gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human Hair Reconstruction: Close, But Yet So Far (2016)

Billions of dollars are annually invested in pharmaceutical industry and cosmetic sector with intent to develop new drugs and treatment strategies for alopecia. Because the hair looks an important characteristic of humans-an effective appendage in perception, expression of beauty, and preservation of self-esteem-the global market for hair loss treatment products is exponentially increasing. However, current methods to treat hair loss endure yet multiple challenges, such as unfavorable outcomes, nonpermanent and patient-dependent results, as well as unpredictable impacts, which limit their application. Over recent years, remarkable advances in the fields of regenerative medicine and hair tissue engineering have raised new hopes for introducing novel cell-based approaches to treat hair loss. Through cell-based approaches, it is possible to produce hair-like structures in the laboratory setting or manipulate cells in their native niche (in vivo lineage reprogramming) to reconstruct the hair follicle. However, challenging issues still exist with the functionality of cultured human hair cells, the proper selection of nonhair cell sources in cases of shortage of donor hair, and the development of defined culture conditions. Moreover, in the case of in vivo lineage reprogramming, selecting appropriate induction factors and their efficient delivery to guide resident cells into a hair fate-with the aim of reconstructing functional hair-still needs further explorations. In this study, we highlight recent advances and current challenges in hair loss treatment using cell-based approaches and provide novel insights for crucial steps, which must be taken into account to develop reproducible, safe, and efficient cell-based treatment.
Differential toxicity of cis- and trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) toward mammalian cells: lack of influence of any difference in the rates of loss of their DNA-bound adducts. (1987)

DNA-bound adducts formed by cis- or trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP or trans-DDP, respectively) have very different effects on DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression in Chinese hamster cells. When the loss of platinum from the DNA of cells treated with pulsed doses of these isomers was corrected for the different effects they produced on DNA replication and cell cycle progression, then adducts formed by either agent were lost slowly from DNA and at comparable rates. The kinetics of accumulation of platinum on the DNA of exponentially growing Chinese hamster cells differed following continuous treatment with a low dose (10 microM) of either cis-DDP or trans-DDP. However, when these DNA binding values were again corrected for the different effects of the two isomers on DNA replication and cell cycle progression, both compounds reacted with DNA to similar extents. The amounts of platinum that accumulated by 30 h on the DNA of stationary-phase Chinese hamster cells treated with a low dose (10 microM) of either cis- or trans-DDP were also similar but resulted in very different effects on cell survival. The amounts of platinum accumulating on the DNA of near confluent African green monkey cells were also similar following continuous treatment with a low dose (10 microM) of either cis-DDP or trans-DDP, after correction for the relatively small amount of DNA synthesis occurring in these cells, and they were similar to the binding of platinum to the DNA of similarly treated Chinese hamster cells. There was no rapid loss of platinum from the DNA of African green monkey cells following treatment with pulsed low or high doses of trans-DDP. It could be concluded that the different cytotoxic effects produced by cis- or trans-DDP resulted from an intrinsic difference in the effects of their respective DNA-bound adducts on DNA replication and were not due to a difference in the rate of repair of such adducts, as previously proposed (R. B. Ciccarelli et al., Biochemistry, 24: 7533-7540, 1985). The accumulation of platinum on the proteins of Chinese hamster or African green monkey kidney cells treated with cis- or trans-DDP was also consistent with the respective toxic effects of the two isomers.
In situ drawing of high molecular weight poly(ethylene terephthalate) in subcritical and supercritical CO2 (1999)

The effects of draw conditions were studied for initially amorphous melt-spun poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers in the presence of subcritical and supercritical (SC) CO2. Both in situ and posttreatment mechanical behavior along with morphological characteristics were investigated. Fibers soaked in subcritical CO2 could be drawn to 30% higher draw ratios (DRs) compared with fibers that were cold-drawn. In situ force response measured with a custom apparatus showed that fibers in subcritical CO2 had no measurable resistance to deformation until strain hardening occurred. In contrast, fibers drawn in SC CO2 displayed a yield response, a significant decrease in ductility, and a significant difference in postyield behavior. Fibers drawn in subcritical CO2 showed slightly lower tensile properties compared with cold-drawn samples whereas fibers treated in SC CO2 had much lower tensile properties because of the limited DR achieved. X-ray diffraction studies indicated that CO2 enhances the development of the crystalline phase compared with cold-drawn samples. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 1881–1891, 1999
Improved Mechanical Integrity of ALD-Coated Composite Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries (2010)

Mechanical properties of composite anodes coated with by atomic layer deposition (ALD) were examined using nanoindentation and nanoscratching. Significant improvement in adhesion to the current collector for the ALD-coated is observed. This improved adhesion enables enhanced electrical conductivity for these high capacity/high volume expansion materials, suggesting the potential of these coatings for high-energy density Li-ion batteries suitable for vehicular applications.
Carta del Decano (2010)

en frenéticos cambios, contradicciones, amenazas y oportunidades, hace el proceso desafiante y pleno de emoción.En esa tarea la educación y la pedagogía son llamadas a ser actores de primer orden al tener como finalidad el generar conductas que en últimas son las que dotan de validez al acto educativo.
Structure of<i>Escherichia coli</i>exonuclease I in complex with thymidine 5′-monophosphate (2008)

In Escherichia coli, exonuclease I (ExoI) is a monomeric processive 3'-5' exonuclease that degrades single-stranded DNA. The enzyme has been implicated as primarily being involved in repairing frameshift mutations. The structure of the enzyme has previously been determined in a hexagonal space group at 2.4 A resolution. Here, the structure of ExoI in complex with a nucleotide product, thymidine 5'-monophosphate, is described in an orthorhombic space group at 1.5 A resolution. This new high-resolution structure provides some insight into the interactions involved in binding a nucleotide product. The conserved active site contains a unique metal-binding position when compared with orthologous sites in the Klenow fragment, T4 DNA polymerase and dnaQ. This unique difference is proposed to be a consequence of the repositioning of an important histidine, His181, away from the active site.
Mobility of the maize transposable element <i>En/Spm</i> in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (1993)

The autonomous element En-1 of the maize En/Spm transposable element system is capable of frequent somatic and germinal excision in the heterologous host Arabidopsis thaliana. The pattern of En-homologous transcripts generated in transgenic Arabidopsis resembles En transcription in maize. An excision reporter construct based on NPT-II gene (pKEn2) can be used reliably for the isolation of En-1 germinal revertants by seed germination on kanamycin-containing medium. Re-insertion after germinal excision is apparently frequent. A dSpm receptor element can be efficiently trans-activated in Arabidopsis either by En-1 or by expressing cDNAs of tnpA and tnpD. Excision and re-insertion of En/Spm take place with similar characteristics as in maize. This is the first description of En/Spm transposition in Arabidopsis and the parameters analysed here suggest that transposon tagging with En should be feasible in this species.
The adsorption of a bacterial cellulase and its two isolated domains to crystalline cellulose (1992)

International audience
A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic's neuromyelitis optica (2002)

Devic's disease [neuromyelitis optica (NMO)] is an idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS, characterized by attacks of optic neuritis and myelitis. The mechanisms that result in selective localization of inflammatory demyelinating lesions to the optic nerves and spinal cord are unknown. Serological and clinical evidence of B cell autoimmunity has been observed in a high proportion of patients with NMO. The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of humoral mechanisms, including complement activation, in producing the necrotizing demyelination seen in the spinal cord and optic nerves. Eighty-two lesions were examined from nine autopsy cases of clinically confirmed Devic's disease. Demyelinating activity in the lesions was immunocytochemically classified as early active (21 lesions), late active (18 lesions), inactive (35 lesions) or remyelinating (eight lesions) by examining the antigenic profile of myelin degradation products within macrophages. The pathology of the lesions was analysed using a broad spectrum of immunological and neurobiological markers, and lesions were defined on the basis of myelin protein loss, the geography and extension of plaques, the patterns of oligodendrocyte destruction and the immunopathological evidence of complement activation. The pathology was identical in all nine patients. Extensive demyelination was present across multiple spinal cord levels, associated with cavitation, necrosis and acute axonal pathology (spheroids), in both grey and white matter. There was a pronounced loss of oligodendrocytes within the lesions. The inflammatory infiltrates in active lesions were characterized by extensive macrophage infiltration associated with large numbers of perivascular granulocytes and eosinophils and rare CD3(+) and CD8(+) T cells. There was a pronounced perivascular deposition of immunoglobulins (mainly IgM) and complement C9neo antigen in active lesions associated with prominent vascular fibrosis and hyalinization in both active and inactive lesions. The extent of complement activation, eosinophilic infiltration and vascular fibrosis observed in the Devic NMO cases is more prominent compared with that in prototypic multiple sclerosis, and supports a role for humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of NMO. Based on this study, future therapeutic strategies designed to limit the deleterious effects of complement activation, eosinophil degranulation and neutrophil/macrophage/microglial activation are worthy of further investigation.
Double sided flexible carrier with discretes and thermally enhanced FCA/COF (2002)

This paper describes an electronic assembly that uses SMT components, wire bonded chips as well as area array chips attached to a flexible carrier. The wire bond chip is reworkable until encapsulation. Heat spreaders are attached to flip chips and wire bond chips with thermally conductive adhesives. Volume constraints imposed by a system design can he satisfied by populating both sides of a flexible carrier with components. Potential cost savings and reliability gains are possible with this electronic assembly design. A single flexible carrier with chips can replace multiple printed circuit cards and two levels of interconnection.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Control of a robot-trailer system using a single non-collocated sensor (2012)

In this paper, the authors develop an observer and controller for a robot and trailer system in which only a single non-collocated position measurement is used. A linearized state-space model of the system is derived using kinematic equations that have previously proven sufficient for state feedback control. Optimal observer gains (LQG) and controller gains (LQR) are calculated using known process and measurement noise variances. Simulations and experiments both confirm that the LQG/LQR system controls the nonlinear system in path tracking. Control based on state estimation yields performance that is comparable to a more heavily-instrumented full-state feedback system previously used on the robot-trailer system.
Diagnostic classification of autoantibody repertoires in endocrine ophthalmopathy using an artificial neural network (1998)

The artificial neural network exceeds the ability of multivariate statistical techniques such as analysis of discriminance to assign unknown samples to their correct predefined group. Thus, the neural network exceeds other methods in generalizing some similarities of blots used for classification. This study reveals that our new technique and its evaluation using a neural network can be used as a helpful diagnostic tool in autoimmune diseases such as endocrine ophthalmopathy.
Interfacial Properties of the a-Si∕Cu:Active–Inactive Thin-Film Anode System for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2006)

Amorphous silicon thin films deposited on copper foil have been observed to exhibit near theoretical capacity for a limited number of cycles. The films, however, eventually delaminate, leading to failure of the anode. In order to better understand the mechanism of capacity retention and the ultimate failure mode of a model brittle active:elastic/plastic inactive anode system, the films were subjected to in situ adhesion tests while observing the film surface using scanning electron microscopy. Atomic force and transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical cycling were conducted to analyze the emerging morphology of the films during cycling. The adhesion of the as-deposited Si film to the Cu substrate was measured to , reflecting a weak interface adhesion strength. Plastic deformation of the underlying Cu substrate combined with a ratcheting mechanism is proposed to occur in the system, with delamination failure mode occurring only after the formation of an interface imperfection. From the analysis of slow rate cycling experiments, nucleation of a lithium compound based on the interdiffusion of Si and Cu is identified as the most probable cause of the ultimate delamination failure of the deposited film.
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Null Mouse Cells Synthesize ADP-ribose Polymers (1998)

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (EC 2.4.2.30), the only enzyme known to synthesize ADP-ribose polymers from NAD+, is activated in response to DNA strand breaks and functions in the maintenance of genomic integrity. Mice homozygous for a disrupted gene encoding PARP are viable but have severe sensitivity to gamma-radiation and alkylating agents. We demonstrate here that both 3T3 and primary embryo cells derived from PARP-/- mice synthesized ADP-ribose polymers following treatment with the DNA-damaging agent, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, despite the fact that no PARP protein was detected in these cells. ADP-ribose polymers isolated from PARP-/- cells were indistinguishable from that of PARP+/+ cells by several criteria. First, they bound to a boronate resin selective for ADP-ribose polymers. Second, treatment of polymers with snake venom phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase yielded ribosyladenosine, a nucleoside diagnostic for the unique ribosyl-ribosyl linkages of ADP-ribose polymers. Third, they were digested by treatment with recombinant poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, an enzyme highly specific for ADP-ribose polymers. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ADP-ribose polymers are formed in PARP-/- cells in a DNA damage-dependent manner. Because the PARP gene has been disrupted, these results suggest the presence of a previously unreported activity capable of synthesizing ADP-ribose polymers in PARP-/- cells.
Millimetre-wave signal generationusing pulsed semiconductor lasers (1994)

A novel technique for millimetre-wave signal generation using a pulsed semiconductor laser is proposed and demonstrated. Optical filtering is used to select only two modes and suppress all other modes in the optical spectrum of the laser. The two selected modes beat together in a photodiode to generate a millimetre-wave signal with 100 % modulation depth.
The biosynthetic gene cluster of the maytansinoid antitumor agent ansamitocin from <i>Actinosynnema</i> <i>pretiosum</i> (2002)

Maytansinoids are potent antitumor agents found in plants and microorganisms. To elucidate their biosynthesis at the biochemical and genetic level and to set the stage for their structure modification through genetic engineering, we have cloned two gene clusters required for the biosynthesis of the maytansinoid, ansamitocin, from a cosmid library of Actinosynnema pretiosum ssp. auranticum ATCC 31565. This is a rare case in which the genes involved in the formation of a secondary metabolite are dispersed in separate regions in an Actinomycete. A set of genes, asm22-24, asm43-45, and asm47, was identified for the biosynthesis of the starter unit, 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA). Remarkably, there are two AHBA synthase gene homologues, which may have different functions in AHBA formation. Four type I polyketide synthase genes, asmA-D, followed by the downloading asm9, together encode eight homologous sets of enzyme activities (modules), each catalyzing a specific round of chain initiation, elongation, or termination steps, which assemble the ansamitocin polyketide backbone. Another set of genes, asm13-17, encodes the formation of an unusual "methoxymalonate" polyketide chain extension unit that, notably, seems to be synthesized on a dedicated acyl carrier protein rather than as a CoA thioester. Additional ORFs are involved in postsynthetic modifications of the initial polyketide synthase product, which include methylations, an epoxidation, an aromatic chlorination, and the introduction of acyl and carbamoyl groups. Tentative functions of several asm genes were confirmed by inactivation and heterologous expression.
Efecto Biocontrolador de 'Bacillus' spp., Frente a 'Fusarium' sp., Bajo Condiciones de Invernadero en Plantas de Tomillo ('Thymus Vulgaris l'.) (2012)

El desarrollo de estrategias diferentes al uso de agroquímicos en la agricultura ha abierto nuevas posibilidades a la investigación con microorganismos como alternativa en control biológico debido a sus capacidades bioquímicas y la facilidad de su manejo para la protección de cultivos. El objetivo del presente estudio fué establecer el efecto biocontrolador de Bacillus spp., frente a Fusarium sp., bajo condiciones de invernadero en tomillo. La metodología incluyó el aislamiento del posible patógeno que estaba causando marchitez vascular y pérdidas en la producción, su identificación por claves taxonómicas, pruebas de antagonismo directo en placa en donde se evaluó el radio de crecimiento de la colonia, porcentaje de inhibición y tasa de crecimiento, ensayos bajo condiciones de invernadero en plantas de tomillo con evaluaciones cada 5 días durante 1 mes por escala de severidad. Finalmente, se confirmó la presencia del patógeno en un segundo aislamiento para confirmar los postulados de Koch. Los resultados mostraron que el causante de la enfermedad era el hongo Fusarium pseudonygamai y en las pruebas de antagonismo que el tratamiento con Bacillus UCMC (B2) resulto tener el mejor efecto biocontrolador in vitro y bajo condiciones de invernadero contra Fusarium sp., por presentar mayores porcentajes de inhibición, raíces más largas, mayor peso seco y disminución o ausencia de síntomas de la enfermedad. Se concluyó que de los microorganismos en estudio, Bacillus UCMC (B2) tuvo el mejor potencial biocontrolador bajo condiciones de invernadero contra Fusarium sp., en plantas de tomillo.
Cerebral Blood Flow and Glucose Metabolism in Hypothyroidism: A Positron Emission Tomography Study (2001)

Hypothyroidism is often associated with defective memory, psychomotor slowing, and depression. However, the relationship between thyroid status and cognitive or psychiatric disturbances remains unclear. Using psychometric scales, 10 patients who had undergone total thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma were evaluated for depression, anxiety, and psychomotor slowing; they were examined both when euthyroid and hypothyroid after thyroid hormone withdrawal. Positron emission tomography was used, with oxygen-15-labeled water and fluorine-18F-labeled 2-deoxy-2fluoro-D-glucose as the tracers, to correlate the regional cerebral blood flow and cerebral glucose metabolism with the mental state in patients. Two different image analysis techniques (regions of interest and statistical parametric maps) were applied. In hypothyroidism, there was a generalized decrease in regional cerebral blood flow (23.4%, P < 0.001) and in cerebral glucose metabolism (12.1%, P < 0.001) and there were no specific local defects. Patients were also significantly more depressed (P < 0.001), anxious (P < 0.001) and psychomotor slowed (P < 0.005) in hypo than in euthyroid status. These results indicate that the brain activity was globally reduced in severe hypothyroidism of short duration without the regional modifications usually observed in primary depression.
The Politics of HIV/AIDS In China (2006)

This article provides a political analysis of the sequence and substance of China's policy response toward HTV/AIDS. Using an analytical framework that integrates historical institutionalism with policy process, the article examines how political institutions interacted with three policy streams (problem identification, policy generation, and elite politics) to delay an effective Chinese government response to the HTV/AIDS epidemic. It also demonstrates how the political, problem, and policy streams joined in the 2003 SARS crisis to prompt the government to take decisive action on HTV/AIDS.
Microscopic shape from focus using active illumination (2002)

Shape from focus relies on surface texture for the computation of depth. In many real-world applications, surfaces can be smoothly shaded and lacking in detectable texture. In such cases, shape from focus generates inaccurate and sparse depth maps. This paper presents a novel extension to the original shape from focus method. A strong texture is forced on imaged surfaces by the use of active illumination. The exact pattern of the projected illumination is determined through a careful Fourier analysis of all the optical effects involved in focus analysis. When the focus operator used is a 2D Laplacian, the optimal illumination pattern is found to be a checkerboard whose pitch is the same size as the distance between adjacent elements in the discrete Laplacian kernel. This analysis also reveals the exact number of images required for accurate shape recovery. These results are experimentally verified using an optical microscope. Surfaces lacking in texture, such as, three-dimensional structures on silicon substrates and solder joints on circuit boards were used in the experiments. The results show that the derived illumination pattern is in fact optimal, facilitating accurate shape recovery of complex and pertinent industrial samples.
Control of Growth and Differentiation of Vascular Cells by Extracellular Matrix Proteins (1991)

Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and ...Read More