gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and biological activity of C-terminally truncated fragments of human-.alpha.-calcitonin gene-related peptide (1993)

C-terminally truncated fragments of human alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (h-alpha-CGRP) were tested for their ability to stimulate amylase secretion from pancreatic acinar cells and relax precontracted mesenteric arteries. h-alpha-CGRP, h-alpha-CGRP (1-36), h-alpha-CGRP (1-35), and h-alpha-CGRP (1-34) were made by Merrifield's solid-phase peptide synthesis methodology. Peptides were purified by gel filtration, cation-exchange chromatography, and semipreparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The products were characterized by amino acid analysis, mass spectrometry, and tryptic digestion. h-alpha-CGRP stimulated amylase secretion from dispersed guinea pig pancreatic acini in a biphasic concentration-dependent manner. The initial increase in amylase secretion reached 8% of total cellular amylase content with an ED50 value of 7.7 nM, and the second increase reached 11% of total cellular amylase content at a concentration of h-alpha-CGRP of 10(-4)M. h-alpha-CGRP (1-36) caused a small, significant increase in amylase release. C-terminally truncated fragments h-alpha-CGRP (1-35) and h-alpha-CGRP (1-34) did not increase amylase release at concentrations < 10(-5) M. At concentrations > 10(-5) M the fragments h-alpha-CGRP (1-35) and h-alpha-CGRP (1-34) caused a smaller increase in amylase release than that caused by h-alpha-CGRP whereas h-alpha-CGRP (1-36) caused the same increase. h-alpha-CGRP caused a concentration-dependent relaxation of rat mesenteric artery, precontracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha, with an EC50 of 2.9 nM and a maximal relaxation that was 60% of the prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced tone. h-alpha-CGRP (1-35) also relaxed the mesenteric artery in a concentration-dependent manner with a maximum response that was 40% of the prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced tone. The remaining fragments did not relax rat mesenteric arteries. Additionally, h-alpha-CGRP (1-36) and h-alpha-CGRP (1-34) did not block h-alpha-CGRP-induced relaxation of the mesenteric artery. An intact C-terminus is required for h-alpha-CGRP to cause potent biological effects in pancreatic acini and mesenteric artery. The different effects of h-alpha-CGRP (1-35) in mesenteric artery compared with those in pancreatic acini suggest that the CGRP receptors in these two tissues may be different.
Killing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by human polymorphonuclear neutrophil granule extracts (1979)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae was grown in vitro (on agar and in broth) and in vivo (in 10-day chicken embryos) and tested for its sensitivity to the bactericidal action of human neutrophil granule extracts. Under all conditions studied, type 1 and type 4 N. gonorrhoeae were killed equally well by dialyzed extracts of neutrophil granules (containing both azurophil and specific granule contents) and by the myeloperoxidase-Cl- - H2O2 bactericidal system. However, sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of granule extracts depended upon growth conditions and growth phase. Log-phase, egg-grown gonococci were the most sensitive; they were killed 100% by 250 to 300 micrograms of granule extract (60 min, 37 degrees C) per ml. N. gonorrhoeae grown on agar for 20 h (to stationary phase) were the least sensitive, being killed only 80 to 90% with 500 micrograms of granule extract per ml. Thus, susceptibility to granule extract of gonococci grown under the four conditions studied in this report decreased in the order: log phase, egg grown; log phase, broth grown; stationary phase, egg grown; and stationary phase, agar grown. Killing was time and temperature dependent; little killing occurred when incubations were done at 10 degrees C. Boiled granule extract had only minimal effects on N. gonorrhoeae viability. Addition of catalase (500 U/ml) to the granule extract bactericidal system did not protect; however, the same concentration of catalase completely inhibited the bactericidal activity of the myeloperoxidase-Cl- - H2O2 system.
Heteroduplex Resolution Using T7 Endonuclease I in Microbial Community Analyses (2000)

Microbial community analyses using molecular techniques, such as PCR followed by genomic library construction, have been helpful in better understanding microbial communities. This is especially critical in ecological systems where most of the microbes present cannot be cultured using traditional techniques. Unfortunately, there are problems associated with the use of such molecular techniques for the analysis of microbial community structure, primarily from the frequent formation of PCR artifacts. Multitemplate PCR is often subject to errors such as heteroduplex formation that is generated during the amplification of a particular gene from a mixed community of DNA. Based on work in this laboratory, heteroduplexes may be resolved before carrying out genomic library construction by including a digestion step with T7 endonuclease I. Here, the 18S rDNA gene of fungi was amplified from soil community DNA and digested with T7 endonuclease I to resolve any heteroduplexes present in the PCR product before cloning. These samples were compared with replicates that did not receive the T7 endonuclease I treatment. Digestion of the amplified community 18S rDNA with 10 U T7 endonuclease I/microgram DNA prior to cloning eliminated heteroduplexes, leaving only the desired clones. Without the T7 endonuclease I treatment, heteroduplexes were produced in approximately 10% of the recombinants screened. The addition of this step may eliminate heteroduplexes from PCR products and ensure that subsequent genomic library construction is not compromised.
Gray and White Matter Brain Chemistry in Young Children With Autism (2006)

Reduced gray matter chemical concentrations and altered Cho transverse relaxation, in a pattern distinct from that in children with DD, suggest decreased cellularity, or density, at this early time point in ASD. Possibly reflecting shared developmental features, white matter results were common to ASD and DD groups. The relationship between cerebral volume and neurochemistry at this early time point may indicate processes related to unit scaling.
Pharmacotherapy of Eating Disorders (2010)

Eating disorders are complex, chronic disorders that are difficult to treat. In addition, the 2 primary eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, may have acute, life-threatening consequences. Medication trials for eating disorders have been hampered by high dropout rates, high placebo response, short trial duration, insufficient doses, and difficult outcome measures. Only 1 medication has been FDA approved for any eating disorder to date, and that is for fluoxetine in the treatment of bulimia. Clearly, new large-scale, independent studies using novel agents, and studying the use of medications for both short- and long-term outcomes, are needed.
Selective Antagonism of the NPY Y5 Receptor Does Not Have a Major Effect on Feeding in Rats (2002)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is thought to play a key role in stimulating feeding, thus making NPY receptors attractive appetite suppressant drug targets for treating obesity. Because the orexigenic effects of NPY have been ascribed to actions at the NPY Y5 receptor, we have determined the role of this receptor in feeding in rats, using a small molecule antagonist of this receptor. NPY5RA-972 is a selective and potent (<10 nmol/l) NPY Y5 receptor antagonist. This compound is central nervous system (CNS) penetrant, and an oral dose of 10 mg/kg NPY5RA-972 to rats produced concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid that greatly exceeded the in vitro IC(50) (inhibitory concentration 50%). Indeed, at doses to rats as low as 1 mg/kg, NPY5RA-972 inhibited feeding induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of a selective NPY Y5 agonist ([cPP(1-7),NPY(19-23),Ala(31),Aib(32),Gln(34)]-hPP). However, in the dose range 1-10 mg/kg, NPY5RA-972 had no significant effect on food intake in Wistar rats induced to feed by either ICV NPY or 24 h fasting or in free-feeding Wistar or obese Zucker rats. Chronic administration of NPY5RA-972 (10 mg/kg twice daily) had no effect on food intake or body weight in either free-feeding Wistar rats or dietary obese rats. These data indicate that NPY5RA-972 is a potent, selective, orally active, and CNS-penetrant antagonist of the NPY Y5 receptor that prevents feeding driven by activation of this receptor. The data obtained with this antagonist indicate that the NPY Y5 receptor is not a major regulator of feeding in the rat.
Computationally efficient algorithms for cyclic spectral analysis (1991)

Two computationally efficient algorithms for digital cyclic spectral analysis, the FFT accumulation method (FAM) and the strip spectral correlation algorithm (SSCA), are developed from a series of modifications on a simple time smoothing algorithm. The signal processing, computational, and structural attributes of time smoothing algorithms are presented with emphasis on the FAM and SSCA. As a vehicle for examining the algorithms the problem of estimating the cyclic cross spectrum of two complex-valued sequences is considered. Simplifications of the resulting expressions to special cases of the cross cyclic spectrum of two complex-valued sequences, such as the cyclic spectrum of a single real-valued sequence, are easily found. Computational and structural simplifications arising from the specialization are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The formation of a structure with the features of synovial lining by subcutaneous injection of air: An <i>in vivo</i> tissue culture system (1981)

We have attempted to verify the suggestion that synovial membrane is the result of mechanical disruption of connective tissue, and may occur at any site. Mechanical disruption of the subcutaneous connective tissue was achieved in rats and mice by the repeated injection of air. The resulting cavities developed a lining structure with many of the features of synovial membrane as judged by electron microscopy, and light microscopy using haematoxylin and eosin and van Gieson stains, esterase activity and immunofluorescent staining for Ia antigen. A structure closely resembling synovium is formed as early as 6 days, providing a convenient method for studying large quantities of facsimile synovial tissue under a wide variety of easily administered stimuli.
Molecular Hydrogen “Pairing” Interaction in a Metal Organic Framework System with Unsaturated Metal Centers (MOF-74) (2010)

Infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy measurements of molecular hydrogen in MOF-74-M (M = metal center) are performed as a function of temperature and pressure [to 45 kTorr (60 bar) at 300 K, and at lower pressures in the 20-200 K range] to investigate the nature of H(2) interactions with the unsaturated metal centers. A small shift (∼ -30 cm(-1) with respect to the unperturbed H(2) molecule) is observed for the internal stretch frequency of H(2) molecules adsorbed on the metal site at low loading. This finding is in contrast to much larger shifts (∼ -70 cm(-1)) observed in previous studies of MOFs with unsaturated metal centers (including MOF-74) and the general assumption that H(2) stretch shifts depend on adsorption energies (FitzGerald et al., Phys. Rev. B 2010, 81, 104305). We show that larger shifts (∼ -70 cm(-1)) do occur, but only when the next available site ("oxygen" site) is occupied. This larger shift originates from H(2)-H(2) interactions on neighboring sites of the same pore, consistent with the short distance between H(2) in these two sites ∼2.6 Å derived from an analysis of neutron diffraction experiments of D(2)-D(2) at 4 K (Liu et al., Langmuir 2008, 24, 4772-4777). Our results at 77 K and low loading can be explained by a diffusion barrier against pair disruption, which should be enhanced by this interaction. Calculations indicate that the vibrational shifts do not correlate with binding energies and are instead very sensitive to the environment (interaction potential and H(2)-H(2) interactions), which complicates the use of variable temperature IR methods to calculate adsorption energies of specific adsorption sites.
Block of IKs, the slow component of the delayed rectifier K+ current, by the diuretic agent indapamide in guinea pig myocytes. (1994)

There is a high incidence of diuretic use among patients who develop exaggerated QT prolongation and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (torsade de pointes) during treatment with action potential-prolonging agents. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia is thought to be the usual mechanism, but a direct effect of diuretic drugs on repolarizing currents is an additional possibility. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effects of the diuretic agents chlorthalidone and indapamide on the cardiac delayed rectifier current. In guinea pig ventricular myocytes, this current is made up of two components: IKr, a rapidly activating, inwardly rectifying current blocked by most action potential-prolonging antiarrhythmics, and IKs, a slowly activating component. In this preparation, indapamide blocked outward current in a time-, voltage- and concentration-dependent fashion, whereas chlorthalidone (1 mmol/L) was without effect. The following features of the effect of indapamide strongly suggest selective block of IKs: (1) Indapamide block was significantly greater with 5000-millisecond activating pulses (-43 +/- 5% at +50 mV [100 mumol/L indapamide]) than with 225-millisecond ones (-20 +/- 5%; n = 5, P < .01), and the signature of the indapamide-sensitive current was a slowly activating delayed rectifier current. (2) The voltage dependence of indapamide block (EC50, 101 mumol/L at +50 mV and 196 mumol/L at +10 mV) was consistent with preferential block of IKs relative to IKr. (3) In the presence of indapamide, an envelope-of-tails test for IKr was satisfied. The drug-insensitive current had rectifying properties similar to those described for IKr in these cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
2-(2-Arylvinyl)-9,10-anthraquinones: combined electro- and photo-chromic properties for molecular switching (1992)

Easily prepared and novel anthraquinone derivatives, containing photochemically isomerisable 4′-substituted stilbene functions, may be interconverted electrochemically between four states, each capable of existing as cis- or trans-isomers.
Prehydrolysis of hardwoods with dilute sulfuric acid (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPrehydrolysis of hardwoods with dilute sulfuric acidEdward L. SpringerCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1985, 24, 4, 614–623Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i300020a023https://doi.org/10.1021/i300020a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views303Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Peptidyl‐Prolyl <i>cis/trans</i> Isomerases and Their Effectors (1994)

Abstract Changes in the conformation of the units within the peptide chain are the elementary processes in the folding of a protein into its native three‐dimensional structure. Even a few years ago protein folding in vivo was considered to be an autonomous process not requiring the help of enzymes or auxiliary substances. Recently an increasing number of proteins that assist in the folding process have been found; these include enzymes that catalyze conformational interconversions. The cis/trans isomerization of the petptide bond N‐terminal to a praline residue is catalyzed by peptidyl‐prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases). Two families of these ubiquitous and phylogenetically highly conserved enzymes are known, the cyclophilins and FK506‐binding proteins. Their catalytic activity is extremely highmdash;the rate constants for the bimolecular reactions they catalyze approach the diffusion‐controlled limit for enzyme‐substrate reactions. These enzymes increase the rate of isomerization in oligopeptides as well as in intermediate in protein folding. It is not yet known which structural units in the cell serve as substrates and exactly which reactions are catalyzed. However, these isomerases have been shown to interact with the heat shock proteins of the nonactivated steroid receptors and with the gag polyprotein of the AIDS HIV‐1 virus. The immunosuppressive agents cyclosporine A and FK506 are highly effective inhibitors for PPIases. Surprisingly these compounds affect the signal cascade of T cells but not through enzyme inhibition; the inhibitor‐enzyme complexes themselves are the active agents. These complexes exhibit properties not displayed by the individual components and thus are able to affect other cellular components. The current model of the suppression of the antigen‐ and mitogen‐stimulated clonal expansion of T cells is presented here.
Low level CD20 expression on T cell malignancies (1994)

Although initially thought to be a B lineage restricted antigen, low "density" or antibody binding capacity (ABC) CD20 has recently been detected on subset(s) of normal T lymphocytes (Hultin et al.: Cytometry 14:196-204, 1993). We report low ABC CD20 expression in three (two children, one adult) cases of T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). CD20 and other pertinent antigens were detected using a direct dual color method with a Becton Dickinson FACScan flow cytometer and Simulset software. Only one cell population based on light scatter was noted in each case that immunophenotypically represented almost a pure population of malignant cells expressing T lymphocyte antigens (for example, CD7 98%, 92%, and 100%, respectively). A total of 95%, 87%, and 79% of the cells from the three cases expressed CD20 with an unusual low ABC compared to the customary "bright" CD20 expression on normal B lymphocytes. Other B lymphocyte associated antigens, such as CD19, CD22, Dr, and immunoglobulin light chains, were negative. Eleven other T lymphocytic malignancies from 1991 to 1993 were CD20 negative, including three other case of T-ALL (one adult and two children). One unusual case of intestinal small lymphocytic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with a natural killer/T lymphocytic immunophenotype not described in this report appeared to be CD20"dim"+. Low ABC CD20 expression by T lymphocytic malignancies may provide a more unique immunophenotypic "fingerprint" to help support the diagnosis of T cell neoplasia vs. normal/reactive T cells (for example, low ABC CD20 cells represent only 2.4 +/- 1.5% of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes). This characteristic might also facilitate monitoring patients for residual or recurrent disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Serum Procalcitonin and Proinflammatory Cytokines in a Patient with Acute Severe Leptospirosis (2000)

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis, with clinical manifestations ranging from the imperceptible to severe, potentially fatal renal and liver failure accompanied by haemorrhage and jaundice. In this case report of a patient with severe leptospirosis, serum levels of procalcitonin decreased ahead of any obvious clinical improvement, and thus may be useful as a prognostic marker. Levels of soluble IL-2 receptor were very high and correlated well with the clinical course.
Synthesis of nanowires and nanoparticles of cubic aluminium nitride (2004)

Nanostructures of cubic aluminium nitride were synthesized by DC arc-plasma-induced melting of aluminium in a nitrogen?argon ambient. The material flux ejected from the molten aluminium surface was found to react with nitrogen under highly non-equilibrium conditions and subsequently condense on a water-cooled surface to yield a mixture of nanowires and nanoparticles of crystalline cubic aluminium nitride. Both x-ray diffraction and electron diffraction measurements revealed that the as-synthesized nitrides adopted the cubic phase. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to understand the bonding configuration. Microstructural features of the synthesized material were best studied by transmission electron microscopy. From these analyses cubic aluminium nitride was found to be the dominating phase for both nanowires and nanoparticles synthesized at low currents. The typical particle size distribution was found to range over 15?80?nm, whereas the wires varied from 30 to 100?nm in diameter and 500 to 700?nm in length, depending upon the process parameters such as arc current and the nitrogen pressure. The reaction products inside the plasma zone were also obtained theoretically by minimization of free energy and the favourable zone temperature necessary for the formation of aluminium nitride was found to be ?K. Results are discussed in view of the highly non-equilibrium conditions that prevail during the arc-plasma synthesis.
Visualization of Biofilm Formation in &lt;em&gt;Candida albicans&lt;/em&gt; Using an Automated Microfluidic Device (2017)

Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans, causing about 15% of hospital-acquired sepsis cases. A major virulence attribute of C. albicans is its ability to form biofilms, structured communities of cells attached to biotic and abiotic surfaces. C. albicans biofilms can form on host tissues, such as mucosal layers, and on medical devices, such as catheters, pacemakers, dentures, and joint prostheses. Biofilms pose significant clinical challenges because they are highly resistant to physical and chemical perturbations, and can act as reservoirs to seed disseminated infections. Various in vitro assays have been utilized to study C. albicans biofilm formation, such as microtiter plate assays, dry weight measurements, cell viability assays, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. All of these assays are single end-point assays, where biofilm formation is assessed at a specific time point. Here, we describe a protocol to study biofilm formation in real-time using an automated microfluidic device under laminar flow conditions. This method allows for the observation of biofilm formation as the biofilm develops over time, using customizable conditions that mimic those of the host, such as those encountered in vascular catheters. This protocol can be used to assess the biofilm defects of genetic mutants as well as the inhibitory effects of antimicrobial agents on biofilm development in real-time.
Multivariable Linear Filter Theory Applied to Space Vehicle Guidance (1964)

Midcourse guidance of a spacecraft involves estimating the vehicle’s trajectory from noisy observations and then computing velocity corrections on the basis of this estimate. The estimation procedure is regarded as a filtering problem and a guidance system concept is developed using multivariable linear filter theory. The ability of such a system to guide the spacecraft accurately and efficiently is demonstrated by the results of a digital computer simulation.