gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Density-based community detection in social networks (2011)

This paper deals with community detection in social networks using density-based clustering. We compare two well-known concepts for community detection that are implemented as distance functions in the algorithms SCAN [1] and DEN-GRAPH [2], the structural similarity of nodes and the number of interactions between nodes, respectively, in order to evaluate advantages and limitations of these approaches. Additionally, we propose to use a hierarchical approach for clustering in order to get rid of the problem of choosing an appropriate density threshold for community detection, a severe limitation of the applicability and usefulness of the SCAN and DENGRAPH algorithms in real life applications. We conduct all experiments on data sets with different characteristics, particularly Twitter data and Enron data.
Isolation of Elafin and Elastase-Specific Inhibitor (ESI) from Bronchial Secretions. Evidence of Sequence Homology and Immunological Cross-Reactivity (1992)

Evidence is presented that the elastase-specific inhibitor of Mr 2500 (Sallenave, J.-M. & Ryle, A.P. (1991) Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 372, 13-21) is a biologically active fragment of a larger molecule described in the skin of patients with psoriasis (Wiedow, O., Shroder, J.-M., Gregory, H., Young, J.A. & Christophers, E. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 14791-14795) which the authors called elafin. We also describe the purification of the complete elafin molecule from bronchial secretions from a patient suffering from bronchial carcinoma, thus showing that the elafin, like the mucus proteinase inhibitor (MPI), is not of single origin but is probably a marker of inflammation (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, psoriasis...) present in different tissues.
Islet Endothelial Cells and Pancreatic β-Cell Proliferation: Studies<i>in Vitro</i>and during Pregnancy in Adult Rats (2006)

The growth of both tumors and nonneoplastic tissues may be influenced by signals from the vascular endothelium. In the present investigation we show that purified proliferating endothelial cells from pancreatic islets can stimulate beta-cell proliferation through secretion of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). This secretion could be induced by soluble signals from the islets, such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and insulin. During pregnancy, the pancreatic beta-cells display a highly reproducible physiological proliferation. We show that islet endothelial cell proliferation precedes beta-cell proliferation in pregnant animals. Vascular growth was closely associated with endocrine cell proliferation, and prominent expression of HGF was observed in islet endothelium on d 15 of pregnancy, i.e. coinciding with the peak of beta-cell proliferation. In summary, our results suggest the existence of an endothelial-endocrine axis within adult pancreatic islets, which is of importance for adult beta-cell proliferation.
A measurement-based loss scheduling scheme (2002)

In high-speed communication networks such as the ATM-based B-ISDN, a frequently addressed issue in traffic management is how to effectively manage network resources to meet different quality of service (QoS) requirements of multiple traffic streams. We consider a measurement-based loss scheduling scheme, termed the QoS-scheme, for high-speed packet networks. We show that the QoS-scheme is optimal in terms of bandwidth utilization among all stationary, space conserving loss scheduling schemes, and that it is also optimal among all stationary loss schemes when all traffic streams are equally demanding. We examine the properties of the QoS-scheme and how these properties may be used to compute the minimum bandwidth required for a given traffic scenario. We also discuss the implications of these properties and compare the QoS-scheme with other loss scheduling schemes such as the last-in-first-out, partial buffer sharing, and push-out scheme through simulation studies.
Conversion of Prostaglandin G/H Synthase-1 into an Enzyme Sensitive to PGHS-2-selective Inhibitors by a Double His513→ Arg and Ile523→ Val Mutation (1997)

Modeling of the active site of prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) onto PGHS-1 utilizing the known crystal structure of PGHS-1 shows that the only residues impinging directly on the active site that were not conserved in the two enzymes are His513 and Ile523 of PGHS-1 (Arg499 and Val509 of PGHS-2). These residues of human PGHS-1 were each mutated to the corresponding PGHS-2 residues (His513 --> Arg and Ile523 --> Val) and a double mutant (His513 --> Arg,Ile523 --> Val) containing both residues was also constructed. The mutant enzyme forms were expressed in COS-7 cells, and their properties were compared with those of the normal isoforms using microsomal membranes. The mutated enzyme forms all had apparent Km values within 1.4-fold that of the wild type enzyme, and the specific activity of the mutants were within 2-fold of that of PGHS-1. DuP697, NS-398, DFU, and SC-58125 are selective PGHS-2 inhibitors that act as time-dependent inhibitors of PGHS-2 and rapidly reversible competitive inhibitors of PGHS-1. The single Ile523 --> Val mutation increased the sensitivity to each of these selective inhibitors with most of the effect detected using instantaneous inhibition assays, except for DuP697, whose potency was further increased by preincubation with the enzyme. The double PGHS-1 His513 --> Arg, Ile523 --> Val mutant became more sensitive to inhibition by NS-398 and DFU than the single IV mutant, and time-dependent inhibition was observed. In contrast, the single HR mutation did not increase the sensitivity to inhibition by the selective PGHS-2 inhibitors. The potency of a selective PGHS-1 inhibitor, L-745,296, was decreased 5- and 13-fold in the HR and HR-IV mutants, respectively. All the results indicate that mutations of His513 and Ile523 residues of PGHS-1 can strongly increase sensitivity to selective PGHS-2 inhibition and restore time-dependent inhibition. They also suggest that the corresponding Arg499 and Val509 residues of PGHS-2 are essential determinants in differentiating between the interaction of nonselective NSAIDs and selective PGHS-2 inhibitors and their mechanism of action.
Development of classification and response criteria for rheumatic diseases (2006)

RELEVANCE TO THE CLINICIAN: Clinicians already know that not all patients who are diagnosed with rheumatic diseases really have them. Moreover, determining which patients have improved and by how much is also difficult. Classification criteria allow clinical researchers to recruit patients with similar diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus) into studies. Response criteria help to determine whether treatments really work, i.e., whether they actually produce clinically important improvement. As the science of clinical research advances, we must update our standards for considering classification and response criteria. In this editorial, members of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Subcommittee on Classification and Response Criteria describe the purpose of criteria sets, their development and validation, and the role of the ACR in adopting them.
Diffraction-limited, 300-kW peak-power pulses from a coiled multimode fiber amplifier (2002)

We report a multimode, double-clad, Yb-doped fiber amplifier that produces diffraction-limited, 0.8-ns pulses with energies of 255 muJ and peak powers in excess of 300 kW at a repetition rate of ~8 kHz . Single-transverse-mode operation was obtained by bend-loss-induced mode filtering of the gain fiber.
Properties of overlapping genes are conserved across microbial genomes (2004)

There are numerous examples from the genomes of viruses, mitochondria, and chromosomes that adjacent genes can overlap, sharing at least one nucleotide. Overlaps have been hypothesized to be involved in genome size minimization and as a regulatory mechanism of gene expression. Here we show that overlapping genes are a consistent feature (approximately one-third of all genes) across all microbial genomes sequenced to date, have homologs in more microbes than do non-overlapping genes, and are therefore likely more conserved. In addition, the size, phase (reading frame offset), and distribution, among other characteristics, of overlapping genes are most consistent with the hypothesis that overlaps function in the regulation of gene expression. The upstream sequences and conservation of overlapping orthologs of two model organisms from the genus Prochlorococcus that have significantly different GC-content, and therefore different nucleotide sequences for orthologs, are also consistent with small overlapping sequence regions and programmed shifts in reading frame as a common mechanism in the regulation of microbial gene expression.
Exhaled breath condensate in children: Pearls and pitfalls (2004)

Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a rapidly growing field of research in respiratory medicine. Airway inflammation is a central feature of chronic lung diseases, like asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and primary ciliary dyskinesia. EBC may be a useful technique for non-invasive assessment of markers of airway inflammation. The non-invasive character of EBC "inflammometry" and the general lack of appropriate techniques makes it particularly interesting for paediatrics. We provide a detailed update on the methods currently used for EBC collection and measurement of mediators. We emphasize on paediatric data. The apparent simplicity of the EBC method must not be overstated, as numerous methodological pitfalls have yet to overcome. Comparison and interpretation of data on this rapidly growing field of research is mainly hampered by the lack of standardization and the lack of specific high-sensitivity immunochemical or colorimetric assays. The initiative of the European Respiratory Society to institute a task force on this topic is a first step towards a uniform technique of EBC. Meanwhile, when using this technique or when interpreting research data, one should be fully aware of the possible methodological pitfalls.
Safety of Lyophilized SAG2 Oral Rabies Vaccine in Collared Lemmings (2002)

Fifteen collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) were exposed to a lyophilized oral rabies vaccine designed to immunize wild carnivore populations. No animals contracted rabies from the vaccine as determined by the absence of clinical signs after 37 days and lack of rabies virus in brain tissue determined by the fluorescent antibody (FA) test. These results suggest that collared lemmings would not contract rabies if they ingested this lyophilized vaccine in the wild during bait vaccination programs for arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus).
Reversing Drought‐Induced Losses in Grain Yield: Sucrose Maintains Embryo Growth in Maize (1995)

Large losses in yield can occur in maize ( Zea mays L.) growing in water‐limited conditions (low Ψ w ), particularly during flowering and early embryo growth where grain number is decreased. However, embryo growth is maintained where otherwise none would occur if the stems are infused with photosynthate (sucrose) and other nutrients (amino acids, salts, vitamins, and hormones) during exposure to low Ψ w . In the present investigation, we deleted or supplied various components of the complete infusion mediumto identify the active solute. Infusions involved making a cavity in a stem internode, filling the cavity with water, sealing the cavity, and connecting the interior of the cavity to an external reservoir of the medium. A field experiment at high Ψ w showed that wounds and enhanced nutrient supplies from the infusions did not alter embryo growth or yield. In controlled environment chambers, low Ψ w was imposed by withholding water for 6 d beginning 5 d prior to pollinations. A new infusion was made each day for 5 d as the low Ψ w developed around pollination. The low Ψ w virtually eliminated grain development. Sucrose infusion reversed this loss and no other component of the medium showed activity under our conditions. In plants receiving no sucrose at low Ψ w , ovary sucrose content was moderately lower and starch much lower than in controls. In plants receiving sucrose at low Ψ w , ovary sucrose content was higher than in controls and starch recovered moderately. The difference in sucrose and starch responses indicates that carbohydrate metabolism was altered in the ovaries at low Ψ w . Embryo survival correlated more closely with the content of starch than sucrose. We conclude that there were two effects of low Ψ w that contributed to arrested embryo growth: a decreased sucrose flux and an altered carbohydrate metabolism in the ovaries.
Optical Activity in Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals (1996)

Molecular orientational structures in chiral smectic phases of a family of antiferroelectric liquid crystals (AFLCs) with different alkyl chain lengths were investigated by means of optical rotatory power and circular dichroism measurements. In the ferroelectric chiral smectic C phase, SmC * , molecules of rectus configuration are arranged in a left-handed helix, and the pitch of the helix becomes longer and saturates to a constant value with decreasing temperature. In the antiferroelectric chiral smectic C A phase, SmC A * , the helical handedness is opposite to that of SmC * , and the helical pitch is shorter than that of SmC * and independent of temperature. In some AFLCs with shorter alkyl chain, however, a divergence of the pitch and a simultaneous change in the handedness were observed in SmC A * . Alkyl chains in AFLCs play an important role in stabilizing the helical structures, and the molecules with long alkyl chains tend to form a tight helix. The experimental results for subphases between SmC * and SmC A * were discussed on the basis of the competition between helical twisting powers of the phases.
A Duty Cycle Adaptive Algorithm Based on Throughput (2009)

For wireless sensor networks, the duty cycle is an important factor to energy benefit, by analyzing how the listening/sleep periods of S-MAC, T-MAC protocol work on energy consumption, we have defined two parameters, Th <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">fl</sub> and Q, Th <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">fl</sub> standing for average wave of network traffic, Q named as throughput quality factor. They reveal the relations among duty cycle, throughput, and energy consumption. Thus, we design a duty cycle adaptive algorithm based on throughput. The results show it is effective.
Bioactivity in marine algae (1991)

Marine algae have been reponed to possess a wide range of bio active properties (Hashimoto 1979, Baslow 1969, Hoppe, et al. 1979, Hoppe et al. 1984, Blunden et al. 1981, Cocamese et al. 1981, Ramamurthy et al. 1967, Mc Lachan 1964, Byrkholder and Sharma 1969. Conover and Sieburth 1964, Garber et al. 1958). Quite recently, Naqvi et al. (1980) studied the bioactivities of 25 species of marine algae and sea grasses collected mainly from the North Eastern coast of India and a few from the coast of Tamil Nadu.
The relationship between capillarisation and fibre types during compensatory hypertrophy of the plantaris muscle in the rat. (1992)

Compensatory hypertrophy of the plantaris muscle was obtained by denervation of its synergists. This hypertrophy is characterised by a 32% increase in muscle mass. The muscle consists of type I and IIa (oxidative), and IIb (glycolytic) fibres. Fibres of all types were enlarged in hypertrophied muscles and the proportion of type I fibres was increased. We investigated the capillarisation after hypertrophy as related to fibre type. In order to obtain this information a new technique was used, capable of estimating not only the traditional overall capillary density (CD) but also an index of heterogeneity in capillary spacing (LogSD), the 'local capillary to fibre ratio' (LCFR), obtained separately for each muscle fibre type, and finally a capillary density for each respective fibre type, the 'capillary fibre density' (CFD). It was found in both control and hypertrophied muscles that CD was higher in the deep (few IIb fibres) than in the superficial part of the muscle (considerable number of IIb fibres). The LogSD was lower, indicating less heterogeneity, in the deep than in the superficial part of the muscle. The LCFR and CFD of each fibre type was greater in the deep than in the superficial region of both control and hypertrophied muscles. Furthermore the CFD and LCFR were larger in type I and IIa fibres than in IIb fibres in each region of control and hypertrophied muscles. In hypertrophied muscles the CD was not significantly different from that of control muscles. However, LCFR of all fibre types was increased significantly in hypertrophied muscles as compared with controls, demonstrating capillary proliferation. The decreased CFD of type I and IIa fibres in the deep region of hypertrophied muscles as compared with controls suggests that here the capillary proliferation lags behind the increase in muscle mass. Endurance training had no significant effects for any region in any of the indices that were used.
Neuroprotection in acute ischemic stroke. (2005)

Neuroprotection of patients with acute ischemic stroke should start at the scene and continue in the ambulance with the assessment and treatment of the airway, breathing, circulation, body temperature, and blood glucose. The key goal in eligible patients should be fast vessel recanalization with intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator Results from a meta-analysis suggest that systemic thrombolysis is effective when given within 4.5 hours after stroke onset. The time window extends to 6 hours for patients undergoing intravascular thrombolysis. Acute stroke patients should be admitted to stroke care units. A crucial component of neuroprotection is the prevention of secondary brain damage, which can be caused by hypoxemia, hypotension, hyperthermia and hyperglycemia. This can be achieved by avoiding complications, e.g. aspiration, and intensive control of oxygenation, hydration and blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose, and cardiac monitoring. Neuroprotective agents are designed to try to salvage brain tissue within the penumbra. Thus far, despite promising preclinical studies, clinical trials with neuroprotective drugs in acute ischemic stroke have been disappointing. However, we have been able to identify many of the factors that were responsible for these failures, and better-designed clinical trials with neuroprotective drugs should look more promising. Mild induced hypothermia is another form of neuroprotective treatment that is currently being investigated in acute stroke.
The synthesis and characterization of poly(methylene terephthalate) (1988)

Abstract Poly(methylene terephthalate) (1GT) has been synthesized via the reaction of cesium or potassium terephthalates with dibromomethane or bromochloromethane in N ‐methylpyrrolidone at temperatures of 80–125°C. The polymerization was relatively slower with the latter substrate, though the potassium salt was found to be equally as efficient as its cesium counterpart with dibromomethane. The polymer is insoluble in all common polyester solvents, and its high molecular weight nature ( DP n ≥ 25) was inferred from elemental analyses and its fiber forming capacity. Thermal analyses indicated that 1GT possesses poor thermal stability and decomposes rapidly during melting, the initial process being thought to be the splitting out of formaldehyde. 1GT polymers were shown to contain a homologous series of cyclic oligomers (from dimer to decamer); the two most predominant were tentatively identified as the cyclic trimer and tetramer. No change in the cyclization efficiency was observed when the potassium counterion was substituted for cesium with Br CH 2 Br whereas a drastic reduction in the cyclic content was obtained using Br CH 2 Cl (with Cs + ). The two most important features of the polymerization are the insensitivity of the reaction to the stoichiometric equivalence of the reactants and the production of reasonably high molecular weights at low conversions. It is suspected that the polymerization might be occurring through an interfacial mechanism.
Fetal<i>RHD</i>genotyping in maternal serum during the first trimester of pregnancy (2002)

Fetal RHD genotype determination is useful in the management of sensitized RhD-negative pregnant women. It can be ascertained early during pregnancy by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. However, these procedures are invasive, resulting both in an increased risk of fetal loss and in an increased severity of immunization due to fetomaternal haemorrhage. A reliable determination of RHD genotype by fetal DNA analysis in maternal serum during the first trimester of pregnancy is reported in this study. One hundred and six sera from RhD-negative pregnant women were obtained during the first trimester of pregnancy. These sera were tested for the presence of RHD gene using a new real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and the results compared with those obtained later in pregnancy on amniotic fluid cells and by RHD serology of the new-born. All sera from women carrying a RhD-positive fetus (n = 62) gave positive results for RHD gene detection and sera from women carrying a RhD-negative fetus (n = 40) were negative. The high level of accuracy of fetal RHD genotyping obtained in this study could enable this technique to be offered on a routine basis for the management of RhD-negative patients during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Selective Discrimination Learning Impairments in Mice Expressing the Human Huntington's Disease Mutation (1999)

Cognitive decline is apparent in the early stages of Huntington's disease and progressively worsens throughout the course of the disease. Expression of the human Huntington's disease mutation in mice (R6/2 line) causes a progressive neurological phenotype with motor symptoms resembling those seen in Huntington's disease. Here we describe the cognitive performance of R6/2 mice using four different tests (Morris water maze, visual cliff avoidance, two-choice swim tank, and T-maze). Behavioral testing was performed on R6/2 transgenic mice and their wild-type littermates between 3 and 14.5 weeks of age, using separate groups of mice for each test. R6/2 mice did not show an overt motor phenotype until approximately 8 weeks of age. However, between 3.5 and 8 weeks of age, R6/2 mice displayed progressive deterioration in specific aspects of learning in the Morris water maze, visual cliff, two-choice swim tank, and T-maze tasks. The age of onset and progression of the deficits in the individual tasks differed depending on the particular task demands. Thus, as seen in humans with Huntington's disease, R6/2 mice develop progressive learning impairments on cognitive tasks sensitive to frontostriatal and hippocampal function. We suggest that R6/2 mice provide not only a model for studying cognitive and motor changes in trinucleotide repeat disorders, but also a framework within which the functional efficacy of therapeutic strategies aimed at treating such diseases can be tested.
Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from a Seronegative Organ and Tissue Donor (1992)

Although rare, transmission of HIV-1 by seronegative organ and tissue donors can occur. Improvements in the methods used to screen donors for HIV-1, advances in techniques of virus inactivation, prompt reporting of HIV infection in recipients, and accurate accounting of distributed allografts would help to reduce further this already exceedingly low risk.