gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improvement of a Single-Chamber Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell and Evaluation of New Cell Designs (2000)

The performance of a single‐chamber solid‐oxide fuel cell (SOFC) made from an yttria‐stabilized zirconia solid electrolyte with a (GDC)‐containing Ni anode and a cathode was found to be significantly enhanced by the deposition of Mn, Ga, Cr, Ce, and Lu oxide layers on the YSZ surface. In particular, the deposition of the Mn oxide layer increased the maximum power density from 161 to in a mixture of methane and air having a volume ratio of methane to oxygen of 1/1 at a flow rate of (methane , oxygen , nitrogen ), and at an operating temperature of 950°C. This effect was the result of the promoted anodic and cathodic reactions. Two types of cell designs were examined for the single‐chamber SOFC; the two electrodes were deposited on opposite surfaces (A‐type cell) and on the same face (B‐type cell) of the solid electrolyte. The A‐type cell showed an increasing power density with decreasing thickness of the solid electrolyte. The maximum power density was at a solid electrolyte thickness of 0.3 mm. The B‐type cell showed an increased power density for a decreased gap between the two electrodes. The maximum power density was for a gap of 0.5 mm between the two electrodes. In addition, the long‐term stability of the single‐chamber SOFC was also studied and found to have a direct relationship with the carbon deposition on the GDC‐containing Ni electrode. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Kinetics of G-Quartet-Mediated Tetramer Formation (1996)

The phosphorothioate and phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides d(TTGGGGTT) form parallel-stranded tetramer structures stabilized by guanosine quartets. The phosphorothioate tetramer has been shown to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. The kinetics of association and dissociation of both tetramers have been determined as a function of temperature using size exclusion chromatography to measure the ratio of single strand to tetramer. In phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) at 37 degrees C, the fourth-order association rate of the phosphorothioate tetramer was 6.1 (+/- 0.5) x 10(4) M-3 s-1; the dissociation rate was 8.2 (+/- 0.2) x 10(-6) min-1, resulting in a t(1/2) of about 60 days. The association rate of the phosphodiester was about one order of magnitude faster and the dissociation rate about one order of magnitude slower than that of the phosphorothioate tetramer. The association reaction had a negative energy of activation for both compounds. Despite thermodynamic instability of the tetramer at low concentrations, the extremely slow dissociation rate may allow use of the phosphorothioate tetramer for AIDS chemotherapy.
Substrate-specific regulation of the ribosome– translocon junction by N-terminal signal sequences (2001)

Amino-terminal signal sequences target nascent secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum for translocation. Subsequent interactions between the signal sequence and components of the translocation machinery at the endoplasmic reticulum are thought to be important for the productive engagement of the translocon by the ribosome-nascent chain complex. However, it is not clear whether all signal sequences carry out these posttargeting steps identically, or if there are differences in the interactions directed by one signal sequence versus another. In this study, we find substantial differences in the ability of signal sequences from different substrates to mediate closure of the ribosome--translocon junction early in translocation. We also show that these differences in some cases necessitate functional coordination between the signal sequence and mature domain for faithful translocation. Accordingly, the translocation of some proteins is sensitive to replacement of their signal sequences. In a particularly dramatic example, the topology of the prion protein was found to depend highly on the choice of signal sequence used to direct its translocation. Taken together, our results reveal an unanticipated degree of substrate-specific functionality encoded in N-terminal signal sequences.
Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics: An Introduction, Fourth Edition, (1980)

For a decade and a half, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics has been used in theclassrooms around the world as an introductory textbook on biophannaceutics and phannacokinetics. Now, the new Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded further enhances the preceding editions'proven features, introducing significant advances in clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacokineticdesign of drugs and dosage forms, and model-independent analyses. Still usable without prior knowledge of calculus or kinetics, this successfully implemented workbookmaintains a carefully graduated building block presentation, incorporating sample problemsand exercises throughout for a thorough understanding of the material.Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics features a growth-oriented format that systematicallydevelops and interrelates all subject matter .. . introduces basic theory and fields of application... emphasizes model-independent pharmacokinetic analyses ... presents biopharmaceutical aspectsof product design and evaluation .. . offers a unique approach to teaching dosage regimen design andindividualization . .. and considers structural modification of drug molecules for problems associatedwith pharmacokinetics. As a comprehensive coverage of the basic principles and the recent achievements in the field, noother textbook does as much for students of pharmacy, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, andmedicine, or for scientists who desire a simple but thorough introduction to theory and application.
Experimental investigation of matrix permeability of gas shales (2014)

Predicting long-term production from gas shale reservoirs has been a major challenge for the petroleum industry. To better understand how production profiles are likely to evolve with time, we have conducted laboratory experiments examining the effects of confining stress and pore pressure on permeability. Experiments were conducted on intact core samples from the Barnett, Eagle Ford, Marcellus, and Montney shale reservoirs. The methodology used to measure permeability allows us to separate the reduction of permeability with depletion (because of the resultant increase in effective confining stress) and the increase in permeability associated with Knudsen diffusion and molecular slippage (also known as Klinkenberg) effects at very low pore pressure. By separating these effects, we are able to estimate the relative contribution of both Darcy and diffusive fluxes to total flow in depleted reservoirs. Our data show that the effective permeability of the rock is significantly enhanced at very low pore pressures ( []) because of the slippage effects. We use the magnitude of the Klinkenberg effect to estimate the effective aperture of the flow paths within the samples and compare these estimates to scanning electron microscopy image observations. Our results suggest effective flow paths to be on the order from tens of nanometers in most samples to 100–200 nm, in a relatively high-permeability Eagle Ford sample. Finally, to gain insight on the scale dependence of permeability measurements, the same core plugs were crushed, and permeability was again measured at the particle scale using the so-called Gas Research Institute method. The results show much lower permeability than the intact core samples, with very little correlation to the measurements on the larger scale cores.
Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: neurological symptoms, immunological findings and tumour association in 50 patients (2000)

Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis (PLE) is a rare disorder characterized by personality changes, irritability, depression, seizures, memory loss and sometimes dementia. The diagnosis is difficult because clinical markers are often lacking, and symptoms usually precede the diagnosis of cancer or mimic other complications. The frequency of antineuronal antibodies in patients with PLE has not been investigated. We examined the neurological symptoms and the causal tumours in 50 patients with PLE to determine the utility of paraneoplastic antibodies and other tests. The diagnosis of PLE required neuropathological examination or the presence of the four following criteria: (i) a compatible clinical picture; (ii) an interval of <4 years between the development of neurological symptoms and tumour diagnosis; (iii) exclusion of other neuro-oncological complications; and (iv) at least one of the following: CSF with inflammatory changes but negative cytology; MRI demonstrating temporal lobe abnormalities; EEG showing epileptic activity in the temporal lobes. Of 1047 patients with neurological symptoms, whose sera or CSF were examined for paraneoplastic antibodies, 79 had the presumptive diagnosis of limbic encephalitis, dementia, cognitive dysfunction, or confusion. Fifty of these patients fulfilled our criteria for PLE. Pathological confirmation was obtained in 12 patients. The commonly associated neoplasms were of the lung (50%), testis (20%) and breast (8%). Neurological symptoms preceded the cancer diagnosis in 60% of patients (by a median of 3.5 months). Twenty-five of 44 (57%) patients with MRI studies had signal abnormalities in the limbic system. Thirty (60%) patients had antineuronal antibodies (18 anti-Hu, 10 anti-Ta, 2 anti-Ma), and 20 were antibody-negative or had uncharacterized antibodies (n = 4). The combination of symptoms, MRI findings and paraneoplastic antibodies established the diagnosis of PLE in 78% of the patients. Patients with anti-Hu antibodies usually had small-cell lung cancer (94%), multifocal neurological symptoms (78%) and a poor neurological outcome. Patients with anti-Ta (also called anti-Ma2) antibodies were young men with testicular tumours (100%), frequent hypothalamic involvement (70%) and a poor neurological outcome. In the group of patients without anti-Hu or anti-Ta antibodies, the tumour distribution was diverse, with cancer of the lung the most common (36%); 57% had positive MRI. Fifteen of 34 (44%) patients with a median follow-up of 8 months showed neurological improvement. Treatment of the tumour appeared to have more effect on the neurological outcome than the use of immune modulation. Improvement was observed in 38% of anti-Hu patients, 30% of anti-Ta patients and 64% of patients without these antibodies.
Enzymatic Preparation of Genuine Prosapogenin, 20(<i>S</i>)-Ginsenoside Rh<sub>1</sub>, from Ginsenosides Re and Rg<sub>1</sub> (2000)

It was found that a lactase preparation from Penicillium sp. nearly quantitatively hydrolyzed ginsenosides Re and Rg1, which are major saponins in roots of Panax ginseng, to a minor saponin, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1 [6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxatriol]. This is the first report on the enzymatic preparation of ginsenoside Rh1 with a high efficiency. This enzyme also readily hydrolyzed ginsenoside Rg2 to ginsenoside Rh1.
Mcl‐1–<b>Bim complexes accommodate surprising point mutations via minor structural changes</b> (2010)

Mcl-1 is an antiapoptotic Bcl-2-family protein that protects cells against death. Structures of Mcl-1, and of other anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, reveal a surface groove into which the alpha-helical BH3 regions of certain proapoptotic proteins can bind. Despite high overall structural conservation, differences in this groove afford binding specificity that is important for the mechanism of Bcl-2 family function. We report the crystal structure of human Mcl-1 bound to a BH3 peptide derived from human Bim and the structures for three complexes that accommodate large physicochemical changes at conserved Bim sites. The mutations had surprisingly modest effects on complex stability, and the structures show that Mcl-1 can undergo small changes to accommodate the mutant ligands. For example, a shift in a leucine side chain fills a hole left by an isoleucine-to-alanine mutation at the first hydrophobic buried position of Bim BH3. Larger changes are also observed, with shifting of helix alpha3 accommodating an isoleucine-to-tyrosine mutation at this same position. We surveyed the variation in available Mcl-1 and Bcl-x(L) structures and observed moderate flexibility that is likely critical for facilitating interactions of diverse BH3-only proteins with Mcl-1. With the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members attracting significant attention as therapeutic targets, these structures contribute to our growing understanding of how specificity is achieved and can help to guide the design of novel inhibitors that target Mcl-1.
Pilocarpine-Induced Lens Changes (1974)

High resolution ultrasonic biometry was performed on ten eyes of five normal young volunteers (ages 21 to 26 years) prior to and at regular intervals following topical administration of 1%, 4%, and 8% pilocarpine hydrochloride. All eyes showed a narrowing of the anterior chamber and axial lens thickening following pilocarpine administration. There was a dose-related response of maximal anterior chamber depth and lens thickness changes, but comparison of the means of maximal changes of the two dimensions did not reveal statistically significant differences. Increasing concentrations of pilocarpine had a more rapid onset of action, greater peak effect, and prolonged duration of action. A statistically significant prolongation of effect on anterior chember depth and lens thickness after instillation of the drug was obtained with the higher concentrations of pilocarpine.
High-order context modeling and embedded conditional entropy coding of wavelet coefficients for image compression (2002)

Much of the progress in wavelet image compression came from better context modeling and entropy coding of quantized wavelet coefficients. In the past few months many papers on the subject were published. They reported rate-distortion performance results that are the best or near the best in the literature. Given seemingly ever smaller improvements on R-D performance with increasing sophistication and complexity of current R-D optimized quantizers and context models of wavelet coefficients, two tantalizing questions are whether there still exists some room for even higher coding efficiency of wavelet image coders, and if so, whether the improvement can be made with an embedded code stream. This paper sheds some lights on, and offers modestly encouraging answers to these questions.
Functional phage display of two murine α/β T-cell receptors is strongly dependent on fusion format, mode and periplasmic folding assistance (2007)

Phage display has been instrumental for the success of antibody (Ab) technology. The aim of the present study was to explore phage display of soluble T-cell receptors (TCRs). A library platform that supports engineering and selection of improved TCRs to be used as detection reagents for specific antigen presentation will be very useful. In such applications, high, equal and clone independent display levels are a prerequisite for 'fair' selection. Therefore, we explored how different pIII fusion formats and modes affected the display levels of two murine alpha/beta TCRs. Both are derived from T-cell clones associated with the MOPC315 myeloma model. The results show that the design of the pIII fusion particle significantly affects the subsequent display levels. Furthermore, successful display may be obtained both in phagemid and phage versions. Importantly, improvement of poor display can be achieved by over-expressing the periplasmic chaperone FkpA.
Selective formation of ketones by electrochemical reduction of CO2 catalyzed by ruthenium complexes (2000)

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 aimed at carbon–carbon bond formation was examined. Polypyridyl–ruthenium–carbonyl complexes catalyze electrochemical reduction of CO2 to produce CO and CO32− in organic solvents. Among those metal complexes, a ruthenium carbonyl complex with monodentate naphthy-ridine showed a unique redox behavior. One-electron reduction of the complex resulted in intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the non-bonded nitrogen of naphthyridine to the carbonyl carbon to form a five-membered ring. Such metallacyclization greatly served for activation of the RuCO bond derived from CO2 without accompanying reductive cleavage of the bond (CO evolution). Electrochemical reduction of CO2 catalyzed by [Ru(bpy)(napy)2(CO)2]2+ in the presence of (CH3)4NBF4 produced only CH3C(O)CH3 and CO32−, where (CH3)4N+ worked as not only the electrolyte but also the methylation reagent. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the Functional Insulin Binding Epitopes of the A and B Isoforms of the Insulin Receptor (2002)

The human insulin receptor is expressed as two isoforms that are generated by alternate splicing of its mRNA; the B isoform has 12 additional amino acids (718-729) encoded by exon 11 of the gene. The isoforms have been reported to have different ligand binding properties. To further characterize their insulin binding properties, we have performed structure-directed alanine-scanning mutagenesis of a major insulin binding site of the receptor, formed from the receptor L1 domain (amino acids 1-470) and amino acids 705-715 at the C terminus of the alpha subunit. Alanine mutants of each isoform were transiently expressed as recombinant secreted extracellular domain in 293 cells, and their insulin binding properties were evaluated by competitive binding assays. Mutation of Arg(86) and Phe(96) of each isoform resulted in receptors that were not secreted. The Kds of unmutated receptors were almost identical for both isoforms. Several new mutations compromising insulin binding were identified. In L1, mutation of Leu(37) decreased affinity 20- to 40-fold and mutations of Val(94), Glu(97), Glu(120), and Lys(121) 3 to 10-fold for each isoform. A number of mutations produced differential effects on the two isoforms. Mutation of Asn(15) in the L1 domain and Phe(714) at the C terminus of the alpha subunit inactivated the A isoform but only reduced the affinity of the B isoform 40- to 60-fold. At the C terminus of the alpha subunit, mutations of Asp(707), Val(713), and Val(715) produced 7- to 16-fold reductions in affinity of the A isoform but were without effect on the B isoform. In contrast, alanine mutations of Tyr(708) and Asn(711) inactivated the B isoform but only reduced the affinities of the A isoform 11- and 6-fold, respectively. In conclusion, alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the insulin receptor A and B isoforms has identified several new side chains contributing to insulin binding and indicates that the energetic contributions of certain side chains differ in each isoform, suggesting that different molecular mechanisms are used to obtain the same affinity.
Pharmacokinetic studies of solubilized estradiol given vaginally in a novel softgel capsule (2016)

TX-004HR, a novel estradiol vaginal softgel capsule, exhibited significantly lower systemic exposure than equivalent doses of an approved vaginal estradiol tablet at both 10-μg and 25-μg doses. Both doses of each product were safe and well-tolerated.
Separation of Poly(propylene) Samples According to Tacticity Using a Hypercarb Column (2010)

Abstract Summary: Samples of polypropylene having different stereoregularities, i.e ., differing in the isotactic or syndiotactic stereosequence distribution, were separated by means of high‐temperature gradient adsorption liquid chromatography. The porous graphite was used as stationary phase in the column packing (Hypercarb®). Predominantly isotactic samples eluted in 1‐decanol, while predominantly syndiotactic samples eluted in a binary gradient composed of 1‐decanol and 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene. Their elution volumes increased with the average content of the syndiotactic units ( racemo dyads mole fraction as determined with the NMR spectroscopy) in the samples. Thus these chromatographic separations represent a new method for the analysis and characterization of stereoregular polyolefins. It requires substantially less time and solvents than the commonly used methods.
A method for nitration of thiazoles (1977)

Abstract Nitrations of some sensitive thiazole derivatives with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid‐trifluoro‐methanesulfonic anhydride.‐potassium nitrate in 1,2‐dichloroethane gave significantly higher yields of the nitro compounds in comparison with nitrations in sulfuric acid‐nitric acid mixtures.
The GRITICKA Ontology for Modeling Multiagent-Based Integrative Business Information Systems (2003)

While multiagent technology has been widely applied in various business areas, there is no unified and coherent multiagent system architecture and conceptual grammar for modeling integrative business information systems.In this paper we propose a special-purpose ontology for Multiagent-based Integrative Business Information System (MIBIS) called the GRITICKA ontology that provides a modeling grammar for the MIBIS universe.We hope that this ontology will help in developing ontology-driven MIBIS applications with a high degree of reuse.
Review of Researches on Advantages of Intercropping (2012)

Intercropping is a very effective cultivation method in the agricultural production with a long history. The use of intercropping to build a niche complementary crop community can not only enhance the stability of farmland ecosystem and the resistance of crop community to environmental stress but also reduce the damage of diseases, insect pests, environmental pollution and improve the efficiency of resource use to finally achieve high and stable yield of crop community. By collecting the intercropping researches at home and abroad, this thesis describes the impact of intercropping on crop nitrogen fixation and nitrogen transfer, accumulation and distribution of soil nitrate nitrogen, soil microorganism, crop diseases and insect pests, ventilation and light transmission, quality, yield and nutrient absorption, draws a conclusion on intercropping advantages and points out the sections requiring further study in the future.
The molecular journey from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer (2008)

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) accounts for approximately 20% of mammographically detected breast cancers. DCIS can recur or progress to invasive breast cancer, but the ability to predict the outcome of patients with DCIS remains limited, leading to inappropriate treatment choices. To the authors' knowledge to date, the hunt for molecular prognostic markers for DCIS has been unsuccessful. Emerging technologies, however, are shedding new light on the biologic course of DCIS. In the current study, the authors review recent findings elucidating the molecular journey from DCIS to invasive cancer and discuss how these findings will lead to more effective treatment with minimization of morbidity.