gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interaction between a geminivirus replication protein and origin DNA is essential for viral replication. (1994)

The geminivirus, tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV), encodes one protein, AL1, that is absolutely required for viral DNA replication. AL1 interacts with the TGMV DNA genome by binding specifically to the viral origin of replication. We have investigated the nature and significance of AL1/origin interactions in vitro and in vivo by using competitive DNA binding and transient replication assays. Competition assays established that a 13-base pair (bp) element (5'-GGTAGTAAGGTAG) containing two 5-bp direct repeat motifs separated by a 3-bp central core constitutes a high affinity AL1 binding site. DNAs containing intact 3' repeat sequences plus core (TAAGGTAG and ccTAGTAAGGTAG) were stronger competitors for AL1 binding than DNAs containing intact 5' repeat sequences plus core (GGTAGTAA and GGTAGTA-AccTAG), thereby demonstrating that AL1 interacts differently with the repeat motifs. Replication in tobacco protoplasts established that the AL1 binding site is an essential cis-acting element for viral replication. No replication was detected for DNAs containing mutations in either of the repeat motifs of the AL1 recognition sequence when AL1 was provided in trans from a plant gene expression vector. In contrast, a DNA with a mutation in the 5' repeat motif (ccTAGTAAGGTAG) replicated when both AL1 and AL3, a TGMV protein involved in viral DNA accumulation, were provided in trans. No replication was detected for a DNA containing a mutation in the 3' repeat motif (GGTAGTAAccTAG) in the presence of AL1 and AL3. The in vitro and in vivo results suggest that binding of AL1 to the 3' repeat element is an essential step in DNA replication, while binding to the 5' repeat element may serve to enhance viral replication.
Membrane Sealing by Polymers (2006)

An intact cell membrane serves as a barrier, controlling the traffic of materials going into and out of the cell. When the integrity of the membrane is compromised, its transport barrier function is also disrupted, leaving the cell vulnerable to necrosis. It has been shown that triblock copolymer surfactants can help seal structurally damaged membranes, arresting the leakage of intracellular materials. Using model lipid monolayers along with concurrent Langmuir isotherm and fluorescence microscopy measurements as well as surface X-ray scattering techniques, the nature of the interaction between lipids and a particular family of triblock copolymers in the form poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) is examined. The polymer is found to selectively insert into membranes where the lipid packing density is below that of an intact cell membrane, thus localizing its sealing effect on damaged portions of the membrane. The inserted polymer is "squeezed out" of the lipid film when the lipid packing density is increased, suggesting a mechanism for the cell to be rid of the polymer when the membrane integrity is restored.
Analysis of the arabidopsis REM gene family predicts functions during flower development (2014)

The data suggest that the REM34, REM35 and REM36 group is the most interesting one, as REM34 is co-expressed with the floral meristem identity (FMI) genes, they are bound by AP1, SVP, AP3 and PI, and they are expressed in the floral meristem and during the earliest stages of flower development. However, it appears that high levels of functional redundancy may conceal the exact function of these transcription factor genes.
Synthesis and Discovery of Pyrazine−Pyridine Biheteroaryl as a Novel Series of Potent Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Inhibitors (2004)

Pathological angiogenesis is associated with disease states such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, endometriosis, and psoriasis. There is much evidence that direct inhibition of the kinase activity of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) will result in the reduction of angiogenesis and the suppression of tumor growth. Attempts to optimize a cyclin-dependent kinase-1 (CDK1) inhibitor by using palladium-catalyzed C-C bond, C-N bond formation reactions to assemble diverse biheteroaryl molecules led to the unexpected discovery of a pyrazine-pyridine biheteroaryl as a novel series of potent VEGFR-2 inhibitors. Compound 15, which had IC(50) = 0.084 microM at VEGFR-2, showed very modest selectivity against fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (IC(50) = 0.21 microM), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (IC(50) = 0.36 microM), and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (IC(50) = 0.478 microM), while it exhibited more than 10-fold selectivity against epidermal growth factor receptor (IC(50) = 1.36 microM) and insulin-R kinase (IC(50) = 1.69 microM). On the other hand, compound 15 exhibited more than 100-fold selectivity against calmodulin kinase 2; casein kinase-1 and -2; CDK1 and -4; mitogen-activated protein kinase; and protein kinase A, Cbeta2, and Cgamma (IC(50) >10 microM). Compound 15 also displayed high inhibitory potency on VEGF-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation (IC(50) = 0.005 microM) and good selectivity against cell lines such as HUVEC, human aortic smooth muscle cells, and MRC5 lung fibroblasts. Molecular docking studies were conducted in an attempt to rationalize the unexpected high VEGFR-2 selectivity of 15.
Joint Effects of C-Reactive Protein and Glycated Hemoglobin in Predicting Future Cardiovascular Events of Patients With Advanced Atherosclerosis (2003)

Inflammation, indicated by hs-CRP, and hyperglycemia, indicated by HbA1c, jointly contribute to the cardiovascular risk of patients with advanced atherosclerosis. Patients with both hs-CRP and HbA1c in the upper quartiles (>0.44 mg/dL and >6.2%, respectively) are at particularly high risk for poor cardiovascular outcome.
Mechanical loading regulates NOS expression and activity in developing and adult skeletal muscle (1998)

The hypothesis that changes in muscle activation and loading regulate the expression and activity of neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) was tested using in vitro and in vivo approaches. Removal of weight bearing from rat hindlimb muscles for 10 days resulted in a significant decrease in nNOS protein and mRNA concentration in soleus muscles, which returned to control concentrations after return to weight bearing. Similarly, the concentration of nNOS in cultured myotubes increased by application of cyclic loading for 2 days. NO release from excised soleus muscles was increased significantly by a single passive stretch of 20% or by submaximal activation at 2 Hz, although the increases were not additive when both stimuli were applied simultaneously. Increased NO release resulting from passive stretch or activation was dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium. Cyclic loading of cultured myotubes also resulted in a significant increase in NO release. Together, these findings show that activity of muscle influences NO production in the short term, by regulating NOS activity, and in the long term, by regulating nNOS expression.
Non Thermal Irreversible Electroporation: Novel Technology for Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Ablation (2009)

NTIRE is a promising, efficient and simple novel technology for VMSC ablation. It enables ablation within seconds without causing damage to extra-cellular structures, thus preserving the arterial scaffold and enabling endothelial regeneration. This study provides scientific information for future anti-restenosis experiments utilizing NTIRE.
SIKAP DAN MOTIVASI MURID BAJAU DALAM MEMPELAJARI BAHASA MELAYU SEBAGAI BAHASA KEDUA (Attitude and Motivation Students Bajau in Studying Malay Language as a Second Language) (2017)

Abstrak: Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti sikap dan motivasi yang dimiliki oleh murid-murid Bajau sekolah rendah pedalaman yang mempelajari Bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa kedua. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti sama ada terdapat perbezaan sikap dan motivasi antara murid Bajau berdasarkan jantina dalam mempelajari bahasa Melayu. Seramai 56 orang murid Bajau tahun 4, 5, dan 6 dari 3 buah sekolah rendah pedalaman di daerah Beluran dipilih sebagai responden menggunakan kaedah pensampelan bertujuan. Instrumen kajian yang digunakan untuk mengutip data adalah soal selidik yang mengandungi 36 item dan terbahagi kepada dua konstruk iaitu sikap dan motivasi. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan murid-murid Bajau sekolah rendah mempunyai sikap yang positif dan motivasi yang tinggi dalam mempelajari bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa kedua. Hasil dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan sikap dan motivasi antara murid lelaki dengan murid perempuan yang mempelajari bahasa Melayu. Kesimpulannya, murid-murid Bajau menunjukkan sikap yang positif serta motivasi yang tinggi dalam mempelajari bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa kedua. Kata kunci: Sikap, motivasi, etnik, Bahasa Melayu, bahasa kedua Abstract: The aim of this study is to identify the attitude and motivation among Bajau pupils in primary school in the learning of Malay language as a second language. This study also tries to identify the existence of differences in attitude and motivation between the two genders of Bajau pupils in the learning of Malay language. About 56 Bajau pupils from year 4, 5, and 6 from 3 primary school in the Beluran’s district have been selected as respondents using the purposeful sampling method. Questionnaire’s method consisting of 36 items and have divided by two constructs into attitude and motivation for this study. The results of this study show that Bajau pupils in the primary schools have positive attitude and high motivation level in the learning of Malay language as a second language. The results of this study also reveal the significant differences in motivation level between male and female pupils during the learning of Malay language. The conclusion is Bajau pupils have positive attitude and high motivation level while studies Malay language as a second language. Keywords: Attitude, motivation, ethnic, Malay Language, second language
Critique of some neural network architectures and claims for control and estimation (1998)

While there is great potential for successful use of neural network (NN) algorithms in automatic target recognition (ATR) and other pattern identification/classification applications, significant barriers have been encountered that, to date, defy rigorous use of NNs within feedback control designs. The status of several problems and contradictions involving NNs relating to control and estimation theory applications (and to practical failure detection within INS/GPS navigation systems) are summarized here. To give a positive spin and for a balanced perspective, we also mention many novel laudable NN results obtained by invoking the techniques and results of control and estimation theory.
Increased biological activity due to basic isoforms in recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone produced in a human cell line. (1994)

FSH has four asparagine-linked oligosaccharides with variable sialic acid contents, so that FSH is not a single molecule, but a heterogeneous group of isoforms. These isoforms differ in their biological properties and their distribution changes in various physiological states, allowing the modulation of FSH activity. Recombinant human (h) FSH has been produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells and has an isoform profile similar to those of both pituitary FSH standard and purified urinary FSH. These FSH preparations, however, do not contain the full spectrum of FSH isoforms found in the circulation. Production of recombinant hFSH in a cell line with a different pattern of glycosylation could broaden its isoform profile and potentially alter its biological activity. Thus, we transfected human embryonal kidney cells (293) with the human alpha and FSH beta genes to produce recombinant hFSH (hFSH-293) and determined its biological activity in a rat granulosa cell bioassay. Although hFSH-293 was immunologically indistinguishable from pituitary FSH standard, its biological potency was 3- to 6-fold higher than those of two different pituitary FSH standards. To investigate this increased potency, we separated the isoforms of hFSH-293 by chromatofocusing and determined their biological potencies in the rat granulosa cell bioassay. The isoform profile of hFSH-293 demonstrated a greater number of basic isoforms than that of pituitary FSH standard. Several of these basic isoforms exhibited enhanced in vitro biological potency, accounting for the increased biological potency of hFSH-293. This pattern of high in vitro biological activity and more basic isoforms is analogous to the FSH circulating during GnRH stimulation, pubertal induction, and ovulation.
Mechanism of action of some inhibitors of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. (1986)

The mechanism of the inhibitory action of phenidone, 3-amino-1-[m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-pyrazoline (BW 755C), dithiothreitol, hydroquinone, and pyrogallol on the vascular relaxation induced by endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) was investigated. EDRF was released from porcine aortic endothelial cells in culture and bioassayed on a cascade of superfused rabbit aortic strips. These compounds inhibited EDRF-induced relaxation of vascular strips, without affecting the relaxation induced by glyceryl trinitrate, and their inhibitory potency was markedly attenuated (by more than 1 order of magnitude) by the addition of superoxide dismutase (5-15 units/ml) or oxidized cytochrome c (20-40 microM) but not by catalase (30 units/ml) or heat-inactivated superoxide dismutase. These data indicate that the above five inhibitors inactivate EDRF through the formation of superoxide ions, which have recently been shown to destroy EDRF. The inhibition of EDRF by these compounds is therefore attributable to their redox properties rather than to any specific biological action.
A high dimensional signal space implementation of FDTS/DF (1996)

A procedure for designing FDTS/DF as a high dimensional signal space detector is presented. The procedure is applied to the three dimensional case to illustrate the resulting detector structure. An equalization and code constraint reduce the number of boundaries and eliminate the multipliers from the general case. Simulation results show this new channel outperforms EPRML for user densities of 2.25 and higher.
Evidence for Intranasal Oxytocin Delivery to the brain: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives (2018)

The neuropeptide oxytocin plays an evolutionarily conserved role in mammalian social behavior. Despite striking effects on animal social behavior after intracerebroventricular drug delivery, this delivery mode is impractical in humans. Intranasal oxytocin delivery provides a noninvasive alternative to increase central oxytocin activity, and has shown promise as a treatment for psychiatric illnesses. Intranasal oxytocin delivery is purported to increase central oxytocin concentrations via channels surrounding trigeminal and olfactory nerve fibers, which may facilitate increased activity at central oxytocin receptors. This report outlines the evidence for intranasal oxytocin delivery increasing central concentrations or activity, identifies current knowledge gaps and highlights future research opportunities. Recent efforts to enhance intranasal oxytocin delivery via improved intranasal delivery technology and dose-ranging studies are discussed.
The Neural Noisy Channel (2016)

We formulate sequence to sequence transduction as a noisy channel decoding problem and use recurrent neural networks to parameterise the source and channel models. Unlike direct models which can suffer from explaining-away effects during training, noisy channel models must produce outputs that explain their inputs, and their component models can be trained with not only paired training samples but also unpaired samples from the marginal output distribution. Using a latent variable to control how much of the conditioning sequence the channel model needs to read in order to generate a subsequent symbol, we obtain a tractable and effective beam search decoder. Experimental results on abstractive sentence summarisation, morphological inflection, and machine translation show that noisy channel models outperform direct models, and that they significantly benefit from increased amounts of unpaired output data that direct models cannot easily use.
A Novel Muscle Protein Located inside the Terminal Cisternae of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (1997)

An immunofluorescence study of adult rat muscle tissues with a polyclonal antibody against the RGD-directed fibronectin receptor of Friend's erythroleukemia cells (alpha5beta1-integrin) unexpectedly revealed a pattern of intracellular antigen distribution. Western blotting analysis of rat and rabbit membrane fractions indicated that the antibody recognizes a 167-kDa protein expressed both in heart and in skeletal muscle (relative abundance: heart > slow muscle > fast muscle), but not in liver and kidney. The 167-kDa protein did not show altered electrophoretic mobility upon reduction and failed to bind several lectins, including wheat germ agglutinin. A study of its subcellular distribution in rabbit skeletal muscle revealed that the 167-kDa protein is mostly associated with the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and, to a smaller extent, with the sarcolemma, while it is absent in the longitudinal tubules of the SR. The 167-kDa protein is not an integral membrane protein since it can be extracted at pH >/=10. This protein can be proteolytically cleaved only in the presence of detergent, indicating that it resides on the luminal side of the SR. The 167-kDa protein could be resolved from the closely spaced sarcalumenin and histidine-rich protein by column chromatography followed by detergent dialysis and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The N terminus and the internal sequences did not match any known sequence in protein and DNA data bases, indicating that the 167-kDa protein is a novel muscle protein selectively localized to the SR. Integrins from rat kidney fibroblasts were not recognized by either (i) a polyclonal antiserum against the purified 167-kDa protein or (ii) the anti-alpha5beta1-integrin antiserum after affinity purification onto the 167-kDa protein. These data indicate that the 167-kDa protein is not immunologically cross-reactive with integrins, despite its reaction with a polyclonal anti-integrin antibody.
An Intronic Enhancer Regulates Splicing of the Twintron of <i>Drosophila melanogaster prospero</i> Pre-mRNA by Two Different Spliceosomes (2004)

We have examined the alternative splicing of the Drosophila melanogaster prospero twintron, which contains splice sites for both the U2- and U12-type spliceosome and generates two forms of mRNA, pros-L (U2-type product) and pros-S (U12-type product). We find that twintron splicing is developmentally regulated: pros-L is abundant in early embryogenesis while pros-S displays the opposite pattern. We have established a Kc cell in vitro splicing system that accurately splices a minimal pros substrate containing the twintron and have examined the sequence requirements for pros twintron splicing. Systematic deletion and mutation analysis of intron sequences established that twintron splicing requires a 46-nucleotide purine-rich element located 32 nucleotides downstream of the U2-type 5' splice site. While this element regulates both splicing pathways, its alteration showed the severest effects on the U2-type splicing pathway. Addition of an RNA competitor containing the wild-type purine-rich element to the Kc extract abolished U2-type splicing and slightly repressed U12-type splicing, suggesting that a trans-acting factor(s) binds the enhancer element to stimulate twintron splicing. Thus, we have identified an intron region critical for prospero twintron splicing as a first step towards elucidating the molecular mechanism of splicing regulation involving competition between the two kinds of spliceosomes.
Antiproliferative effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on primary cultures of human prostatic cells. (1994)

Cultures of adult human prostatic epithelial and fibroblastic cells were established from normal, benign hyperplastic, and malignant tissues. Vitamin D receptors were detected by ligand binding of [3H]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] in cytosolic extracts prepared from all types of cell cultures as well as from fresh prostatic tissues. Vitamin D receptor transcripts were demonstrated by Northern blot analysis. 1,25-(OH)2D3 inhibited the growth of epithelial cells with half-maximal inhibition at approximately 1 nM. The growth of fibroblasts was also inhibited by 1,25(OH)2D3 but to a lesser extent. This is consistent with the apparently lower level of vitamin D receptors in fibroblasts compared to epithelial cells determined by ligand binding and Northern analysis of RNA transcripts. The growth inhibition of epithelial cells by 1,25(OH)2D3 was irreversible even after a short 2-h exposure, but morphology and keratin expression were not appreciably altered by long-term exposure to the hormone. A physiological role for 1,25(OH)2D3 in the prostate is postulated, and the inhibitory effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on cancer-derived prostate cells may provide a basis for new preventive or therapeutic strategies.
Weld defects and evaluation of weld quality: Welding phenomena and process control in flash welding of steel sheets (1st report) (1996)

Summary This paper describes an investigation of the effects of the chemical composition of the base material on the quality of flash welds. Bending tests of welds were run for 43 types of steel sheets, including solution‐strengthened, precipitation‐strengthened, and complex structure‐strengthened (dual‐phase) high‐strength steels up to 590 MPa. A fractographic analysis showed cracks at the weld interface to be caused by oxide inclusions. Aluminium, silicon, and manganese are the major constituents of the inclusions, and the relative intensity of effect of these elements broadly has an Al:Si:Mn = 10:1:0.01 sequence. Carbon is also shown to affect interface cracking by reducing weld ductility. An equivalent formula is experimentally established to determine the effects of these elements on interface cracking. The ordinary bending test is shown to be a simple and reliable method for quantitative evaluation of the interface quality of flash welds, with the notch bending test being more effective for evaluation purposes.
A stable narrow linewidth Q-switched Er-doped fibre laser (2003)

Summary form only given. Compact sources with high peak powers and short pulsewidths are required for applications such as distributed sensing and laser range finding. Previously reported Q-switched erbium-doped fibre lasers consisting of Fabry-Perot or ring cavities are suitable for many applications in the operation wavelength around 1550 nm, but for distributed strain sensing based on spontaneous Brillouin scattering, a stable ultra-narrow linewidth pulsed source with sufficient peak powers is required to resolve the spectral information of the Brillouin signals.
Direct HDR capture of the sun and sky (2004)

We present a technique for capturing the extreme dynamic range of natural illumination environments that include the sun and sky, which has presented a challenge for traditional high dynamic range photography processes. We find that through careful selection of exposure times, aperture, and neutral density filters that this full range can be covered in seven exposures with a standard digital camera. We discuss the particular calibration issues such as lens vignetting, infrared sensitivity, and spectral transmission of neutral density filters which must be addressed. We present an adaptive exposure range adjustment technique for minimizing the number of exposures necessary. We demonstrate our results by showing time-lapse renderings of a complex scene illuminated by high-resolution, high dynamic range natural illumination environments.