gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Directing thrombin (2005)

Following initiation of coagulation as part of the hemostatic response to injury, thrombin is generated from its inactive precursor prothrombin by factor Xa as part of the prothrombinase complex. Thrombin then has multiple roles. The way in which thrombin interacts with its many substrates has been carefully scrutinized in the past decades, but until recently there has been little consideration of how its many functions are coordinated or directed. Any understanding of how it is directed requires knowledge of its structure, how it interacts with its substrates, and the role of any cofactors for its interaction with substrates. Recently, many of the interactions of thrombin have been clarified by crystal structure and site-directed mutagenesis analyses. These analyses have revealed common residues used for recognition of some substrates and overlapping surface exosites used for recognition by cofactors. As many of its downstream reactions are cofactor driven, competition between cofactors for exosites must be a dominant mechanism that determines the fate of thrombin. This review draws together much recent work that has helped clarify structure function relationships of thrombin. It then attempts to provide a cogent proposal to explain how thrombin activity is directed during the hemostatic response.
Variable cold stop for matching IR cameras to multiple f-number optics (2007)

Cameras operating in the thermal infrared (mid-wave and long-wave IR) use a cold stop that is designed to match the exit pupil of the optics and thus avoid parasitic radiation or vignetting. For years, range operators have been using reflective telescopes, usually with photo-documentation film cameras. Along with the need to shift operation into the infrared comes a problem that (i) these telescopes do not have an exit pupil located at the IR camera cold stop, and (ii) most IR cameras have f/2 or f/4 stop, while the telescope is typically f/7 or greater. These mismatches cause a significant deterioration of the system performance and picture quality. A similar need arises when using zoom optics with IR cameras where, as the field of view changes, so does the optics f/#, creating a mismatch with the camera that has a fixed aperture. The OKSI/WSMR team has demonstrated two implementations of a patented continuous variable aperture / cold stop (CVA/CS or VariAp®) for operating IR cameras with different f/# optics. Two systems were built: (1) an optical relay assembly with an external CVA/CS, and (2) a custom 1024×1024 pixel MWIR camera with a built in CVA/CS and the proper relay optics to match the telescope optics to the camera. The first optical relay with the VariAp® is a retrofit for legacy IR cameras for operations with reflective telescopes. The camera with the built-in VariAp® can function with both reflective (using an additional external relay) and refractive (with no additional relay) telescopes. The paper describes the two systems that open new possibilities in IR imaging for various ranges.
LED Light Coupler Design for a Ultra Thin Light Guide (2007)

A LED light coupler is proposed for coupling light from a mini side LED of 0.4 mm height to a very thin (<TEX>${\sim}0.3 mm$</TEX>) light guide. Due to the ultra thinness of the light guide, conventional light couplings between LEDs and light guides do not provide adequate coupling efficiency. The designed LED coupler is a compound lens of 3.5 mm length, 1.2 mm height, and 3.3 mm width. The courier first collimates the light from the LED and then concentrates the light in a manner similar to a compound parabolic concentrate, (CPC) into the light guide. The exit surface of the coupler is additionally textured to have micro patterns in order to control the radiance profile.
Partial Synthesis of Compounds Related to Adrenal Cortical Hormones. XVI. Preparation of Cortisone and Related Compounds<sup>1</sup> (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPartial Synthesis of Compounds Related to Adrenal Cortical Hormones. XVI. Preparation of Cortisone and Related Compounds1Theodore H. Kritchevsky, David L. Garmaise, and T. F. GallagherCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 2, 483–486Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01122a060https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01122a060research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views253Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Surface inspection via projection interferometry (1988)

Projection fringe interferometry provides a useful technique for nondestructive surface analysis. Two beam interferometric fringes were projected onto a block of aluminum whose surface had various types of grooves cut into it. The fringes were digitized and analyzed via an automatic fringe tracking algorithm. Three-dimensional topographical maps of the surface's microstructure are presented together with a statistical analysis of surface parameters including average roughness, height distributions, and the autocorrelation function.
Performance of Electrically Small Conventional and Mechanical Antennas (2019)

Antennas that operate in the very low frequency (LF) band and below are useful for a number of applications, including long-distance and underwater communication. When constrained in size, the antennas are electrically small and very inefficient. This has motivated the need for novel approaches to LF antenna design. Here, we present concepts for antennas that generate electromagnetic signals from mechanical motion. We first review the generated fields and efficiency of conventional magnetic and electric dipole transmitters. This is then extended to their mechanical counterparts for comparison. Our results show that the motion of magnets or electrets (the electrical analog of a magnet) can efficiently radiate electromagnetic energy when coupled to a low-loss electromechanical suspension. Mechanical antennas, with spatial dimensions on the order of a meter, can theoretically exceed the performance of conventional short dipole and coil transmitters by more than eight orders of magnitude for frequencies of 1 kHz and below. This paper is intended to lay the foundation for future development involving the implementation of efficient, small form-factor, mechanically actuated antennas.
Molecular Electronics with Carbon Nanotubes (2002)

Carbon nanotubes have unique properties that make them a most promising system on which to base molecular electronics. We briefly review the electrical characteristics of carbon nanotubes, and then focus on carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs). Procedures by which hole-transport, electron-transport and ambipolar CNTFETs can be fabricated are presented, and their electrical characteristics are discussed and compared with those of Si MOSFETs. Ways to fabricate arrays of CNTFETs are also demonstrated, and electron and hole CNTFETs are integrated to form complementary logic circuits.
Effect of Application Volume of Ethanol-Isopropyl Myristate Mixed Solvent System on Permeation of Zidovudine and Probenecid Through Rat Skin (2000)

Permeation of zidovudine (AZT) and probenecid from an ethanol-isopropyl myristate (IPM) mixed system through rat skin was studied in a finite system. Several volume sizes of the ethanol-IPM mixed systems containing AZT and probenecid, both as suspensions, were applied on the skin of the hairless rat using a vertical glass cell, and the fractions of the drugs permeated in 8 hr Q%,8 hr were determined. For the systems containing 40% ethanol, the Q%,8 hr value decreased with the reduction of volume of the system applied, and the decreasing profile was similar to that calculated on the assumption that the permeability of the drug does not change with the volume of the sample applied. On the other hand, in the systems containing 10% or 20% ethanol, the Q%,8 hr value showed a maximum when a specific volume of the sample was applied. Therefore, the effect of sample volume on the Q%,8 hr value was different between the 40% ethanol-IPM system and the 10% or 20% ethanol-IPM system. Following pretreatment of the skin with 0.105 ml/cm2 of drug-free 40% ethanol-IPM for 2 hr, several volume sizes of 10% ethanol-IPM systems containing the drugs were applied on the skin to explain why the different profiles were observed in the system containing 10% or 20% ethanol. The results for pretreated skin suggest that the amount of ethanol in the systems with low ethanol concentration and small application volume is too small to exert an effect that enhances permeation of the drugs. In those systems, the integrated effect of ethanol on the skin would be important for the enhancing effect. Total volume, as well as concentration, of an enhancer should be set precisely in designing an efficient transdermal delivery system.
Association of Apolipoprotein E Genotypes With Lipid Levels and Coronary Risk (2007)

There are approximately linear relationships of apoE genotypes with both LDL-C levels and coronary risk. Compared with individuals with the epsilon3/epsilon3 genotype, epsilon2 carriers have a 20% lower risk of coronary heart disease and epsilon4 carriers have a slightly higher risk.
Three different lifting strategies for controlling the motion patterns of the external load (1997)

Co-ordination of various components of the human body during the course of lifting are very complex and difficult to control. This study hypothesized that strategies used to control the motion patterns of the external load may be applied to control co-ordination and also to control the level of compressive force on the lumbosacral joint. A simulation of lifting based on the optimization approach was introduced to generate three classes of unique dynamic motion patterns of the external load directed by three different objective functions. The first objective function was to maximize the smoothness of the motion pattern of the external load. The second objective function was to minimize the sudden change of the centre of gravity of the body-load system. The third objective was to minimize the integration over time of the sum of the square of the ratio of the predicted joint moments to the corresponding joint strength during the course of lifting. Eight subjects were recruited to perform 40 lifts using each of the three optimal motion patterns of the load. Compressive forces on the lumbosacral joint were computed and compared. The data showed with statistical significance that subjects using the motion patterns of the external load suggested by the first objective function had the lowest compressive force peaks. Thus, this study satisfied two goals: (1) it indexed and synthesized three motion patterns of the external load by three biomechanically unique objective functions, and (2) it established the association between the spinal loading and the control of the motion patterns of the external load during lifting.
Chemically modified RNA: approaches and applications. (1993)

The modification of phosphate into phosphorothioate internucleotidic linkages in various RNAs and their usefulness in identifying phosphate positions essential for function are described. Several modifications of the 2'-hydroxyl group of the ribose, particularly the replacement by fluorine atoms and amino groups, is discussed. These studies have been concentrated on hammerhead ribozymes in order to determine hydroxyl groups important for the catalytic activity. In addition these derivatives have been instrumental in rendering ribozymes more stable toward nucleases.
A Second Generation of Carbamate‐Based Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitors with Improved Activity in vivo (2009)

The fatty acid ethanolamides are a class of signaling lipids that include agonists at cannabinoid and alpha type peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARalpha). In the brain, these compounds are primarily hydrolyzed by the intracellular serine enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). O-aryl carbamate FAAH inhibitors such as URB597 are being evaluated clinically for the treatment of pain and anxiety, but interactions with carboxylesterases in liver might limit their usefulness. Here we explore two strategies aimed at overcoming this limitation. Lipophilic N-terminal substitutions, which enhance FAAH recognition, yield potent inhibitors but render such compounds susceptible to attack by broad-spectrum hydrolases and inactive in vivo. By contrast, polar electron-donating O-aryl substituents, which decrease carbamate reactivity, yield compounds, such as URB694, that are highly potent FAAH inhibitors in vivo and less reactive with off-target carboxylesterases. The results suggest that an approach balancing inhibitor reactivity with target recognition produces FAAH inhibitors that display significantly improved drug-likeness.
Use of probiotics to correct dysbiosis of normal microbiota following disease or disruptive events: a systematic review (2014)

PROSPERO (CRD42014007224).
A flexible microrobot-based microassembly station (2003)

The assembly of complex microsystems consisting of several single components (i.e. hybrid microsystems) is a difficult task that is seen to be a real challenge for the robotic research community. It is necessary to conceive flexible, highly precise and fast microassembly facilities. In this paper the development of a microrobot-based microassembly station is presented. Mobile piezoelectric microrobots with dimensions of some cm/sup 3/ and with 5 DOF perform various manipulations either under a light microscope or within the vacuum chamber of a scanning electron microscope. The components of the station and its control system are described. The latter comprises a vision-based sensor system for automatic robot control, user interfaces, a re-configurable parallel computer array and an assembly planning system. Specific problems that occur when using microrobots in an SEM and our research activities on the development of force microsensors integrated into the microrobots' grippers are described as well.
Synthesis and Conformational Characterization of Tethered, Self-Complexing 1,5-Dialkoxynaphthalene/1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Diimide Systems (2000)

Chemists are beginning to explore the abiotic folding of synthetic chains, and the term "foldamers" has been used to characterize oligomers with a strong inclination to adopt specific, compact conformations. The characterization of folded structure in solution is one of the difficult challenges facing the foldamer field. Aedamers were the first foldamers to make use of aromatic−aromatic interactions in water to direct folding and were designed to have several spectroscopic handles with which to probe folding conformations in solution. Herein is reported the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of eleven aedamer dimers, with linkers chosen to provide a spectrum of lengths and flexibilities. The dimers, composed of one electron rich (1,5-dialkoxynaphthalene) and one electron deficient (1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide) aromatic group tethered by a linker, are the smallest aedamer folding unit. The powerful spectroscopic handles associated with the stacked aedamer groups were exploited in a comprehensive spectroscopic analysis of conformation that included UV−vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence measurements (including time-resolved studies), as well as detailed NMR studies. The spectra were interpreted in the context of molecular modeling/spectral prediction and structural models were developed for the different dimers in aqueous solution. In most instances, the observed data was best described by an ensemble of predicted structures as opposed to one or few conformers. Thus, in the case of these aedamer dimers, "folding" does not appear to imply a two-state model with a rigid, unique conformation. Rather, the reported analysis indicates the data can best be described by a more dynamic model in which a given molecule spends its time in different folded conformations that are related by having a characteristic face-to-face stacking arrangement of the aromatic units.
Properties and structure-function relationships of veltuzumab (hA20), a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (2008)

Veltuzumab is a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody with complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) identical to rituximab, except for one residue at the 101st position (Kabat numbering) in CDR3 of the variable heavy chain (V(H)), having aspartic acid (Asp) instead of asparagine (Asn), with framework regions of epratuzumab, a humanized anti-CD22 antibody. When compared with rituximab, veltuzumab has significantly reduced off-rates in 3 human lymphoma cell lines tested, as well as increased complement-dependent cytotoxicity in 1 of 3 cell lines, but no other in vitro differences. Mutation studies confirmed that the differentiation of the off-rate between veltuzumab and rituximab is related to the single amino acid change in CDR3-V(H). Studies of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous doses in mouse models of human lymphoma and in normal cynomolgus monkeys disclosed that low doses of veltuzumab control tumor growth or deplete circulating or sessile B cells. Low- and high-dose veltuzumab were significantly more effective in vivo than rituximab in 3 lymphoma models. These findings are consistent with activity in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma given low intravenous or subcutaneous doses of veltuzumab. Thus, changing Asn(101) to Asp(101) in CDR3-V(H) of rituximab is responsible for veltuzumab's lower off-rate and apparent improved potency in preclinical models that could translate into advantages in patients.
Steatohepatitis (2008)

Steatosis and steatohepatitis are present in 23% and 30%, respectively, of patients with HIV/HCV coinfection, and both are associated with an increased risk of having advanced fibrosis. Although we did identify genotype 3, increased BMI, and diabetes as risk factors, we found no independent association with antiretroviral therapy.
A New Modular Class of Easily Accessible, Inexpensive, and Efficient Chiral Diphosphine Ligands for Homogeneous Stereoselective Catalysis (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteA New Modular Class of Easily Accessible, Inexpensive, and Efficient Chiral Diphosphine Ligands for Homogeneous Stereoselective CatalysisTiziana Benincori, Serafino Gladiali, Simona Rizzo, and Franco SannicolòView Author Information Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale dell'Università e Centro CNR per la Sintesi e Stereochimica di Speciali Sistemi Organici, Via Golgi 19, I-20133-Milano, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Fisiche e Matematiche dell'Università dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio, 11, I-22100 Como, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Università, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy [email protected]Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 17, 5940–5942Publication Date (Web):July 28, 2001Publication History Received8 May 2001Published online28 July 2001Published inissue 1 August 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo015738thttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo015738tbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views521Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Group 15 compounds,Hydrogenation,Ligands,Organophosphorus compounds,Thiophenes Get e-Alerts
Ferroelectric Properties of Bi&lt;sub&gt;4-x&lt;/sub&gt;Yb&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;Ti&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; Thin Films (2013)

Yb-doped bismuth titanate and random oriented Bi 4-x Yb x Ti 3 O 12 (BYbT) thin films were fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO 2 /Si substrate with pulsed laser deposition method. The structures and ferroelectric properties of the BYbT films were investigated. Yb doping resulted in a marked improvement in remanent polarization (P r ) and coercive field (E c ). At an applied electric field of 120kV/cm, the P r and (E c ) of the BYbT (x=0.8) films annealed at 650°C were 20 μC/cm 2 and 85 KV/cm, respectively.
Histologic Study of the Effect of Laser Therapy on Bone Repair (2008)

The use of laser technology has been used to improve the clinical results of bone surgeries and to promote a more comfortable postoperative period and quicker healing.
Pan-Trk Immunohistochemistry Is an Efficient and Reliable Screen for the Detection of NTRK Fusions (2017)

Activating neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) fusions, typically detected using nucleic-acid based assays, are highly targetable and define certain tumors. Here, we explore the utility of pan-TRK immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect NTRK fusions. NTRK rearrangements were detected prospectively using MSK-IMPACT, a DNA-based next-generation sequencing assay. Transcription of novel NTRK rearrangements into potentially functional fusion transcripts was assessed via Archer Dx fusion assay. Pan-Trk IHC testing with mAb EPR17341 was performed on all NTRK rearranged cases and 20 cases negative for NTRK fusions on Archer. Of 23 cases with NTRK rearrangements, 15 had known activating fusions. Archer detected fusion transcripts in 6 of 8 novel NTRK rearrangements of uncertain functional significance. Pan-Trk IHC was positive in 20 of 21 cases with NTRK fusion transcripts confirmed by Archer. The discordant negative case was a mismatch repair- deficient colorectal carcinoma with an ETV6-NTRK3 fusion. All 20 additional Archer-negative cases had concordant pan-TRK IHC results. Pan-Trk IHC sensitivity and specificity for transcribed NTRK fusions was 95.2% and 100%, respectively. All positive IHC cases had cytoplasmic staining while the following fusion partner-specific patterns were discovered: all 5 LMNA-NTRK1 fusions displayed nuclear membrane accentuation, all 4 TPM3/4 fusions displayed cellular membrane accentuation, and half (3/6) of ETV6-NTRK3 fusions displayed nuclear staining. Pan-Trk IHC is a time-efficient and tissue-efficient screen for NTRK fusions, particularly in driver-negative advanced malignancies and potential cases of secretory carcinoma and congenital fibrosarcoma. Pan-Trk IHC can help determine whether translation occurs for novel NTRK rearrangements.