gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the intrinsic viscosity of anionic and nonionic rodlike polysaccharide solutions (1994)

Abstract The ionic strength dependence of intrinsic viscosity as a function of molecular weight was observed substantially for the anionic xanthan polyelectrolyte, while the intrinsic viscosity of nonionic schizophyllan does not change with ionic strength. Ultrasonic degradation was applied as the best mean of obtaining polymer fractions of different molecular weights. It is true, as expected, that schizophyllan has a more rigid triple helix backbone than that of xanthan. As the molecular weight increases, the extension coefficient ε of the xanthan chain with ionic strength is found empirically to increase by order 1,48 of molecular weight. Using the Yamakawa‐Fujii theory for worm‐like chains, both the persistence length q and the contour length L c were determined from the best fit of the experimental data of intrinsic viscosity for different ionic strengths to the theoretical curves. The stiffness parameter was established from the ratio of the Kuhn statistical segment length (i. e., twice the persistence length) to the contour length. As the molecular weight decreases, stiff chains of short degraded xanthan become rodlike, while they become gradually worm‐like with increasing molecular weight. It also can be seen that the chain stiffness depends on the ionic strength.
Involvement of a Novel Efflux System in Biofilm-Specific Resistance to Antibiotics (2008)

Bacteria growing in biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics than their planktonic counterparts. How this transition occurs is unclear, but it is likely there are multiple mechanisms of resistance that act together in order to provide an increased overall level of resistance to the biofilm. We have identified a novel efflux pump in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is important for biofilm-specific resistance to a subset of antibiotics. Complete deletion of the genes encoding this pump, PA1874 to PA1877 (PA1874-1877) genes, in an P. aeruginosa PA14 background results in an increase in sensitivity to tobramycin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin, specifically when this mutant strain is growing in a biofilm. This efflux pump is more highly expressed in biofilm cells than in planktonic cells, providing an explanation for why these genes are important for biofilm but not planktonic resistance to antibiotics. Furthermore, expression of these genes in planktonic cells increases their resistance to antibiotics. We have previously shown that ndvB is important for biofilm-specific resistance (T. F. Mah, B. Pitts, B. Pellock, G. C. Walker, P. S. Stewart, and G. A. O'Toole, Nature 426:306-310, 2003). Our discovery that combining the ndvB mutation with the PA1874-1877 gene deletion results in a mutant strain that is more sensitive to antibiotics than either single mutant strain suggests that ndvB and PA1874-1877 contribute to two different mechanisms of biofilm-specific resistance to antibiotics.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage-induced Neuronal Death (2001)

Double-strand breaks in genomic DNA and induction of caspase-3 were demonstrated adjacent to parenchymal hematoma in the animals' brains. These results provide evidence that cell loss after ICH is associated with activation of caspase-3.
Proinsulin in Girls: Relationship to Obesity, Hyperinsulinemia, and Puberty (2002)

In adults with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and obesity (OB), an elevated proinsulin (PI) is predictive of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and precedes the diagnosis by 5–20 yr. In type 2 DM, the PI is disproportionately elevated, i.e. increased PI/insulin ratio (PI/I). Few studies have evaluated PI in children at risk for type 2 DM. In the face of the current epidemic, we evaluated the relationship of PI and PI/I to IGT, insulin resistance (IR) defined by homeostasis model of assessment (HOMA), degree of OB, and stage of puberty in 70 girls (mean age 10.8 yr; body mass index z-score 3.5; ethnicity 64% Hispanic, 19% white, 16% African-American, and 1% other). Family history of DM was reported in 83%, and acanthosis nigricans was present in 80%. Subjects underwent a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test with glucose, insulin, and PI determinations every 30 min. All had normal hemoglobin A1c and fasting glucose. Five had IGT. With higher HOMA-IR, PI increased (P < 0.05), yet the ratio of fasting PI/I was lower (P < 0.05). Girls with body mass index z-score greater than 4 (n = 29) had higher PI than nonobese girls (n = 19, P < 0.05), but PI/I ratios were not different. PI-0 was increased in late puberty (n = 29), compared with prepuberty (n = 26, P < 0.05), but PI/I ratios showed no statistical difference. We found PI increased with increasing IR and OB in girls. Overall, PI/I was not different, suggesting the elevated PI reflects increased β-cell output proportional to the elevated insulin in these groups and not a defect in PI processing or secretion. In fact, the lower fasting PI/I of the highest HOMA-IR quartile vs. the lowest HOMA quartile indicates more efficient conversion of PI to I in the presence of increasing IR in these girls.
Physical origin of the resistance drift exponent in amorphous phase change materials (2011)

The resistance of amorphous chalcogenides used in phase change memory devices increases over time due to structural relaxation (SR). The resistance drift usually follows a power law with time described by an exponent ν. Understanding the origin of may lead to engineering methods to improve the stability in memory devices. This work presents an analytical model to describe the activation energies for conduction and SR based on the Meyer–Neldel rule. The model accounts for the observed temperature and time dependence of resistance, and highlights that νis related to the ratio between conduction and SR activation energies at any given time during drift.
Citizenship and the Politics of People-Building (2001)

(2001). Citizenship and the Politics of People-Building. Citizenship Studies: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 73-96.
Report: AT&amp;T's Pay-Per-View Television Trial (1987)

Pay-per-view service is a television entertainment service wherein consumers can watch a scheduled movie or live event on their home television sets and be charged specifically for the viewing. It is a usage-sensitive pricing system for television entertainment similar to the movie services found in some hotels in which viewers pay only for those programs they watch. The prospect of multimillion-dollar revenues from the sale of first-run movies, live sporting events, and other premium television entertainment on a pay-per-view basis has continued to entice movie studios, event producers, cable and network television operators, and other purveyors of home video entertainment. For pay-per-view to be a viable business, an efficient system for ordering, distributing, and billing of the pay-per-view programs is necessary.
Verification on Spray Simulation of a Pintle Injector for Liquid Rocket Engine (2016)

为一台液体火箭引擎使用的舵栓注射者是以著名的一个最新重新吸引的注射系统它的宽与高效率扼杀能力。舵栓注射者由于它的动人的部分与复杂内部结构有许多变化。为了学习旋转流动，接近注射者尖端，它用水和空气从冷流动实验被观察，数字模拟被采用，数字模型的确认以后被进行。为确认过程，包括煤气的流动，水花角度和液体分发的速度分布的试验性的数据的三种类型都用模仿的结果被比较。数字模拟与 Eulerian 多相的模型和 axisymmetric 一起用一个商业模拟程序被执行二个维的格子。然而，气体的最大、最小的速度在同意的可接受的范围以内当动量比率被增加时，水花角度经历了多达 25% 错误。水花密度分布是测量并且让好同意的份量上。由于这研究，尽管有有二个维、粗糙的格子的限制，模拟方法适当地被构造学习舵栓注射者的特定的流动特征，这被结束。
Antibody formation and immunomodulation in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis (1995)

textabstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease characterized by\nperivascular accumulation of infiammatory cells, resulting in numerous (multiple)\nplaques (sclerosis), in the central nervous system (CNS).\nDespite ample research efforts both etiology and pathogenicity of the disease\nremain largely unknown. Due to the complexity of clinical manifestations the\nunequivocal diagnosis of MS is difficult to make. It is generally accepted that the\neffector phase of the disease depends on an autoimmune reaction. Notwithstanding\nthe fact that oligoclonal antibodies can be found in the cerebrospinal fluid during\ndisease, the role of antibodies in MS is still unclear. In order to investigate the\ninvolvement of autoantigen specific antibodies in the pathology of MS, we\nperformed a study to detect antigen specific B-cells (AFCs) in CNS tissues of MS\npatients. Using a new immunohistochemical technique we have revealed that a\nsignificant part of the AFCs localized in MS brain is specific for myelin basic protein\n(MBP). This provides further evidence for the local involvement of anti-MBP\nantibodies in the pathogenesis of MS. Production of antibodies by B-cells is critically\ndependent on T-cell help. It has been shown that interactions between the gp39\nT-cell marker and its CD40 ligand on B-cells are essential for B-cell activation. In\nour experiments we have revealed gp39 positive T-cells in the same affected eNS\ntissue areas (plaques) in which we have detected the MBP specific AFe. The\npresence of both gp39t Th-cells and MBP specific B-cells in plaques of MS patients\nCNS tissues indicates that autoantigen specific B-cells can be activated directly\nwithin the CNS.
Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. (2007)

Addition of fluticasone-salmeterol to tiotropium therapy did not statistically influence rates of COPD exacerbation but did improve lung function, quality of life, and hospitalization rates in patients with moderate to severe COPD. International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial registration number: ISRCTN29870041.
DETERMINATION OF SOLUBLE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-α RECEPTOR TYPE I (TNFRI) AND II (TNFRII) IN THE URINE OF HEALTHY JAPANESE SUBJECTS (2011)

We determined the urinary soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptor type I (sTNFRI) and type II (sTNFRII) levels in healthy Japanese individuals to establish a reference value by means of specific ELISA. It was found that there were no significant differences between the urine sTNFRI and sTNFRII levels of children and adults. To demonstrate the usefulness of the reference value for children, we measured the urine sTNFRI and sTNFRII levels of children with diarrhea positive (D+) hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) as a preliminary study. The urine sTNFRI and sTNFRII levels of the patients with HUS were markedly higher than those of healthy children from the onset of D + HUS. Our reliable reference value for healthy children will allow us to discriminate between normal and pathological conditions in future studies.
Conformational Dynamics and Antigenicity in the Disordered Malaria Antigen Merozoite Surface Protein 2 (2015)

Merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2) of Plasmodium falciparum is an abundant, intrinsically disordered protein that is GPI-anchored to the surface of the invasive blood stage of the malaria parasite. Recombinant MSP2 has been trialled as a component of a malaria vaccine, and is one of several disordered proteins that are candidates for inclusion in vaccines for malaria and other diseases. Nonetheless, little is known about the implications of protein disorder for the development of an effective antibody response. We have therefore undertaken a detailed analysis of the conformational dynamics of the two allelic forms of MSP2 (3D7 and FC27) using NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shifts and NMR relaxation data indicate that conformational and dynamic properties of the N- and C-terminal conserved regions in the two forms of MSP2 are essentially identical, but significant variation exists between and within the central variable regions. We observe a strong relationship between the conformational dynamics and the antigenicity of MSP2, as assessed with antisera to recombinant MSP2. Regions of increased conformational order in MSP2, including those in the conserved regions, are more strongly antigenic, while the most flexible regions are minimally antigenic. This suggests that modifications that increase conformational order may offer a means to tune the antigenicity of MSP2 and other disordered antigens, with implications for vaccine design.
Effect of Physical Environment of Exhibition Convention Centers on Customer' Satisfaction and Worth of Mouth, Revisit Intention (2011)

컨벤션 산업은 21세기 문화산업의 핵심 산업으로 고부가가치산업, 신지식으로 불리고 있으며, 이는 국가 전략사업으로서 집중적으로 육성해야할 산업 가운데 하나이다. 그러나 현실적으로 컨벤션센터의 환경 여건에 관한 연구 조사는 다소 미흡하다 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 전시컨벤션센터의 물리적 환경요인이 만족과 구전, 재방문의도에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 전시컨벤션센터 관리자에 시사점을 제공하고 환경에 대한 속성을 측정하고자 한다. 실증적 분석을 위해 현장 설문조사를 실시하였으며, AMOS를 이용하여 확인적 요인분석과 공분산 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 물리적 환경에 대한 요인분석을 실시한 결과 접근성, 매력성, 청결성, 편의성으로 차원 화 되었다. 둘째, 지각된 물리적 환경은 고객만족에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 고객만족을 높게 지각할수록 구전의도는 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 고객만족을 높게 지각할수록 재방문의도는 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. This study aims to examine the effect of the physical environment of exhibition/convention centers on customers' satisfaction, worth of mouth and revisit intention. Some useful strategic materials derived from this study could be considerably useful to the managers of exhibition/convention centers. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the key elements which can decide the quality of the physical environment of exhibition/convention centers are accessibility, cleanness and convenience. Second, the perceived physical environment makes a positive influence on customers' satisfaction. Third, the more satisfaction the customers can perceive, the higher rises the worth of mouth. Fourth, the more satisfaction the customers can perceive, the higher rises the revisit intention.
Neurospora endo-exonuclease is immunochemically related to the recC gene product of Escherichia coli (1990)

Immunochemical cross-reaction between the endo-exonuclease of Neurospora crassa, an enzyme previously implicated in recombination and recombinational DNA repair, and the recC-encoded polypeptide of Escherichia coli has been detected by immunoblotting extracts of strains of E. coli having a deletion that includes the recBCD genes but carrying multicopy plasmids bearing all three of the recBCD genes or only one or two of these genes. It was predicted that homology would also be found at the amino acid sequence level between the recC polypeptide and both nuclear and mitochondrial endo-exonucleases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which cross-react with antibodies raised to the N. crassa endo-exonuclease. Since the gene for the S. cerevisiae mitochondrial enzyme, NUC1, has been cloned and sequenced and the predicted amino acid sequence is known, this sequence was aligned with the predicted amino acid sequence of the recC polypeptide. Extensive homology was found by aligning 306 of the 329 amino acids of the yeast mitochondrial nuclease sequence with the carboxy-terminal one-quarter of the amino acid sequence of the recC polypeptide.
Genetic Analysis of Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis in Mycobacteria: Characterization of a <i>ddlA</i> Mutant of <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> (2000)

A temperature-sensitive mutant of Mycobacterium smegmatis was characterized that contains a mutation in ddlA, the gene encoding D-alanine:D-alanine ligase. Enzymatic assays using recombinant proteins and D-cycloserine susceptibility indicate that the A365V mutation in the SMEG35 DdlA protein causes a reduction in enzymatic activity in vitro and in vivo.
Screening poly(dA/dT) <sup>−</sup> cDNAs for gene identification (2000)

Many genes expressed in the human genome have not been identified despite intensive efforts. We observed that the presence of long poly(dA/dT) sequences in the 3' end of cDNA templates contributes significantly to this problem, because the hybrids formed randomly between poly(dA) and poly(dT) sequences of unrelated cDNA templates lead to loss of many templates in the normalization/subtraction reactions. The low abundant copies, which account for the majority of the expressed genes, are affected in particular by this phenomenon. We have developed a strategy called screening poly(dA/dT)(-) cDNAs for gene identification to overcome this obstacle. Applying this strategy can significantly enhance the efficiency of genome-wide gene identification and should have an impact on many functional genomic studies in the postgenome era.
Universal variational functionals of electron densities, first-order density matrices, and natural spin-orbitals and solution of the <i>v</i> -representability problem (1979)

Universal variational functionals of densities, first-order density matrices, and natural spin-orbitals are explicitly displayed for variational calculations of ground states of interacting electrons in atoms, molecules, and solids. In all cases, the functionals search for constrained minima. In particular, following Percus [Formula: see text] is identified as the universal functional of Hohenberg and Kohn for the sum of the kinetic and electron-electron repulsion energies of an N-representable trial electron density rho. Q[rho] searches all antisymmetric wavefunctions Psi(rho) which yield the fixed. rho. Q[rho] then delivers that expectation value which is a minimum. Similarly, [Formula: see text] is shown to be the universal functional for the electron-electron repulsion energy of an N-representable trial first-order density matrix gamma, where the actual external potential may be nonlocal as well as local. These universal functions do not require that a trial function for a variational calculation be associated with a ground state of some external potential. Thus, the v-representability problem, which is especially severe for trial first-order density matrices, has been solved. Universal variational functionals in Hartree-Fock and other restricted wavefunction theories are also presented. Finally, natural spin-orbital functional theory is compared with traditional orbital formulations in density functional theory.
Redox-dependent changes in .beta.-extended chain and turn structures of cytochrome c in water solution determined by second derivative amide I infrared spectra (1992)

The redox-dependent changes in secondary structure of cytochromes c from horse, cow, and dog hearts in water at 20 degrees C have been determined by amide I infrared spectroscopy. Second derivative amide I spectra were obtained by use of a procedure that includes a convenient method for the effective subtraction of the spectrum of water vapor in the system. The band at 1657 cm-1 representing the helix structure was unaffected by a change in redox state whereas changes in bands due to turns at 1680, 1672, and 1666 cm-1, unordered structure at 1650 cm-1, and beta-structures at 1632 and 1627 cm-1 occurred. About one-fourth of the beta-extended chain spectral region and one-fifth of the beta-turn region (involving a total of approximately 9-13 residues) were sensitive to the oxidation state of heme iron. No significant changes in the secondary structure of either the reduced or oxidized protein due to changes in ionic strength were detected. The localized structural rearrangements triggered by the changes in oxidation state of heme iron are consistent with differences in the binding of heme iron to a histidine imidazole nitrogen and a methionine sulfur atom from the beta-extended chain. The demonstrated ability to obtain highly reproducible second derivative amide I infrared spectra confirms the unique utility of such spectral measurements for localization of subtle changes in secondary structure within a protein, especially for changes among the multiple turns and beta-structures.
Janus kinase inhibitors for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms (2014)

The identification of JAK2V617F mutation and its link to MPNs has revolutionized treatment options. Resultant research in targeting the JAK/STAT pathway led to the approval of ruxolitinib, a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with activity in MPNs. While ruxolitinib produces durable reductions in splenomegaly and improvement of symptoms, and prolongs survival, there is room for new and more specific agents to be developed. Minimizing toxicity and avoiding drug resistance are challenges that lie ahead. Combining agents with different mechanisms seems to be a rational strategy.
Modulation of breast cancer resistance protein (<i>BCRP</i>/<i>ABCG2</i>) gene expression using RNA interference (2004)

Overexpression of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) confers multidrug resistance (MDR) to tumor cells and often limits the efficacy of chemotherapy. To circumvent BCRP-mediated MDR, a common approach is the use of potent and specific inhibitors of BCRP transport such as fumitremorgin C, novobiocin, and GF120918. Here, we evaluated a new approach using RNA interference for the specific knockdown of BCRP. We designed and synthesized small interfering RNA (siRNA) using T7 RNA polymerase and showed that siRNAs markedly down-regulated both exogenous and endogenous expression of BCRP. As a functional consequence, knockdown of BCRP by siRNAs increased the sensitivity of human choriocarcinoma BeWo cells to mitoxantrone and topotecan by 10.5- and 8.2-fold, respectively. Using flow cytometry, we found that introduction of siRNAs also enhanced the intracellular accumulation of topotecan. We have previously identified an estrogen response element in the BCRP promoter and have shown that 17beta-estradiol increased BCRP mRNA expression. Furthermore, in the present study, we found that expression of BCRP protein was inducible by 17beta-estradiol and that this effect was ameliorated by the introduction of siRNAs. These studies indicate that siRNAs could modulate MDR in vitro and may present a new approach to overcome BCRP-mediated drug resistance.
SP1 Protein-Based Nanostructures and Arrays (2008)

Controlled formation of complex nanostructures is one of the main goals of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Stable Protein 1 (SP1) is a boiling-stable ring protein complex, 11 nm in diameter, which self-assembles from 12 identical monomers. SP1 can be utilized to form large ordered arrays; it can be easily modified by genetic engineering to produce various mutants; it is also capable of binding gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and thus forming protein-GNP chains made of alternating SP1s and GNPs. We report the formation and the protocols leading to the formation of those nanostructures and their characterization by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electrostatic force microscopy. Further control over the GNP interdistances within the protein-GNP chains may lead to the formation of nanowires and structures that may be useful for nanoelectronics.
Flavopiridol metabolism in cancer patients is associated with the occurrence of diarrhea. (2000)

Flavopiridol, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor currently undergoing clinical evaluation, has a dose-limiting toxicity of diarrhea. Preclinical data on flavopiridol metabolism indicate that flavopiridol undergoes hepatic glucuronidation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the occurrence of diarrhea is related to the systemic glucuronidation of flavopiridol. Parent drug and metabolite concentrations in plasma were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography in 22 metastatic renal cancer patients treated on a Phase II trial of 50 mg/m2/day of flavopiridol administered every 2 weeks as a 72-h continuous infusion. Pharmacokinetics of flavopiridol and its glucuronide were assessed during the first cycle at 23, 47, and 71 h during the infusion. Flavopiridol concentrations at 23, 47, and 71 h were 389 nM (296-567 nM), 412 nM (297-566 nM), and 397 nM (303-597 nM) [median (interquartile range)], respectively. Flavopiridol glucuronide reached a plateau of 358 nM (196-553 nM) at 47 h. Metabolic ratios of flavopiridol glucuronide:flavopiridol at 71 h showed an apparent bimodal distribution with an antimode of 1.2. Thirteen patients experienced diarrhea and had lower metabolic ratios [0.72 (0.53-0.86)] than patients without diarrhea [2.24 (1.76-2.3); P = 0.002]. Eight of 11 extensive glucuronidators (ratio > 1.2) did not develop diarrhea, whereas 10 of 11 poor glucuronidators (ratio < 1.2) developed diarrhea (P = 0.008). The glucuronidation of flavopiridol is apparently polymorphic, suggesting a genetic etiology. The systemic glucuronidation of flavopiridol is inversely associated with the risk of developing diarrhea.