gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NE-58095: a diphosphonate which prevents bone erosion and preserves joint architecture in experimental arthritis. (1989)

The rat adjuvant arthritis model, like human rheumatoid arthritis, is characterized by fulminating intra- and periarticular inflammation and bone lysis. This model was used to determine the effectiveness of a potent antiresorptive diphosphonate (NE-58095: monosodium [2-(3-pyridinyl) ethylidene] hydroxy diphosphonate) prophylactically in Lewis rats and therapeutically in Sprague-Dawley rats. Modified Freund's adjuvant (MFA) was injected into the tail of Lewis and Sprague-Dawley rats. Prophylactic treatment in Lewis rats [oral (PO): 14.8 mg/kg/day); subcutaneous (SC): 0.148 mg/kg/day] was begun on the day of MFA injection. A significant reduction in paw swelling was seen as early as day 12 after MFA injection with both oral and parenteral treatment. NE-58095 produced a reduction in paw swelling of 28, 39 and 61% on days 12, 17 and 24 respectively, as compared to the saline-treated MFA control. Bone lysis in the saline-treated MFA group was 85% of total possible incidence for 6 joint regions in the hind paws and 4 regions in the front paws at day 24. This resorption was reduced by 70% in the rats administered NE-58095 PO and SC at 24 days after MFA. In the therapeutic experiments with Sprague-Dawley rats, treatment with NE-58095 (SC: 0.148 mg/kg/day) was begun on day 14 after MFA injection, at which time significant paw swelling (greater than 0.5cc) had occurred. On day 25 (12 days of treatment), paw swelling was reduced 70% by NE-58095 treatment as compared to the saline-treated MFA controls. Histologically, the architecture of the tibio-tarsal joints in the saline-treated MFA rats was affected, in contrast to the NE-58095-treated MFA rats where the architecture of the joint was preserved. This new potent diphosphonate is not an anti-inflammatory compound by any of the classical tests and is effective both orally and parenterally. The mechanism by which this diphosphonate protects joint integrity is not clear but appears to be related to its ability to block bone resorption and the consequent inhibition of the diffusion into the joint space of calcium, chemotactic factors and cytokinas released from bone matrix, resulting in a quenching of the arthritic process.
Maintenance of bone mass and architecture in denning black bears (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) (2004)

Abstract Bone mass is dramatically compromised during periods of weightlessness, inactivity, or bed rest. Animals that hibernate reduce their body temperature, heart rate and metabolic activity, and likewise lower bone turnover activity during their immobile state. Black bears Ursus americanus , however, do not hibernate, but rather overwinter by denning during which they maintain a nearly normal functional heart rate, cardiac output and temperature. Furthermore, markers of bone turnover in black bears are maintained during denning periods. Thus, the purpose of this work was to determine if the denning state of relative immobility in black bears results in changes in bone mass and bone architectural structure. Harvested forelimbs (ulna and radius) were compared between pre‐ and post‐denning black bears using X‐ray imaging, dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry, and micro‐computed tomography to quantify total distal forelimb bone mineral density, cancellous bone mineral density, bone mineral content, bone volume fraction, degree of anisotropy, structure model index, and trabecular thickness. No significant differences in any of the measured parameters were found in comparing radius and ulna from autumn and spring bears in this cross‐sectional sample, suggesting that black bears did not experience a significant change in bone mass or architecture during denning. The statistical power for detecting a significant difference ( P ≤ 0.05) for this sample was 0.8. The specific mechanism by which the preservation of bone was attained may be related to skeletal muscle interaction or circulating systemic hormones.
Avoiding Cu Hillocks during the Plasma Process (2004)

When Cu wafers are exposed to plasma, hillocks are formed on the Cu wafer surface by a plasma cleaner with a surface wave plasma source. Plasma cleaning is divided into the initial stage and the rising temperature stage. Under a supply of gas and with the plasma power turned on, the H radicals first restore native copper oxide to pure copper. The N radicals then compete with the H radicals, and diffuse to the Cu grain boundary, which is the initial stage. During the rising temperature stage, plasma energy is absorbed by the Cu surface, and the wafer temperature increases rapidly. Consequently, plasma-enhanced compressive stress leads to the formation of Cu hillocks. For a plasma with a higher N/H radical ratio, more N radicals diffusing to the Cu grain boundary results in more Cu-N compounds, which make up the main source of stress during plasma cleaning. Experimental results indicate that using a plasma cleaner with an inductively coupled plasma source can achieve a lower N/H radical ratio, thus avoiding the formation of Cu hillocks. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Identification of Medically Important Yeast Species by Sequence Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions (2006)

Infections caused by yeasts have increased in previous decades due primarily to the increasing population of immunocompromised patients. In addition, infections caused by less common species such as Pichia, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon, and Saccharomyces spp. have been widely reported. This study extensively evaluated the feasibility of sequence analysis of the rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions for the identification of yeasts of clinical relevance. Both the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of 373 strains (86 species), including 299 reference strains and 74 clinical isolates, were amplified by PCR and sequenced. The sequences were compared to reference data available at the GenBank database by using BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) to determine if species identification was possible by ITS sequencing. Since the GenBank database currently lacks ITS sequence entries for some yeasts, the ITS sequences of type (or reference) strains of 15 species were submitted to GenBank to facilitate identification of these species. Strains producing discrepant identifications between the conventional methods and ITS sequence analysis were further analyzed by sequencing of the D1-D2 domain of the large-subunit rRNA gene for species clarification. The rates of correct identification by ITS1 and ITS2 sequence analysis were 96.8% (361/373) and 99.7% (372/373), respectively. Of the 373 strains tested, only 1 strain (Rhodotorula glutinis BCRC 20576) could not be identified by ITS2 sequence analysis. In conclusion, identification of medically important yeasts by ITS sequencing, especially using the ITS2 region, is reliable and can be used as an accurate alternative to conventional identification methods.
Tuning Magnetic Properties of Magnetic Recording Media Cobalt Ferrite Nano-Particles by Co-Precipitation Method (2009)

Magnetic nano-particles of cobalt ferrite were prepared using co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope and Raman analysis have confirmed that the formation of cobalt ferrite nano-particles with different particle size depending on the rate of reaction and nucleation. X-ray photoelectron spectrometer analysis indicates that the reaction rate have little influence on the cation distribution in the tetrahedral and octahedral sites in the spinel lattice. The results of the magnetic hysteresis loops show that the saturation magnetization and the coercivity of cobalt ferrite nano-particles could be tuned by co-precipitation method.
Effect of Direct-Fed Microbials on Rumen Microbial Fermentation (1992)

Nonbacterial, direct-fed microbials added to ruminant diets generally consist of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures, or both. Results from in vivo research have been variable regarding effects of direct-fed microbials on ruminant feedstuff utilization and performance. Some research has shown increased weight gains, milk production, and total tract digestibility of feed components, but others have shown little influence of direct-fed microbials on these parameters. In vitro research with mixed ruminal microorganisms likewise has been inconsistent regarding the effects of direct-fed microbials. Several researchers observed that direct-fed microbials increased cellulolytic bacterial numbers in the rumen and stimulated the production of some fermentation end products. This suggests that direct-fed microbials may be providing growth factors for the ruminal microbes. However, other researchers have reported no effect of direct-fed microbials on in vitro fiber digestion. Recent research demonstrated that growth of the predominant ruminal bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium in lactate medium as well as lactate uptake by whole cells of Sel. ruminantium were markedly increased by an A. oryzae fermentation extract and an S. cerevisiae culture. In addition, both products increased the production of acetate, propionate, succinate, total VFA, and cell yield (grams of cells per mole of lactate). Therefore, it appears that these direct-fed microbials provide soluble factors that stimulate lactate utilization by Sel. ruminantium. Evidence is presented indicating that the malate content of the A. oryzae fermentation extract and S. cerevisiae culture may be involved in this stimulation.
Evidence of a Role for Monocytes in Dissemination and Brain Invasion by<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> (2008)

The pathogenesis of cryptococcosis, including the events leading to the production of meningoencephalitis, is still largely unknown. Evidence of a transcellular passage of Cryptococcus neoformans across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and subsequent BBB disruption exists, but the paracellular passage of free yeasts and the role of monocytes in yeast dissemination and brain invasion (Trojan horse method) remain uncertain. We used our model of disseminated cryptococcosis, in which crossing of the BBB starts 6 h after intravenous inoculation, to study paracellular passage of the BBB. We prepared bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDM) infected in vitro with C. neoformans (BMDM yeasts) and free yeasts and measured fungal loads in tissues. (i) Spleen and lung CFU were >2-fold higher in mice treated with BMDM yeasts than in those treated with free yeasts for 1 and 24 h (P < 0.05), while brain CFU were increased (3.9 times) only at 24 h (P < 0.05). (ii) By comparing the kinetics of brain invasion in naïve mice and in mice with preestablished cryptococcosis, we found that CFU were lower in the latter case, except at 6 h, when CFU from mice inoculated with BMDM yeasts were comparable to those measured in naïve mice and 2.5-fold higher than those in mice with preestablished cryptococcosis who were inoculated with free yeasts. (iii) Late phagocyte depletion obtained by clodronate injection reduced disease severity and lowered the fungal burden by 40% in all organs studied. These results provide evidence for Trojan horse crossing of the BBB by C. neoformans, together with mechanisms involving free yeasts, and overall for a role of phagocytes in fungal dissemination.
The development of nano-sized silicas as analytical tools (2011)

Even at low concentrations the presence of toxic materials, such as metals or organic pesticides, in water can be harmful to humans. Extraction and preconcentration of these materials is an important part of many analytical procedures. In this work functionalised solid phase extractants, 250 nm in size (nanoscavenger), have been used to collect and concentrate metals and organic species from water using a nanoscavenger dispersion extraction (NSDE) approach.&#13;\nStöber-type silica with a mean diameter of ca. 250 nm and a surface area of ca. 20 m2 g-1 has been synthesized by hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethoxysilane in a methanol and ammonium hydroxide medium. Increasing the surface area to increase the loading of functional groups on the surface was achieved by adopting mesoporous silica as the nanoscavenger core. This was successfully synthesized from tetramethoxysilane in the presence of a dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide template: 250 nm particles prepared in this manner had a surface area of ca. 1325 m2 g-1. The properties of synthesized sub-micron silicas have been investigated using various techniques.&#13;\nOne of the main aims of this work was to use the nanoscavengers for the analytical recovery of trace analytes from water. Nanoscavengers were prepared by chemically modifying mesoporous silicas with groups such as mono- and diamines, dithiocarbamates, hydroxyquinoline, mercaptobenzamide and, for organic extractions, a mixed functionality diol and C18 modification. The nanoscavengers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and thermogravimetric analysis. Copper capacity measurements for complexant nanoscavengers ranged between 0.1 and 2 mmol g-1 depending on the type of silica and the loading group.&#13;\nThe nanoscavengers were evaluated for the preconcentration of trace analytes from water. The dithiocarbamate, hydroxyquinoline and mercaptobenzamide nano- scavengers were used to preconcentrate eight metal ions (Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Mn2+ and Zn2+) from water. A dual functionality diol/C18-nanoscavenger was used to collect four estrogenic compounds, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and tributyltin from water. The recovery of extracted analytes by nanoscavengers exhibited good results
A Novel Naturally Occurring Tandem Promoter in Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Drives Very Early Gene Expression and Potent Immune Responses (2013)

Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) has been shown to be suitable for the generation of experimental vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases, eliciting strong humoral and cellular immune responses. In viral vectored vaccines, strong recombinant antigen expression and timing of expression influence the quantity and quality of the immune response. Screening of synthetic and native poxvirus promoters for strong protein expression in vitro and potent immune responses in vivo led to the identification of the MVA13.5L promoter, a unique and novel naturally occurring tandem promoter in MVA composed of two 44 nucleotide long repeated motifs, each containing an early promoter element. The MVA13.5L gene is highly conserved across orthopoxviruses, yet its function is unknown. The unique structure of its promoter is not found for any other gene in the MVA genome and is also conserved in other orthopoxviruses. Comparison of the MVA13.5L promoter activity with synthetic poxviral promoters revealed that the MVA13.5L promoter produced higher levels of protein early during infection in HeLa cells and particularly in MDBK cells, a cell line in which MVA replication stops at an early stage before the expression of late genes. Finally, a recombinant antigen expressed under the control of this novel promoter induced high antibody titers and increased CD8 T cell responses in homologous prime-boost immunization compared to commonly used promoters. In particular, the recombinant antigen specific CD8 T cell responses dominated over the immunodominant B8R vector-specific responses after three vaccinations and even more during the memory phase. These results have identified the native MVA13.5L promoter as a new potent promoter for use in MVA vectored preventive and therapeutic vaccines.
Donor‐Linked Fullerenes: Photoinduced electron transfer and its potential application (1997)

Abstract Redox‐active fullerenes can be covalently bound to a variety of donors, their photophysical properties have been investigated. Their photochemical processes. Including electron transfer and energy transfer, are varied, depending on the donor, linkage between the donor and C 60 , and solvent. Regardless of the solvent and linkage, the charge‐separated state is produced efficiently in zinc porphyrin‐C 60 systems, showing that C 6o is a good electron acceptor. The most intriguing characteristic of C 60 in electron transfer is that C 60 accelerates photoinduced charge separation and retards charge recombination in the dark. The long‐lived charge‐transfer state: of the C 60 –porphyrin dyad was successfully converted to photocurrent using a self‐assembled monolayer technique. These findings will provide a new strategy for the design and synthesis of artificial photosynthetic systems and photoactive materials using C 60 as a building block.
The role of tumor necrosis factor antagonism in clinical practice. (1999)

The armamentarium for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) includes several classes of therapeutics that induce symptomatic relief and reduce disease activity. The early addition of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) is now the standard of care in treatment. Methotrexate (MTX) is a cornerstone of contemporary management of RA, and the treatment paradigm for RA includes the early use of MTX and combination DMARD. Unfortunately, second-line treatments alone or in combination rarely induce complete disease remission. Advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of RA have opened the way for more directed therapy, and new therapies that target the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) have demonstrated rapid action and substantial benefit with few adverse effects. This article discusses the pivotal role of MTX in combination with DMARD. The use of leflunomide and cyclosporine as single agents and with MTX is evaluated. The role of TNF-alpha antagonism in the treatment of rheumatologic illnesses is examined, with particular attention to etanercept, a recombinant human TNF receptor (p75)-Fc fusion protein, and infliximab, a chimeric TNF monoclonal antibody (CA2). Data on the efficacy and toxicity of etanercept and infliximab are summarized, including their use in combination therapy with MTX.
Solid‐state CP/MAS <sup>13</sup>C‐NMR studies of naphthalene‐based thermotropic polyesters and model compounds (1989)

Abstract Thermotropic aromatic polyesters based on 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylic acid and 4,4′‐dihydroxy‐1,6‐diphenoxyhexane 1a and ‐decane 1b have been synthesized by solution polymerization. The solid‐state structures of these polyesters have been examined by high‐resolution solid‐state CP/MAS (cross polarization/magic angle spinning) and solution 13 C‐NMR. For precipitated original samples, alkylene spacers were generally in the all‐trans form in the solid state. For once‐melted samples, torsional gauche conformations were introduced to the spacers. The mesophase of the polyesters was identified as nematic. The temperature ranges of the nematic state of 1a and 1b were much wider than those of analogous polymers 2a and 2b based on terephthalic acid. For these polyesters, the substitution of the 2,6‐naphthalene ring for the benzene ring induced no appreciable change in the conformation of the diphenoxy alkylene units in the solid state and on the melting points. Thermotropic ester model compounds, i.e., bis(4‐butoxyphenyl) 2,6‐naphthalate 3a and bis(4‐butylphenyl) 2,6‐naphthalate 3b have been prepared and characterized by both solid‐state and solution NMR, which helped the interpretation of the solid‐state structures of the polyesters. These spectra were compared with those of terephthalate‐based related compounds 4a and 4b . The solid‐state spectra suggest that the butoxyphenyl group of 3a and the butylphenyl group of 3b formed almost the same conformations as those of 4a and 4b , respectively.
Cavity Resonance Suppression Using Miniature Fluidic Oscillators (2004)

We present a novel approach to suppressing jetcavity interaction tones using miniature fluidic devices. We first characterize miniature fluidic oscillators and then assess their effectiveness for cavity tone suppression. Further, we evaluate mass flow requirements for effective unsteady fluid mass addition. The fluidic devices used had no moving parts and could provide oscillatory flow of prescribed waveforms (sine, square, and saw-toothed) at frequencies up to 3 KHz. Our testbed for a detailed evaluation of the fluidic excitation (square wave) technique was the flow-induced resonance produced by a jet flowing over a cavity with an (length/depth) ratio of 6. In addition to schlieren photography and acoustic measurements we used photoluminescent Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) to map pressures on the cavity’s floor for the unperturbed and fluidically excited cases. When located at the upstream end of the cavity floor, the miniature fluidic device was successful in suppressing cavity tones by as much as ’ Senior Research Engineer, Associate Fellow AIAA ’ Principal Research Scientist, Senior Member AIAA 3 Electronics Engineer Copyright
Optimizing Network I/O Virtualization with Efficient Interrupt Coalescing and Virtual Receive Side Scaling (2011)

Virtualization is a fundamental component in cloud computing because it provides numerous guest VM transparent services, such as live migration, high availability, rapid checkpoint, etc. However, I/O virtualization, particularly for network, is still suffering from significant performance degradation. In this paper, we analyze performance challenges in network I/O virtualization and observe that the conventional network I/O virtualization incurs excessive virtual interrupts to guest VMs, and the backend driver in the driver domain is not parallelized and cannot leverage underlying multi-core processors. Motivated by the above observations, we propose optimizations: efficient interrupt coalescing for network I/O virtualization and virtual receive side scaling to effectively leverage multi-core processors. We implemented those optimizations in Xen and did extensive performance evaluation. Our experimental results reveal that the proposed optimizations significantly improve network I/O virtualization performance and effectively tackle the performance challenges.
Prolonged Activation of Prothrombin on the Vascular Wall After Arterial Injury (1998)

This study was designed to characterize the relative roles of bound Xa/Va and thrombin activity in vascular wall procoagulant activity after balloon-induced injury and the extent to which intravenous aspirin and heparin attenuate procoagulant activity associated with the vascular wall. Abdominal aortic injury was induced in rabbits by overinflation and multiple passages ofa 4F embolectomy catheter. Rabbits were killed 15 minutes or 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, or 120 hours after injury. Aortic segments were incubated ex vivo to define bound procoagulant activity. Thrombin activity bound to the aorta was detected by 4 hours after injury and was most marked over the first 24 hours, as estimated by increases in concentration of fibrinopeptide A during incubation of segments with recalcified barium-adsorbed plasma or activity against the thrombin-synthetic substrate S-2238. Based on comparison with purified human thrombin incubated under the same conditions, a maximum of 0.04 to 0.1 nmol/L per square centimeter of thrombin activity was associated with the vascular wall during the first 24 hours and remained detectable for 72 hours. In contrast, bound Xa/Va complex activity to injured segments was detected within 15 minutes and induced activation of prothrombin added to recalcified barium-adsorbed plasma incubated with injured segments for 96 hours. Aspirin (15 mg/kg) administered 30 minutes before injury attenuated 111In-platelet deposition at 4 hours by 67%, with an associated decrease in bound Xa/Va and thrombin activity at 15 minutes and 4 hours. However, intravenous heparin did not attenuate bound Xa/Va activity at 15 minutes or thrombin activity at 15 minutes and 4 hours. Platelet-dependent bound Xa/Va activity occurs rapidly after arterial injury and may promote thrombin elaboration for up to 96 hours. Bound thrombin activity and de novo thrombin elaboration on the vascular wall may play an important role in the progression of thrombosis and vascular wall remodeling.