gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parametric Study of Fracture Treatment Parameters for UltraTight Gas Reservoirs (2012)

Abstract Tight gas reservoirs are expected to contribute significantly to the gas and energy supply all over the world. However, the productivity of tight gas wells, especially in the ultra-tight formations, is often lower than expected. One of the needed improvements in reservoir stimulation technology is in the advancement of fracturing fluids and techniques that can help create long and highly conductive fractures and reduce phase trapping at the face of the fracture. Introduction of aqueous based fluids in ultralow permeability sands during hydraulic fracturing decreases the effective gas permeability and ultimate gas recovery. Unfortunately most fracture fluids currently deployed are aqueous based owing to their ease of preparation and low cost. This paper aims to investigate the effect of different fracture fluid systems and fracture treatment parameters and then determine one that achieves a balance of minimal fluid retention, optimal fracture geometry and low cost for ultra-tight gas reservoirs. In this paper, a dataset of reservoir properties, petrophysical properties, and fracture treatment parameters has been developed based on a complete review of published geological and engineering data of ultra-tight gas reservoir. Then based on numerical parametric studies, the effect of pertinent design factors on hydraulic fracture propagation and geometry is quantified with a fracture simulator. The factors investigated include volumetric injection rate, gel loading and proppant size. Parametric variation of seven different injection rates, seven different fracture fluids, and three different proppants was studied. A final fracture treatment that achieves maximum fracture length, fracture width and proppant conductivity is determined to be optimal. Results from simulations show that optimal fracture geometry and fracture conductivity based on pumping limitations is obtained at an injection rate of 100 bpm, a gel loading of 50 pptg of linear gel and a proppant size of 20/40 mesh sand. This paper brings new understanding of fracture behavior in ultra-tight gas reservoirs and serves as a guide for improved hydraulic fracturing practices in ultra-tight gas basins throughout the United States.
Co-ligation of the Antigen and Fc Receptors Gives Rise to the Selective Modulation of Intracellular Signaling in B Cells (1997)

Cross-linking of the Fc receptor (FcR) to surface immunoglobulin (sIg) on B cells inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium and abrogates the proliferative signal. The mechanism by which this occurs is not well understood. In this report we show that co-cross-linking the FcR to the antigen receptor gives rise to very selective modulation of signal transduction in B cells. Co-cross-linking sIg and the FcR enhanced the phosphorylation of the FcR, the adapter protein, Shc, and the inositol 5'-phosphatase Ship. Furthermore, phosphorylation of the FcR induced its association with Ship. Cross-linking of the FcR and sIg decreased the tyrosine phosphorylation of CD19, which led to a reduction in the association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In addition, the phosphorylation of several other proteins of 73, 39, and 34 kDa was reduced. Activation of the cells with either F(ab')2 or intact anti-IgG induced very similar changes in levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of most other proteins, and no differences in the activation of several protein kinases were observed. These results indicate that the inhibitory signal that is transmitted through the FcR is not mediated by a global shutdown of tyrosine phosphorylation but is, rather, a selective mechanism involving localized changes in the interactions of adapter proteins and the enzymes Ship and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with the antigen receptor complex.
Technical overview on designing wireless remote control steering mechanisms for small ships and scaled model ships (2008)

A shippsilas steering mechanism is a complex electro-mechanical or electro-hydraulic system designed to control the process of adjusting the angle of the rudder, in turn changing the direction of the boat or ship. Classic methods of rudder angle adjustment for ships use a wheel, which is typically connected to a mechanical or hydraulic steering mechanism. In some modern ships the wheel is replaced with a simple toggle that remotely controls an electro-mechanical or electro-hydraulic drive for the rudder, with a rudder position indicator presenting angle feedback. This article deals with the problem of developing a wireless remote control steering mechanism for small ships or boats. Such a system has a large number of practical applications in the field of designing small ship autopilots and for model ship testing in model basins.
Glycosylation influences on the aggregation propensity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (2010)

Monoclonal antibodies are the fastest growing class of biologics in the pharmaceutical industry. The correlation between mAb glycosylation and aggregation has not been elucidated in detail, yet understanding the structure-stability relationship involving glycosylation is critical for developing successful drug formulations. We conducted studies of temperature-induced aggregation and compared the stability of both glycosylated and aglycosylated forms of a human IgG1. In parallel, we also performed molecular dynamics simulations of the glycosylated full antibody to gain an understanding of the polysaccharide surroundings at the molecular level. Aglycosylated mAbs are somewhat less stable and therefore aggregate more easily than the glycosylated form at the temperatures studied. Glycosylation seems to enhance solubility and stability of these therapeutics and thus might be important for long-term storage.
Experimental results of donor site filling for autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty (2003)

According to histologic results, compressed collagen appears to be a good material to fill donor tunnels of osteochondral graft harvest. This material is substituted gradually by bone formation and its articular surface can serve as an appropriate scaffold for fibrocartilage coverage created by the natural intrinsic repair process.
Three-Dimensional Study of Alzheimer’s Disease Hallmarks Using the iDISCO Clearing Method (2016)

Amyloidosis is a major problem in over one hundred diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using the iDISCO visualization method involving targeted molecular labeling, tissue clearing, and light-sheet microscopy, we studied plaque formation in the intact AD mouse brain at up to 27 months of age. We visualized amyloid plaques in 3D together with tau, microglia, and vasculature. Volume imaging coupled to automated detection and mapping enables precise and fast quantification of plaques within the entire intact mouse brain. The present methodology is also applicable to analysis of frozen human brain samples without specialized preservation. Remarkably, amyloid plaques in human brain tissues showed greater 3D complexity and surprisingly large three-dimensional amyloid patterns, or TAPs. The ability to visualize amyloid in 3D, especially in the context of their micro-environment, and the discovery of large TAPs may have important scientific and medical implications.
A repertoire of monoclonal antibodies with human heavy chains from transgenic mice. (1989)

The introduction of human immunoglobulin gene segments in their unrearranged configuration into the germ line of mice might allow the production of a repertoire of human antibodies. Such transgenic mice could be used for the production of human monoclonal antibodies against human antigens. To test the feasibility of this approach, mice were created that carry a human heavy-chain minilocus comprising unrearranged immunoglobulin variable, diversity, and joining elements linked to a human mu-chain gene. The gene segments of this minilocus are rearranged in a large proportion of cells in thymus and spleen but not in nonlymphoid tissue. Some 4% of the B lymphocytes synthesize human mu chains resulting in a serum titer of about 50 micrograms of transgenic IgM antibody per ml. Hybridomas were established from the transgenic mice that stably secreted several micrograms of antibodies containing human mu heavy chains per milliliter.
Analysis of Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling (SOCS) Gene Expression by Real-Time Quantitative PCR (2012)

The Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling (SOCS) proteins are a family of negative regulators characterized by a central SH2 domain and C-terminal SOCS box motif. Cytokine Inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS), SOCS1, 2 and 3 are rapidly upregulated in response to cytokine stimulation and act to inhibit JAK/STAT signalling by a variety of mechanisms. The expression of SOCS proteins provides a level of specificity in the control of signalling, with SOCS proteins differentially upregulated in response to individual cytokines and in various cell-types. Real-time reverse transcription (RT) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is an established technique for quantifying mRNA in biological samples, measuring the relative expression of genes of interest and identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms. Here we describe the use of SYBR(®) Green I RT-qPCR to quantify the relative expression level of SOCS mRNA in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). The approach can be universally applied to different cell types and various tissues.
A Diagnostic Interview (1978)

The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) was developed to reduce information variance in both the descriptive and diagnostic evaluation of a subject. The SADS is unique among rating scales in that it provides for (1) a detailed description of the features of the current episodes of illness when they were at their most severe; (2) a description of the level of severity of manifestations of major dimensions of psychopathology during the week preceding the evaluation, which can then be used as a measure of change; (3) a progression of questions and criteria, which provides information for making diagnoses; and (4) a detailed description of past psychopathology and functioning relevant to an evaluation of diagnosis, prognosis, and overall severity of disturbance. This article reports on initial scale development and reliability studies of the items and the scale scores.
Management of hyponatremia. (2004)

Hyponatremia is an important electrolyte abnormality with the potential for significant morbidity and mortality. Common causes include medications and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion. Hyponatremia can be classified according to the volume status of the patient as hypovolemic, hypervolemic, or euvolemic. Hypervolemic hyponatremia may be caused by congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and renal disease. Differentiating between euvolemia and hypovolemia can be clinically difficult, but a useful investigative aid is measurement of plasma osmolality. Hyponatremia with a high plasma osmolality is caused by hyperglycemia, while a normal plasma osmolality indicates pseudohyponatremia or the post-transurethral prostatic resection syndrome. The urinary sodium concentration helps in diagnosing patients with low plasma osmolality. High urinary sodium concentration in the presence of low plasma osmolality can be caused by renal disorders, endocrine deficiencies, reset osmostat syndrome, SIADH, and medications. Low urinary sodium concentration is caused by severe burns, gastrointestinal losses, and acute water overload. Management includes instituting immediate treatment in patients with acute severe hyponatremia because of the risk of cerebral edema and hyponatremic encephalopathy. In patients with chronic hyponatremia, fluid restriction is the mainstay of treatment, with demeclocycline therapy reserved for use in persistent cases. Rapid correction should be avoided to reduce the risk of central pontine myelinolysis. Loop diuretics are useful in managing edematous hyponatremic states and chronic SIADH. In all instances, identifying the cause of hyponatremia remains an integral part of the treatment plan.
Characterization of a vacuum-arc discharge in tin vapor using time-resolved plasma imaging and extreme ultraviolet spectrometry (2005)

Discharge sources in tin vapor have recently been receiving increased attention as candidate extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light sources for application in semiconductor lithography, because of their favorable spectrum near 13.5 nm. In the ASML EUV laboratory, time-resolved pinhole imaging in the EUV and two-dimensional imaging in visible light have been applied for qualitative characterization of the evolution of a vacuum-arc tin vapor discharge. An EUV spectrometer has been used to find the dominant ionization stages of tin as a function of time during the plasma evolution of the discharge.
Tilted fiber Bragg grating sensors (2012)

Abstract Optical fiber gratings have developed into a mature technology with a wide range of applications in various areas, including physical sensing for temperature, strain, acoustic waves and pressure. All of these applications rely on the perturbation of the period or refractive index of a grating inscribed in the fiber core as a transducing mechanism between a quantity to be measured and the optical spectral response of the fiber grating. This paper presents a relatively recent variant of the fiber grating concept, whereby a small tilt of the grating fringes causes coupling of the optical power from the core mode into a multitude of cladding modes, each with its own wavevector and mode field shape. The main consequence of doing so is that the differential response of the modes can then be used to multiply the sensing modalities available for a single fiber grating and also to increase the sensor resolution by taking advantage of the large amount of data available. In particular, the temperature cross‐sensitivity and power source fluctuation noise inherent in all fiber grating designs can be completely eliminated by referencing all the spectral measurements to the wavelength and power level of the core mode back‐reflection. The mode resonances have a quality factor of 10 5 , and they can be observed in reflection or transmission. A thorough review of experimental and theoretical results will show that tilted fiber Bragg gratings can be used for high resolution refractometry, surface plasmon resonance applications, and multiparameter physical sensing (strain, vibration, curvature, and temperature).
Stimulatory Effects of B7-Related Protein-1 on Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Mice (2001)

Inducible costimulator (ICOS) and B7-related protein-1 (B7RP-1) constitute a receptor-ligand pair involved in T cell costimulation. In this study, the stimulatory effects of B7RP-1 on cellular and humoral immune responses were investigated giving mice a construct with the extracellular domain of murine B7RP-1 fused with human IgG1 Fc (B7RP-1-Fc). B7RP-1-Fc stimulated contact hypersensitivity (CH) given near either the time of sensitization or challenge with oxazolone. When given near challenge time, B7RP-1-Fc stimulated CH more than a construct containing the extracellular domain of murine B7.2 and Fc (B7.2-Fc). B7RP-1-Fc increased the number of cells in lymph nodes draining the skin sensitized with oxazolone, especially activated T cells. B7RP-1-Fc also increased the ability of the cells in these lymph nodes to induce CH when transfused into naive mice. B7RP-1-Fc stimulated the production of anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) Ab, increasing anti-KLH IgG, IgG2a, and IgE, whereas B7.2-Fc did not affect this production. B7RP-1-Fc also increased the number of cells in lymph nodes draining the skin immunized with KLH and their production of IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 in response to KLH. Finally, B7RP-1-Fc increased the presence of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs of mice sensitized and challenged with OVA so to mount an asthmatic reaction. B7RP-1-Fc stimulates both cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo by increasing number and function of T and B cells reacting to Ag exposure.
Prognostic significance of serum B-lymphocyte stimulator level in Hodgkin's lymphoma (2007)

B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) plays a critical role in the survival of B-lymphocytes. In 50 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma BLyS levels were higher in newly diagnosed patients (median 2.0 ng/mL, range <0.3-56.0) and relapsed patients (8.7 ng/mL, range 1.5-71.5) than in 93 healthy donors (<0.3 ng/mL, range <0.3-0.5). High serum BLyS levels (> or =2.0 ng/mL) in newly diagnosed patients were associated with resistance to therapy (p=0.01) and shorter progression-free survival (log-rank p=0.029, 2-year rate 64% vs 100%). Serum BLyS levels may have prognostic significance in Hodgkin's lymphoma.
The Optical Properties of Liquid Selenium (1952)

The optical properties of liquid selenium in the near infra-red have been measured for a temperature range up to about 400° C. The absorption edge moves out to longer wavelengths as the temperature increases by an amount corresponding to a change of energy gap of 1.4×10-3 eV/C°. Absorption is very small at low frequencies. For long wavelengths the refractive index decreases as the temperature increases by an amount corresponding to the thermal expansion.
Lycopene and beta-carotene ameliorate catechol estrogen-mediated DNA damage. (2005)

The consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of various ailments, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Carotenoids, such as lycopene and beta-carotene, are natural constituents of edible plants and may protect against disease. In this study, the influence of lycopene and beta-carotene on DNA damage caused by catechol-estrogens in vitro is examined. One possible mechanism by which catechol estrogens such as 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2) and 2-hydroxyestradiol, which cause DNA damage in naked plasmid DNA as well as in cells, contributing to the process of carcinogenesis, is through the generation of reactive oxygen species. It was found that both carotenoids at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 10 microM significantly inhibit strand breakage induced by 4-OHE2/copper sulphate by up to approximately 90% in plasmid DNA with beta-carotene being slightly more effective. No prooxidant or cytotoxic effects were observed at the concentrations tested. These carotenoids had a similar, though reduced effect on DNA damage as measured by the comet assay, in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. The results obtained show that both lycopene and beta-carotene, most probably and mainly through their potent antioxidant properties, are able to inhibit catechol-estrogen-mediated DNA damage.
Differentiated multi-layer survivability in IP/WDM networks (2003)

As the Internet and network technologies evolve, the IP over WDM solution has been envisioned as the most promising solution for the next generation Internet architecture. So survivability in IP/WDM networks becomes critical for the success of the next generation Internet architecture. Considerable research efforts have been dedicated to studying the survivability in IP/GMPLS and WDM network respectively, but still remains the need for a better understanding of the interworking, coordination and functionality partitioning in survivability between IP and WDM. We explore the necessity, methods and advantages to coordinate multi-layer survivability in IP/WDM network. We especially focus on the study of the escalation method, multi-layer network spare capacity design and function partitioning. We study the use of differentiated survivability policies combined with a multi-layer survivability scheme for IP/WDM networks.
HER2 overexpression and paclitaxel sensitivity in breast cancer: therapeutic implications. (1997)

Overexpression by the HER2 gene plays a significant role in breast cancer pathogenesis, and the phenomenon is commonly regarded as a predictor of a poor prognosis. HER2 overexpression has been linked to sensitivity and/or resistance to hormone therapy and chemotherapeutic regimens, including CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluoruracil) and anthracyclines. Studies of patients with advanced disease demonstrate that, despite the association of HER2 overexpression with poor prognosis, the odds of HER2-positive patients responding clinically to taxanes were greater than three times those of HER2-negative patients. Further studies in preclinical models used combination therapy for breast cancer cells that overexpress HER2, and the use of agents that interfere with HER2 function plus paclitaxel (Taxol) resulted in significant antitumor effects.
A Comparison of Three Isolation Methods for Obtaining Immunoglobulin A from Turkey Bile (1993)

Turkey IgA was isolated from bile by three methods: ammonium sulfate precipitation, polyethylene glycol (PEG) extraction, and lambda-carrageenan extraction. The isolated immunoglobulin fractions were compared using double diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis (IE), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results indicated that all three methods of isolation are sufficient for the initial isolation step for purification of the immunoglobulin fraction in turkey bile. Because of contaminating IgG, IgM, and other high-molecular-weight proteins, further purification by column chromatography is needed to isolate pure IgA. The lambda-carrageenan extraction method appears to be the method of choice for precipitating the immunoglobulin fraction in bile, because of the high antibody activity after extraction. Like ammonium sulfate precipitation, lambda-carrageenan and PEG extraction are not sufficient as single-step purification methods and should be used as the initial step in the purification of IgA.
Maintenance of protein synthesis in spite of mRNA breakdown in interferon-treated HeLa cells infected with reovirus. (1983)

Interferon induces the synthesis of an enzyme which synthesizes 2',5'-oligoadenylate [2',5'-oligo(A)] when activated by double-stranded RNA. The 2',5'-oligo(A) in turn activates an endonuclease (RNase L). Concentrations of 2',5'-oligo(A) sufficient to activate RNase L are formed in interferon-treated HeLa cells infected with reovirus, and a large fraction of cellular mRNA is degraded (T. W. Nilsen, P. A. Maroney, and C. Baglioni, J. Virol. 42:1039-1045, 1982). We report here that in spite of this mRNA degradation, protein synthesis was not significantly inhibited in these cells. When mRNA synthesis was inhibited with 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, protein synthesis was markedly decreased, as shown by reduced incorporation of labeled amino acids and a decrease in polyribosomes. This suggested that the turnover of mRNA could be compensated for by increased production of mRNA. The relative concentration of specific mRNAs was measured with cloned cDNA probes. The amount of these mRNAs present in control cells was comparable to that in interferon-treated cells infected with reovirus, whereas it was decreased in the latter cells treated with 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole.