gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast Circle Detection Using Gradient Pair Vectors (2003)

Abstract. The Circle Hough Transform (CHT) has become a common method for circle detection in numerous image processing applications. Because of its drawbacks, various modifications to the basic CHT method have been suggested. This paper presents an algorithm to find circles which are totally brighter or darker than their backgrounds. The method is size-invariant, and such circular shapes can be found very fast and accurately. Though Fast Circle Detection (FCD) method loses the generality of the CHT, we show that there are many applications that can use this method after a simple preprocessing and gain a considerable improvement in performance against the CHT or its modified versions. This method has been evaluated in some famous industrial and medical fields, and the results show a significant improvement of finding circular shape objects. 1
9<i>H</i>‐Pyrimido[4,5‐<i>b</i>]indole‐2,4‐diones. The acid‐catalyzed cyclization of 6‐(phenylhydrazino)uracils (1976)

Abstract 6‐(Phenylhydrazino)uracils undergo facile Fischer‐type cyclization in both N hydrochloric acid and in formic acid at reflux to give 9H‐pyrimido[4,5‐b]indole‐2,4‐diones. Yields appear to be related to substituent effects and side reactions, and these are discussed in light of the mechanism of this reaction. In the reaction of 6‐(phenylhydrazino)uracil itself with hydrochloric acid, the major competing reaction is hydrolysis to barbituric acid and phenylhydrazine, whereas in formic acid a novel cyclization occurs to give I‐phenyl‐3‐carboxamidomethyl‐1,2,4‐triazole as the major product. Nmr spectra of pyrimido[4,5‐b]indole‐2,4‐diones provide interesting examples of peri effects on proton chemical shifts.
Specificity and inhibition of proteases from human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2. (1990)

Highly purified, recombinant preparations of the virally encoded proteases from human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) 1 and 2 have been compared relative to 1) their specificities toward non-viral protein and synthetic peptide substrates, and 2) their inhibition by several P1-P1' pseudodipeptidyl-modified substrate analogs. Hydrolysis of the Leu-Leu and Leu-Ala bonds in the Pseudomonas exotoxin derivative, Lys-PE40, is qualitatively the same for HIV-2 protease as published earlier for the HIV-1 enzyme (Tomasselli, A. G., Hui, J. O., Sawyer, T. K., Staples, D. J., FitzGerald, D. J., Chaudhary, V. K., Pastan, I., and Heinrikson, R. L. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 408-413). However, the rates of cleavage at these two sites are reversed for the HIV-2 protease which prefers the Leu-Ala bond. The kinetics of hydrolysis of this protein substrate by both enzymes are mirrored by those obtained from cleavage of model peptides. Hydrolysis by the two proteases of other synthetic peptides modeled after processing sites in HIV-1 and HIV-2 gag polyproteins and selected analogs thereof demonstrated differences, as well as similarities, in selectivity. For example, while the two proteases were nearly identical in their rates of cleavage of the Tyr-Pro bond in the HIV-1 gag fragment, Val-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Pro-Ile-Val, the HIV-1 protease showed a 64-fold enhancement over the HIV-2 enzyme in hydrolysis of a Tyr-Val bond in the same template. Accordingly, the HIV-2 protease appears to have a different specificity than the HIV-1 enzyme; it is better able to hydrolyze substrates with small amino acids in P1 and P1', but is variable in its rate of hydrolysis of peptides with bulky substituents in these positions. In addition to these comparisons of the two proteases with respect to substrate specificity, we present inhibitor structure-activity data for the HIV-2 protease. Relative to P1-P1' statine or Phe psi [CH2N]Pro-modified pseudopeptidyl inhibitors, compounds having Xaa psi[CH(OH)CH2]Yaa inserts were found to show significantly higher affinities to both enzymes, generally binding from 10 to 100 times stronger to HIV-1 protease than to the HIV-2 enzyme. Molecular modeling comparisons based upon the sequence homology of the two enzymes and x-ray crystal structures of HIV-1 protease suggest that most of the nonconservative amino acid replacements occur in regions well outside the catalytic cleft, while only subtle structural differences exist within the active site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The host response to the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917: Specific up-regulation of the proinflammatory chemokine MCP-1 (2005)

Thus, probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 specifically upregulates expression of proinflammatory genes and proteins in human and mouse intestinal epithelial cells.
Structure-Based Design of Estrogen Receptor-β Selective Ligands (2004)

We present the structure-based optimization of a series of estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) selective ligands. X-ray cocrystal structures of these ligands complexed to both ERalpha and ERbeta are described. We also discuss how molecular modeling was used to take advantage of subtle differences between the two binding cavities in order to optimize selectivity for ERbeta over ERalpha. Quantum chemical calculations are utilized to gain insight into the mechanism of selectivity enhancement. Despite only two relatively conservative residue substitutions in the ligand binding pocket, the most selective compounds have greater than 100-fold selectivity for ERbeta relative to ERalpha when measured using a competitive radioligand binding assay.
Heat Transfer in Nanofluids—A Review (2006)

Suspended nanoparticles in conventional fluids, called nanofluids, have been the subject of intensive study worldwide since pioneering researchers recently discovered the anomalous thermal behavior of these fluids. The enhanced thermal conductivity of these fluids with small-particle concentration was surprising and could not be explained by existing theories. Micrometer-sized particle-fluid suspensions exhibit no such dramatic enhancement. This difference has led to studies of other modes of heat transfer and efforts to develop a comprehensive theory. This article presents an exhaustive review of these studies and suggests a direction for future developments. The review and suggestions could be useful because the literature in this area is spread over a wide range of disciplines, including heat transfer, material science, physics, chemical engineering and synthetic chemistry.
Photolithographic fabrication of micron-dimension porous Si structures exhibiting visible luminescence (1992)

A procedure for the patterned synthesis of porous Si exhibiting visible luminescence is described. Anodic electrochemical etch of n- or p-type Si in ethanol/HF solution leads directly to porous Si that luminesces with λmax between 750 and 650 nm. Positive and negative patterns of luminescent porous Si are etched into n- and p-type Si samples, respectively, by projecting a high-contrast image on the electrode surface during the etching process. Lithographic resolution obtained is on the order of 20 μm.
Benefits of Information Technology–Enabled Diabetes Management (2007)

IT-enabled diabetes management has the potential to improve care processes, delay diabetes complications, and save health care dollars. Of existing systems, provider-centered technologies such as diabetes registries currently show the most potential for benefit. Fully integrated provider-patient systems would have even greater potential for benefit. These benefits must be weighed against the implementation costs.
Mitochondrial enzyme-deficient hippocampal neurons and choroidal cells in AD (2001)

This increase in number of COX-deficient SDH-positive hippocampal pyramidal neurons and choroid epithelial cells provides strong evidence that a substantial mitochondrial enzyme activity defect occurs in individual cells more frequently in AD than in normal aging and that mitochondria may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AD.
Purification of hemopoietin 1: a multilineage hemopoietic growth factor. (1985)

Hemopoietin 1 (H-1) and the mononuclear phagocyte specific growth factor CSF-1 act synergistically on developmentally early bone marrow cells to generate primitive CSF-1 receptor-bearing cells. The H-1 activity of the serum-free medium conditioned by the human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line 5637 was shown to result from the sum of the activities of two charged species (pI approximately equal to 4.8, approximately equal to 85%; pI approximately equal to 5.3, approximately equal to 15%) of similar size. No qualitative difference in the biological activity of these two species was detected. A four-step procedure, involving batch DEAE-cellulose chromatography, chromatofocusing, gel filtration, and hydrophobic chromatography has been developed for the major (pI approximately equal to 4.8) species. H-1 was purified approximately 65,000-fold and recovered as 32% of the total activity of the starting material. The lowest concentration yielding maximal biological activity was approximately equal to 0.25 ng/ml. The 125I-labeled purified H-1, in either native or reduced form, behaved as a homogeneous single band that coelectrophoresed with the biological activity of purified H-1 on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (NaDodSO4/PAGE). The molecular mass of the purified reduced H-1, determined by NaDodSO4/PAGE was approximately equal to 17 kDa. Recent studies indicate that the purified H-1 is a multilineage hemopoietic growth factor.
Redox Chemistry of the Superoxide Ion in a Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquid in the Presence of Water (2013)

Stable electrogenerated superoxide ion has been observed for the first time in a phosphonium-based ionic liquid in the presence of water, leading to a chemically reversible O2/O2(•-) redox couple instead of the disproportionation reaction that is usually observed. It appears that the cation solvates the superoxide anion, stabilizing it against the disproportionation reaction. The electrogeneration is studied at various levels of water or other diluents including toluene to explore the limits of stability of the superoxide ion under these conditions.
Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Related Thrombocytopenia With Zidovudine (1988)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related thrombocytopenia has been well described and requires therapy in about one half of the patients. Conventional modes of therapy with prednisone, danazol, immunoglobulin, and/or splenectomy have not been uniformly successful. We have administered zidovudine to three patients with HIV-related thrombocytopenia. All three patients responded with a sustained increase in their platelet counts, despite discontinuation of conventional therapy. Interruption of zidovudine therapy was associated with a decrease in platelet count. Concomitant with the elevation in platelet count with zidovudine therapy, there was a reduction in the circulating p24 antigen levels. Whether the elevations in the platelet count in these patients with HIV-related thrombocytopenia is due to the antiviral effect of zidovudine is unknown. It is clear that further studies examining the prospective use of zidovudine in the treatment of HIV-related thrombocytopenia are indicated.
Cytokeratin 7 and Cytokeratin 20 in Primary Urinary Bladder Carcinoma and Matched Lymph Node Metastasis (2001)

-CK20 immunoreactivity is reliably observed in metastases from bladder cancer when the primary tumor expresses CK20.
A scalable multicast architecture for one-to-many telepresentations (2002)

We have developed a scalable reliable multicast architecture for delivering one-to-many telepresentations. In contrast to audio and video, which are often transmitted unreliably other media, such as slides, images and animations require reliability. Our approach transmits the data in two layers. One layer is for session-persistent data, with reliability achieved by FEC alone, using the Fcast protocol. The other layer is for dynamic data, with reliability achieved using the ECSRM protocol, which combines FEC with NACK suppression. Our approach is scalable to large heterogeneous receiver sets, and supports late-joining receivers. We have implemented our approach in a multicast version of PowerPoint, a graphical slide presentation tool.
Marburg Virus Angola Infection of Rhesus Macaques: Pathogenesis and Treatment with Recombinant Nematode Anticoagulant Protein c2 (2007)

These data show that the pathogenicity of MARV-Ang infection appears to be consistent with the apparent increased human virulence attributed to this strain. The apparent reduced efficacy of rNAPc2 against MARV-Ang infection, compared with its efficacy against EBOV infection, appears to be associated with differences in TF induction and fibrin deposition.
Therapeutic potential of CAR-T cell-derived exosomes: a cell-free modality for targeted cancer therapy (2015)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based T-cell adoptive immunotherapy is a distinctively promising therapy for cancer. The engineering of CARs into T cells provides T cells with tumor-targeting capabilities and intensifies their cytotoxic activity through stimulated cell expansion and enhanced cytokine production. As a novel and potent therapeutic modality, there exists some uncontrollable processes which are the potential sources of adverse events. As an extension of this impactful modality, CAR-T cell-derived exosomes may substitute CAR-T cells to act as ultimate attackers, thereby overcoming some limitations. Exosomes retain most characteristics of parent cells and play an essential role in intercellular communications via transmitting their cargo to recipient cells. The application of CAR-T cell-derived exosomes will make this cell-based therapy more clinically controllable as it also provides a cell-free platform to diversify anticancer mediators, which responds effectively to the complexity and volatility of cancer. It is believed that the appropriate application of both cellular and exosomal platforms will make this effective treatment more practicable.
Three distinct DNA ligases in mammalian cells. (1991)

The major DNA ligase of proliferating mammalian cells, DNA ligase I, catalyzes the joining of single strand breaks in double stranded DNA and is active on a synthetic substrate of oligo(dT) hybridized to poly(dA). DNA ligase I does not catalyze the joining of an oligo(dT).poly(rA) substrate. Two additional DNA ligases, II and III, which can act on the latter substrate have been purified from calf thymus. DNA ligase II, which has been described previously, is a 72-kDa protein. DNA ligase III migrates as a 100-kDa protein in denaturing gel electrophoresis. Structural, immunochemical, and catalytic studies on the three DNA ligase activities strongly indicate that they are the products of three different genes.
EVALUATION OF COSTS FOR CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA AMONG PATIENTS AFTER CATARACT SURGERY (2007)

CME is associated with substantial costs. Therapies that prevent or decrease CME severity are likely to result in cost savings, particularly among diabetic beneficiaries. Further analyses should explore the relationship of comorbidities to costs among CME patients.
A Mild Hydroaminoalkylation of Conjugated Dienes Using a Unified Cobalt and Photoredox Catalytic System (2017)

Metallo-photoredox catalysis has redefined the available bond disconnections in the synthetic arsenal. By harnessing the one-electron chemistry of photoredox catalysis in tandem with low-valent cobalt catalysts, new methods by which functionalities may be stitched together become available. Herein we describe the coupling of photoredox-generated α-amino radical species with conjugated dienes using a unified cobalt and iridium catalytic system in order to access a variety of useful homoallylic amines from simple commercially available starting materials. We present a series of mechanistic experiments that support the intervention of Co-hydride intermediates that undergo diene insertion to generate Co-π-allyl species.
High-efficiency single-sideband HF/VHF transmitter based upon envelope elimination and restoration (1994)

The paper describes a high-efficiency HF/VHF multimode transmitter based upon the Kahn envelope elimination-and-restoration (EER) technique. The major subsystems are a class-D RF power amplifier (PA), a class-S high-level amplitude modulator, a single-sideband (SSB) modulator, a delay-compensation circuit and frequency translators. This experimental transmitter is a prototype for both communication and jamming applications. It can produce a wide variety of signals, including SSB, AM, and FM. Its efficiency is about 60 percent for all signal amplitudes, which makes its average efficiency for voice signals about three times that of a transmitter with a conventional class-B PA, For voice-bandwidth signals, the IMD products are 43 dB or more below the peak carrier output (-43 dBc).<
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Optical-fiber finger photo-plethysmograph using digital techniques (2002)

This paper presents digital techniques to design an optical-fiber photo-plethysmograph. This noninvasive method is based on the measurement of the intensity of an infrared-light beam, which penetrates the index finger. Sinusoidal modulation of the light-beam by driving an infrared LED is proposed. The method of direct digital synthesis is used to produce a very stable sinusoidal waveform. Optical fibers are used to transfer the light to and from the sampling point. Synchronous amplitude demodulation is used here instead of using analog low-pass filters, so the information concerning the amplitude is almost noiseless. Off-line frequency analysis of the peripheral volume pulse-wave signal is performed. The power content in the harmonics of this pulse wave may be a useful measure of aging and vascular disease.
[2-(Guanidino)-anilides and related compounds. Synthesis and anthelmintic effect. 3. Anthelmintics]. (1984)

Anilides bearing a guanidino, thioallophanato, isothioallophanato or amidino group in the ortho position were synthesised (6) for investigations of their anthelmintic effects, and tested against sheep trichostrongylides. The most active anilides are those containing a 5-alkylthio, 5-alkylsulphinyl (alkyl = C3H7, C4H9), 5-phenylthio, 5-phenylsulphinyl or 4-phenylsulphonyloxy group, and a guanidino group substituted at both nitrogen atoms by a methoxycarbonyl group. The most active anthelmintic anilides are the form-, propion-, butyr- and methoxy-acetanilides (e.g. 60, 61, 66, 95, 100, 110). Of the guanidines unsubstituted at N' and N", the 2-guanidino-5-phenylthio-2-methoxyacetanilide (123) and the 2-guanidino-5-phenylsulphinyl-2-methoxyacetanilide (152) were more active than parbendazole. From the class of bismethoxycarbonylguanidines (6 alpha), which are also the most interesting products in terms of stability, febantel (110, Rintal) has been introduced into veterinary practice for the treatment of nematode infections in horses, cattle, sheep and swine.
A new method for compiler code generation (1978)

An algorithm is given to translate a relatively low-level intermediate representation of a program into assembly code or machine code for a target computer. The algorithm is table driven. A construction algorithm is used to produce the table from a functional description of the target machine. The method produces high quality code for many commercially available computers. By replacing the table, it is possible to retarget a compiler for another kind of computer. In addition techniques are given to prove the correctness of the translator.
Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the United States (2004)

Age-related macular degeneration affects more than 1.75 million individuals in the United States. Owing to the rapid aging of the US population, this number will increase to almost 3 million by 2020.
Inhibition of T Cell Activation by Pharmacologic Disruption of the MEK1/ERK MAP Kinase or Calcineurin Signaling Pathways Results in Differential Modulation of Cytokine Production (1998)

Productive T cell activation leading to cytokine secretion requires the cooperation of multiple signaling pathways coupled to the TCR and to costimulatory molecules such as CD28. Here, we utilized two pharmacophores, PD98059 and FK506, that inhibit, respectively, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase 1 (MEK 1) and calcineurin, to determine the relative role of the signaling pathways controlled by these enzymes in T cell activation. Although the two compounds had distinctive effects on CD69 induction, they both suppressed T cell proliferation induced by anti-CD3 mAb, in a manner reversible by exogenous IL-2, suggesting that PD98059, like FK506, affects the production of, rather than the responsiveness to growth-promoting cytokines. Accordingly, IL-2 production by T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 mAb in conjunction with PMA or with anti-CD28 mAb was inhibited by both compounds. However, these compounds differentially affected the production of other cytokines, depending on the mode of activation. PD98059 inhibited TNF-alpha, IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF, IFN-gamma, and to a lesser extent IL-6 and IL-10 production but enhanced IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 production induced by CD3/PMA or CD3/CD28. FK506 suppressed CD3/PMA-induced production of all cytokines examined here but to a lesser extent IL-13. FK506 also reduced CD3/CD28-induced production of IL-3, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 but augmented that of GM-CSF, IL-5, IFN-gamma, and IL-13. Therefore, the biochemical targets of PD98059 and FK506 contribute differently to the production of various cytokines by T cells, which may have implications for the therapeutic manipulation of this production.
Importance of Peptide Amino and Carboxyl Termini to the Stability of MHC Class I Molecules (1994)

An influenza virus matrix peptide in which either the charged amino or carboxyl terminus was substituted by methyl groups promoted folding of the class I human histocompatibility antigen (HLA-A2). A peptide modified at both termini did not promote stable folding. The thermal stability of HLA-A2 complexed with peptides that did not have either terminus was approximately 22 degrees C lower than that of the control peptide, whereas matrix peptide in which both anchor positions were substituted by alanines had its stability decreased by only 5.5 degrees C. Thus, the conserved major histocompatibility complex class I residues at both ends of the peptide binding site form energetically important sites for binding the termini of short peptides.
Influence of pH on the equilibrium association constants for oligodeoxyribonucleotide-directed triple helix formation at single DNA sites (1992)

The energetics of oligodeoxyribonucleotide-directed triple helix formation for the pyrimidine.purine.pyrimidine structural motif were determined over the pH range 5.8-7.6 at 22 degrees C (100 mM Na+ and 1 mM spermine) using quantitative affinity cleavage titration. The equilibrium binding constants for 5'-TTTTTCTCTCTCTCT-3' (1) and 5'-TTTTTm5CTm5CTm5CTm5CTm5CT-3' (2, m5C is 2'-deoxy-5-methylcytidine) increased by 10- and 20-fold, respectively, from pH 7.6 to 5.8, indicating that the corresponding triple-helical complexes are stabilized by 1.4 and 1.7 kcal.mol-1, respectively, at the lower pH. Replacement of the five cytosine residues in 1 with 5-methylcytosine residues to yield 2 affords a stabilization of the triple helix by 0.1-0.4 kcal.mol-1 over the pH range 5.8-7.6. An analysis of these data in terms of a quantitative model for a general pH-dependent equilibrium transition revealed that pyrimidine oligonucleotides with cytidine and 5-methylcytidine form local triple-helical structures with apparent pKa's of 5.5 (C+GC triplets) and 5.7 (m5C+GC triplets), respectively, and that the oligonucleotides should bind to single sites on large DNA with apparent affinity constants of approximately 10(6) M-1 even above neutral pH.