopes from distinct vaccine or viral antigens contained within the particle core, ensuring the B cell response is raised but focused against CSP. In vivo vaccination studies were then conducted in C57Bl/6 mice as models of either vaccine-induced pre-existing CD4+ T cell immunity (using ovalbumin-OVA) or virus-induced pre-existing CD4+ T cell immunity (murine cytomegalovirus-MCMV). Following the establishment of pre-existing by vaccination (OVA in the adjuvant TiterMax® Gold) or infection with MCMV, mice were administered CSP-coated liposomal vaccines containing the relevant OVA or MCMV core CD4+ T cell epitopes. In mice with pre-existing anti-OVA CD4+ T cell immunity, these vaccine particles elicited rapid, high-titre, isotype-switched CSP-specific antibody responses-consistent with the involvement of anti-OVA T helper cells in confirming activation of anti-CSP B cells. Responses were further improved by entrapping TLR9 agonists, combining humoral vaccination signals 'one', 'two' and 'three' within one particle. Herpes viruses can establish chronic infection and elicit significant, persistent cellular immune responses. We then demonstrate that this principle can be extended to re-purpose pre-existing anti-MCMV immunity to enhance anti-CSP vaccine responses-the first description of a strategy to specifically exploit anti-cytomegalovirus immunity to augment vaccination against a target antigen.
Modeling Atrial Arrhythmias: Impact on Clinical Diagnosis and Therapies (2008)

Atrial arrhythmias are the most frequent sustained rhythm disorders in humans and often lead to severe complications such as heart failure and stroke. Despite the important insights provided by animal models into the mechanisms of atrial arrhythmias, direct translation of experimental findings to new therapies in patients has not been straightforward. With the advances in computer technology, large-scale electroanatomical computer models of the atria that integrate information from the molecular to organ scale have reached a level of sophistication that they can be used to interpret the outcome of experimental and clinical studies and aid in the rational design of therapies. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of computer models of the electrical dynamics of the atria and discusses the evolving role of simulation in assisting the clinical diagnosis and treatment of atrial arrhythmias.
Natalizumab treatment is associated with peripheral sequestration of proinflammatory T cells (2009)

Natalizumab treatment increases the percentage of activated leukocytes producing proinflammatory cytokines in blood, presumably due to sequestration of activated cells in the peripheral circulation.
p53 Enhances Gefitinib-Induced Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis by Regulation of Fas in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2007)

Treatment with gefitinib, a specific inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK), has resulted in dramatic responses in some patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Most patients who respond to gefitinib have EGFR-TK mutations; however, >10% of patients with EGFR-TK mutations do not respond. Similarly, some patients without EGFR-TK mutations respond to this drug, suggesting that other factors determine sensitivity to gefitinib. Aberrations of the tumor suppressor gene p53 are frequently associated with drug resistance. In this study, we investigated the role of p53 in growth-inhibitory and apoptotic effects of gefitinib in the human NSCLC cell lines NCI-H1299 and A549, which have no EGFR-TK mutations. NCI-H1299 cells, which had a p53-null genotype, were more resistant to gefitinib compared with A549 cells, which were wild-type p53 (IC(50), 40 micromol/L in NCI-H1299 and 5 micromol/L in A549). Treatment of A549 with gefitinib resulted in the translocation of p53 from cytosol to nucleus and the up-regulation of Fas, which was localized to the plasma membrane. In the stable H1299 cell line with tetracycline-inducible p53 expression, induced p53 enhanced growth inhibition and apoptosis by gefitinib through the up-regulation of Fas and restoration of caspase activation. A caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk, reduced these effects. Conversely, inhibition of p53 using antisense oligonucleotide in A549 caused a significant decrease in apoptosis by gefitinib and down-regulation of Fas under the same conditions. In conclusion, p53 may play a role in determining gefitinib sensitivity by regulating Fas expression in NSCLC.
Loss of N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Human Evolution (2000)

The common sialic acids of mammalian cells are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Humans are an exception, because of a mutation in CMP-sialic acid hydroxylase, which occurred after our common ancestor with great apes. We asked if the resulting loss of Neu5Gc and increase in Neu5Ac in humans alters the biology of the siglecs, which are Ig superfamily members that recognize sialic acids. Human siglec-1 (sialoadhesin) strongly prefers Neu5Ac over Neu5Gc. Thus, humans have a higher density of siglec-1 ligands than great apes. Siglec-1-positive macrophages in humans are found primarily in the perifollicular zone, whereas in chimpanzees they also occur in the marginal zone and surrounding the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths. Although only a subset of chimpanzee macrophages express siglec-1, most human macrophages are positive. A known evolutionary difference is the strong preference of mouse siglec-2 (CD22) for Neu5Gc, contrasting with human siglec-2, which binds Neu5Ac equally well. To ask when the preference for Neu5Gc was adjusted in the human lineage, we cloned the first three extracellular domains of siglec-2 from all of the great apes and examined their preference. In fact, siglec-2 had evolved a higher degree of recognition flexibility before Neu5Gc was lost in humans. Human siglec-3 (CD33) and siglec-6 (obesity-binding protein 1) also recognize both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc, and siglec-5 may have some preference for Neu5Gc. Others showed that siglec-4a (myelin-associated glycoprotein) prefers Neu5Ac over Neu5Gc. Thus, the human loss of Neu5Gc may alter biological processes involving siglec-1, and possibly, siglec-4a or -5.
Visual detection, pattern discrimination and visual acuity in 14 strains of mice (2005)

Based on the procedure of Prusky et al. (2000, Vision Research, 40, 2201-2209), we used a computer-based, two-alternative swim task to evaluate visual detection, pattern discrimination and visual acuity in 14 strains of mice from priority groups A and B of the JAX phenome project (129S1/SvImJ, A/J, AKR/J, BALB/cByJ, BALB/cJ, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, CAST/Ei, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, MOLF/Ei, SJL/J, SM/J and SPRET/Ei). Each mouse was tested for eight trials/day for 8 days on each of the three tests. There was a significant strain difference in visual ability in all three tests. Mice with reported normal vision (129S1/SvImJ, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J) and one albino strain (AKR/J) performed very well in these tasks. The other albino strains (A/J, BALB/cByJ and BALB/cJ) took longer to learn the tasks than mice with normal vision and did not reach the criterion of 70% correct. Mice with retinal degeneration (C3H/HeJ, FVB/NJ, MOLF/Ei and SJL/J) performed only at chance levels as did the three strains with unknown visual abilities (CAST/Ei, SM/J and SPRET/Ei). Because many behavioral tasks for rodents rely on visual cues, we suggest that the visual abilities of mice should be evaluated before they are tested in commonly used visuo-spatial learning and memory tasks.
Topotactic Phase Transformation of the Brownmillerite SrCoO<sub>2.5</sub> to the Perovskite SrCoO<sub>3–</sub><sub><i>δ</i></sub> (2013)

Pulsed laser epitaxy of brownmillerite SrCoO2.5 thin films and their phase transformation to the perovskite SrCoO3-δ are investigated. While the direct growth of the fully oxidized perovskite films is found to be an arduous task, filling some of oxygen vacancies into SrCoO2.5 by topotactic oxidation accompanies systematic evolution of electronic, magnetic, and thermoelectric properties, useful for many information and energy technologies.
Successful identification of novel agents to control infectious diseases from screening mixture‐based peptide combinatorial libraries in complex cell‐based bioassays (2003)

Mixture-based peptide synthetic combinatorial libraries (SCLs) represent a valuable source for the development of novel agents to control infectious diseases. Indeed, a number of studies have now proven the ability of identifying active peptides from libraries composed of thousands to millions of peptides in cell-based biosystems of varying complexity. Furthermore, progressing knowledge on the importance of endogenous peptides in various immune responses lead to a regain in importance for peptides as potential therapeutic agents. This article is aimed at providing recent studies in our laboratory for the development of antimicrobial or antiviral peptides derived from mixture-based SCLs using cell-based assays, as well as a short review of the importance of such peptides in the control of infectious diseases. Furthermore, the use of positional scanning (PS) SCL-based biometrical analyses for the identification of native optimal epitopes specific to HIV-1 proteins is also presented.
Robust hand tracking with refined CAMShift based on combination of Depth and image features (2012)

Hand tracking is essential for natural Human Robot/Computer Interaction (HRI/HCI), although efficient and robust hand tracking in complex environment is still a challenging issue. While most researchers simplify the issue by strictly controlling the environment with many restrictions on users' clothing, or the scene complexity, or hand motion, this paper focused on reducing these restrictions. As one major cause of the restrictions is the lack of depth information, this paper proposed a method combining depth cues with image features. Depth and motion cues were extracted through background subtraction and histogram based segmentation. Guided by the depth cues extracted, color image features were then extracted with skin-color region segmentation. Then different cues were fused adaptively to construct a probability map for the hand to be tracked. With this map, a refined CAMShift tracking scheme was developed. And based on hand direction constraints we conjectured empirically, a further refinement step was proposed to segment hand from forearm, which is usually avoided using restrictions on clothing for simplicity. A number of experiments were performed to demonstrate the method's effectiveness and robustness. Tracking rates in the experiments are around 85% for ordinary situations, and around 75% for complex situations, such as fast hand motion and distractors.
α‐Dicalcium Silicate Hydrate: Preparation, Decomposed Phase, and Its Hydration (1993)

α‐C 2 SH can be synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of lime and silicic acid for 2 h at 200°C. When heated to 390–490°C, α‐C 2 SH dissociates through a two‐step process to form an intermediate phase plus some γ‐C 2 S. This appears to be a new dicalcium silicate different from known dicalcium silicates—α, α′ L , α′ H , β, and γ phase—and is stable until around 900°C. At 920–960°C, all the phases are transformed to the α′ L phase. The intermediate phase has high crystallinity and is stable at room temperature. 29 Si MAS NMR measurements indicate the possibility that it contains both protonated and unprotonated monosilicate anions. The intermediate phase that has passed through the α’phase at higher temperature yields β‐C 2 S on cooling. The intermediate phase is highly active, and completed its hydration in 1 day ( w/s = 1.0, 25°C). Among the crystalline calcium silicate hydrates with Ca/Si = 2.0, it is hillebrandite that yields β‐C 2 S at the lowest temperature.
SCHOOL CONTACT AMONG PERSONS WITH HODGKIN'S DISEASE (1984)

The authors evaluated the hypothesis that Hodgkin's disease is transmitted among high school students (in a contagious manner) by determining whether members of a population-based series of young adult cases attended school together more frequently than expected. Cases of Hodgkin's disease were diagnosed from July 1, 1973 through December 31, 1977. Of the 245 cases and 483 matched population controls interviewed, 196 cases and 371 controls attended schools in Massachusetts. School histories of subjects obtained by personal interviews were analyzed to determine the frequency with which subjects had been in the same class or had attended the same school at the same time. In high school, cases were schoolmates more often than expected (relative risk (RR) = 1.2), as well as classmates (RR = 1.9). However, in junior high school, cases were schoolmates less often than expected (RR = 0.8), and none were classmates with four expected. In elementary school, cases were somewhat more likely to be schoolmates (RR = 1.4) with no excess of classmates. The 95% confidence interval for all relative risks includes 1.0.
Flexible transmission bandwidth management with effective channel reservation techniques for NGSO MSS networks (1997)

This paper describes efficient transmission bandwidth management based on flexible channel assignment and effective grade of service (GOS) control methods for nongeostationary orbit mobile satellite service (NGSO MSS) networks. Our basic approach for the flexible channel assignment is to use linear programming (FLEXCA-LP), and to apply the column generation technique for further reduction of the total bandwidth requirement. These methods efficiently assign channels, taking account of moving spot beam coverage and dynamic traffic load variation for large-scale networks. The GOS is investigated for the channel assignment by FLEXCA-LP to make the GOS of ongoing calls better than that of fresh calls as stipulated in ITU-T Recommendations. We propose a few effective means to improve the results of FLEXCA-LP by reducing the disruption possibility of ongoing calls. One is to add channels utilizing a hysteresis concept. The others are effective use of GOS control techniques for NGSO MSS networks. These techniques are evaluated by a simulation study to identify promising techniques. Under time-variant conditions, we show that a reliable channel assignment plan is generated first by FLEXCA-LP considering the traffic load of fresh calls only and then by GOS control techniques to improve handover failure and call disruption rates.
DNA-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase A: Immunoaffinity purification and characterization of immunological reagents (1993)

We describe an immunoaffinity purification of DNA-dependent ATPase A from fetal calf thymus. The rapid purification increases the yield of enzymatically active enzyme approximately 4-fold, with up to a 7-fold increase in specific activity, and significantly improves the yield of a higher molecular weight species of ATPase A. In the presence of a denatured calf thymus DNA effector, the immunoaffinity-purified enzyme has a specific activity that is more than 10-fold higher than reported for any other eukaryotic DNA-dependent ATPase and 100-fold higher than most others. The improvement in yield has allowed several polypeptides to be identified using monoclonal antibodies, and these polypeptides are demonstrated to be structurally related by partial peptide mapping with N-chlorosuccinimide. The preferred DNA effector for ATP hydrolysis continues to be a DNA primer-template junction with an adjacent stretch of single-stranded DNA. We have used the immunoaffinity-purified enzyme to develop additional stable murine hybridoma monoclones, resulting in a bank of antibodies that recognize a number of different epitopes. All of the monoclonal antibodies react with both calf thymus DNA-dependent ATPase A and bacteriophage T4 gene 44 protein, a DNA-dependent ATPase essential for DNA replication in the bacteriophage T4 system. These monoclonal antibodies should facilitate the development of our understanding with respect to the role and regulation of DNA-dependent ATPases in eukaryotic DNA replication.