gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lanthanum-Oxide-Doped Nitride Charge-Trap Layer for a TANOS Memory Device (2011)

A charge-trap-type Flash memory with a <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{La}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$</tex> </formula> -doped <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{Si}_{3}\hbox{N}_{4}$</tex></formula> charge-trapping layer is demonstrated for the first time. An ultrathin <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{La}_{2} \hbox{O}_{3}$</tex></formula> layer is inserted in the middle of a <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{Si}_{3} \hbox{N}_{4}$</tex></formula> layer, followed by high-temperature annealing to mix the two layers. The <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{La}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$</tex></formula> -doped <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{Si}_{3}\hbox{N}_{4}$</tex></formula> layer, irrespective of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$ \hbox{Si}_{3}\hbox{N}_{4}$</tex></formula> deposition processes, is found to provide deep charge-trapping sites, resulting in an excellent pre-/postcycling retention property and high reliability. The optimization of the <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{La}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$</tex></formula> layer thickness and position in the <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{Si}_{3}\hbox{N}_{4}$</tex></formula> trapping layer has been also systematically studied.
An approach for the stable immobilization of proteins (1991)

An approach is presented for the stable covalent immobilization of proteins with a high retention of biological activity. First, chemical modification studies were used to establish enzyme structural and functional properties relevant to the covalent immobilization of an enzyme to agarose based supports. Heparinase was used as a model enzyme in this set of studies. Amine modifications result in 75-100% activity loss, but the effect is moderated by a reduction in the degree of derivatization. N-hydroxysuccinimide, 1,1,1-trifluoroethanesulfonic acid, and epoxide activated agarose were utilized to determine the effect of amine reactive supports on immobilized enzyme activity retention. Cysteine modifications resulted in 25-50% loss in activity, but free cysteines were inaccessible to either immobilized bromoacetyl or p-chloromercuribenzoyl groups. Amine reactive coupling chemistries were therefore utilized for the covalent immobilization of heparinase. Second, to ensure maximal stability of the immobile protein-support linkage, the identification and subsequent elimination of the principal sources of protein detachment were systematically investigated. By using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrophoresis, and radiolabeling techniques, the relative contributions of four potential detachment mechanisms-support degradation, proteolytic degradation, desorption of noncovalently bound protein, and bond solvolysis-were quantified. The mechanisms of lysozyme, bovine serum albumin, and heparinase leakage from N-hydroxysuccinimide or 1,1,1-trifluoroethanesulfonic acid activated agarose were elucidated. By use of stringent postimmobilization support wash procedures, noncovalently bound protein loss. An effective postimmobilization washing procedure is presented for the removal of adsorbed protein and the complete elimination of immobilized protein loss.
Primary Structure and Functional Expression of the Apical Organic Cation Transporter from Kidney Epithelial LLC-PK1Cells (1997)

Renal secretion of organic cations involves at least two distinct transporters, located in the basolateral and apical membranes of proximal tubule cells. Whereas the basolateral transporter has recently been cloned, sequence information about the apical type was not yet available. An organic cation transporter, OCT2p, was cloned from LLC-PK1 cells, a porcine cell line with properties of proximal tubular epithelial cells. OCT2p was heterologously expressed and characterized in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. OCT2p-mediated uptake of the prototypical organic cation [14C]tetraethylammonium ([14C]TEA) into 293 cells was saturable. There was a highly significant correlation between the Ki values for the inhibition of apical [14C]TEA uptake into LLC-PK1 cells and 293 cells transfected with OCT2p (r = 0.995; p < 0.001; n = 6). Although OCT2p is structurally related to OCT1r, the basolateral organic cation transporter from rat kidney, the transporters could be clearly discriminated pharmacologically with corticosterone, decynium22, and O-methylisoprenaline. The findings at hand suggest that OCT2 corresponds to the apical type of organic cation transporter. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction indicates that mRNA of OCT1r is limited to non-neuronal tissue, whereas OCT2r, the OCT2p homologue from rat, was found in both the kidney and central nervous regions known to be rich in the monoamine transmitter dopamine.
&lt;title&gt;Fiber channel storage interface for video-on-demand servers&lt;/title&gt; (1996)

The emerging `information super-highway' and accelerating improvements in computer and mass storage technologies will soon make multimedia services, such as video-on-demand (VOD), a reality. Since a media server will be required to move a large amount of data over distribution networks, its I/O subsystem design is critical to its success. In this paper, we explore a new technology, Fiber Channel, as a storage interface for video servers. Specifically, we study Fiber Channel loop topology that attaches multiple disk drives to a server host. In order to compare the performance of the new Fiber Channel interface with existing parallel SCSI, we built a video server simulator that simulates the behavior of both interfaces. The results show that with the same number of disks and the same system configurations, one Fiber Channel loop can achieve 50% higher performance (measured by the number of concurrent streams supported by the server) than four fast/wide SCSI channels. Our results show that Fiber Channel is attractive as a video/media server I/O interface. We also analyze the buffer size requirements and I/O transfer size for various configurations.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: magnetic nanoplatforms as drug carriers (2012)

A targeted drug delivery system is the need of the hour. Guiding magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with the help of an external magnetic field to its target is the principle behind the development of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as novel drug delivery vehicles. SPIONs are small synthetic γ-Fe₂O₃ (maghemite) or Fe₃O₄ (magnetite) particles with a core ranging between 10 nm and 100 nm in diameter. These magnetic particles are coated with certain biocompatible polymers, such as dextran or polyethylene glycol, which provide chemical handles for the conjugation of therapeutic agents and also improve their blood distribution profile. The current research on SPIONs is opening up wide horizons for their use as diagnostic agents in magnetic resonance imaging as well as for drug delivery vehicles. Delivery of anticancer drugs by coupling with functionalized SPIONs to their targeted site is one of the most pursued areas of research in the development of cancer treatment strategies. SPIONs have also demonstrated their efficiency as nonviral gene vectors that facilitate the introduction of plasmids into the nucleus at rates multifold those of routinely available standard technologies. SPION-induced hyperthermia has also been utilized for localized killing of cancerous cells. Despite their potential biomedical application, alteration in gene expression profiles, disturbance in iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, and altered cellular responses are some SPION-related toxicological aspects which require due consideration. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of SPIONs with regard to their method of preparation, their utility as drug delivery vehicles, and some concerns which need to be resolved before they can be moved from bench top to bedside.
Tetrodotoxin-resistant Na<sup>+</sup>currents and inflammatory hyperalgesia (1999)

Several mechanisms have been identified that may underlie inflammation-induced sensitization of high-threshold primary afferent neurons, including the modulation of voltage- and Ca2+-dependent ion channels and ion channels responsible for the production of generator potentials. One such mechanism that has recently received a lot of attention is the modulation of a tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant voltage-gated Na+ current. Evidence supporting a role for TTX-resistant Na+ currents in the sensitization of primary afferent neurons and inflammatory hyperalgesia is reviewed. Such evidence is derived from studies on the distribution of TTX-resistant Na+ currents among primary afferent neurons and other tissues of the body that suggest that these currents are expressed only in a subpopulation of primary afferent neurons that are likely to be involved in nociception. Data from studies on the biophysical properties of these currents suggest that they are ideally suited to mediate the repetitive discharge associated with prolonged membrane depolarizations. Data from studies on the effects of inflammatory mediators and antinociceptive agents on TTX-resistant Na+ currents suggest that modulation of these currents is an underlying mechanism of primary afferent neuron sensitization. In addition, the second-messenger pathways underlying inflammatory mediator-induced modulation of these currents appear to underlie inflammatory mediator-induced hyperalgesia. Finally, recent antisense studies have also yielded data supporting a role for TTX-resistant Na+ currents in inflammatory hyperalgesia. Although data from these studies are compelling, data presented at the Neurobiology of Pain colloquium raised a number of interesting questions regarding the role of TTX-resistant Na+ currents in inflammatory hyperalgesia; implications of three of these questions are discussed.
Mechanical characterization of neural electrodes based on PDMS-parylene C-PDMS sandwiched system (2011)

Manufacturing of neural electrodes based on metal foil and silicone rubber using a laser is a simple and promising method. A handicap of such electrode arrays is the mechanical robustness of the thin metal tracks that connect the electrode sites with the interconnection pads. Embedding of structured parylene C foil in silicone rubber turned out to be an interesting method to increase the robustness. Test samples with 12.5 μm thick platinum tracks and a 15 μm thick embedded and RIE-structured parylene C foil showed more than 800 % higher ultimate strength until breakage of the tracks. Different structured parylene C foil showed increasing robustness with increasing hole-spacing.
Dielectric relaxation and dipole moment of N,N-dimethylformamide in benzene, dioxane and carbon tetrachloride solutions from microwave absorption studies (1982)

Using standing-wave techniques, the dielectric constant ( epsilon ') and the dielectric loss ( epsilon ") of dilute solutions of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in benzene, dioxane and carbon tetrachloride have been measured at 9.987 GHz at 25, 35, 45 and 55 degrees C. Following the single-frequency concentration variational method, the dielectric relaxation time ( tau ) and the dipole moment ( mu ) at various temperatures (25, 35, 45 and 55 degrees C) have been evaluated. From these studies the monomer structure of DMF in various solutions (benzene, dioxane and carbon tetrachloride) has been inferred and for a DMF-in-benzene solution a solute-solvent type of molecular association has been found. The energy parameters ( Delta Fepsilon , Delta Hepsilon and Delta Sepsilon ) for the dielectric relaxation of DMF in benzene, dioxane and carbon tetrachloride solutions have been calculated and compared with the corresponding viscosity parameters. A comparison between these two sets of parameters shows that the dielectric relaxation, like the viscous flow, can be considered as a rate process.
Local drug delivery systems and prevention of restenosis (1997)

Time for primary review 38 days.

It is somewhat incongruous that the successful performance of percutaneous transluminal coronary revascularization, a technically challenging and somewhat delicate endeavour, is predicated on the delivery of a traumatic insult to the vascular wall. This injury incites a cascade of compensatory responses, involving thrombosis and inflammation, vascular smooth muscle proliferation and migration, and matrix production and deposition. Although this reparative process usually stabilizes the site of injury and ensures a successful long term result, in 30 to 50% of cases it is excessive [1], resulting in compromise of the lumen with the potential for recurrent ischemia.

Our understanding of the process of restenosis, although not yet complete, has evolved considerably in recent years. There is a complex interplay of vessel wall remodeling and neointimal proliferation. Remodeling refers to a contracture or ‘shrinkage’ of the vessel, primarily related to the inflammatory process in the vessel wall which involves the media and adventitia. The neointimal proliferative process appears to be linked to vascular smooth muscle cell activation, proliferation and migration [2, 3]. The deployment of an intracoronary stent at the site of injury, by providing a scaffold within the vessel wall, can reduce the impact of vascular remodeling, but may be accompanied by an exhuberant intimal hyperplastic response [4]with consequent restenosis in a persistent 20–30% of cases [5, 6].

Thus, over recent years there has been a widespread intensive research effort directed towards identifying pharmacotherepeutic regimens targeting primarily (but not exclusively) the smooth muscle cell, to prevent the neointimal restenotic process. These have involved conventional pharmacological agents, as well as novel gene therapies, and many of these have been found to be effective in preventing restenosis in animal models of vascular injury following systemic administration. However, when these agents have progressed to clinical … 

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 216 4459490; Fax: +1 216 4459595; E-mail: topole@cesmtp.ccf.org
Autocatalytic Hydrolysis of V-Type Nerve Agents (1996)

Both V-type nerve agents MeP(O)(OR)(SCH2CH2NR‘2), VX (R = C2H5; R‘ = i-C3H7) and its isomeric analog RVX (the “Russian V-agent”, R = i-C4H9; R‘ = C2H5), react slowly but completely with an equimolar amount of H2O via exclusive P−S cleavage to produce the corresponding phosphonic acid (MeP(O)(OR)OH) and 2-aminoethanethiol (HSCH2CH2NR‘2). The reaction is believed to be initiated by nucleophilic attack of the deprotonated phosphonic acid on the protonated V-agent to produce a diphosphonate intermediate ((MeP(O)(OR))2O) that rapidly hydrolyzes to regenerate the phosphonic acid. The autocatalytic ionic chain reaction is thus continued in the nearly nonaqueous reaction medium. The viscous final product mixture remains reactive toward freshly added trace amounts of the V-agent, giving the same final reaction half-life of 13−15 h at 23 °C. When water is insufficient and depleted, the diphosphonate intermediate accumulates and reacts with the aminoethanethiol to regenerate the V-agent. This autocatalytic hydrolysis process is not observed with a simpler phosphonothioate analog (MeP(O)(OC2H5)(SC2H5)), which suggests that the attack of the phosphonic acid on the V-agent is intramolecularly assisted by the protonated amino group.
Structure and function relationship of phosphatidylglycerol in the stabilization of phosphatidylethanolamine bilayer (1989)

Differential scanning calorimetry was used to examine the structure-function relationship of the phospholipids on the L alpha-phase stabilization of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was chosen as a model stabilizer. Dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DEPE) was mixed with various PGs to study the effects of (i) chain length, (ii) chain unsaturation, and (iii) chain number of the stabilizer on the L alpha-phase stabilization. At low concentrations of stabilizer, both bilayer stabilization and destabilization were observed. Phase separations also were seen, as revealed by split peaks of the L beta----L alpha transition; these were particularly prone to occur in the destabilization cases. When saturated PGs were compared, shorter chains (C12:0 and C14:0) promoted bilayer stabilization whereas longer chains (C16:0 and C18:0) promoted bilayer destabilization. Unsaturated PG with larger hydrophobic volumes (C18:2) favored bilayer destabilization, relative to unsaturated PG with smaller hydrophobic volumes (C18:1). Lyso-PG (C14:0) showed higher bilayer stabilization activity than their double-chain counterparts. Thus, at low concentrations of stabilizer, the acyl chain composition plays a vital role in bilayer-phase stabilization. However, at higher concentrations (greater than or equal to 8 mol %), all PGs become active bilayer stabilizers. This is probably because the increased head-group hydration becomes the dominant factor in the stabilization. The effect of acyl chain composition of the stabilizer was also studied by using small unilamellar vesicles composed of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Fluorescence quenching of calcein entrapped in liposomes was used to monitor the stability of the liposomes. Similar acyl chain effects on liposomal stabilization were obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A specific mutation abolishing Na+/H+ antiport activity in hamster fibroblasts precludes growth at neutral and acidic pH. (1984)

A H+-suicide technique based on the reversibility of Na+/H+ antiport was developed for the selection of mutants deficient in this membrane-bound activity. The strategy was to use the Na+/H+ antiporter as a H+-vector killing device. Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (CCL39) were loaded with LiCl and incubated in Na+-, Li+-free choline Cl saline solution (pH 5.5). Under these conditions, intracellular pH dropped in 5 min from 7.1 to 4.8, leading to a rapid loss of cell viability (less than 0.1% survival after 30 min). Cytoplasmic acidification and cell death were prevented by treatment with 5-N,N-dimethylamiloride, a potent inhibitor of Na+/H+ antiport. Of the H+-suicide resistant clones that survived two cycles of selection, 90% were found deficient in Na+/H+ antiport activity. One class of mutants (PS10, PS12) fully resistant to the H+-suicide test, does not acidify the cell interior in response to an outward-directed Li+ gradient and has no detectable amiloride-sensitive Na+ influx measured either in Li+- or H+-loaded cells. Growth of these fibroblast clones lacking Na+/H+ antiport was found to be pH conditional in HCO3(-)-free medium. Whereas wild-type cells can grow over a wide range of external pHs (6.6-8.2), PS mutants cannot grow at neutral and acidic pHs (pH less than 7.2); their optimal growth occurs at alkaline pH values (pH 8-8.3). These findings strongly suggest that the Na+/H+ antiport activity through regulation of intracellular pH plays a crucial role in growth control.
0.84 ps Resolution Clock Skew Measurement via Subsampling (2010)

An all-digital on-chip clock skew measurement system via subsampling is presented. The clock nodes are subsampled with a near-frequency asynchronous sampling clock to result in beat signals which are themselves skewed in the same proportion but on a larger time scale. The beat signals are then suitably masked to extract only the skews of the rising edges of the clock signals. We propose a histogram of the arithmetic difference of the beat signals which decouples the relationship of clock jitter to the minimum measurable skew, and allows skews arbitrarily close to zero to be measured with a precision limited largely by measurement time, unlike the conventional XOR based histogram approach. We also analytically show that the proposed approach leads to an unbiased estimate of skew. The measured results from a 65 nm delay measurement front-end indicate that for an input skew range of ±1 fan-out-of-4 (FO4) delay, ±3σ resolution of 0.84 ps can be obtained with an integral error of 0.65 ps. We also experimentally demonstrate that a frequency modulation on a sampling clock maintains precision, indicating the robustness of the technique to jitter. We also show how FM modulation helps in restoring precision in case of rationally related clocks.
‘Working the system’. Achieving change through partnership working: an evaluation of cancer partnership groups (2005)

Partnership groups were established in the majority of cancer networks. Typically, these groups were at network level, been established for less than a year, met once every 2 months, and were populated with both service users and health-care professionals. Five common activities and achievements were identified: establishment of the group itself; acting as a 'reference' group for consultation; networking and representation on other groups; patient information and communication and proactive influencing. Activities progressed in scale and complexity as groups evolved. Groups had learnt the basics of change management and some identified a more sophisticated understanding of change processes in the NHS as essential for the group's motivation and survival. When gauging the impact of involvement strategies it would seem important to subscribe to broad indicators of success that include both process and outcome measures.
Successful Application of New Technology in Antrim Shale Completions (1991)

ABSTRACT The Antrim shale in the Michigan Basin has been a horizon of much interest to operators in recent years. However, sand flowback into tubing and casing sometimes impedes well production by plugging artificial lift pumps used to unload water from the Antrim formation. This paper explores a way to control sand flowback in a well during production by placing epoxy-coated sand in the fracture. A stream of catalyzed liquid epoxy resin is added to the blending tub containing surfactant, fracturing sand, and fracturing gel to achieve the processes.