gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New thermal neutron scintillators: Cs/sub 2/LiYCl/sub 6/:Ce/sup 3+/ and Cs/sub 2/LiYBr/sub 6/:Ce/sup 3+/ (2004)

The thermal neutron detection properties of Cs/sub 2/LiYCl/sub 6/:0.1%Ce/sup 3+/ and Cs/sub 2/LiYBr/sub 6/:1%Ce/sup 3+/ single crystals are presented. The compounds show high scintillation photon yields of 70 000 and 88 200 photons emitted per absorbed thermal neutron, respectively. Events caused by primary electrons with energy below 2.9 and 3.4 MeV, respectively, can be separated from neutron-induced events by pulse-height discrimination. For Cs/sub 2/LiYCl/sub 6/:0.1Ce/sup 3+/, due to the presence of a 4-ns fast core-valence luminescence, thermal neutrons and gamma rays can also be discriminated by means of the shape of the scintillation pulse. The main part of the scintillation pulse in Cs/sub 2/LiYCl/sub 6/:0.1%Ce/sup 3+/ is relatively slow, however, Cs/sub 2/LiYBr/sub 6/:1%Ce/sup 3+/ has a relatively intense component with /spl tau/=85;ns decay time.
Passively transferred anti‐MUC1 antibodies cause neither autoimmune disorders nor immunity against transplanted tumors in MUC1 transgenic mice (1999)

C57BL/6 mice transgenic for human MUC1 (MUC1.Tg) have been developed to investigate the autoimmune consequences of producing MUC1 tumor immunity in an animal that expresses MUC1 as a self-protein on normal ductal epithelia. Previous work showed that MUC1.Tg mice challenged with MUC1-bearing syngeneic tumors (B16.MUC1) developed progressively growing MUC1-expressing tumors and no detectable MUC1-specific antibody (Ab) response. In contrast, wild-type C57BL/6 (wt) mice developed MUC1-negative tumors at a significantly slower rate and produced approximately 50 μg IgG1 Ab reactive with the MUC1 tandem repeat (TR)/ml of sera. One milliliter of these sera was administered passively to MUC1.Tg or wt mice and the concentration of the MUC1 TR-reactive IgG1 Abs was monitored over time. The results indicate that circulating MUC1-reactive Abs were detectable in MUC1.Tg mice and that significant amounts of these Abs were not absorbed by organs that endogenously express MUC1. No evidence of autoimmune disease, either gross or histological, was observed in the MUC1.Tg recipients of sera suggesting that MUC1, an organ-specific protein expressed primarily by secretory epithelia, is inaccessible to circulating MUC1-reactive Abs. Additional studies showed that polyclonal sera containing IgG1 Abs reactive with MUC1 TR were unable to provide protection against the growth of syngeneic tumors expressing MUC1 in the MUC1.Tg animal model. Int. J. Cancer 80:595–599, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Dilemma of Weight Loss in Diabetes (2007)

People with diabetes receive mixed messages about weight loss from magazines, newspapers, friends, family, and, yes, even health professionals. Few subjects have accumulated as much misleading and potentially dangerous folklore as the subject of obesity. A common message is that losing weight is just a matter of willpower, and if you have been losing weight and reach a plateau, it's because you've lost your willpower and are no longer following your diet. Furthermore, for people with type 2 diabetes, the message often is that weight loss is the answer to improving glucose control: “If you just lose 20 lb, you won't need insulin.” What does research tell us about these issues, and what should our messages as health professionals be to people with diabetes?

Obesity is a serious worldwide problem and is associated with the risk of developing diabetes. Today, more than 1.1 billion adults worldwide are overweight, and 312 million of them are obese.1 In the past 20 years, the rates of obesity have tripled in developing countries that have adopted a Western lifestyle, with the Middle East, Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia, India, and China facing the greatest increase. Consequently, the number of people with diabetes in these countries is expected to increase from 84 million in 2000 to 228 million by 2030.

Thus, preventing obesity is a high priority for the prevention of diabetes and other chronic diseases. According to some obesity researchers, it may not be possible to decrease the current numbers of overweight and obese people in the United States, but we need to try to slow or prevent the increase that has been occurring at an alarming rate.2 The hope is that slowing the rising prevalence of obesity will also slow the diabetes epidemic.

Can this be accomplished? Thus far, nothing seems to …
Molecular engineering approaches for DNA sequencing and analysis (2005)

High-throughput DNA sequencing development for mutation screening and identification is essential to realize the goal of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine, which will lead to a new era in clinical medicine and healthcare. Molecular engineering approaches to modify the building blocks of DNA by introducing functional groups for purification and detection has led to the development of high-throughput genetic analysis technologies. This review is focused on the following two DNA sequencing approaches. The first approach is based on the use of molecular affinity and mass spectrometry to perform quick and highly accurate mutation screening, heterozygote identification and insertion/deletion detection. The second approach is based on a sequencing-by-synthesis platform that has the potential for generating DNA sequencing data in a massive, parallel manner. The basic principles, fundamental challenges and methods of implementation of these exciting new technologies will be discussed.
Inhibition of glycoprotein biosynthesis by the inducers of HL-60 cell differentiation, aclacinomycin A and marcellomycin. (1984)

The trisaccharide-containing anthracyclines aclacinomycin A (ACM) and marcellomycin (MCM) have been shown by our laboratory to be potent inducers of HL-60 leukemia cell maturation, while the monosaccharide-containing anthracyclines Adriamycin and pyrromycin were inactive and significantly less potent, respectively, as initiators of the differentiation of these malignant cells. We have now observed that ACM and MCM are potent inhibitors of both total glycoprotein synthesis and the formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharide intermediates in intact HL-60 cells. This inhibitory activity was both concentration and time dependent and was maximal after 12 hr exposure to 30 nM ACM or MCM, conditions under which both cell growth and total protein synthesis were maintained at levels equal to those of untreated cells. In contrast, exposure of HL-60 cells to pyrromycin or Adriamycin, even at cytotoxic concentrations, did not result in specific decreases in the synthesis of glycoproteins containing asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. Maximum inhibition of the formation of lipid-linked intermediates by ACM or MCM preceded the loss of cell surface transferrin-binding activity (maximal at 24 hr), which in turn preceded the minimal exposure time necessary for significant induction of differentiation by either of the active anthracyclines (36 hr). These findings demonstrate a new biochemical site of action for ACM and MCM and suggest that this activity is involved in the induction of terminal differentiation of HL-60 leukemia cells by these antitumor agents.
Detection of Lipocortin 1 in Human Lung Lavage Fluid: Lipocortin Degradation As a Possible Proteolytic Mechanism in the Control of Inflammatory Mediators and Inflammation (1990)

Lipocortins are structurally related, glucocorticoid-inducible proteins that inhibit phospholipase A2 (PLA2), thereby reducing the liberation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids and so limiting the synthesis of eicosanoid inflammatory mediators. This study is the first demonstration of one lipocortin, lipocortin 1 (Lc 1; 37 kDa), in human lung lavage supernatants. In lavage fluid from healthy volunteers, a higher percentage (greater than 70%) of the detected Lc 1 was in its native form, compared to that from patients with abnormal lungs. In patients' lavage fluids, Lc 1 was more likely to be partially degraded (34 kDa). In abnormal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the more polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)/lavage, the lower the proportion of Lc 1 in the native (37 kDa) form (n = 7 pairs, rs = -0.8214, p less than 0.05). Furthermore, when BALF cells were cultured and the harvested conditioned media incubated with pure human recombinant Lc 1, degradation of the 37 kDa form increased with the percentage of PMN (n = 10 pairs, s = -0.7200 after 1 hr; n = 6 pairs, rs = -0.9241 after 6 hr). These results suggest that factors released from the PMN are responsible for Lc 1 degradation in man. When recombinant human Lc 1 was incubated with human neutrophil elastase, the enzyme degraded Lc 1 in a dose-dependent way, suggesting that neutrophil elastase may be one such factor. Since PMNs are ubiquitous at sites of inflammation, it is possible that Lc 1 degradation is a permissive mechanism, which ensures that sufficient inflammation occurs to destroy the provocative stimulus. However, it is equally possible that, in some circumstances, the mechanism may be pathological and that the inactivation of Lc 1 leads to chronic, uncontrolled inflammation.
Drug Detection Using the Flow Immunosensor (1992)

A detection system for small molecules has been developed which relies on the ability of antigen to displace fluorescent labelled antigen from antibody under flow conditions. The immunosensor responds in under a minute and is sensitive to pmoles of antigens. Antibodies to cocaine are incorporated into this system to exemplify its operational features.
The Flavonoids of Stevia rebaudiana (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Flavonoids of Stevia rebaudianaAmriteswori Rajbhandari and Margaret F. RobertsCite this: J. Nat. Prod. 1983, 46, 2, 194–195Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1 March 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50026a010https://doi.org/10.1021/np50026a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views514Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Recombinant H22(scFv) blocks CD64 and prevents the capture of anti-TNF monoclonal antibody (2014)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in many inflammatory diseases. Soluble TNF can be neutralized by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and this is a widely-used therapeutic approach. However, some patients do not respond to anti-TNF therapy due to the increased expression of CD64 on monocytes and macrophages. A recent study has shown that CD64 captures anti-TNF mAbs via their Fcγ domain, which induces the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. Specific blocking of CD64 could therefore be a promising strategy to improve the response to anti-TNF therapy. We used the CD64-specific antibody fragment H22(scFv) and tested its activity against the human CD64+ cell line HL-60. When stimulated with interferon gamma (IFN-γ), these cells represent a pro-inflammatory phenotype of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. We found that H22(scFv) binds selectively to and blocks CD64, preventing the capture of anti-TNF mAb. Importantly, H22(scFv) itself does not induce CD64 activation. We also found that transmembrane TNF on HL-60 cells stimulated with IFN-γ also contributes to the capture of anti-TNF mAb, although via their Fab domain. In conclusion, the specific blocking of CD64 by H22(scFv) could be used a possible anti-inflammatory mechanism for potentiating the effect of anti-TNF antibodies.
Three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography of simulated hand joints with a 64 × 64-channel photodiodes-based optical system (2005)

A continuous-wave (CW) diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system that is specifically designed for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of hand joints is described in this paper. This DOT system consists of eight diode lasers coupled with 64 source optic fibre bundles for light excitations and 64 receiving optic fibre bundles in conjunction with 64 silicon photodiodes for light detection. It has a large dynamic range, high stability and low detective noise equivalent power. In this system, the excitation and detection fibre bundles are arranged in four layers each with 16 excitation and 16 detection fibre bundles, forming a cylindrical imaging volume where an inserted finger is supported by a solid coupling medium. A series of tissue-mimicking experiments have been conducted to evaluate the system using a simple joint model consisting of two 'bones' and one layer of 'cartilage'. These experiments also serve to identify optimal experimental and computational configurations for hand joint imaging. Coupled with our 3D finite-element based reconstruction algorithm, the phantom results suggest that the supporting/coupling medium with proper absorption and scattering coefficients is one of the key factors for high quality image reconstruction. In addition, these phantom investigations show that an off-centre positioned object can be significantly better imaged than a centre placed object. Studies have also been performed to determine an optimal mesh size for 3D hand joint imaging.
CENTRAL CHOLINERGIC SYSTEMS AND COGNITION (1997)

The organization and possible functions of basal forebrain and pontine cholinergic systems are reviewed. Whereas the basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal projections likely subserve a common electrophysiological function, e.g. to boost signal-to-noise ratios in cortical target areas, this function has different effects on psychological processes dependent upon the neural network operations within these various cortical domains. Evidence is presented that (a) the nucleus basalis-neocortical cholinergic system contributes greatly to visual attentional function, but not to mnemonic processes per se; (b) the septohippocampal projection is involved in the modulation of short-term spatial (working) memory processes, perhaps by prolonging the neural representation of external stimuli within the hippocampus; and (c) the diagonal band-cingulate cortex cholinergic projection impacts on the ability to utilize response rules through conditional discrimination. We also suggest that nucleus basalis-amygdala cholinergic projections have a role in the retention of affective conditioning while brainstem cholinergic projections to the thalamus and midbrain dopamine neurons affect basic arousal processes (e.g. sleep-wake cycle) and behavioral activation, respectively. The possibilities and limitations of therapeutic interventions with procholinergic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders in which basal forebrain cholinergic neurons degenerate are also discussed.
What is the Origin of the Prepeak in the X-ray Scattering of Imidazolium-Based Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids? (2010)

The observation of a first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) at low frequency in the X-ray and neutron scattering spectra of different imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) (the so-called prepeak) has often been experimentally interpreted as indicative of mesoscopic organization leading to nanoscale segregation and the formation of domains of different morphologies. This interpretation that has permeated the analysis of many recently published articles deserves an in depth theoretical analysis. In this article, we use several different computational techniques to thoroughly dissect the atomistic components giving rise to the low-frequency FSDP as well as other features in the structure function (S(q)). By understanding how S(q) changes as imidazolium-based ionic systems undergo solid-liquid phase transition, and by artificially perturbing the liquid structure in a way that directly couples to the intensity of the FSDP, we are able to identify in a rigorous way its geometric origin. Similar to the solid phase, the liquid phase is characterized by two typical length scales between polar groups. The shorter length scale gives rise to a shoulder peak in S(q) at about 0.9 Å(-1) whereas the longer one gives rise to the prepeak.
Creating the IC palette (ASIC design) (2002)

To facilitate the design of high performance digital ASICs, the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) is developing a library of common digital signal processing macrocells for use in a silicon compilation environment. In many types of digital ASICs (especially signal processing applications), VLSI circuits are composed of a basic set of high-level functions which are used in different configurations. Examples of these functions are adders, registers, memories, multiplexers, and multipliers. By developing a robust library of parameterized functions, significant reductions in design time and costs can be achieved. A complete list of macrocells slated for development by RTI is shown. This list is meant to complement RAM, ROM, and PLA generators already available through Mentor-Graphics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Pharmacological and second messenger signalling selectivities of cloned P2Y receptors (1996)

1. Four different phospholipase C (PLC)-activating P2Y receptors have been cloned and stably expressed in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. These include the human homologues of the P2Y1, P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors and the rat homologue of the P2Y6 receptor. 2. The nucleotide selectivities of these four receptors have been compared directly by measuring inositol phosphate accumulation in response to nucleotides under conditions in which the initial purity and stability of agonist was rigidly assured and quantitatively assessed. 3. The P2Y1 receptor is specific for adenine nucleotides and slightly more sensitive to disphosphates than triphosphates. When expressed in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells, it couples selectively to the stimulation of PLC and not to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. 4. The P2Y2 receptor is activated by UTP and ATP with similar potency and is not activated by nucleoside diphosphates. Diadenosine terraphosphate is a potent agonist at this receptor. 5. The P2Y4 receptor is highly selective for UTP over ATP and is not activated by nucleoside disphosphates. 6. The P2Y6 receptor is activated most potently by UDP, but weakly or not at all by UTP, ADP and ATP. The P2Y6 receptor appears to be identical to the uridine nucleotide-specific receptor previously characterized in C6-2B rat glioma cells. 7. We have identified a P2Y receptor on C6 glioma cells that inhibits adenylyl cyclase but has no effect on PLC. This receptor exhibits a pharmacological selectivity similar but not identical to that of the P2Y1 receptor. When the P2Y1 receptor was expressed in these C6 cells, it conferred an inositol lipid signalling response to adenine nucleotides that was pharmacologically identical to that of the P2Y1 receptor. Thus, the P2Y receptor of C6 glioma cells represents an additional receptor that exhibits the classical pharmacological selectivity of a P2Y1-R, but which couples to adenylyl cyclase rather than to PLC.
Integrated Liquid Discharge System for Waste Disposal on Future Surface Combatants (1999)

Abstract National and international regulations restrict the overboard discharge of ship‐generated liquid waste. During the twenty‐first century, discharges of untreated sewage, graywater, and oily wastes will be further restricted in many littoral areas throughout the world. Future surface combatants will operate primarily in these littoral areas. Consequently, the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAV‐SEA) SEA 03R24 initiated a research and development (RDT&amp;E) program to provide future United States (U.S.) Navy surface combatants with the capability to destroy liquid wastes aboard ship, maximizing shore independence and minimizing waste off‐load costs in foreign and domestic ports. Under this R&amp;D program, the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWCCD) developed a liquid waste abatement strategy called the integrated liquid discharge system (ILDS). The ILDS contains three distinct elements; non‐oily liquid waste treatment, oily waste treatment, and thermal destruction. The basis of the ILDS is to minimize each of the waste streams so that a shipboard thermal destruction system can be used to process the remaining volume of waste.
Effects of form of nitrogen, season, and urea application rate on ammonia volatilisation from pastures (1985)

Abstract Ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilisation from various nitrogenous (N) fertilisers broadcast at different times of year on to pasture at a rate of 3 g/m 2 N (30 kg/ha N) was measured by an enclosure method. The average percent losses of NH 3 ‐N were: urea, 11.9; diammonium phosphate, 5.3; ammonium sulphate, 1.0; and calcium ammonium nitrate, 0.8. Loss from sulphur‐impregnated urea was equal to, or slightly less than that from urea. The loss was positively related to the maximum soil surface pH produced by each of the fertilisers. No seasonal pattern was observed, except that NH 3 loss tended to be lower in August–September. The loss from urea increased from 13 to 33% of N applied as the application rate increased from 3 to 20 g/m 2 N (30–200 kg/ha N).
Treatment of lyme arthritis (1994)

Lyme arthritis can usually be treated successfully with oral antibiotics, but patients may still develop neuroborreliosis. Patients with certain genetic and immune markers may have persistent arthritis despite treatment with oral or intravenous antibiotics.
Exploiting human actions and object context for recognition tasks (1999)

Our goal is to exploit human motion and object context to perform action recognition and object classification. Towards this end, we introduce a framework for recognizing actions and objects by measuring image-, object- and action-based information from video. Hidden Markov models are combined with object context to classify hand actions, which are aggregated by a Bayesian classifier to summarize activities. We also use Bayesian methods to differentiate the class of unknown objects by evaluating detected actions along with low-level, extracted object features. Our approach is appropriate for locating and classifying objects under a variety of conditions including full occlusion. We show experiments where both familiar and previously unseen objects are recognized using action and context information.