gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Remote Excitation of Neuronal Circuits Using Low-Intensity, Low-Frequency Ultrasound (2008)

Possessing the ability to noninvasively elicit brain circuit activity yields immense experimental and therapeutic power. Most currently employed neurostimulation methods rely on the somewhat invasive use of stimulating electrodes or photon-emitting devices. Due to its ability to noninvasively propagate through bone and other tissues in a focused manner, the implementation of ultrasound (US) represents a compelling alternative approach to current neuromodulation strategies. Here, we investigated the influence of low-intensity, low-frequency ultrasound (LILFU) on neuronal activity. By transmitting US waveforms through hippocampal slice cultures and ex vivo mouse brains, we determined LILFU is capable of remotely and noninvasively exciting neurons and network activity. Our results illustrate that LILFU can stimulate electrical activity in neurons by activating voltage-gated sodium channels, as well as voltage-gated calcium channels. The LILFU-induced changes in neuronal activity were sufficient to trigger SNARE-mediated exocytosis and synaptic transmission in hippocampal circuits. Because LILFU can stimulate electrical activity and calcium signaling in neurons as well as central synaptic transmission we conclude US provides a powerful tool for remotely modulating brain circuit activity.
Estrogen receptor selectively binds the "coding strand" of an estrogen responsive element. (1989)

An initial step in the transcriptional activation of the prolactin gene by estrogen is the binding of the estrogen-receptor complex to a specific nucleotide sequence [estrogen responsive element (ERE)]. Using the gel mobility assay, we examined the binding mechanism of purified estrogen receptor to the ERE contained on a 255-base-pair fragment from the upstream region between nucleotides -1784 to -1531 of the rat prolactin gene. Remarkably, specific high-affinity binding was detected to the dissociated "coding strand" but not to the "noncoding strand" of the ERE-containing fragment. The dissociated strands of this fragment possess unusual secondary structure, as indicated by their anomalous migration in the gel mobility assay. The estrogen receptor binds to the coding strand of the ERE with a 60-fold higher affinity than to the double-stranded ERE. Furthermore, the receptor binds with a 1000-fold greater affinity to the coding strand of the ERE than to a double-stranded nonspecific DNA fragment. We propose that, in vivo, the estrogen receptor initially binds to the double-stranded ERE. Subsequently, the DNA strands separate due to transitory strand separation and supercoiling, allowing folding of the coding strand of the ERE into a structure that is then bound more tightly by the receptor. The formation of this receptor-ERE coding strand complex may be a crucial step in the mechanism of estrogen-stimulated transcription.
Probabilistic Similarity Logic (2012)

Many machine learning applications require the ability to learn from and reason about noisy multi-relational data. To address this, several effective representations have been developed that provide both a language for expressing the structural regularities of a domain, and principled support for probabilistic inference. In addition to these two aspects, however, many applications also involve a third aspect-the need to reason about similarities-which has not been directly supported in existing frameworks. This paper introduces probabilistic similarity logic (PSL), a general-purpose framework for joint reasoning about similarity in relational domains that incorporates probabilistic reasoning about similarities and relational structure in a principled way. PSL can integrate any existing domain-specific similarity measures and also supports reasoning about similarities between sets of entities. We provide efficient inference and learning techniques for PSL and demonstrate its effectiveness both in common relational tasks and in settings that require reasoning about similarity.
Demonstration of a well‐characterized tumor‐associated antigen on melanoma cell surface (1988)

We have isolated and characterized a melanoma tumor-associated antigen (TAA) from the spent culture medium of a melanoma cell line. Its presence has been detected in 72% of different melanoma specimens but not in normal tissues. Because tumor antigens may stimulate or perhaps block immune reactions to cancer cells, their presence on the cell surface may be a critical factor influencing tumor growth. Therefore, to define further the immunobiological characteristics of melanoma TAA, this antigen was investigated by membrane immunofluorescence. Serum from a melanoma patient known to have a high anti-TAA antibody titer was absorbed quantitatively with lymphoblastoid cells autologous to the target melanoma cells to remove non-anti-TAA antibodies. The absorbed serum was reacted with three cultured melanoma cell lines, UCLA-SO-10 (M10), UCLA-SO-14(M), and UCLA-SO-24 (M24). Of these cell lines, M10 and M14 are known to express the antigen as assessed by radioimmunoassay. Reaction of the antibody(s) to the antigen(s) on the melanoma cell surface was detected by fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-human IgG. The reactivity of the absorbed serum was inhibited by preincubation with purified melanoma TAA. These results clearly demonstrate that melanoma TAA is expressed on the cell surface of cultured melanoma cells.
A Plasma Extract with Erythropoietic Activity (1954)

Administration to intact rats of an extract, prepared from the plasma of phenylhydrazine-treated rabbits, results in significant increases in peripheral red cell counts, hemoglobin concentrations, reticulocyte percentages, hematocrit values, and in the concentrations of nucleated erythrocytes within the marrow. The extract exerts no significant influence upon the total and differential white cell numbers or the sedimentation rates and red cell fragility values. The factor may be related to, or identical with, the circulating “hemopoietine” hypothesized to be the humoral mediator of anoxia, the fundamental erythrocytogenic stimulus.
Look-Up Table for Superconductor Digital-RF Predistorter (2007)

We have developed a high-speed pipelined superconductor look-up table to generate programmable predistortion functions for direct linearization of radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers. The look-up table comprises an address decoder and a memory matrix with throughput above 10 GHz. The decoder performs code-matching of each input word and its conversion into a row address of the memory matrix. We discuss different possible implementations of the address decoder, including a preferred one for integrated circuit implementation. The memory matrix consists of RS flip-flops with nondestructive readout connected in series for slow-speed contents writing. Each row of the memory matrix contains a number, which can be read out by signal from the decoder. We present the design and the results of experimental evaluation of the look-up table and its components.
Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2017)

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.
Characteristics of the Iodide/Triiodide Redox Mediator in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2009)

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have gained widespread interest because of their potential for low-cost solar energy conversion. Currently, the certified record efficiency of these solar cells is 11.1%, and measurements of their durability and stability suggest lifetimes exceeding 10 years under operational conditions. The DSC is a photoelectrochemical system: a monolayer of sensitizing dye is adsorbed onto a mesoporous TiO(2) electrode, and the electrode is sandwiched together with a counter electrode. An electrolyte containing a redox couple fills the gap between the electrodes. The redox couple is a key component of the DSC. The reduced part of the couple regenerates the photo-oxidized dye. The formed oxidized species diffuses to the counter electrode, where it is reduced. The photovoltage of the device depends on the redox couple because it sets the electrochemical potential at the counter electrode. The redox couple also affects the electrochemical potential of the TiO(2) electrode through the recombination kinetics between electrons in TiO(2) and oxidized redox species. This Account focuses on the special properties of the iodide/triiodide (I(-)/I(3)(-)) redox couple in dye-sensitized solar cells. It has been the preferred redox couple since the beginning of DSC development and still yields the most stable and efficient DSCs. Overall, the iodide/triiodide couple has good solubility, does not absorb too much light, has a suitable redox potential, and provides rapid dye regeneration. But what distinguishes I(-)/I(3)(-) from most redox mediators is the very slow recombination kinetics between electrons in TiO(2) and the oxidized part of the redox couple, triiodide. Certain dyes adsorbed at TiO(2) catalyze this recombination reaction, presumably by binding iodine or triiodide. The standard potential of the iodide/triiodide redox couple is 0.35 V (versus the normal hydrogen electrode, NHE), and the oxidation potential of the standard DSC-sensitizer (Ru(dcbpy)(2)(NCS)(2)) is 1.1 V. The driving force for reduction of oxidized dye is therefore as large as 0.75 V. This process leads to the largest internal potential loss in DSC devices. We expect that overall efficiencies above 15% might be achieved if half of this internal potential loss could be gained. The regeneration of oxidized dye with iodide leads to the formation of the diiodide radical (I(2)(-*)). The redox potential of the I(2)(-*)/I(-) couple must therefore be considered when determining the actual driving force for dye regeneration. The formed I(2)(-*) disproportionates to I(3)(-) and I(-), which leads to a large loss in potential energy.
Anti‐aliased Ray Tracing with Covers (1989)

Abstract A fast and effective object space method for antialiasing ray‐traced pictures is introduced. Traditionally, anti‐aliasing has been done using super‐sampling. However, this is costly since it requires casting large numbers of rays to obtain sample densities above the displayed pixel density. It is also wasteful since much of the information in these samples is discarded when they are filtered to yield the anti‐aliased pixels. We avoid these problems by performing the filtering in the object space using the geometry of ray‐surface intersections rather than by casting extra rays. In addition, we only perform filtering at a pixel if edges are nearby. We detect these edges by observing the order in which the pixel's rays pass through cover surfaces constructed just inside and outside the surface of each object. Shadows, reflections and refractions can be anti‐aliased using this method and a variety of object types can be handled including ellipsoids, polyhedra, and objects formed using set operations. Our anti‐aliasing gives a high image quality that can only be approached by using super‐sampling densities at least four times the display pixel density. Moreover, since the overhead of our method is small, it would take three to four times as long to render an anti‐aliased image using super‐sampling than it would with our method. Furthermore, covers allow sampling densities less than the displayed pixel density. When this is done, anti‐aliased images can be rendered twice as fast as with no anti‐aliasing and six to eight times as fast as when super‐sampling is used for anti‐aliasing.
α2-macroglobulin is a binding protein for basic fibroblast growth factor (1989)

After incubation with human serum or plasma, 125I-basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (molecular mass 18.5 kDa) exhibits molecular mass forms greater than 200 kDa as determined by nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. These high molecular mass forms of bFGF are immunoprecipitable with antiserum raised against alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M). Purified alpha 2M and 125I-bFGF form a covalent complex in a specific, saturable manner. Excess unlabeled bFGF competes with 125I-bFGF for complex formation. Complex formation is complete after 4 h and is inhibited by pretreating alpha 2M with dithiothreitol, iodoacetamide, iodoacetic acid, and N-ethylmaleimide. The complex is resistant to acidic conditions and denaturants such as urea. Heparin, which binds bFGF, has no effect on complex formation. Methylamine, which blocks protease binding to alpha 2M, increases the amount of 125I-bFGF that can be bound 2-fold. Plasmin and trypsin treatment of alpha 2M has no effect on 125I-bFGF binding. The ability of growth factors to compete for binding is specific, as aFGF and TGF-beta compete for binding to alpha 2M, whereas platelet-derived growth factor does not. 125I-bFGF.alpha 2M complexes do not bind to low affinity bFGF binding sites and bind poorly to high affinity bFGF binding sites on BHK-21 cells. In addition, 125I-bFGF bound to alpha 2M has decreased ability to stimulate plasminogen activator production in bovine capillary epithelial cells.
Doppler CO2 test as an indicator of cerebral vasoreactivity and prognosis in severe intracranial hemorrhages. (1992)

Transcranial Doppler CO2 testing in patients with severe cerebral disease and elevated intracranial pressure provides useful information regarding hemodynamic state, prognosis, and determination of beneficial effects of specific therapy.
Use of cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for closing facial lacerations in children. (1989)

Use of cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for closing facial lacerations in children
&lt;title&gt;Model of color vision for predicting the appearance of colors under different viewing conditions&lt;/title&gt; (1993)

The viewing conditions in different types of display, such as reflection-copy and cathode-ray tubes, affect the appearance of colors; these effects must be allowed for in designing signals intended to produce color images. A model of color vision has been devised to predict the appearance of colors in different viewing conditions, in terms of their hues, brightnesses, lightnesses, colorfulnesses, saturations, and chromas. The model has been tested by comparing its predictions to published color appearance data. These data include magnitude scaling of the hue, lightness, brightness, and colorfulness of colors displayed as reflection samples, on cathode-ray tubes, on projected slides, and on transparencies viewed on light boxes. On the whole, the predictions given by the model compare reasonably well with the precision with which color appearance data can be determined.
Methods for Sharing Cryptographic Keys (1992)

This paper provides an introduction to threshold schemes, and discusses some of the finite mathematical structures which have been used to model these schemes. In addition, it documents practical methods for implementing such schemes, including methods for key generation and decoding.
Prevalence of Anti–Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 8 Neutralizing Antibodies and Arylsulfatase B Cross-Reactive Immunologic Material in Mucopolysaccharidosis VI Patient Candidates for a Gene Therapy Trial (2015)

Recombinant vectors based on adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) have been successfully used in the clinic and hold great promise for liver-directed gene therapy. Preexisting immunity against AAV8 or the development of antibodies against the therapeutic transgene product might negatively affect the outcomes of gene therapy. In the prospect of an AAV8-mediated, liver-directed gene therapy clinical trial for mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI), a lysosomal storage disorder caused by arylsulfatase B (ARSB) deficiency, we investigated in a multiethnic cohort of MPS VI patients the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies (Nab) to AAV8 and the presence of ARSB cross-reactive immunologic material (CRIM), which will either affect the efficacy of gene transfer or the duration of phenotypic correction. Thirty-six MPS VI subjects included in the study harbored 45 (62.5%) missense, 13 (18%) nonsense, 9 (12.5%) frameshift (2 insertions and 7 deletions), and 5 (7%) splicing ARSB mutations. The detection of ARSB protein in 24 patients out of 34 (71%) was predicted by the type of mutations. Preexisting Nab to AAV8 were undetectable in 19/33 (58%) analyzed patients. Twelve out of 31 patients (39%) tested were both negative for Nab to AAV8 and CRIM-positive. In conclusion, this study allows estimating the number of MPS VI patients eligible for a gene therapy trial by intravenous injections of AAV8.
Cross Talk between the Cardiovascular and Nervous Systems:Neurotrophic Effects of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Angiogenic Effects of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)-Implications in Drug Development (2006)

Both blood vessels and nerves are guided to their tissue targets by "specific" growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), originally discovered as growth factors specific for endothelial and neuronal cells, respectively. While the eminent role of VEGF in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) is unquestioned, recent studies indicate that VEGF also has direct effects on the nervous system in terms of neuronal growth, survival (neurotrophic), axonal outgrowth (neurotropic), and neuroprotection. Conversely, NGF, a neurotrophin that plays a crucial role in promoting neurotrophic and neurotropic effects in sympathetic neurons, has recently been identified as a novel angiogenic molecule exerting a variety of effects on endothelial cells and in the cardiovascular system in general. VEGF and NGF have also been implicated in both neurodegenerative and vascular diseases. The pleiotropic effects of these growth factors have raised interest in assessing their therapeutic potential. The challenge for the future is to unravel to what extent the effects of these growth factors are interrelated with regards to their angiogenic, and neurotrophic effects and how to design selective drugs interfering with their respective actions. Most biological actions of NGF and VEGF are mediated by their cognate receptor protein tyrosine kinases, tropomyosin related kinase (trkA for NGF) and kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR, VEGFR-2, flk-1 for VEGF), which activate a complex and integrated network of signaling pathways in neurons and endothelial cells. Two small molecules, K252a and SU-5416, which are antagonists of trkA and VEGFR-2, respectively, may serve as key tools in dissecting the role of NGF and VEGF in angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Development of selective drugs specific for the trkA and VEGFR-2 subtypes of receptors will provide new tools for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, as well as of numerous angiogenesis-dependent diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and arthritis.
Medical applications of high power semiconductor diode laser technology (1997)

The Directed Energy Directorate (DE) of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), located at the Phillips Research Site at Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque New Mexico presents an overview of DE projects in medical applications of semiconductor lasers. Topics will include: government high power semiconductor diode laser development, existing diode laser technology, future developments in diode lasers, military market for medical applications, customers and theaters, laser tissue interactions, potential applications for high power semiconductor lasers, civilian markets for medical applications, and dual-use technology transfer efforts.
A novel <b>MPZ</b> gene mutation in dominantly inherited neuropathy with focally folded myelin sheaths (1999)

We found the association of a heterozygous novel MPZ gene point mutation, Ile62Phe in exon 2, with autosomal dominant motor and sensory neuropathy with focally folded myelin sheaths. Family study revealed that de novo Ile62Phe mutation on the MPZ gene occurred in the proband and was inherited by her children with early onset slowly progressive neuropathy. Our study suggests that the characteristic pathologic findings of the sural nerve in these patients are closely related to the site and nature of amino acid substitutions of the MPZ gene.
System design for workstation-based conferencing with digital audio and video (2002)

An investigation is conducted of the use of computer technology to support collaboration among scientists and professionals. One component of this research is the construction of a distributed, real-time, digital video conferencing system on a network of high-performance workstations. A discussion is presented of the motivation for the construction of the system, and the design of operating system and network support mechanisms for real-time communication of digital audio and video streams is outlined. The authors introduce a novel paradigm of inter-process communication called the real-time producer/consumer (RTP/C) paradigm. The RTP/C paradigm provides a framework both for expressing processor-time-dependent computations and for reasoning about the real-time behavior of programs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cloudward bound (2010)

In this paper, we tackle challenges in migrating enterprise services into hybrid cloud-based deployments, where enterprise operations are partly hosted on-premise and partly in the cloud. Such hybrid architectures enable enterprises to benefit from cloud-based architectures, while honoring application performance requirements, and privacy restrictions on what services may be migrated to the cloud. We make several contributions. First, we highlight the complexity inherent in enterprise applications today in terms of their multi-tiered nature, large number of application components, and interdependencies. Second, we have developed a model to explore the benefits of a hybrid migration approach. Our model takes into account enterprise-specific constraints, cost savings, and increased transaction delays and wide-area communication costs that may result from the migration. Evaluations based on real enterprise applications and Azure-based cloud deployments show the benefits of a hybrid migration approach, and the importance of planning which components to migrate. Third, we shed insight on security policies associated with enterprise applications in data centers. We articulate the importance of ensuring assurable reconfiguration of security policies as enterprise applications are migrated to the cloud. We present algorithms to achieve this goal, and demonstrate their efficacy on realistic migration scenarios.
Study on the Common Biological Treatment Processes of Wastewater (2009)

The common biological treatment processes of wastewater,their virtues and shortages as well as the application of status are researched.These processes include actived sludge,technics of oxidation ditch, A/O,AB,SBR,biological contact oxidation process and biofilm process.There is a guidance significance to choose appropriate treatment processes of wastewater in production and living.