gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-temperature APCVD oxide using TEOS-ozone chemistry for multilevel interconnections (2003)

A low-temperature APCVD (atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition) process using TEOS-O/sub 3/ chemistry has been investigated as an interlayer dielectric application technique for multilevel interconnections. The deposition rates depend on the substrate materials, and the oxide films self-planarize the underlying topography, exhibiting smooth flowing profiles of step coverage as deposited. High-quality films can be formed by increasing the deposition temperature and the O/sub 3//TEOS ratio, and much more improvement can be achieved by annealing. This process has been successfully applied to submicron devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Human coronary transplantation-associated arteriosclerosis. Evidence for a chronic immune reaction to activated graft endothelial cells. (1991)

Occlusive disease of coronary arteries of engrafted hearts is the major obstacle to long-term survival of human cardiac allografts. The pathogenesis of this process remains uncertain. The identity and localization of cells found in transplantation-associated arteriosclerosis lesions from human cardiac allografts were evaluated, and their expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (human leukocyte antigen-DR [HLA-DR]), surface molecules required for recognition of foreign cells by CD4+ T lymphocytes, was noted. Expanded intimas of transplanted coronary arteries contain T lymphocytes (both CD4+ and CD8+ in approximately equal number) and HLA-DR+ macrophages, both localized primarily in a ring immediately below the luminal endothelium, a distribution strikingly different from that in typical atherosclerosis. Coronary arterial endothelium from six of six transplanted hearts studied bore high levels of HLA-DR. Normal human arteries or usual atherosclerotic lesions have few if any HLA-DR+ endothelial cells. The significance of these findings was tested by evaluating the ability of HLA-DR+ arterial cells to interact with allogeneic T cells in vitro. Endothelial cells (but not smooth muscle cells) cultured from human arteries stimulated foreign CD4+ T cells to proliferate and augmented their secretion of interleukin-2. These findings suggest that ongoing stimulation of recipient T lymphocytes by HLA-DR+ endothelium of donor coronary arteries contributes to a sustained regional immune response. Consequent local release of cytokines may regulate smooth muscle cell proliferation and matrix accumulation within the coronary arteries of allografted hearts.
Persistence Length of Isotactic Poly(hydroxy butyrate) (1997)

The persistence length of isotactic poly(hydroxy butyrate) was measured using small-angle neutron scattering. The value obtained from these measurements reflects a high degree of local chain persistence. If this local persistence is accounted for, scattering from these chains can be globally fit with Gaussian scaling. A global scattering function, the unified equation, is used, which decomposes the chain structure into two levels, one corresponding to the Gaussian regime and one to the persistence regime. The persistence length obtained using this global scattering function is compared to that obtained using the graphical approach of Kratky and Porod with good agreement. Additionally, the global fitting approach of Sharp and Bloomfield is also considered. The Kratky and the Sharp and Bloomfield approaches appear to yield different values for the persistence length. Additionally, the Sharp and Bloomfield function does not allow inspection of the component parts of the fit. One advantage of both global functions is that the level of statistical confidence in the persistence length can be determined in a least-squares fit. Another advantage is the removal of ambiguity concerning an apparent regime of non-Gaussian scaling between the persistence scaling regime and the Gaussian regime.
Tracing the Pre-B to Immature B Cell Transition in Human Leukemia Cells Reveals a Coordinated Sequence of Primary and Secondary <i>IGK</i> Gene Rearrangement, <i>IGK</i> Deletion, and <i>IGL</i> Gene Rearrangement (2005)

The BCR-ABL1 kinase expressed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) drives malignant transformation of pre-B cells and prevents further development. We studied whether inhibition of BCR-ABL1 kinase activity using STI571 can relieve this differentiation block. STI571 treatment of leukemia patients induced expression of the Ig L chain-associated transcription factors IRF4 and SPIB, up-regulation of RAG1 and RAG2, Ckappa and Clambda germline transcription, and rearrangement of Ig kappa L chain (IGK) and Ig lambda L chain (IGL) genes. However, STI571-treated pre-B ALL cells expressed lambda L, but almost no kappa L chains. This could be explained by STI571-induced rearrangement of the kappa-deleting element (KDE), which can delete productively rearranged Vkappa-Jkappa joints. Amplifying double-strand breaks at recombination signal sequences within the IGK, KDE, and IGL loci revealed a coordinated sequence of rearrangement events induced by STI571: recombination of IGK gene segments was already initiated within 1 h after STI571 treatment, followed by KDE-mediated deletion of Vkappa-Jkappa joints 6 h later and, ultimately, IGL gene rearrangement after 12 h. Consistently, up-regulation of Ckappa and Clambda germline transcripts, indicating opening of IGK and IGL loci, was detected after 1 and 6 h for IGK and IGL, respectively. Continued activity of the recombination machinery induced secondary IGK gene rearrangements, which shifted preferential usage of upstream located Jkappa- to downstream Jkappa-gene segments. Thus, inhibition of BCR-ABL1 in pre-B ALL cells 1) recapitulates early B cell development, 2) directly shows that IGK, KDE, and IGL genes are rearranged in sequential order, and 3) provides a model for Ig L chain gene regulation in the human.
Expression of a highly conserved oncofetal gene, TA1/E16, in human colon carcinoma and other primary cancers: homology to Schistosoma mansoni amino acid permease and Caenorhabditis elegans gene products. (1996)

The peptides encoded by the rat liver oncofetal cDNA TA1 and the human lymphocyte activation gene E16 display a high degree of homology with coding regions recently identified in Schistosoma mansoni and Caenorhabditis elegans. Previous studies showed that up-regulation of TA1/ E16 expression was associated with rat hepatocarcinogenesis and human tumor cell lines; therefore, we analyzed several primary human tumors including a panel of 20 colon carcinomas to evaluate the relationship of TA1/E16 RNA and protein expression to neoplasia. A 4.0-kb transcript was detected in all but one colorectal carcinoma but not in normal colon or specimens of inflammatory bowel disease. Steady-state TA1/E16 mRNA levels varied considerably between carcinomas and did not correlate simply with mitotic index, modified Dukes' stage, or tumor size. TA1/E16 message also was detected in adenocarcinomas from breast, endometrium, salivary gland, and esophagus. Western blot analysis using antibodies against TA1/E16-deduced peptides identified major reactive bands of approximately 35 and 19 kDa in neoplasms but not in normal tissue. Immunoperoxidase staining localized the protein primarily to the supranuclear region of colon carcinoma cells, whereas normal epithelial cells were negative. Heterogeneous staining was found in villous adenomas with focal intramucosal adenocarcinoma but was negative in tubular adenomas, suggesting that expression of TA1/E16 may correlate with neoplastic progression in the colon. Up-regulation of this gene in various human cancers suggests a common role in the carcinogenic process and possible application as a tumor marker.
Macroscopic Orientation of Block Copolymer Cylinders in Single‐Layer Films by Shearing (2004)

Thin supported films of cylinder-forming block copolymers, containing a single layer of microdomains (Figure top), ordinarily exhibit a highly defective texture with no long-range order (lower left). Shearing these 30 nm thick films aligns the cylinders, eliminates all orientational defects, and greatly reduces the density of translational defects (lower right), enhancing the utility of these films as lithographic templates. See also front cover.
Atomic Interferometer Based on Adiabatic Population Transfer (1994)

We demonstrate an atomic interferometer based on the transfer of population between two ground states via adiabatic following using a nonabsorbing "dark" superposition state. This type of interferometer promises to be useful for precise measurement of the photon recoil energy and also for large area atomic interferometers since it allows transfer of a large number of photon recoil momenta to the atoms with high efficiency. In preliminary experiments, we have obtained a coherent transfer efficiency of 95% with transfer of photon momenta and 98.4% with no transfer of momenta. Over 140 photon momenta have been transferred coherently to the atoms.
Sphingolipid and Glycosphingolipid Metabolic Pathways in the Era of Sphingolipidomics (2011)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTSphingolipid and Glycosphingolipid Metabolic Pathways in the Era of SphingolipidomicsAlfred H. Merrill, Jr.*View Author InformationSchools of Biology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, United States Telephone: 404-385-2842. Fax: 404-385-2917. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2011, 111, 10, 6387–6422Publication Date (Web):September 26, 2011Publication History Received29 July 2011Published online26 September 2011Published inissue 12 October 2011https://doi.org/10.1021/cr2002917Copyright © 2011 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSACS AuthorChoiceArticle Views14748Altmetric-Citations467LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (10 MB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Lipids,Peptides and proteins,Metabolism,Biosynthesis,Rodent models Get e-Alerts
Light-Induced Reversible Volume Changes in Thin Films of Azo Polymers:  The Photomechanical Effect (2005)

A light-induced expansion of thin films of polymers containing azobenzene chromophores was characterized in real time by single wavelength ellipsometry. An initial expansion of the azo polymer films was found to be irreversible with an extent of relative expansion observed of 1.5−4% in films of thickness ranging from 250 to 1400 Å. A subsequent and reversible expansion was observed with repeated irradiation cycles, achieving a relative extent of expansion of 0.6−1.6%. Control over the extent of this reversible expansion was achieved by varying the pump beam power or irradiation duration, allowing these polymers to function as reversible photomechanical materials.
Physical and mechanical properties of glass—ionomer cements (1975)

Abstract A comparison is made of the mechanical properties of ionic polymer cements, prepared by reacting an aqueous poly(acrylic acid) solution with ion‐leachable inorganic powders. Out of the wide range of powders investigated, specially formulated aluminosilicate glasses gave the most promising results, and the properties of cements made from them are discussed in greater detail. In particular, the dependence of compressive strength on cement age is described, and the loss of water from the material when exposed to atmospheres of low relative humidity is shown to be related to property changes which occur under these conditions. An interpretation of these detrimental effects is presented in terms of variation in the cement microstructure, and methods of minimising the effects by various modifications to the basic system are reviewed.
Utility of PCR in Diagnosis of Problematic Cases of Typhoid (2002)

Typhoid is a global problem. Conventional diagnostic methods have limitations. The Widal test gives a high proportion of false positive results, and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has reduced the utility of blood culture. Consequently, these procedures are inadequate for diagnosing suspected cases of typhoid that do not present clear-cut symptoms. We previously showed that PCR-based diagnosis of typhoid targeting the flagellin gene has unparalleled specificity. We assessed the utility of this method for diagnosis of problematic cases of typhoid. A comparative study of PCR, blood culture, and Widal test was carried out on 55 cases of suspected typhoid with fever for 3-30 days and possessing an ambiguous clinical picture. A control group comprised of 20 healthy persons was also included. The respective positive results by PCR, blood culture, and Widal test for these groups were 58.2 and 0%, 14.5 and 0%, and 52.7 and 45%. Sensitivity of PCR as compared with that of blood culture was significantly better. We concluded that PCR is much superior to conventional methods and, due to its high sensitivity and specificity, can be of great use for rapid and definitive diagnosis of problematic cases of typhoid.
The biochemical consequences of α2,6(N) sialyltransferase induction by dexamethasone on sialoglycoprotein expression in the rat H411e hepatoma cell line (1997)

Previous studies have demonstrated sialyltransferase (ST) enzyme activity to be induced in hepatic cells by corticosteroids. In this study, we used the H411e rat hepatoma cell line to further characterise this induction with particular reference to the subsequent changes in the pattern of sialoglycoprotein (SGP) expression. The induction of total ST activity by dexamethasone was concentration dependent with maximum induction occurring 12 h subsequent to drug addition. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the induction was associated with an increase in the expression of the alpha2,6(N) ST enzyme with no change in the expression levels of the alpha2,3(N) enzyme. While the induction resulted in an increase in the reaction velocity (Vmax) of the enzyme for both the sugar donor (CMP-Neu5Ac) and the asialofetuin acceptor protein, there was no significant change in the enzyme affinity (Km) for the substrates, suggestive of either an increase in the expression or efficiency of the existing enzyme(s) rather than an induction of novel ST enzymes. Lectin blot analysis of cellular glycoprotein expression demonstrated no change in the expression patterns of either alpha2,3 or alpha2,6-linked SGP following enzyme induction. These results suggest that the available acceptor sites for the terminal sialic acid group(s) may be fully occupied in the control cells and therefore there are no further sites onto which the sialic acid can be transferred following induction of ST enzyme activity. This may be due to the high basal enzyme levels in the control cells already exhausting endogenous acceptor sites.
&lt;title&gt;Multispectral imaging systems using acousto-optic tunable filter&lt;/title&gt; (1993)

This paper discusses recent activities of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in the development of a new type of remote sensing multispectral imaging instrument using acousto- optic tunable filter (AOTF) as a programmable bandpass filter. This remote sensor filter provides real-time operation; observational flexibility; measurements of spectral, spatial, and polarization information using a single instrument; and compact, solid state structure without moving parts. An AOTF multispectral imaging prototype system for outdoor field experiments was designed and assembled. Some preliminary experimental results are reported. The field system is used to investigate spectral and polarization signatures of natural and man-made objects for evaluation of the technological feasibility for remote sensing applications. In addition, an airborne prototype instrument is currently under development.
HER2 expression in breast cancer primary tumours and corresponding metastases. Original data and literature review (2004)

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the HER2 expression in breast cancer is retained in metastases. The HER2 expression in primary tumours and the corresponding lymph node metastases were evaluated in parallel samples from 47 patients. The HercepTest was used for immunohistochemical analyses of HER2 overexpression in all cases. CISH/FISH was used for analysis of gene amplification in some cases. HER2 overexpression (HER2-scores 2+ or 3+) was found in 55% of both the primary tumours and of the lymph node metastases. There were only small changes in the HER2-scores; six from 1+ to 0 and one from 3+ to 2+ when the metastases were compared to the corresponding primary tumours. However, there were no cases with drastic changes in HER2 expression between the primary tumours and the corresponding lymph node metastases. The literature was reviewed for similar investigations, and it is concluded that breast cancer lymph node metastases generally overexpress HER2 to the same extent as the corresponding primary tumours. This also seems to be the case when distant metastases are considered. It has been noted that not all patients with HER2 overexpression respond to HER2-targeted Trastuzumab treatment. The stability in HER2 expression is encouraging for efforts to develop complementary forms of therapy, for example, therapy with radionuclide-labelled Trastuzumab.
Structural basis for 2′-deoxyguanosine recognition by the 2′-dG-II class of riboswitches (2019)

A recent bioinformatic analysis of well-characterized classes of riboswitches uncovered subgroups unable to bind to the regulatory molecule of the parental class. Within the guanine/adenine class, seven groups of RNAs were identified that deviate from the consensus sequence at one or more of three positions directly involved purine nucleobase recognition, one of which was validated as a second class of 2'-deoxyguanosine riboswitch (called 2'-dG-II). To understand how 2'-dG-II riboswitches recognize their cognate ligand and how they differ from a previously identified class of 2'-deoxyguanosine binding riboswitches, we have solved the crystal structure of a 2'-dG-II aptamer domain bound to 2'-deoxyguanosine. This structure reveals a global architecture similar to other members of the purine riboswitch family, but contains key differences within the ligand binding core. Defining the 2'-dG-II riboswitches is a two-nucleotide insertion in the three-way junction that promotes novel base-base interactions. Unlike 2'-dG-I riboswitches, the 2'-dG-II class only requires local changes to the ligand binding pocket of the guanine/adenine class to achieve a change in ligand preference. Notably, members of the 2'-dG-II family have variable ability to discriminate between 2'-deoxyguanosine and riboguanosine, suggesting that a subset of 2'-dG-II riboswitches may bind either molecule to regulate gene expression.
Grandfather Rasmus B. Nielsen's Written Account of His Life from Birth until He Emigrated from Denmark to the United States (1991)

Born the 4th of August 1851. Son of Niels Kristensen and wife, Karen Marie (born Rasmussen). I have very few recollections from my childhood. Father, I can remember, but only faintly. However, I can remember the birth of a little sister and can recall she was very sick and weak. She suffered from a contagious sickness, which was very dangerous. After she fell ill, I was sent to my grandparents in Sk0rring. I don't know how old I was then, but that is where I grew up. I shall try, from memory, to picture the character and life of my grandparents. Grandfather was a quiet and modest man but no doubt a very able farmer, given the knowledge at that time. He was good to everyone and very much liked by his peers. In short, he was a typical Danish farmer, honest as the day was long, in all his affairs. I was unquestionably Grandfather's boy. I always went to him with my little sorrows. He would then take my hand and as we walked hand-in-hand he would comfort me. I would eagerly have walked with him all day. I can remember that when I had developed to the point where I could sing (we had a hired girl who had taught me to sing some songs) then I sang for him. Somewhat later I learned to sing hymns, and then I sang the hymn (his own, he said), "I walk in danger where'r I go." My! how happy he then could be. That song was, by the way, sung at his funeral. I can recall when king Frederik the Seventh died. I came from school, went over to my Grandfather to tell him that the king had died. He then said, "Lord God, my boy, is the King dead! We shall now have war." Then he cried. Yes, and Denmark did become involved in war.
Brave Little World: Spheroids as an in vitro Model to Study Tumor-Immune-Cell Interactions (2006)

Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) are a well-established 3-D in vitro model system that reflects the pathophysiological in vivo situation in tumor microregions and of avascular micrometastatic sites. Because monocytes and other immune cells infiltrate into MCTS of different origin, such spheroid cocultures are a valuable, still underestimated tool to systematically study heterologous interactions between tumor and immune cells. The present article gives a brief overview on work that has been published on tumor-immune cell interactions in MCTS and also summarizes mechanisms of immune suppression in the tumor milieu focussing on myeloid cells. Using the coculture model, we recently demonstrated that tumor-derived lactic acid is a potent modulator of human monocyte as lactic acid inhibited the differentiation of monocytes (MO) into dendritic cells (DC) and also impaired antigen presentation. We show herein, that the capacity of various tumor cells in MCTS to secrete lactic acid differs up to tenfold, suggesting that this capacity is dependent on the tumor cell type. It is further demonstrated that lactic acid disturbs the migration of MO into MCTS as infiltration could be increased by blocking lactic acid production. We therefore discuss lactic acid which accumulates in many tumors and tumor microregions as a potent immune suppressor for MO/DC in the tumor milieu and conclude that these data are highly relevant for adoptive immunotherapy protocols with DC.
Fundamentals (2009)

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Impedance of a circular-disc printed-circuit antenna (1978)

The driving-point impedance of a printed-circuit antenna consisting of a circular disc separated by a dielectric from a ground plane is investigated experimentally. The impedance is measured as a function of the operating frequency for various disc diameters, thicknesses and permittivities of the dielectric and feed point positions. In addition, a theoretical parallel RLC circuit model is proposed and compared with the experimental data.