gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amyloidosis (1994)

The biochemistry of amyloidosis as it relates to clinical medicine and experimental pathology is presented. Amyloidoses are complex disorders in which normally soluble precursors undergo pathological conformational changes and polymerize as insoluble fibrils with the beta-pleated sheet conformation. Over the past 20 years, 16 biochemically diverse proteins have been identified as fibrillar constituents of amyloid deposits; in all cases the protein-protein interactions that result in amyloid fibril formation appear to be stabilized both by the structure and the microenvironment of the precursor protein. Either genetic predisposition or dysfunctions of the immune system favor amyloid fibril formation. In particular, macrophage function is a factor in the pathogenesis of many of the amyloidoses. The diagnosis of amyloidosis involves acquisition of a tissue biopsy, staining of the specimen with Congo red, and observation of classic green birefringence on polarization microscopy. The subdiagnosis of the systemic amyloidoses involves characterization of variant or monoclonal plasma amyloid precursor proteins in the context of clinical symptoms. Treatment is generally supportive, with the use of antiinflammatory therapy, dialysis, or transplantation and genetic counseling where indicated.
Use of Dynamic Light Scattering and Scheimpflug Imaging for the Early Detection of Cataracts (1999)

Cataract is a leading cause of blindness. Diabetes and glycemic conditions enhance the chances of developing cataracts early. At clinical stage cataracts are detected and documented by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and Scheimpflug photography. A compact fiber optic probe, developed for space experiments, was mounted on a Scheimpflug imaging system. The probe detects and documents cataracts at pre-clinical stage noninvasively and quantitatively. The early detection at the molecular level may lead to medical treatment of cataracts, better control of glycemia, and diabetes mellitus.
Wound Care Outcomes and Associated Cost Among Patients Treated in US Outpatient Wound Centers: Data From the US Wound Registry. (2012)

﻿Data from registries can be especially useful in the evaluation of healthcare effectiveness. Thus, the goal of this study was to report on use of the US Wound Registry to investigate the outcomes of a broad population of patients undergoing treatment. Using a 5-year slice of de-identified data from electronic health records originating from 59 hospital-based outpatient wound centers in 18 states, outcomes, pa- tient and wound variables, and costs for facility and physician fees and procedures were analyzed for 5240 patients with 7099 wounds. Mean patient age was 61.7 years with 52.3% being male and the majority Caucasian (73.1%) and Medicare beneficiaries (52.6%). The mean number of serious comorbid conditions per patient was 1.8, with the most common being diabetes (46.8%), obese or overweight (71.3%), and having cardiovascular or peripheral vascular disease (51.3%). More than 1.6% of patients died in service or within 4 weeks of the last visit. Almost two thirds of wounds healed (65.8%) with an aver- age time to heal of 15 weeks and 10% of wounds taking 33 weeks or more to heal. The average wound surface area was 19.5 cm2. Half of wounds that healed did so with only the use of moist wound care (50.8%) and without the need for advanced therapeutics. Mean cost to heal per wound was $3927 with jeopardized flaps and grafts the most expensive ($9358). This Registry would seem ideal for comparative effectiveness research in wound care, as it includes patients often ex- cluded from randomized controlled trials and reflects actual practice.
Lipopolysaccharide regions involved in the activation of <i>Escherichia coli</i> outer membrane protease OmpT (2002)

OmpT is an integral outer membrane protease of Escherichia coli. Overexpression of OmpT in E. coli and subsequent in vitro folding of the produced inclusion bodies yielded protein with a native-like structure. However, enzymatically active protease was only obtained after addition of the outer membrane lipid lipopolysaccharide (LPS). OmpT is the first example of an enzyme that requires LPS for activity. In this study, we investigated the nature of this activation. Circular dichroism analysis showed that binding of LPS did not lead to large structural changes. Titration of OmpT with LPS and determining the resulting OmpT activity with a fluorimetric assay yielded a dissociation constant of 10-4 m for E. coli K-12 LPS. Determining the dissociation constants for different LPS chemotypes revealed that a fully acylated lipid A part is minimally required for activation of OmpT. The heptose-bound phosphates in the inner core region were also important for activation. The affinity for LPS was not dependent on the concentration of substrate, neither was affinity for the substrate influenced by the concentration of LPS. This indicated that LPS most likely does not act at the level of substrate binding. We hypothesize that LPS induces a subtle conformational change in the protein that is required for obtaining a native active site geometry.
&lt;b&gt;CHOLECYSTOKININ: A HORMONE AND A NEUROTRANS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;MITTER &lt;/b&gt; (1982)

Various molecular forms 'of cholecystokinin (CCK) sharing the same C-terminal sequences exist in the digestive tract, peripheral circulation and within the cells of the central nervous system. In the periphery, CCK fulfills most of the characteristics for definition as a hormone. It is localized in specialized cells of the intestinal mucosa, is released into the blood in response to the presence of certain foodstuffs in the gut, and acts on a number of target organs including the pancreas, gallbladder, and gut. It exerts its actions by means of specific receptors which are highly sensitive to certain structural features of the CCK molecule. In the nervous system CCK is localized within neurons and fulfills most of the criteria for a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. The physiological importance of this CCK is, however, not well understood. In the nervous system, CCK also acts on specific receptors but these are less selective, thus this CCK action may depend primarily on release at the right location. Further work is needed to understand both the neural and the hormonal role of CCK.
A POLYION COMPLEX-SUPPORTED PALLADIUM CATALYST FOR SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION OF CONJUGATED DIOLEFINS TO MONOOLEFINS (1976)

Abstract A colloidal palladium supported on the polyion complex composed of polyacrylic acid and polyethylene imine catalyzes highly selective hydrogenation of conjugated diolefins to monoolefins at 30°C under an atmospheric hydrogen pressure.
Time Aware Mining of Itemsets (2008)

Frequent behavioural pattern mining is a very important topic of knowledge discovery, intended to extract correlations between items recorded in large databases or Web access logs. However, those databases are usually considered as a whole and hence, itemsets are extracted over the entire set of records. Our claim is that possible periods, hidden within the structure of the data and containing compact itemsets, may exist. These periods, as well as the itemsets they contain, might not be found by traditional data mining methods due to their very weak support. Furthermore, these periods might be lost depending on an arbitrary division of the data. The goal of our work is to find itemsets that are frequent over a specific period but would not be extracted by traditional methods since their support is very low over the whole dataset. In this paper, we introduce the definition of solid itemsets, which represent a coherent and compact behavior over a specific period, and we propose SIM, an algorithm for their extraction. This work may find many applications in sensitive domains such as fraud or intrusion detection.
Backpropagation through time: what it does and how to do it (1990)

Basic backpropagation, which is a simple method now being widely used in areas like pattern recognition and fault diagnosis, is reviewed. The basic equations for backpropagation through time, and applications to areas like pattern recognition involving dynamic systems, systems identification, and control are discussed. Further extensions of this method, to deal with systems other than neural networks, systems involving simultaneous equations, or true recurrent networks, and other practical issues arising with the method are described. Pseudocode is provided to clarify the algorithms. The chain rule for ordered derivatives-the theorem which underlies backpropagation-is briefly discussed. The focus is on designing a simpler version of backpropagation which can be translated into computer code and applied directly by neutral network users.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
IL-2 production in developing Th1 cells is regulated by heterodimerization of RelA and T-bet and requires T-bet serine residue 508 (2005)

Interleukin (IL)-2 is the predominant cytokine that is produced by naive Th cells in a primary response. It is required for proliferation and differentiation of Th precursor cells into effector cells. Initial high-level IL-2 production is followed by its decline, and the concomitant induction of cytokines that are typical of the differentiated state. Although the factors that are responsible for the early induction of IL-2 are well defined, the mechanisms that are responsible for its down-regulation in later stages of Th development have not been studied as much. Previous work from our laboratory revealed a repressor function for the T-box transcription factor, T-bet, in IL-2 gene transcription. Here, we report that T-bet(S508) is required for the optimal repression of IL-2 production in developing Th1 cells. Phosphorylation of T-bet(S508) by casein kinase I and glycogen synthase kinase-3 kinases accompanies T-bet's interaction with the RelA nuclear factor-kappaB transcription factor. Heterodimerization of T-bet and RelA interferes with the binding of RelA to the IL-2 promoter, and hence, transcriptional activation of the IL-2 gene by RelA.
T-Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Homosexual Men (1982)

IN the past two years there has been an unprecedented outbreak of Kaposi's sarcoma, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and other opportunistic infections in male homosexuals and, to a lesser extent, in drug addicts in the United States.1 , 2 These cases have been concentrated in New York City and California, and as of January 13, 1982, 216 cases had been reported to the Centers for Disease Control.3 Nineteen cases with immunologic evaluation were reported in December 1981.4 5 6 All patients had evidence of cellular immunodeficiency with cutaneous anergy, reduced numbers of T lymphocytes, and impaired lymphocyte transformation. Four patients described by Gottlieb et al. . . .
Modification of the 85-kilodalton subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase in platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated cells. (1992)

The activated platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor physically associates with p85, a subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. Although this interaction may activate phosphatidylinositol-kinase and is crucial for PDGF-induced mitogenesis, it has not been shown whether p85 is modified in the process. p85 contains two SH2 (Src homology) domains, designated SH2-N and SH2-C. Recent experiments have shown that the SH2-C domain alone determines high-affinity binding of p85 to the PDGF receptor. The function of SH2-N, which binds receptors with lower affinity, is unknown. In this study, using a receptor-blotting technique, we find that p85 is modified by PDGF stimulation of intact cells. This modification involves inhibition of binding of the SH2-N region of p85 to the PDGF receptor. Studies with vanadate suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of p85 is responsible for the modification of p85 detected by receptor blotting. Furthermore, recombinant p85 is modified in a similar manner when it is tyrosine phosphorylated in vitro by PDGF receptors. Tyrosine phosphorylation of p85 does not block binding of the SH2-C domain and therefore does not release p85 from high-affinity binding sites on the receptor in vitro. Instead, phosphorylation may regulate the ability of the SH2-N of p85 to bind to a different portion of the PDGF receptor or to another molecule in the signaling complex. This study provides the first evidence that p85 is tyrosine phosphorylated upon PDGF stimulation of cells and suggests that tyrosine phosphorylation of p85 regulates its activity or its interaction with other proteins.
Demonstration of GAD-65 as the main immunogenic isoform of glutamate decarboxylase in type 1 diabetes and determination of autoantibodies using a radioligand produced by eukaryotic expression. (1993)

Plasmids containing cDNA for the rat 67- and 65-kD isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD-67 and GAD-65) were expressed in COS-cells, and lysates of [35S]methionine-labeled cells were used for immunoprecipitations. Sera from 38 patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, which precipitated a 64-kD antigen from rat islets, reacted with recombinant GAD-65 in relation to their anti-64-kD titers. The eight strongest sera also precipitated recombinant GAD-67, suggesting that certain epitopes are common to both isoforms. Subsequently, [35S]methionine-labeled GAD-65 was purified from COS cell lysates and employed in a binding assay with 50 sera of patients with recent onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus. 38 sera (76%) precipitated labeled GAD-65 with titers that correlated with islet cell antibodies (ICA), determined in a standard immunofluorescence assay. 2 sera were GAD positive but ICA negative, 4 were positive only for ICA, and 6 were negative for both GAD and ICA, as were the sera of 20 controls. The data illustrate that antibodies against GAD-65 are present in a majority of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and that autoantibodies against other islet cell antigens also exist. The radioligand-binding assay, which is convenient and sensitive for detecting GAD antibodies, will facilitate the screening of individuals with autoimmune islet cell disease.
Direct drive permanent magnet generator fed AC–DC active rectification and control for more-electric aircraft engines (2011)

This study examines one of the principle candidates for jet engine electrical power generation in future more-electric aircraft, which is variable-speed multi-spool direct drive architecture with a DC distribution bus. New analysis of the behaviour of the system and a novel algorithm for the control of a variable speed dual-fault-tolerant permanent magnet generator (PMG)-fed AC–DC rectifier system is presented. Control objectives of DC voltage regulation, generator load sharing and minimisation of reactive power transfer are addressed. The controller is designed to facilitate unbalanced operation of the PMGs, thereby fault-tolerant operational capability of the system is supported. The AC–DC rectifier control algorithm is formulated such that the reactive power transfer is minimised, yielding reduced overall copper losses. The DC link voltage regulation is achieved via generator-rectifier phase angle control with a PI technique specially augmented to facilitate generator-rectifier load sharing control. Controller gain selection and direct implications on hardware limitations are discussed. Input/output stability is established and the control algorithm is validated via simulations.
A Placenta-Specific Gene Ectopically Activated in Many Human Cancers Is Essentially Involved in Malignant Cell Processes (2007)

The identification and functional characterization of tumor-specific genes is a prerequisite for the development of targeted cancer therapies. Using an integrated data mining and experimental validation approach for the discovery of new targets for antibody therapy of cancer, we identified PLAC1. PLAC1 is a placenta-specific gene with no detectable expression in any other normal human tissue. However, it is frequently aberrantly activated and highly expressed in a variety of tumor types, in particular breast cancer. RNAi-mediated silencing of PLAC1 in MCF-7 and BT-549 breast cancer cells profoundly impairs motility, migration, and invasion and induces a G1-S cell cycle block with nearly complete abrogation of proliferation. Knockdown of PLAC1 is associated with decreased expression of cyclin D1 and reduced phosphorylation of AKT kinase. Moreover, PLAC1 is localized on the surface of cancer cells and is accessible for antibodies which antagonize biological functions of this molecule. These features, in summary, make PLAC1 an attractive candidate for targeted immunotherapeutic approaches.
Investigating mobile payment: supporting technologies, methods, and use (2006)

In this paper we present a classification of mobile payment methods with their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and the results of a questionnaire-based survey on the interest of 130 youths in mobile payment for a movie ticket purchase service. We describe four mobile payment methods: Internet payment method, point of sale mobile payment method, payments for mobile commerce applications, and person-to-person mobile payment. The main results of the survey show that 76% of the respondents would be interested in buying movie tickets with a mobile phone, and 78% would use a service whereby their buying transactions would be charged on their mobile carrier bill.
Malware Analysis Using Visualized Image Matrices (2014)

This paper proposes a novel malware visual analysis method that contains not only a visualization method to convert binary files into images, but also a similarity calculation method between these images. The proposed method generates RGB-colored pixels on image matrices using the opcode sequences extracted from malware samples and calculates the similarities for the image matrices. Particularly, our proposed methods are available for packed malware samples by applying them to the execution traces extracted through dynamic analysis. When the images are generated, we can reduce the overheads by extracting the opcode sequences only from the blocks that include the instructions related to staple behaviors such as functions and application programming interface (API) calls. In addition, we propose a technique that generates a representative image for each malware family in order to reduce the number of comparisons for the classification of unknown samples and the colored pixel information in the image matrices is used to calculate the similarities between the images. Our experimental results show that the image matrices of malware can effectively be used to classify malware families both statically and dynamically with accuracy of 0.9896 and 0.9732, respectively.
Structural and Physicochemical Properties of Endosperm Starches Possessing Different Alleles at the Amylose-extender and Waxy Locus in Maize (Zea mays L.) (1999)

The structure and some physicochemical properties of endosperm starches from seven amylose-extender (ae) and two waxy (wx) alleles of maize (Zea mays L.) were studied. Starches prepared from mature kernels of six ae mutants, Oh43 inbred line ae (standard ae), ae-RWB-2 and ae-RWB-3, and W23 × L317 hybrid line ae-PP, ae-Bol 561 and ae-emll, were uniquely ae type, as was concluded from B type X-ray diffractograms; high gelatinization temperatures determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); with poor starch-granule digestibility to amylase; high amylose (37—45 %) and high intermediate fraction (13—18 %) contents; and low ratios (1.0—1.2) of long α-1,4-chains to short α-1,4-chains of amylopectin determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of isoamylase-debranched starches. The results also indicated that different ae alleles had different effects on the amylose content of endosperm starches. Mature kernels of Oh43 ae-RWB-1 mutant showed tarnished and translucent phenotype characteristics of the ae genotype but contained endosperm starch with 21—22 % of amylose which was lower than that of the Oh43 normal counterpart. Both wx-B and wx-C (standard wx) genes have similar effect on structure and physicochemical properties of waxy starches of A632, B37, C105, Oh43, and W64A inbred lines.
Fort Craig, New Mexico, and the Southwest Indian Wars, 1854–1884 (1998)

DURWOOD BALLFederal troops at Fort Craig, New Mexico, defended settlements and travelers from Indian raids in the middle Rio Grande valley and waged war to open Native American homelands to economic development.Fort Craig's strategic position in New Mexico's defensive network placed its garrison in the thick of southwestern warfare.Keeping the peace and regulating Indian-white contact were two day-to-day missions at Fort Craig, but waging war was the principal means of controlling Native Americans and terminating conflict.However uneven their combat record was, regular and volunteer troops at Fort Craig, campaigning simultaneously with soldiers across the Southwest, slowly eroded Indian resistance to Anglo and Hispano encroachment.In 1854, the United States Army located Fort Craig on the western bank of the Rio Grande thirty-five miles below Socorro, New Mexico.The post stood at the northern entrance to the Jornada del Muerto, a ninety-mile waterless stretch of the Camino Real, the major north-south trade and travel artery through New Mexico Territory.Taking advantage of the arduous passage, Navajo and Apache warriors sometimes ambushed weak, tired travelers and poorly defended merchant caravans.From Fort Craig, regular troops ranged westward to the headwaters of the Gila River, northwestward to the Colorado Chiquito, northward to Albuquerque, eastward
Carbohydrates of the cell surface: molecular aspects of glycosyltransferases and their genes. (1992)

With the development of monospecific antibodies to transferase proteins as well as cDNA probes to cloned transferase genes, the study of glycosylation and its regulatory mechanisms holds great promise for the future. Here we provide a brief overview of the present knowledge of glycosyltransferases, their primary structure, cellular topography, regulation, and the basis of the genetic polymorphisms as revealed by blood groups.
Evaluation and Development of Spinosyns to Control Ectoparasites on Cattle and Sheep (2002)

The spinosyns are a novel family of fermentation-derived natural products that exhibit potent insecticidal activities. Spinosad, a naturally-occurring mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D, has successfully established its utility for crop protective applications in the agrochemical field. Potential applications of this unique chemical family of macrolides also have been investigated in the field of animal health. Applications for the control of blowfly strike and lice on sheep have now been commercially developed and registered in Australia and potential applications for the control of ectoparasites on cattle are being studied.