gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protection mechanisms for application service hosting platforms (2004)

The application service hosting platform (ASHP) has recently received tremendous attention from both industry and academia. An ASHP provides a shared high-performance infrastructure to host different application services (AS), outsourced by application service providers (ASP). In this paper, we focus on the protection of ASHP which has inherent requirement of sharing, openness, and mutual isolation. In contrast to a dedicated server platform, which is analogous with a private house, an ASHP is like an apartment building, involving the 'host' - the ASHP infrastructure, and the 'tenants' - the AS. Strong protection and isolation must be provided between the host and the tenants, as well as between different tenants. Unfortunately, traditional OS architecture and mechanisms are not adequate to provide strong ASHP protection. In this paper we first make the case for a new OS architecture based on the virtual OS technology. We then present three protection mechanisms we have developed in SODA, our ASHP architecture. The mechanisms include: (1) resource isolation between AS; (2) virtual switching and firewalling between AS; and (3) kernelized intrusion detection and logging for each AS. For (3), we have developed a system called Kernort inside the virtual OS kernel. Kernort detects network intrusions in real-time and logs AS activities even when the AS has been compromised. Moreover for the privacy of AS, logs are encrypted by Kernort so that the 'landlord' (namely ASHP owner) cannot view them without authorization. We are applying SODA to iShare, an Internet-based distributed resource sharing platform.
Quality-of-service support for multimedia applications (1996)

A major project at Lancaster University is the development of network infrastructures capable of supporting the quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of a wide range of distributed multimedia applications. The project includes more than thirty researchers and covers not only the network support but also the enabling technologies. The authors believe that QoS development cannot be done in isolation from the applications to be supported, which must form an integral part of the project. They focus on three application areas: interactive teaching and learning, mobile systems, and virtual reality. They chose applications that stretch network support to its limit. To realize the full potential of these distributed multimedia applications, the underlying network must satisfy all these requirements concurrently. They give a brief overview of their activities to this end and discuss the need for QoS support.
Evaluation of an automated system for hemoglobin measurement in animals. (1992)

In veterinary medicine, PCV determined by centrifugation of blood in a microhematocrit tube is the most common clinical test used to initially assess and monitor anemic and polycythemic animals. In contrast, blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, rather than PCV, is generally determined in human patients. One automated system photometrically measures blood Hb concentration after conversion of Hb to azide methemoglobin without dilution and was found to be a simple and accurate instrument for use in human medicine. We evaluated the system for its accuracy in measuring blood Hb concentration in animals by comparing it with standard techniques and for its suitability in veterinary practice. Blood samples, anticoagulated with potassium EDTA, from 78 healthy animals (33 dogs, 17 cats, 13 horses, and 15 cows) and 58 dogs and 4 cats with various blood abnormalities (10 anemia, 11 polycythemia, 21 lipemia, 16 leukocytosis, and 6 icterus) were analyzed. In all species, blood Hb concentration of healthy animals determined by the system was comparable to that measured by standard cyanmethemoglobin methods (ie, an automated counter; rI = 0.987 to 0.998 and a hemoglobin kit, rI = 0.946 to 0.993). The aforementioned system also yielded similar values to those obtained by use of standard methods in anemic, polycythemic, and icteric dogs and cats. Moreover, the system reads the absorbance at 2 wavelengths to correct for turbidity, and therefore, accurately measured Hb concentration in blood samples with severe lipemia (triglycerides concentration > 500 mg/dl) and marked leukocytosis (> 50,000 WBC/microliter), whereas other standard Hb techniques are known to give falsely high results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Preparation of Optically Active (S)-2-(Benzyloxy)propanal (1995)

A convenient and large scale amenable preparation of optically active ethyl (S)-2-( benzyloxy )propionate (5) from ethyl (S)-lactate (4), and the conversion of the ester (5) by two alternative methods into (S)-2-( benzyloxy ) propanal (1) are described.
Carbohydrate‐Derived Hydrogels and Microgels (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Synthesis of Hydrogels Synthesis of Micro- or Nanogels Characterizations Biological Applications Conclusions and Future Trends References
No evidence for a shift in pyruvate kinase PKM1 to PKM2 expression during tumorigenesis (2011)

The Warburg effect describes the circumstance that tumor cells preferentially use glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation for energy production. It has been reported that this metabolic reconfiguration originates from a switch in the expression of alternative splice forms (PKM1 and PKM2) of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase (PK), which is also important for malignant transformation.However, analytical evidence for this assumption was still lacking. Using mass spectrometry, we performed an absolute quantification of PKM1 and PKM2 splice isoforms in 25 human malignant cancers, 6 benign oncocytomas, tissue matched controls, and several cell lines. PKM2 was the prominent isoform in all analyzed cancer samples and cell lines. However, this PKM2 dominance was not a result of a change in isoform expression, since PKM2 was also the predominant PKM isoform in matched control tissues. In unaffected kidney, lung, liver, and thyroid, PKM2 accounted for a minimum of 93% of total PKM, for 80% - 96% of PKM in colon,and 55% - 61% of PKM in bladder. Similar results were obtained for a panel of tumor and non-transformed cell lines, where PKM2 was the predominant form.Thus, our results reveal that an exchange in PKM1 to PKM2 isoform expression during cancer formation is not occurring, nor do these results support conclusions that PKM2 is specific for proliferating, and PKM1 for non-proliferating tissue.
Cytomegalovirus and atherosclerosis (1995)

Finding that an avian herpesvirus can cause atherosclerosis in chickens prompted studies of human herpesviruses in human atherosclerosis. Antigens and nucleic acid sequences of cytomegalovirus (CMV), a widespread member of the herpesvirus family, were found in arterial lesions in human atherosclerosis, but infectious virus has not been observed. In atherosclerosis patients, high levels of CMV antibodies are present, suggesting the presence of virus that had been activated from a latent state. Atherosclerosis also develops in immune-suppressed heart transplant patients infected with CMV. The properties of CMV are consistent with its involvement at several levels of the atherogenic process. If this concept is correct, immunization with a CMV vaccine should prevent CMV infection and atherosclerosis.
Raman Amplifier Based on Amorphous Silicon Nanoparticles (2011)

The observation of stimulated Raman scattering in amorphous silicon nanoparticles embedded in Si-rich nitride/silicon superlattice structures (SRN/Si-SLs) is reported. Using a 1427 nm continuous-wavelength pump laser, an amplification of Stokes signal up to 0.9 dB/cm at 1540.6 nm and a significant reduction in threshold power of about 40% with respect to silicon are experimentally demonstrated. Our results indicate that amorphous silicon nanoparticles are a great promise for Si-based Raman lasers.
Cloned mammalian neutral sphingomyelinase: Functions in sphingolipid signaling? (1998)

Sphingomyelin is an abundant constituent of the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. Ceramide, its primary catabolic intermediate, is released by either acid sphingomyelinase or neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) and has emerged as a potential lipid signaling molecule. nSMase is regarded as a key enzyme in the regulated activation of the "sphingomyelin cycle" and cell signaling. We report here the cloning, identification, and functional characterization of murine and human nSMase, a ubiquitously expressed integral membrane protein, which displays all established properties of the Mg2+-dependent nSMase of the plasma membrane. Stably nSMase-overexpressing U937 and human embryonic kidney cell lines have been generated for the study of the role of nSMase in signal transduction pathways. Their stimulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha leads only to a moderately elevated ceramide concentration. Activation of Jun kinase and NFkappaB and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage are identical in mock- and nSMase-transfected cells. Tumor necrosis factor alpha triggers the ERK1 pathway in none of the cell lines. The cloned nSMase will facilitate further controlled experiments aiming at the definition of a possible role of ceramide as signal transduction molecule.
Untangling the Structure and Dynamics of Lithium-Rich Anti-Perovskites Envisaged as Solid Electrolytes for Batteries (2018)

Lithium-rich anti-perovskites (LiRAPs) have attracted a great deal of attention as they have been praised as another superior group of solid electrolytes that can be used to realize all-solid-state batteries free of flammable liquids. Despite several studies that have reported on the properties of LiRAPs, many questions remain unanswered. In particular, these include fundamental ones concerning the structure, stability, and Li-ion conductivity and diffusivity. Moreover, it is not clear whether some of the previously reported compounds do really exist. To untangle the current picture of LiRAPs, we synthesized “Li3OCl” and Li2OHCl polymorphs and applied a wide spectrum of methods, such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), powder neutron diffraction (PND), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and impedance spectroscopy to carefully shed some light on LiRAPs. Here we self-critically conclude that the cubic polymorph of the two compounds cannot be easily distinguished by PXRD alone as the lattice metrics and the lattice parameters are very similar. Furthermore, PXRD suffers from the difficulty of detecting H and Li. Even Rietveld refinement of our PND data turned out to be complicated and not easily interpreted in a straightforward way. Nevertheless, here we report the first structural models for the cubic and a new orthorhombic polymorph containing also structural information about the H atoms. In situ PXRD of “Li3OCl”, intentionally exposed to air, revealed rapid degradation into Li2CO3 and amorphous LiCl·xH2O. Most likely, the instability of “Li3OCl” explains earlier findings about the unusually high ion conductivities as the decomposition product LiCl·xH2O offers an electrical conductivity that is good enough for some applications, excluding, of course, those that need aprotic conditions or electrolytes free of any moisture. Considering “H-free Li3OCl” as well as Li5(OH)3Cl2, Li5(OH)2Cl3, Li3(OH)2Cl, and Li3(OH)Cl2, we are confident that Li4(OH)3Cl and variants of Li3–x(OHx)Cl, where x > 0, are, from a practical point of view, so far the only stable lithium-rich anti-perovskites.
Cavity Cooling of an Ensemble Spin System (2014)

We describe how sideband cooling techniques may be applied to large spin ensembles in magnetic resonance. Using the Tavis-Cummings model in the presence of a Rabi drive, we solve a Markovian master equation describing the joint spin-cavity dynamics to derive cooling rates as a function of ensemble size. Our calculations indicate that the coupled angular momentum subspaces of a spin ensemble containing roughly 10(11) electron spins may be polarized in a time many orders of magnitude shorter than the typical thermal relaxation time. The described techniques should permit efficient removal of entropy for spin-based quantum information processors and fast polarization of spin samples. The proposed application of a standard technique in quantum optics to magnetic resonance also serves to reinforce the connection between the two fields, which has recently begun to be explored in further detail due to the development of hybrid designs for manufacturing noise-resilient quantum devices.
The melanoma antigen gp75 is the human homologue of the mouse b (brown) locus gene product. (1990)

The gp75 antigen is an abundant intracellular glycoprotein expressed in melanosomes of human pigmented melanocytes and melanomas. IgG antibodies in sera of a patient with metastatic melanoma have been shown to immunoprecipitate gp75, suggesting that immunological tolerance against gp75 can be broken. The mouse mAb TA99, which specifically recognizes gp75, was used to isolate and purify the antigen. Amino acid sequences of three internal peptides were determined from the purified gp75 polypeptide. cDNA clones were isolated by screening with oligonucleotides based on these peptide sequences. The gp75 peptides and cDNA had approximately 90% identity with, respectively, the derived amino acid and nucleotide sequences of a mouse gene that maps to the b (brown) locus. The brown locus determines coat color in the mouse, suggesting that gp75 regulates or influences the type of melanin synthesized.
Accurate lithography hotspot detection based on PCA-SVM classifier with hierarchical data clustering (2014)

As technology nodes continues shrinking, layout patterns become more sensitive to lithography processes, resulting in lithography hotspots that need to be identified and eliminated during physical verification. In this paper, we propose an accurate hotspot detection approach based on PCA (principle component analysis)-SVM (sup- port vector machine) classifier. Several techniques, including hierarchical data clustering, data balancing, and multi-level training, are provided to enhance performance of the proposed approach. Our approach is accurate and more efficient than conventional time-consuming lithography simulation; in the meanwhile, provides high flexibility to adapt to new lithography processes and rules.
Performance analysis and simulation of vehicle-beacon communications protocols (2003)

Due to relatively short communication zones, the data link protocols being developed or proposed for vehicle-beacon communications must be carefully evaluated by analysis and simulation, taking antenna configurations, geometry, propagation, and channel characteristics into account. Different methods for media access control and recovering algorithms after message collision are presented and evaluated. Based on the results from analysis and simulation the optimal system parameters and dimensions can be determined. In addition, it is possible to estimate whether not only a single application (e.g., automatic debiting) but several other RTI applications (e.g., route guidance, parking management, etc.) can be supported by a multiservice beacon.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Isolation and molecular analysis of the phosphoglucose isomerase structural gene (1986)

Summary. The PGI1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae coding for the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase has been cloned by complementation of a mutant strain (pgil) with a strongly reduced phosphoglucose isomerase activity. A genomic library constructed in the yeast multicopy vector YEp13 (Nasmyth and Tatchell 1980) was used. Four plasmids containing an overlapping region of 4.1 kb were isolated and characterized by restriction endonuclease mapping. Southern analysis of genomic digests prepared with different restriction enzymes confirmed the same pattern for the chromosomal sequences. Transformants with the isolated plasmids had a phosphoglucose isomerase activity increased by a factor of 7. The cloned sequence hybridized to a constitutively synthesized 2.2 kb RNA in Northern analysis. The coding region includes a 2.05 kb EcoRI fragment common to all four inserts. A fragment including part of the PGI1 region was subcloned into vector YRp7 and used to induce integration at the PGI1 locus. Genetical and Southern analysis of stable transformants showed that single as well as tandem integration took place at this locus. This showed that the PGH gene had been isolated. Finally, and in contrast to the results of Kempe et al. (1974a, b) who reported three isoenzymes in yeasts, only one copy of the PGH gene per genome was found in several laboratory strains tested by Southern analysis.
&lt;title&gt;Real-time in-vivo endoscopic imaging of fluorescence from human colonic adenomas&lt;/title&gt; (1998)

Previous in vitro studies showed that autofluorescence images of colonic mucosa collected endoscopically can be used to detect dysplasia with high sensitivity. This method is extended to collection of fluorescence images of adenomatous polyps in vivo. Fluorescence images were collected during colonoscopy in 30 patients. A total of 12 adenomatous and 6 hyperplastic polyps were identified. An optical fiber excitation probe, located in the instrument channel of the colonoscope, delivered 300 mW of near- ultraviolet light at (lambda) <SUB>ex</SUB> equals 351 and 364 nm. Mucosal fluorescence in the spectral bandwidth between 400 and 700 nm was imaged, processed, and displayed with various likelihoods of associated dysplasia. Adenomatous polyps exhibited decreased fluorescence intensity compared to adjacent mucosa with normal appearance. With the fluorescence threshold set to 80% of the average intensity of normal mucosa, a sensitivity of 83% for dysplasia detection was achieved. All hyperplastic polyps were correctly identified as being non-dysplastic. Optimal identification of dysplastic regions was obtained with the colonoscope oriented at near-normal incidence to the polyps. At higher angles of incidence, artifacts due to illumination shadows were introduced. The dysplasia associated with adenomatous polyps can be detected in vivo on fluorescence imaging with high sensitivity, thus demonstrating the potential to guide endoscopic biopsy.
Antimalarial Activity and Mechanisms of Action of Two Novel 4-Aminoquinolines against Chloroquine-Resistant Parasites (2012)

Chloroquine (CQ) is a cost effective antimalarial drug with a relatively good safety profile (or therapeutic index). However, CQ is no longer used alone to treat patients with Plasmodium falciparum due to the emergence and spread of CQ-resistant strains, also reported for P. vivax. Despite CQ resistance, novel drug candidates based on the structure of CQ continue to be considered, as in the present work. One CQ analog was synthesized as monoquinoline (MAQ) and compared with a previously synthesized bisquinoline (BAQ), both tested against P. falciparum in vitro and against P. berghei in mice, then evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxicity and ability to inhibit hemozoin formation. Their interactions with residues present in the NADH binding site of P falciparum lactate dehydrogenase were evaluated using docking analysis software. Both compounds were active in the nanomolar range evaluated through the HRPII and hypoxanthine tests. MAQ and BAQ derivatives were not toxic, and both compounds significantly inhibited hemozoin formation, in a dose-dependent manner. MAQ had a higher selectivity index than BAQ and both compounds were weak PfLDH inhibitors, a result previously reported also for CQ. Taken together, the two CQ analogues represent promising molecules which seem to act in a crucial point for the parasite, inhibiting hemozoin formation.
Coupling detection and data association for multiple object tracking (2012)

We present a novel framework for multiple object tracking in which the problems of object detection and data association are expressed by a single objective function. The framework follows the Lagrange dual decomposition strategy, taking advantage of the often complementary nature of the two subproblems. Our coupling formulation avoids the problem of error propagation from which traditional “detection-tracking approaches” to multiple object tracking suffer. We also eschew common heuristics such as “nonmaximum suppression” of hypotheses by modeling the joint image likelihood as opposed to applying independent likelihood assumptions. Our coupling algorithm is guaranteed to converge and can handle partial or even complete occlusions. Furthermore, our method does not have any severe scalability issues but can process hundreds of frames at the same time. Our experiments involve challenging, notably distinct datasets and demonstrate that our method can achieve results comparable to those of state-of-art approaches, even without a heavily trained object detector.
Radioiodination of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A with Retention of Biological Activity and Its Binding to Brain Synaptosomes (1983)

1 A homogeneous preparation of botulinum neurotoxin from Clostridium botulinum type A was labelled with [125I]iodine to high specific activity (e.g. 1750 Ci/mmol) with chloramine-T and shown to retain appreciable biological activity (e. g. 1.2 × 108 mouse LD50/mg). 2 Both of the toxin's subunits were iodinated as shown by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis; the behaviour of native and labelled toxin on Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion was identical. 3 Saturable binding of the 125I-labelled neurotoxin to rat brain synaptosomal membranes was demonstrated. A small fraction of these sites (60 fmol/mg protein) exhibited high affinity for the toxin (Kd= 0.6 nM) whilst the majority displayed a much weaker affinity. Kinetic analyses of the interaction of toxin with synaptosomes were found to be complex, consistent with the existence of heterogeneity. 4 Treatment of the membranes with proteases or heating prevented all the specific binding, suggesting the involvement of protein component(s). In addition, the ability of neuraminidase, and to a lesser extent gangliosides, to reduce the extent of binding to both the high-affinity and low-affinity sites, suggests the involvement of sialic residues in toxin binding. 5 The two individual subunits of native neurotoxin were separated and renatured; only the larger (Mr 97000) competed with the binding of labelled neurotoxin. Tetanus toxin was capable of decreasing the binding, albeit with low efficacy. 6 The binding component(s) appear selective as binding was unaltered by botulinum type B neurotoxin, other pure presynaptically-active neurotoxins (α-latrotoxin, β-bungarotoxin or dendrotoxin) and known antagonists of botulism. Taipoxin, crotoxin and bee venom phospholipase A2 did inhibit the binding; however, their relatively low potencies, which are decreased further in the absence of their phospholipase A2 activity, indicate a non-specific mechanism. 7 The function of the membraneous toxin binding component(s) is discussed in relation to the molecular basis of the neurotoxin's action.
Coherent subcarrier fiber-optic communication systems with phase-noise cancellation (1994)

A phase-noise-cancelled coherent subcarrier fiberoptic communication system that uses integrated-optic Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulators for frequency-pair encoding is introduced. Optical double-sideband suppressed-carrier signals with the same random phase noise and information encoded in the frequency separation of the two sidebands are generated by properly biasing the modulator. Phase noise is eliminated at the receiver by a nonlinear operation on the two sidebands. System performance analysis with numerical examples, taking into account the modulation index and laser normalized linewidth, is presented.
Activity of Topotecan, a New Topoisomerase I Inhibitor, Against Human Tumor Colony-Forming Units In Vitro (1992)

Further clinical development of topotecan is warranted.