gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Name Searching and Information Retrieval (1997)

The main application of name searching has been name matching in a database of names. This paper discusses a different application: improving information retrieval through name recognition. It investigates name recognition accuracy, and the effect on retrieval performance of indexing and searching personal names differently from non-name terms in the context of ranked retrieval. The main conclusions are: that name recognition in text can be effective; that names occur frequently enough in a variety of domains, including those of legal documents and news databases, to make recognition worthwhile; and that retrieval performance can be improved using name searching.
CTLA4 blockade increases Th17 cells in patients with metastatic melanoma (2009)

The anti-CTLA4 blocking antibody tremelimumab increases Th17 cells in peripheral blood of patients with metastatic melanoma. The relation between increases in Th17 cells and severe autoimmune toxicity after CTLA4 blockade may provide insights into the pathogenesis of anti-CTLA4-induced toxicities.
Ataxia–Telangiectasia — Broad Implications for a Rare Disorder (1995)

Ataxia–telangiectasia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with diverse clinical manifestations. Patients typically come to medical attention in early childhood because of ataxia, and this is followed by progressive neuromotor degeneration, usually resulting in dependence on a wheelchair by 10 years of age. In addition to cerebellar degeneration, patients with ataxia–telangiectasia have elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein, various immunologic deficiencies, growth retardation, premature aging, chromosomal instability, an increased frequency of lymphoreticular cancers, and hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation and radiomimetic drugs.1 The defective gene responsible for this pleiotropic disorder (ATM) was recently identified by a multinational group led by investigators . . .
Sharp cutoff filters in intraocular lenses optimize the balance between light reception and light protection (2007)

Blue-filtering IOLs sometimes showed density spectra very different from those of the natural lens; however, their filtering generally caused only mild sensory losses. Nearly none of the IOLs offered an optimum tradeoff between protection and signal reduction. Sharp cutoff filtering near 445 nm provided better performance, removing limitations in optical design.
Digital television (1994)

It is now recognized worldwide that all television services, including HDTV, will eventually become digital, but there is wide disagreement about the optimum timing for transforming existing analog systems. A major driving force is the ongoing partial merging of television and digital computers in interactive multimedia services involving digital television and applications in areas like information (news), education, medical, entertainment, etc. A major target is to maximize interoperability of video services at all levels, including various resolutions, different transmission and storage mechanisms, as well as bit rates. This paper provides an overview of the current status in digital television, techniques used, future prospects, and research areas that need to be investigated. The maturity of compression techniques needed for digital video storage and transmission, and the establishment of international standards for digital television representation, like MPEG-2, have greatly contributed in this transformation. Recent developments are mentioned, including the American "Grand Alliance" FCC effort for digital terrestrial HDTV broadcasting, and also other efforts for digital television by cable and DBS. The concept of hierarchical multiresolution coding is also explained, and some of its techniques are briefly described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Sensitivity of Renal Scintigraphy and Sonography in Detecting Nonobstructive Acute Pyelonephritis (1992)

Recently it has been demonstrated that any child with proved acute pyelonephritis may be at risk for parenchymal scarring, whether or not reflux is present. Since cortical renal scintigraphy has been shown to detect accurately renal inflammation, we compared cortical scintigraphy with renal sonography in 46 children with documented acute pyelonephritis to determine which modality is best to detect patients at risk for renal injury. Cortical scintigraphy was abnormal in 36 children (78%) and renal ultrasonography was abnormal in 5 (11%). Reflux was demonstrated in only 20 cases (43%). We conclude that cortical scintigraphy is the preferred imaging technique for diagnosing renal inflammation, and it should be used routinely in every child with suspected acute pyelonephritis. A new imaging protocol is proposed.
PHYLOGENIES FROM MOLECULAR SEQUENCES: INFERENCE AND RELIABILITY (1988)

Article de synthese sur les methodes d'obtention de phylogenese a partir de sequences moleculaires, tests statistiques des phylogeneses et simulations sur ordinateur
Direct bonding of micromachined silicon wafers for laser diode heat exchanger applications (1991)

A novel application of silicon direct-thermal-wafer bonding is demonstrated using micromachined wafers. Two (110) Si wafers are patterned and micromachined using wet chemistry. The prepared wafers are cleaned, leaving only native chemical oxides on the Si surfaces. After the cleaning steps, the wafers are thermally bonded without electrostatic pressure. The points of bonded contact are 410 mu m*25 mu m. Hydraulic pressure testing on the bonded wafers has substantiated a bond strength comparable to contiguous SiO2. The final structure is intended as a micromachined heat exchanger for cooling laser diodes.
Monetary Policy in Real Time (2004)

We analyze the panel of the Greenbook forecasts (sample 1970-1996) and a large panel of monthly variables for the United States (sample 1970-2003) and show that the bulk of dynamics of both the variables and their forecasts is explained by two shocks. A two-factor model that exploits, in real time, information on many time series to extract a two-dimensional signal produces a degree of forecasting accuracy of the federal funds rate similar to that of the markets and, for output and inflation, similar to that of the Greenbook forecasts. This leads us to conclude that the stochastic dimension of the U.S. economy is two. We also show that dimension two is generated by a real and nominal shock, with output mainly driven by the real shock, and inflation mainly driven by the nominal shock. The implication is that, by tracking any forecastable measure of real activity and price dynamics, the central bank can track all fundamental dynamics in the economy.
The Morphology of “Acute Tubular Necrosis” in Man (1979)

Renal biopsies from 24 patients with oliguric "acute tubular necrosis" (ATN) and 26 patients with non-oliguric ATN were compared with biopsies from 7 patients who had recently recovered from ATN and 20 control patients. Many morphologic changes were present in the biopsies of patients with ATN and absent in controls, but only two lesions were significantly more severe in patients who had ATN at the time of the biopsy compared with patients who had recently recovered from ATN. These two lesions, necrosis of individual tubular epithelial cells and loss of brush border in proximal tubules, may play a role in the pathogenesis of renal functional failure in ATN. Necrosis of individual tubular epithelial cells appeared to be a continuing process. In the patients with non-oliguric acute renal failure there was a positive correlation between duration of renal failure and severity of tubular necrosis. This was not observed in the patients with oliguric acute renal failure, but otherwise there were no identifiable morphologic differences between the two groups. The glycerol model of acute renal failure in the rabbit was found to differ in several significant ways from ATN in man. Despite the fact that the rabbits had significantly less severe renal failure, their kidneys showed much more severe tubular necrosis and much more prominent presence of tubular casts than was the case in biopsies from patients with ATN. Loss of brush border in proximal tubules was not an important feature of the glycerol model of acute renal failure in the rabbit. We suggest that the glycerol model is not analogous to human ATN and may have an entirely different pathogenesis.
IL-33 and IL-33 Receptors in Host Defense and Diseases (2010)

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, which includes IL-1 and IL-18. IL-33 is considered to be crucial for induction of Th2-type cytokine-associated immune responses such as host defense against nematodes and allergic diseases by inducing production of such Th2-type cytokines as IL-5 and IL-13 by Th2 cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. In addition, IL-33 is involved in the induction of non-Th2-type acute and chronic inflammation as a proinflammatory cytokine, similar to IL-1 and IL-18. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding the roles of IL-33 and IL-33 receptors in host defense and disease development.
Degradation of cationized low density lipoprotein and regulation of cholesterol metabolism in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia fibroblasts. (1976)

Cultured fibroblasts derived from patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, which lack functional low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, fail to bind, take up, or degrade the lipoprotein with high affinity; therefore LDL-cholesterol is not made available for suppression of cholesterol synthesis or activation of cholesteryl ester formation. When LDL was given a positive charge by reaction with N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine (cationized LDL), the rate of degradation of the lipoprotein was increased by more than 100-fold in the homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia fibroblasts. Degradation of cationized LDL was inhibited by chloroquine, suggesting that it occurred in cellular lysosomes. Although the cationized LDL entered the cell through a mechanism independent of the LDL receptor, the cholesterol liberated from the degradation of the lipoprotein became available for suppression of cholesterol synthesis and stimulation of cholesteryl ester formation in the homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia fibroblasts. The rate of degradation of albumin by fibroblasts was also increased by more than 100-fold when this protein was coupled to N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine. The ability to deliver a protein to lysosomes by giving it a strong positive charge may have potential relevance not only to familial hypercholesterolemia, but also to inborn errors of metabolism that involve deficiencies in lysosomal enzymes.
Preparation and some microbiological properties of novel kanamycin-glucoside derivatives. (1979)

Some years ago, glycosyl derivatives of kanatnycin A (KMA) were obtained enzymatically by ENDo et al.') and chemically by PERLMAN et al.'" Although their chemical and biological properties were partially described, their precise chemical properties and antibacterial activities against drug-resistant bacteria producing specific aminoglucosides-inactivating enzymes were not mentioned.
Extracellular Matrix-Associated Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Are Essential for Differentiation of Murine Osteoblastic Cells<i>in Vitro</i><sup>1</sup> (1999)

Osteoblastic differentiation is an essential part of bone formation that compensates resorbed bone matrix to maintain its structural integrity. Cells in an osteoblast lineage develop differentiated phenotypes during a long-term culture in vitro. However, intrinsic mechanisms whereby these cells differentiate into mature osteoblasts are yet unclear. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) stimulate osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation. We demonstrate that mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E 1 cells constitutively expressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for BMP-2 and BMP-4 and accumulated BMPs in collagen-rich extracellular matrices. BMPs associated with the extracellular matrices were involved in the induction of osteoblastic differentiation of nonosteogenic mesenchymal cells as well as cells in the osteoblast lineage. MC3T3-E1 cells constitutively expressed type IA and type II BMP receptors. When a kinase-deficient type IA BMP receptor was stably transfected to MC3T3-E 1 cells to obliterate BMP-2/4 signaling, these cells not only failed to respond to exogenous BMP-2 but lost their capability of differentiation into osteoblasts that form mineralized nodules. These observations strongly suggest that endogenous BMP-2/4 accumulated in extracellular matrices are essential for the osteoblastic differentiation of cells in the osteoblast lineage. Therefore, the regulatory mechanism of BMP-2/4 actions in osteoblastic cells is a principal issue to be elucidated for better understanding of pathogenesis of bone losing diseases such as osteoporosis.
High Frequency of Melanoma-Associated Antigen or HLA Class I Loss Does Not Correlate with Survival in Primary Melanoma (2003)

Melanoma-associated antigens are at the center of many immunotherapeutic trials in melanoma. Little is known about the impact of antigen expression on the natural course of disease. We stained 110 cases of primary melanoma with a median follow-up of 13 years (range 10-18 years) for melanoma-associated antigens gp100, MelanA/MART-1, MAGE-3, tyrosinase, and for HLA class I molecules. Of 91 cases evaluated, we found immunoreactivity for gp100, MelanA/MART-1, and tyrosinase in 88%, 80%, and 87% of primary tumors, respectively, for MAGE-3 in 37% and for HLA class I in 86% of primary tumors. Loss, that is, heterogeneous expression within primary tumors, was most pronounced for gp100 (73% of primary tumors) and least for MAGE-3 (27% of primary tumors). MelanA/MART-1 and tyrosinase expression loss was 58% and 59% of primary tumors, respectively. There was a high rate of expression loss for HLA class I (74%). Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis of expression in primary tumors and loss of melanoma antigens as well as HLA class I in individual primary tumors showed no significant correlation to overall survival. Loss of gp100 and loss of tyrosinase expression showed a negative survival trend over homogeneous expression of these antigens, although not reaching statistical significance (P = 0.08 and P = 0.09, respectively). We conclude that loss of melanoma antigen expression as well as HLA class I expression is a frequent observation in primary melanoma. However, no statistically significant correlation between loss of these antigens in individual primary tumors and negative impact on overall survival was found in our cohort.
B cell activation factor (BAFF) is a novel adipokine that links obesity and inflammation (2009)

B cell activation factor (BAFF) is a novel member of the TNF ligand superfamily, mainly produced by myeloid cells. BAFF has been shown to participate in B-cell survival and B- and T-cell maturation. BAFF expression in adipocytes has been recently demonstrated. In the current study, we verified that BAFF expression is increased during adipocyte differentiation. BAFF expression was augmented by TNF-alpha treatment and was decreased by rosiglitazone treatment. BAFF secretion in lean and in ob/ob mice sera were compared and smaller amount of BAFF was secreted in ob/ob mice. mRNA and protein expression were different between epididymal and visceral adipose tissue. BAFF expression was also increased in ob/ob mouse adipose tissue. We sought to identify known BAFF receptors (BAFF-R, BCMA, and TACI) in adipocytes, and determined that all three were present and upregulated during adipocyte differentiation. However, the expression of TACI was distinct from that of BAFF-R and BCMA under TNF-alpha and BAFF ligand treatment. BAFF-R and BCMA expression levels were upregulated under pro-inflammatory conditions, but TACI was reduced. Conversely, BAFF-R and BCMA expression levels were downregulated by rosiglitazone treatment, but TACI was increased. Taken together, our results suggest that BAFF may be a new adipokine, representing a link between obesity and inflammation.
Making TCP/IP Viable for Wireless Sensor Networks (2004)

The TCP/IP protocol suite, which has proven itself highly successful in wired networks, is often claimed to be unsuited for wireless micro-sensor networks. In this work, we question this conventional wisdom and present a number of mechanisms that are intended to enable the use of TCP/IP for wireless sensor networks: spatial IP address assignment, shared context header compression, application overlay routing, and distributed TCP caching (DTC). Sensor networks based on TCP/IP have the advantage of being able to directly communicate with an infrastructure consisting either of a wired IP network or of IP-based wireless technology such as GPRS. We have implemented parts of our mechanisms both in a simulator environment and on actual sensor nodes, and preliminary results are promising. 1
Regulation of the Accumulation and Reduction of Nitrate by Nitrogen and Carbon Metabolites in Maize Seedlings (1997)

The accumulation and reduction of nitrate in the presence of the nitrogen metabolites asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) and the carbon metabolite sucrose (Suc) were examined in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in an attempt to separate their effects on the nitrate uptake system and the nitrate reduction system. After 8 h of exposure to nitrate in the presence of 1 mM Asn, tissue nitrate accumulation was reduced at 250 [mu]M external nitrate, but not at 5 mM Asn. The induction of nitrate reductase (NR) activity was reduced at both external nitrate concentrations. In the presence of 1 mM Gln or 1% Suc, tissue nitrate concentration was not significantly altered, but the induction of root NR activity was reduced or enhanced, respectively. The induction of root nitrite reductase (NiR) activity was also reduced in the presence of Asn or Gln and enhanced in the presence of Suc. Transcript levels of NR and NiR in roots were reduced in the presence of the amides and enhanced in the presence of Suc. When Suc was present in combination with either amide, there was complete relief from the inhibition of NiR transcription observed in the presence of amide alone. In the case of NR, however, this relief from inhibition was negligible. The inhibition of the induction of NR and NiR activities in the presence of Gln and Asn is a direct effect and is not the result of altered nitrate uptake in the presence of these metabolites.
Load Transfer from Bored, Cast-<i>in-Situ</i> Piles in London Clay (1979)

This paper presents some measurements of the distribution of load transfer from the shafts of instrumented, bored, cast-in-situ concrete piles formed in London clay using a limited number of installation techniques. The measurements were included in a study of whether the use of bentonite slurries to stabilize open bore holes prior to concreting inhibits the development of friction on the shafts of piles in stiff clays. The instrumentation consisted of rod extensometers of various lengths and vibrating-wire gages clamped to the reinforcing cages. Devices attached to the bottom of each reinforcing cage prevented the development of any bearing forces at the pile bases. A method of correcting the extensometer observations for bending of the laterally unsupported length of shaft cased through fill is described, and the results are compared with a finite element analysis of the pile-soil system.
Crystallization of nerve growth factor from mouse submaxillary glands. (1975)

Crystals of the nerve growth factor protein were grown by vapor diffusion from ethanol solution. The crystals are hexagonal, belonging to space group P622 (or its enantiomorph) with a equals 56.1 A, c equals 181.4 A, and V equals 494,400 A. The unit cell contains six molecules of dimeric protein and thus has one monomer per asymmetric unit. The diffraction pattern extends to at least 2.7 A, indicating that this crystal form is suitable for structural analysis to near-atomic resolution.
<i>p</i>-Methoxycarbonylperbenzoic Acid (2001)

[28276-78-0] C9H8O5 (MW 196.17) InChI = 1S/C9H8O5/c1-13-8(10)6-2-4-7(5-3-6)9(11)14-12/h2-5,12H,1H3 InChIKey = ZPTDYZFKYMQWRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (electrophilic reagent which delivers oxygen to alkenes1) Alternate Name: PMCPBA. Physical Data: white crystalline solid; dec. 125 °C. Solubility: sol ether, dioxane, CH2Cl2, CHCl3; slightly sol benzene; insol cyclohexane, CCl4. Analysis of Reagent Purity: iodometric titration. Preparative Methods: a mixture of aldehyde 1 (98% pure, 2 g) and CCl4 (50 mL) is stirred under oxygen in a glass reactor at 25 °C and irradiated with a 2 kW high-pressure mercury lamp until about 95% of the theoretical amount of oxygen is absorbed (0.5 h) (eq 1). The product, which separates as a white crystalline powder, is collected and dried (yield 2.0 g, 84%; peroxy acid content 90%); this material can be used for general oxidation reactions.1 (1) Purification: recrystallization from methanol. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the peroxy acid 2 is as stable as m‐Chloroperbenzoic Acid and shows less than 5% decomposition after storage at 10 °C for 1 year. 2 irritates nasal membranes and causes sneezing. Since the reagent is a peroxide and potentially explosive, care is required in carrying out reactions with it. During workup, check for peroxides before solvent removal. This reagent should be handled in a fume hood.
A Thermodynamic Preference of Chiral <i>N</i>-Methanesulfonyl and <i>N</i>-Arenesulfonyl 2,3-<i>cis</i>-3-Alkyl-2-Vinylaziridines over Their 2,3-<i>Trans</i>-Isomers:  Useful Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Equilibration Reactions for the Synthesis of (<i>E</i>)-Alkene Dipeptide Isosteres (1997)

Palladium(0)-catalyzed reactions of N-methanesulfonyl- or N-(arenesulfonyl)-3-alkyl-2-vinylaziridines reveal that 2,3-cis-isomers are more stable than the corresponding 2,3-trans-isomers in accord with ab initio calculations. A highly stereoselective synthetic route to (E)-alkene dipeptide isosteres having desired stereochemistries from 2,3-cis-3-isobutyl-2-vinylaziridine by the use of organocopper chemistry is also presented.
Pulse energy dependence of subcellular dissection by femtosecond laser pulses (2005)

Precise dissection of cells with ultrashort laser pulses requires a clear understanding of how the onset and extent of ablation (i.e., the removal of material) depends on pulse energy. We carried out a systematic study of the energy dependence of the plasma-mediated ablation of fluorescently-labeled subcellular structures in the cytoskeleton and nuclei of fixed endothelial cells using femtosecond, near-infrared laser pulses focused through a high-numerical aperture objective lens (1.4 NA). We find that the energy threshold for photobleaching lies between 0.9 and 1.7 nJ. By comparing the changes in fluorescence with the actual material loss determined by electron microscopy, we find that the threshold for true material ablation is about 20% higher than the photobleaching threshold. This information makes it possible to use the fluorescence to determine the onset of true material ablation without resorting to electron microscopy. We confirm the precision of this technique by severing a single microtubule without disrupting the neighboring microtubules, less than 1 micrometer away.