gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Method of Log File Analysis for Test Oracle (2009)

An oracle is a mechanism commonly used for determining whether a system has passed or failed a test, which is very important for software testing. A log file, used to record the history of software's behavior, provides a means for debugging and testing. Log file analysis (LFA) is a lately applied approach for test oracle, having shown its applicable prospect in software testing. To achieve the better feature of general purpose, we propose a practical test oracle framework based on log file analysis, presents a 7-tuple state machine model for the analyzer and designs a description language to describe the state machine. The data structures and the algorithm for the implementation of this method are also given. Experimental results show this method can be easily used to test software whether on system-testing level or unit-testing level, suitable for various software testing.
Changes in ion channel geometry resolved to sub-ångström precision via single molecule mass spectrometry (2010)

The ion channel formed by Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin switches between multiple open conducting states. We describe a method for precisely estimating the changes in the ion channel geometry that correspond to these different states. Experimentally, we observed that the permeability of a single channel to differently sized poly(ethylene glycol) molecules depends on the magnitude of the open state conductance. A simple theory is proposed for determining changes in channel length of 4.2% and in cross-sectional area of -0.4%.
Utilization of Polymer Wastes as Transport Fuel Resources- a Recent Development (2014)

Used plastic polymer is one of the major wastes in the developed countries like Australia. Australia is spending a lot of money each year to process solid wastes in land filling which are not biodegradable and can be a threat to the environment in the long run. About 19% of the overall plastic wastes are recycled every year in Australia. The incineration processes of plastic wastes lead to severe air pollution, too. Since the plastic polymers are originated from the petroleum resources, the possible technologies of converting them into fuel have drawn attention to meet the future fuel demand. Thus, converting the plastic polymers into transport fuel through a cleaner combustion process will contribute to saving environment. It has been observed that the thermal fuel conversion technology, known as thermolysis and the dissolution process of plastic polymers into an acceptable bio-solvent can lead to reduction of plastic wastes effectively. This paper presents a review on various thermolysis processes and the dissolution effect of various plastic polymers into bio-solvents. The technical features of converting polymers into fuel through appropriate and optimal technologies for the fuel production also have been analyzed. The authors have undertaken further studies on developing alternative fuel processing technologies to utilize polymer wastes as a resource, thus reducing environmental contaminant in an effective way.
Negative signaling by anti-HLA class I antibodies is dependent upon two triggering events (1998)

mAb with specificity for the alpha3 domain of HLA class I antigens, such as mAb TP25.99 and W6/32, are capable of inhibiting the proliferation of stimulated T cells in vitro by binding to their surface HLA class I antigens. The inhibitory potential of another HLA class I alpha3 domain-specific mAb, A1.4, was evaluated. In contrast to mAb TP25.99 and W6/32, which routinely inhibited superantigen (SEB) stimulation of T cells by >90%, mAb A1.4 at equivalent concentrations demonstrated only 20-50% inhibition. Univalent Fab fragments of all three mAb lacked inhibitory activity. Interestingly, however, by combining univalent W6/32 (or TP25.99) Fab fragments with intact, bivalent mAb A1.4 (at a non-inhibitory, sub-threshold concentration of 1 microg/ml), significant inhibition of SEB-driven T cell proliferation was obtained. Inhibition by the anti-HLA class I mAb W6/32 and TP25.99 was evident even when SEB was used in conjunction with paraformaldehyde-fixed HLA class I-, class II+ Daudi cells, suggesting that the inhibitory activity of these mAb results from direct HLA class I epitope engagement on the T cell. These findings suggest that effective antibody-mediated induction of the HLA class I inhibitory pathway within T cells is dependent upon two separable molecular triggers at the T cell surface. The first can be delivered by univalent mAb derivatives that engage one or more critical HLA class I epitope(s). The second requires intact mAb, though seems to be less selective as to the HLA class I specificity. This model may explain why some, but not all, anti-HLA class I mAb are inhibitory when used singly. Achieving synergies between a wider array of anti-HLA class I mAb and their derivatives may provide a path for more effectively tapping into the HLA class I inhibitory pathway in a therapeutic context.
Ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes in a lipid bilayer as a new nanopore sensor (2013)

An important issue in nanopore sensing is to construct stable and versatile sensors that can discriminate analytes with minute differences. Here we report a means of creating nanopores that comprise ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes inserted into a lipid bilayer. We investigate the ion transport and DNA translocation through single-walled carbon nanotube nanopores and find that our results are fundamentally different from previous studies using much longer single-walled carbon nanotubes. Furthermore, we utilize the new single-walled carbon nanotube nanopores to selectively detect modified 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in single-stranded DNA, which may have implications in screening specific genomic DNA sequences. This new nanopore platform can be integrated with many unique properties of carbon nanotubes and might be useful in molecular sensing such as DNA-damage detection, nanopore DNA sequencing and other nanopore-based applications.
<i>In Vitro</i> Production of a TRH‐Homologous Peptide and His‐Pro Diketopiperazine by Human Semen (1985)

Fresh human semen, diluted 1:1 v/v with 0.15 M NaCl- 0.05 M phosphate, pH 7.5, undergoes a 3-fold increase in total thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) immunoreactivity on incubation at 4 C for 8 to 16 hours. To identify the mechanism for this increase, pooled human semen was incubated at 4, 37, and 60 C, and the change in composition of the immunoreactive TRH peptides was quantitated by high pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay of TRH. His-Pro diketopiperazine, a biologically active metabolite of TRH consisting of a cyclic dipeptide of histidine and proline, also was measured by specific RIA. The concentration of TRH (pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) dropped precipitously within the first hour after dilution and incubation at all temperatures studied. A hydrophobic TRH-homologous peptide with the amino acid composition (Glu,X,Y,Pro), where X and Y are neutral, nonaromatic amino acids, increased 8-fold during 16 hours of incubation at 4 C. This TRH-homologous peptide is not derived from TRH because it lacks the histidine is not derived from TRH because it lacks the histidine residue. A 3- to 23-fold increase in His-Pro diketopiperazine levels occurred after 4 hours at 37 C. This was not due primarily to enzymatic removal of the pyroglutamyl residue from TRH by pyroglutamate aminopeptidase, since about 1 hour after ejaculation the initial His-Pro diketopiperazine levels were 9.7 +/- 5.1 micrograms/ml, or approximately 1000-fold greater than the corresponding levels of seminal TRH. Because cycloheximide, which blocks ribosomal protein biosynthesis, did not inhibit in vitro production of the TRH-homologous peptide and the His-Pro cyclic dipeptide, these peptides, like TRH, most likely arise from post-translational cleavage and processing from pre-existing macromolecular precursor proteins.
Free Radical Additions Involving Fluorine Compounds. IV. The Addition of Dibromodifluoromethane to Some Fluoroölefins<sup>1</sup> (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFree Radical Additions Involving Fluorine Compounds. IV. The Addition of Dibromodifluoromethane to Some Fluoroölefins1Paul Tarrant, Alan M. Lovelace, and Marvin R. LilyquistCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 10, 2783–2787Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1955https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01615a033RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views375Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (670 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Role of Agricultural Finance in Producing Food Crops (2012)

This paper presents a comparative analysis of current trends in financing of main food crops in the public irrigated schemes of the River Nile State (RNS) and analyzes various agricultural credit mechanisms that have been used in the State. It aims to explore the plausible framework in order to increase agricultural outputs and farmers returns in the area of study. It was on this basis the research undertook Elzeidab scheme of RNS as a case study. Primary data was collected by using structured questionnaires for (70) randomly selected respondents from Elzeidab scheme. Statistical analysis has been employed to assess current situation in financing of main food crops in the scheme. The paper unveiled that these crops are described as low value crops. Also, it revealed that the formal finance is characterized as inefficient to serve the target part of farmers while the informal one is limited to cover the farmerâ expenditures. The paper concluded that, the credit market in RNS is not well developed and the majority of households (93%) have no access to formal financial institutions. This allows the recommendation to be drawn that improving finance institutions will enable the tenants to improve their farm resources use.
Deposition of Silicon Nitride Films by the Silane-Hydrazine Process (1967)

A new pyrolytic process for depositing silicon nitride films using silane‐hydrazine‐hydrogen gaseous mixture is described. This system is useful at a temperature between 550° and 1150°C. The hydrazine process gives more rapid deposition rate than the ammonia process, so that the use of this process can reduce the lower limit of deposition temperature. Rate curves are presented for various temperatures and concentrations. In the lower part of the temperature range a linear dependence of log rate vs. is obtained. The rate reaches a saturation value above 750°C. The films produced are transparent, smooth, and tightly adherent. The films from this process have relatively larger etch rates in hydrofluoric acid than those from the ammonia process. Some film properties such as structure, Si‐N atomic distance, Si‐N IR absorption band, refractive index, density, dielectric constant, dielectric strength, and surface charge are presented.
CVD of solid oxides in porous substrates for ceramic membrane modification (1992)

Abstract The deposition of yttria‐doped zirconia has been experimented systematically in various types of porous ceramic substrates by a modified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process operating in an opposing reactant geometry using water vapor and corresponding metal chloride vapors as reactants. The effects of substrate pore dimension and structure, bulk‐phase reactant concentration, reactant diffusivity in substrate pores and deposition temperature are experimentally studied and explained qualitatively by a theoretical modeling analysis. The experimental and theoretical results suggest a reaction mechanism which depends on water vapor and chloride vapor concentrations. Consequently, the diffusivity, bulk‐phase reactant concentration, and substrate pore dimension are important in the CVD process. Effects of deposition temperature on the deposition results and narrow deposition zone compared to the substrate thickness also suggest a Langmuir‐Hinshelwood reaction mechanism involved in the CVD process with a very fast CVD reaction rate. Gas permeation data indicate that whether deposition of solid in substrate pores could result in the pore‐size reduction depends strongly on the initial pore‐size distribution of the substrate.
Computer vision for robotics using a transputer array (1989)

Describes a transputer array system developed under the Alvey ParSiFal project and used for vision processing in a SERC/ACME project on automatic robotic assembly as well as for research into speech recognition. The transputer array of 't-rack' consists of 64 T800-20 transputers, each with 1 MB of memory and each with two links daisy-chained to the SUN host via a 'Tadpole Board' controller for program down-loading and data transfer. The other links of each transputer are taken to two cross bar switches for configuring the array. In some applications OCCAM is used but much of the work uses C and the system is networked under Unix. In the vision work data is acquired by a VME-based framestore unit (Seescan Imaging) at 8*512*512 resolution and transferred to the t-rack by a VME/DMA to transputer link card. This fans the input data stream out to 4 links and achieves a data rate of 6 frames per second. Two vision processing applications are presented.
Identification of high-level concept clones in source code (2005)

Source code duplication occurs frequently within large software systems. Pieces of source code, functions, and data types are often duplicated in part or in whole, for a variety of reasons. Programmers may simply be reusing a piece of code via copy and paste or they may be "re-inventing the wheel". Previous research on the detection of clones is mainly focused on identifying pieces of code with similar (or nearly similar) structure. Our approach is to examine the source code text (comments and identifiers) and identify implementations of similar high-level concepts (e.g., abstract data types). The approach uses an information retrieval technique (i.e., latent semantic indexing) to statically analyze the software system and determine semantic similarities between source code documents (i.e., functions, files, or code segments). These similarity measures are used to drive the clone detection process. The intention of our approach is to enhance and augment existing clone detection methods that are based on structural analysis. This synergistic use of methods will improve the quality of clone detection. A set of experiments is presented that demonstrate the usage of semantic similarity measure to identify clones within a version of NCSA Mosaic.
State of the Art in Ray Tracing Animated Scenes (2007)

Ray tracing has long been a method of choice for off-line rendering, but traditionally was too slow for interactive use. With faster hardware and algorithmic improvements this has recently changed, and real-time ray tracing is finally within reach. However, real-time capability also opens up new problems that do not exist in an off-line environment. In particular real-time ray tracing offers the opportunity to interactively ray trace moving/animated scene content. This presents a challenge to the data structures that have been developed for ray tracing over the past few decades. Spatial data structures crucial for fast ray tracing must be rebuilt or updated as the scene changes, and this can become a bottleneck for the speed of ray tracing. This bottleneck has received much recent attention by researchers that has resulted in a multitude of different algorithms, data structures, and strategies for handling animated scenes. The effectiveness of techniques for ray tracing dynamic scenes vary dramatically depending on details such as scene complexity, model structure, type of motion, and the coherency of the rays. Consequently, there is so far no approach that is best in all cases, and determining the best technique for a particular problem can be a challenge. In this STAR, we aim to survey the different approaches to ray tracing animated scenes, discussing their strengths and weaknesses, and their relationship to other approaches. The overall goal is to help the reader choose the best approach depending on the situation, and to expose promising areas where there is potential for algorithmic improvements.
The Fractionation of Glucose Syrups by Reverse Osmosis (1974)

Abstract Glucose syrups, which are clear, aqueous solutions of malto‐oligosaccharides and maltodextrins, are ideal materials for processing by reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration techniques. Hence membrane filtration methods, in their widest sense, can be used to achieve molecular separation of glucose syrup components without any particular technological difficulty. This paper presents details of the pilot‐scale fractionation of 43% D. E. acid‐converted glucose syrup by passage through ‘loose’ and ‘tight’ cellulose acetate membranes, and changes of D. E. and sugar spectrum likely to be achieved on the basis of current knowledge. The very low protein concentrations encountered in commercial glucose syrups minimise difficulties of concentration polarisation which arise in many other applications. Viscosity problems do not arise below 30% w/v operating concentrations and the fractionation of glucose syrup by reverse osmosis appears to be more straightforward than its concentration by the same technique. Fractionation of glucose syrup by reverse osmosis offers a means for the manufacture of several new types of syrup, and enables entire groups of sugars to be eliminated under selected conditions. Products in the range 43–80% D. E. or 15–43% D.E. can be obtained using suitable combinations of different membranes, and the latter type by a single membrane filtration. Thus reverse osmosis may take its place as a unit operation of glucose syrup manufacture in the future.
1-kilowatt CW all-fiber laser oscillator pumped with wavelength-beam-combined diode stacks (2012)

We have demonstrated a monolithic cladding-pumped ytterbium-doped single all-fiber laser oscillator generating 1 kW of CW signal power at 1080 nm with 71% slope efficiency and near diffraction-limited beam quality. Fiber components were highly integrated on "spliceless" passive fibers to promote laser efficiency and alleviate non-linear effects. The laser was pumped through a 7:1 pump combiner with seven 200-W 91x nm fiber-pigtailed wavelength-beam-combined diode-stack modules. The signal power of such a single all-fiber laser oscillator showed no evidence of roll-over, and the highest output was limited only by available pump power.
Oligoclonal expansion of CD8+ CD57+ T cells with restricted T-cell receptor beta chain variability after bone marrow transplantation (1994)

A major expansion of CD8+57+ lymphocytes expressing an alpha-beta T-cell receptor (TCR) is frequent after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We examined the clonality of the TCR beta gene repertoire in these expanded CD8+57+ cells after allogeneic or autologous BMT. We performed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the V beta chain usage in CD8+57+ cells purified from nine BMT recipients with a series of oligonucleotides specific for 20 V beta gene families. PCR products from selected TCR beta gene rearrangements were sequenced. The CD8+57+ cells from eight of nine patients used a restricted set of V beta families, with a marked predominance of two to three V beta gene families per patient, whereas the control autologous CD57- subset expressed the whole 20 V beta families. A direct sequencing analysis confirmed the V beta 16 and V beta 17 clonality in six patients, showing a striking homology in the CDR3 sequences of the V beta 16 products. The CD8+57+ cells, but not the CD57- cells, displayed an oligoclonal pattern of TCR rearrangements as shown by PCR analysis of TCR gamma gene rearrangements. Such an oligoclonal expansion of CD8+57+ cells, using a restricted set of the V beta gene families, may result from a specific TCR stimulation of a limited number of T-cell clones in BMT recipients.
Evidence that secretory IgA antibody is associated with daily mood. (1987)

In this study, we examined the secretory immune system, the body's first line of defense against invading organisms, and its relation to daily fluctuations of mood. Specifically, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) was studied. Unlike other psychoimmunity studies that examined all sIgA protein regardless of specificity to invading organisms, ours examined an antigen-specific sIgA response to the oral administration of a harmless protein (rabbit albumin) and monitored the antibody produced in response to the protein. Dental students recorded their daily mood thrice weekly for 8 1/3 weeks, and parotid saliva was obtained from subjects during these contacts. Using a within-subjects analyses strategy, we found that antibody response was lower on days with high negative mood relative to days with lower negative mood, and conversely, sIgA antibody response was higher on days with high positive mood relative to days with lower positive mood. Results from total sIgA protein were in the opposite direction, although not significantly so. These results extend our knowledge of immunological changes and mood, and they suggest that minor life events' role in health may be mediated by the secretory immune system.