gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using blur to affect perceived distance and size (2010)

We present a probabilistic model of how viewers may use defocus blur in conjunction with other pictorial cues to estimate the absolute distances to objects in a scene. Our model explains how the pattern of blur in an image together with relative depth cues indicates the apparent scale of the image's contents. From the model, we develop a semiautomated algorithm that applies blur to a sharply rendered image and thereby changes the apparent distance and scale of the scene's contents. To examine the correspondence between the model/algorithm and actual viewer experience, we conducted an experiment with human viewers and compared their estimates of absolute distance to the model's predictions. We did this for images with geometrically correct blur due to defocus and for images with commonly used approximations to the correct blur. The agreement between the experimental data and model predictions was excellent. The model predicts that some approximations should work well and that others should not. Human viewers responded to the various types of blur in much the way the model predicts. The model and algorithm allow one to manipulate blur precisely and to achieve the desired perceived scale efficiently.
The effect of some disiloxane chain extenders on the thermal and mechanical properties of cross-linked poly(siloxane-urethane)s (2013)

Poly(siloxane-urethane) (PSiU) networks based on a bis(hydroxyorgano) disiloxane chain extender, a trifunctional polyether polyol as a cross-linker, methylene-diphenyl diisocyanate and #,$-hydroxyethoxyethyl polydimethylsiloxane were synthesized in butyl acetate solution. The effect of the chain extenders and the cross-link density was investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), swelling, hardness and tensile strength measurements. Isotherm thermogravimetric analyses were carried out for selected polymer compositions at 120 and 170C and also the changes in tensile strength were followed. The different chain extenders have a strong effect on the hard segment structure, thus on the thermal and mechanical behaviour. The phase separation of the soft and hard segments was indicated by the two or three well distinguished tan% peaks, the maxima of which range within wide intervals depending on the polymer composition. The polymers of high cross-link density showed a very good thermal stability, high tensile strength (up to 68.7 MPa) and hardness (80-95 Shore A) even of high 13-36% dimethyl siloxane content. Changing the siloxane soft segment ratio and the cross-link density the physical properties can be adjusted.
Utility of 2-hydroxypropyl-.BETA.-cyclodextrin in an intramuscular injectable preparation of nimodipine. (1990)

Possible utility of hydroxyalkylated beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CyD) derivatives as parenteral drug carriers was investigated, using nimodipine, a dihydropyridine derivative with calcium antagonistic action, as a model drug. The aqueous solubility of nimodipine increased linearly with increase in the concentration of hydroxyalkylated beta-CyDs, showing an AL-type phase solubility diagram. The stability constant of nimodipine--hydroxyalkylated beta-CyD complexes was in the order of 2,3-dihydroxypropyl-beta-CyD less than beta-CyD less than 2-hydroxyethyl-beta-CyD less than 3-hydroxypropyl-beta-CyD less than 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-CyD, and the solubilizing ability of the beta-CyDs was also in that order. The results of powder X-ray diffractometry and thermal analysis suggested 1:3 (guest:host) complex formation of nimodipine with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-CyD in the solid state. The dissolution rate of nimodipine-2-hydroxypropyl-beta-CyD complex was much faster than that of the drug alone. Nimodipine-2-hydroxypropyl-beta-CyD complex gave higher plasma levels of the drug after intramuscular administration to rabbits, i.e., the area under the plasma concentration--time curve and the maximum plasma concentration of the complex were about 2.5 times higher than those of the drug alone. The muscular damage after the injection of nimodipine was reduced by the administration of the complexed form.
Age-Related Osteogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells from Human Vertebral Bone Marrow (1999)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) residing in bone marrow (BM) are the progenitors for osteoblasts and for several other cell types. In humans, the age-related decrease in bone mass could reflect decreased osteoblasts secondary to an age-related loss of osteoprogenitors. To test this hypothesis, BM cells were isolated from vertebral bodies of thoracic and lumbar spine (T1-L5) from 41 donors (16 women and 25 men) of various ages (3-70 years old) after death from traumatic injury. Primary cultures were grown in alpha modified essential medium with fetal bovine serum for 13 days until adherent cells formed colonies (CFU-Fs). Colonies that stained positive for alkaline phosphatase activity (CFU-F/ALP+) were considered to have osteogenic potential. BM nucleated cells were plated (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 x 106 cells/10-cm dish) and grown in dexamethasone (Dex), which promotes osteoblastic differentiation. The optimal plating efficiency using BM-derived cells from donors of various ages was 5 x 106 cells/10-cm dish. BM-derived cells were also grown in the absence of Dex at this plating density. At the optimal plating density, in the presence of Dex, the number of CFU-F/ALP+ present in the BM of the younger donors (3-36 years old) was 66.2 +/- 9.6 per 106 cells (mean +/- SEM), but only 14.7 +/- 2.6 per 106 cells in the older donors (41-70 years old). With longer-term culture (4-5 weeks) of these BM cells in medium containing 10 mM beta-glycerophosphate and 100 microg/ml ascorbic acid, the extracellular matrix mineralized, a result consistent with mature osteoblastic function. These results demonstrate that the number of MSCs with osteogenic potential (CFU-F/ALP+) decreases early during aging in humans and may be responsible for the age-related reduction in osteoblast number. Our results are particularly important in that the vertebrae are a site of high turnover osteoporosis and, possibly, the earliest site of bone loss in age-related osteoporosis.
CLL Exosomes Modulate the Transcriptome and Behaviour of Recipient Stromal Cells and Are Selectively Enriched in miR-202-3p (2015)

Bi-directional communication with the microenvironment is essential for homing and survival of cancer cells with implications for disease biology and behaviour. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the role of the microenvironment on malignant cell behaviour is well described. However, how CLL cells engage and recruit nurturing cells is poorly characterised. Here we demonstrate that CLL cells secrete exosomes that are nanovesicles originating from the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane, to shuttle proteins, lipids, microRNAs (miR) and mRNAs to recipient cells. We characterise and confirm the size (50-100 nm) and identity of the CLL-derived exosomes by Electron microscopy (EM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), flow cytometry and western blotting using both exosome- and CLL-specific markers. Incubation of CLL-exosomes, derived either from cell culture supernatants or from patient plasma, with human stromal cells shows that they are readily taken up into endosomes, and induce expression of genes such as c-fos and ATM as well as enhance proliferation of recipient HS-5 cells. Furthermore, we show that CLL exosomes encapsulate abundant small RNAs and are enriched in certain miRs and specifically hsa-miR-202-3p. We suggest that such specific packaging of miR-202-3p into exosomes results in enhanced expression of 'suppressor of fused' (Sufu), a Hedgehog (Hh) signalling intermediate, in the parental CLL cells. Thus, our data show that CLL cells secrete exosomes that alter the transcriptome and behaviour of recipient cells. Such communication with microenvironment is likely to have an important role in CLL disease biology.
A Mouse Model of Amyloid β Oligomers: Their Contribution to Synaptic Alteration, Abnormal Tau Phosphorylation, Glial Activation, and Neuronal Loss <i>In Vivo</i> (2010)

Although amyloid beta (Abeta) oligomers are presumed to cause synaptic and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD), their contribution to other pathological features of AD remains unclear. To address the latter, we generated APP transgenic mice expressing the E693Delta mutation, which causes AD by enhanced Abeta oligomerization without fibrillization. The mice displayed age-dependent accumulation of intraneuronal Abeta oligomers from 8 months but no extracellular amyloid deposits even at 24 months. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory were impaired at 8 months, at which time the presynaptic marker synaptophysin began to decrease. Furthermore, we detected abnormal tau phosphorylation from 8 months, microglial activation from 12 months, astrocyte activation from 18 months, and neuronal loss at 24 months. These findings suggest that Abeta oligomers cause not only synaptic alteration but also other features of AD pathology and that these mice are a useful model of Abeta oligomer-induced pathology in the absence of amyloid plaques.
Making technology homey (2012)

Home and automation are not natural partners--one homey and the other cold. Most current automation in the home is packaged in the form of appliances. To better understand the current reality and possible future of living with other types of domestic technology, we went out into the field to conduct need finding interviews among people who have already introduced automation into their homes and kept it there--home automators. We present the lessons learned from these home automators as frameworks and implications for the values that domestic technology should support. In particular, we focus on the satisfaction and meaning that the home automators derived from their projects, especially in connecting to their homes (rather than simply controlling their homes). These results point the way toward other technologies designed for our everyday lives at home.
Masking of White Noise by Pure Tones (1965)

Pure tones at intensity levels of 80–120 dB re 0.0002 dyn/cm2 were used to mask white noise in steps of 10 dB. The frequency of the pure tones ranged from 200 to 4000 cps in intervals of 100 cycles below 1000 cps and intervals of 1000 cycles above 1000 cps. Pure tones caused maximal masking in the range of 700 to 1000 cps, with the masking effect decreasing on either side of this range. Distortion of the pure tone had a large effect on the masking. When the masking tone had a high distortion factor (13 dB below that of the fundamental), the masking effect was about 25 dB greater and was centered between 300 and 400 cps. With tones having a distortion factor of −30 to −50 dB relative to that of the fundamental, there was no change in the masking effect. [Work supported by the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.]
Regulated production of mu m and mu s mRNA requires linkage of the poly(A) addition sites and is dependent on the length of the mu s-mu m intron. (1986)

mRNAs encoding the membrane-associated (mu m) and secreted (mu s) forms of mu heavy chain are derived from transcripts of the same immunoglobulin gene by differential RNA processing. To help elucidate the mechanism that regulates the production of these two mu mRNAs during the course of B-lymphoid maturation, we produced a series of specifically modified mu-chain genes and studied their expression when transfected into cells representing either early or late developmental stages. We have established that proper regulation depends on linkage of the mu s and mu m poly(A) addition sites and the length of the mu s-mu m intron. Deletion of an 800 to 900-nucleotide segment from the central region of this intron abolishes regulation; replacement of this segment with miscellaneous DNA sequences restores it. From these results we propose a model in which regulation is principally achieved by competition between cleavage/polyadenylylation of the mu s site and splicing of the C mu 4 and mu m exons.
Formal verification of circuit-switched Network on chip (NoC) architectures using SPIN (2014)

Simulation techniques cannot cope with the distributive and reactive nature of Network on chip (NoC) architectures very well and thus compromise on the accuracy of the analysis results. Formal verification has been used to overcome these challenges but, to the best of our knowledge, has been mainly used for the verification of packet-switched NoC's. The main focus of this paper is on the formal verification of circuit-switched NoC's, which provide a dedicated channel for all communications with full bandwidth and thus are found to be more efficient than packet-switched NoCs in many contexts. In particular, the paper presents a generic methodology for the formal verification of circuit-switched NoC using the SPIN model checker. The proposed methodology provides generic modelling guidelines and identifies some properties, including deadlock freedom, starvation freedom, mutual exclusion and liveness, that are quite useful in the context of circuit-switched NoC. For illustration purposes, we use our methodology to verify the programmable NoC (PNoC) architecture, which is one of the most widely used circuit-switched NoC.
Differential GPS techniques used for ADCP measurements in remote areas of Alaska - Abstract (2007)

Alaska has many sediment laden, high gradient streams with moving bed conditions where differential GPS is required to track boat movement during streamflow measurements made using acoustic Doppler current profilers. The remote nature of most streamgages in Alaska makes acquiring a differentially corrected GPS signal difficult primarily for three reasons: 1) National Geodetic Survey Continuously Operating Reference Stations are located largely near urban areas nationally and few exist in Alaska; 2) Wide Area Augmentation System signals are transmitted by geostationary satellites positioned over the equator on a line-of-sight frequency; and 3) Private companies currently (2006) that provide independent GPS reference stations do not cover Alaska. Recent installation of ground reference stations in Alaska can provide adequate corrections, but the mountainous geography of Alaska often obstruct signal-correction transmissions from the equatorial positioned broadcast satellites. As a result, the current practice in the Alaska Science Center is to establish a temporary base station and use radio modems to broadcast a differential correction for a streamflow discharge measurement. Radio multiplexers are required when using a tethered boat deployment. A differential signal is broadcast from shore to the boat and then a corrected signal from the GPS on the boat and the streamflow information are transmitted back to shore. Problems sometimes arise from this additional complexity in radio communications, including a lack of available sites for locating base stations in narrow valleys during high flow, switching between manned and unmanned boat deployments, and limited carrying capacity in small aircrafts.
USE OF AN OCTADECYLSILICA PURIFICATION METHOD MINIMIZES PROTEOLYSIS DURING ISOLATION OF PORCINE AND RAT RELAXINS (1980)

Previous attempts to purify relaxin from pregnant sow and rat ovaries have led to the identification of multiple components with very similar molecular weights (around 6000 daltons) and similar, but not identical amino acid compositions. It has been unclear whether these multiple forms of relaxin represented different allelic forms (isohormones), intermediates in a prohormone-hormone conversion, different hormones in their own right responsible for effects on different target tissues, or degradation products. We have applied a purification system using adsorption to small octadecylsilica (ODS) columns to reduce drastically the degree of heterogeneity. Both pig and rat relaxins are isolated as single major components with defined amino acid sequences and with minimal contamination by other molecular forms. These findings indicate that the relaxin heterogeneity previously observed is due to proteolysis of a single major stored form during conventional isolation procedures.
Low-cost Augmented Reality prototype for controlling network devices (2014)

With the evolution of mobile devices, and smart-phones in particular, comes the ability to create new experiences that enhance the way we see, interact, and manipulate objects, within the world that surrounds us. It is now possible to blend data from our senses and our devices in numerous ways that simply were not possible before using Augmented Reality technology. In a near future, when all of the office devices as well as your personal electronic gadgets are on a common wireless network, operating them using a universal remote controller would be possible. This paper presents an off-the-shelf, low-cost prototype that leverages the Augmented Reality technology to deliver a novel and interactive way of operating office network devices around using a mobile device. We believe this type of system may provide benefits to controlling multiple integrated devices and visualizing interconnectivity or utilizing visual elements to pass information from one device to another, or may be especially beneficial to control devices when interacting with them physically may be difficult or pose danger or harm.
Java Web Services (2002)

Preface 1. Welcome to Web Services What Are Web Services? Web Services Adoption Factors Web Services in a J2EE Environment What This Book Discusses 2. Inside the Composite Computing Model Service-Oriented Architecture The P2P Model 3. SOAP: The Cornerstone of Interoperability Simple Object Access Protocol Anatomy of a SOAP Message Sending and Receiving SOAP Messages The Apache SOAP Routing Service SOAP with Attachments 4. SOAP-RPC, SOAP-Faults, and Misunderstandings SOAP-RPC Error Handling with SOAP Faults SOAP Intermediaries and Actors 5. Web Services Description Language Introduction to WSDL Anatomy of a WSDL Document Best Practices, Makes Perfect Where Is All the Java? 6. UDDI: Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration UDDI Overview UDDI Specifications and Java-Based APIs Programming UDDI Using WSDL Definitions with UDDI 7. JAX-RPC and JAXM Java API for XML Messaging (JAXM) JAX-RPC SOAPElement API JAX-RPC Client Invocation Models 8. J2EE and Web Services The SOAP-J2EE Way The Java Web Service (JWS) Standard 9. Web Services Interoperability The Concept of Interoperability The Good, Bad, and Ugly of Interoperability Potential Interoperability Issues SOAPBuilders Interoperability Other Interoperability Resources Resources 10. Web Services Security Incorporating Security Within XML XML Digital Signatures XML Encryption SOAP Security Extensions Further Reading Appendix. Credits Index
Role of single amino acids in the recognition of a T cell epitope (1991)

T cell epitopes can be defined by the use of synthetic peptides, which when added to APC efficiently mimic naturally processed Ag. Free peptide is thought to bind to cell-surface MHC glycoproteins and the TCR then recognizes the resulting complex. The specificity of a tetanus toxin-specific human Th cell clone was investigated using a complete replacement set of peptides in which every amino acid within the minimal T cell epitope was replaced by each of the 19 alternative genetically coded amino acids. Within the minimal epitope, found to be YSYFPSVI (tetanus toxin 593-600), a small number of substitutions could be made without significant loss of activity, defined as substitutions giving peptides whose activity fell within +/- 3 SD of the mean parent response. Y593 could be substituted with F, W, M, L, V, and I; S594 with G and T; Y595, F596, and P597 with no other amino acids; S598 with A; V599 with S, and I600 with L. Rank ordering of the substitutions allowed a precise description to be made of MHC and/or TCR interaction with each amino acid side chain within the epitope. Simplified theoretic calculations based on this study indicate that class II T cell recognition has a specificity greater than 1 in 10(8). Competition experiments indicate that Y595, F596, P597, and I600 are critical for binding of this epitope to its restricting element, HLA DR4Dw14.
Interlocking detachable coil occlusion in the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms: preliminary results. (1996)

Because they are soft and retrievable, interlocking detachable coils, with their immediate coil release design, may provide an alternative to surgery in the future treatment of endovascular aneurysms.
Performance of visually guided tasks using simulated prosthetic vision and saliency-based cues (2013)

The results from the study show that visually impaired people and retinal prosthesis implantees may benefit from computer vision algorithms that detect important objects in their environment, particularly when they are in a new environment.
Many-membered Carbon Rings. II. A New Synthesis of Civetone and dl-Muscone (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMany-membered Carbon Rings. II. A New Synthesis of Civetone and dl-MusconeA. T. Blomquist, Robert W. Holley, and R. D. SpencerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 1, 34–36Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01181a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01181a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views340Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Transparent service reconfiguration after node failures (1992)

The author describes a technique which allows application programs to run in a fault tolerant way. The technique is based on the concept of checkpointing from an active program to one or more passive copies at periodic instances of time. The passive copies serve as an abstraction of stable memory. In case the primary copy fails, exactly one of the backup copies takes over and resumes processing service requests. After each failure a new backup copy is created in order to preserve the fault tolerance degree of the service. A key issue of the technique is the fact that all mechanisms necessary to achieve and maintain fault tolerance can be added automatically to the program code of a non-fault tolerant server, thus making fault tolerance completely transparent for the application programmer.<
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