gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of iron on yields of exotoxin A in cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-103 (1978)

The yields of exotoxin A in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures were influenced by the concentration of iron in the culture media. When the iron concentration of the culture media was increased from 0.05 to 1.5 microgram/ml, there was at least a 90% decrease in exotoxin A (measured both by enzymatic activity and by mouse lethality) and a slight increase in the growth of the bacteria. The addition of iron as late as 13 h after initiation of growth repressed further measurable increases of exotoxin A within 3 h. Intracellular toxin levels were also reduced by increasing the iron concentrations of the culture media. The addition of 3.0 microgram of iron per ml did not significantly alter either the enzyme activity of preformed crude or purified exotoxin A or the mouse toxicity of the pure toxin. Thus it appears that either the rate of production or the rate of intracellular degradation of exotoxin A is regulated by the concentration of iron in the culture media.
Scalable Multimedia Communication with Internet Multicast, Light-weight Sessions, and the MBone (1998)

In this survey article we describe the roots of IP Multicast in the Internet, the evolution of the Internet Multicast Backbone or "MBone," and the technologies that have risen around the MBone to support large-scale Internet-based multimedia conferencing. We develop the technical rationale for the design decisions that underly the MBone tools, describe the evolution of this work from early prototypes into Internet standards, and outline the open challenges that remain and must be overcome to realize a ubiquitous multicast infrastructure. &lt;p&gt;We and others in the MBone research community have implemented our protocols and methods in "real" applications and have deployed a fully operational system on a very large scale over the MBone. This infrastructure -- including our audio, video, shared whiteboard tools and protocols -- is now in daily use by the large and growing MBone user and research communities and the success and utility of this approach has resulted in commercialization of many of the underlying technologies
<i>Horror Autoinflammaticus</i>: The Molecular Pathophysiology of Autoinflammatory Disease (2009)

The autoinflammatory diseases are characterized by seemingly unprovoked episodes of inflammation, without high-titer autoantibodies or antigen-specific T cells. The concept was proposed ten years ago with the identification of the genes underlying hereditary periodic fever syndromes. This nosology has taken root because of the dramatic advances in our knowledge of the genetic basis of both mendelian and complex autoinflammatory diseases, and with the recognition that these illnesses derive from genetic variants of the innate immune system. Herein we propose an updated classification scheme based on the molecular insights garnered over the past decade, supplanting a clinical classification that has served well but is opaque to the genetic, immunologic, and therapeutic interrelationships now before us. We define six categories of autoinflammatory disease: IL-1beta activation disorders (inflammasomopathies), NF-kappaB activation syndromes, protein misfolding disorders, complement regulatory diseases, disturbances in cytokine signaling, and macrophage activation syndromes. A system based on molecular pathophysiology will bring greater clarity to our discourse while catalyzing new hypotheses both at the bench and at the bedside.
Upconversion dye-doped polymer fiber laser (1996)

Two-photon pumped frequency upconversion cavity lasing at ∼610 nm is accomplished in a dye-doped polymer fiber system, pumped with ∼12 ns and 1.06 μm IR laser pulses. The dopant is a novel dye, trans-4-[p-(N-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino)styryl]-N-methylpyridinium iodide, abbreviated as ASPI, which possesses a greater two-photon absorption cross section and stronger upconversion fluorescence emission compared to common commercial dyes (such as rhodamine 6G). Using a Q-switched Nd:YAG pulse laser as the pump source, cavity lasing could be achieved in a 3-cm-long ASPI-doped poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) solid fiber of 100 μm diameter. The experimental results of spectral, temporal, spatial, and input–output characteristics of the cavity lasing are presented. The slope efficiency of upconversion lasing was 0.9%.
High-performance large-area ultra-broadband (UV to IR) nanowire-grid polarizers and polarizing beam-splitters (2005)

Aluminum nanowire-grid polarizers and polarizing beam splitters with a fixed pitch (i.e., period) of ~146 nm but a wide range of linewidths (from < 60 nm to 90 nm) and heights (from 150 nm to 200 nm) are studied. Immersion interference lithography, UV-nanoimprint lithography and aluminum reactive ion etching were used to fabricate the nanowire-grid polarizers. Optical performance of the nanowire-grid polarizers was characterized in a broad spectral range from UV (< 400 nm) to near infrared (> 1700 nm). The performance trade-off between transmittance/reflectance and extinction ratio is investigated in details. The developed high-performance large-area broadband nanowire-grid polarizer opens the potential for many optical applications particularly integrated optics.
A web content mining approach for tag cloud generation (2011)

Tag cloud, also known as word cloud, are very useful for quickly perceiving the most prominent terms embedded within a text collection to determine their relative prominence. The effectiveness of tag clouds to conceptualize a text corpus is directly proportional to the quality of the keyphrases extracted from the corpus. Although, authors provide a list of about five to ten keywords in scientific publications that are used to map them into their respective domain, due to exponential growth in non-scientific documents on the World Wide Web, an automatic mechanism is sought to identify keyphrases embedded within them for tag cloud generation. In this paper, we propose a web content mining technique to extract keyphrases from web documents for tag cloud generation. Instead of using partial or full parsing, the proposed method applies n-gram technique followed by various heuristics-based refinements to identify a set of lexical and semantic features from text documents. We propose a rich set of domain-independent features to model candidate keyphrases very effectively for establishing their keyphraseness using classification models. We also propose a font-determination function to determine the relative font-size of keyphrases for tag cloud generation. The efficacy of the proposed method is established through experimentation. The proposed method outperforms the popular keyphrase extraction system KEA.
Injectable collagen for type 3 female stress incontinence: the first 50 Australian patients (1993)

Injectable GAX collagen appears to be a safe and effective treatment for type 3 stress urinary incontinence. Its durability awaits further follow-up.
Analysis of Driver Behavior in Dilemma Zones at Signalized Intersections (2007)

A field study evaluated the stopping characteristics of vehicles 2.5 to 5.5 s upstream of signalized intersections at the start of a yellow interval, a region typically considered drivers' indecision zone or dilemma zone. Characteristics included brake-response times for first-to-stop vehicles, deceleration rates for first-to-stop vehicles, distinguishing characteristics and prediction of first-to-stop versus last-to-go events, and distinguishing characteristics and prediction of red-light-running events. Consumer-grade video cameras temporarily installed at four high-speed and two low-speed intersections in the Madison, Wisconsin, area recorded dilemma zone vehicles. Several factors were measured for each last-to-go (n = 435) and first-to-stop (n = 463) vehicle in each lane during each yellow interval, including approach speed; distance upstream at start of yellow; brake-response time; deceleration rate; vehicle type; headway; tailway; action of vehicles in adjacent lanes; presence of side-street vehicles, pedestrians, bicycles, or opposing vehicles waiting to turn left; flow rate; length of yellow interval; and cycle length. The observed 15th, 50th, and 85th percentile brake-response times for first-to-stop vehicles were 0.7, 1.0, and 1.6 s, respectively; their observed deceleration rates were 7.2, 9.9, and 12.9 ft/s 2 , respectively. Vehicles were more likely to go through than to stop under the following conditions: shorter estimated travel time to intersection at start of yellow; longer yellow interval; the subject was a heavy vehicle (truck, bus, recreational vehicle); absence of side-street vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians, and opposing left-turn vehicles; and presence of vehicles in adjacent lanes that went through. Heavy vehicles were more likely than passenger vehicles to run a red light. Vehicles were more likely to run a red light when vehicles in adjacent lanes that also went through were present and when side-street vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians, and opposing left-turn vehicles were absent.
Electrochemical Capacitors: Challenges and Opportunities for Real-World Applications (2008)

People today are very familiar with different battery technologies, from small zinc-air button cells to AAA alkali cells to spiral wound lithium ion laptop batteries to fifty-pound lead acid batteries found in automobiles. This situation has come about because people rely heavily on battery power. Common battery applications include, for instance, power for cell phones, Sony Walkman, PDAs, laptop computers, Ipod players, digital cameras, and on and on. In sharp contrast, people today are much less familiar with capacitor technologies, although capacitors also store energy.
Oxybutynin: dry days for patients with hyperhidrosis. (2006)

We report the case of a 56-year-old postmenopausal woman who was referred to our Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic because of severe hyperhidrosis. She had a four-year history of excessive sweating of her face and upper body. On presentation no sweating could be documented. Physical examination was also unremarkable. It appeared that five days earlier her general practitioner had prescribed oxybutynin for urge incontinence and this accidentally cured her hyperhidrosis. She was diagnosed with idiopathic hyperhidrosis. We advised her to continue the oxybutynin and six months later, she was still symptom-free. Oral anticholinergic drugs are known to be effective for hyperhidrosis, but only anecdotal reports on oxybutynin can be found in the literature. Oxybutynin is not approved for hyperhidrosis, explaining the unfamiliarity with this medicine. This case shows that oxybutynin can be a very effective and simple treatment with only mild side effects. Therefore, oxybutynin merits consideration in patients with idiopathic hyperhidrosis. This report includes a concise review of the causes and treatment options of hyperhidrosis.
Test for Escherichia coli Enterotoxin Using Infant Mice: Application in a Study of Diarrhea in Children in Honolulu (1972)

In a new test for detection of Escherichia coli enterotoxin, supernates of broth cultures were injected into the stomachs of infant mice and fluid accumulation in the intestine was measured after 4 hr by weighing. Results with known positive and negative strains were comparable to those obtained with the rabbit-loop test, and the mouse test was easier to perform. Cholera toxin, unlike E. coli enterotoxin, did not dilate infant mouse intestine significantly, even in high concentrations. Use of the infant-mouse test in a study of 37 children with diarrhea in Honolulu revealed no enterotoxin-producing coliform bacteria in the stools. This is in contrast to studies reported from India, where such strains were found in a large proportion of undifferentiated cases of acute diarrhea in adults. None of 15 stock strains of E. coli serotypes generally thought to be enteropathogenic produced significant amounts of enterotoxin as measured by the test in mice.
Red blood cell storage lesion: causes and potential clinical consequences. (1969)

Red blood cells (RBCs) are a specialised organ that enabled the evolution of multicellular organisms by supplying a sufficient quantity of oxygen to cells that cannot obtain oxygen directly from ambient air via diffusion, thereby fueling oxidative phosphorylation for highly efficient energy production. RBCs have evolved to optimally serve this purpose by packing high concentrations of haemoglobin in their cytosol and shedding nuclei and other organelles. During their circulatory lifetimes in humans of approximately 120 days, RBCs are poised to transport oxygen by metabolic/redox enzymes until they accumulate damage and are promptly removed by the reticuloendothelial system. These elaborate evolutionary adaptions, however, are no longer effective when RBCs are removed from the circulation and stored hypothermically in blood banks, where they develop storage-induced damages ("storage lesions") that accumulate over the shelf life of stored RBCs. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive view of the literature on the subject of RBC storage lesions and their purported clinical consequences by incorporating the recent exponential growth in available data obtained from "omics" technologies in addition to that published in more traditional literature. To summarise this vast amount of information, the subject is organised in figures with four panels: i) root causes; ii) RBC storage lesions; iii) physiological effects; and iv) reported outcomes. The driving forces for the development of the storage lesions can be roughly classified into two root causes: i) metabolite accumulation/depletion, the target of various interventions (additive solutions) developed since the inception of blood banking; and ii) oxidative damages, which have been reported for decades but not addressed systemically until recently. Downstream physiological consequences of these storage lesions, derived mainly by in vitro studies, are described, and further potential links to clinical consequences are discussed. Interventions to postpone the onset and mitigate the extent of the storage lesion development are briefly reviewed. In addition, we briefly discuss the results from recent randomised controlled trials on the age of stored blood and clinical outcomes of transfusion.
Development of Modular Multifunctional Probe Arrays for Cerebral Applications (2007)

Recordings from the brain have been used for decades to investigate the activity of individual neurons. However, the complex interaction between electrical and chemical signals with respect to short and long term changes of morphology and information transfer is still poorly understood. We introduce a new modular approach for multifunctional probe arrays for cerebral applications that will enable the addressing of fundamental questions in neuroscience. Our approach allows the individual assembly of multiple probes with customized architecture into three-dimensional arrays to address specific brain regions, including sulci of highly folded cortices such as those of humans. In this paper, we introduce the system approach that allows the integration of recording and stimulation electrodes, biosensors, microfluidics and integrated electronics, all sharing a common backbone. We present the first prototypes of multichannel electrodes, flexible ribbon cables, a backbone platform and the first telemetry unit.
Carbon monoxide protects against the development of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis (2005)

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease of neonates that is increasing in incidence and often results in significant morbidity and mortality. Carbon monoxide (CO), a byproduct of the catabolism of heme, is known to have anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate that inhaled CO protects against the development of intestinal inflammation in a model of experimental NEC as well as decreases enterocyte cell death in vitro. Additionally, we also aimed to demonstrate that CO decreases enterocyte production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO). Neonatal rats were exposed to intermittent hypoxia exposure and formula feeding to induce experimental NEC. Animals randomized to CO treatment were put in an environment containing 0.025% CO for 1 h/day on days 1-3 of life. All animals were killed on day 4 of life. In vitro experiments were performed with IEC-6 cells, a rat enterocyte cell line. Cells were examined for viability, iNOS production, and elaboration of NO. We found that CO diminished levels of serum inflammatory cytokines and nitrites, protected against intestinal inflammation, and decreased ileal iNOS production and protein nitration in a model of experimental NEC. In vitro, CO decreased cytokine- or hypoxia/endotoxin-induced iNOS and NO production. CO also abrogated TNF-alpha- and actinomycin D-induced apoptosis or hypoxia/endotoxin-induced cell death. In conclusion, 1 h of daily low-dose inhaled CO protected against the development of intestinal inflammation in a model of experimental NEC. iNOS and NO production were decreased by CO both in vivo and in vitro. CO may prove to be a useful clinical adjunct in the treatment of NEC.
Nucleotide sequences involved in bacteriophage T4 gene 32 translational self-regulation. (1982)

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a cloned segment of the bacteriophage T4D chromosome, which contains the regulatory sequences and the structural gene (gene 32) for the single-stranded DNA binding protein (gp32). The amino acid sequence predicted by translation of the structural gene agrees well with that published for gp32 [Williams, K. R., Lo-Presti, M. B., Setoguchi, M. & Konigsberg, W. H. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 4614-4617]. To localize the nucleotide sequence involved in translational self-regulation of gene 32, we have constructed a series of plasmids in which gene 32 is fused to an amino-terminal deletion mutant of the beta-galactosidase gene of Escherichia coli. Expression of a beta-galactosidase fusion protein that contains only the first seven amino acids of gp32 is still repressed by gp32. The ribosomal binding site of gene 32 is flanked by a repetitive A+T-rich sequence. Preferential and cooperative binding of gp32 to this region of its mRNA could inhibit translation initiation and, thus, would account for the autoregulation.
Treatment of Large Xanthomas by the Use of Blepharoplasty Island Musculocutaneous Flaps (1987)

We used an orbicularis oculi muscular pedicle musculocutaneous flap to close the defect resulting from removal of a large xanthoma from an Oriental upper eyelid. This is an excellent method not only to save eyelid skin but also to make a superior palpebral fold at the same time.
Heterotopic Ossification: Two Rare Forms and What They Can Teach Us (1994)

Heterotopic ossification is characterized by the formation of normal bone at ectopic soft-tissue locations. Regardless of the etiology of heterotopic ossification, requisite pathogenetic conditions include an inductive signal capable of stimulating morphogenesis, a population of inducible osteoprogenitor cells, and a heterotopic environment conducive to osteogenesis. Two rare heritable and developmental forms of heterotopic ossification, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and progressive osseous heteroplasia, provide valuable clinical and pathogenetic insights into heterotopic ossification in humans. A fundamental understanding of the developmental and molecular pathology of these disorders may lead to more effective strategies for preventing and treating heterotopic ossification in humans.
Multiphoton ionization of azulene and naphthalene (1980)

Molecular beams of azulene and naphthalene are irradiated by the output of a tunable pulsed laser and the charged species produced by multiphoton ionization (MPI) are analyzed using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. A study of the ion fragmentation pattern as a function of laser power and laser wavelength permits these two C10H8 isomers to be readily distinguished. Compared to electron impact (EI) ionization, the MPI process can produce more gentle ionization at low laser powers and more extensive fragmentation at high laser powers. The former permits the study of azulene and naphthalene dimers from which their heats of dissociation are estimated. In the case of azulene, two-color excitation yields a mass spectrum that differs from the mass spectrum obtained by excitation with either color, alone. The ionization efficiency of MPI is very high, exceeding that of EI during the time the pulsed laser is on. A qualitative description involving autoionizing states is presented to account for this efficiency and the growth of the daughter ion yield with increasing laser power.
CD28 Costimulation Is Crucial for the Development of Spontaneous Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (1999)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe central nervous system disease. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mimics MS in mice. We report that spontaneous development of EAE in RAG-1-deficient mice transgenic for a myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific TCR (TgMBP+/RAG-1-/-) requires expression of the T cell costimulatory molecule CD28. Surprisingly, T cells from CD28-/-TgMBP+/RAG-1-/- mice proliferate and produce IL-2 in response to MBP1-17 peptide in vitro, excluding clonal anergy as the mechanism of CD28-regulated pathogenesis. Proliferation of autoaggressive T cells was dependent on the concentration of the MBP peptide, as was the development of MBP-induced EAE in CD28-deficient PL/J mice. These results provide the first genetic evidence that CD28 costimulation is crucial for MBP-specific T cell activation in vivo and the initiation of spontaneous EAE.
Modern Phosphonate Chemistry (2003)

A century after their discovery, phosphonates have become important compounds recognized both for their use as efficient reagents in organic synthesis and for their biological and industrial importance. This unique, up-to-date reference presents a concise summary of the state of the art in phosphonate chemistry, covering the role of phosphonates in
CD8 positive T cells influence antigen-specific immune responses through the expression of chemokines. (1998)

The potential roles of CD8 T-cell-induced chemokines in the expansion of immune responses were examined using DNA immunogen constructs as model antigens. We coimmunized cDNA expression cassettes encoding the -chemokines IL-8 and SDF-1 and the -chemokines MIP-1 , RANTES, and MCP-1 along with DNA immunogens and analyzed the resulting antigen-specific immune responses. In a manner more similar to the traditional immune modulatory role of CD4 T cells via the expression of Th1 or Th2 cytokines, CD8 T cells appeared to play an important role in immune expansion and effector function by producing chemokines. For instance, IL-8 was a strong inducer of CD4 T cells, indicated by strong T helper proliferative responses as well as an enhancement of antibody responses. MIP-1 had a dramatic effect on antibody responses and modulated the shift of immune responses to a Th2-type response. RANTES coimmunization enhanced the levels of antigen-specific Th1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Among the chemokines examined, MCP-1 was the most potent activator of CD8 CTL activity. The enhanced CTL results are supported by the increased expression of Th1 cytokines IFN- and TNF- and the reduction of IgG1/IgG2a ratio. Our results support that CD8 T cells may expand both humoral and cellular responses in vivo through the elaboration of specific chemokines at the peripheral site of infection during the effector stage of the immune response. (