gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Colorado Potato Beetle: 125 Years of Mismanagement (1987)

Since the colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), was first recognized as a pest of potatoes (Edgerton 1861) it has had a profound effect. on the potato crop and on all persons engaged in agricultural production and research. This insect resulted in the first large-scale use of insecticides on an agricultural crop, and this successful use quickly stimulated widespread applications to other crops. For over 80 yr the CPB was successfully controlled by insecticides, influencing generations of agriculturalists to depend upon this unilateral approach for managing this pest and others.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Pyridine and Thiazolopyrimidine Derivatives Using 1‐Ethylpiperidone as a Synthon. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ontology Storage Models and Tools: An Authentic Survey (2015)

Abstract Ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization. Ontology provides domain vocabulary, domain knowledge, common understanding, shareability, information interoperability, reusability, concept hierarchy, and relationships that support semantic information retrieval. Ontology improves performance of the system by addressing interoperability issues due to semantic and syntactic heterogeneity. Vast numbers of application domain experts are using ontologies in diverse applications. Use of effective and efficient ontology storage system results improved performance in applications and enables semantic information retrieval. Many prominent researchers and software agencies have proposed and developed several ontology storage methods and tools with various features. The choice of a specific storage model/tool always depend on the specific purpose of the application and the nature of features that are available in the storage model/tool to be utilized in the specific applications. The familiarity of various ontology storage models and tools with the respective features helps user to choose an appropriate storage structure aiming at high-performance applications. The current research work is a comprehensively authentic study carryout out on various ontology storage models and tools with their respective features, which are very essential for optimum performance.
Candida kuoi sp. nov., an anamorphic species of the Starmerella yeast clade that synthesizes sophorolipids (2012)

A novel strain of anamorphic yeast, designated strain NRRL Y-27208(T), was isolated from concentrated grape juice in Cape Province, South Africa. Analysis of nuclear large subunit rRNA gene sequences from the D1/D2 domains separated the novel isolate from strains of Starmerella bombicola and Starmerella meliponinorum, as well as from species of the genus Candida that are members of the Starmerella clade. Compared to previously described species, strain NRRL Y-27208(T) is most closely related to S. bombicola but can be separated from this species by its ability to grow on D-ribose and erythritol. Strain NRRL Y-27208(T) produced sophorolipids that have an open chain structure similar to Candida batistae, Candida riodocensis and Candida stellata, which is in contrast to the closed chain sophorolipids produced by S. bombicola and Candida apicola. The analyses showed that NRRL Y-27208(T) (= CBS 7267(T)) represents a novel species distinct from previously described species, for which the name Candida kuoi sp. nov. is proposed.
Terlipressin as rescue therapy for intractable hypotension during neonatal septic shock* (2004)

There is circumstantial evidence that the administration of terlipressin caused the increase in blood pressure. We suggest that terlipressin should be considered as rescue therapy when high-dose catecholamine therapy does not result in sufficient perfusion pressure. Further investigation is needed to prove terlipressin's effectiveness and safety in infants and children.
Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity may be caused by its metabolite, doxorubicinol. (1988)

Doxorubicin (former generic name, adriamycin), a highly effective anticancer drug, produces cardiotoxicity, which limits its therapeutic potential. The mechanism of this cardiotoxicity has remained elusive. Our data suggest that this toxicity could involve doxorubicinol, the primary circulating metabolite of doxorubicin. Doxorubicinol was markedly more potent than doxorubicin at compromising both systolic and diastolic cardiac function. Similarly, doxorubicinol was much more potent than doxorubicin at inhibiting the calcium pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum [ATP phosphohydrolase (Ca2+-transporting), EC 3.6.1.38], the Na+/K+ pump of sarcolemma [ATP phosphohydrolase (Na+/K+-transporting), EC 3.6.1.37], and the F0F1 proton pump of mitochondria [ATP phosphohydrolase (H+-transporting, EC 3.6.1.34]. Our finding that this highly toxic metabolite was produced by cardiac tissue exposed to doxorubicin suggests that doxorubicinol could accumulate in the heart and contribute significantly to the chronic cumulative cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin therapy. Our observation that doxorubicin was more potent than doxorubicinol in inhibiting tumor cell growth in vitro suggests that the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin is dissociable from its anticancer activity.
Movement Disorder Society‐sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS): Process, format, and clinimetric testing plan (2006)

This article presents the revision process, major innovations, and clinimetric testing program for the Movement Disorder Society (MDS)-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), known as the MDS-UPDRS. The UPDRS is the most widely used scale for the clinical study of Parkinson's disease (PD). The MDS previously organized a critique of the UPDRS, which cited many strengths, but recommended revision of the scale to accommodate new advances and to resolve problematic areas. An MDS-UPDRS committee prepared the revision using the recommendations of the published critique of the scale. Subcommittees developed new material that was reviewed by the entire committee. A 1-day face-to-face committee meeting was organized to resolve areas of debate and to arrive at a working draft ready for clinimetric testing. The MDS-UPDRS retains the UPDRS structure of four parts with a total summed score, but the parts have been modified to provide a section that integrates nonmotor elements of PD: I, Nonmotor Experiences of Daily Living; II, Motor Experiences of Daily Living; III, Motor Examination; and IV, Motor Complications. All items have five response options with uniform anchors of 0 = normal, 1 = slight, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, and 4 = severe. Several questions in Part I and all of Part II are written as a patient/caregiver questionnaire, so that the total rater time should remain approximately 30 minutes. Detailed instructions for testing and data acquisition accompany the MDS-UPDRS in order to increase uniform usage. Multiple language editions are planned. A three-part clinimetric program will provide testing of reliability, validity, and responsiveness to interventions. Although the MDS-UPDRS will not be published until it has successfully passed clinimetric testing, explanation of the process, key changes, and clinimetric programs allow clinicians and researchers to understand and participate in the revision process.
Electrons and Phonons in Semiconductor Multilayers (1996)

This book provides a detailed description of the quantum confinement of electrons and phonons in semiconductor wells, superlattices and quantum wires, and shows how this affects their mutual interactions. The transition from microscopic to continuum models is discussed, emphasising the use of quasi-continuum theory to describe the confinement of optical phonons and electrons. The hybridisation of optical phonons and their interactions with electrons are treated in detail, as are other electron scattering mechanisms. The book concludes with an account of the electron distribution function in three-, two- and one-dimensional systems, in the presence of electrical or optical excitation. The book will be of great use to graduate students and researchers investigating low-dimensional semiconductor structures, as well as to those developing new devices based on such systems.
Emerging anti-cancer antibodies and combination therapies targeting HER3/ERBB3 (2015)

Cancer progression depends on stepwise accumulation of oncogenic mutations and a select group of growth factors essential for tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. Agents blocking the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, also called HER1 and ERBB1) and the co-receptor called HER2/ERBB2 have been approved over the last decade as anti-cancer drugs. Because the catalytically defective member of the family, HER3/ERBB3, plays critical roles in emergence of resistance of carcinomas to various drugs, current efforts focus on antibodies and other anti-HER3/ERBB3 agents, which we review herein with an emphasis on drug combinations and some unique biochemical features of HER3/ERBB3.
Disambiguation of underspecified discourse representation structures under anaphoric constraints (1997)

The paper explores the possibility of performing anaphora resolution and presupposition accommodation in a situation where scope relations are only partially known. For underspecification of scope ambiguity, the approach builds on Reyle's formalism of Underspecified Discourse Representation Structures (UDRSs, (Reyle, 1993)) which is extended to cover arbitrary constraints from anaphora resolution. Wellformedness conditions are formulated for UDRSs to restrict scope readings as required by anaphora resolution. Based on these conditions, a disambiguation algorithm is presented for scope resolution and presupposition accommodation, which has also been implemented.
Imidazolium functionalized polysulfone anion exchange membrane for fuel cell application (2011)

Alkaline anion exchange membrane (AEM) is the key material for anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFC), which can potentially outperform proton exchange membrane fuel cells due to facile oxygen reduction kinetics and wide catalyst choices. Quaternary ammonium (QA) AEMs have been shown to be low in alkaline stability, and their fabrication often involves carcinogenic chemicals. Therefore, recent years have witnessed emerging research efforts in developing non-QA AEMs. As part of these efforts, this work reports imidazolium AEMs that were fabricated via functionalization of chloromethylated polysulfone with methylimidazole. The membrane exhibited ion exchange capacity, conductivity and thermal stability that are comparable or superior to those of conventional membranes. A H2/O2fuel cell using the synthesized membrane yielded a peak power density of 16 mW cm−2. Although this result is not high and the membrane stability is still an issue, the potential of using imidazolium AEM in a fuel cell is seen. This work opens up a new route for non-QA AEM design and fabrication. Based on the chemistry involved, it is anticipated that different chloro- or bromomethylated aromatic polymers and imidazole derivatives may be used to optimize membrane conductivity and stability, thus offering the possibility to fabricate high performance AEM.
Atrial vulnerability (1992)

The electrophysiologic substrates of atrial flutter and fibrillation (AFF) have been studied in patients with paroxysmal arrhythmias. Atrial repetitive responses to extrastimuli are a nonspecific response, even though they can precipitate AFF. AFF inducibility is rather sensitive, but not very specific, in separating patients from controls. There is no established protocol to explore vulnerability in this fashion. Atrial refractoriness is abnormal in some patients. Some authors have found a tendency toward short effective refractory periods (AERP) and others have found a poor adaptation of AERP to decreases in cycle length. Unfortunately, these abnormalities are neither sensitive nor specific enough. Atrial conduction may be abnormal basally, but subtler abnormalities are shown by premature stimulation. Early extrastimuli are conducted with increased conduction delays in patients with paroxysmal AFF in relation to controls. Again, there is not enough sensitivity and specificity in the findings to make them of diagnostic value. Electrophysiologic abnormalities are detectable in patients with AFF, but larger studies, including reproducibility and the effect of drugs on the abnormal parameters, will be necessary to develop clinical applications.
Spaceborne Imaging Radar: Geologic and Oceanographic Applications (1980)

Synoptic, large-area radar images of the earth's land and ocean surface, obtained from the Seasat orbiting spacecraft, show the potential for geologic mapping and for monitoring of ocean surface patterns. Structural and topographic features such as lineaments, anticlines, folds and domes, drainage patterns, stratification, and roughness units can be mapped. Ocean surface waves, internal waves, current boundaries, and large-scale eddies have been observed in numerous images taken by the Seasat imaging radar. This article gives an illustrated overview of these applications.
National, regional and international learning assessments: trends among developing countries, 1960–2009 (2011)

This paper examines annual changes in the participation of developing countries in three kinds of learning assessment activity over the past three decades. It specifically highlights, and provides initial explanations for, the worldwide spread of national and regional assessments since the mid-1990s. The paper argues that national learning assessments – namely, non-standardised, context-sensitive and non-comparable learning assessments – have become a preferred tool of educational policy makers in developing countries. The increasing demand by educational stakeholders for accountability and the relative advantages of national assessments are likely to amplify this trend in the future. Patterns of country participation will further depend on the policies of international agencies, NGOs and regional associations that support and advise countries on learning assessments.
Additive-pulse-compression mode locking of a neodymium fiber laser (1991)

The generation of bandwidth-limited shoulder-free 125-fsec pulses by additive-pulse-compression mode locking of a neodymium glass laser is described. An all-fiber nonlinear amplifying loop mirror is employed as a fast saturable absorber and permits stable pulse generation under the condition of large pulse shaping in the cavity.
622/1244 Mb/s Burst-Mode CDR for GPONs (2006)

We present the design and test of a 622/1244 Mb/s burst-mode clock and data recovery circuit (CDR) for gigabit-capable passive optical networks (GPON) OLT applications. Our design is based on a commercially available SONET CDR operated in 2times over sampling mode
Contribution of the Liver and Extrasplanchnic Tissues to the Hypoglycemic Action of Dichloroacetate in the Conscious Dog (1982)

In a previous study, administration of sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) to 48-h fasted dogs had no effect on glucose production (Ra), utilization (Rd), or clearance, possibly because the direct effects of DCA were offset by the consequences of the fall in plasma insulin that it caused. To examine this possibility, dichloroacetate was infused (0.4 mg/kg min) for 5 h into 48-h fasted conscious dogs whose insulin and glucagon levels were “clamped” at basal values using a technique that involved the peripheral infusion of somatostatin to inhibit the endocrine pancreas and intraportal replacement of insulin (273 μU/kg·min) and glucagon (1 ng/kg·min). Metabolite balances across the liver were measured using an A-V difference technique, glucose turnover was determined using a tracer technique, and gluconeogenesis was assessed by measuring the conversion of alanine and lactate into glucose. In the presence of fixed concentrations of insulin (14 μU/ml) and glucagon (162 pg/ml), DCA caused the conversion of alanine and lactate to glucose to fall by 73 ± 10﹪ (P &amp;lt; 0.01), glucose production to fall by 19 ± 9﹪ (NS), glucose utilization to fall by 17 ± 8﹪ (NS), glucose clearance to increase by 55 ± 16﹪ (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and the plasma glucose level to fall from 107 ± 10 to 56 ± 6 mg/dl (P &amp;lt; 0.001) after 300 minutes. Thus, with the plasma insulin level fixed, DCA induced hypoglycemia through an effect on both glucose production and clearance. Since the effects of DCA in the above experiment were undoubtedly attenuated by the hypoglycemia that occurred, the experiment was repeated with the exception that glucose was infused to maintain euglycemia (113 ± 11 mg/dl). In this case, the conversion of alanine and lactate to glucose fell by 76 ± 1﹪ (P &amp;lt; 0.01), endogenous glucose production fell 46 ± 11﹪ (P &amp;lt; 0.01), glucose utilization rose 39 ± 14﹪ (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and glucose clearance increased 40 ± 18﹪ (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Normalization of the alanine and lactate levels during the last 90 min of the latter experiment failed to significantly change glucose production and enhanced gluconeogenic conversion only slightly. Thus, in the conscious 48-h-fasted dog, we conclude that: (1) DCA acts to reduce the insulin/glucagon molar ratio such that the production of hypoglycemia is prevented, (2) when the effect of the compound on the pancreas is prevented, DCA causes hypoglycemia by a reduction in hepatic glucose production and a stimulation of peripheral glucose uptake, and (3) the effect of DCA on glucose production is in part due to reduced gluconeogenic substrate supply, but is principally related to the action of DCA on intrahepatic enzymatic processes.
Roentgen Diagnosis of Venous Thrombosis in the Leg (1972)

In technique for lower extremity phlebography the patient is in a semi-upright position, supporting his weight on the contralateral foot. The dye injection is made into a dorsal pedal vein and no tourniquet is used. Fluoroscopy is used to maximize efficiency of the filming. More than 300 phlebograms have been made with this method. The four cardinal signs of phlebothrombosis are constant filling defects, abrupt termination of the dye column, nonfilling of the entire deep venous system or portions thereof, and diversion of flow. Pitfalls in interpretation occur when artifacts are created by bearing weight on the leg under study, by tourniquets, by an improper injection site, or by incomplete mixing of the contrast material as it flows through the veins.
Kidney Sulfatides in Mouse Models of Inherited Glycosphingolipid Disorders (2002)

Sulfatides show structural, and possibly physiological similarities to gangliosides. Kidney dysfunction might be correlated with changes in sulfatides, the major acidic glycosphingolipids in this organ. To elucidate their in vivo metabolic pathway these compounds were analyzed in mice afflicted with inherited glycosphingolipid disorders. The mice under study lacked the genes encoding either beta-hexosaminidase alpha-subunit (Hexa-/-), the beta-hexosaminidase beta-subunit (Hexb-/-), both beta-hexosaminidase alpha and beta-subunits (Hexa-/- and Hexb-/-), GD3 synthase (GD3S-/-), GD3 synthase and GalNAc transferase (GD3S-/- and GalNAcT-/-), GM2 activator protein (Gm2a-/-), or arylsulfatase A (ASA-/-). Quantification of the sulfatides, I(3)SO(3)(-)-GalCer (SM4s), II(3)SO(3)(-)-LacCer (SM3), II(3)SO(3)(-)-Gg(3)Cer (SM2a), and IV(3,) II(3)-(SO(3)(-))(2)-Gg(4)Cer (SB1a), was performed by nano-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. We conclude for the in vivo situation in mouse kidneys that: 1) a single enzyme (GalNAc transferase) is responsible for the synthesis of SM2a and GM2 from SM3 and GM3, respectively. 2) In analogy to GD1a, SB1a is degraded via SM2a. 3) SM2a is hydrolyzed to SM3 by beta-hexosaminidase S (Hex S) and Hex A, but not Hex B. Both enzymes are supported by GM2-activator protein. 4) Arylsulfatase A is required to degrade SB1a. It is probably the sole sphingolipid-sulfatase cleaving the galactosyl-3-sulfate bond. In addition, a human Tay-Sachs patient's liver was investigated, which showed accumulation of SM2a along with GM2 storage. The different ceramide compositions of both compounds indicated they were probably derived from different cell types. These data demonstrate that in vivo the sulfatides of the ganglio-series follow the same metabolic pathways as the gangliosides with the replacement of sulfotransferases and sulfatases by sialyltransferases and sialidases. Furthermore, a novel neutral GSL, IV(6)GlcNAcbeta-Gb(4)Cer, was found to accumulate only in Hexa-/- and Hexb-/- mouse kidneys. From this we conclude that Hex S also efficiently cleaves terminal beta1-6-linked HexNAc residues from neutral GSLs in vivo.
Carcinoembryonic antigen in gastric juice collected during endoscopy. Value in detecting high-risk patients and gastric cancer (1983)

In order to ascertain the role of gastric carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determination in detecting patients with a risk for gastric cancer, 69 subjects were studied; 23 were referred for endoscopy because of dyspepsia but without obvious macroscopic lesions, 27 with duodenal ulcer, 11 with benign gastric ulcer, 8 with gastric cancer. The following results were obtained by subdividing the material according to the histologic interpretation of the results of gastric mucosal biopsies: (1) in the presence of minor histologic abnormalities of the gastric mucosa, CEA in gastric juice was under 100 ng/ml in all but five cases; and (2) in moderate or severe chronic atrophic gastritis (associated or otherwise with intestinal metaplasia or dysplasia), and in gastric cancer, gastric CEA ranged between 224 and 3120 ng/ml in all but two cases. Although not diagnostic for gastric cancer, gastric CEA is a promising test in detecting patients at risk, including those with dysplasia of the gastric mucosa.
Studies on Squalene Epoxidase of Rat Liver (1970)

Rat liver microsomes previously heated to 50" for 5 mm accumulate 2,3-oxidosqualene on incubation with squalene.Squalene epoxidase activity can be assayed either with squalene and heated microsomes or with lO,ll-dihydrosqualene and intact microsomes.In common with other monooxygenases, the epoxidase requires TPNH and molecular oxygen.Both a soluble fraction of rat liver and microsomes are necessary for enzyme activity.Carbon monoxide or potassium cyanide fall to inhibit squalene epoxidation.
99mTc-labeled chimeric anti-NCA 95 antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody for bone marrow imaging. (1999)

Chimeric mouse-human antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody (ch MAb) against non-specific cross-reacting antigen (NCA-95) was labeled with 99mTc (using a direct method) and 125I (using the chloramine T method), and its binding to human granulocytes and LS-180 colorectal carcinoma cells expressing carcinoembryonic antigen on their surfaces, cross-reactive with anti-NCA-95 chimeric monoclonal antibody, increased in proportion to the number of cells added and reached more than 80% and 90%, respectively. In biodistribution studies, 99mTc and 125I-labeled ch anti-NCA-95 MAb revealed high tumor uptake, and the tumor-to-blood ratio was 2.9 after 24 hours. The tumor-to-normal-organ ratio was also more than 3.0 in all organs except for the tumor-to-kidney ratio. Scintigrams of athymic nude mice confirmed the results of biodistribution studies that showed higher radioactivity in tumor and kidney of the mice administered with 99mTc-labeled ch MAb. A normal volunteer injected with 99mTc-labeled ch anti-NCA-95 antigranulocyte MAb showed clear bone marrow images, and a patient with aplastic anemia revealed irregular uptake in his lumbar spine, suggesting its utility for bone marrow scintigraphy and for the detection of hematological disorders, infections, and bone metastasis.