gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE DETERMINATION OF THE RENAL CLEARANCE OF INULIN IN MAN (1949)

1. The assumption underlying methods for determining the renal clearance of inulin from the slope of the falling plasma curve of inulin concentration, following a single injection, is investigated. 2. The concept that, following the injection of inulin into the blood‐stream, equilibration occurs between the plasma and the extra‐vascular component of the volume of distribution is shown to be untenable. The conclusion that the falling plasma‐inulin concentration is exponentially related to time is consequently incorrect. 3. The errors introduced in the determination of the renal clearance of inulin from the slope of the falling plasma inulin‐time curve by the assumption of equilibration are discussed. 4. A formula is devised for the determination of the renal clearance of inulin incorporating functions which are demanded by the failure of the establishment of equilibration. 5. The formula is applied to the determination of the renal clearance of inulin in nine subjects possessing widely different clearance values. These calculated values are shown to agree closely with average values experimentally determined. 6. The calculative error introduced into the formula by the simplifying assumption that the volume of distribution of inulin is linearly related to time between defined limits of inulin dose and time, has been shown to be of no greater magnitude than the chemical error in the determination of inulin in the plasma. 7. The formula can be applied without the need for accurate collection of urine over short clearance periods. It necessitates merely the passage of urine approximately 35 and 120 minutes after the injection of a known amount of inulin, and two blood samples taken at the time of the passage of urine. 8. The simplicity of the method in comparison to those previously described is attained without loss of accuracy. The greater degree of precision in the measurement of the constituents of the formula than is possible in the direct estimation of the rate of renal excretion of inulin, renders values for clearance obtained by its use less susceptible to experimental error. 9. The relevance of the results obtained with inulin to the determination of the rate of glomerular filtration employing mannitol are discussed briefly.
Treatment of abdominal cellulite and circumference reduction with radiofrequency and dynamic muscle activation (2015)

Radiofrequency provided beneficial effects on the reduction of abdomen and cellulite appearance. The benefit of muscle activation is yet to be determined.
The Reaction of Botulinum Toxin Type A with Ketene<sup>1</sup> (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reaction of Botulinum Toxin Type A with Ketene1Edward J. Schantz and Leonard SperoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 7, 1623–1625Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01564a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01564a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views50Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A conserved anti-DNA antibody idiotype associated with nephritis in murine and human systemic lupus erythematosus. (1990)

In order to identify unique structural features of pathogenic autoantibodies to DNA in SLE, a murine anti-anti-DNA (anti-Id) mAb (mAb 1C7) was produced in response to immunization of lupus mice with a syngeneic anti-DNA mAb (mAb 3E10). Immunization of lupus mice with mAb 3E10 inhibited production of native anti-DNA antibodies, suppressed development of lupus kidney disease (nephritis), and induced production of anti-anti-DNA (anti-Id) antibodies. mAb 1C7 bound F(ab')2 fragments of mAb 3E10, and it bound other murine anti-DNA mAb, but not murine mAb or polyclonal serum antibodies unreactive with DNA. Moreover, binding of mAb 1C7 anti-Id to mAb 3E10 was inhibited by DNA, suggesting anti-Id binding within or near the binding site for DNA. Furthermore, mAb 1C7 bound serum IgG immunoglobulins from 9/12 patients with lupus nephritis and serum anti-DNA antibodies compared to only 3/12 SLE patients with comparable serum levels of anti-DNA antibodies, but without nephritis (p = 0.04), and only 1/53 SLE patients without serum anti-DNA antibodies, 0/49 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 1/47 healthy subjects (p less than 0.001). These results provide evidence that mAb 1C7 identifies a conserved Id associated with anti-DNA antibodies in murine and human SLE and may be useful as a structural probe to characterize pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies in SLE.
A distributed architecture for survivable SONET transport networks (2002)

The authors discuss today's centralized bandwidth management network design. This is followed by a description of the distributed synchronous optical network (SONET) architecture. Today's asynchronous network architecture is based on fixed centralized bandwidth management with a hierarchy of hubs targeted to keep system fill high. This architecture is highly vulnerable to transport system and hub failures. Crossconnects can be used to implement survivability, but with high cost, considerable planning effort, and poor restoration time performance. SONET rings permit a distributed network architecture which provides survivability without crossconnect disadvantages and hub vulnerability. A target distributed network is shown to have a 25% to 30% cost advantage over the hubbed network. Transition to this target can occur as SONET technology is introduced.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Overexpression of Wild-Type Aspartokinase Increases <scp>l</scp> -Lysine Production in the Thermotolerant Methylotrophic Bacterium <i>Bacillus methanolicus</i> (2008)

Aspartokinase (AK) controls the carbon flow into the aspartate pathway for the biosynthesis of the amino acids l-methionine, l-threonine, l-isoleucine, and l-lysine. We report here the cloning of four genes (asd, encoding aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; dapA, encoding dihydrodipicolinate synthase; dapG, encoding AKI; and yclM, encoding AKIII) of the aspartate pathway in Bacillus methanolicus MGA3. Together with the known AKII gene lysC, dapG and yclM form a set of three AK genes in this organism. Overexpression of dapG, lysC, and yclM increased l-lysine production in wild-type B. methanolicus strain MGA3 2-, 10-, and 60-fold (corresponding to 11 g/liter), respectively, without negatively affecting the specific growth rate. The production levels of l-methionine (less than 0.5 g/liter) and l-threonine (less than 0.1 g/liter) were low in all recombinant strains. The AK proteins were purified, and biochemical analyses demonstrated that they have similar V(max) values (between 47 and 58 micromol/min/mg protein) and K(m) values for l-aspartate (between 1.9 and 5.0 mM). AKI and AKII were allosterically inhibited by meso-diaminopimelate (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)], 0.1 mM) and by l-lysine (IC(50), 0.3 mM), respectively. AKIII was inhibited by l-threonine (IC(50), 4 mM) and by l-lysine (IC(50), 5 mM), and this enzyme was synergistically inhibited in the presence of both of these amino acids at low concentrations. The correlation between the impact on l-lysine production in vivo and the biochemical properties in vitro of the individual AK proteins is discussed. This is the first example of improving l-lysine production by metabolic engineering of B. methanolicus and also the first documentation of considerably increasing l-lysine production by overexpression of a wild-type AK.
Molecular-Level Electron Transfer and Excited State Assemblies on Surfaces of Metal Oxides and Glass (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular-Level Electron Transfer and Excited State Assemblies on Surfaces of Metal Oxides and GlassThomas J. MeyerThomas J. MeyerMore by Thomas J. Meyer, Gerald J. MeyerGerald J. MeyerMore by Gerald J. Meyer, Brian W. PfennigBrian W. PfennigMore by Brian W. Pfennig, Jon R. SchoonoverJon R. SchoonoverMore by Jon R. Schoonover, Cliff J. TimpsonCliff J. TimpsonMore by Cliff J. Timpson, Jennifer F. WallJennifer F. WallMore by Jennifer F. Wall, Claus KobuschClaus KobuschMore by Claus Kobusch, Xiaohong ChenXiaohong ChenMore by Xiaohong Chen, Brian M. PeekBrian M. PeekMore by Brian M. Peek, Craig G. WallCraig G. WallMore by Craig G. Wall, Wei OuWei OuMore by Wei Ou, Bruce W. EricksonBruce W. EricksonMore by Bruce W. Erickson, and Carlo A. BignozziCarlo A. BignozziMore by Carlo A. BignozziCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1994, 33, 18, 3952–3964Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00096a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00096a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1757Altmetric-Citations194LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
In Vivo Depletion of CD11c+ Cells Delays the CD4+ T Cell Response to <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and Exacerbates the Outcome of Infection (2005)

Although dendritic cells (DC) are potent APC that prime T cells against many pathogens, there is no direct evidence that DC are required for immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. The requirement for DC to prime the CD4+ T cell response following Mtb infection was investigated using pCD11c-diptheria toxin receptor/GFP transgenic mice, in which DC can be transiently ablated in vivo. We show a critical role for DC in initiation of the CD4+ T cell response to the mycobacterial Ag early secretory Ag of tuberculosis 6. The delay in initiating the Ag-specific T cell response led to impaired control of Mtb replication. Interestingly, DC were not required for the secondary CD4+ T cell response following Mtb infection in peptide-vaccinated mice. Thus, this study shows that DC are essential for the initiation of the adaptive T cell response to the human pathogen Mtb.
The unfolding kinetics of ubiquitin captured with single-molecule force-clamp techniques (2004)

We use single-molecule force spectroscopy to study the kinetics of unfolding of the small protein ubiquitin. Upon a step increase in the stretching force, a ubiquitin polyprotein extends in discrete steps of 20.3 +/- 0.9 nm marking each unfolding event. An average of the time course of these unfolding events was well described by a single exponential, which is a necessary condition for a memoryless Markovian process. Similar ensemble averages done at different forces showed that the unfolding rate was exponentially dependent on the stretching force. Stretching a ubiquitin polyprotein with a force that increased at a constant rate (force-ramp) directly measured the distribution of unfolding forces. This distribution was accurately reproduced by the simple kinetics of an all-or-none unfolding process. Our force-clamp experiments directly demonstrate that an ensemble average of ubiquitin unfolding events is well described by a two-state Markovian process that obeys the Arrhenius equation. However, at the single-molecule level, deviant behavior that is not well represented in the ensemble average is readily observed. Our experiments make an important addition to protein spectroscopy by demonstrating an unambiguous method of analysis of the kinetics of protein unfolding by a stretching force.
A 130-nm CMOS 100-Hz–6-GHz Reconfigurable Vector Signal Analyzer and Software-Defined Receiver (2012)

A monolithic 100-Hz-6-GHz reconfigurable vector signal analyzer (VSA) and software-defined receiver (SDR), following a two-step up-down conversion heterodyne scheme with robustness to various wideband interference scenarios and local oscillator (LO) harmonic mixing, is presented. The 130-nm CMOS chip does not require external filters or baseband processing to reduce the effect of interferences or LO harmonics. The receiver has tunable gain from -67 to 68 dB in steps of 0.5 dB, and tunable bandwidth from 0.4 to 11 MHz in steps of 0.5 MHz. The receiver sensitivity at the maximum gain is - 82 dBm. A monolithic VSA/SDR enables various commercial and military wireless solutions.
Perfluorooctylbromide as a contrast agent for CT and sonography: preliminary clinical results. (1993)

Perflubron emulsion produced prolonged enhancement of blood, liver, and spleen and increased the conspicuity of liver metastases. However, the side effects encountered could limit its use to a selected population of patients.
Effect of Triacontanol on Numbers and Functions of Cells Involved in Inflammatory Responses (1992)

A preparation of a triacontanol-containing compound was studied for its effect on cells involved in the inflammatory response. C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with various concentrations of this compound and investigated for total body weight, wet weight of thymus tissue, number of thymus cells and splenocytes, interleukin 1 production of spleen monocytes, and response of splenocytes to the T cell mitogen, phytohemagglutinin. Mice treated with the triacontanol preparation exhibited decreased total body weight, 24% reduction in thymus weights, 39% decrease in the number of thymus cells, and 21% depression in total splenocytes. Splenic monocytes of these animals produced a significantly reduced amount of interleukin 1 and splenocytes had a significantly depressed response to phytohemagglutinin. It is concluded that triacontanol has an inhibitory effect on at least some of the cells responsible for inflammation.
Adaptive anti-jamming algorithm based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of GPS signal (2007)

In this paper, an algorithm is presented for adaptive anti-jamming in global position system (GPS). The proposed algorithm combines the subspace technique with the cyclic adaptive beamforming (CAB) algorithm so that it can suppress non-periodic jammers and/or those with different direction of arrival from the GPS signal simultaneously. Simulation results demonstrate the proposed algorithm can effectively suppress more complex jammers, even under very lower signal-to-noise ratio.
100-fs pulse generation and amplification in Ti:Al_2O_3 (1991)

We have constructed a self-mode-locked Ti:Al(2)O(3) laser that produces 100-fs pulses at 750 nm. These pulses are then amplified in a Ti:Al(2)O(3) regenerative amplifier to the millijoule energy level. 105-fs, 10-GW pulses have been produced.
Impact of Pulmonary Valve Replacement on Arrhythmia Propensity Late After Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot (2001)

PVR in patients with previous TOF repair and chronic pulmonary regurgitation leads to stabilization of QRS duration and, in conjunction with intraoperative cryoablation, to a decrease in the incidence of preexisting atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmia. When applicable, this combined approach should be used in patients late after repair of TOF.
Regulation of glucose uptake by muscle. 8. Effects of fatty acids, ketone bodies and pyruvate, and of alloxan-diabetes and starvation, on the uptake and metabolic fate of glucose in rat heart and diaphragm muscles (1964)

In alloxan-diabetes in the rat the uptake of glucose by heart and diaphragm muscle in vitro is impaired both in the absence and in the presence of insulin. The defect in glucose uptake in the absence of the hormone has been explained by the low rate of membrane transport of glucose in the insulin- deficient tissue (insulin accelerates the membrane transport of glucose); the defect in the membrane transport of glucose may be corrected by the addition of high concentrations of insulin in vitro but not by hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy (see Morgan, Cadenas, Regen & Park, 1961 b; Morgan, Regen, Henderson, Sawyer & Park, 1961 c; Kipnis, 1959). Two other defects cannot be ex- plained in this way: first, an impaired ability of low concentrations of insulin to stimulate membrane transport of glucose; and, secondly, a decreased rate of phosphorylation of glucose. These defects are corrected by hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy or by treatment of the diabetic rat -with insulin (Morgan et al. 1961b, c; Park et al. 1961; Kipnis, 1959; Riddick, Reisler & Kipnis, 1962); they can be restored in muscles of hypo--physectomized diabetic rats by treatment, of the animals with growth hormone and corticosteroids. The development of these defects in glucose meta- bolism in muscle in diabetes is thus favoured by a deficiency of circulating insulin together with a sufficiency of growth hormone and corticosteroids.
Pyroelectric properties of Al(In)GaN/GaN hetero- and quantum well structures (2002)

The macroscopic nonlinear pyroelectric polarization of wurtzite AlxGa1-xN, InxGa1-xN and Al(x)ln(1-x)N ternary compounds (large spontaneous polarization and piezoelectric coupling) dramatically affects the optical and electrical properties of multilayered Al(In)GaN/GaN hetero-, nanostructures and devices, due to the huge built-in electrostatic fields and bound interface charges caused by gradients in polarization at surfaces and heterointerfaces. Models of polarization-induced effects in GaN-based devices so far have assumed that polarization in ternary nitride alloys can be calculated by a linear interpolation between the limiting values of the binary compounds. We present theoretical and experimental evidence that the macroscopic polarization in nitride alloys is a nonlinear function of strain and composition. We have applied these results to interpret experimental data obtained in a number of InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QWs) as well as AlInN/GaN and AlGaN/GaN transistor structures. We find that the discrepancies between experiment and ab initio theory present so far are almost completely eliminated for the AlGaN/GaN-based heterostructures when the nonlinearity of polarization is accounted for. The realization of undoped lattice-matched AlInN/GaN heterostructures further allows us to prove the existence of a gradient in spontaneous polarization by the experimental observation of two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs). The confinement of 2DEGs in InGaN/GaN QWs in combination with the measured Stark shift of excitonic recombination is used to determine the polarization-induced electric fields in nanostructures. To facilitate inclusion of the predicted nonlinear polarization in future simulations, we give an explicit prescription to calculate polarization-induced electric fields and bound interface charges for arbitrary composition in each of the tertiary III-N alloys. In addition, the theoretical and experimental results presented here allow a detailed comparison of the predicted electric fields and bound interface charges with the measured Stark shift and the sheet carrier concentration of polarization-induced 2DEGs. This comparison provides an insight into the reliability of the calculated nonlinear piezoelectric and spontaneous polarization of group III nitride ternary alloys.&#13;\n&#13;\n
General equation for the determination of the crystallite size La of nanographite by Raman spectroscopy (2006)

This work presents a systematic study of the ratio between the integrated intensities of the disorder-induced D and G Raman bands (ID∕IG) in nanographite samples with different crystallite sizes (La) and using different excitation laser energies. The crystallite size La of the nanographite samples was obtained both by x-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation and directly from scanning tunneling microscopy images. A general equation for the determination of La using any laser energy in the visible range is obtained. Moreover, it is shown that ID∕IG is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the laser energy used in the experiment.
Dual-polarity nonvolatile MOS analogue memory (MAM) cell for neural-type circuitry (1988)

The design and fabrication of a nonvolatile MOS integrated circuit memory element which is capable of storing both positive and negative analogue data is reported. The memory value can be increased or decreased incrementally. This device is applicable to storage of weighting values in integrated circuit implementations of learning neural networks. Experimental results are reported.
Peptide thioester preparation by Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis for use in native chemical ligation (2000)

Established methodology for the preparation of peptide thioesters requires the use of t-butoxycarbonyl chemistry owing to the lability of thioester linkers to the nucleophilic reagents used in Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis. Both the greater ease of use and the broad applicability of the method has led to the development of an Fmoc-based methodology for direct peptide thioester synthesis. It was found that successful preparation of a peptide thioester could be achieved when the non-nucleophilic base, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, together with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole in dimethylformamide, were used as the N(alpha)-Fmoc deprotection reagent. Native chemical ligation of the resulting thioester product to an N-terminal cysteine-containing peptide was successfully performed in aqueous solution to produce a fragment peptide of human alpha-synuclein. The formation of aspartimide (cyclic imide) in a base-sensitive hexapeptide fragment of scorpion toxin II was found to be significant under the deprotection conditions used. However, this could be controlled by the judicious protection of sensitive residues using the 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl group.