gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PRIMARILY VASCULARIZED ALLOGRAFTS OF HEARTS IN MICE (1973)

Mouse hearts were transplanted heterotopically as primarily vascularized grafts. Donors and recipients were selected to provide combinations in which there was histoincompatibility with respect to antigens whose specificities are determined by genes at the H-2D region only (B10.BR → B6AF1), at the H-2K region only (B10.D2 → B6AF1), at loci other than H-2 (129 → B/10); and at H-2D, H-2K, and non-H-2 loci (A → (129 X B/10)F1). In all of these combinations there were acute episodes of rejection as indicated by sharp declines in palpable impulse. Return of cardiac impulse was commonly observed after this initial decline but was short lived except in the case of B10.BR grafts in B6AF1 hosts. In that combination all of the grafted hearts showed at least partial recovery and long-term survival. Hearts appear to be more vulnerable than kidneys but less vulnerable than skin to allograft reactions. In the combinationss studied there was a close relationship between the survival times of allografts of hearts and skin. Both types of grafts underwent relatively early and acute rejection in situations involving only non-H-2 differences and they had similar degrees of prolongation in survival time when placed on mice treated with antiserum specifically reactive with graft antigens. Differential survival of allografts of various kinds is ascribed to both differences in the intensity of the immune responses that are provoked and differences in sensitivity to attack by immune substances.
Identification and characterization of deoxyguanosine adducts of methyl vinyl ketone and ethyl vinyl ketone. Genotoxicity of the ketones in the SOS chromotest (1991)

The reaction of the alpha, beta-unsaturated ketones methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and ethyl vinyl ketone (EVK) with nucleosides and 5'-mononucleotides was studied. The genotoxic activity of MVK and EVK in the SOS Chromotest was investigated. Three different types of adducts with deoxyguanosine were found and their structures elucidated: the cyclic 1,N2 adducts, the linear N7 adducts with one still-unreacted carbonyl function, and the cyclic 1,N2, linear N7, bis adducts. The spectroscopic and other relevant characterization data for the deoxyguanosine adducts and the corresponding guanine adducts are presented here together with details of the chromatographic methods used for isolation. The adducts described could also be isolated in the reactions of MVK and EVK with 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate. No adducts could be isolated either with nucleosides other than deoxyguanosine or with nucleotides other than 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate, indicating that the guanine moiety is the most reactive DNA constituent for MVK and EVK. MVK and EVK were clearly genotoxic in the SOS Chromotest according to the criteria of Quillardet and Hofnung. The formation of these adducts was proposed as the mechanism for the genotoxicity of MVK and EVK: all data available support the assumption that MVK and EVK represent a mutagenic and carcinogenic risk for mankind.
Crisis in Infectious Diseases: Time for a New Paradigm? (1996)

Current practices in the treatment of infectious diseases are the result of two fundamental changes in antimicrobial therapy that occurred in the mid-20th century: the transition from pathogen-specific therapy to non-pathogen-specific therapy and the shift toward emphasis on antiinfective strategies that target microbial pathogens over those that enhance host immunity. The alarming rise in antimicrobial-resistant strains, the increasing frequency of serious infections in immunocompromised patients, and the paucity of new types of antibiotics suggest the need for reevaluation of the manner in which infections are treated. In the short term, the situation may be addressed-at least in part-by increased emphasis on improved diagnosis and, when possible, the use of specific or narrow-spectrum treatments. In the long term, a return to pathogen-specific therapy, possibly in combination with adjunctive immunotherapy, may be an attractive and desirable option provided that significant advances are made in diagnostic microbiology and drug discovery.
Organic Field‐Effect Devices as Tool to Characterize the Bipolar Transport in Polymer‐Fullerene Blends: The Case of P3HT‐PCBM (2007)

Abstract In organic bulk heterojunction solar cells (oBHJ) the blend morphology in combination with the charge transport properties of the individual components controls the extracted photocurrent. The organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) has been proved as a powerful instrument to evaluate the unipolar carrier transport properties in a wide range of cases. In our work we extend the OFET concept to the evaluation of the bipolar transport properties in polymer‐fullerenes blends and propose a method to improve the accuracy of the evaluation. The method is based on capacitance–voltage ( C–V ) measurements on MOS structures prepared on the same blends and delivers complementary information on the bulk heterojunction to the one obtained with FETs. The relevance for photovoltaic applications is investigated through the correlation between the current–voltage behavior of solar cells and the bipolar mobility for composites with varying polymer molecular weight and processed from different solvents. In particular the transport features of solar cells produced from o ‐Xylene (oX), a non chlorinated solvent more suitable to production requirements, have been compared to the one of devices cast from Chlorobenzene (CB) solution. For the P3HT‐PCBM blend a consistent correlation between the mobility and the electrical fill factor and power performance was found. A significant asymmetry in the bipolar carrier mobility, together with low electron mobility dependent on the M w value, affects the performances of thick o ‐Xylene cast devices. In the case of devices processed from Chlorobenzene the slower carrier has higher mobility and the small electrical losses detected are eventually more related to the formation of space‐charge and eventually to surface recombination. This results in an efficient charge collection that is almost thickness independent. We report a dependence of the slow‐carrier type (electrons or holes) and their mobility on the specific combination of molecular weight and solvent. The mobility data and the solar cell performance coherently fit to the prediction of a device model only based on the drift of carriers under the built‐in electric field originated in the donor‐acceptor oBHJ.
Suppression of the Deubiquitinating Enzyme USP5 Causes the Accumulation of Unanchored Polyubiquitin and the Activation of p53 (2008)

Both p53 and its repressor Mdm2 are subject to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. We show that knockdown of the deubiquitinating enzyme USP5 (isopeptidase T) results in an increase in the level and transcriptional activity of p53. Suppression of USP5 stabilizes p53, whereas it has little or no effect on the stability of Mdm2. This provides a mechanism for transcriptional activation of p53. USP5 knockdown interferes with the degradation of ubiquitinated p53 rather than attenuating p53 ubiquitination. In vitro studies have shown that a preferred substrate for USP5 is unanchored polyubiquitin. Consistent with this, we observed for the first time in a mammalian system that USP5 makes a major contribution to Lys-48-linked polyubiquitin disassembly and that suppression of USP5 results in the accumulation of unanchored polyubiquitin chains. Ectopic expression of a C-terminal mutant of ubiquitin (G75A/G76A), which also causes the accumulation of free polyubiquitin, recapitulates the effects of USP5 knockdown on the p53 pathway. We propose a model in which p53 is selectively stabilized because the unanchored polyubiquitin that accumulates after USP5 knockdown is able to compete with ubiquitinated p53 but not with Mdm2 for proteasomal recognition. This raises the possibility that there are significant differences in proteasomal recognition of p53 and Mdm2. These differences could be exploited therapeutically. Our study reveals a novel mechanism for regulation of p53 and identifies USP5 as a potential target for p53 activating therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer.
Transition Metal-Catalyzed Addition of Amines to Acrylic Acid Derivatives. A High-Throughput Method for Evaluating Hydroamination of Primary and Secondary Alkylamines (2001)

Several new classes of transition metal-catalyzed reactions of amines with the CC bond of acrylic acid derivatives were discovered using a high-throughput colorimetric assay. This assay is general for the reactions of primary and secondary alkylamines with acrylic acid derivatives, and the screening of potential catalysts using this assay revealed a number of different metal/ligand combinations that promote these hydroaminations. The colorimetric assay revealed catalysts for the addition of piperidine to methacrylonitrile, crotononitrile, ethyl crotonate, and ethyl methacrylate, as well as catalysts for reactions of butylamine and aniline with methacrylonitrile. A catalyst for the addition of aniline to crotononitrile at 100 °C was also discovered. The products of these reactions are basic building blocks for the synthesis of β-amino acids, amino alcohols, and diamines. These reactions may ultimately produce an enantioselective route to optically active difunctional materials from commodity reagents.
Reaction of terpenes with diethyl phosphonate under free radical conditions (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction of terpenes with diethyl phosphonate under free radical conditionsRobert L. Kenney and Gordon S. FisherCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 5, 682–686Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00919a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00919a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views178Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Defective autologous mixed leukocyte reaction in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. (1988)

We studied autologous mixed leukocyte reaction (AMLR) in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients, their healthy siblings and healthy schoolchildren, Blood samples from the patients were drawn within 1 week after hospitalization and 2 months later. AMLR was significantly depressed in the patients when compared to healthy siblings or other healthy controls. In addition, the mean AMLR responsiveness of the healthy control group exceeded that of healthy siblings. The production of IL-2 in AMLR was impaired in the patient group and the defective AMLR could be restored by addition of exogenous IL-2 in 7-10 patient cultures. However, in 3-10 patients addition of IL-2 induced no enhancement of proliferation. While the patients in general had raised levels of activated T lymphocytes these three patients had higher numbers of activated T cells than other patients. Defective AMLR and presence of activated T cells may be related and may play a role in the pathogenesis of IDDM.
Plant P5C Reductase as a New Target for Aminomethylenebisphosphonates (2007)

A series of N-substituted derivatives of aminomethylenebisphosphonic acid were evaluated as potential inhibitors of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (EC 1.5.1.2), the enzyme that catalyzes the last step in proline biosynthesis, partially purified from Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cultured cells. At millimolar concentrations, three compounds out of 26 were found to interfere with the catalytic mechanism. One of them, namely, 3,5-dichloropyridyl-aminomethylenebisphosphonic acid, retained such inhibitory activity in the micromolar range. Kinetic analyses ruled out the possibility that the inhibition could simply rely upon the chelating properties of bisphosphonates and showed mechanisms of a noncompetitive type against NADH and an uncompetitive type against delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, with KI values of 199 +/- 6 and 10.3 +/- 1.5 microM, respectively. A computer-aided docking analysis, performed on the basis of the crystal structure of the enzyme from Streptococcus pyogenes, suggested that this phosphonate may interact with amino acid residues near the binding site of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, thus blocking the substrate in a pocket and preventing its interaction with NADH. Because in higher plants the step catalyzed by delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase is shared by all pathways leading to proline synthesis, such a compound may represent a lead structure to be exploited for the design of new substances endowed with herbicidal activity.
Tiazofurin: molecular and clinical action. (1997)

Tiazofurin and allopurinol achieve reduction of GTP concentration in leukemic blast cells through inhibition of IMP DH and GPRT activities. As a result, induced maturation occurs with down-regulation of ras and myc oncogenes and probably reduced signal transduction capacity. Tiazofurin in leukemic patients provides over 75% therapeutic responses and patients can be treated with this combination for many months with good quality of life. These clinical and biochemical results were recently confirmed independently (3).
High-efficiency Bragg gratings in photothermorefractive glass (1999)

Photosensitive silicate glasses doped with silver, cerium, fluorine, and bromine were fabricated at the Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers. Bragg diffractive gratings were recorded in the volume of these glasses with a photothermorefractive process (exposure to UV radiation of a He-Cd laser at 325 nm is followed by thermal development at 520 degrees C). Absolute diffraction efficiency of as much as 93% was observed for 1-mm-thick gratings with spatial frequencies up to 2500 mm(-1). No decreasing of diffraction efficiency was detected at low spatial frequencies. Original glasses were transparent (absorption coefficient less than 1 cm(-1)) from 350 to 4100 nm. Induced losses in exposed and developed glass decreased from 0.3 to 0.03 cm(-1) between 400 and 700 nm, respectively, and did not exceed 0.01-0.02 cm(-1) in the IR region from 700 to 2500 nm. Additional losses caused by parasitic structures recorded in the photosensitive medium were studied.
The <i>gal</i> locus from <i>Haemophilus influenzae:</i> cloning, sequencing and the use of <i>gal</i> mutants to study lipopolysaccharide (1992)

The gal locus from Haemophilus influenzae was cloned and sequenced. Four genes were identified by amino acid homology: galT, galK, galM and galR. The coding direction of galT, galK and galM is divergent from that of galR. There are non-coding intergenic regions between galR and galT, galT nd galK, and galK and galM. Deletion-insertion mutations constructed in galK and galE, which is in lic3, were moved into the H. influenzae chromosome generating each of the single mutants as well as the double gal mutant. Even when grown on complex media, the double mutant failed to react with an anti-lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody known to react with a digalactoside epitope. Both the galE single and the galE galK double mutants were serum-sensitive and relatively avirulent in infant rats, indicating a critical role for galactose metabolism, and providing evidence to support a central role for lipopolysaccharide, in H. influenzae virulence.
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli subsp. nov. (1978)

Ten nonfluorescent Pseudomonas strains isolated from water-soaked lesions on cotyledons of plants of five Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) plant introductions were characterized and compared phenotypically with 22 other pseudomonads. The strains were distinguished phenotypically from other known plant pathogenic pseudomonads. The watermelon bacterium was aerobic. Cells were rod-shaped, gram negative, and motile by means of a single polar flagellum. They were nonfluorescent and grew at 41°C but not at 4°C. Oxidase production and the 2-ketogluconate reaction were positive. The 10 strains utilized β-alanine, L-leucine, D-serine, n-propanal, ethanol, ethanolamine, citrate, and fructose for growth. No growth occurred with sucrose or glucose. Their deoxyribonucleic acid base composition was 66 ± 1 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The bacterium is phenotypically similar to P. pseudoalcaligenes but differs from it in being pathogenic to watermelon, Cucumis melo (cantaloupe), Cucumis satiwus (cucumber), and Cucurbita pepo (squash). The name P. pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli is proposed for the new subspecies, of which strain C-42 (= ATCC 29625) is the type strain.
Size selectivity of blood-brain barrier permeability at various times after osmotic opening (1987)

Recent experiments have shown that after osmotic opening the blood-brain barrier recloses more rapidly to larger than to smaller molecules. Quantitative theoretical analysis of blood-brain barrier permeability to different-sized molecules at different times after osmotic opening supports the concept of pore creation as a result of opening of tight junctions between endothelial cells. Experiments also suggest significant bulk water flow from capillaries into brain within 10 min after opening at an average rate of approximately 1.6 X 10(-4) cm3 X s-1 X g brain-1. A mathematical model of blood-brain barrier permeability based on the creation of pores, together with bulk fluid flow, is presented for both cylindrical pores and rectangular slits. Experimental data are compatible with pore radii of approximately 200 A or slit widths of approximately 220 A. Pore densities of approximately 1 pore per 200 microns 2 of membrane surface are calculated at 6 min after barrier opening, reducing slightly as the barrier recloses. Calculated bulk flow is reduced by an order of magnitude within 35 min of barrier opening and is a major factor in altered blood-brain barrier permeability. Size dependence of blood-brain barrier permeability following osmotic opening is shown to be incompatible with enhanced vesicular transport.
Reversible Self-Actuated Thermo-Responsive Pore Membrane (2016)

Smart membranes, which can selectively control the transfer of light, air, humidity and temperature, are important to achieve indoor climate regulation. Even though reversible self-actuation of smart membranes is desirable in large-scale, reversible self-regulation remains challenging. Specifically, reversible 100% opening/closing of pore actuation showing accurate responsiveness, reproducibility and structural flexibility, including uniform structure assembly, is currently very difficult. Here, we report a reversible, thermo-responsive self-activated pore membrane that achieves opening and closing of pores. The reversible, self-actuated thermo-responsive pore membrane was fabricated with hybrid materials of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide), (PNIPAM) within polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to form a multi-dimensional pore array. Using Multiphysics simulation of heat transfer and structural mechanics based on finite element analysis, we demonstrated that pore opening and closing dynamics can be self-activated at environmentally relevant temperatures. Temperature cycle characterizations of the pore structure revealed 100% opening ratio at T = 40 °C and 0% opening ratio at T = 20 °C. The flexibility of the membrane showed an accurate temperature-responsive function at a maximum bending angle of 45°. Addressing the importance of self-regulation, this reversible self-actuated thermo-responsive pore membrane will advance the development of future large-scale smart membranes needed for sustainable indoor climate control.
Fibronectin secretion from human peritoneal tissue induces Mr 92,000 type IV collagenase expression and invasion in ovarian cancer cell lines. (1997)

Our previous study showed that human peritoneal conditioned medium (CM) increased the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) secretion and invasiveness of ovarian cancer cells (NOM1). In an effort to identify this MMP-9-stimulating factor, we examined the effects of extracellular matrix components, such as type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin, on ovarian cancer cells. We found that fibronectin increased the MMP-9 activity of NOM1 cell CM in a concentration-dependent manner and that the peritoneal CM contained high level of fibronectin. An increase of MMP-9 activity in NOM1 cell CM by the peritoneal CM was almost completely blocked by 20 microg/ml of anti-integrin alpha5/FnR antibody and RGD polypeptides. Furthermore, after immunoprecipitation by antifibronectin antibody supernatant of the peritoneal CM did not increase MMP-9 activity in NOM1 cells. Fibronectin and the peritoneal CM also increased MMP-9 activity and expression in NOM1 cell lysate, and these effects were blocked by anti-integrin alpha5/FnR antibody. Invasiveness of NOM1 cells was enhanced by fibronectin and the peritoneal CM in a concentration-dependent manner, and anti-integrin alpha5/FnR antibody blocked these effects. These results suggested that fibronectin secreted from peritoneum increased MMP-9 activity and expression, and, in turn, invasiveness of ovarian cancer cells.
Face detection using mixtures of linear subspaces (2002)

We present two methods using mixtures of linear sub-spaces for face detection in gray level images. One method uses a mixture of factor analyzers to concurrently perform clustering and, within each cluster, perform local dimensionality reduction. The parameters of the mixture model are estimated using an EM algorithm. A face is detected if the probability of an input sample is above a predefined threshold. The other mixture of subspaces method uses Kohonen's self-organizing map for clustering and Fisher linear discriminant to find the optimal projection for pattern classification, and a Gaussian distribution to model the class-conditioned density function of the projected samples for each class. The parameters of the class-conditioned density functions are maximum likelihood estimates and the decision rule is also based on maximum likelihood. A wide range of face images including ones in different poses, with different expressions and under different lighting conditions are used as the training set to capture the variations of human faces. Our methods have been tested on three sets of 225 images which contain 871 faces. Experimental results on the first two datasets show that our methods perform as well as the best methods in the literature, yet have fewer false detects.