gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Type Independent Correction of Sample Selection Bias via Structural Discovery and Re-balancing (2008)

Sample selection bias is a common problem in many real world applications, where training data are obtained under realistic constraints that make them follow a different distribution from the future testing data. For example, in the application of hospital clinical studies, it is common practice to build models from the eligible volunteers as the training data, and then apply the model to the entire populations. Because these volunteers are usually not selected at random, the training set may not be drawn from the same distribution as the test set. Thus, such a dataset suffers from “sample selection bias” or “covariate shift”. In the past few years, much work has been proposed to reduce sample selection bias, mainly by statically matching the distribution between training set and test set. But in this paper, we do not explore the different distributions directly. Instead, we propose to discover the natural structure of the target distribution, by which different types of sample selection biases can be evidently observed and then be reduced by generating a new sample set from the structure. In particular, unlabeled data are involved in the new sample set to enhance the ability to minimize sample selection bias. One main advantage of the proposed approach is that it can correct all types of sample selection biases, while most of the previously proposed approaches are designed for some specific types of biases. In experimental studies, we simulate all 3 types of sample selection biases on 17 different classification problems, thus 17 × 3 biased datasets are used to test the performance of the proposed algorithm. The baseline models include decision tree, naive Bayes, nearest neighbor, and logistic regression. Across all combinations, the increase in accuracy over non-corrected sample set is 30% on average using each baseline model.
유해성원칙, 후견주의, 자유주의 (2002)

`Harm principle` has been widely accepted as the principle limiting legal coercion against individual`s liberty. It was proposed by an English liberal philosopher, John Stuart Mill, and has been supported and strengthened by many legal liberalists, among whom H.L.A. Hart and J. Feinberg are thought to be representative. But the three liberalists understood the principle differently, especially in its relation to legal paternalism. I tried in this article to inquire into the differences appeared in their theories, thus examine whether harm principle can be considered as both practical and coherent theory or not. According to my study, Mill sacrificed practical plausibility in favor of theoretical simplicity and coherence. Hart and Feinberg, therefore, could not help modifying Mill`s harm principle in order to escape from Mill`s weakness. Nevertheless, their efforts to make the principle practically plausible did not succeed sufficiently, rather only caused to destroy the coherence of the principle. My conclusion is that harm principle is too problematic to apply it coherently in reality.
Demonstration of a quantum logic gate in a cryogenic surface-electrode ion trap (2010)

We demonstrate quantum control techniques for a single trapped ion in a cryogenic, surface-electrode trap. A narrow optical transition of ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}$ along with the ground and first excited motional states of the harmonic trapping potential form a two-qubit system. The optical qubit transition is susceptible to magnetic field fluctuations, which we stabilize with a simple and compact method using superconducting rings. Decoherence of the motional qubit is suppressed by the cryogenic environment. ac Stark shift correction is accomplished by controlling the laser phase in the pulse sequencer, eliminating the need for an additional laser. Quantum process tomography is implemented on atomic and motional states by use of conditional pulse sequences. With these techniques, we demonstrate a Cirac-Zoller controlled-not gate in a single ion with a mean fidelity of $91(1)%$.
Clozapine and Metabolites (1994)

Clozapine (CLZ) and metabolites norclozapine and clozapine-N-oxide were assayed with a new, sensitive (2 pmol), and selective method in 68 serum samples from 44 psychotic subjects, 20 to 54 years old, ill 16 years, and treated with CLZ for 2.2 years (currently at 294 mg, 3.4 mg/kg daily). CLZ levels averaged 239 ng/ml (0.73 microM; 92 ng/ml per mg/kg dose) or 48% of total analytes (norclozapine = 41% [91% of CLZ] and clozapine-N-oxide = 11%); metabolite and CLZ levels were highly correlated (rs = 0.9), and CLZ levels varied with daily dose (rs = 0.7). Sampling twice yielded similar within-subject analyte levels (r = 0.8 to 0.9; difference = 24% to 33%). Range and variance narrowed when levels were expressed per weight-corrected dose (ng/ml per mg/kg). Levels per dose were 40% higher in nonsmoking women than men, despite a 60% lower milligram per kilogram dose in women, and did not vary by diagnosis or age in this limited sample. Fluoxetine increased serum CLZ analytes by 60%; valproate had less effect. Patients rated treatment very positively; observer-assessed benefits typically were more moderate. Common late side effects were sialorrhea (80%), excess sedation (58%), obesity (55% > 200 lb), mild tachycardia (51%), constipation (32%), and enuresis (27%); there were no seizures or leukopenia. There was little evident relationship of drug dose or serum level to current clinical measures or side effect risks.
Global prevailing and emerging pediatric pneumococcal serotypes (2010)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths among children younger than 5 years of age worldwide. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) is currently licensed in more than 90 countries and has contributed to significant declines in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Recent studies report an increased incidence of IPD caused by non-PCV7 vaccine serotypes (NVTs). Seroepidemiology of IPD caused by NVTs following the introduction of PCV7 is of interest, and this article provides a comprehensive global summary of the prevailing and emerging serotypes causing IPD in children. Currently, globally emerging or persistent NVTs include serotypes 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F and 19A. Serotypes included in the recently licensed 10-valent pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PCV10) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) account for pneumococcal disease burdens in most developed countries of 65-85% and 80-90%, respectively. The seroprevalence of NVTs after widespread use of PCV10 and PCV13 requires ongoing monitoring.
A putative receptor tyrosine kinase with unique structural topology. (1991)

We have cloned a murine cDNA on the basis of homology to the tyrosine kinase domain of the bek fibroblast growth factor receptor. This cDNA encodes a putative tyrosine kinase receptor with a unique structural pattern in its extracellular domain. It is a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with two immunoglobulin-like domains. It also contains two fibronectin type III domains which are found on diverse proteins such as receptor tyrosine phosphatases and neural cell adhesion molecules. This protein tyrosine kinase called ark (adhesion-related kinase) is likely to represent a new class of receptor tyrosine kinase. Ark mRNA appears to be expressed in most cell lines and adult tissues examined except those of hematopoietic lineage. It is undetectable in undifferentiated teratocarcinoma cells, F9 and N Tera 2.
Highly Efficient Red‐Emission Polymer Phosphorescent Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Two Novel Tris(1‐phenylisoquinolinato‐<i>C</i>2,<i>N</i>)iridium(III) Derivatives (2007)

Tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium (Ir(ppy)3) derivatives are used to fabricate highly efficient red-emission phosphorescent polymer LEDs. The continuous tuning of the electron current to balance the hole current perfectly, by changing the thickness of the electron-injection layer, is demonstrated. Peak efficiencies of 16.9 cd A–1 and 17.6 lm W–1 are achieved for red emission (see figure).
A numerical study of bubble growth during low pressure structural foam molding process (1990)

Abstract The bubble size distribution created by the expanding foam plays a key role in controlling the load‐bearing and other mechanical properties of the manufactured structural foam part. A numerical method to study the bubble growth and predict the bubble size distribution in polymeric foams is presented. On the microscopic scale, a cell model has been used. A cell is a system composed of a hypothetical spherical gas bubble and an envelope of polymer with constant mass surrounding the bubble. On the macroscopic scale, the foam has been modeled as a compressible medium consisting of a number of cells growing in close proximity to each other. The coupled system of the bubble growth equations for a cell and the field equations for the polymeric fluid are solved numerically to predict the spatial bubble size distribution and the flow front movement during the expansion process. The influence of different dimensionless parameters on the growth of spatially distributed bubbles and on the relative reduction in the transient bulk foam density, under isothermal condition; has been predicted. The existence of an axial pressure gradient in the mold due to the spatial variation of bubble growth is demonstrated through numerical experiments.
Red Ginseng Inhibits Scratching Behavior Associated With Atopic Dermatitis in Experimental Animal Models (2012)

Pruritus is a severe symptom that is difficult to treat in atopic dermatitis patients. Red ginseng (RG), a natural medicine, has various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we examined the efficacy of RG extract (RGE) and its mechanism on experimental atopic dermatitis in mice. The effects of RGE on vascular permeability and itching were first evaluated. Histamine-induced permeability and itching were significantly inhibited by embrocation with RGE as well as diphenhydramine, an antihistamine drug. Next, we assessed the therapeutic effect of topical RGE in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis was induced by repeated application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) acetone solution to the mouse ear. The effects of tacrolimus (a calcineurin blocker), dexamethasone (a corticosteroid), and RGE on dermatitis and associated scratching behavior were compared. Repeated DNFB application caused frequent scratching behaviors and ear swelling. Topical treatment with tacrolimus, dexamethasone, and RGE for 8 days before the final challenge with DNFB significantly inhibited ear swelling. Tacrolimus and RGE significantly inhibited scratching behavior, whereas dexamethasone failed to do so. DNFB-induced nerve growth factor expression and nerve fiber extension were significantly attenuated by tacrolimus and RGE, but not by dexamethasone. RGE may have the potential for treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Interleukin-5 Therapy in Patients with Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2016)

Anti-interleukin 5 monoclonal therapies for asthma could be safe for slightly improving FEV1 (or FEV1% of predicted value), quality of life, and reducing exacerbations risk and blood and sputum eosinophils, but have no significant effect on PEF, histamine PC20, and SABA rescue use. Further trials required to establish to clarify the optimal antibody for different patients.
Cell adhesion as a novel approach to determining the cellular binding motif on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein (2014)

Emerging life threatening pathogens such as severe acute aspiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV), avian-origin influenzas H7N9, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have caused a high case-fatality rate and psychological effects on society and the economy. Therefore, a simple, rapid, and safe method to investigate a therapeutic approach against these pathogens is required. In this study, a simple, quick, and safe cell adhesion inhibition assay was developed to determine the potential cellular binding site on the SARS-CoV spike protein. Various synthetic peptides covering the potential binding site helped to minimize further the binding motif to 10-25 residues. Following analyses, 2 peptides spanning the 436-445 and 437-461 amino acids of the spike protein were identified as peptide inhibitor or peptide vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV.
Loss of function of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 leads to unconventional lignin and a temperature-sensitive growth defect in <i>Medicago truncatula</i> (2013)

There is considerable debate over the capacity of the cell wall polymer lignin to incorporate unnatural monomer units. We have identified Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion mutants of barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) that show reduced lignin autofluorescence under UV microscopy and red coloration in interfascicular fibers. The phenotype is caused by insertion of retrotransposons into a gene annotated as encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, here designated M. truncatula CAD1. NMR analysis indicated that the lignin is derived almost exclusively from coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde and is therefore strikingly different from classical lignins, which are derived mainly from coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols. Despite such a major alteration in lignin structure, the plants appear normal under standard conditions in the greenhouse or growth chamber. However, the plants are dwarfed when grown at 30 °C. Glycome profiling revealed an increased extractability of some xylan and pectin epitopes from the cell walls of the cad1-1 mutant but decreased extractability of others, suggesting that aldehyde-dominant lignin significantly alters cell wall structure.
Frequency dependence of elastic properties of acoustic foams (2005)

Polyurethane (PU) and other plastic foams are widely used as passive acoustic absorbers. For optimal design, it is often necessary to know the viscoelastic properties of these materials in the frequency range relevant to their application. A nonresonance technique (dynamic stiffness) based on a forced vibrations procedure is used to investigate the frequency dependent complex shear modulus of a PU foam. This modulus is first measured, in a quasistatic configuration, in the frequency range (0.016–16 Hz) at different temperatures between 0 and 20 °C. It is afterwards predicted over a wide frequency range (0.01–3000 Hz) using the frequency-temperature superposition principle. The validation of this principle is discussed through quasistatic experiments. Under the assumption that Poisson’s ratio of polymeric foams is real and frequency independent on the frequency range used, the frequency dependence of the complex shear modulus obtained is used to predict the complex stiffness of the acoustic foam on a wide frequency range.
THIN FILM CulnGaSe2 CELL DEVELOPMENT (1993)

The characteristics of polycrystalline, thin film CulnlxGaxSe2 (CIGS)/ZnO solar cells with a total area efficiency of 13.7% are reported. These nominally 1 cm2 cells are prepared by elemental coevaporation of the selenide material, chemical deposition of a thin (2030 nm) CdZnS layer and RF magnetron sputtering of the ZnO transparent conductive film. The Ga and Zn contents were measured to be 26% and 20%, respectively. We attribute the improved performance over our previous ClGS cells to a slightly higher Ga concentration and to the preparation of ZnO films with lower optical losses.
Variable clinical expression of mutations in the P/Q-type calcium channel gene in familial hemiplegic migraine (1998)

Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is an autosomal dominant subtype of migraine with aura, with half of the families being assigned to chromosome 19p13. We identified missense mutations in a brain-specific calcium channel alpha1A-subunit (CACNA1A) gene on 19p13 segregating with FHM and truncating mutations in families with episodic ataxia type 2 (EA-2). Expansions of an intragenic CAG repeat have been shown in autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (SCA6). Hence, FHM, EA-2, and SCA6 are allelic ion channel disorders. We analyzed the phenotype-genotype relation in three unrelated FHM families with the calcium channel alpha1A-subunit gene mutations I1811L (two families) and V714A (one family). We found mutations in all but three patients with FHM (i.e., three phenocopies). In addition, the I1811L mutation occurred in two patients with "nonhemiplegic" migraine and in one subject without migraine. Cerebellar ataxia was found in both families with the I1811L mutation but not in the family with the V714A mutation. We failed to find expansions of the intragenic CAG repeat in FHM patients with cerebellar ataxia. We conclude that the I1811L mutation causes both FHM and cerebellar ataxia independent of the number of CAG repeats. The I1811L mutation may also occur in "normal" migraine patients, supporting the hypothesis that FHM is part of the migraine spectrum.
Expert visual guidance of ultrasound for telemedicine (2010)

Expert visual guidance (EVG) is computer assistance that displays to the examiner how the image plane moves towards (or away from) a desired anatomical location as the ultrasound probe is manipulated over the patient's body. We tested whether EVG by a remote expert could assist inexperienced examiners in acquiring abdominal ultrasound images. The inexperienced examiners were 20 medical students, who were randomly assigned to verbal instruction alone (Group 1) or to EVG (Group 2). The examiners were tested on their ability to visualize the abdominal aorta and the right kidney. Group 2 was more successful in identifying specified anatomy in longitudinal and cross-sectional views of the aorta (95 vs. 75%, P = 0.032) and kidney (98 vs. 88%, P = 0.09). The groups succeeded equally well in obtaining a true cross-sectional view of the aorta. Kidney length was also similar when measured by the two groups. The results demonstrate that an inexperienced ultrasonographer can be significantly assisted by EVG compared to verbal instruction alone. This could be useful for tele-mentoring in rural hospitals as well as for teaching, both in person and at a remote site.
Antitumor activity of a pyrrole-imidazole polyamide (2013)

Many cancer therapeutics target DNA and exert cytotoxicity through the induction of DNA damage and inhibition of transcription. We report that a DNA minor groove binding hairpin pyrrole-imidazole (Py-Im) polyamide interferes with RNA polymerase II (RNAP2) activity in cell culture. Polyamide treatment activates p53 signaling in LNCaP prostate cancer cells without detectable DNA damage. Genome-wide mapping of RNAP2 binding shows reduction of occupancy, preferentially at transcription start sites, but occupancy at enhancer sites is unchanged. Polyamide treatment results in a time- and dose-dependent depletion of the RNAP2 large subunit RPB1 that is preventable with proteasome inhibition. This polyamide demonstrates antitumor activity in a prostate tumor xenograft model with limited host toxicity.
Digital filter equalization of analog gain and phase mismatch in I-Q receivers (2002)

Gain and phase mismatch between the two signal processing paths of an I-Q receiver are responsible for artifacts which limit the dynamic range of a communication system. We describe and demonstrate a technique to adaptively balance the gain and phase of the I-Q paths with DSP based balancing loops which operate as background tasks while processing input data.
Acellularization of Human Placenta With Preservation of the Basement Membrane (2003)

Basement membrane directs cell migration, cell adherence, and tissue organization in vivo. These qualities would be advantageous in tissue engineering, during which repopulation of scaffolds by functional cells is a common problem. The purpose of this study was to expose human term placenta to a chemical acellularization protocol using the isolated cotyledon perfusion technique to develop an acellular scaffold rich in extracellular matrix components for tissue engineering applications. The processed blocks of tissue demonstrated no cellular material on histologic examination. Periodic acid-Schiff staining, type IV collagen labeling, and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated preservation of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. Maintenance of the extracellular matrix architecture was seen on scanning electron microscopy. Placenta-derived acellular matrix is a potential volume scaffold for tissue engineering. It is rich in extracellular matrix, has a complex architecture of vascular channels, and has unique donor opportunities.
Titanium ferrocenyl-phosphinimide complexes (2009)

Oxidation of [CpFe(eta(5)-C(5)H(4)PtBu(2))] with Me(3)SiN(3) gave the phosphinimine [CpFe(eta(5)-C(5)H(4)PtBu(2)NSiMe(3))] (1) which was used to prepare [Cp'TiCl(2)(NPtBu(2)C(5)H(4))FeCp] (Cp' = Cp , Cp* 4) and subsequently [Cp'TiMe(2)(NPtBu(2)C(5)H(4))FeCp] (Cp' = Cp 3, Cp* 5). Similarly, [(eta(5)-C(5)Ph(5))Fe(eta(5)-C(5)H(4)PtBu(2)NSiMe(3))] 6 was converted to [CpTiX(2)(NPtBu(2)C(5)H(4))Fe(eta(5)-C(5)Ph(5))] (X = Cl 7, Me 8). The bis-phosphinimine [Fe{eta(5)-C(5)H(4)PtBu(2)(NSiMe(3))}(2)] (9) was prepared and used to obtain [{Fe(eta(5)-C(5)H(4)PtBu(2)N)(2)}TiCl(2)] (10) and [{Fe(eta(5)-C(5)H(4)PtBu(2)N)(2)}TiMe(2)] (11). These species exhibited a temperature dependent conformational change in the chelate geometry on the NMR time scale. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed pseudo reversible redox waves assigned to the Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) couple for 2 and 4, while 10 exhibited only irreversible oxidations. Compound was also used to prepare [Fe(eta(5)-C(5)H(4)PtBu(2)NTiXCl(2))(2)] (X = Cl 12, Cp 13, Cp* 15). Compounds 3 and 5 react with B(C(6)F(5))(3) or [CPh(3)][B(C(6)F(5))(3)] to generate salts of the formula [Cp'TiMe{(NPtBu(2)C(5)H(4))FeCp}]X (Cp' = Cp, X = [MeB(C(6)F(5))(3)] 17a, [B(C(6)F(5))(4)] 17b; Cp' = Cp*, X = [MeB(C(6)F(5))(3)] 18a, [B(C(6)F(5))(4)] 18b). Compounds 18 further generated [Cp*TiMe{HNPtBu(2)(C(5)H(4))Fe(eta(5),eta(1)-C(5)H(4))}]X (X = [MeB(C(6)F(5))(3)] 19a, [B(C(6)F(5))(4)] 19b), respectively. The cationic species 17a and 18a are very active polymerization catalysts, giving polyethylene with activities of 2400 and 5000 g mmol(-1) h(-1) atm(-1), respectively at 25 degrees C.