gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Codebook searching for 4.8 kbps CELP speech coder (2002)

The authors describe an implementation of fast algorithms for codebook searching used in code-excited linear predictive (CELP) speech coding. They present details of the algorithms including (i) fast conversion of line spectrum pair parameters to linear predictive coding parameters, and (ii) fast searches of the parameters of adaptive and stochastic codebooks. The description can be readily used for CELP implementations, such as on (i) high-quality low-bit-rate speech transmission in point-to-point or store-and-forward mode, and (ii) efficient speech storage in speech recording and multimedia databases. The algorithms have been implemented on an IBM-PC AT equipped with a TMS320C30 module and a SUN Sparcstation 10 for the development of packet radio speech transmission and voice mail applications, respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Capacity-Achieving guessing random additive noise decoding (2019)

We introduce a new algorithm for realizing maximum likelihood (ML) decoding for arbitrary codebooks in discrete channels with or without memory, in which the receiver rank-orders noise sequences from most likely to least likely. Subtracting noise from the received signal in that order, the first instance that results in a member of the codebook is the ML decoding. We name this algorithm GRAND for Guessing Random Additive Noise Decoding. We establish that GRAND is capacity-achieving when used with random codebooks. For rates below capacity, we identify error exponents, and for rates beyond capacity, we identify success exponents. We determine the scheme’s complexity in terms of the number of computations that the receiver performs. For rates beyond capacity, this reveals thresholds for the number of guesses by which, if a member of the codebook is identified, that it is likely to be the transmitted code word. We introduce an approximate ML decoding scheme where the receiver abandons the search after a fixed number of queries, an approach we dub GRANDAB, for GRAND with ABandonment. While not an ML decoder, we establish that the algorithm GRANDAB is also capacityachieving for an appropriate choice of abandonment threshold, and characterize its complexity, error, and success exponents. Worked examples are presented for Markovian noise that indicate these decoding schemes substantially outperform the brute force decoding approach.
An Alternative Approach to the Traditional Mixotrophic Cultures of Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow (Chlorophyceae) (2010)

In traditional mixotrophic cultures of microalgae, all the inorganic nutrients and organic carbon sources are supplied in the medium before inoculation. In this study, however, an alternative approach was adopted in Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow, a microalga capable of growing mixotrophically on sodium acetate (Na-Ac). First, the cells were grown under 75 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) phototrophically without Na-Ac until the stationary phase and then exposed to five different light regimes by the addition of Na-Ac (e.g., dark, 20, 40, 75, and 150 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)). Dry weight (DW), pigments, and especially cell number in alternative mixotrophy (AM) were higher than traditional mixotrophy (TM). Cell number in AM almost doubled up from 21.7 to 42.9x10(4) cells/ml during 5-day exposure to Na-Ac, whereas the increase was only 1.2-fold in TM. Maximum cell density was reached in 75 mu mol photons m(-2)s(-1) among the light intensities tested. We propose that Na-Ac in TM of H. pluvialis can not be utilized as efficiently as in AM. With this respect, AM has several advantages against TM such as a much higher cell density in a batch culture period and minimized risk of contamination owing to the shorter exposure of cells to organic carbon sources. In consequence, this method may be used for other strains of the species, and even for the other microalgal species able to grow mixotrophically.
Mannan as an antigen in cell-mediated immunity (CMI) assays and as a modulator of mannan-specific CMI (1989)

Mannan (MAN) extracted from Candida albicans 20A was investigated for its potential as an antigen in the detection of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in vivo and in vitro and for its ability to modulate CMI when administered intravenously (i.v.). CBA/J mice were either immunized as adults by the cutaneous inoculation of 10(6) viable blastoconidia or colonized as infants (primed) and then boosted cutaneously as adults. When immunized animals were footpad tested with MAN, highly significant delayed-type hypersensitivity (DH) responses were detected. The DH responses to MAN were of a greater magnitude than those noted with the same quantity of cell wall glycoprotein (GP), an ethylenediamine extract of the cell wall which contains both glucan and MAN. In contrast, GP was a better antigen for the detection of CMI responses in an in vitro lymphoproliferative assay with either spleen or lymph node cell suspensions. Mice treated with MAN i.v. prior to the initiation of immunization or between priming and secondary inoculations developed significantly suppressed DH reactions when tested with either MAN or GP. The lowest effective dose of MAN was 250 micrograms, maximum suppression occurred with 500 micrograms, and either dose given 1 week prior to immunization was suppressive. The suppression by MAN was specific for MAN or the MAN-containing GP. Responses to another unrelated candidal antigen, a membrane extract designated BEX, were relatively unaffected. MAN, therefore, was an effective antigen for the detection of CMI in vivo, and its administration i.v. created what appeared to be a MAN-specific suppression since it could be detected with both MAN and a MAN-containing extract from the cell wall. Caution must be exercised in the interpretation of these data, however, since the protein component of each of these extracts has not been characterized with respect to its potential role in the phenomena observed.
The Universal Planar Manipulator (2000)

hsBAFF synthesized in Escherichia coli can enhance immune function in the body by increasing B lymphocyte proliferation and its immune response. hsBAFF-activated B lymphocyte function may be associated with increasing B lymphocytes [Ca2+]i.
Quasifreestanding single-layer hexagonal boron nitride as a substrate for graphene synthesis (2010)

We demonstrate that freeing a single-atom thick layer of hexagonal boron nitride ($h$-BN) from tight chemical bonding to a Ni(111) thin film grown on a W(110) substrate can be achieved by intercalation of Au atoms into the interface. This process has been systematically investigated using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, x-ray photoemission, and absorption techniques. It has been demonstrated that the transition of the $h$-BN layer from the ``rigid'' into the ``quasifreestanding'' state is accompanied by a change in its lattice constant. Using chemical vapor deposition, graphene has been successfully synthesized on the insulating, quasifreestanding $h$-BN monolayer. We anticipate that the in situ synthesized weakly interacting graphene/$h$-BN double layered system could be further developed for technological applications and may provide perspectives for further inquiry into the unusual electronic properties of graphene.
The Status of 157nm Lithography Development. (2001)

This paper outlines the major challenges for the development of 157nm lithography. Most components are covered including lasers, masks, pellicles, and CaF2, with special emphasis on resist and contamination issues. In the area of contamination and cleaning, several different types are discussed: lens contamination by resist outgassing, contamination of CaF2 surfaces, resist contamination, and reticle contamination. The major issues for the implementation of 157nm lithography are pellicles, CaF2 supply and timing of resist.
Increased claudin-1 protein expression contributes to tumorigenesis in ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer. (2010)

These observations suggested that CL-1 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular morphology and behavior in UC. We speculate that increased CL-1 expression may be involved in the early stages of transformation in UC-associated neoplasia. CL-1 protein may therefore be a good candidate for surveillance of patients with UC.
Constraint solving for test case generation: a technique for high-level design verification (2003)

The use of constraint solving and symbolic execution to generate highly probing test cases is discussed. A system called AVPGEN, which uses such techniques for debugging high-level machine designs and has already proved useful in finding errors, is described. AVPGEN generates large numbers of architecture verification programs. It consists of a generator and a symbolic simulator. The generator uses constraint solving, symbolic values and undo capabilities to set up conditions. These conditions may be architecture specific or design specific. The simulator in AVPGEN, although not bug-free, is considerably simpler than any of the hardware implementations it is used to verify.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Particle Separations by Nonuniform Electric Fields in Liquid Dielectrics, Batch Methods (1960)

The motion of suspended solids in nonuniform electric fields in liquid dielectrics is called dielectrophoresis. Some of the quantitative aspects of dielectrophoretic behavior of solids is reported herein. The yield of precipitated solids is seen to rise with applied voltage in cells of cylindrical geometry, until a critical or "sluff‐off" voltage is reached. The yield is seen to decrease with increase of volume fraction of suspended solids in the range of 1 to 50% v/v. The yield depends on voltage gradient, applied potential, cell dimensions, and relative dielectric constants of solid and liquid. In particles of given size, yield is observed to be directly dependent on the dielectric constant. Moisture is shown to have a small but demonstrable effect. As expected, the amount and character of dielectrophoretic behavior is observed to be independent of the direction of the field applied.
Histidine‐rich glycoprotein binding to T‐cell lines and its effect on T‐cell substratum adhesion is strongly potentiated by zinc (1996)

Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), a plasma protein that binds heparin and divalent cations, has been implicated in immune regulation through its ability to modulate complement function, macrophage Fc receptor expression and phagocytosis, and its ability to inhibit the proliferation of human peripheral blood T cells in vitro. In the present work we used fluorescence flow cytometry to study the binding of human HRG to the human T-cell lines Jurkat and MT4, and to the murine antigen-specific T-cell clone D10, and to study the effect of divalent cations zinc and copper on this binding. Our results show that HRG binds strongly to these cell lines at 4 degrees, and that the binding is markedly potentiated by physiological concentrations of zinc (20 microM), and to a lesser extent by copper (10 microM). In contrast to previous studies, HRG binding was largely inhibited by 50 micrograms/ml heparin, both in the absence and in the presence of zinc, suggesting that HRG interacts primarily through glycosaminoglycans on the T-cell surface. Studies using confocal fluorescence microscopy indicated that following incubation of MT4 cells with HRG in the presence of zinc at 4 degrees, the HRG was localized exclusively at the plasma membrane, but was actively internalized after incubation at 37 degrees. Interestingly, HRG interfered with the ability of D10 cells to adhere to tissue culture plastic, as well as to laminin-, collagen- or fibronectin-coated culture dishes. This effect was markedly potentiated by 20 microM zinc, and was partially reversed by heparin. The results suggest that zinc markedly potentiates the binding of HRG to T cells, and that HRG and zinc may play an important role in regulating the adhesion of T cells to other cells and the extracellular matrix.
Non-A, Maybe-B Hepatitis (1984)

Non-A,non-B hepatitis was described just 10 years ago.1 , 2 The deliberately vague term "non-A,non-B hepatitis" was used because the agent or agents had not been identified. Ten years later, this term is still appropriate. The transmissible agent responsible for non-A,non-B hepatitis has yet to be identified. Furthermore, there are no serologic assays for either an antigen or an antibody that can be used to detect this infection. Non-A,non-B hepatitis remains a diagnosis of exclusion.Some readers may be surprised to learn that established tests for non-A,non-B hepatitis antigens and antibodies do not exist, for in the past six years, no fewer . . .
Serologic characteristics of a human rotavirus isolate, AU‐1, which has a “long” RNA pattern and subgroup I specificity (1987)

An unusual human rotavirus (HRV) isolate, designated AU-1, has a "long" RNA electrophoretic pattern and subgroup I specificity, in contrast to properties common to HRVs previously isolated. Hemagglutination activity of the AU-1 strain was demonstrated using erythrocytes of 1-day-old chicken. Neutralization assays revealed that the AU-1 strain was crossneutralized by hyperimmune antisera against the MO strain (serotype 3). However, antiserum directed against a reassortant in which the gene for Vp7 was replaced by the corresponding AU-1 gene neutralized the AU-1 strain to a significantly higher titer than the MO strain.
A Multi-Agent System for Controlling Building Environments (1995)

A working solution to the problem of thermal resource distribution in a building is demonstrated using a market-based systent In this system computational agents representing individual temperature controllers bid to buy or sell cool or warm air. They do so via a double-blind computerized auction which is moderated by a central computer auctioneer. The auctioneer sees to it that no agent buys resources for more than its bid and no agent sells resources for less than its bid. The market system has been implemented and runs on a regular basis as part of a building energy management system. Results show that the thermal auction leads to an equitable temperature distribution throughout the area under its control without incurring any extra costs such as excessive actuator movement.
Depth estimates from ratios of gravity, geoid, and gravity gradient anomalies (1986)

Abstract The utility of combining geoid, gravity, and vertical gravity gradient measurements for delineation of causative mass anomalies is explained and compared with spatial and spectral methods for depth estimation. Depth rules for various source geometries are reviewed and new rules developed for geoid, gravity, and vertical gravity-gradient data. Both spatial and frequency-domain methods are discussed. Simple ratios of single observations of different data types (e.g., geoid, gravity, or vertical gravity gradient) are shown to provide information comparable to the traditional spatial and frequency analyses of one data type alone.
Engineering Acetyl Coenzyme A Supply: Functional Expression of a Bacterial Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex in the Cytosol of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2014)

The energetic (ATP) cost of biochemical pathways critically determines the maximum yield of metabolites of vital or commercial relevance. Cytosolic acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is a key precursor for biosynthesis in eukaryotes and for many industrially relevant product pathways that have been introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, such as isoprenoids or lipids. In this yeast, synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA via acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) involves hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate. Here, we demonstrate that expression and assembly in the yeast cytosol of an ATP-independent pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) from Enterococcus faecalis can fully replace the ACS-dependent pathway for cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthesis. In vivo activity of E. faecalis PDH required simultaneous expression of E. faecalis genes encoding its E1α, E1β, E2, and E3 subunits, as well as genes involved in lipoylation of E2, and addition of lipoate to growth media. A strain lacking ACS that expressed these E. faecalis genes grew at near-wild-type rates on glucose synthetic medium supplemented with lipoate, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A physiological comparison of the engineered strain and an isogenic Acs(+) reference strain showed small differences in biomass yields and metabolic fluxes. Cellular fractionation and gel filtration studies revealed that the E. faecalis PDH subunits were assembled in the yeast cytosol, with a subunit ratio and enzyme activity similar to values reported for PDH purified from E. faecalis. This study indicates that cytosolic expression and assembly of PDH in eukaryotic industrial microorganisms is a promising option for minimizing the energy costs of precursor supply in acetyl-CoA-dependent product pathways. Importance: Genetically engineered microorganisms are intensively investigated and applied for production of biofuels and chemicals from renewable sugars. To make such processes economically and environmentally sustainable, the energy (ATP) costs for product formation from sugar must be minimized. Here, we focus on an important ATP-requiring process in baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae): synthesis of cytosolic acetyl coenzyme A, a key precursor for many industrially important products, ranging from biofuels to fragrances. We demonstrate that pyruvate dehydrogenase from the bacterium Enterococcus faecalis, a huge enzyme complex with a size similar to that of a ribosome, can be functionally expressed and assembled in the cytosol of baker's yeast. Moreover, we show that this ATP-independent mechanism for cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthesis can entirely replace the ATP-costly native yeast pathway. This work provides metabolic engineers with a new option to optimize the performance of baker's yeast as a "cell factory" for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals.
Structure-antigenicity relationship of peptides from the pre-S2 region of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen. (1994)

Peptide antigenicity against the pre-S2 region of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen was studied using a pre-S2 specific anti-hepatitis B virus mouse monoclonal antibody (H8 mAb) and synthetic peptides by competitive ELISA. The mAb showed preferences for long peptides with the sequence 120/123-145, though the mAb binding region was located in the sequence 130-145 from the analysis of a conjugation study. The N-terminal residues 120/123-129 play an important role for the maintenance of the highly antigenic structure of the B cell epitope. Among these, the N-terminal hydrophilic residues 124-126 and hydrophobic residue 127 were important, whereas residues 120-122 did not affect antigenicity. Residues 131 and 141 appeared to be critical for the mAb binding. The relationship between peptide structure and antigenicity was also investigated by probing the secondary structure of the peptides by circular dichroism. Highly antigenic peptides elicited more ordered structure in 20% trifluoroethanol than less antigenic peptides. The results suggested that peptide antigenicities against H8 mAb are closely related to the B-cell epitope conformations of peptides.
Changes in Gastric Emptying in Recipients of Successful Combined Pancreas-Kidney Transplants (1991)

Gastroparesis causes gastric emptying disorders in patients with chronic diabetes mellitus and it results from reduced smooth muscle contractility secondary to autonomic dysfunction. Today there has been little objective evidence of improvement in gastric emptying following correction of both uremia and diabetes by combined kidney-pancreas transplantation. We used gastrointestinal symptom scores, solid gastric emptying tests and electrogastrography to evaluate the effect of combined kidney-pancreas transplantation on gastric emptying in 8 uremic diabetic patients. The mean age of the patients was 40 years (range: 30-51 years) and the mean duration of diabetes was 24 years (range: 16-30 years). The patients had been on dialysis up to 24 months. The pretransplant A1 mean was 6.5 before improving to 4.3 after transplantation. All patients were receiving exogenous insulin. Our study data indicate that uremic diabetics have a high prevalence of symptomatic gastrointestinal dysfunction including abnormalities of gastric emptying and gastric electrical activity. Following transplantation, the gastrointestinal symptomatology improved significantly. Significant improvement in the rate of gastric emptying also correlated with improvement in the symptom complex. Gastric electrical activity also improved during the follow-up period.
The Structure of Active Centers and the Ethylene Polymerization Mechanism on the Cr/SiO<sub>2</sub>Catalyst:  A Frontier for the Characterization Methods (2005)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Structure of Active Centers and the Ethylene Polymerization Mechanism on the Cr/SiO2 Catalyst: A Frontier for the Characterization MethodsE. Groppo, C. Lamberti, S. Bordiga, G. Spoto, and A. ZecchinaView Author Information Department of Inorganic, Physical and Materials Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1, 115–184Publication Date (Web):January 12, 2005Publication History Received12 July 2004Published online12 January 2005Published inissue 12 January 2005https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr040083shttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr040083sresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2005 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4251Altmetric-Citations380LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Chromium,Hydrocarbons,Polymerization,Silica Get e-Alerts