gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bright-Light Mask Treatment of Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (2002)

We treated delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) with an illuminated mask that provides light through closed eyelids during sleep. Volunteers received either bright white light (2,700 lux, n = 28) or dim red light placebo (0.1 lux, n = 26) for 26 days at home. Mask lights were turned on (< 0.01 lux) 4 h before arising, ramped up for 1 h, and remained on at full brightness until arising. Volunteers also attempted to systematically advance sleep time, avoid naps, and avoid evening bright light. The light mask was well tolerated and produced little sleep disturbance. The acrophase of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (6-SMT) excretion advanced significantly from baseline in the bright group (p < 0.0006) and not in the dim group, but final phases were not significantly earlier in the bright group (ANCOVA ns). Bright treatment did produce significantly earlier phases, however, among volunteers whose baseline 6-SMT acrophase was later than the median of 0602 h (bright shift: 0732-0554 h, p < 0.0009; dim shift: 0746-0717 h, ns; ANCOVA p = 0.03). In this subgroup, sleep onset advanced significantly only with bright but not dim treatment (sleep onset shift: bright 0306-0145 h, p < 0.0002; dim 0229-0211 h, ns; ANCOVA p < .05). Despite equal expectations at baseline, participants rated bright treatment as more effective than dim treatment (p < 0.04). We conclude that bright-light mask treatment advances circadian phase and provides clinical benefit in DSPS individuals whose initial circadian delay is relatively severe.
Sexual Dimorphic Expression of Genes in Gonads During Early Differentiation of a Teleost Fish, the Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus1 (2007)

The Nile tilapia, a gonochoristic teleost fish with an XX/XY sex-determining system, provides an excellent model for studying gonadal sex differentiation because genetic all-females and all-males are available. In this study, we used quantitative real-time RT-PCR to determine the precise timing of the gonadal expression of 17 genes thought to be associated with gonadal sex differentiation in vertebrates. Gonads were isolated from all-female and all-male tilapia before (5-15 days after hatching [dah]) and after (25-70 dah) morphological sex differentiation. The transcript of aromatase (cyp19a1a), an enzyme responsible for producing estradiol-17beta, was expressed only in XX gonads at 5 dah, with a marked elevation in expression thereafter. In contrast, mRNA expression of steroid 11beta-hydroxylase (cyp11b2), an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT, a potent androgen in fish), was found in XY gonads from 35 dah only. These results, combined with the presence of transcripts for other steroidogenic enzymes and estrogen receptors in XX gonads at 5-7 dah, are consistent with our earlier suggestion that estradiol-17beta plays a critical role in ovarian differentiation in tilapia, whereas a role for 11-KT in testicular differentiation is questionable. A close relationship between the expression of foxl2, but not nr5a1 (Ad4BP/SF-1), and that of cyp19a1a in XX gonads suggests an important role for Foxl2 in the transcriptional regulation of cyp19a1a. Dmrt1 exhibited a male-specific expression in XY gonads from 6 dah onward, suggesting an important role for Dmrt1 in testicular differentiation. Sox9 and amh (anti-Mullerian hormone) showed a testis-specific expression, being evident only in the later stages of testicular differentiation. It is concluded that the sex-specific expression of foxl2 and cyp19a1a in XX gonads and dmrt1 in XY gonads during early gonadal differentiation (5-6 dah) is critical for undifferentiated gonads to differentiate into either the ovary or testis in the Nile tilapia.
Comparison of pulsed versus continuous oxygen delivery using realistic adult nasal airway replicas (2017)

For the POC tested, PF delivered similar, though consistently lower, volume-averaged F<sub>i</sub>O<sub>2</sub> than SF rates equivalent to nominal PF settings. Assessment of PF oxygen delivery using POC pulse characteristics alone may be insufficient; testing using airway replicas is useful in identifying possible cases of failure and may provide a better assessment of F<sub>i</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.
Phase 2 study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with interleukin-12 for AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma (2007)

Thirty-six patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma (KS) requiring chemotherapy were treated for six 3-week cycles of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (20 mg/m(2)) plus interleukin-12 (IL-12; 300 ng/kg subcutaneously twice weekly), followed by 500 ng/kg subcutaneous IL-12 twice weekly for up to 3 years. All received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Twenty-two had poor-prognosis KS (T(1)S(1)). Thirty patients had a major response, including 9 with complete response, yielding an 83.3% major response rate (95% confidence interval: 67.2%-93.6%). Median time to first response was 2 cycles. Median progression was not reached at median potential follow-up of 46.9 months. Of 27 patients with residual disease when starting maintenance IL-12, 15 had a new major response compared with this new baseline. The regimen was overall well tolerated; principal toxicities were neutropenia, anemia, transaminitis, and neuropsychiatric toxicity. Patients had increases in serum IL-12, interferon gamma, and inducible protein-10 (IP-10), and these remained increased at weeks 18 and 34. The regimen of IL-12 plus liposomal doxorubicin yielded rapid tumor responses and a high response rate in patients with AIDS-KS receiving HAART, and responses were sustained on IL-12 maintenance therapy. A randomized trial of IL-12 in this setting may be warranted. This study is registered at (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov) as no. NCT00020449.
Effect of Prior Austenite Grain Size on Impact Toughness of Press Hardened Steel (2016)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Impact toughness (or resistance to fracture) is a key material property for press hardened steel used in construction of the safety-critical elements of automotive body structures. Prior austenite grain size, as primarily controlled by the incoming microstructure and austenitization process, is a key microstructural feature that influences the impact toughness of press hardened steel. In this paper, a special Charpy V-notch impact test is developed to quantify the impact toughness of press hardened steel sheets with various prior austenite grain sizes, by stacking a number of thin sheets via mechanical riveting. Both the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature and upper shelf energy are analyzed in an effort to establish a correlation between impact toughness and prior austenite grain size. Within tested conditions, impact performance shows only a slight decrease as the prior austenitic grain size increases from 18 to 38 microns. On the other hand, grain refinement via micro-alloying in the new 1.8 GPa press hardening steel can significantly increase the impact toughness.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The cephalosporin C nucleus (7-aminocephalosporanic acid) and some of its derivatives (1961)

Cephalosporin N (I) (Newton & Abraham, 1954) may be regarded as a derivative of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (II) (Sheehan, Cephalosporin N has only about 3CHN[CH,3-CO\NH-CH-H2N.CH-C
Superoxide Anion is the Intermediate in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Platinum Electrodes (2006)

We identified the superoxide anion as the intermediate in the oxygen (O2) reduction reaction on a platinum (Pt) electrode in alkaline solution (pH = 11) using a surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy technique with an attenuated total reflection mode. Spectral and voltammetry data, together with the vibrational frequencies calculated using the density functional theory, provide evidence for the formation of O2-. The supporting evidence includes similar spectra that we obtained for O2 reduction on Pt in acetonitrile solutions and a lack of spectra in the absence of O2 or its reduction. The appearance of O2- means that the series reaction pathway operates during O2 reduction on Pt electrodes in alkaline solutions and very likely also in acid solutions. This finding opens up the possibility of formulating a detailed reaction mechanism on surfaces supporting a four-electron reduction, which is critical in completely understanding the kinetics of O2 reduction, thus resolving dilemmas in the theoretical treatment of its kinetics and the design of new electrocatalysts.
Variable Composition Hydrogen/Natural Gas Mixtures for Increased Engine Efficiency and Decreased Emissions (1999)

It is well known that adding hydrogen to natural gas extends the lean limit of combustion and that in this way extremely low emission levels can be obtained: even the equivalent zero emission vehicle (EZEV) requirements can be reached. The emissions reduction is especially important at light engine loads. In this paper results are presented for a GM V8 engine. Natural gas, pure hydrogen and different blends of these two fuels have been tested. The fuel supply system used provides natural gas/hydrogen mixtures in variable proportion, regulated independently of the engine operating condition. The influence of the fuel composition on the engine operating characteristics and exhaust emissions has been examined, mainly but not exclusively for 10 and 20 percent hydrogen addition. At least 10 percent hydrogen addition is necessary for a significant improvement in efficiency. Due to the conflicting requirements for low hydrocarbons and low NOx, determining the optimum hythane composition is not straight-forward. For hythane mixtures with a high hydrogen fraction, it is found that a hydrogen content of 80 percent or less guarantees safe engine operation (no backfire nor knock), whatever the air excess factor. It is shown that to obtain maximum engine efficiency for the whole load range while taking low exhaust emissions into account, the mixture composition should be varied with respect to engine load. [S0742-4795(00)02001-9]
Members of the <i>Arabidopsis-SKP1-like</i> Gene Family Exhibit a Variety of Expression Patterns and May Play Diverse Roles in Arabidopsis (2003)

Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis by the proteasome is a critical regulatory mechanism controlling many biological processes. In particular, SKP1, cullin/CDC53, F-box protein (SCF) complexes play important roles in selecting substrates for proteolysis by facilitating the ligation of ubiquitin to specific proteins. In plants, SCF complexes have been found to regulate auxin responses and jasmonate signaling and may be involved in several other processes, such as flower development, circadian clock, and gibberellin signaling. Although 21 Skp1-related genes, called Arabidopsis-SKP1-like (ASK), have been uncovered in the Arabidopsis genome, ASK1 is the only gene that has been analyzed genetically. As a first step toward understanding their functions, we tested for expression of 20 ASK genes using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments. Also, we examined the expression patterns of 11 ASK genes by in situ hybridizations. The ASK genes exhibit a spectrum of expression levels and patterns, with a large subset showing expression in the flower and/or fruit. In addition, the ASK genes that have similar sequences tend to have similar expression patterns. On the basis of the expression results, we selectively suppressed the expression of a few ASK genes using RNA interference. Compared with the ask1 mutant, the strong ASK1 RNA interference (RNAi) line exhibited similar or enhanced phenotypes in both vegetative and floral development, whereas ASK11 RNAi plants had normal vegetative growth but mild defects in flower development. The diverse expression patterns and distinct defects observed in RNAi plants suggest that the ASK gene family may collectively perform a range of functions and may regulate different developmental and physiological processes.
Cleared-pistil and thick-sectioning techniques for detecting aposporous apomixis in grasses (1979)

Two techniques were evaluated for detecting sexual and aposporous embryo sacs in an apomictic grass. Pistils of Cenchrus ciliaris L. were fixed in formalin – acetic acid – alcohol (FAA), cleared in methyl salicylate, and examined in toto by interference contrast microscopy. The same pistils were then embedded in plastic, sectioned, and studied by conventional microscopy. The two methods yielded identical interpretations of embryo sac morphology. The cleared-pistil technique was simple and required about 1/10 the time of the sectioning method.
Tatum grid analysis of musical signals (2002)

An algorithm for analyzing the rhythmic content of acoustic signals of polyphonic and multitimbral Western music is presented. The analysis consists of detecting sound onsets, computing an inter-onset interval (IOI) histogram, and estimating the duration of the shortest notes, i.e. the tatum period, from the histogram. Robustness against tempo changes has explicitly been built into the system by using short-term memory for the tatum grid estimation. The results are directly applicable to computational music processing for making a musically useful segmentation and computing a musical time base. The proposed algorithm works causally and a real-time software implementation is available on-line (see Seppanen, J. and Majdak, P., "Rhythm Estimator Software", ftp://iem.kug.ac.at/pd/Externals/RHYTHM/, 2000). The performance of the system was validated for 50 musical excerpts, and the algorithm was found to be capable of finding the tatum grid from music with a regular rhythm.
Expression and biochemical characterization of human glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli: a system to analyze normal and mutant enzymes (1994)

We have developed a system to characterize normal and mutated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzymes in vitro. Normal or mutant G6PD cDNA was subcloned into a pGEX-3X vector, which allowed production of a functional fusion protein in Escherichia coli. When we compared the recombinant normal enzyme with authentic human G6PD, indistinguishable Km values for glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and NADP were obtained, and the utilization rates for two substrate analogues (2-deoxy G6P and deamino NADP) also showed no difference between the enzymes. This system was used to assay a biochemically uncharacterized variant, G6PD Taipei (493 A-->G; 165 Asn-->Asp), plus two other known mutations (487 G-->A; 163 Gly-->Ser and 592 C-->T; 198 Arg-->Cys) that are located close to or within the putative G6P binding domain. Our results show that the G6PD activities of these three mutants were greatly reduced. No significant alteration in G6PD kinetics was observed for both 487 and 493 mutations. However, a drastic reduction in the Km for G6P (4-fold decrease) and tremendous increases in utilization rates of 2-deoxy G6P (32-fold increase) and deamino NADP (6-fold increase) were associated with the 592 mutation. This results suggests that arginine 198 in human G6PD, possibly located within the putative G6P binding domain, may play an important role in binding the substrate G6P. In addition, we and others have recently identified that at least nine different types of mutations are responsible for G6PD deficiency in Chinese. In this report, we also present the occurrence rate of each mutation present in the population of Taiwan.
Three-dimensional analysis of the geometrical rectifying properties of asymmetric metal-vacuum-metal junctions and extension for energy conversion (2008)

We study the rectification properties of geometrically asymmetric metal-vacuum-metal junctions. In particular, we focus on systems in which the cathode metal supports a hemispherical protrusion. By using a transfer-matrix methodology to take account of three-dimensional aspects of the problem, we compute the forward and backward currents that flow in this device when it is subject to positive or negative external biases. These currents enable the calculation of the rectification properties of the device in the limit of quasistatic fields. We also determine the power this device could provide to an external load. We study in detail how these properties depend (i) on the magnitude of the bias established between the two metallic electrodes, (ii) on the separation between the two electrodes, (iii) on differences in the work function of the two metals, (iv) on differences in the temperature of the two metals, and (v) on the height of the protrusion. These calculations provide quantitative results for the use of these junctions as an energy converter and the efficiency with which the energy of incident radiation is being converted into a dc current and delivered to an external load.
Expression profiles frame the promoter specificity dilemma of the ETS family of transcription factors (2004)

Sequence-specific DNA binding proteins that function as transcription factors are frequently encoded by gene families. Such proteins display highly conserved DNA binding properties, yet are expected to retain promoter selectivity. In this report we investigate this problem using the ets gene family, a group of metazoan genes whose members regulate cell growth and differentiation and are mutated in human cancers. We tested whether the level of mRNA can serve as a specificity determinant. The mRNA levels of the 27 paralogous human ets genes were measured in 23 tissues and cell lines. Real-time RT-PCR provided accurate measurement of absolute mRNA levels for each gene down to one copy per cell. Surprisingly, at least 16 paralogs were expressed in each cell sample and over half were expressed ubiquitously. Tissues and complementary cell lines showed similar expression patterns, indicating that tissue complexity was not a limitation. There was no unique, highly expressed gene for each cell type. Instead, one of only eight ets genes showed the highest expression in all samples. DNA binding studies illustrate both overlapping and unique specificities for ubiquitous ETS proteins. These findings establish the parameters of the promoter specificity dilemma within the ets family of transcription factors.
Feature selection for improved automatic gender classification (2011)

In this paper, we demonstrate the need for dimensionality reduction to mitigate model overfitting on the nontrivial problem of gender classification from digital images. In this study we explore four feature selection schemes using Genetic Algorithm, Memetic Algorithms, and Random Forest, which are fed to a nonlinear support vector machine (SVM) for final classification. The performance of the model (feature) selection approaches are evaluated against two distinct datasets of facial images: FG-NET which contains toddlers to seniors and the UIUC-PAL which contains faces of adults up to seniors. This work demonstrates that feature selection can, and does, improve performance of an SVM based gender classification system significantly.
On-line control of the colour printing quality by image processing (2002)

A prototype called ARGUS is under development for automatic colour quality inspection of the printing web. The inspection is performed by a movable( 2D) colour CCD-camera which takes images under stroboscopic Light. To guide the measurements, the digital "page design files" are analysed by image processing techniques and used to determine several measurement spots and templates under a set of criteria. These measurements include co-ordinate system reference, colour registration, colour density, grey balance, micro-homogeneity and ink consumption pattern, which are all needed for printing press control.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Optical Characteristics of CdSSe Films Prepared by Thermal Evaporation Technique (2011)

Thin films of cadmium sulphoselenide (CdSSe) have been prepared by a thermal evaporation method on glass substrate, and with pressure of 4x10-5 mbar. The optical constants such as (refractive index n, dielectric constant ?i,r and Extinction coefficient ?) of the deposition films were obtained from the analysis of the experimental recorded transmittance spectral data. The optical band gap of (CdSSe) films is calculate from (?h?)2 vs. photon energy curve. CdSSe films have a direct energy gap, and the values of the energy gap were found to increase when increasing annealing temperature. The band gap of the films varies from 1.68 – 2.39 eV.
Ultrafast and sensitive photodetector based on a PtSe2/silicon nanowire array heterojunction with a multiband spectral response from 200 to 1550 nm (2018)

The newly discovered Group-10 transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) like PtSe 2 have promising applications in high-performance microelectronic and optoelectronic devices due to their high carrier mobilities, widely tunable bandages and ultrastabilities. However, the optoelectronic performance of broadband PtSe 2 photodetectors integrated with silicon remains undiscovered. Here, we report the successful preparation of large-scale, uniform and vertically grown PtSe 2 films by simple selenization method for the design of a PtSe 2 /Si nanowire array heterostructure, which exhibited a very good photoresponsivity of 12.65 A/W, a high specific detectivity of 2.5 10 13 Jones at -5 V and fast rise/fall times of 10.1/19.5 s at 10 kHz without degradation while being capable of responding to high frequencies of up to 120 kHz. Our work has demonstrated the compatibility of PtSe 2 with the existing silicon technology and ultrabroad band detection ranging from deep ultraviolet to optical telecommunication wavelengths, which can largely cover the limitations of silicon detectors. Further investigation of the device revealed pronounced photovoltaic behavior at 0 V, making it capable of operating as a self-powered photodetector. Overall, this representative PtSe 2 /Si nanowire array-based photodetector offers great potential for applications in next-generation optoelectronic and electronic devices.
Second-Shell Basic Residues Expand the Two-Metal-Ion Architecture of DNA and RNA Processing Enzymes (2017)

Synthesis and scission of phosphodiester bonds in DNA and RNA regulate vital processes within the cell. Enzymes that catalyze these reactions operate mostly via the recognized two-metal-ion mechanism. Our analysis reveals that basic amino acids and monovalent cations occupy structurally conserved positions nearby the active site of many two-metal-ion enzymes for which high-resolution (<3 Å) structures are known, including DNA and RNA polymerases, nucleases such as Cas9, and splicing ribozymes. Integrating multiple-sequence and structural alignments with molecular dynamics simulations, electrostatic potential maps, and mutational data, we found that these elements always interact with the substrates, suggesting that they may play an active role for catalysis, in addition to their electrostatic contribution. We discuss possible mechanistic implications of this expanded two-metal-ion architecture, including inferences on medium-resolution cryoelectron microscopy structures. Ultimately, our analysis may inspire future experiments and strategies for enzyme engineering or drug design to modulate nucleic acid processing.