gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding latent sector errors and how to protect against them (2010)

Latent sector errors (LSEs) refer to the situation where particular sectors on a drive become inaccessible. LSEs are a critical factor in data reliability, since a single LSE can lead to data loss when encountered during RAID reconstruction after a disk failure or in systems without redundancy. LSEs happen at a significant rate in the field [Bairavasundaram et al. 2007], and are expected to grow more frequent with new drive technologies and increasing drive capacities. While two approaches, data scrubbing and intra-disk redundancy, have been proposed to reduce data loss due to LSEs, none of these approaches has been evaluated on real field data. This article makes two contributions. We provide an extended statistical analysis of latent sector errors in the field, specifically from the view point of how to protect against LSEs. In addition to providing interesting insights into LSEs, we hope the results (including parameters for models we fit to the data) will help researchers and practitioners without access to data in driving their simulations or analysis of LSEs. Our second contribution is an evaluation of five different scrubbing policies and five different intra-disk redundancy schemes and their potential in protecting against LSEs. Our study includes schemes and policies that have been suggested before, but have never been evaluated on field data, as well as new policies that we propose based on our analysis of LSEs in the field.
Clinical efficacy of Polytar AF (Fongitar) and Nizoral scalp treatments in patients with dandruff/seborrhoeic dermatitis (1994)

Dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis may be considered to represent the ends of a disease continuum. The therapeutic efficacy and cosmetic acceptability of two scalp treatments, Nizoral containing 2% ketoconazole and Polytar AF (Fongitar) containing 1% Polytar and 1% zinc pyrithione, were compared under double-blind controlled conditions in 103 patients with dandruff/seborrhoeic dermatitis. Unmedicated shampoo was used for 2 weeks, followed by the scalp treatment for 4 weeks, then unmedicated shampoo for a further 2 weeks (regression period). Shampooing was twice weekly throughout in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Dandruff was scored and a specific area of seborrhoeic dermatitis was measured on days 1, 8, 15, 29 and 43. Data on scaling, erythema and patients' assessments were also collected and statistically analysed. Both treatments significantly reduced dandruff and the area of seborrhoeic dermatitis with little change in hair dryness/greasiness, and some of the therapeutic effects were maintained during the regression period.
Terminal differentiation of normal chicken erythroid progenitors: shortening of G1 correlates with loss of D-cyclin/cdk4 expression and altered cell size control. (1995)

Detailed knowledge is available about the molecular makeup of the cell cycle clock in dividing cells. However, comparatively little is known about cell cycle regulation during terminal differentiation. Here we describe a primary cell system in which this question can be addressed. Normal avian erythroid progenitors undergo continuous self-renewal in suspension culture in the presence of growth factors and hormones, allowing us to obtain large cell numbers (10(10)-10(11)). By replacing these "self-renewal factors" with erythropoietin and insulin, the cells can be induced to synchronous, terminal differentiation. During the first 72 h, the cells undergo five cell divisions. Thereafter, they arrest in G1 and complete their maturation into RBC without further divisions. Sixteen to 24 h after induction of differentiation, the cell cycle length decreased from about 20 to 12 h. This shortened doubling time was due to a drastic reduction of G1 (from 12 to 5 h), while S- and G2-phase lengths were not affected. At the same time, the differentiating cells underwent an extensive and concerted switch in their gene expression pattern. During the subsequent four cell divisions, the cell volume decreased from about 300 to less than 70 femtoliters, but the rate of protein synthesis normalized to cell volume remained constant. Interestingly, the shortening of G1 was accompanied by a rapid down-regulation of D-type cyclins and their partner, cyclin-dependent kinase type 4 (cdk4), while expression of S- and G2-M-associated cell cycle regulators (cyclin A and cdk1/cdc2) remained high until the cells arrested in G1 72-96 h after differentiation induction. We conclude that concerted reprogramming of progenitor gene expression during erythroid differentiation is accompanied by profoundly altered cell cycle progression involving the loss or alteration of cell size control at the restriction point.
A Multiproduct Terpene Synthase from <i>Medicago truncatula</i> Generates Cadalane Sesquiterpenes via Two Different Mechanisms (2010)

Terpene synthases are responsible for a large diversity of terpene carbon skeletons found in nature. The multiproduct sesquiterpene synthase MtTPS5 isolated from Medicago truncatula produces 27 products from farnesyl diphosphate (1, FDP). In this paper, we report the reaction steps involved in the formation of these products using incubation experiments with deuterium-containing substrates; we determined the absolute configuration of individual products to establish the stereochemical course of the reaction cascade and the initial conformation of the cycling substrate. Additional labeling experiments conducted with deuterium oxide showed that cadalane sesquiterpenes are mainly produced via the protonation of the neutral intermediate germacrene D (5). These findings provide an alternative route to the general accepted pathway via nerolidyl diphosphate (2, NDP) en route to sesquiterpenes with a cadalane skeleton. Mutational analysis of the enzyme demonstrated that a tyrosine residue is important for the protonation process.
Acid Fracturing Tight Gas Carbonates Reservoirs Using CO2 to Assist Stimulation Fluids: An Alternative to Less Water Consumption while Maintaining Productivity (2015)

Abstract Conventional hydraulic fracture stimulation techniques have been widely used to enhance production from tight gas reservoirs. Since the initial use of this method to increase production rates, the industry has witnessed continued advancement in terms of fracturing theory, fluids, and techniques. The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) since the early 1960s has continued to be a significant part of these advances. CO2 has been used for many years as an energy source to aid fluid recovery of well stimulation fluids. This technology predominantly has been used to stimulate tight sandstone reservoirs. There are very limited applications for low permeable tight carbonate reservoirs because of complexities associated with the physical and mechanical properties of carbonate rocks and its interaction with fracturing fluid. Nevertheless, the advantages of using assisted CO2 stimulation fluids as the elimination of potential formation damage normally associated with fracturing fluids and very rapid cleanup are still present. This paper outlines one of the first acid fracturing jobs assisted with CO2 conducted on a tight gas well reservoir in Saudi Arabia. It describes in a simple manner the screening methodology and key parameters considered during selection of a well candidate and the design process, which was based on petrophysical, mechanical, and chemistry properties of the formation and the respective interaction with treatment fluids. Moreover, primary operational procedures and guidelines are discussed, highlighting a safety risk assessment point of view. Implementing this technique in a more generalized manner in the field can help save considerable operational time and costs. CO2 used to energized fracturing fluids can increase the productivity of the well while using less water and less acid than conventional acid fracturing, which is of primary importance in such a harsh environment, requiring less water consumption.
Wavelength selection with nanosecond switching times using distributed-feedback optical amplifiers (1988)

Wavelength selection with switching times tau /sub sw/=1 ns is demonstrated using DFB optical amplifiers with net gain >10 dB. Dynamic selection of packets, switched between two wavelength-multiplexed channels separated by Delta lambda =0.23 nm, is demonstrated for 1.2 Gbit/s with BER<10/sup -9/.
Digital autoradiography using room temperature CCD and CMOS imaging technology (2007)

CCD (charged coupled device) and CMOS imaging technologies can be applied to thin tissue autoradiography as potential imaging alternatives to using conventional film. In this work, we compare two particular devices: a CCD operating in slow scan mode and a CMOS-based active pixel sensor, operating at near video rates. Both imaging sensors have been operated at room temperature using direct irradiation with images produced from calibrated microscales and radiolabelled tissue samples. We also compare these digital image sensor technologies with the use of conventional film. We show comparative results obtained with (14)C calibrated microscales and (35)S radiolabelled tissue sections. We also present the first results of (3)H images produced under direct irradiation of a CCD sensor operating at room temperature. Compared to film, silicon-based imaging technologies exhibit enhanced sensitivity, dynamic range and linearity.
Entropy-constrained vector quantization (1989)

An iterative descent algorithm based on a Lagrangian formulation for designing vector quantizers having minimum distortion subject to an entropy constraint is discussed. These entropy-constrained vector quantizers (ECVQs) can be used in tandem with variable-rate noiseless coding systems to provide locally optimal variable-rate block source coding with respect to a fidelity criterion. Experiments on sampled speech and on synthetic sources with memory indicate that for waveform coding at low rates (about 1 bit/sample) under the squared error distortion measure, about 1.6 dB improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio can be expected over the best scalar and lattice quantizers when block entropy-coded with block length 4. Even greater gains are made over other forms of entropy-coded vector quantizers. For pattern recognition, it is shown that the ECVQ algorithm is a generalization of the k-means and related algorithms for estimating cluster means, in that the ECVQ algorithm estimates the prior cluster probabilities as well. Experiments on multivariate Gaussian distributions show that for clustering problems involving classes with widely different priors, the ECVQ outperforms the k-means algorithm in both likelihood and probability of error.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Absorption of Intact Protein Molecules across the Pulmonary Air-Tissue Barrier (1967)

The majority of heterologous serum albumin and globulin molecules introduced into the pulmonary alveoli of dogs are absorbed into the circulatory system antigenically intact. This function of the alveoli has both physiologic and pathologic importance.
Clobetasol propionate 0.05% spray for the management of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis of the scalp: results from a randomized controlled trial. (2011)

Treatment with clobetasol propionate 0.05% spray for up to four weeks is effective and well tolerated for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis of the scalp.
Dry eyes: etiology and management (2008)

Major progress has occurred in the past few years in gaining a better understanding of the etiology of dry eye syndrome, which will inevitably lead to more effective therapeutic options.
Vaccinia viruses with a serpin gene deletion and expressing IFN-γ induce potent immune responses without detectable replication<i>in vivo</i> (2005)

In a continuing effort to develop safe and efficacious vaccine and immunotherapeutic vectors, we constructed recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) vaccines lacking either the B13R (SPI-2) or the B22R (SPI-1) immune-modulating gene and coexpressing IFN-gamma. B13R and B22R are nonessential VV immune-modulating genes that have antiapoptotic and antiinflammatory properties with sequence homology to serine protease inhibitors (serpins). IFN-gamma is a cytokine with potent immunoregulatory, antineoplastic, and antiviral properties. We observed that these rVVs with a deletion in a serpin gene and expressing IFN-gamma replicated to high titers in tissue culture yet were avirulent in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent mice with no detectable viral replication in these animals. A single immunization elicited potent humoral, T helper, and cytotoxic T cell immune responses in mice despite the absence of any detectable virus replication in vivo. IFN-gamma coexpression and the inactivation of one or more VV immune-modulating genes provide an optimized method for increasing the safety while maintaining the efficacy of rVV vaccines. This strategy provides a method for developing highly safe and efficacious vaccines for smallpox and other diseases and immunotherapeutic vectors.
Improving Pharmacists’ Targeting of Patients for Medication Review and Deprescription (2018)

<b>Background:</b> In an acute hospital setting, a multi-disciplinary approach to medication review can improve prescribing and medicine selection in patients with frailty. There is a need for a clear understanding of the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists to ensure that interventions have the greatest impact on patient care. <b>Aim:</b> To use a consensus building process to produce guidance for pharmacists to support the identification of patients at risk from their medicines, and to articulate expected actions and escalation processes. <b>Methods:</b> A literature search was conducted and evidence used to establish a set of ten scenarios often encountered in hospitalised patients, with six or more possible actions. Four consultant physicians and four senior pharmacists ranked their levels of agreement with the listed actions. The process was redrafted and repeated until consensus was reached and interventions were defined. <b>Outcome:</b> Generalised guidance for reviewing older adults' medicines was developed, alongside escalation processes that should be followed in a specific set of clinical situations. The panel agreed that both pharmacists and physicians have an active role to play in medication review, and face-to-face communication is always preferable to facilitate informed decision making. Only prescribers should deprescribe, however pharmacists who are not also trained as prescribers may temporarily "hold" medications in the best interests of the patient with appropriate documentation and a follow up discussion with the prescribing team. The consensus was that a combination of age, problematic polypharmacy, and the presence of medication-related problems, were the most important factors in the identification of patients who would benefit most from a comprehensive medication review. <b>Conclusions:</b> Guidance on the identification of patients on inappropriate medicines, and subsequent pharmacist-led intervention to prompt and promote deprescribing, has been developed for implementation in an acute hospital.
Oil content and fatty acid composition of developing almond seeds (1988)

Oil content and fatty acid composition were determined in developing almond kernels (Prunus amygdalus) at 3-week intervals, from March to September. Three marked stages with different rates of oil accumulation were observed. The major part of oil was stored in a 5-7-week period, approximately 2 months before harvest. Significant variations of fatty acid composition were detected in the three stages cited. High percentages of palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were present at initial stages, followed by a diminution of these acids and a continuous increase of oleic acid. © 1988 American Chemical Society.
High resolution time-of-flight spectrometry (1997)

Resolution of time-of-flight spectrometers is limited by the temporal distribution of analyzed ions at the detector. The major sources of this temporal distribution are the initial temporal, spatial, and velocity distributions of the ions. Details of how these initial distributions affect resolution is discussed, along with techniques to improve resolution by compensating for these effects. Particular emphasis is given to methods which are applicable to analysis of beams extracted from electron beam ion sources (EBISs).
An acquired immune suppression in mice caused by infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (1988)

A murine model of virally induced acquired immunodeficiency was analyzed in mice. The effect of systemic infection with various isolates of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) on the capacity of mice to mount a T cell-independent IgM and a T cell-dependent IgG neutralizing antibody response against a subsequent infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was analyzed. DBA/2 mice infected with the LCMV-WE isolate were impaired in their IgM and IgG responses to VSV. Immune suppression was not caused by interferons inhibiting proper VSV antigen expression, since responses to inactivated VSV were also suppressed. The higher the dose of the LCMV and the lower the dose of the challenging VSV infection the more drastic was the apparent lack of immune responsiveness and the longer it lasted. Kinetics of induction of suppression of the T cell-independent IgM responses closely followed that of a normal cytotoxic T cell response to LCMV-WE, starting on day 6 and reaching maximal levels by day 8 to 10. The T cell-dependent IgG response to VSV was suppressed with a kinetics that was shifted by about 6 days when compared with suppression of IgM responses, i.e. LCMV infection on the same day or before (but not after) VSV infection led to suppression of IgG responses that are usually first detected by day 6-7 after initiation of the VSV infection. Severity and duration of immunosuppressiveness depended upon the LCMV isolate and the mouse strain used: LCMV-WE and LCMV-Docile were most, whereas LCMV-Armstrong was in general least immunosuppressive. Antibody responses to VSV-NJ seemed to be more subject to LCMV-induced immune suppression than VSV-IND-specific responses. Mouse strains differed considerably with respect to extent of suppression, dependent upon both major histocompatibility genes (MHC) and non-MHC genes. DBA and Swiss type mice were generally more susceptible than C57BL and CBA mice, and H-2q and H-2k seemed to be more susceptible than H-2b or H-2d mice. Mice infected with LCMV-WE showed signs of acquired immunodeficiency diseases since they were more susceptible to superinfection with VSV and developed paralytic disease and tended to die from VSV infection. Since LCMV is basically a noncytopathic virus, this murine model of virally induced immune suppression may serve to analyze immune pathogenesis of virus-induced acquired immunodeficiency.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Test Case Prioritization Techniques Based on Weight Factors (2014)

Test case prioritization schedule test cases in an order that increases the success in achieving some performance target. The most important target is ,at what rate the fault is detected. Test cases should run in an order that increases the opportunity of fault exposure and as well detecting the most rigorous faults, most primitively in its testing life cycle. Test case prioritization techniques have proved to be advantageous for improving regression testing activities. whereas code coverage based prioritization are being studied by most scholars, hitherto test case prioritization techniques based on requirements in cost effective manner has not been analyzed. Here we suggest to put forth a model for system level test case prioritization from software requirement specification and to develop user fulfillment with quality software that can also be cost effective.Thus improving the rate of severe fault detection. The projected model priorities the system test cases, based on six factors. They are customer allotted priority, developer observed code implementation complexity, changes in requirements, fault impact of requirements, completeness and Traceability. The anticipated prioritization techniques is experimented with two set of industrial projects. The results realistically show that proposed prioritization techniques improves the rate of fault detection .
Efficacy of Barium-Based Fecal Tagging for CT Colonography: a Comparison between the Use of High and Low Density Barium Suspensions in a Korean Population - a Preliminary Study (2009)

Barium-based fecal tagging using both the 40% w/v and the 4.6% w/v barium suspensions showed moderate tagging efficacy. The preliminary comparison did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in the tagging efficacy between the use of the two tagging agents, despite the tendency toward better tagging with the use of the 4.6% w/v barium suspension.
Expression, purification, and characterization of <i>Thermotoga maritima</i> membrane proteins for structure determination (2006)

Structural studies of integral membrane proteins typically rely upon detergent micelles as faithful mimics of the native lipid bilayer. Therefore, membrane protein structure determination would be greatly facilitated by biophysical techniques that are capable of evaluating and assessing the fold and oligomeric state of these proteins solubilized in detergent micelles. In this study, an approach to the characterization of detergent-solubilized integral membrane proteins is presented. Eight Thermotoga maritima membrane proteins were screened for solubility in 11 detergents, and the resulting soluble protein-detergent complexes were characterized with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and chemical cross-linking to evaluate the homogeneity, oligomeric state, radius of gyration, and overall fold. A new application of SAXS is presented, which does not require density matching, and NMR methods, typically used to evaluate soluble proteins, are successfully applied to detergent-solubilized membrane proteins. Although detergents with longer alkyl chains solubilized the most proteins, further characterization indicates that some of these protein-detergent complexes are not well suited for NMR structure determination due to conformational exchange and protein oligomerization. These results emphasize the need to screen several different detergents and to characterize the protein-detergent complex in order to pursue structural studies. Finally, the physical characterization of the protein-detergent complexes indicates optimal solution conditions for further structural studies for three of the eight overexpressed membrane proteins.
State aid and moral hazard in banking: the case of China in the late nineties (2011)

Many contributions to the literature on competition in banking use the Panzar and Rosse test (1987). This test encompasses a variety of market outcomes assuming firms maximize profits. However, when applied to the banking industry, this assumption may not be always valid as banks sometimes may carry social objectives or aim to be systemic players so as to be "too big to fail". This then motivates different objective functions, departing from profit maximization. We present a reduced form model where banks can pursue other goals than profit maximization. This allows us to test for behavioral changes of banks over time. Our model provides a framework to evaluate whether moral hazard issues may plague banks receiving state aid, which concerns greatly the recent debate on government intervention in financial markets during the global financial crisis in 2008. To test the impact of state aid, we examine a natural experiment in the banking sector in China in the 1990s. We cannot reject that the possibility of receiving state aid triggers moral hazard prone conduct.