gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Spatially Extended Virtual Source with Time-Frequency Decomposition of Mono Signals (2014)

Synthesis of volumetric virtual sources is a useful technique for auditory displays and virtual worlds. This task can be simplified into synthesis of perceived spatial extent. Previous research in virtual-world Directional Audio Coding has shown that spatial extent can be synthesized with monophonic sources by applying a time-frequency-space decomposition, i.e., randomly distributing time-frequency bins of the source signal. However, although this technique often achieved perception of spatial extent, it was not guaranteed and the timbre could degrade. In this article this technique is revisited in detail and the effect of different parameters is examined to ultimately achieve optimal quality and perception in all situations. The results of a series of informal and formal experiments are presented here, and they suggest that the revised method is viable in many cases. There is some dependency on the signal content that requires proper tuning of parameters. Furthermore, it is shown that different distribution widths can be produced with the method as well. From a psychoacoustical perspective, it is interesting that distributed narrow frequency bands form a spatially extended auditory event with no apparent directional focus.
A General Synthetic Approach to the (20S)-Camptothecin Family of Antitumor Agents by a Regiocontrolled Cascade Radical Cyclization of Aryl Isonitriles (1998)

The power of radical reactions continues to increase! A cascade radical annulation route now allows perhaps the mildest and most general method for the synthesis of both known and new members of the camptothecin family (parent structure on the right) of antitumor agents.
Antibacterial Alkaloids from<i>Zanthoxylum rhoifolium</i> (2003)

Two new dihydrobenzophenanthridine-type alkaloids, 6-methoxy dioxolo[4',5':4,5]benzo[c] dioxolo[4,5- j]phenanthridine (1) and 2,3,13-trimethoxy-5,11a-dihydro dioxolo[4',5':4,5]benzo[c]phenanthridine (2) were isolated from the stem bark of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, together with four other previously known benzophenanthridine alkaloids, 6-acetonyldihydronitidine (3) [= 8-acetonyldihydronitidine], 6-acetonyldihydroavicine (4) [= 8-acetonyldihydroavicine], 6-acetonyldihydrochelerythrine (5) and xanthoxyline (6). The structures were elucidated mainly by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. For alkaloids 1 and 2 we propose the trivial names rhoifolines A and B. The crude plant extracts and the alkaloids 3, 4 and 6 showed activity against Gram (+/-) bacteria, while the new alkaloids 1 and 2 were inactive.
Effects of Mannan Oligosaccharide or Antibiotics in Neonatal Diets on Health and Growth of Dairy Calves (2003)

Seventy-two Holstein calves were used to study the effect of feeding antibiotics or mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) in milk replacer. Calves were fed a 20% protein, 20% fat milk replacer containing antibiotics (400 g/ton neomycin + 200 g/ton oxytetracycline), MOS (4 g of Bio-Mos/d), or no additive (control) for 5 wk. Milk replacer was reconstituted to 12.5% dry matter and fed at 12% of birth weight during wk 1 and 14% of birth weight in wk 2 to 5. Fecal scores were monitored 3 times per week; body weight, heart girth, withers height, hip height, and hip width were measured at birth and weekly to 6 wk of age. Addition of MOS or antibiotics increased the probability of normal scores for fecal fluidity, scours severity, and fecal consistency as compared to control calves during the course of the study. Consumption of calf starter increased at a faster rate in calves fed MOS, and these calves consumed more calf starter after weaning (wk 6), than those fed antibiotic. No treatment differences in growth measures, total blood protein, or blood urea nitrogen were detected during the trial. Addition of MOS or antibiotics to milk replacer improved fecal scores in calves. Feed intake was improved in MOS-fed calves compared to antibiotic-fed calves, but this difference did not result in growth differences during the experimental period. The results suggest that antibiotics in milk replacers can be replaced with compounds such as mannan oligosaccharides to obtain similar calf performance.
Multisection fat-water imaging with chemical shift selective presaturation. (1987)

Proton chemical shift imaging yielding separate water and lipid images was performed in a multisection mode on a clinical 1.5-T whole-body magnetic resonance imaging unit. Imaging was performed with a minor modification of the standard multisection spin-warp technique: that is, the addition of a sinc pulse or a soft square pulse and a homospoil gradient at the beginning of the pulse sequence. Phantom and human anatomic images are presented.
Is It Possible to Develop a “Universal” Influenza Virus Vaccine? (2017)

Influenza remains a major human pathogen despite seasonal vaccination. At long last, there is energy and resources to develop influenza vaccines that provide more predictable and durable protection. Vaccines based on inducing antibodies to the conserved stem of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) have emerged as leading candidates for broadening population immunity and ultimately limiting antigenic drift. Here, we discuss the knowns and unknowns of HA-specific B-cell and antibody responses. In particular, we focus on how immunodominance sculpts antibody responses and drives antigenic drift. We propose a number of strategies to overcome immunodominance and improve the breadth and efficacy of antibody responses.
Uncooled amorphous silicon technology enhancement for 25-μm pixel pitch achievement (2003)

The emergence of uncooled infrared detectors has opened new <i></i>opportunities for IR imaging both for military and civil applications. Infrared imaging sensors that operate without cryogenic cooling have the potential to provide the military or civilian users with infrared vision capabilities packaged in a camera of extremely small size, weight and power. Uncooled infrared sensor technology has advanced rapidly in the past few years. Higher performance sensors, electronics integration at the sensor, and new concepts for signal processing are generating advanced infrared focal plane arrays. This would significantly reduce the cost and accelerate the implementation of sensors for applications such as surveillance or predictive maintenance. We present the uncooled infrared detector operation principle and the development at CEA/LETI from the 256×64 with a pitch of 50 &#956;m to the 320×240 with a pitch of 35 &#956;m. LETI has been involved in Amorphous Silicon uncooled microbolometer development since 1992. This silicon IR detection is now well mastered and matured so that industrial transfer of LETI technology was performed in 2000 towards Sofradir. Industrial production of 320 &#956;240 microbolometer array with 45&#956;m pitch is then started., we present the readout circuit architectures designs and its evolution from the 256×64 array to the different version of 320×240 arrays. Electro-optical results obtained from these IRCMOS are presented. NEDT close to 30 mK is now obtained with our standard microbolometer amorphous silicon technology.
Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia. (1973)

Part 1 Monographs on drugs and ancillary substances. Part 2 Supplementary drugs and other substances. Part 3 Preparations. Part 4 Indexes - directory of manufacturers.
Ferritic nitrocarburising of tool steels (2005)

Four different tool steel materials, P20, H13, M2 and D2, were nitrocarburised at 570°C in a fluidised bed furnace. The reactive diffusion of nitrogen and carbon into the various substrate microstructures is compared and related to the different alloy carbide distributions. The effect of carbon bearing gas (carbon dioxide, natural gas) on carbon absorption is reported, as well as its influence on compound layer growth and porosity. Partial reduction of Fe 3 O 4 at the surface resulted in the formation of a complex, ϵ-nitride containing oxide layer. In H13, carbon was deeply absorbed throughout the entire diffusion zone, affecting the growth of grain boundary cementite, nitrogen diffusivity and the sharpness of the compound layer: diffusion zone interface. When natural gas was used, carbon became highly concentrated in the compound layer, while surface decarburisation occurred with carbon dioxide. These microstructural effects are discussed in relation to hardness profiles, and compound layer hardness and ductility. The surfaces were characterised using glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, optical and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.
Structural requirements for annexin I-S100C complex-formation (1996)

S100C is a member of the S100 family of EF-hand-type Ca(2+)-binding proteins which are thought to bind to and thereby regulate the activity of cellular target proteins in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. An intracellular ligand for S100C is the Ca2+/phospholipid-binding protein annexin I and we show here that complex-formation is mediated through unique domains within S100C and annexin I. Using a proteolytically truncated annexin I derivative as well as a number of N-terminal annexin I peptides in liposome co-pelleting and ligand-blotting assays we map the S100C-binding site to the N-terminal 13 residues of annexin I. Similar analyses employing recombinantly expressed S100C mutants reveal that residues D91 to 194 in the unique C-terminal extension of this S100 protein are indispensable for annexin I binding. Interaction between S100C and an N-terminal annexin I peptide containing a tryptoplan at position 11 can also be monitored by fluorescence emission spectroscopy after tryptophan excitation. This analysis indicates that the local environment of the tryptophan in annexin I becomes less aqueous on S100C binding, suggesting a hydrophobic nature of the protein-protein interaction. Thus the structural basis of the annexin 1-S100C complex-formation probably resembles to a large extent that of the well-characterized annexin II-p11 interaction.
Lateral semicircular canal plugging with endolymphatic sac decompression as new surgical treatment for intractable Meniere's disease (2012)

The attack of Meniere's disease was completely controlled and the hearing threshold did not change after the surgery for 2 years. Obliteration of the horizontal canal was confirmed by MRI.
Characterizing performance of load-aware network selection in multi-radio (WiFi/LTE) heterogeneous networks (2013)

In this paper, we consider the problem of network selection between different radio access technologies (RATs) deployed as part of an operator managed multi-RAT heterogeneous network. An urban deployment scenario is studied where WiFi small cells are overlaid on top of the 3GPP LTE network. We assume limited cooperation across the multi-RAT network and emphasize user-centric network selection algorithms to minimize feedback overhead and to better account for user preferences. Specifically, we investigate schemes that rely on network loading information with suitable adaptation of hysteresis mechanisms and compare them with WiFi-preferred schemes that only account for signal strength measurements. We also benchmark the performance of load-aware schemes against conventional cellrange extension methods that use network-wide optimization to offload users to small cells. The results of our systemlevel performance evaluation show that load-aware user-centric schemes can provide improved performance compared to the WiFi-preferred schemes and may even outperform network-based cell-range extension schemes under some conditions.
Cross sectional longitudinal study of spot morning urine protein:creatinine ratio, 24 hour urine protein excretion rate, glomerular filtration rate, and end stage renal failure in chronic renal disease in patients without diabetes (1998)

Protein:creatinine ratio in spot morning urine samples is a precise indicator of proteinuria and a reliable predictor of progression of disease in non-diabetic patients with chronic nephropathies and represents a simple and inexpensive procedure in establishing severity of renal disease and prognosis.
An object-oriented representation for efficient reinforcement learning (2008)

Rich representations in reinforcement learning have been studied for the purpose of enabling generalization and making learning feasible in large state spaces. We introduce Object-Oriented MDPs (OO-MDPs), a representation based on objects and their interactions, which is a natural way of modeling environments and offers important generalization opportunities. We introduce a learning algorithm for deterministic OO-MDPs and prove a polynomial bound on its sample complexity. We illustrate the performance gains of our representation and algorithm in the well-known Taxi domain, plus a real-life videogame.
Mass spectrometric‐based revision of the structure of a cysteine‐rich peptide toxin with γ‐carboxyglutamic acid, TxVIIA, from the sea snail, <i>Conus textile</i> (1996)

A mollusk-specific toxin, TxVIIA, having potent paralytic activity was isolated from the venom of sea snail Conus textile (Fainzilber M et al., 1991, Eur J Biochem 202:589-595). The structure reported above was based upon amino acid analysis and the Edman degradation. We have recently reinvestigated this toxin employing some of the most novel techniques in mass spectrometry. We now report a revised structure based primarily on high-energy collision-induced dissociation analysis of the two Asp17-N peptides of the reduced, pyridinylethyl derivative representing the entire sequence using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) as CGGYSTYC gamma VDS gamma CCSDNCVRSYCTLF-NH2 (gamma, gamma-carboxyglutamic acid or Gla). The N-terminus of the previous sequence was incorrect, apparently due to a side reaction of reduction and alkylation, which led to the erroneous assignment of Trp for the N-terminal residue. In addition, the last two C-terminal amino acids and the C-terminal amidation had not been detected. Also, a combination of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and positive and negative ion MALDI mass spectrometry provided information on the molecular weights of the native and derivatized toxin and presence of two Gla residues. Thus, TxVIIA does not have an "unusual" sequence as previously reported, but in fact belongs to the conserved Cys framework for omega- and delta-conotoxins. However, the four net negative charges with the cysteine-rich structure of this revised sequence is highly unusual for conopeptides.
Histochemical localization of galactose-containing glycoconjugates in sensory neurons and their processes in the central and peripheral nervous system of the rat. (1985)

We studied the distribution of sugar residues in the oligosaccharide chains of complex carbohydrates in tissue sections of rat spinal cord, brainstem, and sensory ganglia using twelve lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates. Glycoconjugates containing terminal galactose residues were localized apparently in the Golgi apparatus in a population of predominantly small B-type neurons in spinal and trigeminal ganglia. Large A-type neurons rarely showed reactivity with galactose-binding lectins. A cells stained for glycoconjugates with N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides and glycogen. The central and peripheral processes of the small neurons, mostly unmyelinated C fibers in sensory roots and spinal nerves, contained an abundance of glycoconjugates with terminal alpha-galactose residues. The central projections and terminals of small to medium-sized primary sensory neurons in the spinal and trigeminal ganglia were visualized in Lissauer's tract and the substantia gelatinosa in the spinal cord, and in the spinal trigeminal tract and the nucleus trigeminus in the lower medulla with lectins specific for terminal alpha-galactose residues. In addition, fibers of the solitary system and the area postrema were reactive with these lectins. The peripheral and central nervous system elements with affinity for galactopyranosyl-specific lectins correspond in distribution with neuroanatomical regions thought to be involved in the transmission and relay of somatic and visceral afferent inputs such as pain and temperature. Such specific localization of a glycosubstance to a distinct subpopulation of neurons and their peripheral and central processes suggests that the particular glycoconjugate may be of physiological significance.
A GSM / GPS Receiver With a Bandpass Sigma-Delta Analog to Digital Converter (1999)

In traffic telematic systems (route guidance, fleet management etc.) vehicle-side terminals are required for the quasi-simultaneous reception of cellular phone (GSM) and satellite navigation (GPS). A conventional approach uses two complete receivers for these two tasks. We describe a cost-saving solution for a combined receiver which relies on the TDM structure of the GSM signal. Our solution is based on an bandpass-sigma-delta ADC for IF digitizing
Evaluation of DEC`s GIGAswitch for distributed parallel computing (1993)

One of Sandia`s research efforts is to reduce the end-to-end communication delay in a parallel-distributed computing environment. GIGAswitch is DEC`s implementation of a gigabit local area network based on switched FDDI technology. Using the GIGAswitch, the authors intend to minimize the medium access latency suffered by shared-medium FDDI technology. Experimental results show that the GIGAswitch adds 16.5 microseconds of switching and bridging delay to an end-to-end communication. Although the added latency causes a 1.8% throughput degradation and a 5% line efficiency degradation, the availability of dedicated bandwidth is much more than what is available to a workstation on a shared medium. For example, ten directly connected workstations each would have a dedicated bandwidth of 95 Mbps, but if they were sharing the FDDI bandwidth, each would have 10% of the total bandwidth, i.e., less than 10 Mbps. In addition, they have found that when there is no output port contention, the switch`s aggregate bandwidth will scale up to multiples of its port bandwidth. However, with output port contention, the throughput and latency performance suffered significantly. Their mathematical and simulation models indicate that the GIGAswitch line efficiency could be as low as 63% when there are nine input ports contending for the same output port. The data indicate that the delay introduced by contention at the server workstation is 50 times that introduced by the GIGAswitch. The authors conclude that the GIGAswitch meets the performance requirements of today`s high-end workstations and that the switched FDDI technology provides an alternative that utilizes existing workstation interfaces while increasing the aggregate bandwidth. However, because the speed of workstations is increasing by a factor of 2 every 1.5 years, the switched FDDI technology is only good as an interim solution.
Carbanicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: synthesis and enzymological properties of a carbocyclic analog of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (1988)

The dinucleotide carbanicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (carba-NAD), in which a 2,3-dihydroxycyclopentane ring replaces the beta-D-ribonucleotide ring of the nicotinamide ribonucleoside moiety of NAD, has been synthesized and characterized enzymologically. The synthesis begins with the known 1-aminoribose analogue (+/-)-4 beta-amino-2 alpha,3 alpha-dihydroxy-1 beta-cyclopentanemethanol. The pyridinium ring is first introduced and the resultant nucleoside analogue specifically 5'-phosphorylated. Coupling the racemic carbanicotinamide 5'-mononucleotide with adenosine 5'-monophosphate produces two diastereomeric carba-NAD analogues which are chromatographically separable. Only one diastereomer is a substrate for alcohol dehydrogenase and on this basis is assigned a configuration analogous to D-ribose. The reduced dinucleotide carba-NADH was characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy and found to adopt a "stacked" conformation similar to that of NADH. The analogue is reduced by both yeast and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase with Km and Vmax values for the analogue close to those observed for NAD. Carba-NAD is resistant to cleavage by NAD glycohydrolase, and the analogue has been demonstrated to noncovalently inhibit the soluble NAD glycohydrolase from Bungarus fasciatus venom at low concentrations (less than or equal to 100 microM).
Computation of time-optimal trajectories for tower cranes (2002)

A mathematical model for tower cranes is derived and computation of their optimal trajectories under control and state constraints is undertaken. Large load swings are observed in the simulation of time-optimal trajectories for the actual plant. A sub-optimal control is then proposed to keep the load swings small. Simulation of a typical case is included.
Methotrexate and leflunomide combination therapy for patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. (2000)

An open-label, one-year study was conducted to evaluate the safety and clinical response to leflunomide and methotrexate combination therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Study results revealed tolerable safety, no significant pharmacokinetic interactions between methotrexate and leflunomide, and suggested improved clinical response with combination therapy.
Analysis of time-varying signals with small BT values (1978)

We compare four different methods for analyzing time-varying signals, the frequency and amplitude of which are both varying (small BT signals, where B is the bandwidth and T the duration). All four methods give results which depend on the frequency bandwidth of the analyzing filter. But the modified moving window method (MMWM) (Kodera et al. [10]) is the one which gives the most significant result whatever the value of the filtering bandwidth. This is demonstrated both by a mathematical treatment and by a numerical simulation. In general, there are two characteristic curves in the frequency-time plane: one which gives the instantaneous frequency as a function of time and the other which gives the group delay time as a function of frequency. For signals with small BT values, these two curves are distinct and the different analyzing methods approach one or the other curve, or neither of them, depending on the bandwidth of the filtering window. The ability of each method to resolve multicomponent signals is discussed. The influence of the scaling factors used for the visualization of the signal in a two-dimensional plane is also studied.
Propofol formulated with long‐/medium‐chain triglycerides reduces the pain of injection by target controlled infusion (2006)

Our study showed that the frequency and severity of pain during TCI induction with propofol could be significantly reduced using LCT/MCT propofol rather than LCT propofol.