gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Length of Natural Gas-Oxygen Non-Premixed Flames (2001)

Experiments have been performed on turbulent, non-premixed, 25 kW, natural gas-oxygen flames and are based on measurements of the flame length by OH emission observation. Various gas tube diameters have been used so that the ratio of flux mass by unit of surface ranges from 0.5 to 2.5. The oxy-fuel flame length, scaled by the characteristic dimension, df, introduced by Blake et al (1995) for air flames, yields asymptotically to the density weighted Froude number dependence of Fd 15. The coefficient of proportionality obtained for oxygen flames agrees well with the results for air combustion and shows that the analysis of Blake et al is pertinent to describe the height of high temperature flames. A comparison between free and confined flames shows that the confined configuration yields to 10 to 20% higher flame length compared with free flames. For identical exit conditions, the flame length can be modified by 20 to 30% by using a cylindrical or conical block.
Kombucha: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Evidence (2003)

On the basis of these data it was concluded that the largely undetermined benefits do not outweigh the documented risks of kombucha. It can therefore not be recommended for therapeutic use.
Cysteine rich secretory proteins in reproduction and venom. (2007)

The cysteine rich secretory proteins (Crisp) are predominantly found in the mammalian male reproductive tract and in the venom of reptiles. Crisps are two domain proteins with a structurally similar yet evolutionarily diverse N-terminal domain and a characteristic cysteine rich C-terminal domain which we refer to as the Crisp domain. Since their identification 30 years ago Crisp research in mammals has focused on the characterisation of their expression localization to infer function. While no doubt important observations, these have not substantially led to an understanding of the biochemical activity of the Crisps and their role in sperm function or fertilisation. Recently, we demonstrated that the Crisp-2 Crisp domain has a structure similar to ion channel toxins ShK and BgK and was itself able to regulate Ca2+ flux through ryanodine receptors. These data build upon the previous characterizations of reptile venom Crisps as regulators of several types of ion channels and permits for the first time a dissection of the biochemical activity of mammalian Crisps.
An 8-Gb/s capacitively coupled receiver with high common-mode rejection for uncoded data (2004)

An 8-Gb/s receiver is demonstrated in 0.35-/spl mu/m SiGe with two on-chip 60-fF ac-coupling capacitors. These capacitors are formed by on-chip metal layers and have a breakdown voltage of at least /spl plusmn/690 V, which is the dc input range of the receiver. The receiver especially resists strong ac common-mode edges with a slew rate up to 4V/ns for enhanced EMI rejection. The self-clocked quantized feedback technique used, features uncoded data that contains long sequences of consecutive identical digits or ac-unbalanced data. The differential input sensitivity is 0.5-1.1Vpp with a supply voltage between 2.5 and 3.5 V.
Thiazolium Ylide‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Aldehyde$\rm{-}$Ketone Benzoin‐Forming Reactions: Substrate Scope (2004)

Abstract The scope and limitations of intramolecular benzoin‐forming reactions of aldehydes and ketones catalyzed by the combination of a thiazolium salt and a base are described. After optimization of the reaction conditions, five‐ and six‐membered cyclic acyloins were obtained in good to excellent yields and competing reactions such as intramolecular aldol reactions were suppressed. The analogous closure of seven‐membered rings proved difficult.
Potentiometric Polymeric Membrane Electrodes for Measurement of Environmental Samples at Trace Levels:  New Requirements for Selectivities and Measuring Protocols, and Comparison with ICPMS (2000)

It is here established that potentiometric polymeric membrane electrodes based on electrically neutral ionophores are useful analytical tools for heavy metal ion determinations in drinking water at nanomolar total concentrations. This means that they can compete with the most sophisticated techniques of instrumental analysis. With optimized ion-selective membranes based on the lead-selective ionophore 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arenetetrakis(thioacetic acid dimethylamide) as model example, a number of native and spiked drinking water samples are potentiometrically assessed for lead, and the results compared with ICPMS measurements. The goal of this work is to demonstrate that detection limits in real world samples are routinely achieved that are, with 1.5 ppb, at least 10-fold lower than the lead action limit imposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (15 ppb). In contrast to earlier reports, different conditioning and measuring protocols are followed, and membranes and inner filling solution of optimized composition are used. The sensors are shown to be useful for the speciation analysis of lead in water as well. Typical water samples are acidified to pH 4 to assess total lead rather than free, uncomplexed lead. For lead concentrations above 2 ppb, the values compare very well with ICPMS. Main interferences are found to be H+ and Cu2+, although Cu2+ only shows significant interference at levels around or above its own action limit (1.3 ppm), in which case the water sample would anyway show quality problems. An explicit, simplified flux model targeted to the practical use of these sensors explains the extent of expected interference. Sensors are shown to require a higher selectivity than predicted by models not considering ion fluxes, since in dilute samples, the counterdiffusion flux of lead from the membrane into the sample becomes potential determining. The model and experiments shown here are a foundation for future trace level applications of potentiometric polymeric membrane electrodes.
CONTRACTING FOR SOIL CARBON CREDITS: DESIGN AND COSTS OF MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING (2002)

Many firms anticipate that a cap on greenhouse gas emissions will eventually be imposed, either through an international agreement like the Kyoto protocol or through domestic policy, and have started to take voluntary actions to reduce their emissions. If agricultural producers participate in the emerging market for tradable C-credits, it must be possible to verify that actions farmers take do increase the amount of C in soils and this increase can be maintained over the length of the contract. In this paper we develop a prototype measurement and monitoring scheme for C-credits sequestered in agricultural soils and estimate its costs for the small grain-producing region of Montana using an econometric-process simulation model. Three key results emerge from the prototype framework. First, the efficiency of measurement and monitoring procedures for agricultural soil C sequestration depends on the price of C credits. Second, we find that at all price levels, costs of measuring and monitoring are largest in areas that exhibit the greatest heterogeneity in carbon values. Third, in a case study application of our prototype measurement and monitoring scheme, we find that if we assume similar error and confidence levels as forestry contracts, the upper estimate of measurement and monitoring costs associated with a contract that pays farmers per tonne of C sequestered is 3% of the value of a C-credit. This cost is small relative to the estimated net value of the contract. Thus we conclude that measurement and monitoring costs are not likely to be large enough to prevent producers from participating in a market for tradable credits.
Nonenzymatic Browning in Liquid Model Systems of High Water Activity: Kinetics of Color Changes due to Maillard's Reaction Between Different Single Sugars and Glycine and Comparison with Caramelization Browning (1987)

ABSTRACT Sugar‐ (fructose, xylose, glucose, lactose, maltose, sucrose) glycine solutions of water activity adjusted to 0.90 (by adding NaCI) were heated at 45–65°C. The behavior of fructose‐glycine solutions was well described by a zero‐order reaction model, but for the other sugars a fractional‐order (∼ 0.5) kinetic model was necessary. Activation energies for glucose, fructose and sucrose systems were 25.7, 29.3 and 36.6 kcah/mole, respectively. At pH 6 the descending order for color development was xylose &gt; glucose &gt; fructose &gt; lactose &gt; maltose &gt; sucrose; at pH lower than 6 fructose browned faster than glucose. The role of hydrolysis of sucrose as related to Maillard's browning of heated sucrose‐glycine solutions was studied. Caramelization browning seemed to contribute noticeably to total color development only in fructose‐glycine solutions.
Hexagonal to Mesocellular Foam Phase Transition in Polymer-Templated Mesoporous Silicas (2000)

We have investigated the phase transition between two distinct mesoporous silicas: SBA-15, comprising a hexagonally packed arrangement of cylindrical pores (6−12 nm in diameter), and mesocellular silica foams (MCF), consisting of spherical voids (22−42 nm in diameter) interconnected by “windows” of ∼10 nm. Both SBA-15 and MCF are formed using an amphiphilic triblock copolymer (Pluronic P123) as a template. The synthesis conditions for the two materials are identical, except substantial trimethylbenzene is added to form MCF. We find that the phase transition occurs at an oil−polymer mass ratio of 0.2−0.3. Although the pore structures and pore sizes change dramatically, the mean surface curvature of the system remains essentially the same throughout the transition.
Restoring allosterism with compensatory mutations in hemoglobin. (1994)

Abnormal human hemoglobins (HBs) with amino acid substitutions in the alpha 1 beta 2 interface have very high oxygen affinity and greatly reduced cooperativity in O2 binding compared to normal human Hb. In such abnormal Hbs with mutations at position beta 99, the intersubunit hydrogen bonds between Asp-beta 99 and Tyr-alpha 42 and between Asp-beta 99 and Asn-alpha 97 are broken, thus destabilizing the deoxyquaternary structure of these Hbs. A molecular dynamics method has been used to design compensatory amino acid substitutions in these Hbs that can restore their allosteric properties. We have designed a compensatory mutation in a naturally occurring mutant Hb, Hb Kempsey (Asp-beta 99-->Asn), and have produced it using our Escherichia coli expression plasmid pHE2. We have determined the O2 binding properties of this recombinant double mutant Hb, Hb(Asp-beta 99-->Asn and Tyr-alpha 42-->Asp) and have used 1H NMR spectroscopy to investigate the tertiary structures around the heme groups and the quaternary structure in the alpha 1 beta 2 subunit interface. Our results clearly show that the Tyr-alpha 42-->Asp replacement can substantially compensate for the functional defect of Hb Kempsey caused by the Asp-beta 99-->Asn substitution. The structural and functional information derived from this recombinant Hb provides insights into the structural basis of allosterism and the design of compensatory amino acid substitutions to restore the functional properties of other abnormal HBs associated with hemoglobinopathies.
Implications of stromal-epithelial interaction in human prostate cancer growth, progression and differentiation. (1993)

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. One of the most intriguing aspects of prostate cancer is that despite the similar high incidence of latent forms of prostate cancer detected in men throughout the world, remarkable disparity exists in the rate of clinical progression of this disease. Men living in North America have significant disease progression, whereas men living in Japan or China do not. In this article, the potential epigenetic factors that may play a critical role in determining the rate of prostate cancer growth and progression is discussed. We propose that stromal-epithelial interaction may be of fundamental importance to prostate cancer growth and expression of its invasive phenotypes. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that delivering appropriate growth factor(s) and/or extracellular matrice(s) to an established non-tumorigenic prostatic epithelial cell line (but not normal prostatic epithelial cells) may accelerate disease progression and may irreversibly affect prostatic epithelial cell behavior.
Condensed Table of Huffman Coding, a New Approach to Efficient Decoding (2004)

This letter introduces a new technique for designing and decoding Huffman codes. The key idea is to define a condensed Huffman table (CHT) that is smaller than the ordinary Huffman table and which leads to fast decoding. For example, the new approach has been shown to reduce the memory consumption by a factor of eight, compared with the single-side grown Huffman table.
N<sub>21</sub>,N<sub>22</sub>-carbonyl-bridged biliverdin. red-blue color change effected by conformation (2005)

An N21,N22-carbonyl-bridged mesobiliverdin, prepared in high yield by reaction of the unbridged parent (λmax 639 nm, ϵ 15,700, chloroform) with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, gave magenta-colored solutions in chloroform that absorb strongly in the visible spectrum (λmax 534 nm, ϵ 27,700) and shifted to bright blue (λmax 669 nm, ϵ 35,300) upon addition of trifluoroacetic acid.
A cold atom pyramidal gravimeter with a single laser beam (2010)

We demonstrate a scheme for realizing a compact cold atom gravimeter. The use of a hollow pyramidal configuration allows to achieve all functions: trapping, interferometer and detection with a unique laser beam leading to a drastic reduction in complexity and volume. In particular, we demonstrate a relative sensitivity to acceleration of gravity (g) of 1.7×10−7 at one second, with a moderate laser power of 50 mW. This simple geometry combined to such a high sensitivity opens wide perspectives for practical applications.
Amplification and over-expression of theAIB1 nuclear receptor co-activator gene in primary gastric cancers (2000)

Our analysis of chromosomal aberrations in primary gastric cancers using comparative genomic hybridization has revealed novel, high and frequent copy number increases in the long arm of chromosome 20, indicating that this region contains novel amplified genes involved in gastric cancer progression. AIB1, a member of the steroid receptor co-activator-1 family, has been cloned on 20q12 as a candidate target gene for this amplification in human breast cancers. In this study, we examined the numbers of AIB1 copies as well as their expression and relation to clinico-pathological features in 72 primary gastric cancers. AIB1 amplification was observed in 7% and over-expression in 40% of the specimens. AIB1 amplification always coincided with its over-expression, but several cases showed AIB1 over-expression without amplification, suggesting that expression of AIB1 is regulated not only by gene amplification but also by other mechanisms, such as transcriptional activation, in human gastric cancer. Gastric cancers with AIB1 amplification showed extensive lymph node metastases, liver metastases and poorer prognosis compared to those without amplification. Our results suggest that amplification and over-expression of AIB1 are likely to increase the number of malignant phenotypes of gastric cancers and that it can be expected to be useful as a marker of poor prognosis.
Morphological, electrical, and optical properties of InN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on sapphire and template substrates (2006)

We report studies of the morphological, electrical, and optical properties of InN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. The layers have been grown on c-plane sapphire substrates and epitaxial GaN, Al0.7Ga0.3N, and AlN templates grown on sapphire. InN properties are found to depend on template type with improvement of crystal structure in the template substrate order AlN→AlGaN→GaN. X-ray studies reveal InN layers grown on template substrates to be relaxed with lattice constants a=3.542Å and c=5.716Å. The Raman spectra and optical gaps of the InN layers, vary with free-carrier concentration in agreement with previous studies. We obtain a value of 2.5±0.2 for the index of refraction of InN.
The extracellular matrix is a novel attribute of endothelial progenitors and of hypoxic mature endothelial cells (2012)

Extracellular matrix (ECM) production is critical to preserve the function and integrity of mature blood vessels. Toward the engineering of blood vessels, studies have centered on ECM production by supporting cells, whereas few studies implicate endothelial cells (ECs) with ECM synthesis. Here, we elucidate variations between cultured human arterial, venous, and progenitor ECs with respect to ECM deposition assembly, composition, and response to biomolecular and physiological factors. Our studies reveal that progenitor ECs, endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), deposit collagen IV, fibronectin, and laminin that assemble to an organized weblike structure, as confirmed by decellularized cultures. Mature ECs only express these ECM proteins intracellularly. ECFC-derived ECM is abrogated in response to TGFβ signaling inhibition and actin cytoskeleton disruption. Hypoxic (1%) and physiological (5%) O(2) tension stimulate ECM deposition from mature ECs. Interestingly, deposition of collagen I is observed only under 5% O(2) tension. ECM production from all ECs is found to be regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α but differentially in the different cell lines. Collectively, we suggest that ECM deposition and assembly by ECs is dependent on maturation stage and oxygen supply and that these findings can be harnessed to advance engineered vascular therapeutics.
Direct, trace level detection of explosives on ambient surfaces by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (2005)

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry is used to detect trace amounts of explosives present on a variety of ambient surfaces in 5-second analysis times without any sample preparation.
Structural plasticity of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase active site (2006)

Recently, tRNA aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pairs have been evolved that allow one to genetically encode a large array of unnatural amino acids in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. We have determined the crystal structures of two substrate-bound Methanococcus jannaschii tyrosyl aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that charge the unnatural amino acids p-bromophenylalanine and 3-(2-naphthyl)alanine (NpAla). A comparison of these structures with the substrate-bound WT synthetase, as well as a mutant synthetase that charges p-acetylphenylalanine, shows that altered specificity is due to both side-chain and backbone rearrangements within the active site that modify hydrogen bonds and packing interactions with substrate, as well as disrupt the alpha8-helix, which spans the WT active site. The high degree of structural plasticity that is observed in these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is rarely found in other mutant enzymes with altered specificities and provides an explanation for the surprising adaptability of the genetic code to novel amino acids.
Features of the limitation of laser radiation by mirrors based on vanadium dioxide (2001)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text O. P. Mikheeva and A. I. Sidorov, "Features of the limitation of laser radiation by mirrors based on vanadium dioxide," J. Opt. Technol. 68, 278- (2001) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Khellin and Allied Compounds (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKhellin and Allied CompoundsAlexander Schönberg and Aly SinaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 4, 1611–1616Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01160a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01160a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views145Altmetric-Citations58LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Emerging multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies (2009)

Several of the emerging therapies focusing on immune-mediated disease mechanisms seem to offer stronger efficacy than the currently approved immune modulators for MS, although with potential for serious adverse effects. These therapies have also broadened our understanding of MS pathophysiology by demonstrating that significant decreases in new disease activity can be achieved through targeting of distinct cell types and mechanisms.
Quantification of Apoptosis and Necrosis by Flow Cytometry (1993)

Apoptosis and necrosis are two important mechanisms of cell death. Several methods have recently been described for quantifying apoptotic cells by flow cytometry. We report a novel method for the quantification and separation of viable normal and apoptotic cells. We have applied this method both to immature rat thymocytes treated with a variety of agents and to a murine haemopoetic cell line after withdrawal of a growth factor. The cells were incubated with two dyes which give fluorescent complexes when bound to DNA, the bis-benzimidazole, Hoechst 33342, and propidium iodide. Three populations were identified and characterized. On excitation with UV radiation, dead cells fluoresced red due to the uptake of propidium iodide whereas apoptotic cells fluoresced bright blue; normal cells showed low blue, low red fluorescence. In this paper, we demonstrate how this method may be used to help to distinguish between cell death by apoptosis and necrosis.
Design, synthesis, DNA sequence preferential alkylation and biological evaluation of N-mustard derivatives of Hoechst 33258 analogues. (1995)

The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of bis-benzimidazole analogues of Hoechst 33258 bearing nitrogen mustard moieties is described. The novel compounds show clear evidence of interstrand cross-linking of linear lambda DNA, in contrast to their distamycin nitrogen mustard counterparts. Interference of the cross-linking reaction by the minor groove-selective distamycin suggests that this process takes place in the minor groove of DNA. Sequence preferential alkylation is revealed by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Alkylation occurs predominantly at the 5'-A or 5'-G termini of mixed sequences, determined largely by the sequence-recognizing properties of the bis-benzimidazole carrier moiety. An analysis of the frequency of bases around the alkylation sites reveals marked individual base preferences, especially for A at -3 and +3 positions. All of the compounds tested showed cytotoxic properties against the human tumor cell line KB in culture.