gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electricity Generation from Artificial Wastewater Using an Upflow Microbial Fuel Cell (2005)

The upflow microbial fuel cell (UMFC) was developed to generate electricity while simultaneously treating wastewater. During a five-month period of feeding a sucrose solution as the electron donor, the UMFC continuously generated electricity with a maximum power density of 170 mW/m2. To achieve this power density, the artificial electron-mediator hexacyanoferrate was required in the cathode chamber. The power density increased with increasing chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading rates up to 2.0 g COD/ L/day after which no further increases in power density were observed, indicating the presence of limiting factors. The overarching limiting factor for the UMFC in this study was the internal resistance, which was estimated as 84 omega at the maximum power density, and restricted the power output by causing a significant decrease in operating potential. Low Coulombic efficiencies varying from 0.7 to 8.1% implied that the electron-transfer bacteria were incapable of converting all of the available organics into electricity, so the excessive substrate created niches for the growth of methanogens. We found that the soluble COD (SCOD) removal efficiencies remained over 90% throughout the operational period, mainly because of methanogenic activity, which accounted for 35 to 58% of the SCOD removed at a loading rate of 1.0 g COD/L/ day. Additionally, transport limitation due to insufficient substrate diffusion was shown by cyclic voltammetry (CV).
Spectral response of ZnSe-Zn1−<i>x</i>Cd<i>x</i>Te heterojunction (1982)

The spectral response of ZnSe-Zn1−xCdxTe (0⩽x⩽1) heterojunction is described. The heterojunction is formed by vacuum evaporation of ZnSe and Zn1−xCdxTe doped with In2Te3. The spectral response of this heterojunction is discussed for two cases, illuminated from the ZnSe side and from the Zn1−xCdxTe side. The theoretical results, based upon the assumption that the carriers excited by incident light are mainly transported by drift field, are in good agreement with the experimental results. Moreover, we could obtain a high internal quantum efficiency of 0.9 over the visible light range in this heterojunction.
High resoluton image reconstruction: A new imager via movable random exposure (2009)

Recently compressive sensor developed as an imager for capturing images effectively has been studied extensively. In this paper, we design a new imager to reconstruct high resolution image from a low resolution blurred image obtained by the intended movable random exposure. This imager grabs an image by moving a camera with a randomly fluttering shutter along a certain motion route. By analyzing this kind of movable random exposure process, we find it can be considered as compressive sampling described in the compressive sensing (CS) theory. Then according to the CS theory, the exposure result of this imager can be used to recover a high resolution image. Since this imager consists only a movable camera and a fluttered shutter, it is relatively simple and easy to implement. The simulation results show that the proposed imager can recover high even ultra-high resolution images with good reconstruction performance.
Intranasal vaccines for protection against resipratory and systemic bacterial infections (2007)

More than 4 million deaths per year are due to respiratory diseases. Although licensed vaccines are available, bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bordetella pertussis and Neisseria meningiditis, among others, continue to be the major agents of diseases in young children, the elderly and/or immunocompromized individuals. Following respiratory tract infection, some microorganisms may also invade the epithelial tissue, achieving systemic circulation and/or other organs. Nasal administration of different antigen formulations has shown promising results in the induction of immune responses and the defeat of the pathogens at the site of infection. This review will focus on the main nasal vaccine strategies and technologies being investigated against the most common infections caused by respiratory bacteria.
The N-terminal Structure of HIV-1 Tat Is Required for Suppression of CD26-dependent T Cell Growth (1997)

Evidence exists that the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) transactivator Tat occurs extracellularly and is involved in the immunosuppression of non-HIV-1-infected T cells of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The mechanism of this immunosuppressive activity of Tat has been controversially discussed. Interestingly, Tat binds to the T cell activation marker CD26, which has been shown to play a key role in the regulation of growth of lymphocytes and to inhibit its dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV) activity. Here we show that the N-terminal nonapeptide MDPVDPNIE of Tat is a competitive inhibitor of DP IV and suppresses DNA synthesis of tetanus toxoid-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Amino acid exchanges at positions 5 and 6 strongly weaken these effects. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics simulations of Tat(1-9), I5-Tat(1-9), and L6-Tat(1-9) suggest a similar backbone conformation for Tat(1-9) and L6-Tat(1-9). The solution conformation of I5-Tat(1-9) considerably differs from the other two. However, Tat(1-9) fits into our previously proposed active site model of DP IV in contrast to I5-Tat(1-9) and L6-Tat(1-9). Conformational alterations with regard to the parent peptide and spatial hindrances between these both compounds and DP IV can explain the loss of inhibitory activity. Our data suggest that the N-terminal residues of HIV-1 Tat do interact directly with the active site of DP IV and that DP IV does mediate Tat's immunosuppressive effects.
LKB1 inhibits lung cancer progression through lysyl oxidase and extracellular matrix remodeling (2010)

LKB1 loss-of-function mutations, observed in ∼30% of human lung adenocarcinomas, contribute significantly to lung cancer malignancy progression. We show that lysyl oxidase (LOX), negatively regulated by LKB1 through mTOR-HIF-1α signaling axis, mediates lung cancer progression. Inhibition of LOX activity dramatically alleviates lung cancer malignancy progression. Up-regulated LOX expression triggers excess collagen deposition in Lkb1-deficient lung tumors, and thereafter results in enhanced cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness through activation of β1 integrin signaling. High LOX level and activity correlate with poor prognosis and metastasis. Our findings provide evidence of how LKB1 loss of function promotes lung cancer malignancy through remodeling of extracellular matrix microenvironment, and identify LOX as a potential target for disease treatment in lung cancer patients.
One-pot synthesis of isoxazolines and isoxazoles using soluble polymer-supported aldehyde (2004)

Liquid-phase synthesis of isoxazoles and isoxazolines through a 1,3-dipolar of nitrile oxides is described. Soluble polymer-supported nitrile oxides generated in situ react with dipolarophiles to afford isoxazoles and isoxazolines in good yields and purity.
Polarized Expression of GABA Transporters in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells and Cultured Hippocampal Neurons (1996)

At least three high affinity Na+- and Cl--dependent gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporters are known to exist in the rat and mouse brain. These transporters share 50-65% amino acid sequence identity with the kidney betaine transporter which also transports GABA but with lower affinity. The betaine transporter (BGT) is expressed on the basolateral surface of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Recent evidence suggests that the signals and mechanisms involved in membrane protein sorting share many functional characteristics in polarized neurons and epithelial cells. It was previously shown that the rat GABA transporter GAT-1 is located in the presynaptic membrane of axons where it plays a role in terminating GABAergic neurotransmission. When expressed in MDCK cells by transfection, GAT-1 was sorted to the apical membrane. In this report, we have localized the other two GABA transporters, GAT-2 and GAT-3, in transfected MDCK cells by GABA uptake, immunofluorescence, and cell surface biotinylation. GAT-3, like GAT-1, localized to the apical membrane of MDCK cells while GAT-2, like BGT, localized to the basolateral membrane. We have also expressed BGT in low density cultures of hippocampal neurons by microinjection and immunolocalized it to the dendrites. The distribution of GAT-3 in these neurons after transfection was axonal as well as somatodendritic. These results indicate that highly homologous subtypes of GABA transporters are sorted differently when expressed in epithelial cells or neurons and suggest that these two cell types share the capacity to distinguish among these isoforms and target them to distinct destinations.
Visuo-haptic sensor for force measurement and contact shape estimation (2013)

Systems interacting with objects in unstructured environments require both haptic and visual sensors to acquire sufficient scene knowledge. Typically, separate sensors and processing systems are used for the two modalities. We propose to acquire haptic and visual measurements simultaneously, with the same standard camera that already observes the scene. The compression of a passive, deformable foam rod mounted on the actuator is measured visually, yielding a 1D stress function sampled along the contour of the rod. Like that, visual and haptic measurements are naturally coherent, the system is passively compliant and the complexity of the sensor subsystems is reduced. The approach is implemented and validated on a small robotic platform which is used for haptic exploration and interacts with objects by pushing them. In our experiments, friction forces and contact points are determined when the robot comes into contact with one or multiple obstacles. Furthermore, geometric primitives of their footprints are estimated. Using a simple exploration scheme, a haptic map of static and movable objects is built.
Storage modeling for power estimation (2009)

Power consumption is a major issue in today's datacenters. Storage typically comprises a significant percentage of datacenter power. Thus, understanding, managing, and reducing storage power consumption is an essential aspect of any efforts that address the total power consumption of datacenters. We developed a scalable power modeling method that estimates the power consumption of storage workloads. The modeling concept is based on identifying the major workload contributors to the power consumed by the disk arrays.
CD4pos, NK1.1pos T cells promptly produce interleukin 4 in response to in vivo challenge with anti-CD3. (1994)

Injection of anti-CD3 antibodies causes prompt expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-2, and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) mRNA among spleen cells. The optimal dose of anti-CD3 for such induction was 1.33 microgram/animal; lymphokine mRNA was first observed at 30 min, peaked at 90 min, and was undetectable (for IL-4) or had declined markedly by 4 h. Cells harvested from spleens of mice injected with anti-CD3 90 min earlier secreted IL-4, IL-2, and IFN-gamma without further stimulation. By contrast, in vitro stimulation with anti-CD3 of spleen cell suspensions or splenic fragments from noninjected donors failed to cause prompt production of IL-4 and, even after 24 h of stimulation, the amount of IL-4 produced in such cells was substantially less than that secreted within 1 h by spleen cell suspensions or splenic fragments from mice injected with anti-CD3 90 min earlier. Production of IL-4 by spleen cells from anti-CD3-injected mice was not inhibited by pretreatment with anti-IL-4 antibody or with IFN-gamma or tumor growth factor beta nor enhanced by treatment with IL-4. By contrast, CTLA-4 immunoglobulin (Ig) treatment clearly diminished IL-4 production in response to in vivo anti-CD3, indicating that cellular interactions involving CD28 (or related molecules) were important in stimulation. Cell sorting analysis indicated that the cells that produced IL-4 in response to in vivo injection of anti-CD3 were highly enriched in CD4pos cells with the phenotype leukocyte cell adhesion molecule-1 (LECAM-1)dull, CD44bright, CD45RBdull, NK1.1pos. Indeed, the small population of CD4pos, NK1.1pos cells had the great majority of the IL-4-producing activity of this population. Injection with Staphylococcal enterotoxin B also caused prompt induction of IL-4 mRNA; the cells that were principally responsible for production also had the phenotype of CD4pos, NK1.1pos. These results suggest that possibility that this rare population of T cells may be capable of secreting IL-4 at the outset of immune responses and thus may act to regulate the pattern of priming of naive T cells, by providing a source of IL-4 to favor the development of T cell helper 2-like IL-4-producing cells.
Photochemistry of poly(vinyl cinnamylideneacetate) and related compounds (1972)

Abstract The photochemistry of the cinnamylideneacetyl group was investigated with respect to a photosensitive polymer, poly(vinyl cinnamylideneacetate). The photochemical reaction of 1,4‐butanediol dicinnamylideneacetate was intramolecular cyclobutane formation. The photosensitive polymer underwent dimerization of the cinnamylideneacetyl moiety to form a cyclobutane ring. The reactivity of the double bond adjacent to the carbonyl group was larger than that of the double bond adjacent to the phenyl group in the chromophore. The quantum yield of the reaction was larger in the solid state than in solution: ϕ &gt; 1.2 in crystalline state, ϕ = 0.5 in polymer film, ϕ = 0.1 in solution. The reaction was sensitized by triplet sensitizers ( E T &gt; 42 kcal/mole). The thermal reaction of the polymer was completely different from the photochemical reaction. A radical initiator was very ineffective for reaction of the polymer.
Effects of Tween 80 and Sucrose on Acute Short-Term Stability and Long-Term Storage at −20 C of a Recombinant Hemoglobin (1998)

The addition of low levels of surfactant polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleate, Tween 80, to recombinant hemoglobin in phosphate-buffered saline minimized the level of protein aggregation during acute freeze-thaw studies. Addition of sucrose alone to the phosphate-buffered saline formulation, up to 0.5 M, provided minimal protection against freeze-thaw induced aggregation. In contrast to the acute stability studies, long-term storage at -20 degrees C induced aggregation and methemoglobin formation in those formulations containing only Tween 80 in phosphate-buffered saline. Addition of sucrose between 0.1 and 0.5 M to the formulation prevented formation of aggregates and severely arrested methemoglobin formation during the long-term -20 degrees C storage. Specific binding of Tween 80 to the hemoglobin was not observed using 16-doxyl stearic acid partitioning techniques with electron paramagnetic resonance. Minor structural changes to the protein secondary structure during freezing in the absence and presence of Tween 80 were observed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The alterations were partially prevented by addition of the sucrose. It is likely that the Tween 80 severely reduced protein aggregation during the acute stability studies by preventing the hemoglobin from reaching the air-liquid interface or the liquid-surface interfaces. The reduction in methemoglobin formation and aggregation observed during long-term storage can be accounted for on the premise that the sucrose reduced localized unfolding of the protein in a manner similar to the preferential exclusion theory (Arakawa, T.; and Timasheff, S. N. 1982, Biochemistry 1982, 21, 6536-6544). These studies demonstrate that acute formulation screening studies, albeit useful, may not necessarily predict protein stability during long-term storage.
White Light Scanning Interferometry Adapted for Large-Area Optical Analysis of Thick and Rough Hydroxyapatite Layers (2007)

Understanding the mechanisms of biomineralization continues to be an important area of research in physics, chemistry, materials science, medicine, and dentistry due to its importance in the formation of bones, teeth, cartilage, etc. Stimulated by these fascinating natural examples, as well as by certain others such as shells and corals, attempts are being made to develop synthetic, biomimetic nanocomposites by simulating the basic principles of biomineralization. We have grown biolike hydroxyapatite layers in vitro on substrates of stainless steel, silicon, and silica glass by using a biomimetic approach (i.e., immersion in a supersaturated simulated body fluid). Hydroxyapatite is one of the most common natural biomaterials and an important structural component of bones and teeth. Metal substrates are of interest for hard tissue implants, while semiconductors and glasses are under investigation for their use as biosensors. Using classical techniques such as stylus profiling, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), it was found difficult, ambiguous, destructive, or time-consuming to measure the topography, thickness, and profile of the grown heterogeneous, thick, and rough hydroxyapatite layers. On the other hand, coherence probe microscopy based on white light scanning interferometry and image processing provides rapid, contactless measurements of surface roughness and does not need any sample preparation. The results obtained have shown a typical layer thickness of up to 20 μm and an average root-mean-square (rms) roughness of about 4 μm. The hydroxyapatite investigated in this work presents nonetheless a challenge for this technique because of its semitranslucence, high surface roughness, and the presence of cavities formed throughout its volume. This results in a variable quality of fringe pattern, ranging from classical fringes (on a smooth surface) to complex fringes displaying properties of white light speckle (on a rough surface), together with multiple fringe signals along the optical axis in the presence of buried layer interfaces, which in certain configurations affect the axial and lateral precision of the measurement. In this paper we present the latest results for optimizing the measurement conditions in order to reduce such errors and to provide additional useful information concerning the layer.
Some Structural and Biological Properties of <i>Brucella</i> Endotoxin (1970)

Hot phenol-water extraction of smooth Brucella abortus and B. melitensis cells yielded a toxic fraction which was recovered from the phenol phase (fraction 5). Chemically, fractions 5 from both Brucella species were lipid-carbohydrate-protein-2 keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid complexes which were stable to heat and resistant to Pronase digestion. Electron micrographs of the Brucella toxins were morphologically indistinguishable from those of enterobacterial endotoxins. Biologically, Brucella toxins were lethal for mice and immunogenic for rabbits. An intravenous injection of Brucella toxin induced severe leukopenia with subsequent leukocytosis in mice. Cross-tolerance experiments with mice demonstrated that pretreatment with B. abortus toxin lessened the hypoferremia produced by challenge with Escherichia coli endotoxin. Furthermore, fractions 5 from B. abortus and B. melitensis were able to form hybrids with E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis endotoxins and also with each other. Although Brucella toxins possess many structural and biological properties in common with endotoxins from the Enterobacteriaceae, some quantitative differences in their biological potencies were observed. Brucella toxins were relatively innocuous in tests for pyrogenicity in rabbits and lethality for chick embryos. In nonspecific protection tests, Brucella toxin had only 1/75 the potency of E. coli endotoxin in protecting mice against challenge with virulent S. typhi. However, on the basis of the data presented and on the work done previously, we concluded that the heat-stable toxins of B. abortus and B. melitensis were endotoxins.
Application-oriented network modeling with mobile agents (2002)

The research thrust of the Perpetuum project is the use of mobile intelligent agents for network management. Mobile agents are migratory programs that move from one host to another to access remote data and services at their location, rather than transporting the data to a central location. The use of mobile agents affords new opportunities for the distribution of processing and control in network management due to their autonomous and cooperative nature. We envision a network manager as a suite of problem-specific applications that launch and/or communicate with autonomous mobile network agents that we call netlets. The intent is to provide an extensible set of tools that shift the operator's focus from MIB browsing to problem-solving. In this poster, we demonstrate this shift by applying mobile agents to network modeling. Instead of regarding the network model as the repository of the network topology, a network model is defined as an application-oriented view of the network. Depending on the application, the view will not only be defined in terms of a set of static components, but also in terms of the dynamic status of these components. The mobile agent implementation of a network model browser is explained, followed by an exploration of innovative extensions that transform this model discovery tool into a problem-browser.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL LAGRANGIAN HYDRODYNAMIC DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS (1963)

These equations maintain the conservation properties of the interior difference equations, even in collision and cavitation processes. Lagrangian coordinates are used throughout. (auth)
Prolonged lymphocytosis during ibrutinib therapy is associated with distinct molecular characteristics and does not indicate a suboptimal response to therapy (2014)

The Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib has outstanding activity in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Most patients experience lymphocytosis, representing lymphocyte egress from nodal compartments. This resolves within 8 months in the majority of patients, but a subgroup has lymphocytosis lasting >12 months. Here we report a detailed characterization of patients with persistent lymphocytosis during ibrutinib therapy. Signaling evaluation showed that while BTK is inhibited, downstream mediators of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling are activated in persistent lymphocytes. These cells cannot be stimulated through the BCR and do not show evidence of target gene activation. Flow cytometry for κ and λ expression, IGHV sequencing, Zap-70 methylation, and targeted gene sequencing in these patients are identical at baseline and later time points, suggesting that persistent lymphocytes do not represent clonal evolution. In vitro treatment with targeted kinase inhibitors shows that they are not addicted to a single survival pathway. Finally, progression-free survival is not inferior for patients with prolonged lymphocytosis vs those with traditional responses. Thus, prolonged lymphocytosis is common following ibrutinib treatment, likely represents the persistence of a quiescent clone, and does not predict a subgroup of patients likely to relapse early.