gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Glycolysis in Cancer Cells: A Novel Strategy to Overcome Drug Resistance Associated with Mitochondrial Respiratory Defect and Hypoxia (2005)

Cancer cells generally exhibit increased glycolysis for ATP generation (the Warburg effect) due in part to mitochondrial respiration injury and hypoxia, which are frequently associated with resistance to therapeutic agents. Here, we report that inhibition of glycolysis severely depletes ATP in cancer cells, especially in clones of cancer cells with mitochondrial respiration defects, and leads to rapid dephosphorylation of the glycolysis-apoptosis integrating molecule BAD at Ser(112), relocalization of BAX to mitochondria, and massive cell death. Importantly, inhibition of glycolysis effectively kills colon cancer cells and lymphoma cells in a hypoxic environment in which the cancer cells exhibit high glycolytic activity and decreased sensitivity to common anticancer agents. Depletion of ATP by glycolytic inhibition also potently induced apoptosis in multidrug-resistant cells, suggesting that deprivation of cellular energy supply may be an effective way to overcome multidrug resistance. Our study shows a promising therapeutic strategy to effectively kill cancer cells and overcome drug resistance. Because the Warburg effect and hypoxia are frequently seen in human cancers, these findings may have broad clinical implications.
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (2022)

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity publishes research involving cellular and molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in the nervous system and related organ systems in relation to aging, immune function, vascular biology, and metabolism.
Electric load information system based on non-intrusive power monitoring (2003)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2003.
&lt;title&gt;Monolithic active pixel InGaAs focal plane arrays for near-infrared imaging&lt;/title&gt; (1997)

We present the preliminary results of our investigation into the demonstration of a 16 X 16 element 'active-pixel sensor' array for imaging in the 0.5-2.5 micrometers wavelength spectrum. Each pixel consists of an InGaAs photodiode integrated with InP JFET-based signal processing electronics. An InP-based reset switch in each pixel is addressable using peripheral row and column select switches. The pixel architecture is based on a source-follower circuit. Each pixel has only four devices - three JFETs and a photodetector. This architecture can potentially lead to pixel fill factors in excess of 60 percent. The InP-based JFETs have extremely low leakage currents and high ON/OFF switching ratios. Each photodiode is independently addressed by applying a voltage to the reset terminal. Once the reset transistor Qa is switched ON, the photocurrent drives the output terminal using the source-follower circuit. The Sorce Follower Array architecture facilitates monolithic integration of the InP JFETs and InGaAs photodetectors with up to 2.5micrometers -wavelength cut-off. One important aspect of the JFET design is the p-type InP epilayer under the channel region of the JFET. This grown in p-n junction isolates the channel from the substrate thereby reducing the leakage current of the JFET.
Effects of step-graded AlxGa1−xN interlayer on properties of GaN grown on Si(111) using ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition (2001)

We report the growth of high-quality GaN on a Si(111) substrate using a five step-graded AlxGa1−xN (x=0.87–0.07) interlayer between GaN epilayer and AlN buffer layer by ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition. The crack density and the surface roughness of the GaN layer grown on the graded AlxGa1−xN interlayer were substantially reduced, compared to those of GaN grown on an AlN buffer layer. Significant improvement in the structural and optical properties of the GaN layer was also achieved by the use of a graded interlayer. These results are attributed to the decrease of the lattice mismatch between GaN and AlN layer, and the reduction of the thermal stress by the graded interlayer.
Electrode catalysis of the four-electron reduction of oxygen to water by dicobalt face-to-face porphyrins (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrode catalysis of the four-electron reduction of oxygen to water by dicobalt face-to-face porphyrinsJames P. Collman, Peter Denisevich, Yutaka Konai, Matt Marrocco, Carl Koval, and Fred C. AnsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 19, 6027–6036Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00539a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00539a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3286Altmetric-Citations556LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Molecular composites via <i>in situ</i> polymerization: Poly(phenylene terephthalamide)–nylon 3 (1986)

Abstract All‐polyamide molecular level composites composed of rigid rod and flexible coil polymers were prepared using an in situ polymerization process in which the anion of the rigid rod poly‐(phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) was used as the initiator for the anionic polymerization of acrvlamide to form the nylon 3 matrix. The rigid aramid component then serves as the reinforcing agent. This polymerization resulted in both graft and homo‐nylon 3 formation. Composite films prepared using in situ processing showed greatly improved strength and modulus over unmodified nylon 3 with no loss of flexibility. The composites showed aggregation and phase separation of PPTA fibrils at PPTA weight fractions of &gt; 30% as indicated by wide angle X‐ray scattering and electron microscopic analysis. The structure of the PPTA formed is that produced from swelled liquid crystalline solutions, indicating that the in situ process involves polymerization in the liquid crystalline state.
Innocuous Labeling of the Subfragment-2 Region of Skeletal Muscle Heavy Meromyosin with a Fluorescent Polyacrylamide Nanobead and Visualization of Individual Heavy Meromyosin Molecules (1996)

We have studied transglutaminase-catalyzed incorporation of monodansylcadaverine and monobiotincadaverine into rabbit skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM). The incorporation of dansylcadaverine reached saturation at 4 mol per 1 mol of HMM. An electrophoretogram of the chymotryptic digest of the dansyl-labeled HMM revealed that the labeling took place primarily in the S-2 region of HMM. Atomic force microscopic images and electron micrographs of the complexes of the biotinylated HMM and UltraAvidin-coated fluorescent polyacrylamide nanoparticles revealed that the biotinylated site on S-2 was very close to the C-terminus (near the S-2/light meromyosin junction). In keeping with this result, together with HMM's key sites being localized on the S-1 region, the enzymatic conjugation of biotincadaverine had no influence upon the actin-activated ATPase activity of HMM or upon the ability of HMM to actuate sliding of actin filaments in in vitro motility assay. Attachment of an UltraAvidin-coated fluorescent nanobead to the biotinylated HMM also did not alter the motile activity of HMM. Thus, we can optically pinpoint individual HMM molecules in a sample, which will facilitate handling and manipulation of single HMM molecules and observation of their functional behavior.
Antibody-producing human-human hybridomas. III. Derivation and characterization of two antibodies with specificity for human myeloid cells. (1986)

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and spleen cells from a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) were fused with HAT-sensitive human B lymphoma cells (RH-L4) in attempts to generate human monoclonal antibodies (Mab) against antigens with high specificity for myeloid leukemia cells. Forty-seven of 246 hybridomas secreted Ig that bound to AML cell surface constituents, as determined by FACS analysis of viable cells that were FITC-stained with the human Mab as the first-step reagent and FITC-conjugated rabbit anti-human Ig as second-step. Two of the 47 human Mab (one from each patient and designated AML-19 and CML-20, respectively) bound to both autologous and allogeneic myeloid leukemia cells. No significant binding was observed to cell surface constituents on human bone marrow cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, thymocytes, monocytes, lymphoblastic leukemia cells, fibroblasts, malignant B and T lymphocytic cell lines, and murine bone marrow cells. Both human Mab were IgG and were cytotoxic to myeloid leukemia cells in the presence of complement. About 70% of peripheral blood cell samples from 46 AML patients contained AML-19- and CML-20-positive cells, but the reactivity pattern had no correlation to the morphologic FAB classification of the samples. The promyelocytic HL60 cell line and the K562 cell line reacted with the two antibodies. Dot blot analysis of binding of AML-19 and CML-20 to cellular extracts immobilized on nitrocellulose paper showed that both human Mab in this assay also reacted with normal bone marrow cells. This was supported by microscopic immunofluorescence because both human Mab stained intracytoplasmatic structures in normal bone marrow cells, but both intracytoplasmatic and cell surface components stained in myeloid leukemia cells. Moreover, immunoblotting demonstrated that both human Mab in leukemia cells reacted with two cellular proteins with Mr approximately 14,500 and 18,000, and in normal bone marrow cells with a molecule with Mr approximately 20,000. Immunoprecipitation of cell membrane molecules with both the AML-19 and CML-20 antibody precipitated from leukemic cells only the molecule with Mr approximately 18,000 and no components from normal bone marrow cells. It is concluded that myeloid leukemogenesis may result in generation of cell surface expression of either new or abnormally processed molecules that are immunogenic in the autochthonous host. These molecules may also be useful as markers in diagnosis of myeloid leukemia.
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase, stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38mapk are involved in IL-10-mediated selective repression of TNF-alpha-induced activation and maturation of human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells. (1999)

TNF-alpha or IL-10 has been implicated to reversibly regulate physiological states of dendritic cells (DCs). However, little is known about dual stimulations of these cytokines on DC properties and the intracellular signaling events that are responsible for the regulation of these states. Here, we show that a family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), and p38mapk, are potentially involved in IL-10-mediated selective suppression of TNF-alpha-induced changes of the monocyte-derived DC properties. TNF-alpha induced the cluster formation of the cells and the enhancement of cell surface expression levels of CD83, CD86, and HLA-DR, and T cell stimulatory capacity, whereas the capacities for the endocytosis and the chemotactic migration were suppressed in these cells. Treatment of monocyte-derived DCs with IL-10 resulted in the reduction of the cell surface expression levels of CD86, HLA-DR, and T cell stimulatory capacity, whereas both endocytic and chemotactic migratory capacities were increased by IL-10. Dual stimulations of monocyte-derived DCs with TNF-alpha and IL-10 selectively antagonized their respective effects on these DC properties. TNF-alpha induced tyrosine phosphorylation and enzymatic activation of ERK2, SAPK/JNK, and p38mapk, whereas IL-10 did not induce these events. Dual stimulations of TNF-alpha plus IL-10 abolished TNF-alpha-induced changes of these MAPKs in DCs. These results suggest that the blockage in the MAPKs cascades contributes to IL-10-mediated repression of TNF-alpha-induced changes of DC properties.
European consensus on grading bone marrow fibrosis and assessment of cellularity. (2005)

Quantification of characteristic bone marrow biopsy features includes basic parameters such as cellularity and fiber content. These are important to assess the dynamics of disease processes with a significant impact on risk stratification, survival patterns and, especially, therapy-related changes. A panel of experienced European pathologists and a foreign expert evaluated, at a multi-headed microscope, a large number of representative slides of trephine biopsies from patients with myelofibrosis in an attempt to reach a consensus on how to grade cellularity and fibrosis. This included a critical evaluation of previously described scoring systems. During the microscopic analysis and subsequent discussion and voting, the importance of age-dependent decrease in cellularity was recognized. Grading of myelofibrosis was simplified by using four easily reproducible categories including differentiation between reticulin and collagen. A consensus was reached that the density of fibers must be assessed in relation to the hematopoietic tissue. This feature is especially important in order to avoid a false impression of a reduced fiber content in fatty and/or edematous bone marrow samples after treatment. The consensus for measuring myelofibrosis by clear and reproducible guidelines achieved by our group should allow for precise grading during the disease process and after therapy.
Decreased Insulitis and Blood Glucose Levels after Injection of GAD-Transduced Lymphocytes into NOD Mice (2002)

We used NOD mice to investigate the effects of injecting transduced lymphocytes on insulitis, nonfasting blood glucose levels, and immune responses. Syngeneic splenocytes were transduced with retroviral particles carrying a cDNA construct encoding the beta cell antigen glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), a secreted form of GAD65 (SGAD55), or secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) as a control antigen. Different multiplicities of infection (m.o.i.) were used with different constructs. Four-week-old NOD mice received intravenous injection of CD4(+) cells isolated from transduced splenocytes, and insulitis and blood glucose levels were determined at 10 weeks of age. No significant effects were observed with lymphocytes transduced with gad65 and sgad55 constructs at low m.o.i. By contrast, at high m.o.i., lymphocytes transduced with the sgad55 and seap constructs caused a decrease in insulitis and blood glucose levels and in insulitis alone, respectively. ELISA of anti-GAD antibody isotypes indicated that GAD-transduced lymphocytes induced similar Th2-like responses at all m.o.i. These results suggest that retroviral particles carrying sgad55 can be used for engineering cell vaccines for type 1 diabetes and provide further evidence that Th2-like responses induced by immunization may not always be a primary cause of diabetes suppression in NOD mice.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor expression in T lymphocytes. Differential regulation of the type I TNF receptor during activation of resting and effector T cells (1991)

The expression of TNF-alpha receptors (TNFR) was examined on a CD4+ T cell hybridoma, transformed T cell lines, CTL clones, and activated T cells from peripheral blood to determine the basis of the immunomodulatory activity of TNF on T cell function. Analyses by ligand cross-linking and competitive binding assays with mAb to the 80-kDa receptor (TNFR-I), demonstrated that the TNFR-I was the predominant receptor expressed on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. However, on T cell leukemic lines, a second, non-TNFR-I binding site was identified, most likely the 55-kDa form (TNFR-II). Additional subsets of T cells were readily distinguished by their expression of TNFR-I and related members of the TNFR gene family (CD40 and CD27). Expression of the TNFR-I was dependent upon the state of T cell activation. Signaling through the TCR for Ag or IL-2R was sufficient to induce TNFR mRNA and protein expression in resting T cells. Multiple sizes of TNFR-I transcripts were detected during T cell activation; however, biosynthetic studies showed these multiple species encode a single protein of 80 kDa. These results, combined with the known ability of TNF to induce IL-2R expression, indicate that TNF and IL-2 form a reciprocating receptor amplification circuit. In contrast, differentiated effector T cells triggered through the TCR or protein kinase C initiated a rapid down-regulation (transmodulation) of the TNFR-I that preceded TNF or lymphotoxin secretion. The mechanism of transmodulation involved proteolytic processing of the mature 80-kDa receptor releasing a soluble 40-kDa fragment. This indicates that a TNF autocrine loop is not likely to form during the response of an effector T cell. Collectively, these results suggest that transcriptional and post-translational modification of the TNFR-I are important control points regulating the expression of this receptor during T cell activation.
Minimizing migrations in fair multiprocessor scheduling of persistent tasks (2004)

Suppose that we are given n persistent tasks (jobs) that need to be executed in an equitable way on m processors (machines). Each machine is capable of performing one unit of work in each integral time unit and each job may be executed on at most one machine at a time. The schedule needs to specify which job is to be executed on each machine in each time window. The goal is to find a schedule that minimizes job migrations between machines while guaranteeing a fair schedule. We measure the fairness by the drift d defined as the maximum difference between the execution times accumulated by any two jobs. Since jobs are persistent we measure the quality of the schedule by the ratio of the number of migrations to time windows. We show a tradeoff between the drift and the number of migrations. Let n = qm + r with 0
ABT-538 is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease and has high oral bioavailability in humans. (1995)

Examination of the structural basis for antiviral activity, oral pharmacokinetics, and hepatic metabolism among a series of symmetry-based inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease led to the discovery of ABT-538, a promising experimental drug for the therapeutic intervention in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). ABT-538 exhibited potent in vitro activity against laboratory and clinical strains of HIV-1 [50% effective concentration (EC50) = 0.022-0.13 microM] and HIV-2 (EC50 = 0.16 microM). Following a single 10-mg/kg oral dose, plasma concentrations in rat, dog, and monkey exceeded the in vitro antiviral EC50 for > 12 h. In human trials, a single 400-mg dose of ABT-538 displayed a prolonged absorption profile and achieved a peak plasma concentration in excess of 5 micrograms/ml. These findings demonstrate that high oral bioavailability can be achieved in humans with peptidomimetic inhibitors of HIV protease.
Analysis of a Two-Step, Noncatalytic, Supercritical Biodiesel Production Process with Heat Recovery (2006)

A two-step, noncatalytic process for the production of biodiesel is analyzed. The reaction of transesterification of triglycerides with methanol is carried out in supercritical conditions by adopting reaction temperatures of 250−300 °C, higher than the critical temperature of methanol (240 °C). Under these conditions, free fatty acids are converted into fatty acid methyl esters with similar or higher rates than the corresponding triglycerides, and therefore, the process can use high acidity, cheap feedstocks, like yellow grease or beef tallow. The reacting system is also tolerant to water, so it is much more robust than the acid or alkali catalyzed systems which need the removal of water or free fatty acids to prevent catalyst deactivation. In order to minimize the heat consumption and pumping power which are very high in the traditional one-step supercritical method, two reactors with intermediate glycerol removal are used and a heat recovery scheme composed of heat exchangers and adiabatic flash drums is proposed. A computer model was built with experimentally obtained data and with data taken from the literature. The operation mode and the process conditions were determined on the basis of the minimization of the energy consumption (heat duty, cooling services, pumping power) and the fulfillment of product quality constraints (maximum amount of bound glycerin, maximum amount of methanol, and maximum allowable temperature for free glycerol treatment). The results indicate that carrying out the transesterification reaction in two steps enables the use of a low methanol-to-oil ratio (10−15). The preferred operation mode uses a first reaction stage in the perfectly mixed state and a second reaction stage in plug flow mode. Under these conditions, not only can the total pressure of the system be reduced but also the sensible heat of the product stream coming out of the reactor can be used to completely vaporize the unreacted methanol and decrease the heat consumption of the process.
Optimization of Silica Content in Initial Sol−Gel Grain Particles for the Low Temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of Titania Nanotubes (2009)

High purity anatase titania nanotubes were prepared by a low temperature hydrothermal process from anatase TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by a sol−gel process, and the optimization of titania/silica ratios at initial synthetic sol−gel processes is elucidated in detail. It was observed that a high titania/silica ratio (50:50) in the initial sol−gel synthetic process does not allow titania nanotubes to form; rather, a lamellar structure of protonic lepidocrocite titanates is obtained after hydrothermal treatment with 8 M aqueous alkali solution, and without silica in the initial grains at the sol−gel stage, high crystalline shorter nanorods with dominant rutile phases were observed. However, with titania/silica ratios of 90:10, only pure anatase titania nanotubes of diameter ∼8 nm and length of 500−900 nm were observed. The anatase nanotubes were of good quality and clean surface with no phase observation of sodium titanate and protonic titanates. The nanotube purity was confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis in TEM, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and BET surface area techniques.