gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AIDS and Older Americans at the End of the Twentieth Century (2003)

In the past 11 years, the cumulative number of AIDS cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in adults aged 50 years or older quintupled, from 16,288 in 1990 to 90,513 by the end of December 2001. This article provides an overview of AIDS cases through 2001, shows the growing totals of AIDS cases among persons aged 50 years or older, and describes and compares these cases with those among younger people. It also reviews work on perceptions of persons aged 50 years or older on their risk for contracting HIV and their preventive health practices. Most of the data for this article came from the CDC web site and the AIDS public use data set. Although the incidence of AIDS appears to be leveling off in the general population, the data show that older people as a group represent a substantial share of new cases. There are currently more than 60,000 persons estimated to be aged 50 years or older living with AIDS in the United States; more than 50,000 persons with AIDS in this age group have died since the epidemic began. In light of the new era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, it can be expected that the AIDS epidemic will continue to age in multifaceted ways.
Depolarizing stimuli regulate nerve growth factor gene expression in cultured hippocampal neurons. (1991)

Although trophic factors and neuronal activity have been implicated in regulating functional synaptic circuits, the relationship of trophic interaction to impulse activity in synaptogenesis remains unclear. Using cultured hippocampus as a model system, we provide direct evidence that depolarization and impulse activity specifically increase nerve growth factor gene expression in neurons. Depolarizing stimuli, such as a high K+ concentration or the Na+ channel agonist veratridine, elicited a 3-fold increase of nerve growth factor mRNA levels in both explant and dissociated cultures. Blockade of depolarization by tetrodotoxin prevented the increase of neuronal nerve growth factor mRNA. Further, nerve growth factor gene expression was stimulated by picrotoxin, a gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist frequently used to enhance hippocampal neuronal activity. Impulse regulation of trophic gene function may be relevant to developmental synaptogenesis and synaptic strengthening in learning and memory.
Spatiotemporal imaging with partially separable functions: A matrix recovery approach (2010)

There has been significant recent interest in fast imaging with sparse sampling. Conventional imaging methods are based on Shannon-Nyquist sampling theory. As such, the number of required samples often increases exponentially with the dimensionality of the image, which limits achievable resolution in high-dimensional scenarios. The partially-separable function (PSF) model has previously been proposed to enable sparse data sampling in this context. Existing methods to leverage PSF structure utilize tailored data sampling strategies, which enable a specialized two-step reconstruction procedure. This work formulates the PSF reconstruction problem using the matrix-recovery framework. The explicit matrix formulation provides new opportunities for data acquisition and image reconstruction with rank constraints. Theoretical results from the emerging field of low-rank matrix recovery (which generalizes theory from sparse-vector recovery) and our empirical results illustrate the potential of this new approach.
Evolving Signal Processing for Brain–Computer Interfaces (2012)

Because of the increasing portability and wearability of noninvasive electrophysiological systems that record and process electrical signals from the human brain, automated systems for assessing changes in user cognitive state, intent, and response to events are of increasing interest. Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems can make use of such knowledge to deliver relevant feedback to the user or to an observer, or within a human-machine system to increase safety and enhance overall performance. Building robust and useful BCI models from accumulated biological knowledge and available data is a major challenge, as are technical problems associated with incorporating multimodal physiological, behavioral, and contextual data that may in the future be increasingly ubiquitous. While performance of current BCI modeling methods is slowly increasing, current performance levels do not yet support widespread uses. Here we discuss the current neuroscientific questions and data processing challenges facing BCI designers and outline some promising current and future directions to address them.
Cientistas Sociais extra-universitários: identidade profissional no mercado da pesquisa (2009)

The article presents part of an empiric research about the market of opinions surveys in Brazil and highlights some elements about these not-so-studied social authors, although significant, both in the social scientists professionalism and in relation to the political system and democracy. To start, a survey was conducted with the research institutes with the objective of tracing some of their general characteristics, focusing in the professional structure of these companies. This survey was the first step to a following procedure of interviews with social scientists who work in this activity, composing an investigation about the professional identity and about the extra-academic sociology.
Self-assembled RNA nanostructures (2014)

RNA structures have been designed that self-assemble and are programmable and scalable [Also see Report by Geary et al. ]
Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Indigo Carmine (E 132) as a food additive (2014)

The ANS Panel provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of Indigo Carmine (E132). The Panel observed that Indigo Carmine was poorly absorbed and does not raise concern for genotoxicity. No adverse effects in subacute, chronic, reproduction and developmental toxicity studies, and no modifications of haematological and biological parameters in chronic toxicity studies have been identified at doses less than or equal to 500 mg/kg bw/day. The only report of an adverse effect was in testis with a LOAEL of 17 mg/kg bw/day which would give rise to a safety concern if confirmed. The Panel considered that this study has shortcomings since it is not clear to the Panel whether the adverse effects observed were due to the food additive itself or to impurities and/or contaminants present in the material tested and/or to the conduct of the study. The Panel considered that the current ADI of 5 mg/kg bw/day for Indigo Carmine was applicable to a material with the same purity and manufacturing process as material used in studies without adverse effects on testis (93% pure colouring and 7% volatile matter) and concluded that any extension of this ADI to Indigo Carmine of lower purity and/or manufactured using a different process would require new data which would need to address the adverse effects on testis. The Panel noted that at the MPL, exposure estimates of Indigo Carmine would exceed the ADI for toddlers and children at the high level. Exposure estimates using the available usage and analytical data did not show an exceedance of the ADI for any population groups.
Preparation of High-T<sub>c</sub> Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Superconducting Thin Films by AC Sputtering (1988)

Thin films of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors were prepared on a polycrystalline YSZ substrate by the 50 Hz ac sputtering method. A pair of targets with various compositions were used in this apparatus. The films deposited without intentional heating were amorphous insulators. When the films were annealed at temperatures ranging from 750°C to 900°C, X-ray diffraction analysis showed that they had highly oriented periodic superstructures with various planar spacings. A specimen annealed at 800°C for 120 min has T c (onset) and T c (zero resistive) of 115 K and 73 K, respectively.
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is rapidly inactivated in response to insulin and phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2B (1993)

We have studied the control of insulin-regulated protein kinases in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the human insulin receptor (CHO.T cells). Among these enzymes is one that is obtained after chromatography of cell extracts on Mono-S, whose activity is decreased (7.3 +/- 1.9-fold) within 10 min of insulin treatment. This enzyme phosphorylates glycogen synthase and the largest subunit of protein synthesis eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-2B (the guanine nucleotide exchange factor). The kinase appears to be glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), on the basis of: (1) its ability to phosphorylate a peptide based on the phosphorylation sites for GSK-3 in glycogen synthase, and (2) the finding that the fractions possessing this activity contain immunoreactive GSK-3, whose peak is coincident with that of kinase activity, as judged by immunoblotting using antibodies specific for the alpha- and beta-isoforms of GSK-3. The decrease in kinase activity induced by insulin was reversed by treatment of the column fractions with protein phosphatase-2A. These data indicate that insulin rapidly causes inactivation of GSK-3 and that this is due to phosphorylation of GSK-3. The implications of these findings for the control of glycogen and protein metabolism are discussed.
A study of CAID teaching (2008)

The computer science has been developing rapidly in 21st century; it also brings an innovatory design tool to the field of Industry Design. It is the ¿Computer-Aided Industrial Design¿(CAID) system. The application of CAID system makes the industrial design standards have a qualitative change in design methodology, design flow, Design performance of the quality and efficiency of all aspects. CAID in the College of Industrial Design Teaching has gradually become a very important professional course. This paper discusses the Development Status and Problems in today¿s CAID teaching, and proposed the possible solutions and suggestions of CAID teaching and studying.
The Intraflagellar Transport Protein IFT20 Is Associated with the Golgi Complex and Is Required for Cilia Assembly (2006)

Eukaryotic cilia are assembled via intraflagellar transport (IFT) in which large protein particles are motored along ciliary microtubules. The IFT particles are composed of at least 17 polypeptides that are thought to contain binding sites for various cargos that need to be transported from their site of synthesis in the cell body to the site of assembly in the cilium. We show here that the IFT20 subunit of the particle is localized to the Golgi complex in addition to the basal body and cilia where all previous IFT particle proteins had been found. In living cells, fluorescently tagged IFT20 is highly dynamic and moves between the Golgi complex and the cilium as well as along ciliary microtubules. Strong knock down of IFT20 in mammalian cells blocks ciliary assembly but does not affect Golgi structure. Moderate knockdown does not block cilia assembly but reduces the amount of polycystin-2 that is localized to the cilia. This work suggests that IFT20 functions in the delivery of ciliary membrane proteins from the Golgi complex to the cilium.
The untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs: Structure, function, evolution and bioinformatic tools for their analysis (2000)

The crucial role of the non-coding portion of genomes is now widely acknowledged. In particular, mRNA untranslated regions are involved in many post-transcriptional regulatory pathways that control mRNA localisation, stability and translation efficiency. A review is given of the most recent research works on the functional characterisation of eukaryotic mRNA untranslated regions. In order to make possible a systematic and detailed sequence analysis of mRNA untranslated regions (UTRs), a non-redundant database of metazoan mRNA untranslated sequences annotated for the occurrence of specific functional elements, UTRdb, was devised. These elements, whose consensus structure has been devised on the basis of experimental assays and of comparative analyses, have been collected in the UTRsite database. A suitable pattern-matching software has been devised to search UTRsite patterns in user-submitted sequences, also assessing their statistical significance. Structural, compositional and evolutionary features of untranslated sequences of metazoan mRNAs have been investigated showing peculiar intra- and interspecific patterns.
A New Synthesis of 5-Phenyl-2,3-dihydro- and 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1<i>H</i>-2-benzazepin-1-ones (1972)

It was shown that 3-phenyl-3-(2-aminoethyl)phthalide (6, R = H) and its N-methyl analog (6, R = CH 3 ) existed in the amino lactone form in solution at room temperature. In the absence of solvents, however, these compounds underwent a spontaneous transformation into the 5-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepin-1-ones (8, R = H, CH 3 ) which suffered dehydration in sulfuric acid with the formation of 5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-2-benzazepin-1-ones (9, R = H, CH 3 ).This benzazepine synthesis can be considered to be analogous to the known (12–15) conversion of 1-aminomethylphthalides (11) to 4-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisocarbostyrils (13).
Scintillation characteristics of GSO single crystal grown under O/sub 2/-containing atmosphere (1995)

A Ce doped Gd/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/ (GSO) single crystal is an excellent scintillator featuring a large light output, a short decay constant and a high absorption coefficient. We have investigated dependence of the scintillation characteristics on the growth atmosphere. GSO crystal is usually grown in pure N/sub 2/, which due to thermal etching during the growth always roughens the boule surface, inducing some micro-cracks on the surface which often triggers the large crack in the boule. To eliminate this, we first introduced 1 vol% O/sub 2/-containing N/sub 2/ gas for the growth atmosphere. The resultant boule turned to be very smooth in surface, but pale yellow in color and degraded in the scintillation characteristics. To retain these properties, we then introduced an annealing process and found the annealing under pure N/sub 2/ atmosphere quite effective on the recovery both in color and scintillation properties.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Dispersion tailoring and compensation by modal interactions in OmniGuide fibers (2003)

We present a method for dispersion-tailoring of OmniGuide and other photonic band-gap guided fibers based on weak interactions ("anticrossings") between the core-guided mode and a mode localized in an intentionally introduced defect of the crystal. Because the core mode can be guided in air and the defect mode in a much higher-index material, we are able to obtain dispersion parameters in excess of 500,000 ps/nm-km. Furthermore, because the dispersion is controlled entirely by geometric parameters and not by material dispersion, it is easily tunable by structural choices and fiber-drawing speed. So, for example, we demonstrate how the large dispersion can be made to coincide with a dispersion slope that matches commercial silica fibers to better than 1%, promising efficient compensation. Other parameters are shown to yield dispersion-free transmission in a hollow OmniGuide fiber that also maintains low losses and negligible nonlinearities, with a nondegenerate TE01 mode immune to polarization-mode dispersion (PMD). We present theoretical calculations for a chalcogenide-based material system that has recently been experimentally drawn.
Collagen reduces glycosaminoglycan degradation by cultured mammary epithelial cells: possible mechanism for basal lamina formation. (1979)

Collagenous substrates are reported to promote the accumulation of extracellular matrix materials by epithelia in culture. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) metabolism is compared in secondary cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells maintained on plastic or type I collagen gel substrates. The incorporation of 35SO42- into GAG during brief labeling indicates no difference between substrates in the rate of GAG synthesis. During prolonged labeling, however, accumulation of [35S]GAG in cultures on colllagen exceeds that of cultures on plastic. This increased accumulation is due to a markedly reduced rate of GAG degradation. GAG degradation does not occur in the medium, indicating that degradation is localized to the cells. The cultures on collagen contain a slowly degrading cell-associated [35S]GAG pool and a ruthenium red-stained basal lamina, neither of which is present in cultures on plastic. The cell-associated [35S]GAG in cultures on collagen is, in part, localized to the site of the ultrastructurally identified basal lamina. Formation of the basal lamina, therefore, may result from collagen-mediated reduction in the degradation of GAG-containing molecules.
The acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate pathway enzymes for glycerolipid biosynthesis are present in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)

The presence of the acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate (acyl DHAP) pathway in yeasts was investigated by examining three key enzyme activities of this pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the total membrane fraction of S. cerevisiae, we confirmed the presence of both DHAP acyltransferase (DHAPAT; Km = 1.27 mM; Vmax = 5.9 nmol/min/mg of protein) and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT; Km = 0.28 mM; Vmax = 12.6 nmol/min/mg of protein). The properties of these two acyltransferases are similar with respect to thermal stability and optimum temperature of activity but differ with respect to pH optimum (6.5 for GPAT and 7.4 for DHAPAT) and sensitivity toward the sulfhydryl blocking agent N-ethylmaleimide. Total membrane fraction of S. cerevisiae also exhibited acyl/alkyl DHAP reductase (EC 1.1.1.101) activity, which has not been reported previously. The reductase has a Vmax of 3.8 nmol/min/mg of protein for the reduction of hexadecyl DHAP (Km = 15 microM) by NADPH (Km = 20 microM). Both acyl DHAP and alkyl DHAP acted as substrates. NADPH was the specific cofactor. Divalent cations and N-ethylmaleimide inhibited the enzymatic reaction. Reductase activity in the total membrane fraction from aerobically grown yeast cells was twice that from anaerobically grown cells. Similarly, DHAPAT and GPAT activities were also greater in aerobically grown yeast cells. The presence of these enzymes, together with the absence of both ether glycerolipids and the ether lipid-synthesizing enzyme (alkyl DHAP synthase) in S. cerevisiae, indicates that non-ether glycerolipids are synthesized in this organism via the acyl DHAP pathway.
Studying copy number variations (CNVs) using a nanofluidic platform (2007)

AACR Centennial Conference: Translational Cancer Medicine-- Nov 4-8, 2007; Singapore

A57 

Copy number variation (CNV) is an important polymorphism found in the human genome and has been studied extensively recently because of its close association with drug metabolism, cancer, immune diseases, and neurological disorders. The most prevalent approach to CNV analysis utilizes SNP-based microarrays and comparative genomic hybridization platforms and is subject to low sensitivities and resolutions. Other existing technologies such as real time PCR systems are limited because of their inability to reliably distinguish less than a two-fold difference in copy number of a particular gene. We have performed CNV studies using a new nanofluidics platform: the Digital Array. A digital array has 12 sample input ports and each sample gets partitioned into 765 reaction chambers in each of the 12 panels. The ability of the digital array to quantitate DNA samples is based on the fact that single DNA molecules are randomly distributed in the chambers. In order to ensure that apparent difference in gene copy numbers in different samples are real, and not distorted by differences in sample amounts, we normalize the specific signals with that of a single-copy reference gene. Our data show that the digital array has the ability to distinguish less than two-fold differences in gene copy number with great accuracy, and can reliably differentiate between 1, 2, 3 and 4 copies of genes in different samples. This approach has been used to measure copy number variations in the CYP2D6 in human DNA samples. The results were confirmed using a Long Range PCR technique. We observe similar levels of copy number variation using the DPYD gene. We have also developed a technique to measure the copy number of a gene when multiple copies of the gene are closely linked on the same chromosome using a preamplification protocol. The digital array provides an accurate and reliable technique to study CNVs, with a greater sensitivity than standard real time PCR.
Distinct isoforms of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase occur inside and outside the amyloplasts in barley endosperm (1996)

This paper addresses the controversial idea that ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase may be located in the cytosol in some non‐photosynthetic plant organs. The intracellular location of the enzyme in developing barley endosperm has been investigated by isolation of intact amyloplasts. Amyloplast preparations contained 13–17% of the total endosperm activity of two plastidial marker enzymes, and less than 0.5% of the total endosperm activity of two cytosolic marker enzymes. Amyloplast preparations contained about 2.5% of the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity, indicating that approximately 15% of the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity in young endosperms is plastidial. Immunoblotting of gels of endosperm and amyloplast extracts also indicated that the enzyme is both inside and outside the amyloplast. Antibodies to the small subunits of the enzyme from barley and maize revealed two bands of protein of different sizes, one of which was located inside and the other outside the amyloplast. The plastidial protein was of the same size as a protein in the chloroplasts of barley leaves which was also recognized by these antibodies. It is suggested that the barley plant contains two distinct isoforms of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase: one located in plastids (chloroplasts and amyloplasts) and the other in the cytosol of the endosperm. The role of the cytosolic ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase is unknown. Although it may contribute ADPglucose to starch synthesis, the total activity of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase in the endosperm is far in excess of the rate of starch synthesis and the plastidial isoform is probably capable of catalysing the entire flux of carbon to starch.
Postoperative Analgesia for Outpatient Arthroscopic Knee Surgery with Intraarticular Bupivacaine and Ketorolac (1995)

Intraarticular (IA) local anesthetics are often used for the management and prevention of pain after arthroscopic knee surgery.Systemic ketorolac is also useful in the management of these patients. Ketorolac, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), alters the sensitivity of peripheral nociceptors by reducing the local concentration of allogenic chemicals which are activated by peripheral tissue injury. It is interesting to speculate that placing a NSAID at the site of injury might result in more profound pain relief. However, IA ketorolac has not been evaluated in arthroscopic patients. This study thus was designed to determine which regimen would result in the most effective analgesic benefit. The four groups evaluated received ketorolac (either via the parenteral or IA route) or saline placebo with or without IA bupivacaine, as follows: Group 1 received IA bupivacaine; Group 2, intravenous ketorolac and IA bupivacaine; Group 3, IA bupivacaine with ketorolac; and Group 4, IA ketorolac. The results of this study revealed a significant difference in analgesia from the IA administration of ketorolac. The group who received a combination of IA bupivacaine and IA ketorolac had decreased postoperative pain, a decreased need for postoperative analgesics, and an increased analgesic duration. We conclude that the use of IA ketorolac improved comfort in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. (Anesth Analg 1995;80:1154-7)