gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Ethidium Bromide Mutagenesis on Dimorphism, Extracellular Metabolism and Cytochrome Levels in Aureobasidium pullulans (1977)

Treatment of the dimorphic fungus Aureobasidium pullulans with ethidium bromide resulted in the production of several mutants, cultures of which produce an increased proportion of yeast-like cells. A comparison of several mutant isolates with the wild type suggested that the yeast-like cell is responsible for the production of the polysaccharide, pullulan. Mutation was also shown to affect other metabolic patterns, e.g. the reduced accumulation of extracellular ethanol by the mutant. The cytochrome components of the respiratory chain in the wild type were examined by whole-cell spectrophotometry and compared with those of the mutants; the latter had a decreased cytochrome content.
Threshold carrier density in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (1995)

A combination of spontaneous emission lifetime and spectral measurements is used to estimate the threshold carrier density in small diameter gain guided vertical cavity surface emitting lasers. Differential spontaneous emission lifetimes measured below threshold are extrapolated to a τth=0.4 ns at threshold. The corresponding threshold carrier density is Nth=7.9×1018 cm−3. The measured carrier densities are used to calculate spontaneous emission spectra. These are in agreement with the edge emission spectra obtained on cleaved laser chips. For the measured carrier density, we estimate the threshold gain at the emission wavelength of g=1640 cm−1.
ENet: A Deep Neural Network Architecture for Real-Time Semantic Segmentation (2016)

The ability to perform pixel-wise semantic segmentation in real-time is of paramount importance in mobile applications. Recent deep neural networks aimed at this task have the disadvantage of requiring a large number of floating point operations and have long run-times that hinder their usability. In this paper, we propose a novel deep neural network architecture named ENet (efficient neural network), created specifically for tasks requiring low latency operation. ENet is up to 18$\times$ faster, requires 75$\times$ less FLOPs, has 79$\times$ less parameters, and provides similar or better accuracy to existing models. We have tested it on CamVid, Cityscapes and SUN datasets and report on comparisons with existing state-of-the-art methods, and the trade-offs between accuracy and processing time of a network. We present performance measurements of the proposed architecture on embedded systems and suggest possible software improvements that could make ENet even faster.
The Role of Statins in Cancer Therapy (2006)

Administration of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, or statins, to ambulatory patients is associated with a lower incidence of long-term adverse cardiovascular events, including death, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and renal dysfunction. However, increasing clinical evidence suggests that statins, independent of their effects on serum cholesterol levels, may also play a potential role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Specifically, statins have been shown to exert several beneficial antineoplastic properties, including decreased tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The feasibility and efficacy of statins for the prevention and treatment of cancer is reviewed.
Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS Nanofibrils Induced by Solution‐Processed Crystallization (2013)

Crystalline poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) nanofibrils with an electrical conductivity of 4380 S cm-1 are formed via a solution process using H2SO4. The concentrated H2SO4 treatment induces a significant structural rearrangement of the PEDOT:PSS via a charge-separated transition mechanism, resulting in highly ordered and densely packed PEDOT:PSS nanofibrils. The PEDOT:PSS electrode shows a sheet resistance of 46 Ω sq-1 with 90% optical transmittance. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
On the influence of excited atoms on the electron kinetics of a surface wave sustained argon plasma (1994)

The influence of excited atoms on the characteristics of a surface wave produced argon discharge is investigated. A self-consistent model is used to determine simultaneously the electron energy distribution function, the population densities of the 4s states of argon and the maintaining electric field strength. The theoretical results are compared with spectroscopic measurements of the population densities and with Langmuir probe results for the electron distribution function.
&lt;title&gt;200-W solar energy delivery with optical fiber bundles&lt;/title&gt; (1997)

Flexible optical fibers and fiber bundles can be used to transfer solar energy to a desirable place, where it could be used either to pump a laser crystal or to carry out other useful mechanical, chemical or thermal processings. Two flexible fiber-optic bundles were built. Each bundle consists of 19 optical fibers of 1.5 mm diameter each. The input section of each single fiber is polished to form a hexagonal column. When the input columns were joined together, two compact fiber-optic bundles were formed, leaving no dead space between the fibers and hence, the concentrated solar energy was transmitted without extra loss. Two off-axis parabolic mirrors with hexagonal form were held onto a solar tracker which continuously tracks the Sun. With an incident intensity of 650 W/cm<SUP>2</SUP>, each primary mirror captured 143 W solar energy and concentrated it into a light spot of hexagonal form, which matches well with the input area of the fiber-optic bundle. Solar energy of 100 W was successfully delivered by each bundle, with transmission efficiency of 70%. The two fiber bundles were also combined to form a large bundle for 200 W solar energy delivery.
Differential selectivity of cardiac neurons in separate intrathoracic autonomic ganglia (1998)

Analyses of activity generated by neurons in middle cervical or stellate ganglia versus intrinsic cardiac ganglia were performed to determine how neurons in different intrathoracic ganglia, which are involved in cardiac regulation, interact. Discharges of 19% of intrathoracic extracardiac neurons and 32% of intrinsic cardiac neurons were related to cardiodynamics. Epicardial touch increased the activity generated by approximately 80% of intrinsic cardiac neurons and approximately 60% of extracardiac neurons. Both populations responded similarly to epicardial chemical stimuli. Activity generated by neurons in intrinsic cardiac ganglia demonstrated no consistent short-term relationships to neurons in extracardiac ganglia. Myocardial ischemia influenced extracardiac and intrinsic cardiac neurons similarly. Carotid artery baroreceptors influenced neurons in ipsilateral extracardiac ganglia. After decentralization from the central nervous system, intrinsic cardiac neurons received afferent inputs primarily from cardiac chemosensitive neurites, whereas middle cervical ganglion neurons received afferent inputs primarily from cardiac mechanosensory neurites. It is concluded that the populations of neurons in different intrathoracic ganglia can display differential reflex control of cardiac function. Their redundancy in function and noncoupled behavior minimizes cardiac dependency on a single population of intrathoracic neurons.
The Ocean's Seismic Hum (2005)

Since the early 20th century, seismometers have detected a continuous, low-frequency seismic that is caused by wave-wave interactions in the ocean. In their Perspective,
 Kedar and Webb
 review advances reported at a recent meeting toward understanding the origins of this hum (which is referred to as ocean microseisms) and utilizing it in Earth science applications. For example, ocean microseisms can be used to assess El NiA±o conditions for times when few ocean data were available. They can also be used to monitor temporal changes in Earth9s upper crust that cannot be detected with conventional seismology methods. Space- and airborne instruments may help to identify more clearly those regions where ocean microseisms are generated.
L1 is a potential marker for poorly-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (2006)

AIM: To determine the expression of L1 in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and to correlate it with WHO classification of this tumor.
Genome-Wide Prediction of Functional Gene-Gene Interactions Inferred from Patterns of Genetic Differentiation in Mice and Men (2008)

The human genome encodes a limited number of genes yet contributes to individual differences in a vast array of heritable traits. A possible explanation for the capacity our genome to generate this virtually unlimited range of phenotypic variation in complex traits is to assume functional interactions between genes. Therefore we searched two mammalian genomes to identify potential epistatic interactions by looking for co-adapted genes marked by excess two-locus genetic differentiation between populations/lineages using publicly available SNP genotype data. The practical motivation for this effort is to reduce the number of pair-wise tests that need to be performed in genome-wide association studies aimed at detecting GxG interactions, by focusing on pairs predicted to be more likely to jointly affect variation in complex traits. Hence, this approach generates a list of candidate interactions that can be empirically tested. In both the mouse and human data we observed two-locus genetic differentiation in excess of what can be expected from chance alone based on simulations. In an attempt to validate our hypothesis that pairs of genes showing excess genetic divergence represent potential functional interactions, we selected a small set of gene combinations postulated to be interacting based on our analyses and looked for a combined effect of the selected genes on variation in complex traits in both mice and man. In both cases the individual effect of the genes were not significant, instead we observed marginally significant interaction effects. These results show that genome wide searches for gene-gene interactions based on population genetic data are feasible and can generate interesting candidate gene pairs to be further tested for their contribution to phenotypic variation in complex traits.
Characterisation of Mammalian GLUT Glucose Transporters in a Heterologous Yeast Expression System (2003)

We have developed a new heterologous expression system for mammalian glucose transporters. The system is based on a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain completely deleted for all its endogenous hexose transporters and unable to take up and to grow on hexoses. To target the heterologous glucose transporters into the yeast plasma membrane in a fully active form, additional mutations had to be introduced into the hexose transport-deficient strain. Although GLUT1 was localized at the cell surface already in the parent strain, it supported uptake of glucose only in an deltaHXT FGY1-1 mutant strain. Moreover, various mutations within the first half of the second predicted transmembrane helix converted GLUT1 into a form able to support uptake of glucose into yeast cells. GLUT4 was trapped in intracellular structures but became functionally expressed in the plasma membrane in deltaHXT FGY1-1 FGY4X mutant strains. Glucose transport kinetics were determined with intact yeast cells by zero-trans influx measurements with a Km of 3.2 mM for human GLUT1 and of 12.6 mM for human GLUT4. Cytochalasin B inhibited these activities. Growth tests revealed that both transporter proteins are able to mediate uptake of glucose, mannose and galactose, but not of fructose. The new heterologous expression system should be a valuable tool to develop cell based high-throughput screening assays for identifying pharmaceutical compounds influencing the transporters.
Detection of Diverse Bacterial Signatures in Atherosclerotic Lesions of Patients With Coronary Heart Disease (2006)

Detection of a broad variety of molecular signatures in all CHD specimens suggests that diverse bacterial colonization may be more important than a single pathogen. Our observation does not allow us to conclude that bacteria are the causative agent in the etiopathogenesis of CHD. However, bacterial agents could have secondarily colonized atheromatous lesions and could act as an additional factor accelerating disease progression.
A Chemical investigation of aloe barbadensis miller (1978)

Free amino acids, free monosaccharides and total saccharides released upon hydrolysis, sterols, and triterpenoids of the leaves of Aloe barbadensis Miller leaves were determined. Some seventeen amino acids, D-glucose, and D-mannose were present in the water-soluble fraction. Cholesterol, campesterol, β-sitosterol, and lupeol were found in substantial amounts in the lipid fraction. An unknown(s) alkaloid was detected using Dragendorff&amp;apos;s reagent.
Silicone granulomatous reactions after first metatarsophalangeal hemiarthroplasty (1993)

We reviewed 55 patients (78 feet) who had undergone silicone hemiarthroplasty of the first metatarsophalangeal joint for hallux valgus (40) or hallux rigidus (38). At a mean period of 4.5 years (1 to 11), 56 feet had radiological evidence suggestive of silicone granulomatous disease. The frequency and severity of the changes increased with time from the operation. Histological material from three revisions confirmed the presence of silicone granulomata. We recommend that the operation of silicone hemiarthroplasty for hallux valgus and hallux rigidus be abandoned.
Pseudonoise Code Acquisition Using Majority Logic Decoding (1973)

This paper considers the use of majority logic decoding as a pseudonoise code acquisition technique. A bound on the probability of code acquisition is derived and it is shown that the probability of acquiring an 8191 code in one attempt can be made nearly one at -10-dB SNR.
Structure-aware synthesis for predictive woven fabric appearance (2012)

Woven fabrics have a wide range of appearance determined by their small-scale 3D structure. Accurately modeling this structural detail can produce highly realistic renderings of fabrics and is critical for predictive rendering of fabric appearance. But building these yarn-level volumetric models is challenging. Procedural techniques are manually intensive, and fail to capture the naturally arising irregularities which contribute significantly to the overall appearance of cloth. Techniques that acquire the detailed 3D structure of real fabric samples are constrained only to model the scanned samples and cannot represent different fabric designs. This paper presents a new approach to creating volumetric models of woven cloth, which starts with user-specified fabric designs and produces models that correctly capture the yarn-level structural details of cloth. We create a small database of volumetric exemplars by scanning fabric samples with simple weave structures. To build an output model, our method synthesizes a new volume by copying data from the exemplars at each yarn crossing to match a weave pattern that specifies the desired output structure. Our results demonstrate that our approach generalizes well to complex designs and can produce highly realistic results at both large and small scales.
Antibody‐mediated modulation of immune responses (2010)

Activation of the humoral immune system by microbial infections or self-antigens results in the initiation of strong pro-inflammatory reactions. Antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype play a crucial role in this cascade of reactions, resulting in the clearance of invading microbes and the generation of long lasting immunity. In addition, IgG antibodies feedback on the generation of novel IgG antibodies by activated B cells, impact plasma cell survival, and participate actively in maintaining and returning to the steady state. This review focuses on our current models of how IgG molecules can have this diverse array of activities.
Surviving the Acid Test: Responses of Gram-Positive Bacteria to Low pH (2003)

Gram-positive bacteria possess a myriad of acid resistance systems that can help them to overcome the challenge posed by different acidic environments. In this review the most common mechanisms are described: i.e., the use of proton pumps, the protection or repair of macromolecules, cell membrane changes, production of alkali, induction of pathways by transcriptional regulators, alteration of metabolism, and the role of cell density and cell signaling. We also discuss the responses of Listeria monocytogenes, Rhodococcus, Mycobacterium, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, oral streptococci, and lactic acid bacteria to acidic environments and outline ways in which this knowledge has been or may be used to either aid or prevent bacterial survival in low-pH environments.
Genomics screen in transformed stem cells reveals RNASEH2A, PPAP2C, and ADARB1 as putative anticancer drug targets (2009)

Since the sequencing of the human genome, recent efforts in cancer drug target discovery have focused more on the identification of novel functions of known genes and the development of more appropriate tumor models. In the present study, we investigated in vitro transformed human adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to identify novel candidate cancer drug targets by analyzing the transcriptional profile of known enzymes compared with non-transformed MSC. The identified enzymes were compared with published cancer gene expression data sets. Surprisingly, the majority of up-regulated enzymes are already known cancer drug targets or act within known druggable pathways. Only three enzymes (RNASEH2A, ADARB1, and PPAP2C) are potentially novel targets that are up-regulated in transformed MSC and expressed in numerous carcinomas and sarcomas. We confirmed the overexpression of RNASEH2A, PPAP2C, and ADARB1 in transformed MSC, transformed fibroblasts, and cancer cell lines MCF7, SK-LMS1, MG63, and U2OS. In functional assays, we show that small interfering RNA knockdown of RNASEH2A inhibits anchorage-independent growth but does not alter in vitro proliferation of cancer cell lines, normal MSC, or normal fibroblasts. Knockdown of PPAP2C impaired anchorage-dependent in vitro growth of cancer cell lines and impaired the in vitro growth of primary MSC but not differentiated human fibroblasts. We show that the knockdown of PPAP2C decreases cell proliferation by delaying entry into S phase of the cell cycle and is transcriptionally regulated by p53. These in vitro data validate PPAP2C and RNASEH2A as putative cancer targets and endorse this in silico approach for identifying novel candidates.
The Effect of Chronic Aspirin Use on Duodenal and Gastric Ulcer Hospitalizations (1990)

Aspirin is commonly accepted as a risk factor for gastric ulcer; however, there is little published evidence linking aspirin consumption to duodenal ulcer. The effect of 1 g of aspirin per day on site-specific ulcer hospitalizations was examined using data from a 3-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 4,524 subjects (Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Study). There were 23 duodenal ulcer and 14 gastric ulcer hospitalizations during the follow-up period. All but two were verified by endoscopy, radiogram, or biopsy/surgery. For males, a Cox-model survival analysis showed that the age- and smoking-adjusted relative risk for duodenal ulcer hospitalization was 10.7 times higher for the aspirin group than for the placebo group (95% confidence interval, 2.5 to 45.5; p less than 0.0001). The adjusted relative risk for gastric ulcer was 9.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 71.4; p = 0.04). Due to the small number of females in the study, the relationship between site-specific ulcer and aspirin consumption for females was not analyzed. However, for males and females combined, the age-, smoking-, and sex-adjusted relative risk for peptic ulcer hospitalization was 7.7 (95% confidence interval, 2.7 to 21.7; p less than 0.0001). We conclude that chronic aspirin use is a risk factor for hospitalization for both duodenal and gastric ulcer in males, and for peptic ulcer in males and females.
Separation of functionally distinct subpopulations of primitive human hematopoietic cells using rhodamine-123. (1991)

Normal human bone marrow (BM) contains a small population of cells that can give rise to clonogenic progenitors after 5 weeks in long-term culture (LTC). We have previously shown that these LTC-initiating cells (LTC-IC) differ from the majority of directly clonogenic cells with respect to both light-scattering properties and surface antigen expression. In this paper we show that virtually all LTC-IC (94%) are among the 3%-5% of light-density marrow cells that take up relatively low amounts of rhodamine-123 (Rh-123). In contrast, only 70% of erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) and 40% of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) are recovered in the Rh-123-dull fraction. In addition, we have found that double staining of marrow with Rh-123 and phycoerythrin-labeled anti-CD34 antibodies allows the CD34+ cells to be divided into two subpopulations, of which, on average, 35% are Rh-123-dull. Isolation of these CD34+ Rh-123-dull cells thus provides a single-step enrichment of approximately 240-fold in LTC-IC by comparison to the light-density (less than 1.077 g/cm3) fraction of normal BM. This represents an overall enrichment in LTC-IC of approximately 1000-fold. As expected from the results of staining with Rh-123 only, the majority of directly clonogenic cells are present in the CD34+ Rh-123-bright fraction, where they are enriched approximately 40-fold over their concentration in the light-density fraction. These results indicate marked differences in Rh-123 uptake between subsets of primitive human hematopoietic cells currently defined by different functional assays and suggest that RH-123 staining will be useful for the further purification and analysis of these cells.
Immunological and pathological outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 challenge after formalin-inactivated vaccine immunisation of ferrets and rhesus macaques (2020)

Abstract There is an urgent requirement for safe and effective vaccines to prevent novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2. A concern for the development of new viral vaccines is the potential to induce vaccine-enhanced disease (VED). This was reported in several preclinical studies with both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS vaccines but has not been reported with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We have used ferret and rhesus macaques challenged with SARS-CoV-2 to assess the potential for VED in animals vaccinated with formaldehyde-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (FIV) formulated with Alhydrogel, compared to a negative control vaccine in ferrets or unvaccinated macaques. We showed no evidence of enhanced disease in ferrets or rhesus macaques given FIV except for mild transient enhanced disease seen at seven days post infection in ferrets. This increased lung pathology was observed early in the infection (day 7) but was resolved by day 15. We also demonstrate that formaldehyde treatment of SARS-CoV-2 reduces exposure of the spike receptor binding domain providing a mechanistic explanation for suboptimal immunity.