gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Trade-off between Time and Space in Optimistic Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation (1992)

Optimistically synchronized parallel discrete-event simulation is based on the use of communicating sequential processes. Optimistic synchronization means that the processes execute under the assumption that synchronization is fortuitous. Periodic checkpointing of the state of a process allows the process to roll back to an earlier state when synchronization errors occur. This paper examines the effects of varying the frequency of checkpointing on the time and space needed to execute a simulation.
Triage of women with equivocal or low‐grade cervical cytology results: a meta‐analysis of the HPV test positivity rate (2009)

Consistent evidence underlines the utility of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing in the management of women with equivocal cervical cytological abnormalities, but not in case of low-grade lesions. We performed a meta-analysis including studies where the high-risk probe of the Hybrid Capture-II is used to triage these two cytological categories. The triage test-positivity rate reflects the colposcopy referral workload.Data were pooled on the HPV test positivity rate in women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS/ASC-US) or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), derived from different cytological classification systems. The meta-analysis was restricted to studies, published between 1991 and 2007. A random-effect model was applied for meta-analytical pooling and the influence of covariates on the HPV positivity rate was analyzed by meta-regression. The variation by age was assessed within individual studies since age strata were not defined uniformly. On an average, 43% (95% CI: 40-46%) of women with ASCUS/ASC-US were high-risk HPV positive (range 23-74%). In women with LSIL, the pooled positivity rate was 76% (95% CI: 71-81%; range 55-89%). In spite of considerable inter-study heterogeneity, the difference in HPV positivity between the two triage groups was large and highly significant: 32% (95% CI: 27-38%). HPV rates dropped tremendously as age and cutoffs of test positivity increased. Other factors (cytological classification system, country, continent, collection method and year of publication) had no statistically significant impact, except in LSIL triage where HPV positivity was significantly lower in European compared to American studies. Women with LSIL, especially younger women, have high HPV positivity rates suggesting limited utility of reflex HPV triaging these cases. Research is needed to identify more specific methods to triage women with low-grade squamous cervical lesions.
Antibody-mediated specific binding and cytotoxicity of liposome-entrapped doxorubicin to lung cancer cells in vitro. (1992)

Liposome entrapment of doxorubicin has been shown to reduce its cardiotoxicity in vivo and increase its therapeutic index. A further improvement in therapeutic index could be achieved through targeting of liposome-entrapped drug selectively to cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies against the squamous lung cancer cell line KLN-205 have been ligated to the surface of long-circulating (Stealth) and conventional liposomes. The antibody-bearing liposomes showed specific, competitive uptake by KLN-205 cells as compared to liposomes bearing nonspecific isotype-matched antibodies or antibody-free liposomes. Doxorubicin-containing antibody-liposomes resulted in as much as a 15-fold decrease in the 50% inhibitory concentration for doxorubicin against KLN-205 cells as compared to free doxorubicin or doxorubicin entrapped in antibody-free liposomes.
Synthesis of laterally substituted bistolane liquid crystals (2000)

Abstract Methods for synthesizing bistolane liquid crystal materials with lateral methyl and ethyl substituents are presented. Some of the bistolanes are nematic at room temperature. These highly conjugated mesogens exhibit wide nematic ranges, small enthalpies of fusion, high birefringence and modest viscosity. Their potential applications for flat panel displays employing light scattering or Bragg reflection and for infrared optically phased arrays are foreseeable.
Enhancement‐mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on silicon substrate (2006)

Abstract High performance enhancement‐mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (E‐HEMTs) were demonstrated with samples grown on low‐cost silicon substrate for the first time. The fabrication process is based on fluoride‐based plasma treatment of the gate region and post‐gate annealing at 450 °C. The fabricated E‐HEMTs have nearly the same peak transconductance (G m ) and cut‐off frequencies as the conventional depletion‐mode HEMTs (D‐HEMTs) fabricated on the same wafer, suggesting little mobility degradation caused by the plasma treatment. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New member of the multigene family of complement control proteins in herpesvirus saimiri (1992)

A number of glycoproteins are regulators of the complement cascade and prevent damage to cells by inappropriate activation of complement. In humans, all of them are encoded by a multigene family on chromosome I and share a characteristic structural feature, the short consensus repeats of about 61 amino acids with a constant framework of cysteine, proline, and tryptophan. We found the gene for glycoproteins of analogous structure in herpesvirus saimiri, a T-lymphotropic tumor virus of New World primates. Unspliced transcripts code for a membrane-bound 65- to 75-kDa virion surface component, while spliced mRNA instructs a secreted glycoprotein of 47 to 53 kDa. Expression of complement control proteins suggests a novel mechanism of counteracting host immune defense to prevent elimination of a virus that is capable of persisting in circulating lymphocytes.
Defective paracrine signalling by TGFβ in yolk sac vasculature of endoglin mutant mice: a paradigm for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (2004)

Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disorder in humans that is characterised by multisystemic vascular dyplasia and recurrent haemorrhage. Germline mutations in one of two different genes, endoglin or ALK1 can cause HHT. Both are members of the transforming growth factor (TGF) beta receptor family of proteins, and are expressed primarily on the surface of endothelial cells (ECs). Mice that lack endoglin or activin receptor like kinase (ALK) 1 die at mid-gestation as a result of defects in the yolk sac vasculature. Here, we have analyzed TGFbeta signalling in yolk sacs from endoglin knockout mice and from mice with endothelial-specific deletion of the TGFbeta type II receptor (TbetaRII) or ALK5. We show that TGFbeta/ALK5 signalling from endothelial cells to adjacent mesothelial cells is defective in these mice, as evidenced by reduced phosphorylation of Smad2. This results in the failure of vascular smooth muscle cells to differentiate and associate with endothelial cells so that blood vessels remain fragile and become dilated. Phosphorylation of Smad2 and differentiation of smooth muscle can be rescued by culture of the yolk sac with exogenous TGFbeta1. Our data show that disruption of TGFbeta signalling in vascular endothelial cells results in reduced availability of TGFbeta1 protein to promote recruitment and differentiation of smooth muscle cells, and provide a possible explanation for weak vessel walls associated with HHT.
THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (1998)

The ECM can be considered to be an early target of preservation/reperfusion injury and acute rejection. Plasma parameters reliably reflected the changes observed within the graft. Laminin and hyaluronic acid levels may be used as indicators of initial graft function. Furthermore, the increase in laminin levels was an early indicator of acute rejection. Determination of these parameters may significantly improve monitoring after SBTX.
Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008 (2007)

There was strong agreement among a large cohort of international experts regarding many level 1 recommendations for the best current care of patients with severe sepsis. Evidenced-based recommendations regarding the acute management of sepsis and septic shock are the first step toward improved outcomes for this important group of critically ill patients.
Epithelial Structural Proteins of the Skin and Oral Cavity: Function in Health and Disease (2000)

Epithelial tissues function to protect the organism from physical, chemical, and microbial damage and are essential for survival. To perform this role, epithelial keratinocytes undergo a well-defined differentiation program that results in the expression of structural proteins which maintain the integrity of epithelial tissues and function as a protective barrier. This review focuses on structural proteins of the epidermis and oral mucosa. Keratin proteins comprise the predominant cytoskeletal component of these epithelia. Keratin filaments are attached to the plasma membrane via desmosomes, and together these structural components form a three-dimensional array within the cytoplasm of epithelial cells and tissues. Desmosomes contain two types of transmembrane proteins, the desmogleins and desmocollins, that are members of the cadherin family. The desmosomal cadherins are linked to the keratin cytoskeleton via several cytoplasmic plaque proteins, including desmoplakin and plakoglobin (gamma-catenin). Epidermal and oral keratinocytes express additional differentiation markers, including filaggrin and trichohyalin, that associate with the keratin cytoskeleton during terminal differentiation, and proteins such as loricrin, small proline-rich proteins, and involucrin, that are cross-linked into the cornified envelope by transglutaminase enzymes. The importance of these cellular structures is highlighted by the large numbers of genetic and acquired (autoimmune) human disorders that involve mutations in, or autoantibodies to, keratins and desmosomal and cornified envelope proteins. While much progress has been made in the identification of the structural proteins and enzymes involved in epithelial differentiation, regulation of this process is less clear. Both calcium and retinoids influence epithelial differentiation by altering the transcription of target genes and by regulating activity of enzymes critical in epithelial differentiation, such as transglutaminases, proteinases, and protein kinases. These studies have furthered our understanding of how epithelial tissue and cell integrity is maintained and provide a basis for the future treatment of skin and oral disorders by gene therapy and other novel therapeutics.
Nanomechanical Analog of a Laser: Amplification of Mechanical Oscillations by Stimulated Zeeman Transitions (2003)

We propose a magnetomechanical device that exhibits many properties of a laser. The device is formed by a nanocantilever and dynamically polarized paramagnetic nuclei of a solid sample in a strong external magnetic field. The corresponding quantum oscillator and effective two-level systems are coupled by the magnetostatic dipole-dipole interaction between a permanent magnet on the cantilever tip and the magnetic moments of the spins, so that the entire system is effectively described by the Jaynes-Cummings model. We consider the possibility of observing transient and cw lasing in this system, and show how these processes can be used to improve the sensitivity of magnetic resonance force microscopy.
Controlled orientation of liquid-crystalline polythiophene semiconductors for high-performance organic thin-film transistors (2005)

The silane self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modification of a SiO2 gate dielectric surface improved the molecular ordering of organic channel semiconductor in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), leading to a significant improvement in transistor performance. Mobility of up to 0.18cm2∕Vs (current on∕off ratio of 107) was obtained for OTFTs with a liquid-crystalline polythiophene semiconductor built on an octyltrichlorosilane-modified SiO2 gate dielectric layer, a 450 times improvement over those built on a nonmodified dielectric layer. The mobility enhancement was attributed to the edge-on orientation of the polythiophene molecules induced by the silane SAM layer as deduced from the crystal domain structures in the atomic force microscopic images.
Clinical problem solving and diagnostic decision making: selective review of the cognitive literature (2002)

can be expertly administered. 18 Ideally, as many patients as possible would be treated within 90 or 120 minutes of onset, when benefit is maximal.The time has come for proponents of thrombolysis and reformed thrombolytic contrarians to join together to improve systems of acute stroke care worldwide so that more properly evaluated, properly selected, and properly informed stroke patients can be treated with intravenous thrombolytics within three hours of onset.JLS, CSK, and SS have served as site investigators in acute stroke clinical trials sponsored by several (15, 11, and 17 respectively) pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, including Genentech and Boehringer-Ingelheim; have received speaking honorariums from several (12, 5, 8) pharmaceutical companies, including Genentech and Boehringer-Ingelheim; and have served as consultants on scientific advisory boards for several (7, 1, 5) pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies developing acute stroke treaments, including Boehringer-Ingelheim and Genentech.
Quasi-symmetric coupled quantum well and its electro-optical properties (2005)

From the theoretical analysis for symmetric coupled quantum well, a novel coupled quantum well structure with low driving electric-field, low absorption loss and large field-induced refractive index change at 1.55 &#956;m is put forward.
VLSI architectures for metric normalization in the Viterbi algorithm (1990)

In the realization of Viterbi decoders with finite precision arithmetic, the values of the survivor metrics computed by the add-compare-select (ACS) recursion must remain within a finite numerical range to avoid catastrophic overflow (or underflow) situations. The authors compare several metric normalization techniques which are suitable for VLSI implementations with fixed-point arithmetic. The modulo normalization technique is found to be the most local and uniform approach. An efficient VLSI design of ACS units based on this technique is discussed. The modified comparison rule is found to produce a more efficient ACS architecture than previous results based on subtraction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Building the perfect PC (2004)

This popular Build-It-Yourself (BIY) PC book covers everything you want to know about building your own system: Planning and picking out the right components, step-by-step instructions for assembling your perfect PC, and an insightful discussion of why you'd want to do it in the first place. Most big brand computers from HP, Dell and others use lower-quality components so they can meet their aggressive pricing targets. But component manufacturers also make high-quality parts that you can either purchase directly, or obtain through distributors and resellers. Consumers and corporations alike are opting to build rather than buy PCs to ensure high quality and compatibility. The new edition of Building the Perfect PC shows you how to construct a variety of top-flight systems with the latest technology, including AMD Socket AM-2 and Intel Core 2 processors, that are Vista- and Linux-ready. The book includes several new options, including:A Budget PC you can build for approximately $350 that offers performance and reliability similar to that of mainstream systemsA full-blown media-center system that runs Linux and MythTV or Windows MCE with multiple tuners and HDTV supportA fire-breathing high-performance gaming systemA fast, low-power, low-heat, low-noise, Small Form Factor system (the size of a shoe box)A low-cost SOHO (small office, home office) server system with a 2 terabyte (2,000 GB) disk subsystem that's suitable for a residential environment rather than a server closetRegardless of your technical experience, Building the Perfect PC will guide you through the entire process of building or upgrading your own computer. You'll use the latest top-quality components, including Intel's Core 2 Duo and AMD's Athlon X2 CPUs. And you'll know exactly what's under the hood and how to fix or upgrade your PC, should that become necessary. Not only is the process fun, but the result is often less expensive and always better quality and far more satisfying than anything you could buy off the shelf.
User command prediction by graph-based induction (2002)

An intelligent command interface is a computer program that observes the user's past behavior and tries to predict future user behavior. Most studies meant to realize an intelligent interface system analyze repetitive user behavior, and automate the repetitions. However, these methods typically ignore the relationship between the user commands. The paper presents a new framework that overcomes this limitation and demonstrates its power experimentally.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Proteins encoded by genes involved in chromosomal alterations in lymphoma and leukemia: clinical value of their detection by immunocytochemistry (2002)

Acquired chromosomal anomalies (most commonly translocations) in lymphoma and leukemia usually result in either activation of a quiescent gene (by means of immunoglobulin or T-cell-receptor promotors) and expression of an intact protein product, or creation of a fusion gene encoding a chimeric protein. This review summarizes current immunocytochemical studies of these 2 categories of oncogenic protein, with emphasis on the clinical relevance of their detection in diagnostic samples. Among the quiescent genes activated by rearrangement, expression of cyclin D1 (due to rearrangement of the CCND1 [BCL-1] gene) is a near-specific marker of t(11;14) in mantle cell lymphoma; BCL-2 expression distinguishes follicular lymphoma cells from their nonneoplastic counterparts in reactive germinal centers and appears to be an independent prognostic marker in diffuse large cell lymphoma; and TAL-1 (SCL) expression identifies T-cell acute lymphoblastic neoplasms in which this gene is activated. The protein products of other genes activated by chromosomal rearrangement have a role as markers of either lineage (eg, PAX-5 [B-cell-specific activator protein] for B cells, including B-lymphoblastic neoplasms), or maturation stage (eg, BCL-6 for germinal-center and activated B cells and MUM-1/IRF4 for plasma cells). Currently, no hybrid protein encoded by fusion genes is reliably detectable by antibodies recognizing unique junctional epitopes (ie, epitopes absent from the wild-type constituent proteins). Nevertheless, staining for promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein will detect acute PML with t(15;17) because the microspeckled nuclear labeling pattern for PML-RARalpha is highly distinctive. Similarly, antibodies to the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase are valuable (because wild-type ALK is not found in normal lymphoid tissue) in detecting neoplasms (CD30-positive large T-cell lymphomas) with t(2;5) or its variants. Thus, immunocytochemical detection of the products of many rearranged genes in lymphoma and leukemia can be clinically informative and provide information on cellular and subcellular protein expression that cannot be inferred from studies based on messenger RNA.
One- and Two-step Syntheses of Unsaturated Epoxyfumarate Resins Containing Bromine (2000)

Abstract Syntheses and properties of epoxyfumarate resins obtained by the addition of acidic butyl maleate to 1,1-di(3,5-dibromophenyl)-cyclohexane diglycidyl ether are presented. The resins were synthesized in the one and two-step procedures. In the two-step procedure, acidic butyl maleate was synthesized separately and then used for the addition reaction with epoxycompound. In the one-step procedure, acidic ester was formed during the synthesis process. Properties of the resins in a noncrosslinked state, during curing, and after crosslinking are compared.
Real Options and Interactions with Financial Flexibility (1993)

This article serves two main purposes. First, it aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing real options literature and applications, as well as to present practically useful principles for quantifying the value of various real options. Second, it takes a first step towards extending the real options literature to recognize various interactions with financial flexibility. Overall, the paper illustrates how to practically analyze managerial flexibility in the case of various types of both real as well as financial options, recognizing that these option values may interact.
LEAN mapping (2010)

We introduce Linear Efficient Antialiased Normal (LEAN) Mapping, a method for real-time filtering of specular highlights in bump and normal maps. The method evaluates bumps as part of a shading computation in the tangent space of the polygonal surface rather than in the tangent space of the individual bumps. By operating in a common tangent space, we are able to store information on the distribution of bump normals in a linearly-filterable form compatible with standard MIP and anisotropic filtering hardware. The necessary textures can be computed in a preprocess or generated in real-time on the GPU for time-varying normal maps. The method effectively captures the bloom in highlight shape as bumps become too small to see, and will even transform bump ridges into anisotropic shading. Unlike even more expensive methods, several layers can be combined cheaply during surface rendering, with per-pixel blending. Though the method is based on a modified Ward shading model, we show how to map between its parameters and those of a standard Blinn-Phong model for compatibility with existing art assets and pipelines, and demonstrate that both models produce equivalent results at the largest MIP levels.
Cloning of DGAT2, a Second Mammalian Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase, and Related Family Members (2001)

Studies involving the cloning and disruption of the gene for acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) have shown that alternative mechanisms exist for triglyceride synthesis. In this study, we cloned and characterized a second mammalian DGAT, DGAT2, which was identified by its homology to a DGAT in the fungus Mortierella rammaniana. DGAT2 is a member of a gene family that has no homology with DGAT1 and includes several mouse and human homologues that are candidates for additional DGAT genes. The expression of DGAT2 in insect cells stimulated triglyceride synthesis 6-fold in assays with cellular membranes, and DGAT2 activity was dependent on the presence of fatty acyl-CoA and diacylglycerol, indicating that this protein is a DGAT. Activity was not observed for acyl acceptors other than diacylglycerol. DGAT2 activity was inhibited by a high concentration (100 mm) of MgCl(2) in an in vitro assay, a characteristic that distinguishes DGAT2 from DGAT1. DGAT2 is expressed in many tissues with high expression levels in the liver and white adipose tissue, suggesting that it may play a significant role in mammalian triglyceride metabolism.