gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of the ICDAS system and two fluorescence-based intraoral devices for examination of occlusal surfaces. (2015)

A short training of dentists in the use the ICDAS system resulted in satisfactory inter-examiner reliability for the analysis of occlusal lesions on white light images. Soprolife and Diagnodent do not contribute to a better detection of early carious lesions.
Epidermal growth control mechanisms, hyperplasia, and tumor promotion in the skin. (1976)

In permanently renewing epithelia such as epidermis, the steady state between cell loss and cell gain is thought to be controlled by tissue-own and tissue-specific inhibitors of cell proliferation (chalones). In epidermis two chalone-like factors have been found, a G1 chalone retarding the entry of cells into the phase of DNA replication and a G2 chalone inhibiting the transition of cells from G2 into mitosis. Both factors have been isolated from pigskin; they are probably glycoproteins. In contrast to the G2 chalone, the G1 chalone is resistant to heat and proteolytic enzymes and is most probably produced in keratinizing cells. From the purified G1 chalone a dose of 0.05 to 0.1 µg injected i.p. into an adult mouse is sufficient to depress epidermal DNA synthesis to about 50%.

Studies on the response of mouse epidermis to mitogenic stimuli lead to the conclusion that the tissue can react in two different ways: 

1. If the stimulus does not involve severe injury, only the flow of cell through the steady state of tissue homeostasis is accelerated ( e.g. , after gentle skin massage or chemical depilation). In this case hyperplasia is not observed or develops only slowly if the stimulus lasts for a longer period of time (functional hyperplasia, e.g. , at body sites that suffer a strong wear and tear). Under these conditions the G1 chalone mechanism is not disturbed.

2. The automatic response to any kind of severe injury ( e.g. , wounding, removal of the horny layer, treatment with mitogens such as the tumor-promoting phorbol esters or acetic acid) is not only compensatory growth but also a transient loss of susceptibility to G1 chalone which is followed by a sudden development of a pronounced and long-lasting hyperplasia (hyperplastic transformation). In many aspects hyperplastically transformed epidermis resembles neonatal tissue.



In analogy to the hemopoietic system, it is proposed that the proliferative compartment of epidermis consists of different types of stem cells and that only already maturating stem cells are able to respond to G1 chalone. During the hyperplastic transformation this stem cell pool is depopulated due to either hasty keratinization ( e.g. , after removal of the horny laryer) or dedifferentiation (as is discussed for the mechanism of action of tumor promoters). The result is a transient chalone-insensitive cell proliferation.

The concept of dedifferentiation as the driving force of tumor promotion is supported by investigations of effects of hyperplasiogenic and promoting agents on the epidermal adenosine cyclic 3′:5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) system. The observations are not consistent with the assumption that epidermal cell proliferation is triggered by a fall in the epidermal level of cyclic AMP but favor the idea that cyclic AMP is involved in the expression of epidermal function. Provided that this is correct certain effects of different phorbol esters on epidermal cyclic AMP may be directly correlated to the “dedifferentiating” and promoting activity of the agent.
Regulation of the insulin-like growth factor system by acute acidosis. (1996)

Many catabolic conditions are characterized by disturbances in acid-base balance and concomitant alterations in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. However, the influence of acidosis per se on the various components of the IGF system has not been extensively examined. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of acute metabolic acidosis on the plasma and tissue concentrations of IGF-I and the various IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). Conscious unrestrained fasted rats were infused iv with either 0.2 N HCl or an equal volume of saline for 4 h. The arterial blood pH decreased within 60 min after starting the HCl infusion and remained lower than time-matched control values for the entire experimental protocol. Although the plasma IGF-I concentration fell gradually and was reduced by 30%, compared to time-matched control values, GH levels were unaltered. The IGF-I content of tissues collected at the conclusion of the experiment was increased in liver (35%) and kidney (63%), and unchanged in skeletal muscle. However, whereas acidosis moderately increased IGF-I messenger RNA abundance in liver, no significant alteration in IGF-I expression was detected in kidney. Acidosis also increased the plasma levels of IGFBP-1 and -2 as well as the IGFBP-1 content of liver and kidney. In contrast, the concentration of intact IGFBP-3 was decreased in acid-infused rats, and this reduction was associated with an increased rate of IGFBP-3 protease activity. Acidotic rats demonstrated unremarkable changes in the plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin, but corticosterone levels were elevated throughout the experiment. The results of the present study demonstrate that in the absence of underlying pathology, acute metabolic acidosis decreases circulating levels of IGF-I, probably by increasing renal clearance of the peptide, not by decreasing hepatic IGF-I synthesis.
The Use of Expatriate Managers in International Joint Ventures (2004)

This study developed a set of hypotheses concerning factors that influence the use of expatriate managers in international joint ventures' (IJVs). These hypotheses were tested on a sample drawn from U.S. firms' IJVs in Japan. Results from the empirical tests indicate that the use of expatriate managers is significantly affected by IJV age and IJV size, but not U.S. firms' size and R&D intensity.
Regional hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease as measured by positron emission tomography after correction for effects of partial volume averaging (1996)

Measurements of cerebral metabolism in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) using PET are artifactually depressed due to partial volume averaging of brain tissue activity with enlarged CSF spaces. To investigate the effects of correction for the expansion of CSF spaces on regional metabolic measures, as well as the correlations between neuropsychological test results and resting cerebral metabolism before and after partial volume correction, we applied an MRI-based method of partial volume correction to 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET data from eight patients diagnosed with probable AD and ten healthy elderly individuals. Before correction, the AD group had significantly lower cortex-to-cerebellum ratios in the posterior temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes in comparison to the control subjects. Partial volume correction of PET data resulted in 19 to 49% increases in regional activity in the AD group and 16 to 38% increases in the control group. The patients' persistence of significant hypometabolism in the frontal, posterior temporal, and parietal regions after partial volume correction suggests that a true reduction in regional cerebral glucose metabolism occurs in AD, even though its magnitude is a result of both metabolic reductions and the effects of atrophy. Partial volume correction of PET data in the AD group had a significant impact on the correlations between regional glucose metabolism and neuropsychological performance. These findings suggest that accounting for differential extent and distribution of cerebral atrophy in patients with AD and in healthy individuals may potentially improve our ability to interpret specific cognitive dysfunction in the context of the functional imaging data.
Metropolitan area network architecture and services (2003)

An MAN (metropolitan area network) architecture is described which is a hybrid two-level switching-hierarchy using distributed switching at the lower level and centralized switching at the upper. The architecture thus merges centralized and distributed switching into a single integrated architecture, preserving the advantages of both and offering a graceful evolution toward the anticipated broadband ISDN (integrated services digital network) network. The central switch provides fast interconnectivity between networks, removes the bandwidth limitations of shared medium architectures, and ensures security. The shared-medium approach efficiently utilizes the available bandwidth, provides mechanisms for congestion control, supports broadcast/multicast services, and reduces the load offered to the central switch.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Mechanisms of Glycosylation Reactions Studied by Low-Temperature Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2015)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTMechanisms of Glycosylation Reactions Studied by Low-Temperature Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceTobias Gylling Frihed, Mikael Bols, and Christian Marcus Pedersen*View Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark*E-mail [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 11, 4963–5013Publication Date (Web):April 29, 2015Publication History Received9 August 2014Published online29 April 2015Published inissue 10 June 2015https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr500434xhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr500434xreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2015 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5875Altmetric-Citations138LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Carbohydrates,Conformation,Free radicals,Ions,Post-translational modification Get e-Alerts
Genetic analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants which define the gene for the major herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA-binding protein (1983)

We have assigned eight temperature-sensitive mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 to complementation group 1-1. Members of this group fail to complement mutants in herpes simplex virus type 2 complementation group 2-2. The mutation of one member of group 1-1, tsHA1 of strain mP, has been shown to map in or near the sequence which encodes the major herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA-binding protein (Conley et al., J. Virol. 37:191-206, 1981). The mutations of five other members of group 1-1 map in or near the sequence in which the tsHA1 mutation maps, a sequence which lies near the center of UL between the genes for the viral DNA polymerase and viral glycoprotein gAgB. These mutants can be divided into two groups; the mutations of one group map between coordinates 0.385 and 0.398, and the mutations of the other group map between coordinates 0.398 and 0.413. At the nonpermissive temperature mutants in group 1-1 are viral DNA negative, and mutant-infected cells fail to react with monoclonal antibody to the 130,000-dalton DNA-binding protein. Taken together, these data indicate that mutants in complementation groups 1-1 and 2-2 define the gene for the major herpes simplex virus DNA-binding protein, an early gene product required for viral DNA synthesis.
Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in the Early Phase after Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rat (1999)

In order to estimate a regenerative response in the early phase after renal ischemia-reperfusion in rat, we examined the time course of the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a response of signal transduction pathway after 45 min ischemia in kidney. The activation of EGFR was observed 5-30 min after the start of reperfusion. Simultaneously, superoxide anion/hydrogen peroxide generated in the mitochondrial fraction was elevated during the same period. On the other hand, the level of EGF decreased in a time-dependent manner. These results suggested that superoxide anion/hydrogen peroxide generated during the ischemia-reperfusion other than EGF could act as an activator for the EGFR. In summary, the activation of EGFR is important as a regenerative response at an early stage after the start of reperfusion in ischemic kidney.
A Novel Nanofluid Based on Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oil Recovery (2017)

A novel nanofluid based on fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) was developed. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles prepared by a simple and rapid method were used as a chemical agent for EOR and fluorescence imaging. Transmission electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer were employed to observe the shape, size, and surface components of the fluorescent carbon nanoparticles. The fluorescent carbon nanoparticles could be instantly dispersed in water without any auxiliary equipment. The nanofluid showed excellent antitemperature, antisalinity, oil displacement, and wettability alteration properties. The nanofluid (0.1 wt %) could reduce the oil–water interfacial tension to 13.4 mN/m. The oil recovery of a core immersed in nanofluid was significantly improved. The core intersection was observed by a fluorescence microscope. The fluorescence image demonstrated that the fluorescent carbon nanoparticles had seeped into the core. The fluorescent carbon nanoparticle-based nanofluid provides a promising and efficient chemical agent for EOR.
Structural genomics of the <i>Thermotoga maritima</i> proteome implemented in a high-throughput structure determination pipeline (2002)

Structural genomics is emerging as a principal approach to define protein structure-function relationships. To apply this approach on a genomic scale, novel methods and technologies must be developed to determine large numbers of structures. We describe the design and implementation of a high-throughput structural genomics pipeline and its application to the proteome of the thermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima. By using this pipeline, we successfully cloned and attempted expression of 1,376 of the predicted 1,877 genes (73%) and have identified crystallization conditions for 432 proteins, comprising 23% of the T. maritima proteome. Representative structures from TM0423 glycerol dehydrogenase and TM0449 thymidylate synthase-complementing protein are presented as examples of final outputs from the pipeline.
Cocaine withdrawal symptoms and initial urine toxicology results predict treatment attrition in outpatient cocaine dependence treatment. (2001)

This study evaluated the ability of cocaine withdrawal symptoms, measured by the Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment (CSSA) and initial urine toxicology results, to predict treatment attrition among 128 cocaine dependent veterans participating in a 4-week day hospital treatment program. The CSSA was administered and a urine toxicology screen was obtained at intake and at the start of the day hospital (about 1 week later). The combination of a positive urine toxicology screen and a high CSSA score at intake predicted failure to complete treatment. Urine toxicology results at the start of the day hospital, but not at intake, predicted failure to complete treatment. Among participants without other psychiatric illness, high CSSA scores at intake predicted failure to complete treatment. The presence of cocaine withdrawal symptoms and a positive urine toxicology screen are clinically useful predictors of treatment attrition.
Solute rejection by poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) membrane prepared by thermally induced phase separation (2001)

Porous poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) membranes were prepared by polymer crystallization by the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) process. The permeability of these membranes was examined with respect to solutes of various sizes. Higher solute rejection and lower water permeance were obtained by increasing the polymer concentration in the membrane preparation process and by increasing the cooling rate in the TIPS process. These results were discussed based on the crystalline particle sizes formed in the membranes. The membrane performances were influenced by the kinds of diluents used in the TIPS process. The membranes prepared in the EVOH/propanediol system showed a higher rejection coefficient than did those in the EVOH/butanediol system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 2456–2463, 2001
Nursing interventions for smoking cessation (2017)

Background Healthcare professionals, including nurses, frequently advise people to improve their health by stopping smoking. Such advice may be brief, or part of more intensive interventions. Objectives To determine the effectiveness of nursing‐delivered smoking cessation interventions in adults. To establish whether nursing‐delivered smoking cessation interventions are more effective than no intervention; are more effective if the intervention is more intensive; differ in effectiveness with health state and setting of the participants; are more effective if they include follow‐ups; are more effective if they include aids that demonstrate the pathophysiological effect of smoking. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register and CINAHL in January 2017. Selection criteria Randomized trials of smoking cessation interventions delivered by nurses or health visitors with follow‐up of at least six months. Data collection and analysis Two review authors extracted data independently. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months of follow‐up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically‐validated rates if available. Where statistically and clinically appropriate, we pooled studies using a Mantel‐Haenszel fixed‐effect model and reported the outcome as a risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Main results Fifty‐eight studies met the inclusion criteria, nine of which are new for this update. Pooling 44 studies (over 20,000 participants) comparing a nursing intervention to a control or to usual care, we found the intervention increased the likelihood of quitting (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.38); however, statistical heterogeneity was moderate (I2 = 50%) and not explained by subgroup analysis. Because of this, we judged the quality of evidence to be moderate. Despite most studies being at unclear risk of bias in at least one domain, we did not downgrade the quality of evidence further, as restricting the main analysis to only those studies at low risk of bias did not significantly alter the effect estimate. Subgroup analyses found no evidence that high‐intensity interventions, interventions with additional follow‐up or interventions including aids that demonstrate the pathophysiological effect of smoking are more effective than lower intensity interventions, or interventions without additional follow‐up or aids. There was no evidence that the effect of support differed by patient group or across healthcare settings. Authors' conclusions There is moderate quality evidence that behavioural support to motivate and sustain smoking cessation delivered by nurses can lead to a modest increase in the number of people who achieve prolonged abstinence. There is insufficient evidence to assess whether more intensive interventions, those incorporating additional follow‐up, or those incorporating pathophysiological feedback are more effective than one‐off support. There was no evidence that the effect of support differed by patient group or across healthcare settings.
Application of field emitter arrays to microwave power amplifiers (2000)

This paper describes the operation of a field emitter array (FEA) as the electron source of a traveling-wave tube (TWT) amplifier. Issues of beam control and focus at high current density and low magnetic field are addressed as well as issues relating to the inherent high emittance of the FEA beam and cathode protection from ion bombardment. Large signal, nonlinear RF-modulated FEA-TWT interaction simulations show circuit efficiencies that approach 50%, even for minimal bunching of average-to-peak current ratios of 0.7-0.9. Direct radio frequency (RF) modulation at the cathode is predicted to significantly improve linearity in the high-efficiency regime as well as reduce harmonic power levels. An unmodulated C-Band FEA-TWT was built to test the focusing approach as well as the robustness of the emitters in an operating vacuum device. The device uses a 1-mm diameter Spindt emitter with a custom-designed electron gun and helix circuit. The FEA-TWT has operated to date with a maximum current of 91.3 mA and shows 99.5% transmission under both drive and no-drive conditions. Output power of the device is 55.0 W at 1.5 GHz with a saturated gain of 23.4 dB and efficiency of 17%, and performs as predicted by simulation. During all operation, the FEA emission appears extremely stable, with no temporal variations observed at any time.
Bayes Nets in Educational Assessment: Where Do the Numbers Come From? (2000)

As observations and student models become complex, educational assessments that exploit advances in technology and cognitive psychol ogy can outstrip familiar testing models and ana lytic methods.Within the Portal conceptual framework for assessment design, Bayesian inference networks (BINs) record beliefs about students' knowledge and skills, in light of what they say and do.Joining evidence model BIN fragments-which contain observable variables and pointers to student model variables-to the student model allows one to update belief about knowledge and skills as observations arrive.Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques can estimate the required conditional probabilities fr om empirical data, supplemented by expert judgment or substantive theory.Details for the special cases of item response theory (IRT) and multivariate latent class modeling are given, with a numerical example of the latter.1