gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data acquisition card for fluctuation correlation spectroscopy allowing full access to the detected photon sequence (2000)

Typically, fluctuation correlation spectroscopy (FCS) data acquisition cards measure the number of photon events per time interval (i.e., bin)—time mode. Commercial FCS cards combine the bins through hardware in order to calculate the autocorrelation function. Such a design therefore does not yield the time resolved photon sequence, but only the autocorrelation of that sequence. A different acquisition method which measures the number of time intervals between photon events has been implemented—photon mode. This method takes advantage of the fact that in FCS the rate of photon counts is much less than the frequency of the clock that is used to determine the temporal location of the photons. By using this new mode of data acquisition, the current card design allows for 25 ns time resolution. The data acquisition card can operate in both time and photon mode and yields the time resolved sequence of photon arrivals in both cases. Therefore, the data is available for analysis by any method(s), such as but not limited to, autocorrelation, photon counting histogram, and higher order autocorrelation.
Nucleotide sequence of the structural gene for diphtheria toxin carried by corynebacteriophage beta. (1983)

A 1,942-base-pair DNA segment encoding the structural gene for diphtheria toxin was sequenced, and the primary structure of the toxin was deduced. Restriction enzyme fragments corresponding to nontoxic or hypotoxic peptides of the toxin were isolated from corynebacteriophage beta and cloned into Escherichia coli on plasmid pBR322, and the sequence was determined. The mature toxin molecule deduced from the sequence has 535 amino acid residues and a molecular weight of 58,342. The deduced sequence for the fragment A moiety was the same as that determined at the protein level, except for a single serine residue, which had been mispositioned in the earlier study. Several differences were noted with respect to the partial sequence data available on the fragment B moiety, some or all of which may reflect genetic variations among populations of corynephages carrying the toxin gene. The DNA sequence predicts a 25-residue leader peptide preceding the mature protein, which is presumably involved in secretion of the toxin from lysogenized Corynebacterium diphtheriae. We infer that initiation of translation probably occurs at a GTG codon (codon -25). Cloned restriction fragments containing sequences for the amino-terminal region of toxin, together with 5' flanking regions, were expressed in E. coli. Toxin-related peptides were synthesized and secreted into the periplasmic space. These results provide a basis for applying recombinant DNA methods to the study of diphtheria toxin and for producing novel, genetically altered forms of the toxin suited to the construction of new classes of immunotoxins.
Preface (1997)

S/390* has evolved dramatically and fundamentally from wide-ranging and powerful mainframes operating singly or in combination, to a far more wide-ranging and powerful cluster of massively parallel processors designed to handle networks and client/server systems, as well as the earlier mainframe systems. This evolution to the S/390 Parallel Sysplex* cluster has made it practical for applications and whole businesses to migrate gracefully from stand-alone environments to network and client/server environments.
Liver pathology accompanying chronic liposome administration in mouse. (1985)

Particulate drug carriers have a pronounced tendency to localize in the mononuclear phagocyte system and chronic administration of such carriers can result in reticuloendothelial (RE) blockade. In a previous study (Allen et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 229, 267, 1984) we have examined the ability of chronic i.v. administration of liposomes of a variety of compositions to cause RE blockade in mice. In this communication we report on the time course of histological changes in liver accompanying chronic liposome administration in samples collected at the time of our previous studies. The predominant histological feature was the appearance of a granulomatous reaction in liver. Granulomas were frequent in liver tissue of mice receiving 2 or more injections of sphingomyelin:phosphatidylcholine, 4:1 or distearoylphosphatidylcholine:cholesterol, 1:1 liposomes, but disappeared shortly after termination of liposome injections. In mice receiving phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol, 2:1 liposomes no granulomas in liver were apparent during the injection course (10 injections of 2 mg phospholipid each over 25 days) but granulomatous inflammation of the liver became apparent 2 weeks after the last injection and had not resolved by 9 weeks post-injection. The appearance of granulomas was correlated with depression of phagocytic index and their disappearance was correlated with normalization or stimulation of reticuloendothelial function. These observations may be related to the rate of phospholipid metabolism for the various phospholipid types or to the nature of phospholipid metabolites.
Relativistic quasiparticle self-consistent electronic structure of hybrid halide perovskite photovoltaic absorbers (2014)

Challenging quasiparticle self-consistent $G\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}W$ calculations expose the major effects of spin-orbit coupling on the optical spectra of these promising solar-cell materials. Nonparabolic dispersion of valence bands is important to the device behavior of such absorbers.
Synthesis of N-Hetarylthiourea Derivatives of Carbohydrates (1990)

ABSTRACT The syntheses of N-hetaryl (thiazole-2-yl, 2-thiazoline-2-yl, 4,4-diphenyloxazoline-2-yl, cis-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrobenzoxazole-2-yl)-N′-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) thioureas (1a-1d), N-hetaryl (2-thiazoline-2-yl, 4,4-diphenyloxazoline-2-yl)-N′-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl) thioureas (2b, 2c) and 1,2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-[3-(4′, 4′-diphenyl-2′-y1) thioureido]-β-D-glucopyranose (3c) are described. The structures and conformational properties of prepared compounds are based on analytical and spectroscopic (UV, IR, NMR and MS) data.
Signaling Networks in Cutaneous Melanoma Metastasis Identified by Complementary DNA Microarrays (2005)

As suggested by the DNA arrays, we found the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular-regulated kinase pathway to be activated in most of the cutaneous melanoma metastasis specimens. These findings are in the context of the current microarray technology in melanoma research. Additional steps are needed to gain insights into the pluralistic signaling milieu of this malignancy as we enter the postgenomic era.
Friction Stir Welding of Al-Li AA2199: Parameters, Precipitates and Post Weld Heat Treatment (2011)

The aerospace industry strives to develop materials allowing an increase in payload and reducing fuel consumption. Al-Li alloys, with their low density and high strength are currently in use for such applications and have potential for additional applications. When compared to composites, utilizing Al-Li alloy products is cost effective for aerospace companies as they do not need to redesign pre-existing fabrication facilities. The joining of these alloys by conventional methods is limited by segregation of alloying elements and the formation of oxides during high temperature exposure. This study focuses on solid state joining method that has the potential to generate low heat and be defect free - Friction Stir Welding (FSW). AA2199 sheets were joined by FSW. Process variables included table force, tool rotation speed and weld travel speed. A post weld heat treatment (PWHT) was applied to improve the mechanical properties by precipitation of strengthening phases. An increase in hardness of the weld zone from 95HV to 125HV upon PWHT was recorded for selected welding conditions. The type and morphology of second phase precipitates is deemed responsible for this effect. It is suggested that the high temperature and high strain levels characteristic of welds with fast tool rotation allow for the dissolution of precipitates during welding. The re-precipitation of these second phases during PWHT allowed the welds to recover strength to the level of the base material.
Steroid hormone receptors selectively affect transcriptional activation but not basal repression by thyroid hormone receptors (1995)

Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and steroid hormone receptors belong to a large superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors. The interactions between these receptor subfamilies are poorly understood. In this study, cotransfection assays were used to examine the effects of estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors on TR-mediated repression of basal transcription by unliganded TR and transcriptional activation by liganded TR with two different thyroid hormone response element-containing reporter plasmids. Surprisingly, it was found that steroid hormone receptors blocked T3-mediated transcriptional activation with little or no effect on basal repression by unliganded TR. The mechanism for blocking TR-mediated transcriptional activation does not require steroid hormone receptor binding to the thyroid hormone response element but, rather, may involve titration of a critical coactivator(s) required for T3-mediated transcriptional activation. These studies strongly suggest divergent pathways for transcriptional activation and basal repression by TRs. Additionally, these studies raise the potential for nuclear hormone receptors to modulate TR-mediated transcriptional activation in steroid hormone-responsive tissues.
Development of smartphone-based stethoscope system (2013)

Heart diseases associated with living conditions, such as coronary heart disease and hypertension are becoming more and more complex. If heart condition didn't get long-term and real-time monitoring and diagnosis, it may induce sudden heart disease. As the heart auscultation is one of the most fundamental ways to evaluate the heart functions, a stethoscope can be used to auscultate respiratory sounds and heart sounds, and diagnose most of the cardiopulmonary disorders and other diseases. Therefore, we tried to develop a smartphone-based stethoscope system that can record heart sound and calculate heart rate from the sound. The proposed system is designed to acquire the heart sounds using the iPhone or the iPad applications, record the acquired data on a real-time basis and display the heart sounds in a graph, and allow listening to the acquired sounds. Also, the peak of the heart sounds is identified on a real-time basis to determine the heart rate, thereby quantifying the information related to the cardiovascular system. The system can be utilized under various environments depending on the sensor type such as built-in microphones within the smartphones, external microphones, and electronic stethoscopes. In subsequent studies, we plan to utilize the detected heart sound peaks to display the magnitude of the heart sounds, and apply various analysis methods to quantify the information related to cardiac activities.
CG‐4, A new bipotential glial cell line from rat brain, is capable of differentiating in vitro into either mature oligodendrocytes or type‐2 astrocytes (1992)

Abstract We have established a permanent cell line (CG‐4) of rat central nervous system glial precursors from primary cultures of bipotential oligodendrocyte‐type 2‐astrocyte (O‐2A) progenitor cells, which were kept proliferating with the mitogen(s) secreted by the neuronal B104 cell line. The CG‐4 cells have a normal karyotype and display the properties of normal O‐2A cells. CG‐4 cells can be propagated in serum‐free culture medium supplemented with medium conditioned by B104 cells for unrestricted periods of time as O‐2A cells, characterized by the presence of the A2B5 surface marker and the absence of markers specific for Oligodendrocytes (galactocerebroside, myelin basic protein) or type 2‐astrocytes (glial acidic fibrillary protein). bFGF and PDGF are potent mitogens for CG‐4 cells and their combination can substitute for the B104‐derived mitogen(s). CG‐4 cells are capable of differentiating into either Oligodendrocytes or type 2‐astrocytes. Differentiation into Oligodendrocytes occurs after withdrawal of the mitogen. Replacement of the mitogen with fetal calf serum (20%), in contrast, induces 50% of the CG‐4 cells to differentiate into type 2‐astrocytes. Pure cultures of Oligodendrocytes or type 2‐astrocytes can be generated in substantial amounts from CG‐4 cells and maintained for several weeks in medium containing 5% fetal calf serum.
The human plasma proteome: Analysis of Chinese serum using shotgun strategy (2005)

We have investigated the serum proteome of Han-nationality Chinese by using shotgun strategy. A complete proteomics analysis was performed on two reference specimens from a total of 20 healthy donors, in which each sample was made from ten-pooled male or female serum, respectively. The methodology used encompassed (1) removal of six high-abundant proteins; (2) tryptic digestion of low- and high-abundant proteins of serum; (3) separation of peptide mixture by RP-HPLC followed by ESI-MS/MS identification. A total of 944 nonredundant proteins were identified under a stringent filter condition (X(corr) > or = 1.9, > or = 2.2, and > or = 3.75, < or = C(n) > or = 0.1, and R(sp) > or = 4.0) in both pooled male and female samples, in which 594 and 622 entire proteins were found, respectively. Compared with the total 3020 protein identifications confirmed by more than one laboratory or more than one specimen in HUPO Plasma Proteome Project (PPP) participating laboratories recently, 206 proteins were identified with at least two distinct peptides per protein and 185 proteins were considered as high-confidence identification. Moreover, some lower abundance serum proteins (ng/mL range) were detected, such as complement C5 and CA125, routinely used as an ovarian cancer marker in plasma and serum. The resulting nonredundant list of serum proteins would add significant information to the knowledge base of human plasma proteome and facilitate disease markers discovery.
Extracellular Histones Are Mediators of Death through TLR2 and TLR4 in Mouse Fatal Liver Injury (2011)

We previously reported that extracellular histones are major mediators of death in sepsis. Infusion of extracellular histones leads to increased cytokine levels. Histones activate TLR2 and TLR4 in a process that is enhanced by binding to DNA. Activation of TLR4 is responsible for the histone-dependent increase in cytokine levels. To study the impact of histone release on pathology we used two models: a Con A-triggered activation of T cells to mimic sterile inflammation, and acetaminophen to model drug-induced tissue toxicity. Histones were released in both models and anti-histone Abs were protective. TLR2- or TLR4-null mice were also protected. These studies imply that histone release contributes to death in inflammatory injury and in chemical-induced cellular injury, both of which are mediated in part through the TLRs.
Novel Utilization of Serum in Tissue Decellularization (2009)

Decellularization of native tissues is a promising technique with numerous applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, there are various limitations of currently available decellularization methods, such as alteration of extracellular matrix mechanics and restricted use on certain tissues. This study was conducted to explore the effect of serum on the decellularization of various types of tissues. Fetal bovine serum-containing cell culture medium endothelial growth media-2 removed DNA but not cellular beta-actin from human umbilical artery after detergent treatment, without compromising the tissue mechanical strength assessed by burst pressure. In addition, the effect of serum-containing endothelial growth media-2 on DNA removal was replicated in other types of tissues such as tissue-engineered vessels and myocardium. Other types of serum, including human serum, were also shown to remove DNA from detergent-pretreated tissues. In conclusion, we describe a novel utilization of serum that may have broad applications in tissue decellularization.
The Synthesis of 1′-Methyl Carbocyclic Thymidine and its Effect on Nucleic Acid Duplex Stability (1994)

The enantioselective synthesis of the title compound 1 has been accomplished in 18 chemical steps starting from cyclopentadiene via epoxide 2 and amine 9 as the central key intermediates. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides incorporating several modified building blocks 1 are still capable of hybridizing to complementary RNA, albeit with lower affinity than their natural counterparts.
Factors influencing as-deposited strength, microstructure, and toughness of manual metal arc welds suitable for C-Mn steel fabrications (1986)

Published work relating to the influence of several important elements on the strength, toughness, and microstructure of as-deposited weld metal is reviewed. Published data for manual metal arc (MMA) welds has been supplemented by the incorporation of pertinent data for other welding processes. The factors affecting the strength of as-deposited weld metal include the influence of alloying (where the effects are larger than can be accounted for by solid solution hardening alone) and of grain size. Beginning in 1976, considerable advances have been made in understanding the key role which oxygen-containing inclusions play in as-deposited weld metal. It is now recognized that large inclusions can initiate cleavage fracture, so that a low weld metal oxygen (and inclusion) content is important for high toughness. However, it is also recognized that oxygen-containing inclusions can have a strong influence on as-deposited microstructure, and thus on toughness, since they provide nucleation sites for the fine-grained acicular ferrite which is generally associated with high toughness. Thus, the optimum oxygen content is not zero, and optimum levels have been found also for several other elements, including carbon, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, boron, and possibly silicon. While a number of strong deoxidants are among the additions which can be made to the coatings of MMA consumables, commercial secrecy has limited the volume of pertinent published work. One vital role of deoxidants in the coating is to reduce TiO 2 and thus introduce small amounts of titanium into the weld where, as a constituent of the oxygen-containing inclusions, it exerts a strong influence on as-deposited microstructures and on toughness. Impurities, which generally have a deleterious effect on toughness, are discussed. The foremost of these is nitrogen, introduced from the parent plate, the electrode core wire, and the surrounding atmosphere (if the gaseous shield is inadequate) and this element has a particularly strong detrimental effect. Through-thickness variations in strength and toughness, and the influence of procedural variables, including heat input, preheat, and restraint, on toughness are also reviewed. Some observations on possible routes for improving as-deposited weld toughness are included.
Mycoplasmal adherence with particular reference to the pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pulmonis. (1981)

Various eucaryotic cells adhere to colonies of some mycoplasmas (adsorption). The chemical nature of the receptors on the cells is not the same for all mycoplasma species, nor are the binding sites on different mycoplasmas the same. Some receptors comprise sialic acid, but in the case of Mycoplasma pulmonis, for example, attachment to cells is not mediated in this way. Nevertheless, adherence seems to be an important factor in the pathogenicity of this mycoplasma. Strain JB caused pneumonia in mice when inoculated intranasally, and colonies of this strain on agar absorbed erythrocytes (hemadsorption) strongly. After multiple passes in mycoplasma liquid medium, the strain lost its hemadsorbing capacity and also its mouse virulence, suggesting that the ability to attach to cells is virulence factor. Examination by electron microscopy of the virulent mycoplasma and its induced avirulent form after ruthenium-red staining showed that the stain was less thick on the surface of the avirulent form. In addition, the protein pattern of the avirulent mycoplasma, demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was deficient in three bands. These observations suggest that a glycosylated protein may form the binding site on M. pulmonis organisms that mediates their attachment to cells.
Characterization of an optoelectronic terahertz beam system (1990)

The performance of an optoelectronic terahertz (THz) beam system is described. The transmitter operation is based on the repetitive, subpicosecond laser excitation of a Hertzian dipole antenna embedded in a charged coplanar line. With this transmitter electromagnetic beams of 1/2 cycle THz pulses at a repetition rate of 100 MHz are produced. The associated optoelectronic receiver is gated in synchronism with the excitation of the transmitter by subpicosecond pulses from the same laser source. With this receiver, the 10-nW beams of THz pulses were observed with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 10000:1. Several sources contributing to the noise of the receiver are discussed, together with ways to reduce them. With an integration time of 125 ms, a signal-to-noise ratio of 1 is obtained for a THz beam with an average power of 10/sup -16/ W. The receiver operates in the sampling mode and has a time resolution of 0.5 ps.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Acute Dane Particle Suppression with Recombinant Leukocyte A Interferon in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection (1983)

The clinical, virologic, biochemical, and immunologic effects of a biosynthetic human leukocyte interferon, recombinant leukocyte A interferon (rIFN-A or HuIFN-alpha 2) are reported in nine patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and circulating Dane particle-associated polymerase activity. Eight-day courses of rIFN-A were given starting at a dose of 3 X 10(6) units per day and reaching 68 X 10(6) units per day in two patients. Major toxic side effects included fever, fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, myalgias, and headache. Most courses of rIFN-A were associated with a reduction in Dane particle-associated polymerase activity, but in no case was this change permanent. There were also changes in lymphocyte subpopulations at the higher dosage levels of rIFN-A. Because of the reproducible, statistically significant effect on viral replication, further study with this and other biosynthetic interferon species is warranted.
Solid‐State Gas Sensors: A Review (1992)

During the past three decades, gas sensors based either on the surface characteristics or the bulk electrolytic properties of ceramics, have been the subject of extensive research and development. The application of these sensors range from air‐to‐fuel ratio control in combustion processes such as in automotive engines and industrial furnaces to the detection of leakage of inflammable and toxic gases in domestic and industrial environments. While the solid‐state physical sensors, measuring pressure, temperature, and other physical parameters have been commercially successful, less success has been achieved by their chemical analogs, to measure moderate to very low concentrations of gases of importance. These gases include: , , , , , , propane, methane, ethanol, and so on. The semiconductor‐based chemical sensors owe their popularity to their small size, simple operation, high sensitivity, and relatively simple associated electronics. However, most of them still suffer from nonselectivity. They also have poor shelf‐life and are relatively less stable at higher temperatures. The sensing characteristics and performance of some of the solid‐state gas sensors are reviewed in this paper, together with their sensing mechanism, which still is a gray area and has not been fully understood.