gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple myeloma disrupts the TRANCE/ osteoprotegerin cytokine axis to trigger bone destruction and promote tumor progression (2001)

Bone destruction, caused by aberrant production and activation of osteoclasts, is a prominent feature of multiple myeloma. We demonstrate that myeloma stimulates osteoclastogenesis by triggering a coordinated increase in the tumor necrosis factor-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE) and decrease in its decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG). Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies of bone marrow specimens indicate that in vivo, deregulation of the TRANCE-OPG cytokine axis occurs in myeloma, but not in the limited plasma cell disorder monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance or in nonmyeloma hematologic malignancies. In coculture, myeloma cell lines stimulate expression of TRANCE and inhibit expression of OPG by stromal cells. Osteoclastogenesis, the functional consequence of increased TRANCE expression, is counteracted by addition of a recombinant TRANCE inhibitor, RANK-Fc, to marrow/myeloma cocultures. Myeloma-stroma interaction also has been postulated to support progression of the malignant clone. In the SCID-hu murine model of human myeloma, administration of RANK-Fc both prevents myeloma-induced bone destruction and interferes with myeloma progression. Our data identify TRANCE and OPG as key cytokines whose deregulation promotes bone destruction and supports myeloma growth.
Old Chinese Herbal Medicine Used for Fever Yields Possible New Alzheimer Disease Therapy (1997)

A COMPOUND first isolated from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine may lead to new therapeutic agents for Alzheimer disease (AD). Based on laboratory and x-ray crystallography studies, these agents, some researchers think, could be even better than the 2 drugs already approved for the disease. The alkaloid compound, huperzine A (HupA), was discovered in the Chinese herbal medicine<i>Qian Ceng Ta</i>. This traditional remedy, which is prepared from the moss<i>Huperzia serrata</i>, has been used in China for centuries to treat fever and inflammation. Although it has no antipyretic or antiinflammatory properties, HupA does appear to be a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In addition to appearing more selective and possibly less toxic than the 2 AChE inhibitors currently approved for the treatment of AD, HupA has a number of other pharmacological properties of clinical interest, said Israel Silman, PhD, professor of neurobiology at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot,
alpha-Bungarotoxin binding and cholinergic receptor function on a rat sympathetic nerve line (1977)

A clonal rat sympathetic nerve cell line, PC12, binds iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin. The binding is saturable and is inhibited by a variety of cholinergic agonists and antagonists. The pseudo-first order rate constant for binding is 2.1 x 10(5) M-1 S-1 at 22 degrees. In contrast to the alpha-bungarotoxin binding reaction found with muscle, the binding to PC12 is reversible with a first order rate constant of 4.9 x 10(-5) S-1 at 37 degrees. Toxin binds to an integral membrane component which sediments in sucrose gradients containing Triton X-100 with an apparent sedimentation coefficient of 10.5 S. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of PC12 was assayed by determining the agonist-induced increase in permeability to sodium ions. Using this assay, we determined the apparent binding constants for a variety of cholinergic ligands and found no correlation between their ability to affect cholinergic function and to inhibit binding of alpha-bungarotoxin. Therefore, the site at which cholinergic ligands affect receptor function is different than the site at which cholinergic ligands inhibit toxin binding.
Incidence and Outcomes in Acute Kidney Injury (2007)

Epidemiological studies of acute kidney injury (AKI) and acute-on-chronic renal failure (ACRF) are surprisingly sparse and confounded by differences in definition. Reported incidences vary, with few studies being population-based. Given this and our aging population, the incidence of AKI may be much higher than currently thought. We tested the hypothesis that the incidence is higher by including all patients with AKI (in a geographical population base of 523,390) regardless of whether they required renal replacement therapy irrespective of the hospital setting in which they were treated. We also tested the hypothesis that the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-Stage Kidney (RIFLE) classification predicts outcomes. We identified all patients with serum creatinine concentrations > or =150 micromol/L (male) or > or =130 micromol/L (female) over a 6-mo period in 2003. Clinical outcomes were obtained from each patient's case records. The incidences of AKI and ACRF were 1811 and 336 per million population, respectively. Median age was 76 yr for AKI and 80.5 yr for ACRF. Sepsis was a precipitating factor in 47% of patients. The RIFLE classification was useful for predicting full recovery of renal function (P < 0.001), renal replacement therapy requirement (P < 0.001), length of hospital stay [excluding those who died during admission (P < 0.001)], and in-hospital mortality (P = 0.035). RIFLE did not predict mortality at 90 d or 6 mo. Thus the incidence of AKI is much higher than previously thought, with implications for service planning and providing information to colleagues about methods to prevent deterioration of renal function. The RIFLE classification is useful for identifying patients at greatest risk of adverse short-term outcomes.
Code Coverage of Assertions Using RTL Source Code Analysis (2014)

Assertions are gaining importance in pre-silicon hardware verification to ensure expected design behavior. Coverage of an assertion in terms of statements of a Register Transfer Level (RTL) source code is a very accessible metric for understanding the scope of assertions and for debug. However, few methods to report it currently exist. We present a methodology to define and compute code coverage of an assertion. Our method is based on static and dynamic analysis of the RTL source code. We demonstrate the scalability and effectiveness of our approach with experimental results on real designs for both manual and automatically generated assertions.
Analytical Techniques in Immunochemistry (1991)

This title explores the principles, and presents step-by-step recipes for isolating and measuring biological materials using modern immunochemical methods, including such new procedures as high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and blotting.
Relationship between electroluminescence and current transport in organic heterojunction light-emitting devices (1996)

We measure the current–voltage and electroluminescence characteristics of single-heterojunction, vacuum-deposited organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) over a wide range of materials, temperatures, and currents. We find that the current is limited by a large density of traps with an exponential energy distribution below the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The characteristic trap depth is 0.15 eV. Furthermore, in metal–quinolate-based devices, electroluminescence originates from recombination of Frenkel excitons, and its temperature dependence is consistent with the excitons being formed by Coulombic relaxation of the trapped electrons with holes injected from the counter electrode. By semiempirical molecular orbital modeling, we find that the trap distribution obtained from the current–voltage characteristics is consistent with a distribution in the metal–quinolate molecular conformations which result in a continuous, exponential distribution of allowed states below the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. We discuss the implications of the intrinsic relationship between electroluminescence and current transport in OLEDs for the optimization of efficiency and operating voltage in these devices.
Morphology and wettability control of honeycomb porous films of amphiphilic fluorinated pentablock copolymers via breath figure method (2014)

Amphiphilic pentablock copolymers of poly (trifluoroethyl methacrylate)-b-poly (methyl methacrylate)-b-poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (methyl methacrylate)-b-poly (trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA-b-PMMA-b-PEG-b-PMMA-b-PTFEMA) with three different block ratios as well as molecular weights were used to fabricate honeycomb structured porous films through the breath figure technique. Several critical influencing factors such as macromolecular structures, solvent properties, copolymer concentrations and the substrates were investigated to control the morphology of the pores. The results showed that chloroform utilized as a solvent with an appropriate concentration of 45 mg mL−1 on the substrate of silicon wafer offered the optimum condition. It could be evidenced that the pore sizes of the honeycomb films were increased by enhancing the molecular weight of the copolymer. In addition, an increase in the copolymer concentration leads to a decrease in the pore size, and even causes a few porous structures to disappear. The viscosity of the liquid substrates also affects the pore size, and it was found that a larger pore size was formed with an increase in the viscosity. The porous films possessed better hydrophobic and oleophobic properties than the flat films. In addition, the pincushion structure films exhibited the best hydrophobic and oleophobic properties and an excellent water-adhesion ability in the reverse state. This work may facilitate our understanding of the breath figure process and assist us in preparing films under different conditions, which show different perspectives as micro-suckers, hydrophobic and oleophobic membranes.
Cetuximab: Adverse Event Profi le and Recommendations for Toxicity Management (2005)

Cetuximab (Erbitux, IMC-C225, ImClone Systems Incorporated, New York, NY) is a monoclonal antibody targeted to the epidermal growth factor receptor. Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor is associated with disease progression, poor survival, poor response to therapy, and the development of resistance to therapy in many solid tumors. Cetuximab blocks the binding of natural ligands to the epidermal growth factor receptor, thus inhibiting oncogenic processes associated with its activation. Infusion reactions, acneform skin rash, and nail disorder are the most clinically relevant adverse events observed. Because infusion reactions can be life threatening when severe, nurses must administer prophylactic treatment with an H1 antagonist prior to infusion and actively manage cetuximab-related infusion reactions when they occur. Management of infusion reactions typically includes vigilant patient monitoring, appropriate medical supervision, readily available resources for the treatment of infusion reactions, and initiation of institution- or practice-specific protocols when necessary. Acneform skin rash is the most common adverse event, but severe (grade 3 or 4) rash requiring interruption of treatment is not common. Topical and systemic antibiotic therapies may be administered to reduce symptoms. Nail disorder typically is mild to moderate and is observed infrequently; this also may be treated with systemic and topical antibiotics. Overall, the safety profile of cetuximab is favorable compared to that typically seen with chemotherapeutic agents. The acneform skin rash and nail disorder, which may affect quality of life, rarely threaten the general well-being of patients and typically are manageable.
Ferrite-YSZ composites for solar thermochemical production of synthetic fuels: in operando characterization of CO2 reduction (2011)

Ferrites are promising materials for enabling solar-thermochemical cycles. Such cycles utilize solar-thermal energy for the production of hydrogen from water, or carbon monoxide from carbon dioxide. Mixing ferrites with zirconia or yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) greatly improves the cyclability of the ferrites and enables a move away from powder to monolithic systems. This synergistic effect is only partially understood. In order to unravel the underlying mechanisms of the effect and to understand the evolution of thermochemically active phases, we have studied the behaviour of iron oxides co-sintered with 8YSZ (8 mol% Y2O3) using in operando X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis at temperatures up to 1500 °C and under environments representative of those present in a thermochemical cycle. The solubility of iron oxide in 8YSZ measured by XRD at room temperature, following calcination to 1500 °C in air, was 9.4 mol% Fe. The solubility increased to at least 10.4 mol% Fe when heated between 800 and 1000 °C under inert (He) atmosphere. Furthermore iron was found to migrate in and out of the 8YSZ phase as the temperature and oxidation state of the iron changed. In samples containing insoluble iron (i.e., containing >9.4 mol% Fe) stepwise heating to 1400 °C under helium caused reduction of Fe2O3 (hematite) to Fe3O4 (magnetite) to FeO (wüstite). This gradual thermal reduction from hematite to wüstite was accompanied by evolution of oxygen. The wüstite remained stable upon cooling to room temperature in the helium environment, although after multiple consecutive cycles some of the wüstite was observed to disproportionate to Fe metal and magnetite. Exposure of the wüstite-containing material to CO2 at 1100 °C enabled re-oxidation of the wüstite to magnetite with evolution of CO. Thermogravimetric analysis during thermochemical cycling of materials with iron oxide contents between 1.8 and 27.6 mol% Fe showed that samples with mostly dissolved iron utilized a greater proportion of the iron atoms present than did samples possessing a significant fraction of un-dissolved iron oxides.
Cognitive Learning, Monitoring and Assistance of Industrial Workflows Using Egocentric Sensor Networks (2015)

Today, the workflows that are involved in industrial assembly and production activities are becoming increasingly complex. To efficiently and safely perform these workflows is demanding on the workers, in particular when it comes to infrequent or repetitive tasks. This burden on the workers can be eased by introducing smart assistance systems. This article presents a scalable concept and an integrated system demonstrator designed for this purpose. The basic idea is to learn workflows from observing multiple expert operators and then transfer the learnt workflow models to novice users. Being entirely learning-based, the proposed system can be applied to various tasks and domains. The above idea has been realized in a prototype, which combines components pushing the state of the art of hardware and software designed with interoperability in mind. The emphasis of this article is on the algorithms developed for the prototype: 1) fusion of inertial and visual sensor information from an on-body sensor network (BSN) to robustly track the user's pose in magnetically polluted environments; 2) learning-based computer vision algorithms to map the workspace, localize the sensor with respect to the workspace and capture objects, even as they are carried; 3) domain-independent and robust workflow recovery and monitoring algorithms based on spatiotemporal pairwise relations deduced from object and user movement with respect to the scene; and 4) context-sensitive augmented reality (AR) user feedback using a head-mounted display (HMD). A distinguishing key feature of the developed algorithms is that they all operate solely on data from the on-body sensor network and that no external instrumentation is needed. The feasibility of the chosen approach for the complete action-perception-feedback loop is demonstrated on three increasingly complex datasets representing manual industrial tasks. These limited size datasets indicate and highlight the potential of the chosen technology as a combined entity as well as point out limitations of the system.
Hierarchical Re-estimation of Topic Models for Measuring Topical Diversity (2017)

A high degree of topical diversity is often considered to be an important characteristic of interesting text documents. A recent proposal for measuring topical diversity identifies three elements for assessing diversity: words, topics, and documents as collections of words. Topic models play a central role in this approach. Using standard topic models for measuring diversity of documents is suboptimal due to generality and impurity. General topics only include common information from a background corpus and are assigned to most of the documents in the collection. Impure topics contain words that are not related to the topic; impurity lowers the interpretability of topic models and impure topics are likely to get assigned to documents erroneously. We propose a hierarchical re-estimation approach for topic models to combat generality and impurity; the proposed approach operates at three levels: words, topics, and documents. Our re-estimation approach for measuring documents' topical diversity outperforms the state of the art on PubMed dataset which is commonly used for diversity experiments.
Identification of CD44 Residues Important for Hyaluronan Binding and Delineation of the Binding Site (1998)

CD44 is a widely distributed cell surface protein that plays a role in cell adhesion and migration. As a proteoglycan, CD44 is also implicated in growth factor and chemokine binding and presentation. The extracellular region of CD44 is variably spliced, giving rise to multiple CD44 isoforms. All isoforms contain an amino-terminal domain, which is homologous to cartilage link proteins. The cartilage link protein-like domain of CD44 is important for hyaluronan binding. The structure of the link protein domain of TSG-6 has been determined by NMR. Based on this structure, a molecular model of the link-homologous region of CD44 was constructed. This model was used to select residues for site-specific mutagenesis in an effort to identify residues important for ligand binding and to outline the hyaluronan binding site. Twenty-four point mutants were generated and characterized, and eight residues were identified as critical for binding or to support the interaction. In the model, these residues form a coherent surface the location of which approximately corresponds to the carbohydrate binding sites in two functionally unrelated calcium-dependent lectins, mannose-binding protein and E-selectin (CD62E).
Beads-Milling of Waste Si Sawdust into High-Performance Nanoflakes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2017)

Nowadays, ca. 176,640 tons/year of silicon (Si) (>4N) is manufactured for Si wafers used for semiconductor industry. The production of the highly pure Si wafers inevitably includes very high-temperature steps at 1400-2000 °C, which is energy-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. Inefficiently, ca. 45-55% of such costly Si is lost simply as sawdust in the cutting process. In this work, we develop a cost-effective way to recycle Si sawdust as a high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries. By a beads-milling process, nanoflakes with extremely small thickness (15-17 nm) and large diameter (0.2-1 μm) are obtained. The nanoflake framework is transformed into a high-performance porous structure, named wrinkled structure, through a self-organization induced by lithiation/delithiation cycling. Under capacity restriction up to 1200 mAh g<sup>-1</sup>, the best sample can retain the constant capacity over 800 cycles with a reasonably high coulombic efficiency (98-99.8%).
Quality and Safety Evaluation of Genetically Engineered Rice with Soybean Glycinin: Analyses of the Grain Composition and Digestibility of Glycinin in Transgenic Rice (1999)

The composition of nutritionally and physiologically important molecules in transgenic rice with the soybean glycinin gene was determined and compared with that of a non-transgenic control. Except for the levels of protein, amino acids and moisture, no marked differences were found between the two kinds of rice. The protein content of the transgenic rice was about 20% higher than the control (control, 6.5 g/100 g; transgenic, 8.0 g/100 g) with a concomitantly lower moisture content. This increased protein content mainly resulted from the increased glycinin expressed in the transgenic rice, and the protein was susceptible to gastric and intestinal digestion juices. In parallel with the increased protein content, some important amino acids lacking in quantity in normal rice were replenished.
Corrosion Protection and Long-Term Chemical Functionalization of Gallium Arsenide in an Aqueous Environment (2002)

The chemical instability of the gallium arsenide surface poses a serious limitation to its use under ambient conditions, such as in air or aqueous solution. It is shown that both bare GaAs and GaAs coated with self-assembled monolayers of organic alkanethiols are continuously etched in aqueous environments, which limits their use as biosensor devices in physiological environments. A corrosion protection material having long-term stability (“chemical passivation”) and biocompatibility (“biological passivation”) with the GaAs surface was found to be interfacial layers of polymerized organic mercaptosilanes a few tens of nanometers thick. The mercaptosilanes not only provided a nearly perfect corrosion protection of GaAs in water, but they also have the potential to introduce chemical groups that allow easy, further surface functionalization. Characterization of the interfacial polymer layer and its protective role was done by atomic force microscopy (AFM), ellipsometry, contact angle measurements, and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The interfacial polymer layers fully suppressed the release of arsenic into the electrolyte buffer and also provided an adhesion-promoting interface, which allowed the cultivation of electrically excitable cells, normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts, on GaAs. The electrical performance of GaAs and GaAs/InGaAs heterostructures in water was monitored via cyclic voltammetry and the IU characteristics of field-effect channels. GaAs was significantly stabilized by the insulating polymeric surface coatings, even under moderate electrochemical loads. These findings are promising for, e.g., the implementation of GaAs technology in future cell–semiconductor hybrids.
Towards the Direct Oxidation of Benzene to Phenol (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Cumene Process Solutia Process Direct Oxidation of Benzene to Phenol with Hydrogen Peroxide Perspectives Conclusions References
Formation of high molecular weight dermatan sulfate proteoglycan in bovine aortic endothelial cell cultures. Evidence for transglutaminase-catalyzed cross-linking to fibronectin. (1990)

Three glucuronate-rich dermatan sulfate proteoglycan (DS-PG) subclasses were isolated and previously characterized from bovine aortic endothelial cell cultures (Kinsella, M. G., and Wight, T. N. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 19222-19231). In the present study, pulse-chase experiments indicate that the DS-PG of highest apparent Mr (approximately 1 x 10(6)), denoted previously as HMW-DS, is a relatively stable component of the endothelial extracellular matrix and is formed at the expense of lower Mr DS-PG species. The formation of HMW-DS is reduced in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of dansylcadaverine, an inhibitor of transglutaminase-catalyzed protein cross-linking, but not when the activity of other cross-linking enzymes such as lysyl oxidase is inhibited. The putative DS-PG precursor to HMW-DS accumulates during inhibition of cross-linking only when lysosomal degradation is also inhibited by ammonium chloride, suggesting that the precursor is degraded rapidly in the absence of cross-linking. HMW-DS is precipitable from endothelial cell monolayer extracts with antibodies against fibronectin, a known transglutaminase substrate. Thus, we conclude that the stability of HMW-DS in the subendothelial matrix in culture depends upon the cross-linking of a low Mr DS-PG precursor to matrical protein(s), including fibronectin, resulting in the formation of a DS-PG subclass of high apparent molecular mass.