gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Only one 3'-hydroxyl group of ppp5' A2'p5'A2'p5' A (2-5A) is required for activation of the 2-5A-dependent endonuclease. (1988)

To investigate the relative importance of each of the ribose 3'-hydroxyl groups of 2-5A (ppp5' A2'p5'A2'-p5' A) in determining binding to and activation of the 2-5A-dependent endonuclease (RNase L), the 3'-hydroxyl functionality of each adenosine moiety of 2-5A trimer triphosphate was sequentially replaced by hydrogen. The analog in which the 5'-terminal adenosine was replaced by 3'-deoxyadenosine (viz. ppp5'(3'dA)-2'p5' A2'p5' A) was bound to RNase L as well as 2-5A itself and was only 3 times less potent than 2-5A as an activator of RNase L. On the other hand, when the second adenosine unit was replaced by 3'-deoxyadenosine (viz. ppp5' A2'p5'(3'dA)2'p5' A), binding to RNase L was decreased by a factor of eight relative to 2-5A trimer and, even more dramatically, there was a 500-1000-fold drop in ability to activate the 2-5A-dependent endonuclease. Finally, when the 3'-hydroxyl substituent was converted to hydrogen in the 2'-terminal residue of 2-5A, a significant increase in both binding and activation ability occurred. We conclude that only the 3'-hydroxyl group of the second (from the terminus) nucleotide residue of 2-5A is needed for effective activation of RNase L.
Theophylline Improves Hypoglycemia Unawareness in Type 1 Diabetes (2002)

Iatrogenic hypoglycemias and the subsequent occurrence of hypoglycemia unawareness are well-known complications of intensive insulin therapy in type 1 diabetic patients that limit glycemic management. From a pharmacological point of view, the adenosine-receptor antagonist theophylline might be beneficial in the management of hypoglycemia unawareness. Theophylline stimulates the release of catecholamines and reduces cerebral blood flow, thereby facilitating stronger metabolic responses to and a prompter perception of decreasing glucose levels. To test the effect of theophylline on responses to hypoglycemia, we performed paired hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp studies in 15 diabetic patients with hypoglycemia unawareness and 15 matched healthy control subjects. In random order, we concurrently infused either theophylline or placebo. Measurements included counterregulatory hormones, symptoms, hemodynamic parameters, and sweat detection using a dew-point electrode. Additionally, middle cerebral artery velocities (V(MCA)) using transcranial Doppler were monitored as an estimate of cerebral blood flow. When compared with placebo, theophylline significantly enhanced responses of plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol levels in both diabetic patients and control subjects. Because of the theophylline, sweat production started at approximately 0.3 mmol/l higher glucose levels in both groups (P < 0.01), and symptom scores in diabetic patients approached those in control subjects. Theophylline decreased V(MCA) in both groups (P < 0.001), but significantly greater in diabetic patients (P < 0.01), and prevented the hypoglycemia-induced increase of V(MCA) that occurred during the placebo studies. We conclude that theophylline improves counterregulatory responses to and perception of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia.
The 230-kDa gamete surface protein of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> is also a target for transmission-blocking antibodies. (1987)

Immunization with extracellular sexual stages of the malaria parasites can induce the production of antibodies which block the development of the parasites in the midgut of a mosquito after a blood meal. We have generated a number of monoclonal antibodies against gametes and zygotes of the human malaria Plasmodium falciparum. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAb) reacting with a 230-kDa gamete surface protein (mAb 1B3 and 2B4 both isotype IgG2a) were found to block transmission of P. falciparum to mosquitoes. Blocking was complement dependent and this was verified in vitro by the rapid lysis of newly formed gametes and zygotes in the presence of the mAb and active complement. Both mAb reacted by immunofluorescence with the surface of gametes and zygotes from isolates of P. falciparum from various geographical areas. Each mAb immunoprecipitated a 230-kDa protein from 125I-labeled surface proteins of newly formed gametes and zygotes and immunoblotted a protein doublet of about molecular mass 260 and 230 kDa from gametocytes and gametes of P. falciparum. Only the 230-kDa protein is expressed on the surface of newly formed macrogametes and zygotes. The 230-kDa gamete surface protein forms a molecular complex with two proteins of 48 and 45 kDa. The 48- and 45-kDa gamete surface proteins have previously been shown to be targets of mAb which block infectivity of P. falciparum to mosquitoes. The present study now demonstrates that antibodies against the 230-kDa gamete surface protein block transmission of P. falciparum to mosquitoes. The 230-kDa gamete protein is thus a potential candidate for a gamete vaccine.
Polymeric reagents. IV. Synthesis and utilization of an insoluble polymeric organotin dihydride reagent (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolymeric reagents. IV. Synthesis and utilization of an insoluble polymeric organotin dihydride reagentNed M. Weinshenker, Guy A. Crosby, and Jack Y. WongCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 13, 1966–1971Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00901a020https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00901a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views264Altmetric-Citations78LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Restoration of transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway in human prostate cancer cells suppresses tumorigenicity via induction of caspase-1-mediated apoptosis. (1999)

Previous studies (Y. Guo and N. Kyprianou, Cell Growth Diff., 9: 185-193, 1998) have demonstrated that overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta type II receptor (TbetaRII) gene in human prostate cancer cells LNCaP, which are refractory to TGF-beta1 and lack TbetaRII receptor expression, can restore TGF-beta1 sensitivity and suppress in vitro tumorigenic growth by inhibiting cell proliferation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of TbetaRII receptor overexpression in LNCaP cells on apoptosis induction and tumorigenicity. The ability of LNCaP cells that overexpress TbetaRII to undergo apoptosis in response to TGF-beta1 was examined by DNA fragmentation and terminal transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin end labeling analysis. To explore the potential apoptotic nature of TGF-beta1-mediated antitumor effect against human prostate cancer cells, the expression of apoptotic proteins bcl-2 and bax was examined by Western blot analyses. The significance of caspase 1 in TGF-beta1-mediated apoptosis was also determined by examining the expression and activation of caspase 1 by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively. Comparative analysis of tumorigenicity of the parental LNCaP and TbetaRII-overexpressing clones in severely combined immunodeficient mice revealed a significant suppression of tumor growth in TbetaRII transfectant clones compared with parental LNCaP cells and neomycin-control clones (P < 0.05). A significantly higher incidence of endogenous apoptosis was observed in TbetaRII clone-61-derived tumor compared with the parental LNCaP tumors. This induction of apoptosis in the LNCaP tumors with restored TGF-beta1 signaling was associated with decreased bcl-2 expression, increased bax, and caspase-1 immunoreactivty. Moreover, an increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 was detected in TbetaRII-overexpressing tumors compared with the parental tumors. LNCaP TbetaRII transfectant cells exhibited a marked induction of apoptosis, paralleled with a decreased bcl-2 expression in response to TGF-beta1 treatment in vitro. This TGF-beta1-mediated apoptosis induction in TbetaRII transfectant cells was significantly protected by the caspase-1 inhibitor (zVAD-fmk) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a significant temporal induction of caspase-1 mRNA and protein expression was detected in TbetaRII cells in response to TGF-beta1 treatment. Our findings suggest that restoration of TGF-beta1 signaling suppresses tumorigenicity of human prostate cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, potentially via a caspase-1-mediated pathway.
Fowlpox virus as a recombinant vaccine vector for use in mammals and poultry (2005)

Live vaccines against fowlpox virus, which causes moderate pathology in poultry and is the type species of the Avipoxvirus genus, were developed in the 1920s. Development of recombinant fowlpox virus vector vaccines began in the 1980s, for use not only in poultry, but also in mammals including humans. In common with other avipoxviruses, such as canarypox virus, fowlpox virus enters mammalian cells and expresses proteins, but replicates abortively. The use of fowlpox virus as a safe vehicle for expression of foreign antigens and host immunomodulators, is being evaluated in numerous clinical trials of vaccines against cancer, malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS, notably in heterologous prime-boost regimens. In this article, technical approaches to, and issues surrounding, the use of fowlpox virus as a recombinant vaccine vector in poultry and mammals are reviewed.
Early Stages of Crystallization of Calcium Carbonate Revealed in Picoliter Droplets (2011)

In this work, we studied the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of CaCO(3) within regular arrays of picoliter droplets created on patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The SAMs provide well-defined substrates that offer control over CaCO(3) nucleation, and we used these impurity-free droplet arrays to study crystal growth in spatially and chemically controlled, finite-reservoir environments. The results demonstrate a number of remarkable features of precipitation within these confined volumes. CaCO(3) crystallization proceeds significantly more slowly in the droplets than in the bulk, allowing the mechanism of crystallization, which progresses via amorphous calcium carbonate, to be easily observed. In addition, the precipitation reaction terminates at an earlier stage than in the bulk solution, revealing intermediate growth forms. Confinement can therefore be used as a straightforward method for studying the mechanisms of crystallization on a substrate without the requirement for specialized analytical techniques. The results are also of significance to biomineralization processes, where crystallization typically occurs in confinement and in association with organic matrices, and it is envisaged that the method is applicable to many crystallizing systems.
The gamma 1(34.5) gene of herpes simplex virus 1 precludes neuroblastoma cells from triggering total shutoff of protein synthesis characteristic of programed cell death in neuronal cells. (1992)

The gamma 1(34.5) gene of herpes simplex virus 1 was previously shown to play a role in viral virulence since deletion of the gene reduced by a factor of approximately 100,000 the capacity of the virus to replicate in the central nervous system and cause mortality in the mouse. Here we show that in the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH of neuronal origin gamma 1(34.5) null mutants expressed early proteins, viral DNA, and mRNA of late genes. However, the onset of viral DNA synthesis triggered complete cessation of incorporation of radioactive precursors into proteins. The mutant and wild-type viruses replicated and could not be differentiated in cell lines or cell strains of nonneuronal origin. The results indicate that in the absence of the gamma 1(34.5) gene the SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells triggered a response similar to the programed cell death of neuronal cells induced by metabolic stress. The gamma 1(34.5) protein precludes this cell response possibly in order to enable the protein synthesis necessary for viral replication.
Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates inositol phosphate accumulation, a rise in cytoplasmic free calcium, and proliferation in cultured porcine thyroid cells (1989)

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) stimulates thyroid cell proliferation. Using primary cultured porcine thyroid cells, we studied the intracellular pathways that mediate the action of IGF-I on thyroid cell proliferation. IGF-I stimulates inositol phosphate accumulation, a rise in cytoplasmic free calcium [( Ca2+]i), and cell proliferation. Exposure to IGF-I results in a time- and dose-dependent accumulation of inositol monophosphate, inositol bisphosphate, and inositol trisphosphate. IGF-I also increases [Ca2+]i, measured using fura-2, a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator; the IGF-I-induced [Ca2+]i response occurs immediately, reaches a maximum within 1 min, and then slowly declines. IGF-I stimulates thyroid cell proliferation, stimulates thymidine incorporation, and increases cell numbers. The IGF-I-induced inositol phosphate accumulation and [Ca2+]i response parallel thyroid cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner; the maximal response is observed at a concentration of 100 ng/ml IGF-I, with half-maximal stimulation at approximately 10 ng/ml. Inositol phosphate accumulation and [Ca2+]i response after IGF-I stimulation may function as intracellular messengers for thyroid cell proliferation. This report may constitute the first demonstration of IGF-I-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation and [Ca2+]i response in the cells.
Redundant computation partition on distributed-memory systems (2003)

Maximizing parallelism and minimizing communication overheads are important issues on distributed-memory systems. This paper presents a communication optimization technique named redundant computation partitioning, and also gives its implementation. The main idea is to select computation redundancy, represented by a redundant vector, properly for each partitioned loop nest in a parallel loop sequence, so as to acquire a larger parallel region. The technique can eliminate inter-loop communications which will be introduced using ordinary computation partitionings. Some data redistribution points may be eliminated, so the global deduction of data and computation partition can be simplified.
A Tri-Pool Dynamic Wear-Leveling Algorithm for Large Scale Flash Memory Storage Systems (2011)

Because of the extra ordinary development in electronics technology, flash memories arise as a suitable data storage option for embedded systems. Due to the hardware restrictions and efficiency issues, series of researches has been conducted and are in progress to provide better performance for these devises. One of the popular research areas on flash memories is the state-of-art wear-leveling technique, which is used to distribute erase operations throughout blocks of flash memories, in order to avoid wearing of some blocks earlier than others. In this paper, we have proposed a tri-pool dynamic wear leveling algorithm which uses the method of neutralizing hot and cold blocks. The proposed algorithm mainly focuses on keeping erase counts of blocks as near as possible to the average erase count of the whole blocks; this will insure that no single block will have erase count much larger or lesser than the average. We also analytically prove that the newly proposed technique outperforms previous ones.
High-Throughput Droplet Digital PCR System for Absolute Quantitation of DNA Copy Number (2011)

Digital PCR enables the absolute quantitation of nucleic acids in a sample. The lack of scalable and practical technologies for digital PCR implementation has hampered the widespread adoption of this inherently powerful technique. Here we describe a high-throughput droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) system that enables processing of ~2 million PCR reactions using conventional TaqMan assays with a 96-well plate workflow. Three applications demonstrate that the massive partitioning afforded by our ddPCR system provides orders of magnitude more precision and sensitivity than real-time PCR. First, we show the accurate measurement of germline copy number variation. Second, for rare alleles, we show sensitive detection of mutant DNA in a 100,000-fold excess of wildtype background. Third, we demonstrate absolute quantitation of circulating fetal and maternal DNA from cell-free plasma. We anticipate this ddPCR system will allow researchers to explore complex genetic landscapes, discover and validate new disease associations, and define a new era of molecular diagnostics.
Transforming growth factor-β modulates T cell-mediated encephalitis caused by Borna disease virus. Pathogenic importance of CD8+ cells and suppression of antibody formation (1991)

Borna disease is a virus-induced, immune-mediated encephalomyelitis based on a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. The severity of clinical symptoms after intracerebral infection of rats with Borna disease virus was reduced after treatment with transforming growth factor (TGF-beta 2). Intraperitoneal injection of the recombinant molecule, rTGF-beta 2, started on the day of infection at a dose of either 1 micrograms given every day or every other day for 8 consecutive days or 2 micrograms every third day, was found to result in the absence of typical Borna disease symptoms at 14 days after infection in most of the TGF-beta-treated rats, a time point at which all infected control animals not treated with rTGF-beta 2 showed distinct signs of Borna disease. The inhibition of the disease was paralleled by a significant reduction of the inflammatory reaction in the brain. However, the efficacy of treatment with rTGF-beta 2 was transient, because after day 21 only a slight or no reduction of the inflammatory reaction and, consequently, symptoms of Borna disease could be observed. Immunohistologic investigations revealed reduced CD4+ T cell numbers and no changes in macrophage counts in encephalitic lesions of rTG-beta treated rats. However, CD8+ cells were markedly decreased in the encephalitic lesions. Furthermore, the expression of MHC class II Ag was significantly reduced in the brain of rTGF-beta 2 treated Borna disease virus-infected rats, whereas MHC class I Ag expression was not. Most treated animals showed a reduction of Borna disease virus-specific serum antibodies, the result of an inhibition of the IgG response. The results presented here suggest a distinct influence of rTGF-beta 2 on T cell-mediated immune functions during the early phase of Borna disease virus-induced encephalomyelitis.
Refinement of the crystal structure of orthorhombic zinc chloride (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRefinement of the crystal structure of orthorhombic zinc chlorideH. L. Yakel and J. BrynestadCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1978, 17, 11, 3294–3296Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50189a067https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50189a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views226Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
The regional pattern of retinoic acid synthesis by RALDH2 is essential for the development of posterior pharyngeal arches and the enteric nervous system (2003)

Targeted inactivation of the mouse retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2/ALDH1a2), the enzyme responsible for early embryonic retinoic acid synthesis, is embryonic lethal because of defects in early heart morphogenesis. Transient maternal RA supplementation from E7.5 to (at least) E8.5 rescues most of these defects, but the supplemented Raldh2(-/-) mutants die prenatally, from a lack of septation of the heart outflow tract (Niederreither, K., Vermot, J., Messaddeq, N., Schuhbaur, B., Chambon, P. and Dollé, P. (2001). Development 128, 1019-1031). We have investigated the developmental basis for this defect, and found that the RA-supplemented Raldh2(-/-) embryos exhibit impaired development of their posterior (3rd-6th) branchial arch region. While the development of the first and second arches and their derivatives, as well as the formation of the first branchial pouch, appear to proceed normally, more posterior pharyngeal pouches fail to form and the pharyngeal endoderm develops a rudimentary, pouch-like structure. All derivatives of the posterior branchial arches are affected. These include the aortic arches, pouch-derived organs (thymus, parathyroid gland) and post-otic neural crest cells, which fail to establish segmental migratory pathways and are misrouted caudally. Patterning and axonal outgrowth of the posterior (9th-12th) cranial nerves is also altered. Vagal crest deficiency in Raldh2(-/-) mutants leads to agenesis of the enteric ganglia, a condition reminiscent of human Hirschprung's disease. In addition, we provide evidence that: (i) wildtype Raldh2 expression is restricted to the posteriormost pharyngeal mesoderm; (ii) endogenous RA response occurs in both the pharyngeal endoderm and mesoderm, and extends more rostrally than Raldh2 expression up to the 2nd arch; (iii) RA target genes (Hoxa1, Hoxb1) are downregulated in both the pharyngeal endoderm and mesoderm of mutant embryos. Thus, RALDH2 plays a crucial role in producing RA required for pharyngeal development, and RA is one of the diffusible mesodermal signals that pattern the pharyngeal endoderm.
Dynamic Frequency Hopping in Cellular Fixed Relay Networks (2005)

This paper proposes a new interference management/avoidance technique for cellular fixed relay networks with aggressive channel reuse: dynamic frequency hopping with limited information (DFH-LI). It incorporates relaying with a combination of dynamic frequency hopping (DFH) and random frequency hopping (RFH). This technique results in enhanced high data rate coverage and decreased outage.