gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemically induced twist-bend nematic liquid crystals, liquid crystal dimers, and negative elastic constants (2013)

Here we report the chemical induction of the twist-bend nematic phase in a nematic mixture of ether-linked liquid crystal dimers by the addition of a dimer with methylene links; all dimers have an odd number of groups in the spacer connecting the two mesogenic groups. The twist-bend phase has been identified from its optical texture and x-ray scattering pattern as well as NMR spectroscopy, which demonstrates the phase chirality. Theory predicts that the key macroscopic property required for the stability of this chiral phase formed from achiral molecules is for the bend elastic constant to tend to be negative; in addition the twist elastic constant should be smaller than half the splay elastic constant. To test these important aspects of the prediction we have measured the bend and splay elastic constants in the nematic phase preceding the twist-bend nematic using the classic Frederiks methodology and all three elastic constants employing the dynamic light scattering approach. Our results show that, unlike the splay, the bend elastic constant is small and decreases significantly as the transition to the induced twist-bend nematic phase is approached, but then exhibits unexpected behavior prior to the phase transition.
Immune response to pneumococcus and tetanus toxoid in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis following long-term ustekinumab use. (2013)

Long-term treatment (≥3 years) with ustekinumab does not compromise the immune response to T-cell-dependent/-independent vaccines in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Relocation of SHIP Are Integrin-mediated in Thrombin-stimulated Human Blood Platelets (1997)

The SH2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase, SHIP, known to dephosphorylate inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate has recently been shown to be expressed in a variety of hemopoietic cells. This 145-kDa protein is induced to associate with Shc by multiple cytokines and may play an important role in the negative regulation of immunocompetent cells mediated by FcgammaRIIB receptor. We report here that SHIP is present in human blood platelets and may be involved in platelet activation evoked by thrombin. Platelet SHIP was identified by Western blotting as a single 145-kDa protein. Both phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4, 5-tetrakisphosphate 5-phosphatase activities could be demonstrated in anti-SHIP immunoprecipitates of platelet lysate. Thrombin stimulation induced a tyrosine phosphorylation of SHIP, this effect being prevented if platelets were not shaken or if RGD-containing peptides were present, indicating an aggregation-dependent, integrin-mediated event. Moreover, although the intrinsic phosphatase activity of SHIP did not appear to be significantly increased, tyrosine-phosphorylated SHIP was relocated to the actin cytoskeleton upon activation in an aggregation- and integrin engagement-dependent manner. Finally, the striking correlation observed between phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate production and the tyrosine phosphorylation of SHIP, as well as its relocation to the cytoskeleton upon thrombin stimulation, suggest a role for SHIP in the aggregation-dependent and GpIIb-IIIa-mediated accumulation of this important phosphoinositide.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Modulates Inhibitory, But Not Excitatory, Transmission in the CA1 Region of the Hippocampus (1998)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulates inhibitory, but not excitatory, transmission in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 3383-3386, 1998. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been reported to have rapid effects on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. We report here that bath application of BDNF causes a small but significant decrease in stimulus-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) on CA1 pyramidal cells, which is prevented by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lavendustin A. BDNF causes a decrease in the 1/CV2 of the IPSC, and also reduces paired-pulse depression of the IPSC, suggesting a presynaptic site of action. In contrast, BDNF did not have a detectable effect on field excitatory postsynaptic potentials measured in stratum radiatum. We conclude that BDNF has a selective depressant action on inhibitory transmission in the hippocampus, due at least in part to a presynaptic mechanism.
Mechanistic and inhibition studies of chorismate-utilizing enzymes (2005)

The shikimate biosynthetic pathway is utilized in algae, higher plants, bacteria, fungi and apicomplexan parasites; it involves seven enzymatic steps in which phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose 4-phosphate are converted into chorismate. In Escherichia coli, five chorismate-utilizing enzymes catalyse the synthesis of aromatic compounds such as L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, folate, ubiquinone and siderophores such as yersiniabactin and enterobactin. As mammals do not possess such a biosynthetic system, the enzymes involved in the pathway have aroused considerable interest as potential targets for the development of antimicrobial drugs and herbicides. As an initiative to investigate the mechanism of some of these enzymes, we showed that the antimicrobial effect of (6S)-6-fluoroshikimate is the result of irreversible inhibition of 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase by 2-fluorochorismate. Based on this study, a catalytic mechanism for this enzyme was proposed, in which the residue Lys-274 is involved in the formation of a covalent intermediate. In another study, Yersinia enterocolitica Irp9, which is involved in the biosynthesis of the siderophore yersiniabactin, was for the first time biochemically characterized and shown to catalyse the formation of salicylate from chorismate via isochorismate as a reaction intermediate. A three-dimensional model for this enzyme was constructed that will guide the search for potent inhibitors of salicylate formation, and hence of bacterial iron uptake.
Synthesis and crystal chemistry of the hybrid perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3 for solid-state sensitised solar cell applications (2013)

The hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3 may find application in next generation solid-state sensitised solar cells. Although this material and related perovskites were discovered many decades ago, questions remain concerning their diverse structural chemistry and unusual properties. The article presents a review of previous work and provides a detailed description of the preparation, structural characterisation and physical characteristics of (CH3NH3)PbI3. The phase changes exhibited by (CH3NH3)PbI3 have been probed using variable temperature powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction, combined with differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and phase contrast transmission electron microscopy. The optical band gap for (CH3NH3)PbI3 determined by UV-Visible spectroscopy was compared to values obtained from density-of-state simulation of the electronic band structure.
Drug delivery vehicles with improved encapsulation efficiency: taking advantage of specific drug–carrier interactions (2011)

With the focus on delivering a high drug dose precisely to the site of action, high encapsulation efficiency is the first thing to consider in drug development. Academic research shows considerable interest in specific encapsulation, and it seems to be an established trend now to design drug delivery particles to achieve the most favorable properties. The authors believe the research in this area will focus on material properties and interactions between the drug and the carrier to ensure high drug loading into particles.
Effect of aspirin, clopidogrel and dipyridamole on soluble markers of vascular function in normal volunteers and patients with prior ischaemic stroke (2006)

Although the mechanisms of action by which aspirin, clopidogrel and dipyridamole inhibit platelets are well characterised, their effects on soluble modulators of thrombosis, inflammation, and endothelial function have yet to assessed systematically. In this investigation aspirin (A), clopidogrel (C), and dipyridamole (D) were administered singly and in combination (A, C, D, AC, AD, CD, ACD) in random order for 2 weeks (without washout) to 11 healthy subjects and 11 patients with previous ischaemic stroke. At the end of each treatment period plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), monocyte chemoattractant pertide-1 (MCP-1), nitric oxide metabolites (NO(x)), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and von Willebrand factor (vWf); and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF); were measured blinded to treatment. Dipyridamole reduced plasma vWf levels (%) in both volunteers, -10.0 (4.95), and patients, -10.11 (4.34) (p < 0.05). Dipyridamole also lowered CRP (mg/l) in patients, -0.96 (0.47), but not volunteers. Clopidogrel reduced PAI-1 (ng/ml) in volunteers, -5.30 (2.20) (p < 0.05), and patients, -3.61 (2.75) (non-significant trend). Aspirin lowered PDGF (ng/ml) in volunteers, -3.46 (1.55), but not patients. Triple antiplatelet therapy was superior to dual and mono therapy in reducing vWf levels. In conclusion, antiplatelet agents have non-platelet-related effects on soluble modulators of thrombosis, inflammation, and endothelial function. In particular, dipyridamole reduces plasma vWf and clopidogrel lowers plasma PAI-1 levels. These effects may explain, in part, their roles in preventing atherothrombogenesis.
Error free 100 Gbit/s wavelength conversion usinggrating assisted cross-gainmodulation in 2 mm long semiconductor amplifier (1998)

The authors demonstrate the first error free operation of 100 Gbit/s wavelength conversion employing cross-gain modulation in a semiconductor optical amplifier. A near transform limited non-return-to-zero data stream is generated at the device output.
Drug delivery system: targeting of pentamidines to specific sites using sugar grafted liposomes (1996)

Different sugar-grafted liposomes were prepared and tested against experimental leishmaniasis in vivo using the classical drug pentamidine isethionate and its methoxy derivative. Both the drugs, when encapsulated in sugar-grafted liposomes were found to be more potent in comparison to normal liposome-encapsulated drug or to the free drug. Moreover, the mannose-grafted liposomes were adjudged to be the best in lowering of spleen parasite load in comparison with those bearing glucose or galactose. When encapsulated in mannose-grafted liposomes the therapeutic efficacy of pentamidine isethionate was found to be better than that of its methoxy derivative, although the latter seemed to be less toxic than the pentamidine isethionate itself.
A monoclonal antibody, NCRC‐11, raised to human breast carcinoma. 1. Production and immunohistological characterization (1984)

The production of a mouse monoclonal IgM antibody, NCRC-11, raised against human breast carcinoma is described. It has been characterized immunohistologically. The antigen recognised has a wide but highly specific distribution in normal tissues, being virtually confined to the surface of certain epithelial cell types. It is found in some forms of epithelial metaplasia and most epithelial malignancies, particularly adenocarcinomas. The heterogeneity of staining in mammary carcinomas is outlined and is of particular interest. The immunohistological staining distribution of NCRC-11 is similar to other antibodies, including anti-epithelial membrane antigen, which were raised against human milk fat globule membrane. A competition experiment with some of these antibodies, using a flow cytofluorimeter, showed competition with one antibody, LICR LON/M8.
Synthesis of Hollow Silica Nanospheres by Sacrificial Polystyrene Templates for Thermal Insulation Applications (2013)

Monodisperse polystyrene (PS) spheres with controllable size have been synthesized by a straight forward and simple procedure. The as-synthesized PS spheres have a typical diameter ranging from ~ 180 nm to ~ 900 nm, where a reduced sphere size is obtained by increasing the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/styrene weight ratio. The PS spheres function as sacrificial templates for the fabrication of hollow silica nanospheres (HSNSs) for thermal insulation applications. By modifying the silica coating process, HSNSs with different surface roughness are obtained. All resulting HSNSs show typically a thermal conductivity of about 20 mW/(mK), indicating that the surface phonon scattering is probably not significant in these HSNS samples.
The Vertical Interval: A General-Purpose Transmission Path (1971)

Equipment is now available to utilize the vertical interval of the television signal to transmit digital information. A vertical interval (VI) encoder selects any line, 13 through 20, onto which is clocked the data originating from a character generator, computer or other digital device. At the receiving point, data are decoded for display in "real time" using a character generator, printed out in hard copy, or used to initiate electromechanical operations through proper interfaces.
3-S Prosthesis (1991)

We report a new prosthetic suspension system ideally suited for active young amputees. The silicone suction socket (3-S) utilizes a silicone sleeve that intimately fits the residual limb, providing a suction-type suspension for both upper and lower extremities. Seven juvenile amputees were evaluated. Six were successful and one was deemed a failure. Details of the design concepts, fabrication, and method of donning the prosthesis are described. We believe that the 3-S design is a significant improvement over conventional prosthetic suspension, offering important advantages to the active pediatric amputee.
Metabolism of<sup>99m</sup>Pertechnetate by the Thyroid Gland of the Rat<sup>1</sup> (1967)

The thyroidal metabolism of 99mpertechnetate (TcO4−) was studied after administration of the isotope to rats in vivo or after incubation of excised rat thyroids with the isotope in vitro. In both types of experiment, thyroids actively concentrated TcO4−. Electrophoretic and chromatographic analyses of homogenates prepared from thyroids after exposure to the isotope revealed both free TcO4− identical n i mobility to the original isotope, and a new immobile form of the isotope which remained at the origin (origin material, OM). Formation of OM was not inhibited by conventional doses of inhibitors of the organification of iodide, and OM often comprised as much as 70% of total accumulated technetium (Tc). OM was resistant to digestion by Pronase and 6n HCl; exposure to 2n NaOH resulted only in the release of free TcO4−. Thyroid/medium (T/M) and thyroid/serum (T/S) concentration ratios for free TcO4− were increased by feeding low iodine diets or by chronic administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) in Purina Chow. Ratios were decreased by chronic thyroxine (T4) administration, diets rich in iodine, incubation of excised thyroids in media enriched with stable iodide and by chronic administration of PTU in a low iodine diet. In all experiments, concentration ratios for free TcO4− were qualitatively similar to those expected if iodide were the substrate instead. In 2 studies in which concentration ratios for both 99mTcO4− and 131I − were simultaneously determined, ratios of the T/M values for TcO4− and I− were not constant and varied by as much as 50% in thyroids from animals of different experimental groups. It is concluded that measurements of TcO4− transport may be used as a qualitative, but not quantitative, index of alterations in the activity of the thyroidal iodide transport mechanism. In view of the invariable generation of a chromatographically and electrophoretically immobile product from free TcO4−, even qualitative studies require the application of separative techniques. (Endocrinology80: 337, 1967)
Multilevel elliptic smoothing of large three-dimensional grids (1995)

Elliptic grid generation methods have been used for many years to smooth and improve grids generated by algebraic interpolation schemes. However, the elliptic system that must be solved is nonlinear and convergence is generally very slow for large grids. In an attempt to make elliptic methods practical for large three-dimensional grids, a two-stage implementation is developed where the overall grid point locations are set using a coarse grid generated by the elliptic system. The coarse grid is then interpolated to generate a finer grid which is smoothed using only a few iterations of the elliptic system.
Positive stem cell selection--basic science. (1990)

Immunologic strategies for removal of malignant cells from autologous marrow grafts by "negative selection" (i.e., "purging") requiring multiple specific monoclonal antibodies for each tumor type. "Positive selection" of marrow stem cells for grafting is a possible alternative strategy, using a monoclonal antibody which selectively recognizes lymphohematopoietic stem cells. The human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen, CD34, is an integral cell membrane glycoprotein of approximately 115 kD, which has been molecularly cloned and sequenced. Although its function has not been determined, the glycoprotein has been characterized biochemically, including preliminary epitope mapping. Collective results from several laboratories indicate that CD34 monoclonal antibodies (My10, BI-3C5, 12.8, etc.) have the appropriate specificity to warrant testing their utility in positive selection for autologous bone marrow transplantation. First, precursors for all human hematopoietic lineages assayed (including most CFU-GM, BFU-E, CFU-MEG, CFU-EO, CFU-MIX or CFU-GEMM, pre-CFU, CFUBLAST, and terminal transferase+ B [and probably T] lymphoid precursors) are CD34+. Second, only 1.5% (mean) of low density human marrow mononuclear cells express CD34; mature human blood and marrow cells are CD34-. Endothelial cells are the only fixed tissue cells which express CD34. Third, the expression of CD34 in malignancies appears to parallel normal cellular expression: of hematopoietic malignancies, some acute leukemias and chronic myelogenous leukemia blasts are CD34+, but chronic lymphois leukemias, lymphomas, myelomas and non-hematopoietic malignancies are uniformly CD34-. Fourth, it appears feasible to isolate CD34+ cells from clinical marrow harvest samples in large scale, using either columns or immunomagnetic microspheres. Fifth, recent studies in very small numbers of non-human primates and human patients suggest that isolated CD34+ cells include the true hematopoietic stem cell, since transplantation of CD34+ cells, into myeloblated recipients results in at least short-term hematopoietic engraftment. It is anticipated that transplantation of CD34+ marrow cells may have broad applicability in clinical bone marrow transplantation.
An Ultra Low Energy 12-bit Rate-Resolution Scalable SAR ADC for Wireless Sensor Nodes (2007)

A resolution-rate scalable ADC for micro-sensor networks is described. Based on the successive approximation register (SAR) architecture, this ADC has two resolution modes: 12 bit and 8 bit, and its sampling rate is scalable, at a constant figure-of-merit, from 0-100 kS/s and 0-200 kS/s, respectively. At the highest performance point (i.e., 12 bit, 100 kS/s), the entire ADC (including digital, analog, and reference power) consumes 25 muW from a 1-V supply. The ADC's CMRR is enhanced by common-mode independent sampling and passive auto-zero reference generation. The efficiency of the comparator is improved by an analog offset calibrating latch, and the preamplifier settling time is relaxed by self-timing the bit-decisions. Prototyped in a 0.18-mum, 5M2P CMOS process, the ADC, at 12 bit, 100 kS/s, achieves a Nyquist SNDR of 65 dB (10.55 ENOB) and an SFDR of 71 dB. Its INL and DNL are 0.68 LSB and 0.66 LSB, respectively
A Concise Synthesis of (−)‐Oseltamivir (2008)

Versorgung gesichert: Eine kurze und effiziente Synthese liefert (−)-Oseltamivir in acht Schritten aus kommerziell erhältlichen Startmaterialien mit 30 % Gesamtausbeute. Zu den Schlüsselschritten zählen eine neuartige palladiumkatalysierte asymmetrische allylische Alkylierung (Pd-AAA, siehe Schema) sowie eine chemo-, regio- und stereoselektive Aziridinierung. Phth=Phthaloyl. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2008/z800282_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Results of Transcervical Thymectomy for Myasthenia Gravis in 100 Consecutive Patients (1999)

The transcervical approach for thymectomy for the treatment of MG produces results similar to those of other surgical approaches, with the added benefits of shortened hospital stay, decreased complications, reduced cost, and broader physician and patient acceptance of surgical treatment.
Effect of 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine, a novel putative efflux pump inhibitor, on antimicrobial drug susceptibility in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (2005)

NMP is moderately active in reversing MDR in clinical isolates of E. coli and can partially restore fluoroquinolone susceptibility through inhibition of efflux pumps.
PSD-95 Alters Microtubule Dynamics via an Association With EB3 (2011)

Little is known about how the neuronal cytoskeleton is regulated when a dendrite decides whether to branch or not. Previously, we reported that postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) acts as a stop signal for dendrite branching. It is yet to be elucidated how PSD-95 affects the cytoskeleton and how this regulation relates to the dendritic arbor. Here, we show that the SH3 (src homology 3) domain of PSD-95 interacts with a proline-rich region within the microtubule end-binding protein EB3. Overexpression of PSD-95 or mutant EB3 results in a decreased lifetime of EB3 comets in dendrites. In line with these data, transfected rat neurons show that overexpression of PSD-95 results in less organized microtubules at dendritic branch points and decreased dendritogensis. The interaction between PSD-95 and EB3 elucidates a function for a novel region of EB3 and provides a new and important mechanism for the regulation of microtubules in determining dendritic morphology.
Mental health needs and mothering (2003)

Abstract This chapter explores theoretical work and research on mothers' mental health and its impact on children. It examines the ways in which the mental health needs of mothers are conceptualised within health and social care. Mothering is simultaneously identified as a prime site of origin for women's mental health problems and a key determinant of children's mental health. While the successful exercise of parenting skills and the intimate relationships that mothers experience with their children can be a source of satisfaction and pride, in the context of mothers with mental health needs, research has tended to focus on adverse outcomes. Positive outcomes for parents with mental health problems and their children are rarely noted.