gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Utilisation of water soluble iridium catalysts for signal amplification by reversible exchange (2015)

The catalytic hyperpolarisation of pyridine, 3-hydroxypyridine and oxazole by the Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) process is achieved by a series of water soluble iridium phosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene dihydride complexes. While the efficiency of the SABRE process in methanol-d4 solution or ethanol-d6 solution is high, with over 400-fold (1)H polarisation of pyridine being produced by [Ir(H)2(NCMe)(py)(IMes)(monosulfonated-triphenylphosphine)]BF4, changing to a D2O or a D2O-ethanol solvent mixture leads to dramatically reduced activity which is rationalised in terms of low H2 solubility.
Improving Protein Pharmacokinetics by Engineering Erythrocyte Affinity (2010)

Poor pharmacokinetic profiles are often the underlying reason for the failure of novel protein drugs to reach clinical translation. Current passive half-life improvement methods focus on increasing the apparent hydrodynamic radius of the drug. We sought to develop an active method to increase the circulation half-life of proteins by binding to erythrocytes in blood. Screening a naive phage-displayed peptide library against whole mouse erythrocytes yielded a 12 amino acid peptide (ERY1) that binds the erythrocyte surface with high specificity. ERY1-displaying phage bind mouse and rat erythrocytes 95-fold higher than wild-type phage and exhibit negligible binding to mouse leukocytes, as determined by flow cytometry. Affinity experiments with soluble peptide revealed the extracellular domain of glycophorin-A as the membrane protein ligand. When expressed as an N-terminal fusion to maltose-binding protein and administered intravenously, the erythrocyte-binding variant exhibits a 3.2- to 6.3-fold increase in circulation half-life, 2.15-fold decrease in clearance, and 1.67-fold increase in bioavailability as compared to the wild-type protein. The peptide fails to induce ERY1-reactive immunoglobulin production, furthering the potential of the concept in therapeutic design, although this sequence does not bind human erythrocytes. We conclude that engineering erythrocyte affinity into proteins effectively increases their circulation half-life, thereby offering a solution to improve pharmacokinetic profiles of the numerous therapeutic protein drugs in clinical development.
Effect of Dietary Formic and Propionic Acids Mixture on Limiting Salmonella pullorum in Layer Chicks (2003)

This investigation was conducted to study the effect of dietary formic acid (FA) and propionic acid (PA) mixture on inhibitory effect of Salmonella pullorum in layer chicks. Nine groups of one day-old layer chicks in addition to positive and negative controls, were fed with acids treated feed containing mixture of different acids concentrations, from 0.5% and 0.5% up to 1.5% and 1.5% FA and PA, respectively. Positive and negative controls were fed untreated feed. Groups except the negative control were challenged orally on day three with 10 4 cfu/ml S. pullorum. Cloacal swabs were taken at three successive days and at 7, 14 and 21 days of challenge. After 1, 2 and 3 weeks after challenge, 4 chicks from each group were sacrificed and crop and cecal contents were examined for S. pullorum and pH. The numbers of S. pullorum positive culture from the excretion of all treated groups except groups treated with mixture of 0.5% and 0.5%, 1% and 0.5%, 0.5% and 1% FA and PA decreased significantly (p<0.05) as compared with the positive control. The mortality rates of all treated groups except the group treated with 0.5% FA and 0.5% PA were decreased significantly (p<0.05) as compared with the positive control. The treatment significantly (p<0.05) lowered the pH of the crop and cecal contents in all groups except the group treated with 0.5% FA and 0.5% PA as compared with the control. Also, the treatment significantly (p<0.05) lowered the pH of the crop and cecal contents in all groups after three weeks of treatment compared to the first and second weeks. The treatments significantly (p<0.05) lowered the frequency of S. pullorum recovery from crop and cecal contents in six groups treated with 1.5 and 0.5, 1 and 1, 1.5 and 1, 0.5 and 1.5, 1 and 1.5, 1.5% and 1.5% FA and PA respectively. These results indicate that addition of FA and PA mixture in a total concentration of 2 % or more to the diet of newly hatched infected layer chicks significantly decreases the crop and cecal colonization by S. pullorum and significantly decreases S. pullorum fecal excretion and reduced the chick mortality rate. (Asian-Aust.
Glucosamine infusion in rats rapidly impairs insulin stimulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase but does not alter activation of Akt/protein kinase B in skeletal muscle. (1999)

Glucosamine, a metabolite of glucose via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, potently induces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by impairing insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. Activation of phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase is necessary for insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation, and the serine/threonine kinase Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) is a downstream mediator of some actions of PI 3-kinase. To determine whether glucosamine-induced insulin resistance could be due to impaired signaling, we measured insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation; PI 3-kinase activity associated with IRS-1, IRS-2, and phosphotyrosine; and Akt activity and phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of rats infused for 2 h with glucosamine (6.0 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) or saline. Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies (12 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1) insulin) in awake rats showed that glucosamine infusion resulted in rapid induction of insulin resistance, with a 33% decrease in glucose infusion rate (P < 0.01). Tissues were harvested after saline alone (basal), 1 min after an insulin bolus (10 U/kg), or after 2 h of insulin clamp in saline- and glucosamine-infused rats. After 1 min of insulin stimulation, phosphorylation of IRS-1 and insulin receptor increased 6- to 8-fold in saline-infused rats and 7- to 10-fold in glucosamine-infused rats. In saline-infused rats, 1 min of insulin stimulation increased PI 3-kinase activity associated with IRS-1, IRS-2, or phosphotyrosine 7.6-, 6.4-, and 10-fold, respectively. In glucosamine-infused rats treated for 1 min with insulin, PI 3-kinase activity associated with IRS-1 was reduced 28% (P < 0.01) and that associated with phosphotyrosine was reduced 43% (P < 0.01). Insulin for 1 min stimulated Akt/PKB activity approximately 5-fold in both saline- and glucosamine-infused rats; insulin-induced hyperphosphorylation of Akt/PKB was not different between groups. Glucosamine infusion alone had no effect on tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor or IRS-1 or on stimulation of PI 3-kinase or Akt/PKB activity. However, 2 h of insulin clamp reduced PI 3-kinase activity associated with IRS-1, IRS-2, or phosphotyrosine to <30% of that seen with 1 min of insulin. No effect of glucosamine was seen on these signaling events when compared with 2 h of insulin clamp without glucosamine. Our data show that 1) glucosamine infusion in rats is associated with an impairment in the early activation of PI 3-kinase by insulin in skeletal muscle, 2) this insulin-resistant state does not involve alterations in the activation of Akt/PKB, and 3) prolonged insulin infusion under clamp conditions results in a blunting of the PI 3-kinase response to insulin.
Arena software tutorial (1997)

The Arena modeling system from Systems Modeling Corporation is a flexible and powerful tool that allows analysts to create animated simulation models that accurately represent virtually any system. First released in 1993, Arena employs an object-oriented design for entirely graphical model development. Simulation analysts place graphical objects--called modules-on a layout in order to define system components such as machines, operators, and material handling devices. Arena is built on the SIMAN simulation language. After creating a simulation model graphically, Arena automatically generates the underlying SIMAN model used to perform simulation runs.
Impact of three silvicultural treatments on weevil incidence, growth, phenology, and branch-level dynamics of Pinus strobus from large and small populations (2009)

Our goal was to quantify tree- and branch-level components of growth response to three silvicultural treatments (STs), and weevil incidence in white pine ( Pinus strobus L.) from large, central populations in Ontario (ON) versus small, isolated populations in Newfoundland (NL). Light levels were 100%, 42.0%, and 20.4% transmittance for the full-sun, intermediate-shade, and high-shade STs. After 8 years, the overall incidence of weevil infestation was 42.1%, 23.4%, and 13.7% for the full-sun, intermediate-shade, and high-shade STs, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). Weevil impact on total height and volume averaged –13.2% and –11.8%. Analysis of dominant lateral shoots showed that ON populations had 32% longer shoots than the NL populations. Bud set difference was a primary determinant of shoot-length growth differences between regions: Julian days 171 and 184 for the NL and ON populations, respectively. The primary determining factors related to shoot length were the number of needle bundles and region, driven by light levels and day length, respectively, and the internode length, probably through inbreeding effects. Total height and diameter showed a positive curvilinear relationship to light level. To maximize fitness, NL conservation strategies should also now consider introducing adaptive trait variation in the context of anticipated climate change.
Muc-1 Core Protein Is Expressed on Multiple Myeloma Cells and Is Induced by Dexamethasone (1999)

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) that selectively identify Muc-1 core protein (MoAbs DF3-P, VU-4H5) determinants were used to identify the Muc-1 glycoform present on 7 multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines, 5 MM patient plasma cells, 12 MM patient B cells, as well as 32 non-MM cell lines and normal hematopoietic cells. Flow cytometry studies demonstrated that all MM cell lines, MM patient plasma cells, and MM patient B cells expressed Muc-1 core protein epitopes. Circulating B cells from 4 normal donors also expressed Muc-1 core protein. In contrast, Muc-1 core protein was absent on 28 of 32 non-MM neoplastic cell lines, 17 of which expressed Muc-1. Splenic and tonsillar B cells, CD34+ stem cells, resting T cells, and bone marrow plasma cells obtained from normal donors both lacked Muc-1 glycoforms. We next studied the effects of estrogen, progesterone, and glucocorticoid receptor agonists and antagonists on Muc-1 expression, because consensus sequences for the response elements of these steroids are present on the Muc-1 gene promoter. These studies showed that dexamethasone (Dex) induced Muc-1 expression on MM cell lines, as determined by both flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. Dex also induced upregulation of Muc-1 on prostate and ovarian cancer cell lines. Time and dose-response studies demonstrated that Dex induced maximal cell surface Muc-1 expression by 24 hours at concentrations of 10−8 mol/L. Dex induced Muc-1 upregulation could be blocked with a 10-fold excess of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486, confirming that Dex was acting via the glucocorticoid receptor. No changes in Muc-1 expression were observed on MM cells treated with estrogen and progesterone receptor agonists and antagonists or with RU486. These studies provide the framework for targeting Muc-1 core protein in vaccination and serotherapy trials in MM. In addition, the finding that Muc-1 expression on MM cells can be augmented by Dex at pharmacologically achievable levels suggests their potential utility in enhancing treatments targeting Muc-1 in MM.
Environmentally Friendly Flux Growth of High-Quality, Idiomorphic Li<sub>5</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Crystals (2012)

High-quality, idiomorphic, single-phase Li5La3Nb2O12 crystals were successfully grown using a LiOH flux cooling method at the relatively low temperature of 500 °C at a solute concentration of 5 mol %. The grown Li5La3Nb2O12 crystals had polyhedral shapes with well-developed, flat {211} and {110} faces. Their shapes were relatively uniform, and the average crystal size was approximately 59.2 μm. No aggregation was observed in scanning electron microscopy images. The high crystallinity of the Li5La3Nb2O12 crystals was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy images. Their lattice parameter was determined from the X-ray diffraction pattern to be a = 1.281 nm, which is consistent with the literature value (a = 1.282 nm). Furthermore, the crystal phase, form, size, and crystallinity of the flux-grown Li5La3Nb2O12 crystals were obviously dependent on the growth conditions including the solute concentration and holding temperature.
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA expression and binding in postmortem human brain are associated with genetic variation in neuregulin 1 (2007)

Studies in cell culture and in animals suggest that neuregulin 1 (NRG1), a probable schizophrenia susceptibility gene, regulates the expression of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We hypothesized that schizophrenia-associated allelic variations within the NRG1 gene, via their effects on NRG1 isoform expression, would be associated with alterations in nAChR alpha7 receptor levels. We examined the effects of four disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5' region of the NRG1 gene on nAChR alpha7 mRNA transcript expression in both the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and hippocampus of normal controls and patients with schizophrenia using quantitative real-time PCR. NRG1 risk alleles at SNPs SNP8NRG221132 and rs6994992 predicted significantly lower nAChR alpha7 mRNA expression in the DLPFC. Haplotypes containing the risk alleles at the above SNPs were also associated with lower expression of nAChR alpha7 in the DLPFC. The genotype effect for rs6994992 and the haplotype effect were more pronounced within the schizophrenic patient group. To determine whether receptor levels follow that of mRNA expression, we performed receptor binding and autoradiography using [(125)I] alpha-bungarotoxin in the DLPFC. Consistent with the mRNA findings, we found a decrease in binding in risk allele carriers of SNP8NRG221132 as compared with heterozygous individuals. Together, these results suggest that the molecular mechanism of the association between NRG1 risk alleles and schizophrenia may include down-regulation of nAChR alpha7 expression.
A Signal Adaptive Diffusion Filter For Video Coding (2018)

In this paper we combine state of the art video compression and Partial Differential Equation (PDE) based image processing methods. We introduce a new signal adaptive method to filter the predictions of a hybrid video codec using a system of PDEs describing a diffusion process. The method can be applied to intra as well as inter predictions. The filter is embedded into the framework of HEVC. The efficiency of the HEVC video codec is improved by up to -2.76% for All Intra and -3.56% for Random Access measured in Bjøntegaard delta (BD) rate. Coding gains of up to -8.76% can be observed for individual test sequences.
The tobacco genome sequence and its comparison with those of tomato and potato (2014)

The allotetraploid plant Nicotiana tabacum (common tobacco) is a major crop species and a model organism, for which only very fragmented genomic sequences are currently available. Here we report high-quality draft genomes for three main tobacco varieties. These genomes show both the low divergence of tobacco from its ancestors and microsynteny with other Solanaceae species. We identify over 90,000 gene models and determine the ancestral origin of tobacco mosaic virus and potyvirus disease resistance in tobacco. We anticipate that the draft genomes will strengthen the use of N. tabacum as a versatile model organism for functional genomics and biotechnology applications.
The Microsoft Network for Dummies (1995)

From the Publisher:
Microsoft is taking the online world by storm with the newest version of its popular online service, The Microsoft Network. The Microsoft Network For Dummies, 2nd Edition, is your friendly, easy-to-follow guide to this new online wonderland. You'll find explanations and step-by-step instructions for accessing its features and services, all presented in a plain-English style that doesn't require a degree in computer science to understand. 
Inside, find helpful advice on how to 
Exchange messages with friends and associates by using electronic mail Meet people and share ideas through bulletin boards and online chat rooms Find a comprehensive glossary of online jargon and buzzwords, plus directories of the most interesting places to visit on The Microsoft Network and Internet Download megabytes of free software Surf the Internet, including the World Wide Web, Usenet newsgroups, and Internet e-mail Visit exciting new sites from The Microsoft Network, such as Disney's Daily Blast and MSNBC Customize your daily electronic newspaper Plus, Doug's Lists of Top Ten Tips for The Microsoft Network: 
The Microsoft Network commandments Ten safety tips for kids online Ten things that often go wrong
Growth and energetics of Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1299 during metabolism of various sugars and their consequences for dextransucrase production (1997)

The metabolic and energetic properties of Leuconostoc mesenteroides have been examined with the goal of better understanding the parameters which affect dextransucrase activity and hence allowing the development of strategies for improved dextransucrase production. Glucose and fructose support equivalent specific growth rates (0.6 h-1) under aerobic conditions, but glucose leads to a better biomass yield in anaerobiosis. Both sugars are phosphorylated by specific hexokinases and catabolized through the heterofermentative phosphoketolase pathway. During sucrose-grown cultures, a large fraction of sucrose is converted outside the cell by dextransucrase into dextran and fructose and does not support growth. The other fraction enters the cell, where it is phosphorylated by an inducible sucrose phosphorylase and converted to glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) by a constitutive phosphoglucomutase and to heterofermentative products (lactate, acetate, and ethanol). Sucrose supports a higher growth rate (0.98 h-1) than the monosaccharides. When fructose is not consumed simultaneously with G-1-P, the biomass yield relative to ATP is high (16.8 mol of ATP.mol of sucrose-1), and dextransucrase production is directly proportional to growth. However, when the fructose moiety is used, a sink of energy is observed, and dextransucrase production is no longer correlated with growth. As a consequence, fructose catabolism must be avoided to improve the amount of dextransucrase synthesized.
Trends in Patterns of Care for Prostatic Cancer, 1974–1983: Results of Surveys by the American College of Surgeons (1986)

Data from a recent survey of patterns of care for prostatic cancer sponsored by the American College of Surgeons suggest several trends compared to similar data from a decade ago. The observed differences include increased diagnosis of localized cancer, and increased use of acid phosphatase determinations, bone scans, radical retropubic prostatectomy, radiotherapy (particularly interstitial techniques) and orchiectomy. In contrast, use of bone surveys, perineal prostatectomy and hormonal therapy has decreased. Transurethral resection continues to be the most common means to establish the diagnosis of prostatic cancer but the data do suggest that in more patients the tumors are being staged and graded. Five-year survival rates appear to be improving for all stages, and for white and black patients. Survival of black patients continues to lag behind that of white subjects, presumably owing to the more advanced stage of disease at diagnosis observed in these data. These findings may have important implications for understanding trends in survival of patients with this disease.
Analysis of the Disruption of Evaporating Charged Droplets (1983)

Charged droplets undergo periodic convulsive disruption during evaporation. This makes their behavior fundamentally different from that of uncharged droplets. During the disruption, a number of small "sibling" droplets (about 15μm diameter) are released and carry 5 percent of the mass and about 25 percent of the charge. An analytical model of this process which is based on a "macroscopic" approach is presented. The model predicts characteristics of the final, postdisruption state (e. g., charge and mass ratios, number of droplets produced) which are in good agreement with experimental data for droplets having initial sizes less than about 100-μm diameter. A most interesting result of this analysis is the prediction that a limited number of sibling droplets (about seven) can be produced.
A novel peptide synthesis using fluorous chemistry (2003)

Three new fluorous supports for peptide synthesis, i.e., the trialkoxybenzhydryl-type (6), the Wang-type (7) and the tert-butyl-type support (8), were prepared. A bioactive peptide TRH was easily synthesized by an Fmoc strategy using the benzhydryl-type fluorous support with fluorous chemistry.
pH-Induced destabilization of phosphatidylethanolamine-containing liposomes: role of bilayer contact (1984)

The mechanism of pH-induced destabilization of liposomes composed of phosphatidylethanolamine and a charged cholesteryl ester was studied by following the release of encapsulated aqueous contents. The kinetics of release were measured continuously by using the water-soluble fluorophore 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid in combination with the water-soluble quencher p- xylylenebis (pyridinium) bromide. With this fluorescence assay, release of contents from liposomes composed of phosphatidylethanolamine and cholesteryl hemisuccinate was shown to be a function of pH, ratio of phosphatidylethanolamine to cholesteryl hemisuccinate, and acyl chain composition of the phosphatidylethanolamine. Leakage was very slow at pH 5.5 and increased dramatically with decreasing pH down to 4.0. Replacing phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylcholine eliminated the effect of pH on leakage. Analysis of the kinetics of release by a mass action model demonstrated that bilayer destabilization and leakage occur subsequent to aggregation. The requirement of bilayer contact for destabilization has been found previously for acidic phospholipid bilayers in the presence of divalent cation and for saturated phosphatidylcholine bilayers below the isothermal phase transition temperature. The phosphatidylethanolamine-containing bilayers examined here satisfy the same requirement.
Photoaffinity labeling of the pactamycin binding site on eubacterial ribosomes (1985)

Pactamycin, an inhibitor of the initial steps of protein synthesis, has an acetophenone group in its chemical structure that makes the drug a potentially photoreactive molecule. In addition, the presence of a phenolic residue makes it easily susceptible to radioactive labeling. Through iodination, one radioactive derivative of pactamycin has been obtained with biological activities similar to the unmodified drug when tested on in vivo and cell-free systems. With the use of [125I]iodopactamycin, ribosomes of Escherichia coli have been photolabeled under conditions that preserve the activity of the particles and guarantee the specificity of the binding sites. Under these conditions, RNA is preferentially labeled when free, small ribosomal subunits are photolabeled, but proteins are the main target in the whole ribosome. This indicates that an important conformational change takes place in the binding site on association of the two subunits. The major labeled proteins are S2, S4, S18, S21, and L13. These proteins in the pactamycin binding site are probably related to the initiation step of protein synthesis.