gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A dynamic objective function technique for generating multiple solution models in seismic tomography (2008)

A new technique designed for generating multiple solutions to seismic tomography problems using gradient based inversion is presented. The basic principle is to exploit information gained from previous solutions to help drive the search for new models. This is achieved by adding a feedback or evolution term to the objective function that creates a local maximum at each point in parameter space occupied by the previously computed models. The advantage of this approach is that it only needs to produce a relatively small ensemble of solutions, since each model will substantially differ from all others to the extent permitted by the data. Common features present across the ensemble are, therefore, likely to be well constrained. A synthetic test using surface wave traveltimes and a highly irregular distribution of sources and receivers shows that a range of different velocity models are produced by the new technique. These models tend to be similar in regions of good path coverage, but can differ substantially elsewhere. A simple measure of the variation across the solution ensemble, given by one standard deviation of the velocity at each point, accurately reflects the robustness of the average solution model. Comparison with a standard bootstrap inversion method unequivocally shows that the new approach is superior in the presence of inhomogeneous data coverage that gives rise to under or mixed-determined inverse problems. Estimates of posterior covariance from linear theory correlate more closely with the dynamic objective function results, but require accurate knowledge of a priori model uncertainty. Application of the new method to traveltimes derived from long-term cross-correlations of ambient noise contained in passive seismic data recorded in the Australian region demonstrates its effectiveness in practice, with results well corroborated by prior information. The dynamic objective function scheme has several drawbacks, including a somewhat arbitrary choice for the shape of the evolution term, and no guarantee of a thorough exploration of parameter space. On the other hand, it is tolerant of non-linearity in the inverse problem, is relatively straightforward to implement, and appears to work well in practice. For many applications, it may be a useful addition to the suite of synthetic resolution tests that are commonly used.
Controlling Low-Speed Pre-Ignition in Modern Automotive Equipment: Defining Approaches to and Methods for Analyzing Data in New Studies of Lubricant and Fuel-Related Effects (Part 2) (2016)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In recent years, an abnormal combustion phenomenon called low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) has arisen from the downsizing of gasoline engines in order to improve fuel economy and comply with global CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; legislation. The type and quality of the fuel and lubricant has been found to influence LSPI occurrence rates. A methodology for studying LSPI has been implemented, and a rigorous statistical approach for studying the data from a stationary engine test can provide consistent results as shown in Part 1 of the series.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;LSPI events can be determined by an iterative statistical procedure based on calculating the mean and standard deviation of peak pressure (PP) and crank angle location of 2% mass fraction burned (MFB02) data, determining cycles with parameters which exceeded &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; standard deviations from the mean and identifying outliers. Outliers for the PP and MFB02 metrics are identified as possible LSPI events.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Further investigation was conducted to refine the approaches and methods used for analyzing data. This paper expands on some of the methodology described in Part 1 and explores the assumption of normal distribution that is used to determine the number of standard deviations beyond which correspond to outliers. The application of a method for adjusting departure from normality in terms of skewness and kurtosis is explored to reduce the frequency of false positives and negatives.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Overexpression of the retinoic acid-responsive gene Stra6 in human cancers and its synergistic induction by Wnt-1 and retinoic acid. (2001)

Genetic defects in the Wnt-1 signaling pathway contribute to human tumor progression and are especially prevalent in colorectal cancer. We screened mouse C57MG cells to isolate mRNAs induced by Wnt-1 and identified Stra6, an mRNA known to be up-regulated by retinoic acid. Up-regulation of Stra6 mRNA was also observed in hyperplastic mammary tissue and mammary gland tumors from transgenic mice expressing Wnt-1 and in human tumors that frequently harbor defects in Wnt-1 signaling. Stimulation of C57MG cells with retinoic acid plus Wnt-1 resulted in expression of Stra6 transcript to levels greatly exceeding that observed with either stimulus alone. This synergy could be explained in part by the up-regulation of retinoic acid receptor-gamma that was observed in response to Wnt-1 signaling. Accordingly, treatment of human colorectal cancer cell lines with retinoic acid resulted in the up-regulation of Stra6 mRNA and accumulation of Stra6 protein at the cell membrane. The data support a model in which Wnt-1 signaling synergizes with retinoids to activate retinoic acid receptor-gamma-responsive genes in human cancers.
Topic detection based on dialogue history (2002)

In this paper, we propose a topic detection method using a dialogue history for a speech translator. The method uses a k-nearest neighbor method for the algorithm, automatically clusters target topics into smaller topics grouped by similarity, and incorporates dialogue history weighted in terms of time to detect and track topics on spoken phrases. From the evaluation of detection performance using test data comprised of realistic spoken dialogue, the method has shown to perform better with clustering incorporated, and when combined with dialogue history of three sentences, gives detection accuracy of 72.1%.
Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Bacteria Treated with Toluene (1971)

Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium rendered permeable to ribonucleoside triphosphates by toluene treatment retain the capacity to synthesize discrete ribonucleic acid species.
Self-Compensation Limited Conductivity in Binary Semiconductors. I. Theory (1964)

The techniques of Kroger and Vink and Brebrick are extended to allow a calculation of the minimum extent of self-compensation by simple vacancies or interstitial atoms in heavily doped binary semiconductors. The resulting equations are applied to a series of compounds, and it is found that the degree of self-compensation by singly ionizable vacancies varies from essentially complete in KCl (all but \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ of the impurities compensated) to practically none in GaAs (only \ensuremath{\lesssim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ of the impurities compensated). The II-VI compounds occupy an intermediate position with about \ensuremath{\sim}99 and 99.9% self-compensation in CdTe and ZnTe, respectively. These theoretical conductivity limitations are not sufficient to account for the experimental limitations found in, for example, $n$-ZnTe or $p$-CdS. The above results are extended to include multiply ionizable vacancies, the ionization levels of which fall within the bandgap. It is found that essentially complete self-compensation by a combination of singly and doubly ionized vacancies will occur in the higher bandgap II-VI compounds. As a consequence, for example, the Fermi level in ZnTe cannot be pushed closer to the bottom of the conduction band than half the energy separation between the second ionization level of the acceptor vacancy and the bottom of the conduction band. Some specific implications of the above calculations with respect to CdTe and GaAs are discussed. Finally, certain solubility effects (of impurities) related to stoichiometry and the above calculations are discussed.
Manganese-enhanced biotransformation of atrazine by the white rot fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius and its correlation with oxidation activity (1996)

Manganese enhanced atrazine transformation by the fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius when added to a liquid culture medium at concentrations of up to 300 microM. Both N-dealkylated and propylhydroxylated metabolites accumulated in the culture medium, with the former accumulating to a greater extent than did the latter. Lipid peroxidation, oxygenase and peroxidase activities, and the cytochrome P-450 concentration increased. In addition, an increase in the spectral interactions between atrazine and components in the cell extract was observed. Antioxidants, mainly nordihydroguaiaretic acid, which inhibits lipoxygenase, peroxidase, and P-450 activities, and piperonyl butoxide, which inhibits P-450 activity, inhibited atrazine transformation by the mycelium. It is suggested that the stimulation of oxidative activity by Mn might be responsible for increasing the biotransformation of atrazine and for nonspecific transformations of other xenobiotic compounds.
Conscious Expectation and Unconscious Conditioning in Analgesic, Motor, and Hormonal Placebo/Nocebo Responses (2003)

The placebo and nocebo effect is believed to be mediated by both cognitive and conditioning mechanisms, although little is known about their role in different circumstances. In this study, we first analyzed the effects of opposing verbal suggestions on experimental ischemic arm pain in healthy volunteers and on motor performance in Parkinsonian patients and found that verbally induced expectations of analgesia/hyperalgesia and motor improvement/worsening antagonized completely the effects of a conditioning procedure. We also measured the effects of opposing verbal suggestions on hormonal secretion and found that verbally induced expectations of increase/decrease of growth hormone (GH) and cortisol did not have any effect on the secretion of these hormones. However, if a preconditioning was performed with sumatriptan, a 5-HT(1B/1D) agonist that stimulates GH and inhibits cortisol secretion, a significant increase of GH and decrease of cortisol plasma concentrations were found after placebo administration, although opposite verbal suggestions were given. These findings indicate that verbally induced expectations have no effect on hormonal secretion, whereas they affect pain and motor performance. This suggests that placebo responses are mediated by conditioning when unconscious physiological functions such as hormonal secretion are involved, whereas they are mediated by expectation when conscious physiological processes such as pain and motor performance come into play, even though a conditioning procedure is performed.
Monolithic InP/InGaAsP/InP grating spectrometer for the 1.48–1.56 μm wavelength range (1991)

We report a two-dimensional grating spectrometer implemented in an InP/InGaAsP/InP planar waveguide for use in the low-loss 1.5 μm wavelength fiber band. The spectrometer uses a single vertical-walled focusing reflection grating to disperse 78 channels, spaced at 1 nm intervals, with diffraction-limited resolution (∼0.3 nm) and a high channel isolation (≳19 dB). The spectrometer may be used such that it is insensitive to the state of the input polarization.
Microvesicle- and exosome-mediated drug delivery enhances the cytotoxicity of Paclitaxel in autologous prostate cancer cells (2015)

Cancer cell-derived EVs can be used as effective carriers of Paclitaxel to their parental cells, bringing the drug into the cells through an endocytic pathway and increasing its cytotoxicity. However, due to the increased cell viability, the use of cancer cell-derived EVs must be further investigated before any clinical applications can be designed.
Submicrometric Lipobead-Based Fluorescence Sensors for Chloride Ion Measurements in Aqueous Solution (2003)

This paper describes the preparation and optimization of the analytical properties of fluorescence-based submicrometric chloride ion sensing lipobeads. Fluorescence sensing lipobeads are polystyrene nanoparticles that are coated with a phospholipid membrane that contains a fluorescent indicator for a targeted analyte. In this study, the halide-specific fluorescence dye, lucigenin, was immobilized into the phospholipid membrane of the lipobeads to enable chloride ion detection. The fluorescence intensity of lucigenin decreases with increasing chloride ion concentration due to dynamic quenching. Lipobeads that contained only lucigenin were ineffective as chloride ion sensors due to poor partition of the water-soluble lucigenin molecules into the phospholipid membrane and high leakage rate of immobilized lucigenin molecules to the aqueous solution. To stabilize the chloride ion sensing lipobeads we coimmobilized hexadecanesulfonate molecules into the phospholipid membrane. The formation of ion pairs between hexadecanesulfonate and lucigenin decreased the hydrophilicity of the dye, increased its partition rate into the membrane, increased the brightness of the particles, and significantly decreased the leakage rate of the hydrophobic ion pair from the membrane to the solution. To further improve their chloride ion sensitivity, we also immobilized the chloride ionophore [9] mercuracarborand-3 into the lipobead membrane. The study resulted in a unique submicrometric chloride ion sensor, which is suitable for chloride ion measurements in biological fluids.
<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> genetic diversity within the gastric niche of a single human host (2001)

Isolates of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori harvested from different individuals are highly polymorphic. Strain variation also has been observed within a single host. To more fully ascertain the extent of H. pylori genetic diversity within the ecological niche of its natural host, we harvested additional isolates of the sequenced H. pylori strain J99 from its human source patient after a 6-year interval. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR and DNA sequencing of four unlinked loci indicated that these isolates were closely related to the original strain. In contrast, microarray analysis revealed differences in genetic content among all of the isolates that were not detected by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR or sequence analysis. Several ORFs from loci scattered throughout the chromosome in the archival strain did not hybridize with DNA from the recent strains, including multiple ORFs within the J99 plasticity zone. In addition, DNA from the recent isolates hybridized with probes for ORFs specific for the other fully sequenced H. pylori strain 26695, including a putative traG homolog. Among the additional J99 isolates, patterns of genetic diversity were distinct both when compared with each other and to the original prototype isolate. These results indicate that within an apparently homogeneous population, as determined by macroscale comparison and nucleotide sequence analysis, remarkable genetic differences exist among single-colony isolates of H. pylori. Direct evidence that H. pylori has the capacity to lose and possibly acquire exogenous DNA is consistent with a model of continuous microevolution within its cognate host.
Structural Optimization of SUTBDG Devices for Low-Power Applications (2005)

In this paper, we investigate the impact of physical structure on the performance of symmetric ultrathin body double-gate devices for low-operating-power (LOP) applications. Devices with regular raised source/drain (S/D) structures have optimal spacer thicknesses governed by a tradeoff between fringing capacitance and series resistance. Expanded S/D structures improve on regular raised S/D structures by slowing down the increases in both fringing capacitance with gate height and series resistance with spacer thickness. The cost is more chip area and process complexity. Pure high-/spl kappa/ gate dielectrics raise the off-state current (I/sub OFF/) due to the fringing field-induced barrier lowering effect. Suppressing the I/sub OFF/ increase requires either a significant reduction in equivalent oxide thickness or a significant shift in gate work function. If the gate work function is tuned to maintain a fixed I/sub OFF/, devices with less abrupt S/D-channel junctions suffer a drive current (I/sub ON/) degradation, and devices with weakly coupling S/D and relatively thick bodies gain improvements in I/sub ON/. The I/sub ON/ of a device with metal S/D is significantly lower than required for LOP applications, if the S/D Schottky barrier height (SBH) is over 200 meV. We also briefly discuss the impact of mobility degradation on this structural optimization.
Tracemetals content (contaminants) as initial indicator in the quality of heat treated palm oil whole extract (2011)

An investigation was carried out on the effect of different sterilization time on the trace metals concentration of palm oil whole extract. Palm fruits were collected, cleaned and sterilized for 0, 20, 40 and 60 minutes. The kernels were then stripped from the sterilized fruits to get the pulp and later the pulp was pressed using small scale expeller. The resulting puree was centrifuge at 4000 rpm for 20 minutes. The palm oil whole extract were then collected and trace metals analysis was conducted using Inductively Couple Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The result showed that the highest yield was obtained at 40 minutes of sterilization with 19.9 ± 0.21 % (w/w). There was no significant different (p <0.5) in total trace metals content between the degrees of the heat treatment. Na+ was found as the highest trace metals content in the extract with mean concentration ranging from 1.05 ± 0.03 ppm to 2.36 ± 0.01 ppm. 40 minutes of heating time was predicted to ha ve good oil quality due to higher content in trace metals that inhibit the lipase enzyme activity.
The role of oxygen-derived free radicals in peritoneal adhesion formation induced by ileal ischaemia/reperfusion. (1989)

The effectiveness of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and allopurinol in prevention of peritoneal adhesion formation induced by complete vascular obstruction and reperfusion of an ileal segment was investigated in rats. The ischaemic period was 30 min. Group A (n = 20) were controls, group B (n = 15) received SOD 15,000 U/kg i.v. and group C (n = 17) the same dose of CAT immediately before induction of ischaemia. In group D (n = 20) DMSO 20 mg/kg was given i.v. 5 min before ischaemia, and group E (n = 20) received allopurinol orally 50 mg/kg daily for 2 days and also 2 hours before ischaemia. Ten days later adhesions had developed in 80% of group A, 40% of group B, 47% of group C and 45% of groups D and E (p less than 0.05). The severity of the adhesions was significantly less in the pretreated groups than in the controls. Oxygen-derived free radicals may be pathogenetically important for such adhesion formation. Xanthine oxidase is the principal source of oxygen radicals after a 30-min period of complete regional intestinal ischaemia.
IP Fast Reroute using tunnels (2007)

This draft describes an IP fast re-route mechanism that provides
backup connectivity in the event of a link or router failure. In the
absence of single points of failure and asymmetric costs, the
mechanism provides complete protection against any single failure. If
perfect repair is not possible, the identity of all the unprotected
links and routers is known in advance. This IP Fast Reroute advanced
method was invented in 2002 and draft (draft-bryant-ipfrr-
tunnels-00.txt) describing it was submitted to the IETF in May 2004.
It was one of the first methods of achieving full repair coverage in
an IP Network, and as such the draft has been widely referenced in the
academic literature. The authors DO NOT propose that this IPFRR
method be implemented since better IPFRR advanced method capable of
achieving full repair coverage have subsequently been invented.
Approaches for multi-step density forecasts with application to aggregated wind power (2010)

The generation of multi-step density forecasts for non-Gaussian data mostly relies on Monte Carlo simulations which are computationally intensive. Using aggregated wind power in Ireland, we study two approaches of multi-step density forecasts which can be obtained from simple iterations so that intensive computations are avoided. In the first approach, we apply a logistic transformation to normalize the data approximately and describe the transformed data using ARIMA–GARCH models so that multi-step forecasts can be iterated easily. In the second approach, we describe the forecast densities by truncated normal distributions which are governed by two parameters, namely, the conditional mean and conditional variance. We apply exponential smoothing methods to forecast the two parameters simultaneously. Since the underlying model of exponential smoothing is Gaussian, we are able to obtain multi-step forecasts of the parameters by simple iterations and thus generate forecast densities as truncated normal distributions. We generate forecasts for wind power from 15 minutes to 24 hours ahead. Results show that the first approach generates superior forecasts and slightly outperforms the second approach under various proper scores. Nevertheless, the second approach is computationally more efficient and gives more robust results under different lengths of training data. It also provides an attractive alternative approach since one is allowed to choose a particular parametric density for the forecasts, and is valuable when there are no obvious transformations to normalize the data.
Palliation of regional symptoms of advanced extremity melanoma by isolated limb perfusion with melphalan and high-dose tumor necrosis factor. (2006)

Isolated limb perfusion with melphalan and tumor necrosis factor is an effective and safe palliative treatment of locally advanced symptomatic melanoma of the extremity.
The rcsB gene, a positive regulator of colanic acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, is also an activator of ftsZ expression (1992)

Wild-type genes which, when overexpressed, are capable of restoring the growth deficiency of the division mutant ftsZ84 of Escherichia coli on L medium containing no added NaCl have been isolated. One of these genes is rcsB, a positive regulator of colanic acid biosynthesis. A direct relationship between rcsB expression and FtsZ activity was observed, suggesting that RcsB specifically increases transcription of ftsZ, thus accounting for the restoration of colony formation by ftsZ84 mutant cells. Analysis of the 5' upstream sequence of rcsB revealed, in addition to the sigma 54 promoter sequence previously reported, a presumptive sigma 70 promoter and LexA-binding site plus an upstream sequence that is found to be essential for the expression of rcsB on a plasmid. The absence of the sigma 54 factor does not have a negative effect on the transcription of rcsB. The RcsB protein is an activator of its own synthesis, particularly in the presence of NaCl. Evidence which suggests that RcsB can be phosphorylated by a presumably modified EnvZ or PhoM sensor protein leading to a suppression of the growth deficiency of ftsZ84 mutant cells and to an increase in colanic acid production was obtained. We also demonstrated that the level of colanic acid is reduced when the cells carry a multicopy rcsC plasmid, suggesting that the RcsC sensor has phosphatase activity.