gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Real-Time Realistic Skin Translucency (2010)

Diffusion theory allows the production of realistic skin renderings. The dipole and multipole models allow for solving challenging diffusion-theory equations efficiently. By using texture-space diffusion, a Gaussian-based approximation, and programmable graphics hardware, developers can create real-time, photorealistic skin renderings. Performing this diffusion in screen space offers advantages that make diffusion approximation practical in scenarios such as games, where having the best possible performance is crucial. However, unlike the texture-space counterpart, the screen-space approach can't simulate transmittance of light through thin geometry; it yields unrealistic results in those cases. A new transmittance algorithm turns the screen-space approach into an efficient global solution, capable of simulating both reflectance and transmittance of light through a multilayered skin model. The transmittance calculations are derived from physical equations, which are implemented through simple texture access. The method performs in real time, requiring no additional memory usage and only minimal additional processing power and memory bandwidth. Despite its simplicity, this practical model manages to reproduce the look of images rendered with other techniques (both offline and real time) such as photon mapping or diffusion approximation.
Machine Learning under Attack (2016)

Learning to discriminate between secure and hostile patterns is a crucial problem for species to survive in nature. Mimetism and camouflage are well-known examples of evolving weapons and defenses in the arms race between predators and preys. It is thus clear that all of the information acquired by our senses should not be considered necessarily secure or reliable. In machine learning and pattern recognition systems, however, we have started investigating these issues only recently. This phenomenon has been especially observed in the context of adversarial settings like malware detection and spam filtering, in which data can be purposely manipulated by humans to undermine the outcome of an automatic analysis. As current pattern recognition methods are not natively designed to deal with the intrinsic, adversarial nature of these problems, they exhibit specific vulnerabilities that an attacker may exploit either to mislead learning or to evade detection. Identifying these vulnerabilities and analyzing the impact of the corresponding attacks on learning algorithms has thus been one of the main open issues in the novel research field of adversarial machine learning, along with the design of more secure learning algorithms.
Comparison of vector velocity imaging using directional beamforming and transverse oscillation for a convex array transducer (2014)

Vector velocity imaging can reveal both the magnitude and direction of the blood velocity. Several techniques have been suggested for estimating the velocity, and this paper compares the performance for directional beam-forming and transverse oscillation (TO) vector flow imaging (VFI). Data have been acquired using the SARUS experimental ultrasound scanner connected to a BK 8820e (BK Medical, Herlev, Denmark) convex array probe with 192 active elements. A duplex sequence with 129 B-mode emissions interleaved with 129 flow emissions has been made. The flow was generated in a recirculating flow rig with a stationary, laminar flow, and the volume flow was measured by a MAG 3000 (Danfos, Sønderbog, Denmark) magnetic flow meter for reference. Data were beamformed with an optimized transverse oscillation scheme for the TO VFI, and standard fourth-order estimators were employed for the velocity estimation. Directional RF lines were beamformed along the flow direction and cross-correlation employed to estimate the velocity magnitude. The velocities were determined for beam-to-flow angles of 60, 75 and 90 degrees. Using 32 emissions the standard deviation relative to the peak velocity for TO estimation was 7.0% at a beam-to-flow angle of 75&deg; . This was 3.8% for directional beamforming and at 60&deg; it was 2.2%. The general improvement, however, comes at an increase by a factor of roughly 11 in the number of calculations for the directional beamformation compared to the TO method.
The Development and Function of Memory Regulatory T Cells after Acute Viral Infections (2012)

Natural CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for the control of immune responses to pathogens. However, most studies have focused on chronic infections, in which pathogen-specific Tregs contribute to pathogen persistence and, in some cases, concomitant immunity. How Tregs behave and function following acute infections remains largely unknown. In this article, we show that pathogen-specific Tregs can be activated and expand upon acute viral infections in vivo. The activated Tregs then contract to form a memory pool after resolution of the infection. These memory Tregs expand rapidly upon a secondary challenge, secrete large amounts of IL-10, and suppress excessive immunopathological conditions elicited by recall expansion of non-Tregs via an IL-10-dependent mechanism. Our work reveals a memory Treg population that develops after acute viral infections and may help in the design of effective strategies to circumvent excessive immunopathological effects.
Buried-heterostructure long-wavelength vertical-cavitysurface-emitting lasers with InGaAsP/InP-GaAs/AlAs DBRs (2000)

Thin-film wafer fusion has been used to fabricate 1.55 µm buried-heterostructure long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (LW-VCSELs) with InGaAsP/InP-GaAs/AlAs distributed Bragg reflectors. Room-temperature continuous-wave operation of the LW-VCSELs has been achieved with a threshold current of 2.1mA at 25°C.
Factorial design approach applied to electrically and thermally conductive nylon 6,6 (2001)

Abstract Increasing the thermal and electrical conductivity of typically insulating polymers, such as nylon 6,6, opens new markets. A thermally conductive resin can be used for heat sink applications. An electrically conductive resin can be used in static dissipative and Electromagnetic Interference/Radio Frequency Interference shielding applications. This research focused on performing compounding runs followed by injection molding and testing (tensile properties, volumetric electrical resistivity, and through‐plane thermal conductivity) of carbon filled nylon 6,6. The four carbon fillers investigated included a PAN‐based carbon fiber (milled, 200μ long), an electrically conductive carbon black, vapor grown graphitic nanotubes, and Thermocarb (high quality synthetic milled graphite). Formulations were produced and tested that contained varying amounts of a single carbon filler. Combinations of fillers were also investigated via conducting half of a 2 4 factorial design. It was determined that Thermocarb has the largest effect on the thermal conductivity. Increasing Thermocarb increases thermal conductivity. For conductive resins containing only a single filler type, nanotubes caused the electrical resistivity (ER) to decrease the most. For the half fraction factorial design formulations that contain at least one filler type at the higher level, the ER of the conductive resin ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 ohm‐cm.
Volume Visualization (1990)

Abstract The sections in this article are Volumetric Data Surface‐Rendering Technique Volume‐Rendering Techniques Volume‐Rendering Optimizations Special‐Purpose, Volume‐Rendering Hardware Volumetric Global Illumination Irregular Grid Rendering Volume Graphics Acknowledgments
Glycoconjugate vaccines to prevent group B streptococcal infections (2003)

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. At-risk populations include neonates born to colonised mothers, peripartum women, diabetics, and the elderly with underlying illnesses. Vaccines to prevent GBS disease have been developed by coupling purified capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigen of GBS with an immunogenic protein carrier. Glycoconjugate vaccines against all nine currently identified GBS serotypes have been synthesised and shown to be immunogenic in mice, rabbits and baboons in preclinical trials. Healthy adults have safely received conjugate vaccines prepared with GBS types Ia, Ib, II, III, and V CPSs in Phase I and II clinical trials. These vaccines elicited CPS-specific antibody that opsonised GBS for in vitro killing by human peripheral blood leukocytes in the presence of complement. Results from these preclinical and clinical studies strongly suggest that GBS conjugate vaccines will be effective in preventing diseases caused by GBS.
Program generation for the all-pairs shortest path problem (2006)

A recent trend in computing are domain-specific program generators, designed to alleviate the effort of porting and reoptimizing libraries for fast-changing and increasingly complex computing platforms. Examples include ATLAS, SPIRAL, and the codelet generator in FFTW. Each of these generators produces highly optimized source code directly from a problem specification. In this paper, we extend this list by a program generator for the well-known Floyd-Warshall (FW) algorithm that solves the all-pairs shortest path problem, which is important in a wide range of engineering applications.As the first contribution, we derive variants of the FW algorithm that make it possible to apply many of the optimization techniques developed for matrix-matrix multiplication. The second contribution is the actual program generator, which uses tiling, loop unrolling, and SIMD vectorization combined with a hill climbing search to produce the best code (float or integer) for a given platform.Using the program generator, we demonstrate a speedup over a straightforward single-precision implementation of up to a factor of 1.3 on Pentium 4 and 1.8 on Athlon 64. Use of 4-way vectorization further improves the performance by another factor of up to 5.7 on Pentium 4 and 3.0 on Athlon 64. For data type short integers, 8-way vectorization provides a speed-up of up to 4.6 on Pentium 4 and 5.0 on Athlon 64 over the best scalar code.
Interactions of Fluorophores with Iron Nanoparticles: Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (2010)

Different density iron nanoparticulate substrates were fabricated by thermal vapor deposition in order to study the interactions of fluorophores with iron nanoparticles. We observed metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF), when fluorophores were placed in close proximity, in the near-field, to the iron nanoparticle deposited substrates. There is often a strong net absorption effect caused by the localized enhanced electromagnetic field of the incident excitation field, when the luminophore is placed near the metal. Subsequently,the electromagnetic field distributions around different size Fe nanoparticles were simulated using FDTD, which revealed that the maximum electric field intensity is predicted to occur over the ∼400−550 nm wavelength range. In addition, the decay time of fluorophores was also reduced near the iron substrates, suggesting both an enhanced electric field and a plasmon-coupling component are the mechanisms for fluorescence enhancement, consistent with our laboratory’s current interpretation of MEF.
Lipids and Proteins Act in Opposing Manners To Regulate Polyomavirus Infection (2010)

How receptors control virus infection is poorly understood. Polyomavirus (Py) binds to the sialic acid-galactose moiety on receptors to gain entry into host cells and cause infection. We previously demonstrated that the sialic acid-galactose-containing glycolipids called gangliosides GD1a and GT1b promote Py infection, in part, by sorting the virus from the endolysosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a critical infection route. Whether these glycolipids act as Py entry receptors, however, is not clear. Additionally, as the majority of glycoproteins also harbor terminal sialic acid-galactose residues, their roles in Py infection are also not well established. Using a ganglioside-deficient cell line, we show that GD1a is the functional entry receptor for Py. GD1a binds to Py on the plasma membrane, and the receptor-virus complex is internalized and transported to the late endosomes and then the ER to initiate infection. In contrast, our findings indicate that glycoproteins act as decoy receptors, restricting the ER transport and infection of Py. Thus, glycolipids and glycoproteins, two major constituents of the plasma membrane, execute opposing functions in regulating infection by a defined virus.
The Fetal Arm (2005)

Individualized growth assessment, using HDL and ArmC, can accurately predict normal arm growth during the third trimester of pregnancy. AVol may also allow earlier detection and improved monitoring of soft tissue abnormalities that can occur in fetuses with growth disturbances.
Air as the renewable carbon source of the future: an overview of CO2 capture from the atmosphere (2012)

The burning of our diminishing fossil fuel reserves is accompanied by a large anthropogenic CO2 release, which is outpacing nature's CO2 recycling capability, causing significant environmental harm. Much is being done to avert this crisis including more efficient technology for usage, savings and replacing carbon fuels with alternatives whenever feasible. The capture of CO2 followed by sequestration (CCS) into geologic formation or under the seas has also been proposed and in some cases implemented. Carbon capture and recycling (CCR) to fuels and materials is another promising approach. At first, capturing carbon dioxide from concentrated sources such as fossil fuel burning power plants, industrial plants and natural sources might be the most practical. However, the capture of CO2 from the atmosphere is also technically feasible despite its low concentration (∼390 ppm) and presents even some benefits compared to point source CO2 capture. The present article reviews methods developed for the capture of CO2 directly from the air as well as their advantages and drawbacks. While strong bases such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide could be used, their regeneration is energy intensive, requiring high temperatures. Amines either physically or chemically immobilized on solid supports require much lower temperatures for their regeneration and are therefore promising candidates.
Phase-Modulated Optical System With Sparse Representation for Information Encoding and Authentication (2013)

We develop a phase-modulated optical system with sparse representation for information encoding and authentication. The optical cryptosystem is developed with cascaded phase-only masks, and the plaintext is encoded into the cascaded phase-only masks based on an iterative phase retrieval algorithm during the encryption. Two simple strategies are developed to generate sparse data: The sparse data are randomly generated from the extracted phase-only masks, and sparse data are randomly generated from the plaintext. These two sparsity strategies are respectively used in the proposed optical security system, and the decrypted images cannot visually render information about the plaintext. Optical authentication method is further applied to verify the decrypted images. It is illustrated that the optical authentication operation with sparsity strategy can provide an additional security layer for the optical security system.
Apolipoprotein E and Atherosclerosis (2005)

I n humans, apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a polymorphic multifunctional protein. 1 It is coded by three alleles (⑀2, ⑀3, ⑀4) of a modulator gene (level, variability, and susceptibility gene) at the apoE locus on chromosome 19, determining six apoE genotypes and plasma phenotypes.Its pleiotropic effects are exerted on plasma lipoprotein metabolism, coagulation, oxidative processes, macrophage, glial cell and neuronal cell homeostasis, adrenal function, central nervous system physiology, inflammation, and cell proliferation. 2,3ApoE polymorphism modulates susceptibility to many diseases.It is, however, particularly notorious for its role in neurodegenerative disorders 4 and atherosclerotic arterial disease. 5,6The ⑀4 allele (phenotypes E4/4 and E4/3) that
Collaboration and competition between DNA double‐strand break repair pathways (2010)

DNA double-strand breaks resulting from normal cellular processes including replication and exogenous sources such as ionizing radiation pose a serious risk to genome stability, and cells have evolved different mechanisms for their efficient repair. The two major pathways involved in the repair of double-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells are non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination. Numerous factors affect the decision to repair a double-strand break via these pathways, and accumulating evidence suggests these major repair pathways both cooperate and compete with each other at double-strand break sites to facilitate efficient repair and promote genomic integrity.
Acquiring 3D indoor environments with variability and repetition (2012)

Large-scale acquisition of exterior urban environments is by now a well-established technology, supporting many applications in search, navigation, and commerce. The same is, however, not the case for indoor environments, where access is often restricted and the spaces are cluttered. Further, such environments typically contain a high density of repeated objects (e.g., tables, chairs, monitors, etc.) in regular or non-regular arrangements with significant pose variations and articulations. In this paper, we exploit the special structure of indoor environments to accelerate their 3D acquisition and recognition with a low-end handheld scanner. Our approach runs in two phases: (i) a learning phase wherein we acquire 3D models of frequently occurring objects and capture their variability modes from only a few scans, and (ii) a recognition phase wherein from a single scan of a new area, we identify previously seen objects but in different poses and locations at an average recognition time of 200ms/model. We evaluate the robustness and limits of the proposed recognition system using a range of synthetic and real world scans under challenging settings.
Targeting CD37-positive lymphoid malignancies with a novel engineered small modular immunopharmaceutical (2007)

CD37 is a lineage-specific B-cell antigen that to date has been neglected as an attractive therapeutic target. To exploit this, novel CD37-specific small modular immunopharmaceuticals (CD37-SMIP) that include variable regions linked to modified human IgG(1) hinge, CH(2), and CH(3) domains were designed. The lead CD37-SMIP molecule induces potent apoptosis in the presence of a cross-linker, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against B-cell leukemia/lymphoma cell lines and primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells superior to therapeutic antibodies used in these diseases. The CD37-SMIP-dependent ADCC function in vitro was mediated by natural killer (NK) cells but not naive or activated monocytes. Significant in vivo therapeutic efficacy was demonstrated in a SCID mouse xenograft leukemia/lymphoma model. Depletion of NK cells in this mouse model resulted in diminished efficacy further supported the in vivo importance of NK cells in SMIP therapy. These findings provide strong justification for CD37 as a therapeutic target and introduce small modular immunopharmaceuticals as a novel class of targeted therapies for B-cell malignancies.
Synthesis of β-Tetrazolyl DL-Alanine Derivatives (1998)

Interest in non-natural alpha-amino acids is growing because of their potential biological activity. We describe, in this paper, a synthesis of beta-tetrazolyl alpha-amino esters by action of 5-aryl tetrazoles, 2, on N-benzyloxycarbonyl di-dehydro methylalaninate, 3.
Minimum ribonucleotide requirement for catalysis by the RNA hammerhead domain (1992)

Several mixed DNA/RNA and 2'-O-methylribonucleotide/RNA analogues derived from the "hammerhead" domain of RNA catalysis have been prepared to study the minimum ribonucleotide requirement for catalytic activity. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing from seven to as few as four ribonucleotides are active in cleaving a substrate RNA. Predominantly deoxyribonucleotide-containing analogues have kcat values 20-300 and kcat/KM values approximately 100-2000 times lower than those of all-RNA ribozyme. In the case of predominantly 2'-O-methyl analogues, at least five ribonucleotides are needed to assure catalytic activity. In addition, both predominantly deoxyribonucleotide and 2'-O-methyl oligomers are at least 3 orders of magnitude more stable than an all-RNA ribozyme in incubations with RNase A and a yeast extract. These results suggest that the ribophosphate backbone is not a strict requirement for ribozyme-type catalysis. The identification of the four required ribonucleotides in the hammerhead catalytic domain provides valuable information for the rational design of chemical species having ribonuclease activities.
Log-Linear Models (2004)

This is yet another introduction to log-linear (“maximum entropy”) models for NLP practitioners, in the spirit of Berger (1996) and Ratnaparkhi (1997b). The derivations here are similar to Berger’s, but more details are filled in and some errors are corrected. I do not address iterative scaling (Darroch and Ratcli, 1972), but rather give derivations of the gradient and Hessian of the dual objective function (conditional likelihood). Note: This is a draft; please contact the author if you have comments, and do not cite or circulate this document.
The effects of perceived organisational support and affective commitment on turnover intention (2017)

Purpose China is experiencing a double-digit turnover rate and high turnover intention. This research aims to explore the relationships of turnover intention, perceived organisational support (POS) and affective commitment in China. Design/methodology/approach Turnover intention and its antecedents, including POS, affective commitment, distributive justice, trust in organisation and job security, were studied in this research with a case study of a foreign-invested enterprise (FIE) manufacturing company in Guangdong of China. Based on the literature, two competing models were developed and investigated by using the technique of structural equation modelling. Findings The results suggest that distributive justice, trust in organisation and job security have negative impacts on turnover intention. Moreover, affective commitment mediates the impact of job security on turnover intention. The results also indicate that POS has an impact on affective commitment instead of affecting turnover intention directly. In addition, POS and affective commitment mediate the impacts of both distributive justice and trust in organisation on turnover intention. Research limitations/implications The scale of turnover intention used in this study only shows the employee’s intention to quit an organisation. It does not reveal their subsequent actual turnover. This study has research implications. It enhances our understanding of the relationships among POS, affective commitment and turnover intention of Chinese employees in FIEs. Practical implications The findings of this study provide the management of organisations in China with a better understanding of how to facilitate human resources management so as to lower employee turnover intention. Originality/value Inconsistent research findings have been reported about the relationships among turnover intention, POS and affective commitment in previous studies. The results of this study clarify all these relationships in Chinese FIEs.
New Records of "Declining" Frogs in Queensland, Australia(February 1998) (1998)

Since the late 1970s, at least 14 frog species have declined or disappeared from rainforest areas of Queensland, Australia (Richards et al 1993, Ingram and McDonald 1993, Hero 1996).