gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of nerve growth factor in the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colonic hypersensitivity (2003)

The majority of patients with digestive disorders display visceral pain. In these troubles, visceral pain threshold is decreased, demonstrating visceral hypersensitivity. There is growing evidence that nerve growth factor (NGF) may function as a mediator of persistent pain states. This hypothesis was tested in a model of colonic hypersensitivity measured by isobaric distension in conscious rats. This study was designed to evaluate (1) the effect of exogenous NGF on colonic pain threshold, (2) the involvement of NGF in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colonic hypersensitivity, by testing an anti-NGF antibody, and (3) finally the involvement of sensory nerves on NGF and TNBS effects using rats treated neonatally with capsaicin. Intra-peritoneal injection of NGF (0.1-100 ng/rat) decreased in a dose-related manner colonic pain threshold in naive rats. This effect was reversed by anti-NGF antibody (1/2000; 2 ml/kg). TNBS-induced colonic hypersensitivity was also reversed by anti-NGF antibody (1/2000; 2 ml/kg): 37.7 +/- 1.7 and 17.6 +/- 0.7 mmHg (p<0.01) for anti-NGF antibody- and vehicle-treated group, respectively. Neonatal capsaicin pre-treatment inhibited NGF- and TNBS-induced decrease in colonic pain threshold: 49.4 +/- 5.3 versus 22.3 +/- 1.6 mmHg (p<0.01) for capsaicin versus vehicle in NGF-treated rats and 39.6 +/- 3.3 versus 18.0 +/- 1.0 mm Hg (p<0.001) for capsaicin versus vehicle in TNBS-treated rats. These data suggest that the action of NGF on sensory neurons contributes to the development of visceral hypersensitivity and that anti-NGF strategy may be of some therapeutic benefits in digestive sensory disorders.
Cone-beam CT with a flat-panel imager: noise considerations for fully 3D computed tomography (2000)

Application of flat-panel imagers (FPIs) in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) offers a promising new modality for full three-dimensional (3-D) x-ray imaging. Understanding the potential performance and fundamental limitations of such technology, however, requires knowledge of the noise characteristics of the 3-D imaging system. The noise performance of a prototype flat-panel cone-beam CT (FPI-CBCT) system is investigated empirically and theoretically in terms of voxel noise, noise-power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). Methods for NPS analysis common in characterizing 2-D imagers are extended to the fully 3-D case, and a general framework for NPS analysis in n dimensions is presented, including the important considerations of NPS convergence and normalization within the constraints of system linearity and stationarity. Factors affecting imager noise and NPS are numerous, including exposure, number of views, image blur, additive noise, reconstruction filter, and sampling matrix. The applicability of existing theoretical descriptions of CT voxel noise is examined. A theoretical cascaded systems model that accurately predicts the 2-D noise characteristics of the FPI is extended to describe the signal and noise transfer characteristics of the fully 3-D FPI-CBCT system employing filtered back-projection. Analysis of the fully 3-D NPS reveals features of the 3-D imaging system that might otherwise be missed and shows the significant effect of 3-D noise aliasing. Furthermore, it quantifies the performance of various FPI designs in CBCT (e.g., direct and indirect detectors, and variations therein) and provides a guide for the development of high-performance FPI-CBCT systems suited to specific clinical objectives.
The Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols with Molecular Oxygen (2001)

The oxidation of secondary alcohols is one of the most common and well-studied reactions in chemistry. Although excellent catalytic enantioselective methods exist for a variety of oxidation processes, such as epoxidation, dihydroxylation, and aziridination, it is surprising that there are relatively few catalytic enantioselective examples of the ubiquitous alcohol oxidation. In connection with a general program dealing with the discovery of new catalytic oxidation systems, we present herein the development of a catalytic oxidative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols that uses molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant (see Scheme 1).
Fast software exponentiation in GF(2/sup k/) (2002)

The authors present a new algorithm for computing a/sup e/ where a/spl isin/GF(2/sup k/) and e is a positive integer. The proposed algorithm is more suitable for implementation in software, and relies on the Montgomery multiplication in GF(2/sup k/). The speed of the exponentiation algorithm largely depends on the availability of a fast method for multiplying two polynomials of length w defined over GF(2). The theoretical analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed exponentiation method is at least 6 times faster than the exponentiation method using the standard multiplication when w=8. Furthermore, the availability of a 32-bit GF(2) polynomial multiplication instruction on the underlying processor would make the new exponentiation algorithm up to 37 times faster.
Imides: forgotten players in the Ugi reaction. One-pot multicomponent synthesis of quinazolinones (2011)

Up to now, the synthesis of quinazolinones has required lengthy synthetic procedures. Here, we describe an innovative one-pot multicomponent reaction leading to highly substituted quinazolinones. We believe that this novel transformation may open the door for the generation of new and pharmacologically active quinazolinones, but, most important of all, the resurrection of the imide-Ugi scaffold paves the way for the synthesis of novel molecular architectures.
Opioid-induced Delay in Gastric Emptying  (1997)

The attenuation of morphine-induced delay in gastric emptying by methylnaltrexone suggests that the opioid effect is mediated outside the central nervous system. Methylnaltrexone may have the potential to decrease the side effects of opioid medications, which are mediated peripherally, while maintaining the central analgesia effect of the opioid.
Squash Trypsin Inhibitors from<i>Momordica cochinchinensis</i>Exhibit an Atypical Macrocyclic Structure (2000)

Three trypsin inhibitors (TIs), from the seeds of the squash Momordica cochinchinensis (MCo), have been isolated and purified using gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and reverse-phase HPLC. Their sequences could be determined only after proteolytic cleavages. In the case of MCoTI-I and -II, it was shown that their polypeptide backbones are cyclic, a structure that has never been described in squash TIs. They contain 34 amino acid residues with 3 disulfide bridges and measured molecular masses of 3453.0 and 3480.7, respectively. They are the largest known macrocyclic peptides containing disulfide bridges. Their sequences show strong homology to other squash TIs, suggesting a similar three-dimensional structure and an analogous mechanism of action. A model of MCoTI-II was constructed by analogy to the crystal structure of the complex between bovine trypsin and CMTI-I, indicating that the linker connecting the two termini is flexible and does not impose significant geometrical constraints. This flexibility allows an Asp-Gly peptide bond rearrangement to occur in this region, giving rise to two isoforms of MCoTI-II. Although the importance of cyclization is not clear, it might confer increased stability and resistance to proteolysis. A minor species, MCoTI-III, was also characterized as containing 30 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 3379.6. This component possesses a linear backbone with a blocked N-terminus. MCoTIs represent interesting candidates for drug design, either by changing their specificity of inhibition or by using their structure as natural scaffolds bearing new binding activities.
Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma and mediastinal gray zone lymphoma: do they require a unique therapeutic approach? (2014)

Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) is a subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) that is putatively derived from a thymic B cell. Accounting for up to 10% of cases of DLBCL, this subtype predominantly affects women in the third and fourth decades of life. Its clinical and molecular characteristics are distinct from other subtypes of DLBCL and, in fact, closely resemble those of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin lymphoma (NSHL). Recently, mediastinal lymphomas with features intermediate between PMBL and NSHL, called mediastinal gray-zone lymphomas, have been described. The optimal management of PMBL is controversial, and most standard approaches include a combination of immunochemotherapy and mediastinal radiation. Recently, the recognition that mediastinal radiation is associated with significant long-term toxicities has led to the development of novel approaches for PMBL that have shown excellent efficacy and challenge the need for routine mediastinal radiation.
Feeding Tomatoes to Hamsters Reduces their Plasma Low‐density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triglycerides (2000)

ABSTRACT Hamsters were fed semipurified diets containing green or red freeze‐dried tomato powders. Compared to the control diet devoid of tomatoes, a 59% and 44% reduction low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was induced by both the green and red tomatoes, respectively. The corresponding reductions in very low‐density lipoproteins (VLDL) were 45% and 35% and in plasma triglyceride concentrations 47% and 31%, respectively. Plasma levels of high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) were unaffected. Fecal deoxycholic and lithocholic acid concentrations of hamsters on tomato diets were higher than those on control diets. Possible contributions of major components of green and red tomatoes to these beneficial effects are discussed.
IP Security Document Roadmap (1998)

The IPsec protocol suite is used to provide privacy and authentication services at the IP layer.Several documents are used to describe this protocol suite.The interrelationship and organization of the various documents covering the IPsec protocol are discussed here.An explanation of what to find in which document, and what to include in new Encryption Algorithm and Authentication Algorithm documents are described.Table of Contents 1. Introduction .....
Hyperpolarizing Afterpotentials in C Fibers and Local Anesthetic Effects of Clonidine and Lidocaine (1994)

Effects of clonidine and lidocaine on the hyperpolarizing after-potential (HAP) and frequency-dependent block in C fibers were examined on desheathed rabbit vagus nerves, using the sucrose gap technique. A single action potential (AP) was followed by a fast and a slow HAP. Clonidine, at concentrations from 0.05 to 50 mumol/l, decreased the fast HAP, while the AP amplitude was unchanged. At a 500 mumol/l concentration of clonidine, the fast HAP amplitude was similar to control, the slow HAP was increased, and the AP amplitude decreased. Lidocaine at 500 mumol/l delayed and broadened the HAP, making a distinction between fast and slow HAP impossible, and decreased and delayed the AP amplitude. In the presence of lidocaine (500 mumol/l), clonidine at concentrations from 0.05 to 500 mumol/l decreased the HAP amplitude, without modifying the lidocaine-induced shape of the HAP. The modifications of the HAP, however, do not contribute to the local anesthetic effects of clonidine, as the addition of clonidine (0.5 and 500 mumol/l) to Locke or lidocaine (500 mumol/l) solution does not enhance the frequency-dependent block (3 and 10 Hz) observed with either Locke or lidocaine solution alone.
Microcontroller Engineering with MSP432 (2016)

This book aims to develop professional and practical microcontroller applications in the ARM-MDK environment with Texas Instruments MSP432P401R LaunchPad kits. It introduces ARM Cortex-M4 MCU by highlighting the most important elements, including: registers, pipelines, memory, and I/O ports. With the updated MSP432P401R Evaluation Board (EVB), MSP-EXP432P401R, this MCU provides various control functions with multiple peripherals to enable users to develop and build various modern control projects with rich control strategies. Micro-controller programming is approached with basic and straightforward programming codes to reduce learning curves, and furthermore to enable students to build embedded applications in more efficient and interesting ways. For authentic examples, 37 Class programming projects are built into the book that use MSP432P401R MCU. Additionally, approximately 40 Lab programming projects with MSP432P401R MCU are included to be assigned as homework.
Simple scheme for efficient linear optics quantum gates (2001)

We describe the construction of a conditional quantum control-NOT (CNOT) gate from linear optical elements following the program of Knill, Laflamme, and Milburn [Nature 409, 46 (2001)]. We show that the basic operation of this gate can be tested using current technology. We then simplify the scheme significantly.
Thyroid Peroxidase and Thyroid Microsomal Autoantibodies* (1989)

The antithyroid microsomal antibodies found in the serum of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease are directed largely, if not entirely, against thyroid peroxidase (TPO). In this study we used a highly purified, well characterized, large tryptic fragment of porcine TPO (hereafter referred to as purified porcine TPO) to examine possible differences among microsomal antibodies in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Antibodies against this TPO preparation and also against a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 780-793 of the deduced sequence of the native enzyme were compared with microsomal antibodies from patients in immunoblot experiments. The antiporcine TPO and antisynthetic peptide antibodies reacted with crude preparations of human TPO. Binding of serum microsomal antibodies to purified porcine TPO was also found. Purified porcine TPO shows two fragments after gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions: a 59K fragment corresponding to the amino end of the molecule, and two approximately 30K fragments corresponding to the carboxyl end. Using an immunoblot procedure with purified porcine TPO as the antigen, we found that at least two epitopes were involved in microsomal antibody production: one associated with the 59K fragment and the other with the approximately 30K fragment(s). The distribution of serum antibodies against these epitopes differed among the patients, indicating that these antibodies comprise a heterogeneous group. Serum from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease significantly inhibited human TPO activity, raising the possibility that microsomal antibodies may contribute to the impaired thyroid function that occurs in some patients with autoimmune thyroid disease.
Specific Growth and Characterization Issues in Multi-Junction Solar Cells for Concentrations Above 1000 Suns (2006)

This work presents some lines of research currently being investigated in our group that are aimed to contribute to a better performance of multi-junction solar cells at very high concentrations (~1000 suns) and, in addition, to achieve a better characterization of these devices also at high concentrations. The improvement of the performance of the solar cell at high concentrations is addressed in two ways. First, a set of results is presented to ascertain the potential of tellurium as a possible n-type dopant to improve the performance of tunnel junctions. Then, the contribution of the bottom cell BSF layer to the series resistance is analysed. On the other hand, the issue of the linearity of the short circuit current with the irradiance is investigated. This linearity is assessed by measuring the external quantum efficiency of solar cells with bias lights of different intensities
New Amphiphilic Lactic Acid Oligomer−Hyaluronan Conjugates: Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization (2007)

The "grafting onto" strategy was used to conjugate DL-lactic acid oligomers (OLA) to hyaluronan (HA) for the sake of developing novel degradable HA-based self-assembling polymeric systems. Grafting was achieved by reacting COCl-terminated OLA with cetyltrimethylammonium hyaluronate (CTA-HA) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The resulting CTA-HAOLA conjugates were purified and turned to sodium form (Na-HAOLA) by dissolution in a phosphate buffer-DMSO mixture and successive dialyses against DMSO, ethanol, and water. In contrast, when the same protocol was applied to CTA-HAOLA, phase separation with gel formation was observed. The solution phase was composed of Na-HAOLA whereas the gel phase was made of mixed CTA-Na-HAOLA salt with ca. 25% of the carboxyl groups neutralized by CTA. Gelation was assigned to intramolecular hydrophobic associations between OLA and cetyl alkyl chains that complemented electrostatic interactions between CTA and HA COO- groups synergistically. Therefore, the corresponding stabilized CTA ions required more drastic conditions to be released. Under the selected dialysis conditions, the CTA-Na-HAOLA gels formed tiny tubes. Na-HAOLA and CTA-Na-HAOLA were characterized by FTIR, one-dimensional 1H and two-dimensional 1H NMR. The extent of grafting was ca. 5% per disaccharidic repeating unit, regardless of the molecular weight, as determined by NMR and capillary zone electrophoresis. Amphiphilic Na-HAOLA molecules were aggregated and formed spherical species in water according to size exclusion chromatography combined with multiangle laser light scattering detection. The critical aggregation concentration ranged between 0.2 and 0.35% (w/v), depending of the molecular weight of the parent hyaluronan.
Online Machinery Condition Monitoring Avoids Unexpected Failures and Improves Operator Safety (2004)

Online condition and runnability monitoring systems have become important tools for monitoring normal and abnormal vibration patterns and predicting unexpected failures in paper machinery. These online systems monitor pulp and paper making lines, their mechanical components and process components 24 hours per day. The systems provide short term analysis and long term historical trends of vibrations and generate alarms which help the operators and maintenance staff to monitor the machine condition and process operations and to see abnormal and potentially dangerous signs of premature failure. This technical paper highlights the experiences with online systems that have been used in pulp and paper mills to detect pre-failure conditions. By detecting the early warning signs of failure, catastrophic and dangerous failures have been avoided. The analysis techniques used to detect and isolate the problems are presented.
Influence of Outer Surface Protein A Antibody on<i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>within Feeding Ticks (1999)

Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochetal agent of Lyme disease, is transmitted by Ixodes ticks. When an infected nymphal tick feeds on a host, the bacteria increase in number within the tick, after which they invade the tick's salivary glands and infect the host. Antibodies directed against outer surface protein A (OspA) of B. burgdorferi kill spirochetes within feeding ticks and block transmission to the host. In the studies presented here, passive antibody transfer experiments were carried out to determine the OspA antibody titer required to block transmission to the rodent host. OspA antibody levels were determined by using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that measured antibody binding to a protective epitope defined by monoclonal antibody C3.78. The C3.78 OspA antibody titer (>213 microgram/ml) required to eradicate spirochetes from feeding ticks was considerably higher than the titer (>6 microgram/ml) required to block transmission to the host. Although spirochetes were not eradicated from ticks at lower antibody levels, the antibodies reduced the number of spirochetes within the feeding ticks and interfered with the ability of spirochetes to induce ospC and invade the salivary glands of the vector. OspA antibodies may directly interfere with the ability of B. burgdorferi to invade the salivary glands of the vector; alternately, OspA antibodies may lower the density of spirochetes within feeding ticks below a critical threshold required for initiating events linked to transmission.
Understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus: what can we learn from transgenic and knockout mice? (2000)

The development of type 2 diabetes is linked to insulin resistance coupled with a failure of pancreatic B-cells to compensate by adequate insulin secretion. Here, we review studies obtained from genetically engineered mice that have helped dissect the pathophysiology of this disease. Transgenic/knockout models with monogenic impairment in insulin action and insulin secretion have highlighted potential molecular mechanisms for insulin resistance and suggested a mechanism for the development of MODY in humans. Polygenic models have strengthened the idea that minor defects in insulin secretion and insulin action, when combined, can lead to diabetes, pointing out the importance of interactions of different genetic loci in the production of diabetes. Tissue-specific knockouts of the insulin receptor have challenged current concepts on the regulation of glucose homeostasis and have highlighted the importance of insulin action in pancreatic B-cells and brain. The impact of the genetic background on insulin action, insulin secretion and the incidence of diabetes is also evident in these models. These findings highlight potential new therapeutic targets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
The science of service management and engineering : an analysis from within an African context (2007)

The Science of Service Management and Engineering (SSME), as an emergent discipline, has its roots embedded within the fertile grown of a global services economy. In this paper an attempt is made to gain clarity as to the "SSME" concept and the implications thereof within an African context, with specific reference to the role of academic institutions as innovative thought leaders.
Preliminary results of the Ground/Orbiter Lasercom Demonstration experiment between Table Mountain and the ETS-VI satellite (1996)

The Ground/Orbiter Lasercomm Demonstration (GOLD) is an optical communications demonstration between the Japanese engineering test satellite (ETS-VI) and an optical ground transmitting and receiving station at the Table Mountain Facility in Wrightwood, California. Laser transmissions to the satellite are performed approximately four hours every third night when the satellite is at apogee above Table Mountain. The experiment required the coordination of resources at CRL, JPL, NASDA's Tsukuba tracking station and NASA's Deep Space Network at Goldstone, Calif. to generate and transmit real-time commands and receive telemetry from the ETS-VI. Transmissions to the ETS-VI began in November 1995 and are scheduled to last into the middle of January 1996 when the satellite is expected to be eclipsed by the Earth's shadow for a major part of its orbit. The eclipse is expected to last for about two months, and during this period there will be limited electrical power available on board the satellite. NASDA plans to restrict experiments with the ETS-VI satellite during this period, and no laser transmissions are planned. Post-eclipse experiments are currently being negotiated. GOLD is a joint NASA-CRL (Communications Research Laboratory) experiment that is being conducted by JPL in coordination with CRL and NASDA.