gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Digesting the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease: Insights from studies of autophagy risk genes (2011)

The success of genetic analyses identifying multiple loci associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility has resulted in the identification of several risk genes linked to a common cellular process called autophagy. Autophagy is a process involving the encapsulation of cytosolic cellular components in double-membrane vesicles, their subsequent lysosomal degradation, and recycling of the degraded components for use by the cell. It plays an important part in the innate immune response to a variety of intracellular pathogens, and it is this component of autophagy that appears to be defective in IBD. This has lead to the hypothesis that Crohn's disease may result from an impaired antibacterial response, which leads to ineffective control of bacterial infection, dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, and chronic inflammation. Several recurrent themes have surfaced from studies examining the function of autophagy-related genes in the context of IBD, with cellular context, disease status, risk variant effect, and risk gene interplay all affecting the interpretation of these studies. The identification of autophagy as a major risk pathway in IBD is a significant step forward and may lead to pathway-focused therapy in the future; however, there is more to understand in order to unravel the complexity of this disease.
Expression of KCNA10, a Voltage-Gated K Channel, in Glomerular Endothelium and at the Apical Membrane of the Renal Proximal Tubule (2002)

Potassium (K) channels regulate cell membrane potential and modulate a number of important cellular functions. KCNA10 is a cyclic nucleotide-gated, voltage-activated K channel that is detected in kidney, heart, and aorta by Northern blot and postulated to participate in renal K metabolism and to regulate vascular tone. The aim of this study was to establish the cellular and subcellular localization of KCNA10 in kidney and vascular tissues. An anti-KCNA10 polyclonal antibody was generated, and immunocytochemical studies were performed on rat kidney. KCNA10 protein was easily detectable at the apical membrane of rat proximal tubular cells, and a weaker signal was also evident in the glomerulus. In situ hybridization experiments confirmed the immunocytochemical studies and revealed KCNA10 expression in human proximal tubular cells, glomerular and vascular endothelial cells, and also in vascular smooth muscle cells. The data suggest that KCNA10 may facilitate proximal tubular sodium absorption by stabilizing cell membrane voltage. Furthermore, its presence in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells supports the notion that it also regulates vascular tone.
Kinetics of Crystallization of ZrF <sub>4</sub> ‐Ba <sub>2</sub> ‐LaF <sub>3</sub> Glass by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (1983)

The kinetics of devitrification in ZrF 4 ‐BaF 2 ‐LaF 3 (62–33–5 mol % ) glass were studied by isothermal and nonisothermal methods using differential scanning calorimetry. The crystallization reaction followed the Avrami equation, x =1‐exp[—( kt) ], where x is the fraction crystallized after time t . The rate con stant k obeyed an Arrhenius equation, k(s −1 )=6.69 × 10 21 exp image The value of the Avrami exponent, n , bas 3.2×0.2, indicating three‐dimensional crystal growth at a constant number of nucleation sites. Values of kinetics parame ters obtained from isothermal and nonisothermal techniques were in excellent agreement. The heat of crystallization measured from isothermal peaks was computed to be 38.5×3.5 J/g.
Molecular Fluorescence Sensor for Saccharides Based on Amino Coumarin (1995)

Abstract The intramolecular neighboring group participation of the amino group of 7-aminocoumarin moiety to phenylboronic acid gave fluorescence intensity and spectral changes upon saccharide binding which could be used in fluorescence mapping of saccharides in biological cells.
Incorporation of Reporter-Labeled Nucleotides by DNA Polymerases (2005)

The incorporation of fluorescently labeled nucleotides into DNA by DNA polymerases has been used extensively for tagging genes and for labeling DNA. However, we lack studies comparing polymerase efficiencies for incorporating different fluorescently labeled nucleotides. We analyzed the incorporation of fluorescent deoxynucleoside triphosphates by 10 different DNA polymerases, representing a cross-section of DNA polymerases from families A, B, and reverse transcriptase. The substitution of one or more different reporter-labeled nucleotides for the cognate nucleotides was initially investigated by using an in vitro polymerase extension filter-binding assay with natural DNA as a template. Further analysis on longer DNA fragments containing one or more nucleotide analogs was performed using a newly developed extension cut assay. The results indicate that incorporation of fluorescent nucleotides is dependent on the DNA polymerase, fluorophore, linker between the nucleotide and the fluorophore, and position for attachment of the linker and the cognate nucleotide. Of the polymerases tested, Taq and Vent exo DNA polymerases were most efficient at incorporating a variety of fluorescently labeled nucleotides. This study suggests that it should be feasible to copy DNA with reactions mixtures that contain all four fluorescently labeled nucleotides allowing for high-density labeling of DNA.
Targeted Deletion of Regions Rich in Immune-Evasive Genes from the Cytomegalovirus Genome as a Novel Vaccine Strategy (2007)

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous human pathogen, is a leading cause of congenital infections and represents a serious health risk for the immunosuppressed patient. A vaccine against CMV is currently not available. CMV is characterized by its large genome and by multiple genes modulating the immunity of the host, which cluster predominantly at genome termini. Here, we tested whether the deletion of gene blocks rich in immunomodulatory genes could be used as a novel concept in the generation of immunogenic but avirulent, herpesvirus vaccines. To generate an experimental CMV vaccine, we selectively deleted 32 genes from the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) genome. The resulting mutant grew to titers similar to that of wild-type MCMV in vitro. In vivo, the mutant was 10,000-fold attenuated and well tolerated, even by highly susceptible mice deficient for B, T, and NK cells or for the interferon type I receptor. Equally relevant for safety concerns, immune suppression did not lead to the mutant's reactivation from latency. Immunization with the replication-competent mutant, but not with inactivated virus, resulted in protective immunity, which increased over time. Vaccination induced MCMV-specific antibodies and a strong T-cell response. We propose that a targeted and rational approach can improve future herpesvirus vaccines and vaccine vectors.
Data Structures for One-Dimensional Packet Classification Using Most-Specific-Rule Matching (2003)

We review the data structures that have been proposed for one-dimensional packet classification. Our review is limited to data structures for the case when ties among the rules that match an incoming packet are broken by selecting the matching rule that is most specific. For the case when the rule filters are destination-address prefixes or are nonintersecting ranges, this tie breaker corresponds to longest-prefix or shortest-range matching, respectively. When the rule filters are arbitrary ranges, this tie breaker resolves the tie only when the rule set is conflict free. Data structures for both static and dynamic rule tables are discussed.
A genotype-phenotype correlation for <i>GJB2</i> (connexin 26) deafness (2004)

This study is the first large systematic analysis indicating that the GJB2 genotype has a major impact on the degree of hearing impairment, and identifying mild genotypes. Furthermore, this study shows that it will be possible to refine this correlation and extend it to additional genotypes. These data will be useful in evaluating habilitation options for people with GJB2 related deafness.
Notes- The Reactions of Sodium Dialkyl Phosphonates with Carbonyl Sulfide and with Carbon Disulfide. (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes- The Reactions of Sodium Dialkyl Phosphonates with Carbonyl Sulfide and with Carbon Disulfide. Daniel Grisley, Jr.Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 7, 2544–2546Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1961Publication History Published online4 March 2003Published inissue 1 July 1961https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01351a612RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views231Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (449 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Correlation between Reduced Daptomycin Susceptibility and Vancomycin Resistance in Vancomycin-Intermediate <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2006)

We present here findings of a strong positive correlation between reduced daptomycin susceptibility and vancomycin resistance in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). This correlation is related to cell wall thickening, suggesting that, similar to the case with vancomycin resistance in VISA, the physical barrier of a thickened cell wall may contribute to daptomycin resistance in S. aureus.
Vitamin E Analogues Inhibit Angiogenesis by Selective Induction of Apoptosis in Proliferating Endothelial Cells: The Role of Oxidative Stress (2007)

"Mitocans" from the vitamin E group of selective anticancer drugs, alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS) and its ether analogue alpha-TEA, triggered apoptosis in proliferating but not arrested endothelial cells. Angiogenic endothelial cells exposed to the vitamin E analogues, unlike their arrested counterparts, readily accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) by interfering with the mitochondrial redox chain and activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The vitamin E analogues inhibited angiogenesis in vitro as assessed using the "wound-healing" and "tube-forming" models. Endothelial cells deficient in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were resistant to the vitamin E analogues, both in ROS accumulation and apoptosis induction, maintaining their angiogenic potential. alpha-TOS inhibited angiogenesis in a mouse cancer model, as documented by ultrasound imaging. We conclude that vitamin E analogues selectively kill angiogenic endothelial cells, suppressing tumor growth, which has intriguing clinical implications.
Real‐time Bayesian anomaly detection in streaming environmental data (2009)

With large volumes of data arriving in near real time from environmental sensors, there is a need for automated detection of anomalous data caused by sensor or transmission errors or by infrequent system behaviors. This study develops and evaluates three automated anomaly detection methods using dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs), which perform fast, incremental evaluation of data as they become available, scale to large quantities of data, and require no a priori information regarding process variables or types of anomalies that may be encountered. This study investigates these methods' abilities to identify anomalies in eight meteorological data streams from Corpus Christi, Texas. The results indicate that DBN‐based detectors, using either robust Kalman filtering or Rao‐Blackwellized particle filtering, outperform a DBN‐based detector using Kalman filtering, with the former having false positive/negative rates of less than 2%. These methods were successful at identifying data anomalies caused by two real events: a sensor failure and a large storm.
Phosphorylation Sites on Two Domains of the β2-Adrenergic Receptor Are Involved in Distinct Pathways of Receptor Desensitization (1989)

Continuous exposure of cells to neurotransmitter or hormone agonists often results in a rapid desensitization of the cellular response. For example, pretreatment of Chinese hamster fibroblasts (CHW cells) expressing beta 2-adrenergic receptors (beta 2AR) with low (nanomolar) concentrations of isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, causes decreases in the sensitivity of the cellular adenylyl cyclase response to the agonist, without changing the maximal responsiveness. In contrast, exposure of CHW cells to high (micromolar) concentrations of isoproterenol results in decreases in both sensitivity and the maximal responsiveness to agonist. To explore the role(s) of receptor phosphorylation in these processes, we expressed in CHW cells three mutant beta 2AR genes encoding receptors lacking putative phosphorylation sites for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and/or the cAMP-independent beta 2AR kinase. Using these mutants we found that exposure of cells to low concentrations of agonist appears to preferentially induce phosphorylation at protein kinase A sites. This phosphorylation correlates with the decreased sensitivity to agonist stimulation of the adenylyl cyclase response. At higher agonist concentrations phosphorylation on both the beta 2AR kinase and protein kinase A sites occurs, and only then is the maximal cyclase responsiveness elicited by agonist reduced. We conclude that low or high concentrations of agonist elicit phosphorylation of beta 2AR on distinct domains, with different implications for the functional coupling of the receptors with effector molecules.
Syntheses of homopolymer and water‐soluble polymers containing tetraphenylporphinatomanganese(III) complex, and ligand substitution reaction for anionic ligand (1994)

Abstract A vinyl monomer containing the pendant tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) group, 4‐vinyltetraphenylporphyrin (VTPP), was synthesized. A homopolymer (PVTPP) which is insoluble in water, and three water‐soluble polymers were obtained by radical polymerization. The water‐soluble polymers are two anionic polymers (PVPTSPP and PVTPP‐StSO 3 ) and a cationic polymer (PVTPP‐VPyM). PVPTSPP has sulfonic acid groups in a TPP group and very high charge density. PVTPP‐StSO 3 was obtained by copolymerization of VTPP and sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate. PVTPP‐VPyM was obtained by quarternarization of a copolymer of VTPP and 4‐vinylpyridine. Polymeric manganese(III) complexes (PMn‐VTPP, PMnVPTSPP, PMnVTPP‐StSO 3 , and PMnVTPP‐VPyM) were prepared from the polymers and manganese acetate. The acetate ligand in PMnVTPP can be easily substituted by another ligand such as Cl − , AcO − , OH − , and SCN − . The substitution reaction occurs in the interface between water and chloroform. The sulfonated homopolymer, PMnVPTSPP, cannot incorporate with anionic ligands because of the strong electrostatic repulsion. In the anionic copolymer, PMnVTPP‐StSO 3 , the ligand substitution reaction with SCN ligand needs activation energy of 53 kJ/mol. In the cationic polymer complex, PMnVTPP‐VPyM, the OH ligand can be easily substituted with the SCN ligand and the equilibrium constant of the reaction was estimated at 1.38 × 10 −3 . © 1994 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Imaging of single human carcinoma cells in vitro using a clinical whole‐body magnetic resonance scanner at 3.0 T (2005)

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether single human carcinoma cells labeled with iron oxide nanoparticles could be detected by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging on a clinical 3-T scanner using a surface coil only. WiDr human colon carcinoma cells were loaded with two kinds of iron oxide nanoparticles differing by coating and size: aminosilan-coated (MagForce) and carboxy-dextran-coated particles (Resovist). The latter were preferred by the colon carcinoma cell line used here and taken up much faster (12 h) than the smaller carboxydextran-coated Resovist (48 h). Labeled single carcinoma cells, distributed in an agarose gel in a monodisperse layer as controlled by light microscopy, became detectable as punctuate signal extinctions when using a small circularly polarized surface coil in conjunction with a T(2)*-weighted GE sequence at 3 T. The threshold for the detectability of labeled colon carcinoma cells ranged at a load of 4-5 mug iron/10(6) cells. Obviating the need for special hardware additions, this study opens a new lane for single-cell tracking on clinical 3-T MR scanners amenable to patient studies.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT OF EARLY BREAST CANCER WITH TUMOURECTOMY, AXILLARY DISSECTION AND POSTOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY. A RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF 107 PATIENTS (1991)

A consecutive series of 107 patients with early breast cancer treated by tumourectomy, axillary dissection and postoperative radiotherapy was retrospectively reviewed. The average age at presentation was 48, range 30-79. Only 23.4% of women were post-menopausal. Average follow-up time was 48 months, range 19-94 months. Eight-three per cent had palpable lesions, the remaining 16.8% had needle localization. Ninety-four patients (88.7%) had lesions less than 2 cm in diameter clinically. One patient had a lesion greater than 3 cm in diameter clinically. Seventy-two per cent had invasive duct carcinoma. Twenty (18.9%) had invasive disease at the margins and fifteen were re-excised. Of the 20 patients who had invasive disease at the margins, three developed local recurrence. True loco-regional recurrence rate (i.e., loco-regional recurrence rate without distant metastasis) was 2.8%. All had level I and II axillary dissections and 26.4% were up-staged from clinical stage 1 to pathological stage II. Five patients died, three with recurrences and two with unrelated disease. Tumourectomy, axillary dissection and postoperative radiotherapy is an acceptable regimen for early carcinoma of the breast.
Mechanisms of ischemic brain damage (1988)

This article provides a brief review of recent developments regarding the pathophysiology of ischemic brain damage, and offers hypotheses explaining the pathogenesis of selective neuronal vulnerability and of tissue infarction, respectively. It is suggested that selective neuronal vulnerability, observed after brief periods of ischemia and after hypoglycemic coma, qualifies as an excitotoxic lesion, which causes postsynaptic damage to neurons innervated by excitatory amino acids by enhancing calcium influx. However, ischemic damage often involves glial and vascular cells as well, and causes infarction. It is hypothesized that this type of brain damage is related to acidosis and that enhanced acidosis is detrimental because it accelerates delocalization of protein-bound iron, with an ensuing free-radical damage to membrane lipids and proteins.
인권보호(人權保護)와 검사(檢事)의 수사지휘권(搜査指揮權) (2006)

경찰수사권 독립론은 경찰 단계에 있는 사건에 대하여 제도적으로 검사의 수사지휘를 배제하고, 경찰이 독자적으로 수사를 하겠다는 것이다. 미국 검사는 공소제기, 유지는 물론 직접 수사, 경찰을 통한 수사, 대배심을 통한 수사 등 수사도 한다. 검사는 공소제기 및 유지 시에는 악의적으로 기소를 한 경우에 있어서도 면책이 되고(절대적 면책), 수사 시에는 고의가 있는 경우에만 면책이 된다(제한적 면책). 절대적 면책은 형사소송절차에서 가장 중요한 역할을 담당하는 검사가 정열적이고 두려움 없이 일하도록 하기 위하여 판사나 기소배심원의 면책과 같은 정도의 면책을 보장하여야 한다는 것이 근거이다. 미 연방대법원은 검사는 정의를 실현하고, 피의자 등에게 유리한 증거를 확보하기 위하여 경찰에 대하여 필요한 절차나 규칙을 제정할 수 있다고 한다. 미국에서도 경찰의 인권침해에 대한 문제가 자주 발생하는데, 그 통제를 위하여 법무부 인권부 등에서 민형사상 문제를 처리한다. 그리고 구체적 사건에 있어서도 미국 검사는 가기소나 가기소 취소 등의 권한을 가지고, 수사 초동단계에서부터 경찰관 등을 상대로 직접 혹은 간접적인 방법으로 질문하는 등 경찰에서 수집한 증거에 대한 신빙성 판단을 판단후 증거 보완을 지도하는 방식으로 수사지휘를 하고 있다. 일본 검사는 경찰에 대하여 일반적 지시권, 일반적 지휘권, 구체적 지휘권외에 경찰관에 대한 징계파면소추권이 있고, 독일도 검사가 수사지휘권을 가지고 있으며, 프랑스도 마찬가지이다. 검사가 공소제기, 유지를 위하여서는 수사에 관여하는 것이 반드시 필요하고, 검사는 정의를 실현하기 위한 기관으로서 인권보장 및 적정절차를 실현해야 하는 준사법적 기관이라는 것에 그 실질적 근거가 있다. 우리나라 수사권독립 찬성논자도 검사의 인권보장 기능을 부인하지는 않는데, 제도적으로 수사지휘를 불가능하게 만들어 인권보장의 사각지대를 만드는 것은 국가 이념적으로도 타당하지 않다. 검사는 초동단계 수사지휘를 통하여 신속한 구속여부 결정, 범죄혐의 유무의 조기결정 등 인권보장을 실현하고 있다.
Prognostic significance of L‐type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and 4F2 heavy chain (CD98) expression in early stage squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (2008)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT 1) and 4F2 heavy chain (CD98) in patients with stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. A total of 84 consecutive patients with completely resected pathologic stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the lung were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent resection of the tumor and the immunohistochemical analysis was done to determine the expression of LAT 1, CD98, Ki-67 labeling index, vascular endothelial growth factor, and microvessel density. These pathological parameters were correlated with the prognosis of patients after complete resection of the tumor. A positive rate of LAT 1 expression (87%; 73/84) was significantly higher than that of CD98 expression (65%; 55/84) (P = 0.0018). Cooperative expression of LAT 1 and CD98 was recognized in 62% (52/84). LAT 1 expression was significantly correlated with CD98, Ki-67 labeling index, vascular endothelial growth factor, and microvessel density. The 5-year survival rates of the LAT 1-positive and LAT1-negative patients were 59% and 88%, respectively (P = 0.2186). Tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis were not also (a) prognostic factor. However, the 5-year survival rate of patients with both LAT 1 and CD98-positivity (57%) was significantly worse than that of other patients (88%; P = 0.0136). Multivariate analysis confirmed that positive cooperative expression of LAT 1 and CD98 was an independent factor for predicting a poor prognosis. A cooperative expression of LAT 1 and CD98 is a significant pathological factor for predicting the poor prognosis in patients with resectable stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.
Treatment with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I of children with growth hormone receptor deficiency (Laron syndrome). Kabi Pharmacia Study Group on Insulin-like Growth Factor I Treatment in Growth Hormone Insensitivity Syndromes. (1992)

Twenty-seven patients (14 female, 13 male; 3 pubertal) with growth hormone receptor deficiency (Laron syndrome) were treated with recombinant insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), 40-120 micrograms/kg body weight b.d., for up to 12 months. Height SDS was between -9.1 and -3.2 at the start of treatment (age, 3.7-22.9 years). Before treatment, most patients had increased basal serum concentrations of growth hormone (2.4-208 mU/l) and low serum concentrations of IGF-I (< 20-69 micrograms/l), IGF-II (69-295 micrograms/l) and IGF binding protein-3 (0.16-1.59 mg/l). In all but the two oldest patients, the growth rate increased by more than 2 cm/year compared with that before treatment. Asymptomatic hypoglycaemia (blood glucose < 3.0 mmol/l) was recorded in ten patients in 0.7% of measurements. Four patients experienced symptomatic hypoglycaemia. A transient asymptomatic decrease in serum potassium occurred in most patients after injections.