gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new line tracking method for nonholonomic vehicles (2002)

We investigate the problem of finding an algorithm for the movement of a vehicle under the nonholonomic constraint to track a given directed straight line without allowing any spinning motion. We propose a new principle of computing the derivative of path curvature as a linear combination of the current vehicle path curvature, vehicle orientation error, and positional error. We call this function the steering function. By linearization we find an optimal selection of parameters for critically damped motions and obtain a single parameter, /spl sigma/, for tracking, which we call smoothness. The uniform asymptotic stability of the feedback rule is proved through a Lyapunov function. Numerous simulation results as well as experimental results obtained on the autonomous robot Yamabico at the Naval Postgraduate School are included to show the effectiveness of this method.
Three-Dimensional Quantification of Soil Biofilms Using Image Analysis (2006)

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images were used to quantify in three dimensions the structure of biofilms grown and developed in porous media surfaces. A heterogeneous soil biofilm was observed with a large variety of biological aggregate structures and growth patterns, including cluster-and-protusion type structures, cell aggregate bridging, and a thick bioweb-type growth. An average cell diameter was initially calculated (1.65 µm) using a random stack of optically sliced images; relatively low standard deviation and coefficient of variation were calculated, considering the broad range of micro-organisms present within the biofilm and the presence of varying-size cell clusters. Three volumetric parameters (biovolume, biosurface area, and biothickness) were obtained from 39 biofilm image stacks taken by CLSM in a 15-µm depth. Measured values suggest that there was a large coverage of biofilm over the sand grain surfaces, but due to the heterogeneous structure of the biofilm, considerable variation between images were observed. The high percentage viable biofilm indicated that there was an active and healthy biomass with potential to rapidly reproduce and colonize surfaces. Cell densities were found to be reasonably low for the thin layers of biofilm growing in porous media; areal and volumetric cell densities did not vary much within the biosurface coverage.
Bioanalytical approaches for drugs, including anti-asthmatics and metabolites (1992)

Metabolite investigation assay strategies for various drugs anti-asthmatics and kindred agents bioanalytically exploitable techniques.
Two novel methods for the determination of CYP1A2 activity using the paraxanthine/caffeine ratio (2003)

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) plays an important role in drug metabolism. Provocation with caffeine is used to estimate CYP1A2 activity, but in most tests a long period of caffeine abstinence has to be taken into account. We compared two novel methods with the currently applied test. The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of caffeine and paraxanthine were estimated in eight caffeine-taking healthy volunteers by fitting serum concentration-time data to a two-compartment PK model. Then a three-step approach was followed. Step 1: The caffeine administration regimens of three provocation methods, which differ by their periods of abstinence, together with the PK parameters of each volunteer, were entered in a PK simulation program and the molecular ratio of the paraxanthine/caffeine concentration (P/C molratio) of each method was estimated for the individual volunteers. Step 2: For each method a relationship for the population between the caffeine clearance (Clc) and the corresponding P/C molratio was empirically established. Step 3: The true caffeine clearance (Clc tr) of each volunteer, as found by fitting the individual PK curve, was compared for all three methods with the clearance estimated from the individual P/C molratio using the relationship of step 2. The predictive values for Clc of the three methods did not differ significantly from Clc tr. For the three methods the values for bias were 6.7, 4.3 and 3.1%, respectively and for precision they were 12.3, 20.6 and 17.8%. We conclude that the two novel methods of caffeine provocation show good predictive performance for Clc when compared with the conventional method. Abstaining from caffeine for a long period is not necessary to estimate CYP1A2 activity (using the P/C molratio) accurately.
Gene therapy for malignant gliomas using replication incompetent retroviral and adenoviral vectors encoding the cytochrome P450 2B1 gene together with cyclophosphamide. (1996)

Cyclophosphamide is an inactive prodrug which is converted by hepatic cytochrome P450 2B1 to cytotoxic metabolites which produce interstrand DNA cross-linking in a cell cycle-independent fashion. The limited ability of these metabolites to cross the blood-brain barrier contributes to the poor activity of cyclophosphamide against brain tumors. In this study we demonstrate that replication deficient retroviral and adenoviral vector-mediated gene transfer of cytochrome P450 2B1 into 9L glioma cells significantly increases the sensitivity of these tumor cells to cyclophosphamide in vitro, and prolongs the survival of animals bearing intracerebral 9L tumors treated with cyclophosphamide in vivo. Attempts to improve the effectiveness of retrovirally mediated transduction of the P450 2B1 gene by increasing the concentration of cyclophosphamide delivered to the tumors using intracarotid and intratumoral injections did not prolong animal survival, although survival was increased when a second treatment with P450-expressing retroviral vectors and cyclophosphamide was administered. These results suggest that in situ transduction of tumor cells with the P450 2B1 gene using retroviral and adenoviral vectors increases their sensitivity to cyclophosphamide and may have a potential role in the therapy of malignant gliomas.
Development of Electro-Optic Phase Modulator for 94 GHz Imaging System (2009)

This paper presents the latest improvements in design and fabrication of ridged LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> optical phase modulators operating in the W-band for millimeter-wave imaging applications at 94 GHz. It describes the design conditions for effective index matching between optical carrier at 1550 nm and millimeter-wave signal, as well as impedance matching and propagation losses reduction. The impacts of different geometric parameters on the device performance are discussed. In addition, the paper reports the diverse material processing techniques for device fabrication. Characterization of the fabricated devices shows conversion efficiency as high as 1.045 W <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">- 1</sup> at 94 GHz with a 7 V dc half-wave voltage and a 3.7 dB optical insertion loss.
Modeling when connections are the problem (2007)

Most AI diagnostic reasoning approaches model components and but not their interconnections, and when they do model interconnections, they model the possibility that a connection can break, not that two connections may join (e.g., through fluid leakage or electrical short circuit). Two reasons for this limitation are (1) that modeling these interconnection failures could require an exponential number (in the number of interconnections) failure possibilities, and (2) that modeling interconnection failures requires modeling the system at a more precise level which requires far more complex models. A fundamental contribution of this paper is a more powerful approach to modeling connections which does not require special-case post-processing and is computationally tractable. We illustrate our approach in the context of digital systems.
Increase of the Nematicidal Activity of a-Terthienyl and Related Compounds By Light (1972)

The in vitro nematicidal activity of α-terthienyl was markedly enhanced when at the same time radiation with daylight or specific parts of the daylight spectrum was applied. Near ultra-violet light appeared to be the active part of the daylight spectrum. The same effects were found with two synthetically prepared nematicidal dithienylethenes and 2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxy-3-methylene-6-methylbenzofuran, a natural nematicide from roots of a Helenium hybrid. A common feature of these compounds is their absorption in the near ultra-violet region. Nematodes released α-terthienyl but more slowly than it was taken up.
Thyroid hormone and gene expression in the regulation of mitochondrial respiratory function (1997)

Thyroid hormone has a profound effect on cellular respiration. Abnormally high levels of this hormone accelerate respiration in conjunction with a general increase in metabolism while pathologically low amounts cause low levels of respiration with a general slowing of metabolic activity. The affect on respiration is primarily the result of changes in the expression of respiratory genes and modulation of inner membrane structure. This review focuses on the regulation of respiratory gene expression by thyroid hormone. Respiratory genes are encoded in both the nucleus and the mitochondrion, the products of which are required in stoichiometric amounts for proper assembly of the respiratory chain. Thyroid hormone influences the expression of a number of nuclear encoded respiratory genes at the level of mRNA and enhances expression of mitochondrially encoded respiratory genes. Therefore, thyroid hormone appears to affect gene regulation in two different cell compartments. The current evidence for a direct thyroid hormone/thyroid receptor regulation of these respiratory genes and possible indirect pathway(s) mediating the thyroid effect is discussed.
Human Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Delivery Promotes Angiogenesis in a Rat Model of Hindlimb Ischemia (2002)

Taken together, these results indicate that eNOS enhances angiogenesis and raises the potential of eNOS gene transfer for modulation of vascular insufficiency.
Portable digital microfluidics platform with active but disposable Lab-On-Chip (2004)

This paper reports successful development of a stand-alone microfluidics platform based on our electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) droplet technologies. Four new major developments that empowered us to achieve the portable digital microfluidic system are presented: (1) time-multiplexed driving scheme that enables simultaneous driving of a large number of droplets; (2) electric sensing mechanism of droplet positions, opening the door for feedback control and Lab-On-Chip (LOG) performance monitoring; (3) fabrication of disposable and sealed LOC capable of full droplet manipulation; and (4) completion of stand-alone portable electronics board. Leaving the issue of biofluids manipulation to other reports, this paper will focus on the technology developments.
Discovery of HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors by Pharmacophore Searching (1997)

Based upon a class of known HIV-1 integrase inhibitors, several pharmacophore models were proposed from molecular modeling studies and validated using a 3D database of 152, compounds for which integrase assay data are known. Using the most probable pharmacophore model as the query, the NCI 3D database of 206,876 compounds was searched, and 340 compounds that contain the pharmacophore query were identified. Twenty-nine of these compounds were selected and tested in the HIV-1 integrase assay. This led to the discovery of 10 novel, structurally diverse HIV-1 integrase inhibitors, four of which have an IC50 value less than 30 microM and are promising lead compounds for further HIV-1 integrase inhibitor development.
Diffractive optics for virtual reality displays (2006)

Abstract— Near‐to‐eye (NTE) displays are generally systems where the imaging optics of a microdisplay is brought close to the eye, like a magnifying glass. In portable NTE terminals, the challenges are in achieving low power consumption as well as low weight and small size. Part of the problem is related to the microdisplay, but the optics also plays a major role. A study on how diffractive optical elements (DOEs) on planar waveguides can be used to miniaturize the optics of NTE displays is presented and the performance of the system is analyzed.
CsPbIBr<sub>2</sub> Perovskite Solar Cell by Spray-Assisted Deposition (2016)

In this work, an inorganic halide perovskite solar cell using a spray-assisted solution-processed CsPbIBr2 film is demonstrated. The process allows sequential solution processing of the CsPbIBr2 film, overcoming the solubility problem of the bromide ion in the precursor solution that would otherwise occur in a single-step solution process. The spraying of CsI in air is demonstrated to be successful, and the annealing of the CsPbIBr2 film in air is also successful in producing a CsPbIBr2 film with an optical band gap of 2.05 eV and is thermally stable at 300 °C. The effects of the substrate temperature during spraying and the annealing temperature on film quality and device performance are studied. The substrate temperature during spraying is found to be the most critical parameter. The best-performing device fabricated using these conditions achieves a stabilized conversion efficiency of 6.3% with negligible hysteresis. Cesium metal halide perovskites remain viable alternatives to organic metal halide perovskites as the cesium-containing perovskites can withstand higher temperature.
17β-<i>O</i>-Aminoalkyloximes of 5β-Androstane-3β,14β-diol with Digitalis-like Activity:  Synthesis, Cardiotonic Activity, Structure−Activity Relationships, and Molecular Modeling of the Na<sup>+</sup>,K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase Receptor (2000)

A series of digitalis-like compounds with a 17-aminoalkoxyiminoalkyl or -alkenyl substituent was synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and for inotropic activity. The highest inhibition was found with compounds having the substituent in configuration 17beta and the amino group at a distance of 6 or 7 bonds from C(17) of the digitoxigenin skeleton. The presence of the oxime function strengthens the interaction with the receptor, more if alpha,beta-unsaturated, thus mimicking the electronic situation of the unsaturated lactone in natural digitalis compounds. The most active compounds showed Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitory potencies (IC(50)) 17-25 times higher than the standards digitoxigenin and digoxin and 3-11 times higher inotropic potencies (EC(50)) in isolated guinea pig left atria. These features are supported by a molecular model suggesting the possible interactions of the groups described above with particular amino acid residues in the H1-H2 domains of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. Some interactions are the classical ones already described in the literature; a new, very strong interaction of the basic group with the Cys138 was found and adds new possibilities to design compounds interacting with this region of the receptor. The most interesting compounds were also studied in vivo in the anesthetized guinea pig for evaluating their inotropic effect versus the lethal dose. Compounds 9 and 12 showed a slightly higher safety ratio than digoxin and deserve further evaluation.
HLA-DR-triggered inhibition of hemopoiesis involves Fas/Fas ligand interactions and is prevented by c-kit ligand (1997)

The function of MHC class II (HLA-DR) Ags in hemopoiesis is not well defined. Here we investigated the effect of anti-HLA-DR mAb H81.9 on human marrow cells. mAb H81.9 inhibited colony formation from purified CD34+ marrow cells in long term culture-initiating cell assays. Inhibition was prevented, however, if c-kit ligand (stem cell factor (SCF)) was added to cultures concurrently with H81.9. DNA histograms from cultured untreated marrow mononuclear cells showed 2+/-1.2% apoptotic nuclei, whereas 14.1+/-5.4% were apoptotic after 12-h exposure to mAb H81.9. The apoptotic peak was reduced to 1.2+/-0.8% when SCF was added to cultures concurrently with mAb H81.9. The addition of Fas-Ig, a fusion protein that neutralizes Fas ligand (Fas-L), also prevented mAb H81.9-induced apoptosis. As determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assays, agonistic anti-Fas mAb also induced apoptosis (in 13+/-4% of cells), and combined treatment with anti-Fas mAb and H81.9 was additive (27% apoptotic nuclei). The extent of apoptosis induced by anti-Fas mAb was significantly reduced by SCF. After H81.9 exposure, Fas was up-regulated on CD34+ cells, and Fas-L expression was 2.5-fold higher than in controls or CD34- cells, particularly within a small cell window with low orthogonal scatter (lymphocyte gate). These findings show that HLA-DR-mediated signals inhibit hemopoiesis in human marrow by a mechanism involving Fas/Fas-L-dependent signals that are blocked by c-kit ligand. These data suggest a possible role for MHC class II molecules in the regulation of hemopoiesis.
Recent Development of Nano-solder Paste for Electronics Interconnect Applications (2008)

Conventional lead-free solders, with a solder alloy particle size in the micrometer range, present some major disadvantages, such as relatively high melting temperatures, which can result in defects and build up stresses during reflow processing, and limited application for high density, ultra- small pitch electronic applications. By decreasing the size of the solder alloy particles to the nanometer range, one can both decrease the melting temperature of the solder alloy and use such solders in very fine pitch applications. Besides lower melting temperature, particles in the nanometer size range present many other extraordinary properties, such as, large surface area per unit volume, large surface energy, supermagnetism, extraordinary optical properties, self- purification properties and quantum size effects. It is all these extraordinary properties that have attracted the attention of both scientific and technological communities all over the world. The main focus of this paper is the recent development of both composite solders and pure nano-solder pastes and their application as electronic interconnect materials. The paper starts by giving and introduction to the subject of nanoparticles, including definitions, advantages and general applications. This is followed by a section dealing with the main manufacturing processes presently being used to manufacture solder alloy nanoparticles. The two main sections of this article deal with composite solders and pure nanosolder pastes. The first part, regarding composite solders, deals with the issues related to adding nanoreinforcements into conventional micrometer-sized solders and the effect of such reinforcements on both the mechanical and physical properties of solder alloys. The second part deals with pure nano-solder pastes and their application in electronic interconnect applications.
Can endogenous lipid molecules serve as predictors and prognostic markers of coronary heart disease? (2008)

Dyslipidemia, and inflammatory markers: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2(Lp-PLA2), and lipid peroxides (LP) are insufficient to predict the onset, extent, and prognosis of CHD. Lipoxins (LXs), resolvins, and protectins are derived from omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and omega-6 arachidonic acid in the presence of aspirin; whereas nitrolipids are formed due to the interaction between polyunsaturated fatty acids and nitric oxide (NO). LXs, resolvins, protectins, and nitrolipids are endogenous anti-inflammatory lipid molecules that inhibit production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-alpha), suppress free radical generation, enhance NO generation; and accelerate tissue repair. Thus, beneficial actions of EPA/DHA and aspirin in CHD could be attributed to the formation of LXs, resolvins, protectins, and nitrolipids and suggest that their plasma levels aid in the prediction and prognosis of CHD.
Prospective MAST Study in 911 Patients (1989)

Nine hundred eleven patients with systolic blood pressures less than or equal to 90 mm Hg were randomized to MAST and No-MAST groups, and all taken to a single Level I Trauma Center. Epidemiologic analysis of etiology, age, race, sex, Trauma Scores, and Injury Severity Scores revealed the two groups to be statistically identical. Seven hundred eighty-four patients were analyzed in detail. The principal injury location was thorax in 41%, abdomen in 32%, extremity in 16%, head in 7%, and neck in 4%. In patients with head and extremity wounds, the mortality rate was clearly not a function of MAST use. In the chest, abdomen, and neck, MAST did not improve survival. Although the total prehospital time was 35.8 + 10.4 minutes for MAST patients and 32.5 +/- 10.7 minutes for No-MAST patients, 70% of patients with MAST had prehospital times greater than 30 minutes compared to 55% of the No-MAST patients. When the prehospital time was greater than 30 minutes, 31% of the MAST patients died, compared to 21% of the No-MAST patients. MAST application adversely affected the outcome most significantly for patients with cardiac and thoracic vascular injury. The overall mortality of 31% in the MAST group, compared to 25% in the No-MAST group was statistically significant (p = 0.05).
Photoarylation of Iodocarboranes with Unactivated (Hetero)Arenes: Facile Synthesis of 1,2‐[(Hetero)Aryl]<sub><i>n</i></sub>‐<i>o</i>‐Carboranes (<i>n</i>=1,2) and <i>o</i>‐Carborane‐Fused Cyclics (2016)

Photoarylation of iodocarboranes with unactivated arenes/heteroarenes at room temperature has been achieved, for the first time, thus leading to the facile synthesis of a large variety of cage carbon mono(hetero)arylated and di(hetero)arylated o-carboranes. This work represents a clean, efficient, transition-metal-free, and cheap synthesis of functionalized carboranes, which has significant advantages over the known methods.
Beta-amyloid precursor protein cleavage by a membrane-bound protease. (1992)

The principal component of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer disease is beta-amyloid protein, an approximately 4-kDa peptide derived from amyloid precursor proteins. Previous studies have established that amyloid precursor proteins are secreted after proteolytic cleavage within the beta-amyloid peptide. The present investigation documents that, in cultured cells, amyloid precursor protein is cleaved on the plasma membrane by a membrane-bound endoprotease and that the specificity of peptide bond hydrolysis is largely independent of the primary sequence of the precursor. The principal determinants of cleavage appear to be an alpha-helical conformation and the distance (12-13 residues) of the hydrolyzed bond from membrane.
Digital Video Capture and Synchronous Consultation in Open Surgery (2004)

The data presented in this study support the feasibility for mentoring and consultation to a remote audience with visual transmission of the surgical field, which is otherwise very difficult to share. Additionally, validation of technical protocols as teaching tools for robotic instrumentation and computer imaging of surgical fields was documented.