gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Derivatives of 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid. II. Reactions with Isocyanates, Isothiocyanates, and Cyclic Anhydrides (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDerivatives of 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid. II. Reactions with Isocyanates, Isothiocyanates, and Cyclic AnhydridesY. G. PERRON, W. F. MINOR, L. B. CRAST, and L. C. CHENEYCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 9, 3365–3367Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01067a083https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01067a083research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views151Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Thiol‐epoxy “click” chemistry: Application in preparation and postpolymerization modification of polymers (2016)

ABSTRACT Base‐catalyzed reaction between a thiol and an epoxide group is a simple fusion process that leads to the formation of a β‐hydroxythio‐ether linkage. This reaction is efficient, regio‐selective, and fast. In addition, it produces a reactive hydroxyl group upon completion. Therefore, it is of considerable potential in synthesis of reactive and functional soft materials. Here, we discuss the fundamental aspects of this process, the so‐called thiol‐epoxy “click” reaction, and its utility in the preparation and post‐polymerization functionalization of polymers and crosslinked networks. Furthermore, its application in surface modification of solid substrates is also considered. Finally, utility of multifunctional materials created using the thiol‐epoxy reaction is discussed in the biomedical arena. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54 , 3057–3070
One-step strategy to graphene/Ni(OH)2 composite hydrogels as advanced three-dimensional supercapacitor electrode materials (2012)

Graphene-based three-dimensional (3D) macroscopic materials have recently attracted increasing interest by virtue of their exciting potential in electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Here we report a facile one-step strategy to prepare mechanically strong and electrically conductive graphene/Ni(OH)2 composite hydrogels with an interconnected porous network. The composite hydrogels were directly used as 3D supercapacitor electrode materials without adding any other binder or conductive additives. An optimized composite hydrogel containing ∼82 wt.% Ni(OH)2 exhibited a specific capacitance of ∼1,247 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s and ∼785 F/g at 40 mV/s (∼63% capacitance retention) with excellent cycling stability. The capacity of the 3D hydrogels greatly surpasses that of a physical mixture of graphene sheets and Ni(OH)2 nanoplates (∼309 F/g at 40 mV/s). The same strategy was also applied to fabricate graphene-carbon nanotube/Ni(OH)2 ternary composite hydrogels with further improved specific capacitances (∼1,352 F/g at 5 mV/s) and rate capability (∼66% capacitance retention at 40 mV/s). Both composite hydrogels obtained here can deliver high energy densities (∼43 and ∼47 Wh/kg, respectively) and power densities (∼8 and ∼9 kW/kg, respectively), making them attractive electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. This study opens a new pathway to the design and fabrication of functional 3D graphene composite materials, and can significantly impact broad areas including energy storage and beyond.
Correlation of differences in modulation of ras expression with metastatic competence of mouse mammary tumor subpopulations. (1995)

The ras family of cellular oncogenes is one of the most frequently detected families of transformation-inducing genes in human solid tumors. The capacity of breast cancers to grow and metastasize have been related to enhanced expression of normal p21ras rather than the mutant form. Transformation in tumours that lack the mutant p21ras has been suggested to result from transcriptional deregulation of ras. cis-Acting sequence elements that participate in the regulation of gene expression in normal tissues and that could serve as potential targets for the deregulation of expression in tumors have been localized in several genes including c-myc and N-ras. Using a mouse mammary metastasis model system of closely related tumor subpopulations that vary in metastatic potential and with defined deficiencies, we show that c-Ha-ras plays a prominent role as a metastasis-modulating gene in this system. We have identified a highly conserved cis-acting sequence element in the first intron of the mouse and rat, and in the first exon of Ha- and Ki-ras genes of human, mouse and rat. This regulatory sequence confers strong transcription enhancer activity that is differentially modulated by steroid hormones in metastatic and nonmetastatic subpopulations. Our results indicate that perturbations in the regulatory activities of cis-acting sequences such as the one we have identified may play an important role in governing oncogenic potency of Ha-ras through transcriptional control mechanisms.
Long-Term Care Alternatives: (1986)

Definition of Life Care Community. A continuing care requirement community (CCRC), or life care community, is a long-term care alternative providing a package of services, including housing, health care and social services, to the elderly. More specifically, a CCRCL (1) provides independent living units, either apartments, rooms or cottages; (2) guarantees a range of health care and social services, which may include intermediate or skilled nursing care, usually available on the premises; (3) requires some type of prepayment, generally an entrance fee and/or monthly fees; and (4) offers a contract that lasts for more than one year or for life and that describes the service obligations of the community and the financial obligations of the resident.
Enhanced antitumor activity of 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene in combination with irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil in the HT29 human colon tumor xenograft model. (1999)

6-Hydroxymethylacylfulvene (MGI-114) is a semisynthetic analogue of the toxin illudin S, a product of the Omphalotus mushroom. MGI-114 induces cytotoxicity in a variety of solid tumors in vivo, including the refractory HT29 human colon cancer xenograft. In this study, the potential application of MGI-114 in the treatment of colon cancer was further explored by evaluating the activity of MGI-114 in combination with irinotecan (CPT-11) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU). Groups of 9 nude mice bearing HT29 xenografts were treated with either single agent MGI-114, CPT-11, or 5FU, or MGI-114 in combination with CPT-11 or 5FU. MGI-114 was administered at doses of 3.5 and 7 mg/kg i.p. daily on days 1 through 5, and CPT-11 and 5FU were administered at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg i.p. on days 1, 12, and 19. In the single agent studies, MGI-114, CPT-11, and 5FU all resulted in decreased final tumor weights compared with vehicle-treated controls (P<0.05), but only MGI-114 at 7 mg/kg produced partial responses. When MGI-114 at 3.5 mg/kg was combined with CPT-11, significant decrements in final tumor weights occurred compared with monotherapy with the same doses of MGI-114 and CPT-11 (P< or =0.001). Also, administration of the low-dose combination (MGI-114 at 35 mg/kg and CPT-11 at 50 mg/kg) resulted in final tumor weights similar to those achieved after administration of high-dose MGI-114 as a single agent. Moreover, the combination of MGI-114 and CPT-11 produced partial responses in nearly all of the animals, with some animals achieving complete responses. The outcome with the combination of MGI-114 and 5FU was less striking, with fewer partial responses and no complete responses. These results suggest enhanced activity when MGI-114 is combined with CPT-11, and clinical trials to further evaluate this combination regimen are planned.
The use of atypical antipsychotics in the management of schizophrenia (1999)

Long-term drug treatment of schizophrenia with conventional antipsychotics has limitations: an estimated quarter to one third of patients are treatment-resistant; conventional antipsychotics have only a modest impact upon negative symptoms (poverty of thought, social withdrawal and loss of affect); and adverse effects, particularly extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Newer, so-called atypical, antipsychotics such as olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole and clozapine (an old drug which was re-introduced in 1990) are claimed to address these limitations. Atypical agents are, at a minimum, at least as effective as conventional drugs such as haloperidol. They also cause substantially fewer extrapyramidal symptoms. However, some other adverse effects are more common than with conventional drugs. For example, clozapine carries a significant risk of serious blood disorders, for which special monitoring is mandatory; it also causes troublesome drowsiness and increased salivation more often than conventional agents. Some atypical agents cause more weight gain or QT prolongation than older agents. The choice of therapy is, therefore, not straightforward. At present, atypical agents represent an advance for patients with severe or intolerable EPS. Most published evidence exists to support the use of clozapine, which has also been shown to be effective in schizophrenia refractory to conventional agents. However, the need for compliance with blood count monitoring and its sedative properties make careful patient selection important. The extent of any additional direct benefit offered by atypical agents on negative symptoms is not yet clear. The lack of a depot formulation for atypical drugs may pose a significant practical problem. To date, only two double-blind studies in which atypical agents were compared directly have been published. Neither provides compelling evidence for the choice of one agent over another. Atypical agents are many times more expensive than conventional drugs. Although drug treatment constitutes only a small proportion of the costs of managing schizophrenia, the additional annual cost of the use of atypical agents in, say, a quarter of the likely U.K. schizophrenic population would be about 56 M pound sterling. There is only limited evidence of cost-effectiveness. Atypical antipsychotics are not currently licensed for other conditions where conventional antipsychotics are commonly used, such as behaviour disturbance or dementia in the elderly. Their dose, and place in treatment in such cases have yet to be determined.
Detection of defects in textures with alignment error for real-time line-scan web inspection systems (2003)

Hash functions are recently introduced as an extremely efficient method to calculate a measure of deficiency on repeating textures. These hash functions generate one dimensional signatures of patterns and they are simple enough to fit into a medium size FPGA. Although these functions are immune to change in illumination and contrast, they require the texture to be perfectly aligned. Any angular misalignment causes these functions to operate incorrectly. In this paper, a new family of hash function and a new signature analysis method are presented to overcome this problem.
Theoretical Aspects of a Novel Mode of Hydrogen-Hydrogen Bonding (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTheoretical Aspects of a Novel Mode of Hydrogen-Hydrogen BondingQiang Liu and Roald HoffmannCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 40, 10108–10112Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00145a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00145a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views317Altmetric-Citations112LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Systemic deficiency of glutathione in cystic fibrosis (1993)

Cystic fibrosis (CF), a disorder characterized by mutations of the CF transmembrane regulator gene, is characterized in the lung by chronic inflammation, leading to progressive damage to the airway epithelium, bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive lung disease. One process contributing to the airway derangement is the chronic burden of oxidants released by inflammatory cells on the respiratory epithelial surface. With this background, we hypothesized that glutathione in respiratory epithelial lining fluid (ELF) in CF patients might be oxidized and/or diminished in amount compared with that in normal subjects. Recovery of ELF by bronchoalveolar lavage from young adults with CF (n = 21) and normal subjects (n = 25) demonstrated marked neutrophil-dominated inflammation in ELF in CF patients. As predicted, ELF in CF patients was characterized by a deficiency of glutathione (P < 0.001), but this was secondary to a reduction in reduced glutathione (P < 0.001), inasmuch as there were no differences in ELF levels of oxidized glutathione (P > 0.2). Unexpectedly, there was also a marked deficiency of reduced glutathione in plasma (P < 0.02); i.e., the glutathione "deficiency" observed in ELF in CF patients is not limited to the site of the inflammation but is systemic. Although the etiology of this generalized deficiency of extracellular glutathione is unknown, it is important in considering options for treating the concomitant and devastating lung pathology in this disorder.
Clinical management of supraventricular tachycardia with adenosine (1993)

Adenosine is a reliable agent to convert supraventricular tachycardia to regular sinus rhythm with few complications. Also, adenosine may be useful in the diagnosis of narrow and wide QRS complex tachycardias. Original research articles published predominantly in the last 10 years were reviewed. These articles examined the therapeutic and electrophysiologic effects of adenosine compounds and compared their actions to other antiarrhythmics.
3D-Stacked Memory Architectures for Multi-core Processors (2008)

Three-dimensional integration enables stacking memory directly on top of a microprocessor, thereby significantly reducing wire delay between the two. Previous studies have examined the performance benefits of such an approach, but all of these works only consider commodity 2D DRAM organizations. In this work, we explore more aggressive 3D DRAM organizations that make better use of the additional die-to-die bandwidth provided by 3D stacking, as well as the additional transistor count. Our simulation results show that with a few simple changes to the 3D-DRAM organization, we can achieve a 1.75x speedup over previously proposed 3D-DRAM approaches on our memory-intensive multi-programmed workloads on a quad-core processor. The significant increase in memory system performance makes the L2 miss handling architecture (MHA) a new bottleneck, which we address by combining a novel data structure called the Vector Bloom Filter with dynamic MSHR capacity tuning. Our scalable L2 MHA yields an additional 17.8% performance improvement over our 3D-stacked memory architecture.
Fiber-Optic Sampling Combined with an Imaging Spectrograph for Routine Raman Spectroscopy (1992)

A 250-mm imaging spectrograph was combined with a CCD detector, fiber-optic sampler, and diode laser (783 nm) to yield an efficient Raman spectrometer. A variety of sampling modes for liquids and solids were demonstrated, none of which required careful optical alignment. Of practical interest are spectra obtained from liquids inside glass containers, rapid (30 seconds each) spectral acquisition from successive solid and liquid samples, and spectra of normally fluorescent materials such as rhodamine 6G and common plastics.
Hydrogen Storage Properties of Nanoporous Palladium Fabricated by Dealloying (2009)

The hydrogen storage properties of nanoporous Pd fabricated by dealloying a Pd0.2Co0.8 alloy were investigated by measuring pressure−composition isotherms (PCTs). The hydrogen storage behaviors of nanoporous Pd were obviously different from those of bulk Pd and other nanostructured Pd materials, such as nanocrystalline Pd and nanoparticle Pd. The miscibility gap narrowed similarly to that in nanocrystalline or nanoparticle Pd, but the gap narrowed in a different manner; that is, the hydrogen dissolution in the α-phase of nanoporous Pd was similar to that in the α-phase of bulk Pd, while that in the β-phase of nanoporous Pd was similar to that in the β-phase of the nanostructured Pd. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed lattice disorder (both expansion and contraction) at the surface of nanoporous Pd. First-principles calculations within the generalized gradient approximation suggest that the lattice expansion and contraction are responsible for the hydrogen adsorption in the α-phase of nanoporous Pd.
Identifying and attacking the saddle point problem in high-dimensional non-convex optimization (2014)

A central challenge to many fields of science and engineering involves minimizing non-convex error functions over continuous, high dimensional spaces. Gradient descent or quasi-Newton methods are almost ubiquitously used to perform such minimizations, and it is often thought that a main source of difficulty for these local methods to find the global minimum is the proliferation of local minima with much higher error than the global minimum. Here we argue, based on results from statistical physics, random matrix theory, neural network theory, and empirical evidence, that a deeper and more profound difficulty originates from the proliferation of saddle points, not local minima, especially in high dimensional problems of practical interest. Such saddle points are surrounded by high error plateaus that can dramatically slow down learning, and give the illusory impression of the existence of a local minimum. Motivated by these arguments, we propose a new approach to second-order optimization, the saddle-free Newton method, that can rapidly escape high dimensional saddle points, unlike gradient descent and quasi-Newton methods. We apply this algorithm to deep or recurrent neural network training, and provide numerical evidence for its superior optimization performance.
Simulating Hydraulic Fracturing in Real Fractured Rocks - Overcjavascript:iterm()oming the Limits of Pseudo3D Models (2011)

Abstract With the huge growth in the stimulation of naturally fractured formations, it is clear that the industry needs new hydraulic fracturing simulation tools beyond the limits imposed by pseudo3D fracturing model. Discrete element models (DEM), in which both matrix block behavior and fracture behavior are explicitly modeled, offer one option for the specific modeling of hydraulic fracture creation and growth in naturally fractured formation without, for example, the assumption of bi-planar fracture growth. In this paper, we show the results of the successful realistic simulations of fluid injection into a given NFR using the 3DEC DEM model. The simulations included coupled fluid flow-deformation analysis, failure type and extent calculations, as well as a series of parametric analyses. The parameters investigated included: 1) injection rate and its effect on the overall injection results, and 2) fluid viscosity, which had a significant influence on the ratio of tensile (mode 1) failure versus shear failure.
Tumor‐specific expression of anti‐ <i>mdr1</i> ribozyme selectively restores chemosensitivity in multidrug‐resistant colon‐adenocarcinoma cells (1999)

P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-conferred multidrug resistance (MDR) is expressed in cancer and in normal colon tissues and has important physiological functions. In order to selectively reverse MDR in malignant tissue without disrupting the function of normal colonocytes, a retroviral vector (pCEAMR) containing anti-mdr1 ribozyme coupled to the carcino-embryonic-antigen (CEA) promoter was constructed and introduced into resistant colon-cancer cells (SW1116R) that produce CEA and into control resistant cells (HeLaK) that do not produce CEA. Anti-mdr1 ribozyme was expressed in SW1116R cells but not in HeLaK cells. Subsequently, the expression of mdr1 mRNA and Pgp decreased significantly in the transfected SW1116R cells, and was even lower than in parent non-resistant SW1116 cells. The functional ability of Pgp to facilitate rhodamine 123 (Rh123) efflux showed that the transfected SW1116R cells with low Pgp expression retained Rh123, whereas non-transfected SW1116R cells with high Pgp expression released the dye quickly. There was no difference in mdr1 mRNA or in Pgp between non-transfected and transfected HeLaK cells. Drug resistance to doxorubicin (DOX) decreased 93.1% in the transfected SW1116R cells, while no change in drug resistance occurred in the infected HeLaK cells. DOX could clearly inhibit the growth of transfected SW1116R tumors but had no effect on untransfected and on transfected HeLaK cells in vivo. These results indicate that our anti-mdr1 ribozyme is expressed only in CEA-producing colon-cancer cells and reverses their drug resistance selectively.
Auto-WEKA: Combined Selection and Hyperparameter Optimization of Classification Algorithms (2012)

Many different machine learning algorithms exist; taking into account each algorithm's hyperparameters, there is a staggeringly large number of possible alternatives overall. We consider the problem of simultaneously selecting a learning algorithm and setting its hyperparameters, going beyond previous work that addresses these issues in isolation. We show that this problem can be addressed by a fully automated approach, leveraging recent innovations in Bayesian optimization. Specifically, we consider a wide range of feature selection techniques (combining 3 search and 8 evaluator methods) and all classification approaches implemented in WEKA, spanning 2 ensemble methods, 10 meta-methods, 27 base classifiers, and hyperparameter settings for each classifier. On each of 21 popular datasets from the UCI repository, the KDD Cup 09, variants of the MNIST dataset and CIFAR-10, we show classification performance often much better than using standard selection/hyperparameter optimization methods. We hope that our approach will help non-expert users to more effectively identify machine learning algorithms and hyperparameter settings appropriate to their applications, and hence to achieve improved performance.