gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Delivering Stem Cells to the Heart (2010)

Myocardial infarction is a prominent medical problem in the world today. Current treatments are limited and do not strive to regenerate the myocardial tissue that is lost post-infarction. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been shown to improve cardiac function when implanted post-infarction. The effectiveness of stem cell therapy largely depends on the delivery method. Current delivery methods are insufficient due to their low cell engraftment rate and inability to target the endocardium, where most myocardial infarctions occur. Biological microthreads are a promising new local cell delivery method that may improve upon these current limitations. We hypothesize that biological microthreads will increase efficiency of hMSC delivery to the beating rat heart compared to intramyocardial injection. To test our hypothesis we seeded biological microthreads in vitro with 100 ÃƒÂ¬L of cell suspension (100,000 hMSCs). After one day, an average of 11,806 ± 3,932 hMSCs were counted on the biological microthreads. The biological microthreads were attached to suture needles to allow targeted delivery to the rat heart (in the left ventricular wall). Human mesenchymal stem cells were loaded with quantum dots prior to seeding the biological microthread bundles or delivery to the rat heart via injection. For intramyocardial injection, a cell suspension containing 10,000 hMSCs (35 ÃƒÂ¬L) was injected into the myocardial wall using a 100 ÃƒÂ¬L syringe. The delivery efficiency of each method was determined by sectioning the heart into 8 µm thick sections and analyzing three sections every sixty sections (24 µm every 480 µm) for quantum dot loaded hMSCs. These sections were stained with Hoechst dye and quantum dot loaded cells in the heart sections were manually counted. The delivery efficiency of each biological microthread implantation was calculated by dividing the number of counted quantum dot loaded hMSCs in the heart wall by the average number of hMSCs on the biological microthread bundles (normalized to the length that was implanted in the heart wall) after 24 hours. The delivery efficiency of intramyocardial injection was calculated by dividing the number of counted quantum dot loaded hMSCs in the heart wall by 10,000 (the number of cells injected). Biological microthread mediated hMSC delivery had a significantly higher delivery efficiency (66.6 ± 11.1%) compared to intramyocardial injection (11.8 ± 6.25%) after 1 hour (p &lt; 0.05). Biological microthread implantation tracking illustrated that we were able to deliver hMSCs to the myocardium and endocardium of the left ventricular wall for hMSC delivery. This study illustrates that biological microthreads can serve as an efficient means of delivering hMSCs to the infarcted heart. Unlike the currently utilized delivery methods, biological microthreads can target the infarcted layer of the left ventricular wall and maximize hMSC engraftment to that layer.
Vagus Nerve Imaging with Ultrasound: Anatomic and in Vivo Validation (1998)

To provide the anatomic basis and demonstrate the reproducibility of ultrasound studies for the identification of the vagus nerve within its course in the carotid sheath in the neck, cadaveric and in vivo imaging studies were conducted. On transverse B-mode images of the neck, there is a centrally hypoechoic and peripherally hyperechoic structure between the common carotid artery and the jugular vein inside the carotid sheath. This structure was also identified in a fresh, nonpreserved cadaver and was marked with a hypodermic needle by means of a transdermal approach. Neck dissection was performed leaving the carotid sheath intact. B-mode imaging yielded detailed anatomic information about the structures in the carotid sheath. Further dissection showed the vagus nerve as the target of the needle. One hundred consecutive transverse carotid scans were reviewed, and the characteristic echo patterns of the vagus nerve were identified in 97 instances. A distinct and reproducible, round, hypoechoic structure was defined adjacent to the common carotid artery and jugular vein as the vagus nerve. On the basis of this study, a new, noninvasive, and highly reproducible method to locate the vagus nerve in the carotid sheath is introduced. This may lead to further clinical application such as presurgical localization or ultrasound-guided needle studies. Stimulation of the vagus nerve has been proposed for seizure therapy. The diagnosis of vagus nerve tumors may be improved.
Ultrasonic sensor-based motion control for robotic manipulators (2003)

A two-level hierarchical control structure is used to achieve motion-control of a robotic manipulator. A highly-directional ultrasonic distance ranging device is utilized to measure features of interest in the workspace of the robot arm. Off-line trajectory planning is combined with online motion guidance by the supervisory controller to formulate and execute the desired path movement. In a demonstration application, the vertical distance from a workpiece surface was measured and utilized to perform online trajectory adjustment for the robot cutting-tool motion. This makes it possible to compensate for factors such as robot performance limitations, inaccurate fixturing and inexact object location. The hardware implementation and control strategy used to provide verification of the concept are presented, along with the experimental results achieved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
CHIME: A Knowledge-based Computer-Human Interaction Monitoring Engine (1991)

One of the prerequisites to improving the quality of a user interface is the ability to capture and analyze human-computer interaction data. We claim that in order to perform an accurate and extensive analysis of human-computer interaction events, an automatic mechanism has to be used which attends to both the syntax and semantics of interaction. In this paper, we describe such a data capturing tool, and a model of interaction which it uses. We address issues of interference with user work, semantics of the interface, data collection, and integration of the monitor in a UIMS. We claim that the more knowledge a monitor has about the semantics of an application the more useful the data it collects.
Different Sialoside Epitopes on Collagen Film Surfaces Direct Mesenchymal Stem Cell Fate (2015)

3'-Sialyllactose and 6'-sialyllactose have been covalently linked to collagen films. Preliminary in vitro study on the behavior of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in terms of cell viability, proliferation and induction of osteogenic and chondrogenic related genes has been performed. Results indicate that sialoside epitopes on collagen surface represent a suitable support for MSCs adhesion and cell proliferation, moreover, the neoglycosylation provide MSCs with different and specific stimuli, saccharide-type depending, in term of expression of osteogenic and chondrogenic related genes. In particular, 3'-sialyllactose significantly upregulate the expression of RUNX2 and ALP, well-known markers of osteogenesis, whereas 6'-sialyllactose up-regulate the expression of chondrocyte marker ACAN. Because no osteogenic or chondrogenic supplements in culture media were added, the inductive effect in terms of increased gene expression has to be ascribed uniquely to collagen surface functionalization. These results support the promising role of sialosides in the regulation of stem cells fate and open brilliant perspective for the future use of the presented approach toward osteochondral tissue engineering applications.
An image processing approach to characterizing choroidal blood flow. (1990)

Indocyanine green (ICG) dye angiography has made possible routine visualization of choroidal blood flow in the human eye; however, to date, its clinical utility has been limited. An overlying layer of densely pigmented tissue and the complex, multilayered vascular structure of the choroid combine to produce angiographic images of low contrast which are difficult to interpret. Conventional image processing can enhance individual images of the blood vessels, but this approach contributes no information about the dynamics of blood flow. Using relatively inexpensive, commercially available personal computer hardware, angiographic image processing algorithms were developed which appear to characterize uniquely a subject choroid in terms of various blood flow parameters. We believe this to be the first successfully demonstrated approach to routinely characterizing the human choroidal circulation in a way that conserves spatial distribution of blood flow dynamics across the entire observed choroidal area. The computer system allows acquisition of digital images from photographic film negatives; alternatively, real-time direct digitization of images from a high-resolution video camera is possible. Once acquired, the digitized data are manipulated according to various algorithms that employ time-sequence analysis to generate two-dimensional curves or three-dimensional surfaces which characterize the choroidal circulation. The unique correspondence of each three-dimensional surface to the subject choroidal circulation from which it was derived is demonstrated. Grouping the characteristic three-dimensional surfaces according to various topographic features in common may provide a basis for discriminating between normal and abnormal choroidal circulations.
Hippocampal Pathologic Findings in Schizophrenia (1989)

We studied hippocampal sections from 13 schizophrenic patients, 9 nonschizophrenic patients, and 16 normal controls from the Yakovlev brain collection. The three groups were similar in age, gender distribution, and brain weight. Most patients had never received neuroleptics, and the two patient groups had had similar types of leukotomies. We used a semiautomated image analysis system to compute volume and pyramidal-cell density in each of the four sectors of the cornu ammonis, Ca1 through CA4, in the right and left hippocampi. Sections from schizophrenic patients had almost consistently the lowest volume and pyramidal-cell density in all sectors. The differences were greatest in left CA4, with schizophrenic patients having significantly lower pyramidal-cell density than normal controls and significantly lower volume than leukotomy controls. Our findings confirm the results of several recent studies showing hippocampal pathologic features in schizophrenia. Our study suggests, however, that the hippocampal neuropathologic findings in schizophrenia may be more subtle and more localized than those reported previously.
Group-theoretic algorithms for matrix multiplication (2006)

The exponent of matrix multiplication is the smallest real number ω such that for all ε>0, O(nω+ε) arithmetic operations suffice to multiply two n×n matrices. The standard algorithm for matrix multiplication shows that ω≤3. Strassen's remarkable result [5] shows that ω≤2.81, and a sequence of further works culminating in the work of Coppersmith and Winograd [4] have improved this upper bound to ω≤2.376 (see [1] for a full history). Most researchers believe that in fact ω=2, but there have been no further improvements in the known upper bounds for the past fifteen years.It is known that several central linear algebra problems (for example, computing determinants, solving systems of equations, inverting matrices, computing LUP decompositions) have the same exponent as matrix multiplication, which makes ω a fundamental number for understanding algorithmic linear algebra. In addition, there are non-algebraic algorithms whose complexity is expressed in terms of ω.In this talk I will describe a new "group-theoretic" approach, proposed in [3], to devising algorithms for fast matrix multiplication. The basic idea is to reduce matrix multiplication to group algebra multiplication with respect to a suitable non-abelian group. The group algebra multiplication is performed in the Fourier domain, and then using this scheme recursively yields upper bounds on ω.This general framework produces nontrivial matrix multiplication algorithms if one can construct finite groups with certain properties. In particular, a very natural embedding of matrix multiplication into C[G]-multiplication is possible when group G has three subgroups H1, H2, H3 that satisfy the triple product property. I'll define this property and describe a construction that satisfies the triple product property with parameters that are necessary (but not yet sufficient) to achieve ω=2.In the next part of the talk I'll describe demands on the representation theory of the groups in order for the overall approach to yield non-trivial bounds on ω, namely, that the character degrees must be "small." Constructing families of groups together with subgroups satisfying the triple product property and for which the character degrees are sufficiently small has turned out to be quite challenging.In [2], we succeed in constructing groups meeting both requirements, resulting in non-trivial algorithms for matrix multiplication in this framework. I'll outline the basic construction, together with more sophisticated variants that achieve the bounds ω<2.48 and ω<2.41.In the final part of the talk I'll present two appealing conjectures, one combinatorial and the other algebraic. Either one would imply that the exponent of matrix multiplication is 2.
cDNA Cloning of a <i>Trichoderma reesei</i> Cellulase and Demonstration of Endoglucanase Activity by Expression in Yeast (1997)

A Trichoderma reesei cDNA encoding a previously unknown protein with a C-terminal cellulose-binding domain was obtained by complementation screening of a T. reesei cDNA library in a sec1 yeast mutant impaired in protein secretion. The T. reesei protein shows amino acid similarity over its entire length to the Agaricus bisporus cellulose-induced protein CEL1 whose function is not known. These two proteins form a new glycosyl hydrolase family, number 61. Expression of the T. reesei cDNA in yeast showed that it encoded a protein with endoglucanase activity and thus the protein was named EGIV and the corresponding gene egl4. Polyclonal antibodies were prepared against EGIV produced in Escherichia coli and detected a 56-kDa protein in the T. reesei culture supernatant. Northern hybridisation revealed that T. reesei egl4 is regulated in the same manner as other cellulase genes of this fungus.
Clinical Evidence for and Implications of the Multistep Development of Prostate Cancer (1990)

Based upon a large body of experimental and clinical data, it is evident that multiple malignant events are necessary for a normal cell to give rise to a fully malignant cancer cell. A critical issue with regard to human prostatic carcinogenesis is the clinical significance of the large number of cancers that are present histologically in the elderly male prostate gland. A possibility is that these histological prostate cancers already have undergone all of the malignant events necessary to produce clinically manifest cancer and, thus, only further tumor growth is required to produce a clinical tumor. Alternatively, these histological cancers may have undergone some but not all of the events necessary to produce clinical disease and, therefore, despite host longevity the cancer will remain clinically silent as long as no further malignant changes occur. This issue has importance clinically with respect to the diagnosis, therapy and possible prevention of prostatic cancer. Clinical observations and the mathematical relationship between prostate cancer prevalence and host age (time) support the fact that, in addition to growth, histological prostate cancer requires further malignant events to produce clinical disease. A better understanding of the events involved in prostate cancer development will be necessary to have a greater impact on this disease in the future.
Studies on Metabolites of Mycoparasitic Fungi. II. Metabolites of Trichoderma koningii. (1995)

Four peptaibols, named trichokonins (TKs) V, VI, VII, and VIII, were isolated from the culture broth of Trichoderma koningii Oudemans. Primary structures of these peptaibols were elucidated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), FAB-MS, and collision-induced dissociation (CID) techniques along with nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY).
ISO/IEC MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding (1997)

The ISO/IEC MPEG-2 Audio NBC (Non Backwards Compatible) audio coding work was started to provide MPEG-2 with the best audio quality at low data rates without any restrictions due to compatibility requirements. This paper describes the main features of the NBC advanced coding system (CD 13818-7). NBC combines the coding efficiency of a high resolution filter bank, prediction techniques and Huffmann coding with additional functionalities aimed to deliver broadcast quality at very low data rates (64 kb/s per channel).
Electrical impedance and haematocrit of human blood with various anticoagulants (1993)

The relationship between the electrical impedance parameters and the haematocrit of normal human blood has been determined at 37 degrees C in the haematocrit range of 20-60% for four types of anticoagulant: ACD, EDTA, sodium heparin and buffered sodium citrate. For plasma resistance Rp and interior resistance R(i), the measured data could be fitted by both the exponential expression and the Maxwell-Fricke expressions, Rp = a/(1-h) + b and R(i) = a/h + b, where a and b are constants and h is the haematocrit expressed as a decimal. The membrane capacitance Cm was found to be directly proportional to the haematocrit and could be normalized to 100% haematocrit by the Fricke formula, C100 = C(m)/(1-rho p/Rp), where rho p is the resistivity of plasma. Observed differences for Rp and C(m) among samples with various anticoagulants indicate that the type of anticoagulant influences the electrical properties of the red cells and the plasma.
A Prospective Study of Changes in Morphology and Dimensions of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Following Endoluminal Repair: A Preliminary Report (1995)

The majority of AAAs in which the sac has been excluded from the general circulation diminish in size following successful endoluminal repair. An increase in size occurs in those AAAs in which a communication exists between the aortic lumen and the sac. These results suggest that successfully excluded AAAs that continue to increase in size should be suspected of having an undetected leak.
Effects of GGF/neuregulins on neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth correlate with erbB2/neu expression in developing rat retina (1996)

We have examined the expression of neuregulin and its putative receptors, erbB2/neu, erbB3 and erbB4/tyro2 during retinal development, and tested several potential functions of this class of molecules in dissociated rat retinal cell cultures. At least one form of neuregulin is expressed in the retina, from the earliest stages of retinal development examined; in addition, all three of the known receptors are expressed by retinal neurons in a developmentally regulated manner. When added to cultures of embryonic or neonatal rat retinal cells, neuregulin (rhGGF2) promotes survival and neurite extension from retinal neurons in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that in addition to their well described effects on glia, the neuregulins also have direct effects on central nervous system neurons.
Standing as a Dobsonite for my Foundation hospital (2003)

I have been drafting my manifesto for election to the ruling council of the Royal Free Hospital, when and if it becomes a ‘oundation’ trust. Since it will be ‘utualised’, according to Health Secretary Alan Milburn and owned by its local users (like the Mill Lane Co-op I joined when I arrived in Britain in 1950), I think I am eminently suited to contest the election.
Energy-delay performance of giant spin Hall effect switching for dense magnetic memory (2014)

In this letter, we show that Giant Spin Hall Effect (GSHE) MRAM can enable better energy- delay and voltage performance than traditional MTJ based spin torque devices at scaled nanomagnet dimensions (10-30 nm). Firstly, we derive the effect of dimensional scaling on spin injection efficiency, voltage-delay and energy-delay of spin torque switching using MTJs and GSHE and identify the optimum electrode geometry for low operating voltage (<0.1 V), high speed (>10 GHz) operation. We show that effective spin injection efficiency >100 % can be obtained using optimum spin hall electrode thickness for 30 nm nanomagnet widths. Finally, we derive the energy-delay trajectory of GSHE and MTJ devices to calculate the energy-delay product of GSHE and MTJ devices with an energy minimum at the characteristic time of the magnets. Optimized GSHE devices when combined with PMA can enable MRAM with scaled nanomagnets (30 nm X 60 nm), ultra-low voltage operation (< 0.1 V), fast switching times (10 ps) and switching energy as low as 100 aJ/bit.
DETECTING AFLATOXIN IN SINGLE CORN KERNELS BY TRANSMITTANCE AND REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY (2001)

Transmittance spectra (500 to 950 nm) and reflectance spectra (550 to 1700 nm) were analyzed to determine ifthey could be used to distinguish aflatoxin contamination in single whole corn kernels. Spectra were obtained on whole cornkernels exhibiting various levels of bright greenishyellow fluorescence. Afterwards, each kernel was analyzed for aflatoxinfollowing the USDAFGIS Aflatest affinity chromatography procedures. Spectra were analyzed using discriminant analysisand partial least squares regression. More than 95% of the kernels were correctly classified as containing either high(>100 ppb) or low (<10 ppb) levels of aflatoxin. Classification accuracy for kernels between 10 and 100 ppb was only about25%, but these kernels do not usually affect total sample concentrations and are not as important. Results were similar whenusing either transmittance or reflectance, and when using either discriminant analysis or partial least squares regression. Thetwofeature discriminant analysis of transmittance data gave the best results. However, for automated highspeed detectionand sorting, instrumentation that uses singlefeature reflectance spectra may be more practically implemented. Thistechnology should provide the corn industry with a valuable tool for rapidly detecting aflatoxin in corn.
Separate DNA Elements Containing ATF/CREB and IE86 Binding Sites Differentially Regulate the Human Cytomegalovirus UL112-113 Promoter at Early and Late Times in the Infection (1998)

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL112-113 promoter represents a useful model for studying temporal regulation of viral gene expression. Stimulation of this promoter by the 86-kDa immediate-early protein (IE86) is controlled by sequences between nucleotides -113 and -59, which include both an ATF/CREB and an IE86 binding site. In transient assays, the ATF/CREB site is essential, and the IE86 site, although nonessential, can enhance transcription. With recombinant viruses, we have assessed the function of these promoter elements in the context of the viral genome. Transcription from the inserted UL112-113 promoter shows the same temporal pattern as the endogenous promoter, including the switch to an upstream RNA start site late in infection. Deletion of sequences containing the IE86 site results in a decrease in the level of early transcription and elimination of late transcription. In contrast, when the ATF/CREB site is deleted, early RNA synthesis is almost completely abolished, but late transcription is comparable to that of the wild type, with repositioning of the RNA start site downstream by the number of nucleotides deleted. Replacement of sequences between -108 and -95 with the HCMV cis-repression signal from the major immediate-early promoter had no effect on the level of late RNAs but resulted in the repositioning of the RNA start site 39 nucleotides upstream. These results suggest that the ATF/CREB site is functional only at early times, while sequences containing the IE86 site modulate the level of early RNAs and may be required for activating late transcription in a distance-dependent manner.