gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatio-Temporal Efficiency in a Taxi Dispatch System (2008)

In this paper, we present an empirical analysis of the GPS-enabled taxi dispatch system used by the world’s second largest land transportation company. We first summarize the collective dynamics of the more than 6,000 taxicabs in this fleet. Next, we propose a simple method for evaluating the efficiency of the system over a given period of time and geographic zone. Our method yields valuable insights into system performance—in particular, revealing significant inefficiencies that should command the attention of the fleet operator. For example, despite the state of the art dispatching system employed by the company, we find imbalances in supply and demand during peak business hours, often resulting in unacceptably high waiting times for passengers. Surprisingly, we also find imbalances during off-peak hours in certain zones. Finally, we discuss how techniques from multi-agent systems research, such as distributed coordination and market-based resource allocation, may be effective in improving the performance of this important mode of public transportation. 1.
Enhanced-phase-shaped binary transmission (2000)

A theoretical assessment of the performance of a new modulation format which is of interest for both submarine and terrestrial optical transmission is presented. It consists in increasing the extinction ratio of a standard phase-shaped binary transmission (PSBT) signal in order to obtain a high tolerance to both chromatic dispersion and signal-to-noise ratio degradation. This enables the optical power to be reduced and also therefore nonlinear effects, or the amplifier spacing to be increased. Furthermore, this modulation format yields a high spectral efficiency for wavelength division multiplexing applications.
Effect of insulin on the concentration of glucose and hormones in serum and milk yield of postpartum ewes (1991)

Eighteen mature Debouillet ewes with single lambs received either 0, 0.25 or 0.50 IU Lente insulin per kilogram body weight per day on days 11 through 20 postpartum. Hourly blood samples were obtained from 1 h before to 6 h after treatment on days 11 and 20. Serum insulin concentration was increased by 1 h after insulin injection on day 11 and was accompanied by a decrease in serum glucose concentration. By 6 h after treatment on days 11 and 20, serum glucose and insulin in ewes receiving 0.25 IU insulin had returned to control levels. Exogenous insulin did not induce ovarian cyclicity. Key words: Sheep, insulin, postpartum, anestrus, prolactin, somatotropin
Favorable prognosis after late relapse of Hodgkin's disease. (1998)

The actual incidence of LR emphasizes the need for continuous follow-up of patients treated for HD. LR, if properly managed with conventional therapy, does not compromise survival.
Identification of oncofetal fibronectin in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (1998)

These results demonstrate the presence of onfFN in advanced ovarian malignancies. We speculate that onfFN may participate in tumor-associated peritoneal adhesive interactions.
Purification and characterization of infectious myonecrosis virus of penaeid shrimp (2006)

The causative agent of myonecrosis affecting cultured Penaeus vannamei in Brazil was demonstrated to be a virus after purification of the agent from infected shrimp tissues. Purified viral particles were injected into specific pathogen-free P. vannamei, resulting in a disease that displayed the same characteristics as those found in the original shrimp used for purification. The virus was named infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). The viral particles were icosahedral in shape and 40 nm in diameter, with a buoyant density of 1.366 g ml(-1) in caesium chloride. The genome consisted of a single, double-stranded (dsRNA) molecule of 7560 bp. Sequencing of the viral genome revealed two non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). The 5' ORF (ORF 1, nt 136-4953) encoded a putative RNA-binding protein and a capsid protein. The coding region of the RNA-binding protein was located in the first half of ORF 1 and contained a dsRNA-binding motif in the first 60 aa. The second half of ORF 1 encoded a capsid protein, as determined by amino acid sequencing, with a molecular mass of 106 kDa. The 3' ORF (ORF 2, nt 5241-7451) encoded a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) with motifs characteristic of totiviruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on the RdRp clustered IMNV with Giardia lamblia virus, a member of the family Totiviridae. Based on these findings, IMNV may be a unique member of the Totiviridae or may represent a new dsRNA virus family that infects invertebrate hosts.
Interleukin 1 is a radioprotector. (1986)

Pretreatment with recombinant interleukin 1 (IL 1) protects mice in a dose-dependent manner from lethal effects of ionizing radiation. Two thousand units of IL 1, given i.p. 20 hr before irradiation, protect 88% of C57B1/6 mice from an LD100/17 radiation dose (dose of radiation that kills 100% mice in 17 days), and 1000 U of IL 1 protect 100% of DBA/1 mice from an LD50/30 dose. This finding provides the first evidence that a cytokine, IL 1, which acts as a differentiation- and maturation-inducing agent for a variety of cells, also can serve as a signal that initiates radioprotective events in vivo. Because many of the exogenous immunomodulators that have been shown to be radioprotective also induce endogenous IL 1 production, our observation suggests that IL 1 may mediate their radioprotective effects.
Impact of institutional smoking bans on reducing harms and secondhand smoke exposure (2016)

We found evidence of an effect of settings-based smoking policies on reducing smoking rates in hospitals and universities. In prisons, reduced mortality rates and reduced exposure to secondhand smoke were reported. However, we rated the evidence base as low quality. We therefore need more robust studies assessing the evidence for smoking bans and policies in these important specialist settings.
Short Paper: Enhanced 1-D Chaotic Key-Based Algorithm for Image Encryption (2006)

A recently proposed Chaotic-Key Based Algorithm (CKBA) has been shown to be unavoidably susceptible to chosen/known-plaintext attacks and ciphertext-only attacks. In this paper we enhance the CKBA algorithm three-fold: 1) we change the 1-D chaotic Logistic map to a piecewise linear chaotic map (PWLCM) to improve the balance property, 2) we increase the key size to 128 bits, and 3) we add two more cryptographic primitives and extend the scheme to operate on multiple rounds so that the chosen/knownplaintext attacks are no longer possible. The new cipher has much stronger security and its performance characteristics remain very good.
Cloning and characterization of the gene for an additional extracellular serine protease of Bacillus subtilis (1991)

We have purified a minor extracellular serine protease from a strain of Bacillus subtilis bearing null mutations in five extracellular protease genes: apr, npr, epr, bpr, and mpr (A. Sloma, C. Rudolph, G. Rufo, Jr., B. Sullivan, K. Theriault, D. Ally, and J. Pero, J. Bacteriol. 172:1024-1029, 1990). During purification, this novel protease (Vpr) was found bound in a complex in the void volume after gel filtration chromatography. The amino-terminal sequence of the purified protein was determined, and an oligonucleotide probe was constructed on the basis of the amino acid sequence. This probe was used to clone the structural gene (vpr) for this protease. The gene encodes a primary product of 806 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of the mature protein was preceded by a signal sequence of approximately 28 amino acids and a prosequence of approximately 132 amino acids. The mature protein has a predicted molecular weight of 68,197; however, the isolated protein has an apparent molecular weight of 28,500, suggesting that Vpr undergoes C-terminal processing or proteolysis. The vpr gene maps in the ctrA-sacA-epr region of the chromosome and is not required for growth or sporulation.
Language-based multimodal displays for the handover of control in autonomous cars (2015)

This paper presents a first evaluation of multimodal language-based warnings for handovers of control in autonomous cars. A set of possible handover situations varying in urgency is described. A set of multimodal, language-based warnings for these situations is then introduced. All combinations of audio, tactile and visual warnings for handovers were evaluated in terms of perceived urgency, annoyance and alerting effectiveness. Results showed clear recognition of the warning urgency in this new context, as well as low perceived annoyance overall, and higher perceived effectiveness for critical warnings. The time of transition from self-driving to manual mode in the presence of the warnings was then evaluated. Results showed quicker transitions for highly urgent warnings and poor driving performance for unimodal visual warnings. These results provide a novel set of guidelines for an effective transition of control between car and driver in an autonomous vehicle.
An Endogenous Inducer of Sexual Development in Aspergillus Nidulans (1987)

During development of the homothallic ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans, asexual sporulation is followed by sexual sporulation. We report here the detection of a solvent-extractable activity which inhibits asexual sporulation and stimulates premature sexual sporulation. This activity, called precocious sexual inducer (psi), is overproduced by certain mutants that are blocked in both modes of sporulation. Using partially purified preparations of psi, biological response could be elicited with as little as 50 ng of material. We suggest that psi is a hormone-precursor which is converted to a hormone by normal sporulating strains that respond to psi, but not by the asporogenous mutants that overproduce psi. The stability of psi activity gives promise that the compound can be purified and identified.
Innovative Multilayer Technologies for Active Phased Array Antennas (1997)

A high performance organic multilayer structure has been developed and manufactured for an active phased array antenna. The driving factors were cost reduction and high integration. To satisfy these requirements, the same multilayer structure mixing aluminum and Teflon® laminates is used as a mechanical support of microwave functions, RE and DC interconnects, power divider including planar resistors, thermal dissipator, ASIC's and MMIC packages. Key technological developments that have been realized are planar resistors in stripline configuration using Ohmega ® Foil technology with 10% tolerance, fusion bonding multilayer technology, starting with thick aluminum backed laminates (plated through holes connected to aluminum, plated through holes unconnected to aluminum) and MMIC's and ASIC's integration (chips or ceramics). This approach has proved to be efficient in terms of cost and performances by reducing RF discontinuities, reducing bonding and wiring, minimizing interface parasitic, eliminating prasitic resonance and reducing coaxial connectors. Further developments are in progress: passive function integration such as filters, couplers, ... or dielectric loss reduction using suspended stripline propogation.
Hepatitis C virus NS3 serine proteinase: trans-cleavage requirements and processing kinetics (1994)

The hepatitis C virus H strain (HCV-H) polyprotein is cleaved to produce at least 10 distinct products, in the order of NH2-C-E1-E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B -COOH. An HCV-encoded serine proteinase activity in NS3 is required for cleavage at four sites in the nonstructural region (3/4A, 4A/4B, 4B/5A, and 5A/5B). In this report, the HCV-H serine proteinase domain (the N-terminal 181 residues of NS3) was tested for its ability to mediate trans-processing at these four sites. By using an NS3-5B substrate with an inactivated serine proteinase domain, trans-cleavage was observed at all sites except for the 3/4A site. Deletion of the inactive proteinase domain led to efficient trans-processing at the 3/4A site. Smaller NS4A-4B and NS5A-5B substrates were processed efficiently in trans; however, cleavage of an NS4B-5A substrate occurred only when the serine proteinase domain was coexpressed with NS4A. Only the N-terminal 35 amino acids of NS4A were required for this activity. Thus, while NS4A appears to be absolutely required for trans-cleavage at the 4B/5A site, it is not an essential cofactor for serine proteinase activity. To begin to examine the conservation (or divergence) of serine proteinase-substrate interactions during HCV evolution, we demonstrated that similar trans-processing occurred when the proteinase domains and substrates were derived from two different HCV subtypes. These results are encouraging for the development of broadly effective HCV serine proteinase inhibitors as antiviral agents. Finally, the kinetics of processing in the nonstructural region was examined by pulse-chase analysis. NS3-containing precursors were absent, indicating that the 2/3 and 3/4A cleavages occur rapidly. In contrast, processing of the NS4A-5B region appeared to involve multiple pathways, and significant quantities of various polyprotein intermediates were observed. NS5B, the putative RNA polymerase, was found to be significantly less stable than the other mature cleavage products. This instability appeared to be an inherent property of NS5B and did not depend on expression of other viral polypeptides, including the HCV-encoded proteinases.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a New Alkaline Earth Imide: MgCa(NH)<sub>2</sub> (2006)

Abstract The ternary imide of MgCa(NH) 2 has been successfully synthesized for the first time by the mechanochemical reaction of Mg(NH 2 ) 2 and CaH 2 at a molar ratio of 1:1. It was found that ca. four H atoms were desorbed per Mg(NH 2 ) 2 ‐CaH 2 after 72 h of ball milling leaving a solid residue with the chemical composition of MgCa(NH) 2 . The solid residue exhibits an imide N–H stretching vibration at 3151 cm –1 and a cubic CaNH‐like structure. In addition, X‐ray Absorption Fine Structure examination at the Ca K ‐edge indicates that six N atoms occupy the first coordination shell of the Ca center in an anticipated octahedral geometry, and Ca(Mg) atoms occupy the second coordination shell. The distances of Ca–N and Ca–Ca(Mg) in the newly formed MgCa(NH) 2 structure calculated by ESDs are 2.46 and 3.47 Å, respectively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Development and characterization of a human sarcoma cell line, MES-SA, sensitive to multiple drugs. (1983)

A cell line designated MES-SA has been developed from a uterine sarcoma. Cells from the surgical tumor specimen were grown in a soft-agar clonogenic assay, with a relatively high plating efficiency of 0.5% and sensitivity to multiple drugs. Histologically, the surgical specimen and tumors developing after MES-SA inoculation into nude mice were identical, consisting of sheets of anaplastic sarcoma cells amid scant hyalinized stroma. The nonepithelial origin of this line was supported by ultrastructural analysis and negative mucin staining. Growth in monolayer was established by seeding colonies from soft agar into liquid media and has been maintained for over 21 months (greater than 100 passages), with a population-doubling time for the cell line of 22 hr. The MES-SA line readily forms colonies in soft agar with plating efficiencies ranging from 10 to 20%. Tumor cell inoculation s.c. into nude mice produces tumors within 2 to 3 weeks and subsequent tumor volume-doubling times of 7 to 10 days. MES-SA has a modal chromosome number of 45. Karyotypic abnormalities include: monosomic forms of chromosomes 5, 6, and 7; a 5q, 6p translocation; and one marker chromosome. In vitro sensitivities to doxorubicin, dactinomycin, mitomycin C, and bleomycin have been demonstrated by clonogenic assay. These drug sensitivities remain stable over long periods of monolayer growth and after passage in nude mice.
Progress in the development of systems for in vitro expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells (1999)

Hematopoietic stem cells are the cells primarily responsible for short term and long term hematological reconstitution when a graft is infused into a myeloablated host. The number and quality of hematopoietic stem cells within a graft are the major determinants of the time to and durability of hematological reconstitution of a transplant recipient. Ex vivo hematopoietic stem cell expansion is, therefore, a critical component of several potentially important clinical strategies including gene therapy, tumor purging and graft engineering. Recent clinical trials using a variety of ex vivo hematopoietic stem cells expansion systems have, to date, met with limited success. Recognition of the consequences of hematopoietic stem cell self-replication will assist in the development of new approaches to hematopoietic stem cell expansion. The use of suitable in vivo models to assay the marrow repopulating potential of expanded hematopoietic stem cell products is a vital step prior to entry again into clinical trials.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of the Structural Gene for Human Acid Alpha Glucosidase (1991)

Genetic deficiency of acid alpha glucosidase (GAA) results in glycogen storage disease type II. To study the disease at the molecular level, we have previously isolated and sequenced the cDNA (3.6 kb) for human GAA. We have now isolated the structural gene, mapped and determined the position and size of the exons containing the entire cDNA, and determined the sequence of the intron-exon junctions. The structural gene is approximately 28 kb and contains 20 exons. The first exon has only 5' untranslated sequence and is separated by an approximately 2.7-kb intron from the second exon that contains the initiation ATG. The second as well as the last exon are quite large (578 and 607 bp) with the remainder of the exons ranging from 85-187 bp. Additionally, two new restriction fragment length (RFLPs) for Xba I and Stu I are described at the GAA locus, one of which is most 5' of the eight RFLPs we have previously described.
SeamCrop (2012)

The resizing of videos is currently in high demand due to the popularity of mobile devices with very small screen sizes. As the screen resolution of these devices increases, the resizing is mostly needed to change the aspect ratio of the videos to fit the display size. In this paper we present a novel and fast approach for the retargeting of videos which combines cropping and seam carving. The idea is to find an optimal cropping window and to get more useful content into it by additionally removing seams. We formulate the search for a cropping window in terms of a 2D rectangle representing the possible positions of the window over all frames. Finding the optimal position can be solved efficiently with dynamic programming. A user study was conducted that compares our approach to a similar state-of-the-art video retargeting technique, showing that our new algorithm has fast computation times while also having a comparable quality of results.
Purification and Characterization of an Anaerobically Induced Alanine Aminotransferase from Barley Roots (1992)

Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT, EC 2.6.1.2) is an enzyme that is induced under anaerobic conditions in cereal roots. In barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots, there are a number of isoforms of AlaAT. We have identified the anaerobically induced isoform and have purified it to homogeneity. The isolation procedure involved a two-step ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and chromatofocusing. The enzyme was purified approximately 350-fold to a specific activity of 2231 units/milligram protein. The apparent molecular masses of the native and sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured AlaAT proteins are 97 and 50 kilodaltons, respectively, indicating that the native enzyme is probably a homodimer. AlaAT has a number of interesting characteristics when compared with other plant aminotransferases. AlaAT does not require the presence of pyridoxyl-5-phosphate to retain its activity, and it appears to be very specific in the reactions that it will catalyze.
Antibody-profiling technologies for studying humoral responses to infectious agents (2010)

Analyses of humoral responses against different infectious agents are critical for infectious disease diagnostics, understanding pathogenic mechanisms, and the development and monitoring of vaccines. While ELISAs are often used to measure antibody responses to one or several targets, new antibody-profiling technologies, such as protein microarrays, can now evaluate antibody responses to hundreds, or even thousands, of recombinant antigens at one time. These large-scale studies have uncovered new antigenic targets, provided new insights into vaccine research and yielded an overview of immunoreactivity against almost the entire proteome of certain pathogens. However, solid-phase antigen arrays also have drawbacks that limit the type of information obtained, including suboptimal detection of conformational epitopes, high backgrounds due to impure antigens and a narrow dynamic range of detection. We have developed a solution-phase antibody-profiling technology, luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (LIPS), which harnesses light-emitting recombinant antigen fusion proteins to quantitatively measure patient antibody titers. Owing to the highly linear light output of the luciferase reporter, some antibodies can be detected without serum dilution in a dynamic range of detection often spanning seven orders of magnitude. When LIPS is applied iteratively with multiple target antigens, a high-definition antibody profile is obtained. Here, we discuss the application of these different antibody-profiling technologies and their associated limitations with particular emphasis on protein microarrays. We also describe LIPS in detail and discuss several clinically relevant uses of the technology. Together, these new technologies offer new tools for understanding humoral responses to known and emerging infectious agents.
Application of amplitude gain estimation techniques for multilevel modulation in OFDM systems (2002)

In this paper the performance of feed-forward amplitude gain estimator techniques for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) utilising multilevel modulation is considered. Based on the split-symbol algorithm and the nonlinearity algorithm, the techniques operate on a number of frequency domain symbols in one OFDM symbol to estimate short term amplitude gain. Application of these techniques results in a efficient bandwidth transmission, reduced complexity system and, due to its feed-forward feature, a fast estimation period. The performance evaluation has been carried out by computer simulation over a frequency selective channel with AWGN, and compared for several estimation symbol lengths.
The Spread of Ultrasound-Guided Injectate From the Adductor Canal to the Genicular Branch of the Posterior Obturator Nerve and the Popliteal Plexus (2017)

Injection of 10 mL of dye into the distal part of the AC spreads into the popliteal fossa and colors the popliteal plexus and the genicular branch of the posterior obturator nerve.
The first enantioselective synthesis of the amino acid, (2S,3S,4R)-γ-hydroxyisoleucine using a palladium(<scp>ii</scp>) catalysed 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangement (2004)

A synthetic route towards the synthesis of (2S,3S,4R)-gamma-hydroxyisoleucine, the amino acid component of the natural product, funebrine has been developed using as the key step, a palladium(II) catalysed 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangement to create the (2S)-stereogenic centre.