gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Existence of a forward self-similar stagnation flow of the Navier-Stokes equations (1998)

In this paper we construct an exact forward self-similar solution, rep­resenting a stagnation flow, for the Navier-Stokes equations by solving a third order ordinary differential equations.
Treatment of cancer using pulsed electric field in combination with chemotherapeutic agents or genes. (1997)

Electroporation is a standard laboratory technique originally developed for in vitro transfer of molecules into cells. It involves application of electrical pulses ranging from micro- to milliseconds that create transient pores in the cell membrane allowing intracellular access of exogenous molecules. This technique has been successfully applied to regress tumors in animal models by combining electroporation with chemotherapeutic agents--a process known as electrochemotherapy (ECT) which substantially enhance cytotoxicity of some antineoplastic agents. Recently ECT has moved into clinical arena and patients with cutaneous tumors and head and neck cancers have been treated very effectively with ECT. Parallel to ECT, a technique has also been developed which makes it possible to inject plasmid DNA and combine it with in vivo electroporation--electro--genetherapy (EGT)--to deliver in a highly efficient manner both marker and functional genes into target tissue and achieve gene expression. Thus, in vivo electroporation is contributing to the development of a new strategy for cancer treatment with both drugs and genes.
Shah and Sine Convolution Fourier Transform Detection for Microchannel Electrophoresis with a Charge Coupled Device (2002)

This paper describes an improved format for Shah convolution Fourier transform (SCOFT) detection that utilizes the spatial resolution of a charge-coupled device (CCD) rather than a fixed optical mask to perform a Shah or sine convolution over a fluorescence signal. The laser-induced fluorescence from a 9-mm section of microfabricated channel is collected with a CCD at 28 Hz. Each image frame is multiplied by a convolution function to modulate the collected signal through space. Each frame is then summed to generate an intensity-versus-time data set for Fourier analysis. The fluorescence signal oscillates at a frequency dependent upon both the convolution function multiplied across each data frame and the velocity of fluorescent microspheres or a plug of fluorescent dye flowing through the channel. This SCOFT technique affords more flexibility over formats that employ a physical mask and provides data that can be optimized for signal-to-noise (S/N) or resolution information. A 1,000-fold improvement in S/N is demonstrated for a plug of fluorescein dye. Detection of fluorescent beads exhibited frequency signals that were dependent upon the bead size distribution, the electric field, and the electrophoresis buffer concentration. Data are presented demonstrating the quantitation of fluorescent microspheres.
General and systematic pathology (1996)

Part 1 General pathology: introduction to pathology, J.E.C. Underwood the characteristics, classification and incidence of disease, J.C.E. Underwood disorders of growth, differentiation and morphogenesis, M.A. Parsons responses to cellular injury, J.R. Goepel metabolic and degenerative disorders, J.C.E. Underwood thrombosis, embolism and infarction, D.W.K. Cotton immunology and immunopathology, T.J. Stephenson inflammation, T.J. Stephenson carcinogenesis, J.C.E. Underwood tumours - benign and malignant, J.C.E. Underwood. Part 2 systematic pathology: the cardiovascular system, P.J. Gallagher the respiratory tract, A.J. Howat the alimentary system, M.F. Dixon the liver, biliary system and exocrine pancreas, J.C.E. Underwood the endocrine system, T.J. Stephenson the breast, R. Walker female genital tract, M. Wells male genital tract, A.J. Coup kidneys and urinary tract, J.R. Shortland lymphoreticular system, K. McLennan the blood and bone marrow, M. Greaves skin, D.W.K. Cotton osteoarticular and connective tissues, P.J. Gallagher central and peripheral nervous systems, J.W. Ironside.
Simultaneous analysis of seven astragalosides in Radix Astragali and related preparations by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (2006)

A method has been developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of pharmacologically active astragalosides isolated from several species of the genus Astragalus by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Seven astragalosides in Radix Astragali and their commercial pharmaceutical preparations were analyzed using the developed method. The extracted ion current chromatograms were obtained from the total ion current chromatogram using the m/z of [M+Na]+ ions produced by target compounds for peak determination. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.10-0.22 ng and 0.22-0.52 ng in full scan mode, respectively. All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r2 > or = 0.9965) within the test range. The overall intra- and inter-day precision was less than 2.86% for peak area and the accuracy was higher than 92.9% on using ginsenoside I as internal standard. The assay was successfully utilized to analyze the major biologically active astragalosides in six samples of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao. and eight commercial preparations. The overall results demonstrate that this method is simple, selective, and suitable for the quality control of Chinese medicine and their preparation in the low nanogram range.
Mining physical protein-protein interactions from the literature (2008)

We present a text-mining framework to extract physical protein-protein interactions from the literature. Three key issues are addressed, namely filtering irrelevant articles, identifying protein names and normalizing them to molecule identifiers, and extracting protein-protein interactions. Our system is among the top three performers in the benchmark evaluation of BioCreative 2006. The tool will be helpful for manual interaction curation and can greatly facilitate the process of extracting protein-protein interactions.
Sensory Evaluation Techniques, Third Edition (1999)

Honey-mustard chicken roasting in an oven, fashion models sporting the latest line of lipstick, blush and balm, and the piercing sound of paper being torn in half may not seem to have much in common. But in reality, food, cosmetic and paper products similar to these often undergo rigorous testing at some stage or another as part of a fascinating-and stimulating-scientific process: sensory evaluation.Aimed at the practicing sensory professional, Sensory Evaluation Techniques, Third Edition, makes product evaluation clear, concise, and approachable, with the simplest to the most complex sensory methods and their interpretation spelled out. The book explores the theory and applications of sensory evaluation methods with sufficient background material to allow the user to understand the evaluation of sensory perception and actually perform sensory tests. The book's "how-to" description of sensory evaluation methods features all of the commonly-used practical sensory tests, followed by a guide to selecting the optimal method for a given problem. Descriptions are accompanied by several practical examples. Consumer research techniques are included, and the book contains complete instructions for the Spectrumä method of descriptive analysis, as well as relevant selection of those statistical techniques the sensory analyst needs, with examples illustrating the analysis of sensory tests.New in the Third Edition is the latest information on sensory tests and statistical techniques for the analysis of sensory data being introduced all over the world. The Unified Approach to discrimination testing, for example, which is now becoming the norm in sensory science, is examined in detail, with examples provided. Also new: a Test Sensitivity Analyzer and over 300 scales and hundreds of standard terms for the Spectrum method. So whether it be for instructors and students of sensory science, practicing sensory analysts, or researchers and libraries in the production and marketin
Proteoglycan‐induced changes in <i>T</i><sub>1ρ</sub>‐relaxation of articular cartilage at 4T (2001)

Proteoglycan (PG) depletion-induced changes in T1rho (spin-lattice relaxation in rotating frame) relaxation and dispersion in articular cartilage were studied at 4T. Using a spin-lock cluster pre-encoded fast spin echo sequence, T1rho maps of healthy bovine specimens and specimens that were subjected to PG depletion were computed at varying spin-lock frequencies. Sequential PG depletion was induced by trypsinization of cartilage for varying amounts of time. Results demonstrated that over 50% depletion of PG from bovine articular cartilage resulted in average T1rho increases from 110-170 ms. Regression analysis of the data showed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.987) between changes in PG and T1rho. T1rho values were highest at the superficial zone and decreased gradually in the middle zone and again showed an increasing trend in the region near the subchondral bone. The potentials of this method in detecting early degenerative changes of cartilage are discussed. Also, T(1rho)-dispersion changes as a function of PG depletion are described.
A Chemical "Trigger" Useful for Oilfield Applications (2005)

Abstract A number of oilfield operations are controlled by use of delayed chemical reactions. Breakers for fracturing and gravel packing fluids, filter-cake cleanup treatments in horizontal wellbores, and retarded acidizing are just a few examples. However, these reactions are best described as slow or gradual reactions and not truly delayed chemical reactions. The gradual degradation of a fracturing-fluid viscosity or a drill-in fluid filter cake can take place over a matter of hours. But even greater benefit could be realized in completion operations if events could be delayed for days and triggered at the desired time. The delayed acid-releasing system, which is based on orthoesters in combination with alkaline inhibitors, can remain seemingly inactive for days before becoming strongly activated. The acid that is generated can then be used to break polymers, remove filter cakes, or activate other chemical processes. The paper describes the chemical principle on which the system is based, and discusses a number of applications that could be improved and economized with the long-term delay and scheduling flexibility offered by the chemical-trigger system. Also presented are the current operating envelope and plans for future widening of the temperature and delay-time ranges. A number of new testing procedures used to prove the system's unique properties are reviewed in the paper.
<i>EGR3</i> as a potential susceptibility gene for schizophrenia in Korea (2010)

Early growth response (EGR) genes play critical roles in signal transduction in the brain, which is involved in neuronal activation, brain development, and synaptic plasticity. EGR genes, including EGR2, EGR3, and EGR4, showed significant association with schizophrenia in Japanese schizophrenic pedigrees. In particular, EGR3, which resides at the chromosomal location 8p21.3, was suggested to be a potential susceptibility gene in schizophrenia based on a study of Japanese cases. However, this requires further replication with an independent sample set. We investigated the association of the EGR3 and EGR2 genes, which were suggested as potential susceptibility genes for schizophrenia supported by both genetic association and postmortem brain expression studies, with schizophrenia in Korean patients. Along with 350 healthy individuals, 244 schizophrenic patients were analyzed. Among the four examined single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of EGR3 (rs1008949, rs7009708, rs35201266, and rs3750192), SNP rs35201266 in intron 1 of the EGR3 gene showed a significant association with schizophrenia (P = 0.0008, χ(2) = 11.156, OR = 1.493), which withstands multiple testing correction. In addition, the "T-G-C-G" haplotype of EGR3 was under-represented in the patients with schizophrenia (P = 0.0073, χ(2) = 7.188, OR = 0.697). However, an association between the SNPs of EGR2 (rs2295814 and rs2297488) and schizophrenia was not found. These findings are consistent with the previous genetic association of the EGR3 gene in Japanese cohorts, which is the first replication concerning the association of EGR3 with schizophrenia in an independent cohort. Taken together, EGR3 could be suggested as a compelling susceptibility gene in schizophrenia.
Efficient Maintenance of Materialized Outer-Join Views (2007)

Queries containing outer joins are common in data warehousing applications. Materialized outer-join views could greatly speed up many such queries but most database systems do not allow outer joins in materialized views. In part, this is because outer-join views could not previously be maintained efficiently when base tables are updated. In this paper we show how to efficiently maintain general outer-join views, that is, views composed of selection, projection, inner and outer joins. Foreign-key constraints are exploited to reduce maintenance overhead. Experimental results show that maintaining an outer-join view need not be more expensive than maintaining an inner-join view.
Comparison of precoding schemes for digital subscriber lines (1997)

Precoding at the transmitter side is a practicable method for transmission over intersymbol interference channels. In contrast to decision-feedback equalization no error propagation occurs and coded modulation can be applied as for the intersymbol interference free channel. Tomlinson-Harashima (1971, 1972) precoding and flexible precoding are analyzed and compared. The dualities and differences are discussed. The focus of interest is the application of precoding to fast digital transmission over twisted pair lines, such as high-rate or asymmetric digital subscriber lines. It turns out that flexibility-which is not necessary in the specific application, digital subscriber lines-of flexible precoding is paid with a performance loss compared to Tomlinson-Harashima precoding.
Preparation and functionalisation of emulsion-derived microcellular polymeric foams (polyHIPEs) by ring-opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP)Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: experimental section. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b2/b208832k/ (2002)

Emulsion-derived microcellular polymeric foams (poly-HIPEs) have been prepared by ring opening metathesis polymerisation of a norbornene derivative using a Grubb's catalyst. The resulting material has been further functionalised using the active catalytic sites remaining on its structure.
Privacy-preserving data mining (2000)

A fruitful direction for future data mining research will be the development of techniques that incorporate privacy concerns. Specifically, we address the following question. Since the primary task in data mining is the development of models about aggregated data, can we develop accurate models without access to precise information in individual data records? We consider the concrete case of building a decision-tree classifier from training data in which the values of individual records have been perturbed. The resulting data records look very different from the original records and the distribution of data values is also very different from the original distribution. While it is not possible to accurately estimate original values in individual data records, we propose a novel reconstruction procedure to accurately estimate the distribution of original data values. By using these reconstructed distributions, we are able to build classifiers whose accuracy is comparable to the accuracy of classifiers built with the original data.
Adaptive silver films toward bio-array applications (2005)

Adaptive silver films (ASFs) have been studied as a substrate for protein microarrays. Vacuum evaporated silver films fabricated at certain range of evaporation parameters allow fine rearrangement of the silver nanostructure under protein depositions in buffer solution. Proteins restructure and stabilize the ASF to increase the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal from a monolayer of molecules. Preliminary evidence indicates that the adaptive property of the substrates make them appropriate for protein microarray assays. Head-to-head comparisons with two commercial substrates have been performed. Protein binding was quantified on the microarray using the streptavidinCy3/biotinylated goat IgG protein pair. With fluorescence detection, the performance of ASF substrates was comparable with SuperAldehyde and SuperEpoxy substrates. Additionally, the ASF is also a SERS substrate and this provides an additional tool for analysis. It is found that the SERS spectra of the streptavidinCy5 fluorescence reporter bound to true and bound to false sites show distinct difference.
A high performance 0.5 mu m BiCMOS triple polysilicon technology for 4 Mb fast SRAMs (2002)

A high-performance 0.5 mu m BiCMOS technology has been developed which uses a triple polysilicon process architecture for a 4 Mb fast SRAM class of products. Three layers of polysilicon are used to achieve a compact four transistor cell size that is less than 20 mu m/sup 2/ by creating self-aligned bit-sense and Vss contacts to the four transistor cell. A WSi/sub x/ polycide emitter n-p-n transistor has been implemented with an emitter area of 0.8*2.4 mu m/sup 2/ and peak cutoff frequency (f/sub T/) of 14 GHz. A selectively ion implanted collector has been used to compensate the base channeling tail as well as to increase knee current and f/sub T/, while maintaining a collector to emitter breakdown voltage of 6.5 V. A minimum ECL gate delay of 115 ps has been achieved at a gate current of 400 mu A.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Epidemics of Pneumonia Caused by TWAR, a New Chlamydia Organism, in Military Trainees in Finland (1988)

Four epidemics of pneumonia in military trainees in Finland have been shown, by microimmunofluorescence serology, to have been caused by TWAR, a recently described, unique Chlamydia organism. The epidemics occurred in four different garrisons from 1957 to 1985. Each lasted approximately six months, and epidemics occurred during all seasons of the year. The attack rate varied from 60 to 80 per 1000 men. Routine laboratory tests for respiratory agents suggested that these epidemics represented the only clusters of patients since 1970 who were positive for antibody to Chlamydia by complement fixation. From these epidemics, 62 of 70 paired sera that were positive for Chlamydia had antibody diagnostic of recent TWAR infection. Although the conscripts with pneumonia were hospitalized, the illnesses were relatively mild, and none were life threatening. Three conscripts had two episodes of TWAR pneumonia separated by three weeks to three months. Prompt treatment with tetracycline depressed the antibody response.
Oxidative Metabolism (2000)

There is a large body of evidence showing both metabolic defects and oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease. Studies of cybrid cell lines show reduced cytochrome oxidase. There is also substantial evidence for a defect in alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. It is therefore possible that therapeutic strategies to improve brain metabolism or ameliorate oxidative damage might be useful in treating Alzheimer's disease.
On the method of bounded differences (1989)

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The Intersection of Epstein-Barr Virus with the Germinal Center (2009)

The current model of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and persistence in vivo proposes that EBV uses the germinal center (the GC model) to establish a quiescent latent infection in otherwise-normal memory B cells. However, the evidence linking EBV-infected cells and the GC is only indirect and limited. Therefore, a key portion of the model, that EBV-infected cells physically reside and participate in GCs, has yet to be verified. Furthermore, recent experiments suggested that upon infection of GC cells the viral growth latency transcription program is dominant and GC functionality and phenotype are ablated, i.e., EBV infection is not consistent with GC function. In this study we show that in vivo, EBV-infected B cells in the tonsils retain expression of functional and phenotypic markers of GC cells, including bcl-6 and AID. Furthermore, these cells are physically located in the GC and express a restricted form of latency, the default latency program. Thus, the EBV default latency transcription program, unlike the growth latency program, is consistent with the retention of GC functionality in vivo. This work verifies key components of the GC model of EBV persistence and suggests that EBV and the GC can interact to produce the latently infected memory cells found in the periphery. Furthermore, it identifies latently infected GC B cells as a potential pathogenic nexus for the development of the EBV-positive, GC-associated lymphomas Hodgkin's disease and Burkitt's lymphoma.
An AAV promoter-driven neuropeptide Y gene delivery system using Sendai virosomes for neurons and rat brain. (1996)

An adeno-associated virus (AAV)-derived construct (pJDT95npy) containing rat neuropeptide Y (NPY) cDNA inserted downstream of endogenous AAV promoters was used to investigate AAV-driven NPY expression in postmitotic neurons in vitro and in the brain. NPY mRNA was expressed in NT2/N and rat brain primary neuronal cultures after transfection. There was a corresponding increase in the number of neurons staining for NPY-like immunoreactivity and an increase in NPY release during depolarization in the primary cultures. Injections of Sendai-virosome encapsulated pJDT95npy into neocortex increased NPY-like immunoreactivity in neurons but not glia indicating that the latter cell type did not have the translational, post-translational or storage capacity to accumulate the peptide. Injections into the rat hypothalamic para-ventricular nucleus increased body weight and food intake for 21 days, though NPY-like immunoreactivity remained elevated for at least 50 days. These studies demonstrate that AAV-derived constructs may be useful for delivering genes into post-mitotic neurons, and that Sendai virosomes are effective for delivering these constructs in vivo.
(Aminomethyl)phosphonate derivatives of oligonucleotides (1994)

Oligothymidylate (aminomethyl)phosphonates have been prepared, and their enzymatic and physicochemical properties have been studied. The individual isomers of the protected dimers have been separated, characterized, and incorporated into oligonucleotides in which the backbone consists of alternating (aminomethyl)phosphonate and phosphodiester linkages. One of these net neutral, single isomer oligonucleotides forms a duplex with its complementary sequence which is more stable than the corresponding natural counterpart, whereas the other isomer is considerably less stable. Specificity of hybridization is maintained, as determined by the reduction in melting temperature observed upon the introduction of mismatches into the complementary strand of the duplex. The (aminomethyl)-phosphonate linkage is stable toward enzymatic degradation but can be hydrolyzed in aqueous solution at elevated temperature.
Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout (1977)

The American Rheumatism Association sub-committe on classification criteria for gout analyzed data from more than 700 patients with gout, pseudogout, rheumatoid arthritis, or septic arthritis. Criteria for classifying a patient as having gout were a) the presence of characteristic urate crystals in the joint fluid, and/or b) a topus proved to contain urate crystals by chemical or polarized light microscopic means, and/or c) the presence of six of the twelve clinical, laboratory, and X-ray phenomena listed in Table 5.