gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Catalytic Reactions of Nanoparticles formed by Electrospray Ionization of Coinage Metals (2014)

Noble metals can be ionized by electrochemical corrosion and transported by electrospray ionization. Mass spectrometry (MS) showed solvated metal ions as the main ionic constituent of the sprayed droplets. Collection of the electrospray plume on a surface yielded noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) under ambient conditions. The NPs were characterized by several techniques. Under typical conditions, capped-nanoparticle sizes averaged 2.2 nm for gold and 6.5 nm for silver. The gold nanoparticles showed high catalytic activity in the reduction of p-nitrophenol by NaBH4 . Efficient catalysis was also observed by simply directing the spray of solvated Au(+) onto the surface of an aqueous p-nitrophenol/NaBH4 mixture. Organometallic ions were generated by spiking ligands into the spray solvent: for example, Cu(I) bipyridine cations dominated the spray during Cu electrocorrosion in acetonitrile containing bipyridine. This organometallic reagent was shown to be effective in the radical polymerization of styrene.
Is bone mineral density predictive of fracture risk reduction? (2004)

Bone mineral density (BMD) measurement is a widely available noninvasive means of identifying individuals with osteoporosis and, possibly, those at high risk for fracture. This nonsystematic review examines the relationship between BMD increase and fracture risk reduction in clinical trials evaluating osteoporosis therapy. The trials examined here are predominantly in postmenopausal women. BMD increase correlates poorly with fracture risk reduction in clinical trials of osteoporosis therapy conducted in postmenopausal women. Although BMD may increase with therapy, the increase is not measurable until later, and the overall increase is too small to account for the timing and magnitude of fracture risk reduction. BMD is only one of many contributors to bone strength and fracture risk reduction. Bone strength is derived from bone quantity, which consists of density and size, and bone quality, which, in turn, consists of structure (micro- and macroarchitecture), material properties, and turnover. Data are beginning to accrue suggesting that changes in bone turnover markers may be an accurate predictor of fracture risk reduction. Future research will elucidate the link between changes in bone turnover markers and bone architecture as a measure of osteoporosis treatment efficacy. Until then, physicians will continue to rely on fracture risk reduction data from well-designed clinical trials when judging the efficacy of different treatments for osteoporosis.
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants (2013)

Polymorphisms in CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 affect the efficacy and safety of tricyclics, with some drugs being affected by CYP2D6 only, and others by both polymorphic enzymes. Amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, and trimipramine are demethylated by CYP2C19 to pharmacologically active metabolites. These drugs and their metabolites, along with desipramine and nortriptyline, undergo hydroxylation by CYP2D6 to less active metabolites. Evidence from published literature is presented for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype-directed dosing of tricyclic antidepressants.
Analysis of the B cell subpopulations influenced by allogeneic effect factor. I. MHC restricted enhancement of b cell responses to thymic-independent antigens, types 1 and 2, in normal and CBA/N mice. (1983)

The ability of allogeneic effect factor (AEF) to enhance the in vitro antibody responses of murine T cell-depleted B cell populations to thymic-dependent (TD) antigens also occurs with thymic-independent (TI) antigens. AEF significantly enhanced the in vitro antibody responses of normal T cell-depleted spleen cell populations to both 2,4,6-trinitophenylated Brucella abortus (TNP-BA), a TI type 1 antigen, and 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated aminoethylcarbamylmethyl-Ficoll (TNP-Ficoll), a TI type 2 antigen. The enhancing activity of AEF on TI responses was analyzed further in immune-defective CBA/N mice that possess only Lyb-5- B cells, and thus fail to respond to TNP-Ficoll, but do respond to TNP-BA and sheep red blood cells (SRBC). AEF was able to reconstitute the in vitro antibody responses of CBA/NT cell-depleted B cell populations to SRBC and to augment the T cell-depleted response to TNP-BA. These data suggest that AEF can enhance the activity of both Lyb-5+ as well as Lyb-5- B cells in their responses to both type 1 and type 2 TI antigens, and to the TD antigen SRBC. This enhancing effect of AEF on the TD and TI responses was MHC restricted for both Lyb-5+ as well as Lyb-5- spleen cells.
Multivariate autoregressive models for classification of spontaneous electroencephalographic signals during mental tasks (1998)

This article explores the use of scalar and multivariate autoregressive (AR) models to extract features from the human electroencephalogram (EEG) with which mental tasks can be discriminated. This is part of a larger project to investigate the feasibility of using EEG to allow paralyzed persons to control a device such as a wheelchair. EEG signals from four subjects were recorded while they performed two mental tasks. Quarter-second windows of six-channel EEG were transformed into four different representations: scalar AR model coefficients, multivariate AR coefficients, eigenvalues of a correlation matrix, and the Karhunen-Loève transform of the multivariate AR coefficients. Feature vectors defined by these representations were classified with a standard, feedforward neural network trained via the error backpropagation algorithm. The four representations produced similar results, with the multivariate AR coefficients performing slightly better and more consistently with an average classification accuracy of 91.4% on novel, untrained, EEG signals.
Performance of multistage bus networks for a distributed shared memory multiprocessor (1997)

A multistage bus network (MEN) is proposed to overcome some of the shortcomings of the conventional multistage interconnection networks (MINs), single bus, and hierarchical bus interconnection networks. The MBN consists of multiple stages of buses connected in a manner similar to the MINs and has the same bandwidth at each stage. A switch in an MBN is similar to that in a MIN switch except that there is a single bus connection instead of a crossbar. MBNs support bidirectional routing and there exists a number of paths between any source and destination pair. The authors develop self routing techniques for the various paths, present an algorithm to route a request along the path with minimum distance, and analyze the probabilities of a packet taking different routes. Further, they derive a performance analysis of a synchronous packet-switched MBN in a distributed shared memory environment and compare the results with those of an equivalent bidirectional MIN (BMIN). Finally, they present the execution time of various applications on the MBN and the BMIN through an execution-driven simulation. They show that the MBN provides similar performance to a BMIN while offering simplicity in hardware and more fault-tolerance than a conventional MIN.
Imaging chemically modified adenovirus for targeting tumors expressing integrin alphavbeta3 in living mice with mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase PET reporter gene. (2006)

The results of this study suggest that RGD-PEG conjugation is an effective way to modify Ad vector tropism for improved systemic gene delivery. Noninvasive PET and (18)F-FHBG are able to monitor in vivo transfectivity of both Adtk and RGD-PEG-Adtk vectors in the liver and tumors after intravenous injection.
Evidence of a tick RNAi pathway by comparative genomics and reverse genetics screen of targets with known loss-of-function phenotypes in Drosophila (2009)

We have identified key RNAi-related proteins in ticks and along with our loss-of-function studies support a functional RNAi pathway in R. microplus. Our preliminary studies indicate that tick RNAi pathways may differ from that of other Arthropods such as insects.
NEOVASCULARIZATION OF THE DISC IN PARS PLANITIS (1990)

Neovascularization of the disc (NVD) was present in 9 of 163 patients with pars planitis. In all cases, NVD was unilateral and observed in eyes with recent exacerbation of the inflammatory process. To reduce intraocular inflammation, all nine eyes were treated with varying combinations of topical, periocular, and systemic corticosteroids. In addition to corticosteroids, one eye received Argon laser photocoagulation, two eyes underwent peripheral cryotherapy, and one eye was treated with both Argon laser photocoagulation and peripheral cryotherapy. With decrease or disappearance of intraocular inflammation, NVD resolved in all cases without recurrence during follow-up study, which ranged from 6 to 189 (mean, 81) months. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments developed in two eyes treated with peripheral cryotherapy. Both detachments were successfully repaired with surgery. Control of intraocular inflammation appears to be the key factor for regression of NVD in pars planitis. If NVD does not regress or vitreous hemorrhage occur, photocoagulation and peripheral cryotherapy may be beneficial.
Disruption of neural signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 causes obesity, diabetes, infertility, and thermal dysregulation (2004)

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 is widely expressed in the CNS during development and adulthood. STAT3 has been implicated in the control of neuron/glial differentiation and leptin-mediated energy homeostasis, but the physiological role and degree of involvement of STAT3 in these processes is not defined and controversial because of the lack of a direct genetic model. To address this, we created mice with a neural-specific disruption of STAT3 (STAT3(N-/-)). Surprisingly, homozygous mutants were born at the expected Mendelian ratio without apparent developmental abnormalities but susceptible to neonatal lethality. Mutants that survived the neonatal period were hyperphagic, obese, diabetic, and infertile. Administering a melanocortin-3/4 receptor agonist abrogated the hyperphagia and hypothalamic immunohistochemistry showed a marked reduction in proopiomelanocortin with an increase in neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein. Mutants had reduced energy expenditure and became hypothermic after fasting or cold stress. STAT3(N-/-) mice are hyperleptinemic, suggesting a leptin-resistant condition. Concomitant with neuroendocrine defects such as decreased linear growth and infertility with accompanying increased corticosterone levels, this CNS knockout recapitulates the unique phenotype of db/db and ob/ob obese models and distinguishes them from other genetic models of obesity. Thus, STAT3 in the CNS plays essential roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis and reproduction.
Synthetic Biology Approaches for Vaccine Development (2014)

Several approaches to vaccine design exist, including inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines tend to promote longlasting immunity by activating both cellular and antibody responses. By taking advantage of technologies developed in synthetic biology, attenuated polioviruses and influenza viruses have been synthesized and shown to protect susceptible mice from infection. The live attenuation of these viruses was achieved by a novel approach to vaccine design, synthetic attenuated virus engineering (SAVE), in which changes to the preferential usage of certain codons and codon pairs to encode amino acids and adjacent amino acid pairs have been incorporated into the virus during synthesis. By choosing the extent of under-represented codons or codon pairs incorporated (which also results in a concomitant increase of rare CpG and UpA dinucleotide frequencies), viruses can be attenuated in both cell culture and mouse models in a tunable fashion. This approach has been extended to HIV retroviruses and the bacterium, Streptococcus pneumonia. With the increased pace of advance in vaccine designs, a view that includes disease eradication rather than just control is advocated. With initial positive results in viral attenuation using SAVE, investigations in other virus families may show SAVE to have a broad applicability.
Remote Activation of Nickel Catalysts for Ethylene Oligomerization (2005)

Remote control: A novel molecular design is described and used to probe the activation of transition-metal-based ethylene polymerization and oligomerization initiators by the action of a Lewis acid across an electronically delocalized structural unit. Compound 1 which has a Lewis acid attached to a site removed from the trajectory of the incoming substrate, shows high activity for ethylene oligomerization.
The Protective Effect of β1–3D‐Glucan‐Derivatized Plastic Beads against <i>Escherichia coli</i> Infection in Mice (1987)

Pretreatment with beta-1,3-D-glucan-derivatized plastic beads conferred strong protection against Escherichia coli infection in mice. The protective effect showed a dose-response relationship to the amount of beads injected and was dependent on the time point of the injection relative to the infection with E. coli. A similar protection could be obtained in nude mice. Experiments with radioactively labelled bacteria as well as beads indicated a systemic effect of the beads. Macrophages extracted from animals treated with glucan plastic beads appeared highly stimulated. This was also true of cells that did not contain beads and presumably therefore not glucan, which seems to indicate a soluble stimulatory factor.
4-Acetyl-<i>N,N</i>-dibenzoylphenylamine (2002)

In the title compound, C22H17NO3, the three aromatic rings are orthogonal. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak intermolecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π interactions.
Ca2+ Binding to α-Synuclein Regulates Ligand Binding and Oligomerization (2001)

alpha-Synuclein is a protein normally involved in presynaptic vesicle homeostasis. It participates in the development of Parkinson's disease, in which the nerve cell lesions, Lewy bodies, accumulate alpha-synuclein filaments. The synaptic neurotransmitter release is primarily dependent on Ca(2+)-regulated processes. A microdialysis technique was applied showing that alpha-synuclein binds Ca(2+) with an IC(50) of about 2-300 microm and in a reaction uninhibited by a 50-fold excess of Mg(2+). The Ca(2+)-binding site consists of a novel C-terminally localized acidic 32-amino acid domain also present in the homologue beta-synuclein, as shown by Ca(2+) binding to truncated recombinant and synthetic alpha-synuclein peptides. Ca(2+) binding affects the functional properties of alpha-synuclein. First, the ligand binding of (125)I-labeled bovine microtubule-associated protein 1A is stimulated by Ca(2+) ions in the 1-500 microm range and is dependent on an intact Ca(2+) binding site in alpha-synuclein. Second, the Ca(2+) binding stimulates the proportion of (125)I-alpha-synuclein-containing oligomers. This suggests that Ca(2+) ions may both participate in normal alpha-synuclein functions in the nerve terminal and exercise pathological effects involved in the formation of Lewy bodies.
Segment-based dose optimization using a genetic algorithm (2003)

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) inverse planning is conventionally done in two steps. Firstly, the intensity maps of the treatment beams are optimized using a dose optimization algorithm. Each of them is then decomposed into a number of segments using a leaf-sequencing algorithm for delivery. An alternative approach is to pre-assign a fixed number of field apertures and optimize directly the shapes and weights of the apertures. While the latter approach has the advantage of eliminating the leaf-sequencing step, the optimization of aperture shapes is less straightforward than that of beamlet-based optimization because of the complex dependence of the dose on the field shapes, and their weights. In this work we report a genetic algorithm for segment-based optimization. Different from a gradient iterative approach or simulated annealing, the algorithm finds the optimum solution from a population of candidate plans. In this technique, each solution is encoded using three chromosomes: one for the position of the left-bank leaves of each segment, the second for the position of the right-bank and the third for the weights of the segments defined by the first two chromosomes. The convergence towards the optimum is realized by crossover and mutation operators that ensure proper exchange of information between the three chromosomes of all the solutions in the population. The algorithm is applied to a phantom and a prostate case and the results are compared with those obtained using beamlet-based optimization. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that the genetic optimization of segment shapes and weights can produce highly conformal dose distribution. In addition, our study also confirms previous findings that fewer segments are generally needed to generate plans that are comparable with the plans obtained using beamlet-based optimization. Thus the technique may have useful applications in facilitating IMRT treatment planning.
Basis for Avid Homologous DNA Strand Exchange by Human Rad51 and RPA (2001)

Human Rad51 (hRad51), a member of a conserved family of general recombinases, is shown here to have an avid capability to make DNA joints between homologous DNA molecules and promote highly efficient DNA strand exchange of the paired molecules over at least 5.4 kilobase pairs. Furthermore, maximal efficiency of homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange is strongly dependent on the heterotrimeric single-stranded DNA binding factor hRPA and requires conditions that lessen interactions of the homologous duplex with the hRad51-single-stranded DNA nucleoprotein filament. The homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange system described should be valuable for dissecting the action mechanism of hRad51 and for deciphering its functional interactions with other recombination factors.
Multi-Band OFDM Transmission at 100 Gbps With Sub-Band Optical Switching (2014)

In this paper, we present an original work on sub-wavelength optical switching performed over a coherent multi-band orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) super-channel operating at 100 Gbps. After having demonstrated that dual-polarization MB-OFDM (DP-MB-OFDM) is as efficient as single-carrier dual-polarization quaternary phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) technology to transport 100 Gbps data-rate over a 10 × 100-km G.652 fiber-based transmission line, we show that optical add-drop of OFDM sub-bands as narrow as 8 GHz inside a 100 Gbps DP-MB-OFDM signal constituted of four sub-bands is feasible in the middle of this 1000-km transmission line. The flexible optical add-drop multiplexer (FOADM) implemented here is constituted by the association of an ultra-narrow pass-band and stop-band optical filter. The design and realization of such ultra-selective optical filters is presented, while the impact of their physical features over the quality of transmission is discussed. To prove that several add-drop multiplexers can be cascaded, our FOADM is introduced into a G.652 fiber-based recirculating loop and the impact of the cumulated filtering transfer function as well as the crosstalk inside the OADM are investigated. A typical use case for the introduction of such FOADM into long-haul transport networks is given, and the capital expenditure (CAPEX) cost advantage for the multi-layer transport networks is highlighted. By the proof of concept delivered here, combination of super-channel and sub-wavelength optical switching pushes network flexibility far away of what is today proposed by system vendors, opening new horizons for an optimized use of multi-layer transport networks.
Association of Ventilation Rates and CO2 Concentrations with Health andOther Responses in Commercial and Institutional Buildings (1999)

This paper reviews current literature on the associations of ventilation rates and carbon dioxide concentrations in non-residential and non-industrial buildings (primarily offices) with health and other human outcomes. Twenty studies, with close to 30,000 subjects, investigated the association of ventilation rates with human responses, and 21 studies, with over 30,000 subjects, investigated the association of carbon dioxide concentration with these responses. Almost all studies found that ventilation rates below 10 Ls-1 per person in all building types were associated with statistically significant worsening in one or more health or perceived air quality outcomes. Some studies determined that increases in ventilation rates above 10 Ls-1 per person, up to approximately 20 Ls-1 per person, were associated with further significant decreases in the prevalence of sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms or with further significant improvements in perceived air quality. The carbon dioxide studies support these findings. About half of the carbon dioxide studies suggest that the risk of sick building syndrome symptoms continued to decrease significantly with decreasing carbon dioxide concentrations below 800 ppm. The ventilation studies reported relative risks of 1.5-2 for respiratory illnesses and 1.1-6 for sick building syndrome symptoms for low compared to high low ventilation rates.
Biosynthesis of properdin. (1989)

Properdin (P) is synthesized by the human promyelocytic cell line, HL-60, after differentiation with DMSO. The secreted P was physiochemically indistinguishable from purified plasma P. It was polymerized and able to bind to C3IBb-Sepharose but not to C3i-Sepharose. No extracellular precursor was present. The intracellular form, detected between 1 and 4 h after labeling, was similar but had a slightly lower Mr. It also bound reversibly to C3iBb-Sepharose, and polymers could be demonstrated by cross-linking. Pulse-chase experiments suggested the existence of an earlier, but undetectable, intracellular precursor(s). This form could not be immunoprecipitated even when harsh solubilization conditions and/or antibodies against reduced and denatured P were utilized. Studies with endoglycosidases F and H and tunicamycin indicated that the detectable intracellular precursor contains high mannose N-linked carbohydrate that is processed to the complex form before secretion. The sugars are not required for polymerization, secretion, or functional activity, or responsible for the electrophoretic heterogeneity. Polymerization of P is therefore an early intracellular event, perhaps carefully controlled to prevent anomalous aggregation.
Epidemiologic Approach to the Etiology of Type I Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications (1987)

DIABETES arises through two etiologically distinct routes.1 Type I diabetes is the result of immunologically mediated destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, and usually requires replacement therapy with insulin. Type II appears to result from a combination of alterations in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. It can be treated with dietary therapy or oral hypoglycemic agents, and infrequently requires exogenous insulin. In this seminar we will focus on the use of epidemiologic data to develop and test hypotheses about the cause of Type I diabetes and its complications.Incorporation of all the principal features of the distribution of Type I . . .
A RECONSTRUCTIVE STUDY ON LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS IN SPAINISH CITIES (2001)

The aim of this paper is to study the characteristics of land use in Spanish cities. We firstly reconstructed city maps, the nanalyzed and compared with respect to the ratio of land use area. The results show the followings; i) land use patterns inhistorical area of Spanish cites are dominated by economic uses, ii) in Barcelona and Madrid, a special patten of land use are observed reflecting their political positions, iii) at the turn of the 20th century, central urban areas were mainly used for economic purpose in all cities.