gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Different functions of the platelet-derived growth factor-alpha and -beta receptors for the migration and proliferation of cultured baboon smooth muscle cells. (1994)

Migration of medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and their proliferation in the intima contribute to thickening of injured and atherosclerotic vessels. These events have been proposed to be regulated in part by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Two separate PDGF receptors have been identified, PDGF-R alpha and PDGF-R beta. To study the functions of PDGF-R alpha and PDGF-R beta in vascular SMCs, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for each of the two receptors were used. These antibodies allowed us to evaluate the role of each receptor for PDGF-induced proliferation and migration of cultured baboon SMCs. Both PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB stimulated SMC growth, with PDGF-BB being more potent than PDGF-AA. Studies with anti-PDGF-R alpha and anti-PDGF-R beta mAbs revealed that both PDGF receptors promoted the stimulatory signals for proliferation. In contrast, PDGF-BB stimulated SMC migration, whereas PDGF-AA had no stimulatory activity on its own. Additionally, PDGF-AA was able to suppress migration induced by PDGF-BB or fibronectin in modified Boyden's chamber assay. When PDGF-BB-induced migration was separated into chemotactic and chemokinetic activities, only the chemotactic component was inhibited by PDGF-AA. The suppression of SMC migration by PDGF-AA was eliminated by anti-PDGF-R alpha mAb. In addition, PDGF-BB, in the presence of anti-PDGF-R beta, bound only to PDGF-R alpha and caused suppression of SMC migration induced by fibronectin. These results suggest that when activated by ligand binding, both PDGF-R alpha and PDGF-R beta stimulate proliferation. In contrast, only activation of PDGF-R beta stimulates migration, whereas ligand binding to PDGF-R alpha leads to inhibition of cell migration. These observations provide support for the conclusion that PDGF-R alpha and PDGF-R beta may play different roles in SMC function and may be involved in different regulatory mechanisms during vascular remodeling.
Anticytokine strategies in the treatment of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (1993)

The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an acute illness characterized by generalized activation of the endothelium. The most severe form of the syndrome is found in patients with shock due to gram-negative sepsis. We examined both animal and limited human data for the contribution of cytokines to this syndrome. Cytokines are endogenously produced proteins of small molecular weight and multiple biological effects. The cytokines interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as well as interferon-γ and interleukin 8, are discussed. Laboratory investigations suggest that these cytokines play a critical role in SIRS by promoting the biochemical and clinical characteristics of SIRS. The biochemical changes induced by TNF and IL-1 include increased synthesis of nitric oxide, prostaglandins, platelet-activating factor, and endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Specific blockade of TNF using neutralizing antibodies or soluble receptors to TNF in animal models of SIRS reduces mortality and severity of disease. Similar results have been observed blocking IL-1 using soluble IL-1 receptors or IL-1 receptor antagonists. Preliminary clinical studies suggest that blockade may be useful in treating human SIRS. The various strategies for blocking IL-1 and TNF are presented; in addition, their mechanism(s) of action and safety in humans are discussed. We conclude that based on animal studies and preliminary clinical trials, strategies to block IL-1 or TNF may benefit patients with the syndrome, although thorough clinical trials have not been completed. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;269:1829-1835)
Before the flood: Loss of place, mnemonics, and ‘resources’ ahead of the Metolong Dam, Lesotho (2014)

Natural resource extraction projects such as dams and mines entail alteration to or destruction of natural and cultural landscapes. Heritage mitigation efforts often propose compensating for or salvaging material heritage, largely because this can be inventoried and evaluated alongside economic and environmental resources. Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) is often overlooked, despite the fact that tangibles, intangibles, and economic resources together constitute the impacted landscape. Writing from the perspective of western Lesotho’s Metolong Dam, we view landscape as an embodiment of intangible heritage to explore what ‘landscape loss’ consequent on dam-building entails. We contend that this process involves dissociating intangibles from their material correlates, and transforming landscape experiences by dissolving and re-constituting boundaries and ‘resources’ in line with developer perspectives. We suggest that considering interdisciplinary approaches to landscape theorisation and ICH achieves a more nuanced view of how landscape loss and ICH interrelate, and thus improves mitigatory practice.
ISCOMATRIX vaccines mediate CD8<sup>+</sup> T‐cell cross‐priming by a MyD88‐dependent signaling pathway (2011)

Generating a cytotoxic CD8(+) T-cell response that can eradicate malignant cells is the primary objective of cancer vaccine strategies. In this study we have characterized the innate and adaptive immune response to the ISCOMATRIX adjuvant, and the ability of vaccine antigens formulated with this adjuvant to promote antitumor immunity. ISCOMATRIX adjuvant led to a rapid innate immune cell response at the injection site, followed by the activation of natural killer and dendritic cells (DC) in regional draining lymph nodes. Strikingly, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I cross-presentation by CD8α(+) and CD8α(-) DCs was enhanced by up to 100-fold when antigen was formulated with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant. These coordinated features enabled efficient CD8(+) T-cell cross-priming, which exhibited prophylactic and therapeutic tumoricidal activity. The therapeutic efficacy of an ISCOMATRIX vaccine was further improved when co-administered with an anti-CD40 agonist antibody, suggesting that ISCOMATRIX-based vaccines may combine favorably with other immune modifiers in clinical development to treat cancer. Finally, we identified a requirement for the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) adapter protein for both innate and adaptive immune responses to ISCOMATRIX vaccines in vivo. Taken together, our findings support the utility of the ISCOMATRIX adjuvant for use in the development of novel vaccines, particularly those requiring strong CD8(+) T-cell immune responses, such as therapeutic cancer vaccines.
Preparation and Reactions of Some Phosphobetaines<sup>1</sup> (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and Reactions of Some Phosphobetaines1Donald B. Denney and Lois Chrisbacher SmithCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 10, 3404–3408Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01057a005https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01057a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views401Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
&lt;title&gt;Investigation of the possibility of creating a multichannel photodetector based on the avalanche MRS-structure&lt;/title&gt; (1991)

Investigation results of the avalanche process in MRS-structure are given and the possibility of creating the multichannel avalanche photodetector based on such a structure for the one- dimensional hologram disk memory system is considered. The experimental sample of the photodetector has sensitivity approximately 104 A/W with wavelength (lambda) approximately equals 0.63 micrometers and response speed approximately 5 nsec.
New results on space-time code design criteria (2003)

A sub-class of space-time codes, defined via compliance with a new criterion of optimality, is introduced. A new distance between two codewords is defined and leads to new criteria for code design. It is shown that, unlike the non-Euclidian metrics currently in use, the new distance measure is a true metric, its square has a useful additive property and, in itself, preserves the traditional form of the upper bound to the probability of mistaking two codewords, as encountered in the union bound. The resulting new criteria for space-time code design are presented.
Functional studies of human intestinal alkaline sphingomyelinase by deglycosylation and mutagenesis (2005)

Intestinal alk-SMase (alkaline sphingomyelinase) is an ectoenzyme related to the NPP (nucleotide phosphodiesterase) family. It has five potential N-glycosylation sites and predicated transmembrane domains at both the N- and C-termini. The amino acid residues forming the two metal-binding sites in NPP are conserved, and those of the active core are modified. We examined the functional changes of the enzyme induced by deglycosylation and mutagenesis. Treating alk-SMase cDNA-transfected COS-7 cells with tunicamycin rendered the expressed enzyme completely inactive. Mutations of the five potential N-glycosylation sites individually and in combination showed that these sites were all glycosylated and deficient glycosylation decreased the enzyme activity. Immunogold labelling showed that the wild-type enzyme was mainly located in the plasma membrane, whereas the C-terminal domain-truncated enzyme was released into the medium. Deglycosylation blocked the release of the enzyme that accumulated in endosome-like structures. The enzyme activity was also decreased by mutations of the residues forming the putative metal-binding sites and the active core. Substitution of the active core sequence with that of NPP or mutation of T75 in the core abolished the enzyme activity against sphingomyelin but failed to render the enzyme NPP active. Our results indicate that alk-SMase activity is severely affected by defective N-glycosylation and structural alterations of the putative metal-binding sites and the predicted active core.
The Effects Of Water Depth On Cathodic Protection Of Steel In Seawater (1981)

Abstract The results of a laboratory study of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the minerology of deposits formed under cathodic protection conditions on carbon steel are presented. Preliminary results indicate that primary deposits are of magnesium minerals and calcareous deposits, if any, are secondary. Introduction In 1824 Sir Humphrey Davy introduced cathodic protection as.a means of preventing the corrosion of iron nails used to fasten copper antifouling sheathing to the bottoms of wooden British naval vessels. He noted tha t barnacles adhered to "the calcareous deposits occasioned by the excess of negative electricity" (1). Today cathodic protection is still the principal means of corrosion control for submerged steel structures. The cathodic protection current causes a pH shift in the seawater near the steel structure and a hard, dense mineral deposit is formed on the steel surface. This mineral deposit then providesprimary corrosion control, and the cathodic protection current demand drops to a level sufficient to repair this coating where itis damaged by mechanipal or other means. In warm shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico this deposit is largely calcium carbonate and is fairly protective (2). Most ocean waters are supersaturated in calcium carbonate, but, due to reasons not completely understood, the precipitation does not normally occur spontaneously. Cathodic protection is necessary to cause a pH shift which initiates calcium carbonate deposition andat higher pH's, normally caused by higher cathodic protection current densities, magnesium hydroxide is coprecipitated (3). In deeper waters the effects of greater pressure and lower temperature retard the precipitation of calcium carbonate, because the seawater is no longer supersaturated (4-5). What this does for the structure and composition of calcareous material in a cathodic protection situation is not completely clear. If little or no calcareous material is deposited, considerably higher current densities may be needed to produce the required protection potential at the cathode. A greater rate of sacrificial anode depletion will occur or a larger impressed current supply will be required. The meager available qualitative evidence appears to point to the lack of buildup of a calcareous coating on exposed surfaces at deep depths. In one case, a cathodically protected deep sea mooring in the Gulf of Mexico, calcareous deposits were observed only on those portions of the mooring at depths less than 30 meters (6). In a second case, cathodically protected steel test panels exposed at 485 and 940 meters near the Bahamas did not develop calcareous coatings. Further, the current densities needed to protect the test panels were reported to increase markedly with depth (7).
Ultralow surface recombination of c-Si substrates passivated by plasma-assisted atomic layer deposited Al2O3 (2006)

Excellent surface passivation of c-Si has been achieved by Al2O3 films prepared by plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition, yielding effective surface recombination velocities of 2 and 13cm∕s on low resistivity n- and p-type c-Si, respectively. These results obtained for ∼30nm thick Al2O3 films are comparable to state-of-the-art results when employing thermal oxide as used in record-efficiency c-Si solar cells. A 7nm thin Al2O3 film still yields an effective surface recombination velocity of 5cm∕s on n-type silicon.
Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007)

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was set up jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme to provide an authoritative international statement of scientific understanding of climate change. The IPCC’s periodic assessments of the causes, impacts and possible response strategies to climate change are the most comprehensive and up-to-date reports available on the subject, and form the standard reference for all concerned with climate change in academia, government and industry worldwide. Through three working groups, many hundreds of international experts assess climate change in this Fourth Assessment Report.
Resistance Tests with the Bed Bug and Evaluation of Insecticides for Its Control (1958)

Resistance to DDT was demonstrated in bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) from Japan, Korea, Ohio, and two naval vessels. A continuous exposure test for determining the presence of resistance is described. In laboratory tests residues of malathion, Am. Cyanamid 4124, and synergized pyrethrins were effective for the longest periods. Diazinon gave the fastest reduction of natural infestations. Dow ET-57 (sampled as ET-14), Dipterex, Chlorthion, malathion, dieldrin, and DDT gave slower but complete control. Synergized pyrethrins gave complete control in 2 days, but newly hatched nymphs were present after 1 week.
Strategies for targeted gene therapy (1996)

Genetic intervention for the therapy of human disease has long been a dream for scientists and clinicians alike, and the first steps towards reality have already been taken in clinical trials involving over 1000 patients around the world. The technology used in these initial experiments has limited potential for therapeutic effect and it is now appreciated that improvements in targeting gene delivery and gene expression are both required before real clinical benefit is achieved. The enormous advances made in the fields of molecular genetics and molecular biology of the last few years have set the scene for their translation into novel approaches to gene transfer and control, for gene therapy applications.
Glutamine synthetase mutation conferring target‐site‐based resistance to glufosinate in soybean cell selections (2008)

Changes in sensitivity to glufosinate have been related to mutations at the binding site of the herbicide on the glutamine synthetase. His(249) is one of the residues implicated in the binding domain for the substrate and inhibitor, and hence the exchange of this residue with tyrosine plays a role in lowering the sensitivity of the mutated enzyme.
Receptor binding properties of four‐helix‐bundle growth factors deduced from electrostatic analysis (1994)

Hormones of the hematopoietin class mediate signal transduction by binding to specific transmembrane receptors. Structural data show that the human growth hormone (hGH) forms a complex with a homodimeric receptor and that hGH is a member of a class of hematopoietins possessing an antiparallel 4-alpha-helix bundle fold. Mutagenesis experiments suggest that electrostatic interactions may have an important influence on hormone-receptor recognition. In order to examine the specificity of hormone-receptor complexation, an analysis was made of the electrostatic potentials of hGH, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and the hGH and IL-4 receptors. The binding surfaces of hGH and its receptor, and of IL-4 and its receptor, show complementary electrostatic potentials. The potentials of the hGH and its receptor display approximately 2-fold rotational symmetry because the receptor subunits are identical. In contrast, the potentials of GM-CSF and IL-2 lack such symmetry, consistent with their known high affinity for hetero-oligomeric receptors. Analysis of the electrostatic potentials supports a recently proposed hetero-oligomeric model for a high-affinity IL-4 receptor and suggests a possible new receptor binding mode for G-CSF; it also provides valuable information for guiding structural and mutagenesis studies of signal-transducing proteins and their receptors.
Soft lithographic fabrication of an image sensor array on a curved substrate (2004)

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Antiangiogenic drugs in the management of ocular diseases: Focus on antivascular endothelial growth factor (2010)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) complications are the leading cause of severe vision loss among the aging population in the many western countries. The introduction of molecular inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), such as pegaptanib, ranibizumab, and bevacizumab, as treatments for wet AMD has provided new hope for affected patients. Now we have these treatment options, which have the possibility to improve or maintain visual acuity for patients suffering from AMD. The treatment needs to be optimized and this is in progress. Based on emerging evidence, adopting a variable VEGF inhibitor-dosing strategy guided by visual acuity assessment and optical coherence tomography are now being tried to reduce the frequency of injections. VEGF inhibitors in combination with photodynamic therapy are another way to optimize treatment. Physicians are waiting for new guidelines for the management of AMD and the results of current and upcoming trials systematically addressing these issues will be expected to provide it.
Radial Distortion Snakes (2000)

sbkang~microsoft.com In this paper, we address the problem of recovering the camera radial distortion coefficients from one image. The approach that we propose uses a special kind of snakes called radial distortion snakes. Radial distortion snakes behave like conventional deformable contours, except that their behavior are globally connected via a consistent model of image radial distortion. Experiments show that radial distortion snakes are more robust and accurate than conventional snakes and manual point selection. 1
Permeability of human brain tumor to 99mTc-glucoheptonate and 99mTc-albumin (1986)

The variable penetration of chemotherapeutic drugs into brain and tumor is more dependent upon lipid solubility than upon size. In contrast, the molecular weight of virus- and tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies appears to limit uptake. The authors have studied eight patients with malignant brain tumors in order to compare tumor uptake of an iodinated contrast agent evaluated by computerized tomography scanning with uptake of the low and high molecular weight imaging agents technetium-99m (99mTc)-glucoheptonate and 99mTc-albumin, respectively, measured by radionuclide brain scanning. The agent 99mTc-labeled albumin was chosen for evaluation because its molecular weight (68,000) is similar to that of the most clinically promising monoclonal antibody fragment, the immunoglobulin (Ig) G Fab monomeric fragment. The radionuclide brain scans in the eight patients showed highly variable permeability of brain tumor to these markers, with uptake of the high molecular weight marker in the tumor being much less than that of the low molecular weight radionuclide. A clinical implication of these studies is that the success of monoclonal antibody therapy in the treatment of malignant brain tumors may require techniques to increase permeability of the blood-brain barrier and blood-tumor barrier to protein.
VIRAL CHEMOKINE-BINDING PROTEINS INHIBIT INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES AND AORTIC ALLOGRAFT TRANSPLANT VASCULOPATHY IN RAT MODELS (2004)

Viral chemokine-modulating proteins effectively reduce aortic allograft vasculopathy, acting predominantly through inhibition of a CC chemokine-mediated response.
Discovery of Novel Seven-Membered Prostacyclin Analogues as Potent and Selective Prostaglandin FP and EP3 Dual Agonists (2016)

A novel series of prostaglandin analogues with a seven-membered ring scaffold was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for the functional activation of prostaglandin receptors to identify potent and subtype-selective FP and EP3 dual agonists. Starting from the prostacyclin derivative <b>5b</b>, a nonselective agonist for prostaglandin receptors, replacement of the core structure with an octahydro-2<i>H</i>-cyclopenta[<i>b</i>]oxepine scaffold led to the discovery of the potent and selective FP and EP3 dual agonist <b>11b</b> as a lead compound for the development of an antiglaucoma agent.