gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of short-term glucocorticoid treatment on changes in cartilage matrix degradation and chondrocyte gene expression induced by mechanical injury and inflammatory cytokines (2011)

Short-term glucocorticoid treatment effectively abolished the catabolic effects exerted by the combination of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mechanical injury: dexamethasone prevented proteoglycan degradation and restored biosynthesis. Dexamethasone appears to regulate the catabolic response of chondrocytes post-transcriptionally, since the abundance of transcripts encoding aggrecanases was still elevated in the presence of dexamethasone.
Fluorescence-based DNA minisequence analysis for detection of known single-base changes in genomic DNA (1995)

We describe a rapid, automated method for direct detection of known single-base changes in genomic DNA. Fluorescence-based DNA minisequence analysis is employed in a template-dependent reaction which involves a single nucleotide extension of an oligonucleotide primer by the correct fluorescently-tagged dideoxynucleotide chain terminator. Detection following electrophoresis on denaturing acrylamide gels is facilitated by alkaline phosphatase treatment of reaction products after extension followed by isopropanol precipitation of the dye-tagged, single-base-extended primer to remove unincorporated deoxynucleotides. Fluorescence analysis of the incorporated dye tag reveals the identity of the template nucleotide immediately 3' to the primer site. This technique does not require radioactivity or biotinylated PCR product, relies on the incorporation of a single dideoxynucleotide terminator to extend the primer by one nucleotide and takes advantage of the sensitivity of fluorescent terminators developed for automated DNA sequence analysis. As a demonstration, we have applied the assay to human genomic DNA for detection of the sickle mutation in the beta-globin gene, and have also examined feasibility for simultaneous delineation using a multiplex-like strategy in a single gel-lane of some of the most common beta-thalassemia mutations in the Mediterranean basin.
Effects of cholestyramine and chenodeoxycholic acid on the metabolism of endogenous triglyceride in hyperlipoproteinemia. (1978)

Previous studies conducted under basal conditions have suggested a linkage between the formation of plasma triglyceride and the degradation of cholesterol to bile acids. To further examine this relationship, plasma endogenous triglyceride kinetics were determined using [(3)H]glycerol in 26 hyperlipidemic subjects before and during stimulated (cholestyramine treatment) and inhibited (chenodeoxycholic acid treatment) bile acid synthesis. All patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type II (n = 9) treated with cholestyramine (12 g daily for 2-4 months) displayed increased apparent biosynthesis (12.8 +/- 1.5 vs. 9.7 +/- 1.2 micro mol kg(-1)hr(-1), mean +/- SEM, P < 0.005) and an elevated apparent fractional turnover rate (0.230 +/- 0.017 vs. 0.176 +/- 0.014 hr(-1), P < 0.001) as determined over a 10-hr period, in spite of essentially unchanged plasma triglyceride concentrations. No consistent effect of this therapy was encountered in the five patients studied with type IV HLP. Chenodeoxycholic acid feeding (1.9 mmol daily for 3-4 months) resulted in a reduced apparent synthesis of plasma triglycerides both in type IIa (n = 5, 7.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 13.1 +/- 1.2 micro mol kg(-1)hr(-1), P < 0.01) and type IV HLP (n = 7, 15.5 +/- 1.8 vs. 23.6 +/- 3.7 micro mol kg(-1)hr(-1), P < 0.02). Furthermore, a 20-25% reduction of the apparent fractional turnover rate was seen, and the plasma concentration of triglycerides was reduced by about 15%. It is concluded that the present experimental conditions that primarily influence cholesterol and bile acid biosynthesis also affect the metabolism of plasma triglycerides-and presumably that of very low density lipoprotein-in a regulatory manner. Hypothetically, this may be achieved via a hepatic pool of newly synthesized cholesterol.
In-line statistical process control and feedback for VLSI integrated circuit manufacturing (2003)

A number of quality control and yield improvement techniques are used in the Hewlett Packard Fort Collins IC wafer fabrication line. Four of these are described, with examples of how each has improved quality and yield. Silicon wafer measurements obtained from the vendor or made at incoming inspection are correlated with device parameters and chip yield. Control charts on the manufacturing line are generated online from monitor wafer data entered by operators, giving immediate feedback. In addition, a daily summary report lists any chart out of control. In certain instances it is necessary to improve the process capability of an operation. A feedback technique is used to do this for operations which have predictable systematic drift. Individual wafer positions in critical operations are automatically recorded through the fabrication line. This greatly facilitates correlation of input to output parameters and pinpoints the root cause of physical, device parameter, or chip yield fluctuations. Rapid correlation of the data obtained throughout the fabrication and wafer test areas is done with a common database and tools which transform the raw data into an optimum form for analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Genetic dissection of cotton physiological responses to arid conditions and their inter‐relationships with productivity (2004)

ABSTRACT Testing of the extent to which different complex traits share common genetic control provides a means to distinguish associations that are truly diagnostic of genetic potential for improved adaptation to abiotic stress, from incidental phenotypic correlations. In two generations of progeny from a cross between Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense , quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was used to evaluate correspondence in genetic control of selected physiological measures and productivity under water‐limited and well‐watered environments, respectively. A total of 33 QTLs were detected for five physiological variables [osmotic potential (OP), carbon isotope ratio ( δ 13 C; indicator of water use efficiency), canopy temperature, chlorophyll a and b ], and 46 QTLs for five measures of crop productivity [dry matter, seed cotton yield (SC), harvest index, boll weight, and boll number]. QTL likelihood intervals for high SC and low OP corresponded in three genomic regions, two of which mapped to homoeologous locations on the two subgenomes of tetraploid cotton. QTLs for δ 13 C showed only incidental association with productivity, indicating that high water use efficiency can be associated with either high or low productivity. Different cotton species have evolved different alleles related to physiological responses and productivity under water deficit, which may permit the development of genotypes that are better‐adapted to arid conditions.
An efficient built-in self testing for random-access memory (1989)

The authors propose a test algorithm for pattern-sensitive faults in large-size RAM with high circuit density. The algorithm tests an n-bit RAM in 195 square root n time to detect both static and dynamic pattern-sensitive faults over the 9-neighbourhood of every memory cell. A 4 Mb RAM can be tested by the proposed algorithm several thousand times faster than the conventional sequential algorithms for detecting pattern-sensitive faults. The test speedup has been achieved by writing a test data simultaneously over many cells, and the stored data are tested simultaneously by a parallel comparator and error detector in a read operation. The existing RAM architecture has been modified very little so that the proposed technique can be implemented very easily even in switched-capacitor DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) with low intercell pitch width. The test procedure has also been applied to built-in self-testing (BIST) and is compared with other BIST implementations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Rapidly Initiating Ruthenium Olefin‐Metathesis Catalysts (2004)

Vacancies: Protonation of the ruthenium carbide compounds [Cl2(L)(PR3)RuC:] gives the 14-electron four-coordinate ruthenium phosphonium alkylidenes [Cl2(L)RuCH(PR3)]+[B(X)4]− (see scheme). These compounds which already have a vacant coordination site provide direct access to the active species in olefin metathesis catalysis and thus very fast initiation. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2004/z461374_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Soft updates (2000)

Metadata updates, such as file creation and block allocation, have consistently been identified as a source of performance, integrity, security, and availability problems for file systems. Soft updates is an implementation technique for low-cost sequencing of fine-grained updates to write-back cache blocks. Using soft updates to track and enforce metadata update dependencies, a file system can safely use delayed writes for almost all file operations. This article describes soft updates, their incorporation into the 4.4BSD fast file system, and the resulting effects on the sytem. We show that a disk-based file system using soft updates achieves memory-based file system performance while providing stronger integrity and security guarantees than most disk-based file systems. For workloads that frequently perform updates on metadata (such as creating and deleting files), this improves performance by more than a factor of two and up to a factor of 20 when compared to the conventional synchronous write approach and by 4-19% when compared to an aggressive write-ahead logging approach. In addition, soft updates can improve file system availablity by relegating crash-recovery assistance (e.g., the fsck utility) to an optional and background role, reducing file system recovery time to less than one second.
Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic. I. Taxonomy of the producing streptomycete and isolation of the active principle. (1975)

A streptomycete was isolated from an Easter Island soil sample and found to inhibit Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton granulosum. The antibiotic-producing microorganism was characterized and identified as Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The antifungal principle was extracted with organic solvent from the mycelium, isolated in crystalline form and named rapamycin. Rapamycin is mainly active against Candida albicans; minimum inhibitory concentration against ten strains ranged from 0.02 to 0.2 mug/ml. Its apparent activity against Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton granulosum is lower because of its instability in culture media on prolonged incubation required by these fungi. No activity was observed against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Acute toxicity in mice is low.
Self-assembly from milli- to nanoscales: methods and applications (2009)

The design and fabrication techniques for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanodevices are progressing rapidly. However, due to material and process flow incompatibilities in the fabrication of sensors, actuators and electronic circuitry, a final packaging step is often necessary to integrate all components of a heterogeneous microsystem on a common substrate. Robotic pick-and-place, although accurate and reliable at larger scales, is a serial process that downscales unfavorably due to stiction problems, fragility and sheer number of components. Self-assembly, on the other hand, is parallel and can be used for device sizes ranging from millimeters to nanometers. In this review, the state-of-the-art in methods and applications for self-assembly is reviewed. Methods for assembling three-dimensional (3D) MEMS structures out of two-dimensional (2D) ones are described. The use of capillary forces for folding 2D plates into 3D structures, as well as assembling parts onto a common substrate or aggregating parts to each other into 2D or 3D structures, is discussed. Shape matching and guided assembly by magnetic forces and electric fields are also reviewed. Finally, colloidal self-assembly and DNA-based self-assembly, mainly used at the nanoscale, are surveyed, and aspects of theoretical modeling of stochastic assembly processes are discussed.
Engine Performance of Biodiesel Fuel Prepared from Soybean Soapstock:  A High Quality Renewable Fuel Produced from a Waste Feedstock (2001)

A previously developed bench-scale method for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) from soybean soapstock (Haas, M. J.; Bloomer, S.; Scott, K. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2000, 77, 373−379) was taken to the small pilot scale, producing approximately 2.5 L of material per run. By multiple successive reactions, 25 L of product was accumulated. The fatty acid composition of the ester product (wt %) was palmitic: 16.2, stearic: 4.7, oleic: 16.2, linoleic: 54.4, and linolenic: 6.9. This mirrors the fatty acid composition of soy soapstock and is quite similar to that of commercial biodiesel produced from refined soybean oil. The ester product met the provisional biodiesel specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials with regard to all variables examined: flash point, water and sediment, carbon residue, sulfated ash, density, kinematic viscosity, sulfur, cetane number, cloud point, copper corrosion, acid number, free glycerin, and total glycerin, and had density and iodine number values comparable to those of commercial soy-based biodiesel. Emissions data for both the neat fuel and a 20 vol % blend in low-sulfur petroleum diesel were collected according to the Environmental Protection Agency heavy-duty transient cycle protocol using a DDC Series 60 engine on an engine test stand. The emissions profile of biodiesel from soapstock was quite similar to that of biodiesel produced from refined soy oil. Compared with petroleum diesel fuel, emissions of total hydrocarbons, particulates, and carbon monoxide were reduced 55%, 53%, and 48%, respectively, with neat soapstock biodiesel. Total nitrogen oxides increased 9%. Operation on a 20 vol % blend of soapstock biodiesel in petroleum diesel gave reductions of 27.7%, 19.7%, and 2.4%, respectively, in total hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide, relative to petroleum diesel. Nitrogen oxide emissions increased 1.3%. In the context of engine emissions, these data suggest the suitability of the methyl esters of soy soapstock as a diesel fuel.
Measurements of mechanical vibrations at magnetic cores of power transformers with fiber-optic interferometric intrinsic sensor (2000)

A fiber-optic interferometric sensor with intrinsic transducer along a length of the fiber is presented for vibration measurements of the magnetic core inside an oil-filled power transformer. The sensor is designed for high sensitivity measurements into the harsh environment of electromagnetic fields, wide temperature change, and in oil immersing. This sensor allows enough sensitivity for the application, for which vibrations amplitudes are due to submicron displacements at frequencies of 100 Hz and its harmonics, in addition, the accessibility to the sensing region is guaranteed by low size immune fiber-optic cables as well as optical phase-based transducer/carrier of the sensor output. Thus, it is ideal for the requirements of the remote operation. The transducer size is a few mm in length, and is compact and rugged. Our results show that the vibrations of the elements constituting a power transformer are directly measured, improving the indirect techniques actually available. Finally, the measurements inside a medium power transformer at site are obtained for its application in electric plants.
Agricultural policy in tropical Africa: is a turnaround possible? (1986)

The food crisis in Africa has entered our living rooms through television and the press.Why is per capita agricultural production lower now than at independence in the early 1960s?This article examines the factors responsible and outlines some solutions.Both external and internal factors have converged to create the crisis -low prices to farmers to placate vocal urban consumers, inefficient, high-cost marketing boards, governments' neglect of agriculture in favor of industry, over-valued exchange rates, lack of foreign exchange and increasing debt burdens.Externally the depressed world market decreased demand for Africa's exports and contributed to the stagnation of the economics.Drought, a population growth rate approaching 3%jyear and a shortage of human capital added to the crisis.
Molecular cloning and immunological characterization of the house dust mite allergen Der f 7 (1995)

Der f 7 has a predicted 213 residue polypeptide with 86% homology and serological crossreactivity to Der p 7.
LA GLOBALIZACIÓN: MÁS QUE UNA AMENAZA ES UNA OPORTUNIDAD (2005)

El fenomeno de la internacionalizacion evoluciona, al terminar la Guerra Fria, hacia una globalizacion en la sociedad poscapitalista, en la cual el conocimiento es el recurso fundamental para generar riqueza. Al entender la globalizacion como un proceso de interconexion financiera, economica, social, politica y cultural se abre la oportunidad para el progreso de los pueblos que desarrollen su economia al abrirse haciael exterior.Ya no es momento para teorizar sobre la conveniencia o no de la globalizacion, esta es una realidad irreversible que en Colombia debemos aprovechar. Abstract: After the Cold War, the process of internationalization evolves towards globalization in the post-capitalistic society, where knowledge is considered the most critical resource to create wealth.Understanding globalization as an interconnected process among financial, economic, social, political,and cultural elements provides the opportunity to any country to develop itself by eliminating its geographic boundaries.It is no longer the time to theorize over the pertinence of globalization, since it has become a reality that we should take advantage in Colombia.
Measurement of Skin Permeation/Penetration of Nanoparticles for Their Safety Evaluation (2012)

The aim of the present study was to quantitatively evaluate the skin permeation/penetration of nanomaterials and to consider their penetration pathway through skin. Firstly, penetration/permeation of a model fluorescent nanoparticle, Fluoresbrite®, was determined through intact rat skin and several damaged skins. Fluoresbrite® permeated through only needle-punctured skin. The permeation profiles of soluble high molecular compounds, fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextrans (FITC-dextrans, FDs), with different molecular weights were also measured for comparison. The effects of molecular sizes and different skin pretreatments on the skin barrier were determined on the skin penetration/permeation of Fluoresbrite® and FDs. Fluoresbrite® was not permeated the intact skin, but FDs were permeated the skin. The skin distribution of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles was also observed after topical application of commercial cosmetics. Nanoparticles in sunscreen cosmetics were easily distributed into the groove and hair follicles after their topical application, but seldom migrated from the groove or follicles to viable epidermis and dermis. The obtained results suggested that nanoparticles did not permeate intact skin, but permeated pore-created skin. No or little permeation was observed for these nanomaterials through the stratum corneum.
Oxytocin: Its Mechanism of Action and Receptor Signalling in the Myometrium (2014)

Oxytocin is a nonapeptide hormone that has a central role in the regulation of parturition and lactation. In this review, we address oxytocin receptor (OTR) signalling and its role in the myometrium during pregnancy and in labour. The OTR belongs to the rhodopsin-type (Class 1) of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily and is regulated by changes in receptor expression, receptor desensitisation and local changes in oxytocin concentration. Receptor activation triggers a number of signalling events to stimulate contraction, primarily by elevating intracellular calcium (Ca(2+) ). This includes inositol-tris-phosphate-mediated store calcium release, store-operated Ca(2+) entry and voltage-operated Ca(2+) entry. We discuss each mechanism in turn and also discuss Ca(2+) -independent mechanisms such as Ca(2+) sensitisation. Because oxytocin induces contraction in the myometrium, both the activation and the inhibition of its receptor have long been targets in the management of dysfunctional and preterm labours, respectively. We discuss current and novel OTR agonists and antagonists and their use and potential benefit in obstetric practice. In this regard, we highlight three clinical scenarios: dysfunctional labour, postpartum haemorrhage and preterm birth.
Circoviruses: Immunosuppressive threats to avian species: A review (2000)

Circoviruses are small, non-enveloped, icosahedral viruses that are unique among animal viruses in having circular, single-stranded DNA genomes. Their genomes are also the smallest possessed by animal viruses. The circovirus family currently comprises three members, chicken anaemia virus, porcine circovirus, and psittacine beak and feather disease virus, with pigeon circovirus being classified as a tentative member. Infections with each of the four circoviruses are associated with potentially fatal diseases in which virus-induced damage to lymphoid tissue and immunosuppression are common features. Experience with other animal virus families suggests that additional animal species will be infected by, as yet undiscovered, circoviruses and that these may display similar tissue tropism and disease-causing potential. Recent reports describing the association of circovirus-like viruses with immunodeficiency-related diseases of geese and southern black-backed gulls suggest that circovirus infections of avian species may be more common than previously recognized, and prompt the question of whether novel circoviruses infect poultry to cause clinical and/or subclinical diseases that may be economically important. This review has three purposes. First, it is designed to summarize the currently available information about the classified circoviruses and viruses that are regarded as circovirus-like. Second, it aims to alert the readership to the possibility that other avian species, including commercial poultry, may be infected with novel circoviruses. Finally, possible methods for discovering novel circoviruses and for controlling infections by such viruses are suggested.