gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Fibrillated Fibers from Different Mechanical and Chemical Pulps (2014)

Fibrillation of chemical and mechanical pulps with different lignin contents was studied. The pulps were ion exchanged into their sodium form prior to fibrillation and fibrillated with an increasing level of energy using high-shear friction grinding. The fibrillated samples were characterized for their chemical composition, morphology, rheological properties, and water retention capacity. All pulps had a distinct tendency to form fibrillated material under high shear and compression. The lignin-containing kraft pulps fibrillated easily, and the resulting material can be utilized in applications where high viscosity, water retention capacity, and reinforcement are desired. Fibrillation of mechanical pulps resulted in more heterogeneous samples, which included fiber fragments, branched fibrillar structures, and flake-like particles. This material showed relatively low viscosity and water retention capacity when compared to the samples made from kraft pulps. Chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP), when used as the raw material, yielded a more homogeneous organic filler-like material than did thermomechanical pulp (TMP).
[New chemotherapeutic method for the treatment of tracheal and bronchial cancers--nebulization chemotherapy]. (1983)

A new chemotherapeutic method for the treatment of tracheal and bronchial tree cancers, and of lung cancer with invasion to the bronchial tree has been developed. It is named Nebulization Chemotherapy or NC therapy. This method is based on vaporizing the anti-cancer drug (5-Fluorouracil, 5-FU) solution with a supersonic nebulizer, and inhaling the vaporized anticancer drug trans-orally through the bronchial tree. Patients were divided into two groups. The first group, where NC therapy was the main method of treatment used, included 6 patients. Of these, 4 (2CR and 2PR) showed a good anti-cancer response to the treatment. The other was a group receiving combination treatment with our CMAF protocol (cis-platinum, mitomycin C, adriamycin and 5-FU) and NC therapy. This group included 6 patients, 5 of whom (2CR, 2PR and 1MR) showed a remarkable anti-tumor response. Side-effects to the bronchial tree, pulmonary parenchyma or other systemic toxicity have not been noted so far after NC therapy. However, a few patients showed glottitis. Only trace amounts of circulating 5-FU were detected in serial serum samples.
Presence of labeled monocytes, macrophages and microglia in a stab wound of the brain following an injection of bone marrow cells labeled with <sup>3</sup>H‐uridine into rats (1977)

Abstract To clarify the origin of the cells appearing in a stab wound of the parietal cortex, bone marrow cells from inbred Lewis rats were labeled in vitro with 3 H‐uridine and injected intravenously into 36 rats of the same strain Just before or after the brain had been stabbed. The animals were sacrificed from 1 to 15 days after the injection of labeled cells. The cells in the wound were examined and the percentage of the various types recorded. Radioautographs were prepared of the wound and the surrounding neuropil, as well as of the corresponding region on the intact side; and they were searched for labeled cells. One day after the stabbing, the wound consisted of a central region containing fluid and red blood cells, and a marginal region of disorganized nervous tissue including granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages. Around the wound, the neuropil appeared normal, except for the perivascular areas appearing more cellular and distended than normally. During the next few days, the granulocytes and monocytes gradually disappeared from the wound. Meanwhile, the macrophages, which initially often showed monocytic features, became increasingly numerous. However, after the seventh day, the macrophages decreased in number, while many small cells appeared in the wound. These displayed a scanty basophilic cytoplasm rich in phagosomes and a nucleus with dense chromatin clumps similar to that seen in microglia A search of the radioautographs revealed no labeled cell on the intact side, but 220 labeled cells on the injured side. Most of these cells were within the wound itself, and a few in the surrounding neuropil. Within the wound, labeled granulocytes and monocytes were common one day after injection, but disappeared after the first three days. Few labeled macrophages were observed at one day but many at three days; none were labeled after the seventh day, however, possibly due to turnover and loss of the 3 H‐uridine labeled RNA. In the neuropil surrounding the wound, a few labeled cells identified as microglia were observed during the first three days after injection. They were located in perivascular areas, in satellite position to neurons and within the nearby subependymal layer It is concluded that, under the influence of a stab wound, blood cells of bone marrow origin enter the wound and the surrounding neuropil. The presence of macrophages with monocytic features within the wound indicates that the monocytes transform into macrophages. The small cells displaying phagosomes and a microglia‐like nucleus, which become numerous after the seventh day, are tentatively interpreted as intermediates in the transformation of the monocytederived macrophages into microglia. Finally, the early labeled cells identified as microglia in the surrounding neuropil are interpreted as a direct transformation of monocytes into microglia.
Adaptive Synchronization for Multi-Synchronous Systems (1997)

Synchronizers and other methods may become ineffective for high performance systems implemented at future technologies, operating at clock frequencies above 1GHz. As a transition from fully synchronous to fully asynchronous implementations, such a system can be implemented as a multi-synchronous system, wherein a common clock is distributed over thin wires, avoiding the massive power investment needed for phase matching and skew minimization in clock distribution networks. Adaptive synchronization reduces the probability of synchronization failures. In contrast with methods like clock stretching, adaptive synchronization adjusts data delays. The stationarity of wire and logic delays is exploited to contain asynchrony. We show that adaptive synchronization is more widely applicable to high performance systems than other synchronization methods. Training sessions are devised to minimize adaptation overhead. 1.
Recognition Impairment Correlated with Short Bisynchronous Epileptic Discharges (1991)

The occurrence of transitory cognitive impairment during diffuse subclinical electroencephalographic (EEG) discharges has been widely documented but the role of the parameters influencing the cognitive performance and the involvement of motor or verbal response in the tasks used is still under debate. Fifteen patients suffering from primary generalized epilepsy with frequent bisynchronous EEG epileptic bursts underwent a shape recognition task during EEG monitoring. The test sequence was as follows: memorandum, pause, and multiple choice set. After pressing the response button, the patient was asked to confirm the choice verbally. The following parameters were considered: geometrical complexity of the shape, chronological position of the burst occurring during the single test, and the duration of discharge ranging from 1 to 3 s. Results showed a significant increase in incorrect responses during the test when discharges occurred, with more errors occurring for difficult than for easy shapes. Neither the discharge position nor the duration of the epileptic burst influenced the performance. Diffuse epileptic activity of short duration produced selective effects on the cognitive process regardless of the motor component of the response.
A noise tolerant cache design to reduce gate and sub-threshold leakage in the nanometer regime (2003)

Scaling devices while maintaining reasonable short channel immunity requires gate oxide thickness of less than 20Ao for CMOS devices beyond the 70nm technology node. Low oxide thickness gives rise to considerable direct tunneling current (gate leakage). Power dissipation in large caches is dominated by the gate and sub-threshold leakage current. This paper proposes a novel cache that has high noise immunity with improved leakage power. For every bank of SRAM cells, this technique requires an extra diode in parallel with a gated-ground transistor connected between the source of NMOS transistors and ground in SRAM cells. The row decoder itself can be used to control the extra gated-Ground transistor. Our simulation results on 70nm process (Berkeley Predictive Technology Model augmented with our gate leakage model) show 39.2% reduction in consumed energy (leakage + dynamic) in L1 cache and 59.4% reduction in L2 cache energy with less than 2.5% impact on execution time. The technique is applicable to data and instruction caches as well as different levels of cache hierarchy such as the L1, L2, or L3 caches.
A practical solution to corner detection (2002)

A new corner detection algorithm has been developed based on the observation of surface curvature. The algorithm utilizes a linear interpolation scheme for intermediate pixel addressing in the differentiation step, which results in improved accuracy of corner localisation and reduced computational complexity. Noise is reduced by a combination of Gaussian convolution, non-maximum suppression and false corner response suppression. The corner finder is applied to computing stereo disparities and structures from motion. It is implemented on a hybrid parallel processor PARADOX with a performance of 14 frames per second.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Comparison of Derivative Preprocessing and Automated Polynomial Baseline Correction Method for Classification and Quantification of Narcotics in Solid Mixtures (2006)

This work offers a real-world comparison of derivative preprocessing and a new polynomial method described by Lieber and Mahadevan-Jansen (LMJ) for baseline correction of Raman spectra with widely varying backgrounds. This comparison is based on their outcomes in factor analysis, analyte discrimination, and quantification. Both correction methods are applied to a Raman spectra data set taken from 85 solid samples of illegal narcotics diluted with various materials. It is found that neither approach outperforms the other, as they give similar principal component analysis (PCA) models and quantification errors: cocaine and heroin show cross-validation errors of approximately 8%, while MDMA is quantified to a cross-validation error of approximately 3-4%. The LMJ method does offer several other advantages, the most significant being the retention of original peak shapes after the correction, which simplifies the interpretation of the preprocessed spectra. The LMJ method is therefore recommended for use as a baseline correction method in future research with Raman spectroscopy.
Physical Organic Approach to Persistent, Cyclable, Low-Potential Electrolytes for Flow Battery Applications (2017)

The deployment of nonaqueous redox flow batteries for grid-scale energy storage has been impeded by a lack of electrolytes that undergo redox events at as low (anolyte) or high (catholyte) potentials as possible while exhibiting the stability and cycling lifetimes necessary for a battery device. Herein, we report a new approach to electrolyte design that uses physical organic tools for the predictive targeting of electrolytes that possess this combination of properties. We apply this approach to the identification of a new pyridinium-based anolyte that undergoes 1e<sup>-</sup> electrochemical charge-discharge cycling at low potential (-1.21 V vs Fc/Fc<sup>+</sup>) to a 95% state-of-charge without detectable capacity loss after 200 cycles.
Detection of germ-cell tumor cells in peripheral blood progenitor cell harvests: impact on clinical outcome. (2000)

Our study was conducted to evaluate the impact of tumor cell contamination in peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) harvests on the clinical outcome of patients with germ-cell tumors undergoing high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous PBPC reinfusion. Samples of mononuclear cells from progenitor cell harvests of 57 patients with advanced or recurrent germ-cell tumors were retrospectively screened for contaminating tumor cells using immunocytochemical staining for cytokeratin filaments and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) testing for germ-cell alkaline phosphatase mRNA. The results were correlated to clinical prognostic variables as well as to the overall and event-free survival of these patients. Tumor cell contamination was detected in PBPC harvests of 16 of 57 enrolled patients (28%), and, among these, in 14 of 51 (27%) who underwent HDCT. The presence of contaminating tumor cells as detected by either immunocytochemical staining, RT-PCR, or both was strongly associated with a reduced overall survival (43% versus 71%, P = 0.0037) and event-free survival (0% versus 52%, P = 0.0005) after 1 year. In multivariate analysis, the demonstration of contaminating tumor cells had a higher predictive value for a poor event-free survival than other known prognostic variables. The presence of contaminating tumor cells in PBPC harvests of patients with germ-cell tumors seems to predict a poor overall and event-free survival in patients undergoing HDCT and autologous PBPC reinfusion.
Mobile Agents—The new paradigm in computing (1997)

The emergence of agent based systems is signalling the beginning of one of the most important paradigm shifts in computing since object oriented methods and client/server based distributed systems. This paradigm shift will obviously require technology development, but of equal importance, or perhaps of even more importance, it will also require substantial education and methodology development. It is not hard to predict that agent technology is an important emerging technology, since it is already beginning to send shock waves through the computer industry. In the current hype, however, it is particularly difficult to distinguish publicity from reality and to get a clear impression of what agents are all about. In this paper we will try to give a comprehensive overview of what mobile agents are, what they may be used for and what the technical issues are.
Comparative Analysis of Neurogenesis in the Central Olfactory Pathway of Adult Decapod Crustaceans by In Vivo BrdU Labeling (1999)

To examine the distribution of neurogenesis in the central olfactory pathway of adult decapod crustaceans, we labeled, in vivo, six species of decapod crustaceans representing most infraorders (shrimps, spiny lobsters, clawed lobsters, crayfish, hermit crabs, true crabs) with the proliferation marker 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). In all tested species a group of small, neuron-like nuclei in the lateral soma clusters of the brain was labeled; the lateral soma clusters are composed of the cell bodies of ascending olfactory projection neurons. In only a few instances did groups of BrdU-positive nuclei also occur in the other soma clusters of the central olfactory pathway. In the spiny lobster (Panulirus argus), a group of small neuron-like nuclei was labeled in the medial soma clusters containing the cell bodies of local interneurons of the olfactory deutocerebrum. In the hermit crab (Pagurus bernhardus), and the true crab (Cancer pagurus), a group of small neuron-like nuclei was labeled in soma clusters located in the eyestalks. These soma clusters probably contain the cell bodies of local interneurons of the hemiellipsoid bodies, to which the olfactory projection neurons ascend. These results indicate that neurogenesis occurs among olfactory projection neurons in the adult brain. Among the other neuronal types of the central olfactory pathway, however, neurogeneis is restricted to specific taxa. The persistence of neurogenesis among the different neuronal types of the central olfactory pathway throughout adult life suggests an enormous structural plasticity of brain circuitry that may enable the longlived decapod crustaceans to adapt to changing olfactory environments.
NorC, a New Efflux Pump Regulated by MgrA of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2006)

NorC, a new efflux pump, like NorB, contributes to quinolone resistance that includes resistance to moxifloxacin and sparfloxacin in Staphylococcus aureus. norC expression, like that of norB and tet38, is negatively regulated by MgrA, and overexpression of both norC and norB contributes to the quinolone resistance phenotype of an mgrA mutant.
One-step room-temperature synthesis of fibrous polyimide aerogels from anhydrides and isocyanates and conversion to isomorphic carbons (2010)

Monolithic polyimide aerogels (PI-ISOs) have been prepared by drying wet-gels synthesized via a rather underutilized room-temperature reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) with 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). The reaction is followed up to the gelation point by liquid 13C-NMR in DMSO-d6 and it proceeds through a seven-member ring intermediate that collapses to the imide by expelling CO2. PI-ISOs are characterized comparatively with aerogels referred to as PI-AMNs, obtained via the classic reaction of PMDA and 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MDA). The two materials are chemically identical, they show similar degrees of crystallinity (30–45%, by XRD) and they both consist of similarly sized primary particles (6.1–7.5 nm, by SANS). By N2-sorption porosimetry they contain both meso- and macroporosity and they have similar BET surface areas (300–400 m2 g−1). Their major difference, however, is that PI-AMNs are particulate while PI-ISOs are fibrous. The different morphology has been attributed to the rigidity of the seven-member ring intermediate of PI-ISOs. PI-AMNs shrink significantly during processing (up to 40% in linear dimensions), but mechanically are much stronger materials than PI-ISOs of the same density. Upon pyrolysis at 800 °C both PI-ISO and PI-AMN are converted to porous carbons; PI-AMNs loose their nanomorphology and more than 2/3 of their surface area, as opposed to PI-ISOs, which retain both. Etching with CO2 at 1000 °C increases the BET surface area of both PI-AMN (to 417 m2 g−1) and PI-ISO (to 1010 m2 g−1), and improves the electrical conductivity of the latter by a factor of 70.
Thermoinhibition Uncovers a Role for Strigolactones in Arabidopsis Seed Germination (2011)

Strigolactones are host factors that stimulate seed germination of parasitic plant species such as Striga and Orobanche. This hormone is also important in shoot branching architecture and photomorphogenic development. Strigolactone biosynthetic and signaling mutants in model systems, unlike parasitic plants, only show seed germination phenotypes under limited growth condition. To understand the roles of strigolactones in seed germination, it is necessary to develop a tractable experimental system using model plants such as Arabidopsis. Here, we report that thermoinhibition, which involves exposing seeds to high temperatures, uncovers a clear role for strigolactones in promoting Arabidopsis seed germination. Both strigolactone biosynthetic and signaling mutants showed increased sensitivity to seed thermoinhibition. The synthetic strigolactone GR24 rescued germination of thermoinbibited biosynthetic mutant seeds but not a signaling mutant. Hormone analysis revealed that strigolactones alleviate thermoinhibition by modulating levels of the two plant hormones, GA and ABA. We also showed that GR24 was able to counteract secondary dormancy in Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia (Col) and Cape Verde island (Cvi). Systematic hormone analysis of germinating Striga helmonthica seeds suggested a common mechanism between the parasitic and non-parasitic seeds with respect to how hormones regulate germination. Thus, our simple assay system using Arabidopsis thermoinhibition allows comparisons to determine similarities and differences between parasitic plants and model experimental systems for the use of strigolactones.
Comparative stereochemical analysis of glucose-binding proteins for rational design of glucose-specific agents (1998)

There is a need for synthesizing glucose-sensitive molecules which can be used in glucose sensors and self-regulating insulin delivery devices. Currently, glucose-sensitive proteins, such as glucose oxidase and concanavalin A (Con-A), are used for detecting glucose molecules. For long-term in vivo applications, it is necessary to synthesize non-proteineous glucose-sensitive molecules which are biocompatible, nontoxic, cost-effective, and independent of environmental factors such as pH, ionic strength, or the presence of divalent cations. As a first step toward synthesizing glucose sensitive molecules, we have compared glucose-binding sites of four different types of glucose-binding proteins. They are human beta-cell glucokinase, D-xylose isomerase, lectins (Lathyrus ochrus isolectin I and Con-A), and glucose/galactose binding protein. Analysis of the glucose-binding sites of their 3-dimensional crystal structures showed that the hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of glucose and a few types of amino acid residues of proteins provided the main attraction. In some cases, the same atom was involved in multiple hydrogen bonds. Hydrophobic interactions between the pyranose ring of glucose and aromatic rings of hydrophobic amino acid residues also played an important role in the glucose specificity. A sandwich geometry was observed among the hydrophobic groups. This comparative stereochemical analysis suggests that a possible glucose binding site can be made by placing Asp and Asn around glucose for hydrogen bonding and Phe on both sides of glucose for hydrophobic interaction.
The mechanism of pyrophosphorolysis of RNA by RNA polymerase. Endowment of RNA polymerase with artificial exonuclease activity (1984)

DNA-directed RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli can break down RNA by catalysing the reverse of the reaction: NTP + (RNA)n = (RNA)n+1 + PPi where n indicates the number of nucleotide residues in the RNA molecule, to yield nucleoside triphosphates. This reaction requires the ternary complex of the polymerase with template DNA and the RNA that it has synthesized. It is now shown that methylenebis(arsonic acid) [CH2(AsO3H2)2], arsonomethylphosphonic acid (H2O3As-CH2-PO3H2) and arsonoacetic acid (H2O3As-CH2-CO2H) can replace pyrophosphate in this reaction. When they do so, the low-Mr products of the reaction prove to be nucleoside 5'-phosphates, so that the arsenical compounds endow the polymerase with an artificial exonuclease activity, an effect previously found by Rozovskaya, Chenchik, Tarusova, Bibilashvili & Khomutov [(1981) Mol. Biol. (Moscow) 15, 636-652] for phosphonoacetic acid (H2O3P-CH2-CO2H). This is explained by instability of the analogues of nucleoside triphosphates believed to be the initial products. Specificity of recognition of pyrophosphate is discussed in terms of the sites, beta and gamma, for the -PO3H2 groups of pyrophosphate that will yield P-beta and P-gamma of the nascent nucleoside triphosphate. Site gamma can accept -AsO3H2 in place of -PO3H2, but less well; site beta can accept both, and also -CO2H. We suggest that partial transfer of an Mg2+ ion from the attacking pyrophosphate to the phosphate of the internucleotide bond of the RNA may increase the nucleophilic reactivity of the pyrophosphate and the electrophilicity of the diester, so that the reaction is assisted.
Coronary Revascularization Trends in the United States, 2001-2008 (2011)

In US hospitals between 2001 and 2008, a substantial decrease in CABG surgery utilization rates was observed, but PCI utilization rates remained unchanged.