gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MODERN TREATMENT OF LYMPHOEDEMA II. THE BENZOPYRONES. (1992)

The benzo-pyrones reduce all high-protein oedemas, including lymphoedema and elephantiasis, by increasing the numbers of macrophages and their normal proteolysis. Thus they remove the excess protein, and thereby the oedema which is caused by it. They also remove the stimulus it provides for chronic inflammation and fibrosis, and its action as a culture medium for bacteria. Coumarin (5,6 benzo-[alpha]-pyrone, 56 BaP) and oxerutins (HR, O(beta-hydroxy-ethyl)-rutosides) have been used in many clinical trials on a variety of high-protein oedemas. Four such trials are summarised here: on lymphoedema and elephantiasis (from many causes in Australia, and filaritic in India and China). The drugs reduced these much more slowly than adequate physical therapy, but they did reduce them. About half the excess volume was removed over six months in the Australian trials. In India and China similar rates were achieved with lymphoedema, but elephantiasis reduced at a slower rate. The benzo-pyrones convert a slowly worsening condition into a slowly improving one. No compression garments are necessary. In addition, the drugs considerably reduce the number of attacks of secondary acute infection, reduce the deformities of elephantiasis and considerably improve the patients' comfort and mobility. They may be taken orally, or applied topically, have very low toxicities and only few, minor side-effects. They are useful in many other forms of high-protein oedema, and improve the results of physical therapy for lymphoedema.
Synthesis of 1‐aryl‐5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxylic acids and esters (1987)

Abstract Ethyl 1‐aryl‐5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1 H ‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxylates 2 were prepared by the condensation of arylhydrazines with ethyl 3‐ethoxy‐2‐(trifluoroacetyl)‐2‐propenoate (1a) at low temperature. The corresponding acids were also synthesized. X‐ray diffraction analysis of an amide derivative 4 verified the position of the trifluoromethyl group on the pyrazole ring.
Ellipsometric and Interferometric Characterization of DNA Probes Immobilized on a Combinatorial Array (1997)

We have used ellipsometry to study oligonucleotides bound on an array by observing changes in the optical thickness of the organic material attached to the surface. Interferometry has been used as a complementary technique to confirm our ellipsometry measurements. We have used these optical methods to characterize the chemical steps involved in synthesizing oligonucleotides on a solid support. Large area arrays have been mapped by ellipsometry with a spatial resolution of ∼1 mm2 and a sub-nanometer optical thickness resolution. We have demonstrated that this method can differentiate between areas containing oligonucleotides of different lengths.
Blood Preservation 42: Improvement of Ascorbate's Ability to Maintain 2,3‐DPG with Inosine (1981)

Inosine and ascorbate have been shown to maintain normal 2,3-DPG levels during three to four weeks of blood storage. With the introduction of CPD-adenine, which allows five weeks of storage, the desire for 2,3-DPG maintenance may receive new emphasis. Red blood cell 2,3-DPG remained at normal or higher levels for six weeks whenever 10 or 15 mM inosine and 10 mM vitamin C (L-ascorbate) or D-ascorbate were present in the CPD-adenine preservative. Provision by inosine of a five-carbon sugar for 2,3-DPG synthesis, bypassing the rate-limiting phosphofructokinase reaction, may allow NADH oxidation by ascorbate to provide an increased supply of substrate for the Rappoport-Luebering shunt, thus affecting the net increase and maintenance of 2,3-DPG.
Structural Analysis of Apolipoprotein A-I:  Effects of Amino- and Carboxy-Terminal Deletions on the Lipid-Free Structure (1998)

An amino-terminal deletion mutant (residues 1-43) and a carboxy-terminal deletion mutant (residues 187-243) of human apoliprotein A-I (apo hA-I) have been produced from a bacterial expression system to explore the importance of the missing residues for the conformation of apo hA-I. Our focus has been to study the lipid-free structure of apo hA-I to understand how discrete domains influence the conformational plasticity of the protein and, by inference, the mechanism of lipid binding. All spectral and physical measurements indicate that both apo delta(1-43)A-I and apo delta(187-243)A-I have folded, tertiary structures. These structures differ in the specific arrangement of helical domains based, in part, on their relative thermodynamic stability, near- and far-UV CD, limited proteolysis, and the accessibility of tryptophans to fluorescence quenchers. In addition, all data indicate that the folded domains of apo hA-I and apo delta(187-243)A-I are very similar. Results from analytical ultracentrifugation suggest that lipid-free apo hA-I and the deletion mutants each exist in a dynamic equilibrium between a loosely folded, helical bundle and an elongated monomeric helical hairpin. The conformational heterogeneity is consistent with significant ANS binding exhibited by all three proteins and could help to explain the facile lipid binding properties of apo hA-I.
Promise and challenge of thin-film silicon approaches to active matrices (1983)

This paper reviews the state of the art of laser-annealed crystalline, amorphous, and small-grained polycrystalline Si thin-film transistor arrays built for the addressing of liquid-crystal displays. The fabrication and performance of these arrays are compared with each other and with the more traditional CdSe-type device arrays.
Physiological concentrations of nitric oxide do not elicit an acute negative inotropic effect in unstimulated cardiac muscle. (1994)

We examined the effect of several nitric oxide (NO) donors, authentic NO gas, and L-arginine in isolated cat and rat papillary muscles. We did not observe significant inotropic effects in response to any NO donor (ie, SPM-5185, C87-3754, and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine [SNAP]) from 1 nmol/L to 100 mumol/L. Similarly, authentic NO, at concentrations far in excess of those that maximally dilate the coronary vasculature (ie, 500 nmol/L), also failed to exert a detectable inotropic effect in these preparations. However, in the presence of 5 mumol/L norepinephrine, 500 nmol/L NO exerted a 12 +/- 3% decrease in isolated rat papillary muscle contractility (P < .05). Addition of L-arginine up to 25 mmol/L exerted no inotropic effects in isolated rat papillary muscles. However, at 50 mmol/L, L-arginine decreased contractile force by 21 +/- 4% (P < .01). On further examination, the negative inotropic effect of 50 mmol/L L-arginine appeared to be nonspecific, since the inactive stereoisomer, D-arginine, at 50 mmol/L exerted the same effect. Further studies in isolated adult rat cardiac myocytes elicited similar results, in that 50 mmol/L of L- and D-arginine equally decreased contraction amplitude and the underlying cytosolic calcium transient. Moreover, 500 nmol/L of the NO donor SPM-5185 only modestly decreased contraction amplitude or intracellular calcium in isolated rat cardiac myocytes. These results indicate that administration of physiological concentrations of exogenous NO does not acutely depress the inotropic state of the rat or cat heart to a physiologically significant extent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Studies of Transfer RNA Tertiary Structure by Singlet-Singlet Energy Transfer (1970)

This distance between a base next to the anticodon of tRNA and the 3' CpCpA terminus of the molecule has been estimated by singlet-singlet energy transfer experiments. The energy donor was the Y base of unknown structure found in yeast tRNA(phe). Three different energy acceptors were used: acriflavine, proflavinyl acetic acid hydrazide, and 9-hydrazino acridine. These were attached to the periodate-oxidized 3' end of the tRNA. R(0)'s between 24 and 30 A were calculated for the three chromophore couples by assuming that the relative orientation of donor and acceptor is random. This assumption is supported by the consistency of the experimental results with all three acceptors and by studies of the fluorescence depolarization of Y. The energy transfer observed both by quenching of Y and enhanced activation of the acceptors is quite small, indicating that the anticodon is more than 40 A away from the amino acid accepting terminus. This places severe restrictions on the type of tertiary structure possible for tRNA.
Ghrelin cells replace insulin-producing β cells in two mouse models of pancreas development (2004)

The pancreatic islet is necessary for maintaining glucose homeostasis. Within the pancreatic islet, the homeodomain protein Nkx2.2 is essential for the differentiation of all insulin-producing beta cells and a subset of glucagon-producing alpha cells (1). Mice lacking Nkx2.2 have relatively normal sized islets, but a large number of cells within the mutant islet fail to produce any of the four major islet hormones. In this study we demonstrate that Nkx2.2 mutant endocrine cells have been replaced by cells that produce ghrelin, an appetite-promoting peptide predominantly found in the stomach. Intriguingly, normal mouse pancreas also contains a small population of ghrelin-producing cells, defining a new islet "epsilon" cell population. The expansion of ghrelin-producing cells at the expense of beta cells may be a general phenomenon, because we demonstrate that Pax4 mutant mice display a similar phenotype. We propose that insulin and ghrelin cells share a common progenitor and that Nkx2.2 and Pax4 are required to specify or maintain differentiation of the beta cell fate. This finding also suggests that there is a genetic component underlying the balance between insulin and ghrelin in regulating glucose metabolism.
Introducing translation dictionary into phrase-based SMT (2007)

This paper presents a method to effectively introduce translation dictionaries into phrase-based SMT. Though SMT systems can be built with only a parallel corpus, translation dictionaries are more widely available and have many more entries than parallel corpora. A simple and low-cost method to introduce a translation dictionary is to attach a dictionary entry into a phrase table. This, however, does not work well. Target word order and even whole target sentences are often incorrect. To solve this problem, the proposed method uses high-frequency word in the training corpus. The high-frequency words may already be trained well, in other words, may appear in the phrase table and therefore be translated with correct word order. Experimental results show the proposed method as far superior to simply attaching dictionary entries into phrase tables.
Excited State Potentials and Ligand Force Field of a Blue Copper Protein Plastocyanin (2004)

The ground and excited state potentials and force field of the copper ion site of plastocyanin in the oxidized state is studied by ab initio electronic structure calculations, with the aim to explore the mechanism of its photodynamics. It is shown that the potential energy surface of the ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) state, which corresponds to the intense ∼600 nm absorption, is repulsive along the Cu−S(Cys) distance, where S(Cys) denotes the sulfur atom of the cystein ligand, and crosses with the d → d ligand field excited states at the Cu−S(Cys) length of ∼2.7 Å or longer. The crossing distance varies depending on the Cu−N(His) distance of the two histidine ligands, indicating that the Cu−His ligand vibrational motions, in addition to the Cu−S(Cys) stretch, constitute a major component of the reaction coordinate for the nonradiative transitions. This feature is explained in terms of the different charge distributions and the resulting electrostatic interactions in these states. The influence from the methionine ligand is seen to be minor, although the possible dynamical coupling via the dispersion interactions is not ruled out. A shorter Cu−S(Met) equilibrium distance (2.4 Å) than in the crystal structure (2.9 Å) is found, suggesting that the structural constraint from the surrounding protein may be playing some role.
Studying Gene Function in Eukaryotes by Conditional Gene Inactivation (2002)

The prospect of specifically controlling gene activities in vivo has become a defining hallmark of many model organisms of biological research. Where once the aim was to gain control over gene activities using endogenous control elements, new technologies have emerged that owe their remarkable specificity to heterologous components derived from evolutionarily distant species. This review highlights inducible transcriptional systems and site-specific recombination. Their quantitative and qualitative characteristics are discussed, with examples of how recent developments have expanded the spectrum of cells and organisms that are now accessible to genetic dissection of unprecedented precision. Transgenesis has already converted the mouse into a prime model for mammalian genetics. Combined with the new approaches of conditional activation or inactivation of genes, this model has opened up new horizons for the analysis of gene function in mammals.
Bounds for Approximation in Total Variation Distance by Quantum Circuits (1995)

It was recently shown that for reasonable notions of approximation of states and functions by quantum circuits, almost all states and functions are exponentially hard to approximate [Knill 1995]. The bounds obtained are asymptotically tight except for the one based on total variation distance (TVD). TVD is the most relevant metric for the performance of a quantum circuit. In this paper we obtain asymptotically tight bounds for TVD. We show that in a natural sense, almost all states are hard to approximate to within a TVD of 2/e-εeven for exponentially small ε. The quantity 2/e is asymptotically the average distance to the uniform distribution. Almost all states with probability amplitudes concentrated in a small fraction of the space are hard to approximate to within a TVD of 2-ε. These results imply that non-uniform quantum circuit complexity is non-trivial in any reasonable model. They also reinforce the notion that the relative information distance between states (which is based on the difficulty of transforming one state to another) fully reflects the dimensionality of the space of qubits, not the number of qubits.
Attacks on PKM Protocols of IEEE 802.16 and Its Later Versions (2006)

Without physical boundaries, a wireless network faces many more vulnerabilities than a wired network does. IEEE 802.16 provides a security sublayer in the MAC layer to address the privacy issues across the fixed BWA (broadband wireless access). Several articles have been published to address the flaws in IEEE 802.16 security after IEEE 802.16-2001 was released. However, even the enhanced version IEEE 802.16-2004 does not settle all the problems and additional flaws emerge. In addition, we found that PKM (privacy and key management) protocols version 2 (PKMv2), proposed by recently released IEEE 802.16e, is also vulnerable to new attacks. In this paper, we first overview the IEEE 802.16 standard, especially the security sublayer, and then investigate possible attacks on the basic PKM protocol in IEEE 802.16 as well as in its other versions from related works and the newest PKMv2. We also give possible solutions to counter those attacks and verify our analysis using formal (BAN) logic.
Nonspecific esterases of the formed elements: zymograms produced by pH 9.5 polyarcrylamide gel electrophoresis (1981)

The formed elements of human blood each contain multiple isoenzymes of nonspecific esterase that hydrolyze short chain alpha naphthyl esters. Zymograms that are characteristic of each type of formed element are obtained by subjecting purified preparations of each to polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis at pH 9.5 and subsequent staining of the gels for esterase activity. The most prominent isoenzyme detected is a species of low mobility that is reactive with either acetyl or butyryl esters and is highly sensitive to inhibition by 40 mM sodium fluoride. Also detected are several major acetyl esterases and a single butyryl esterase, all of which are relatively fluoride resistant. The intercellular distribution of isoenzymes varies from element-specific to pancellular. The prominent fluoride-sensitive acetyl, butyryl esterase, is the major isoenzyme of monocyte zymograms, which is consistent with the well known cytochemistry of monocytes. Lesser but significant amount (2%-3% of monocyte levels) of this isoenzyme were also detected in granulocyte zymograms. This system may prove useful in the study of differentiation of blood cells and in the classification of acute leukemias.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors prevent oxidative neuronal death independent of expanded polyglutamine repeats via an Sp1-dependent pathway (2003)

Oxidative stress is believed to be an important mediator of neurodegeneration. However, the transcriptional pathways induced in neurons by oxidative stress that activate protective gene responses have yet to be fully delineated. We report that the transcription factor Sp1 is acetylated in response to oxidative stress in neurons. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors augment Sp1 acetylation, Sp1 DNA binding, and Sp1-dependent gene expression and confer resistance to oxidative stress-induced death in vitro and in vivo. Sp1 activation is necessary for the protective effects of HDAC inhibitors. Together, these results demonstrate that HDAC inhibitors inhibit oxidative death independent of polyglutamine expansions by activating an Sp1-dependent adaptive response.
ULTRAFAST TWO-DIMENSIONAL ION SEPARATIONS BASED ON ION MOBILITY-TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY: FROM BIOTECHNOLOGY TO NANOTECHNOLOGY (2008)

To advance the information content in biotechnology and nanotechnology studies using mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, two-dimensional (2D) post-ionization separations combining ion mobility (IM) with time-of-flight MS (IM-TOFMS) are described. The added data dimensionality consists of ion structural information based on the ion collision cross-section determined by IM with accurate mass measurements obtained by TOFMS. The basic theory of IM and practical implementation in IM-MS instrumentation is discussed and described in the context of high throughput separations (µs-ms), peptide and post-translational modification (PTM) identification, and structural determinations, for applications ranging from proteomics and tissue imaging, to characterization of carbon nanotubes.
A pH-sensitive graphene oxide composite hydrogel (2010)

Graphene oxide/poly(vinyl alcohol) (GO/PVA) composite hydrogel was prepared and utilized for selective drug release at physiological pH.
Acquired Tamoxifen Resistance: Correlation With Reduced Breast Tumor Levels of Tamoxifen and Isomerization of Trans-4-Hydroxytamoxifen (1991)

Acquired tamoxifen resistance represents a major cause of treatment failure in breast cancer. We implanted estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in athymic nude BALB/c mice as a model to study in vivo acquired tamoxifen resistance. After 4-6 months of tumor growth suppression by trans-tamoxifen, tumor progression was observed despite continued tamoxifen administration. Acquired resistance was not due to loss of estrogen receptors, to alterations in serum or tumor estrogen levels, or to changes in tamoxifen or its major metabolites in serum. Tamoxifen-resistant tumors remained estrogen dependent in vivo. However, resistance was also associated with the ability of tamoxifen to stimulate tumor growth. Resistant tumors were characterized by markedly lower intracellular tamoxifen levels and by isomerization of the potent antiestrogenic metabolite trans-4-hydroxy-tamoxifen to the less potent cis isomer. Metabolic tolerance, as manifested by alterations in cellular concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites, may thus be one mechanism for acquired tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer.
&lt;title&gt;Phase-shift mask issues for 193-nm lithography&lt;/title&gt; (1994)

As feature sizes below 0.25 micron are pursued deep-UV lithography at 193 nm is being investigated. This paper presents results from investigations into phase-shift mask issues for 193 nm excimer laser lithography. A small field refractive projection system for operation at the 193.3 nm wavelength of a spectrally narrowed ArF excimer laser has been constructed for lithographic research. The small field, 20X system operates with a variable objective lens numerical aperture from 0.30 to 0.60, variable partial coherence, and control over illumination fill. Through the use of attenuated and alternating phase-shifting techniques resolution can be pushed to the 0.2 micron range with depth of focus as large as 2 microns. Sensitivities to shifter deviations and resist interaction increase. Shifter etch influences on fused silica surface characteristics need to be addressed. Transmission affects of attenuating materials becomes increasingly important. Resist imaging and simulation results presented shed some light on the potential of phase-shift masking for 193 nm lithography, along with inherent difficulties.
Inhibitory effect of Artemisia capillaris extract on cytokine-induced nitric oxide formation and cytotoxicity of RINm5F cells (2007)

Cytokines produced by immune cells infiltrating pancreatic islets are important mediators of beta-cell destruction in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Cytokines stimulate an inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production, leading to insulin insufficiency. In the present study, the effects of Artemisia capillaris extract (ACE) on cytokine-induced beta-cell damage were examined. Treatment of RINm5F (RIN) rat insulinoma cells with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induced cell damage. ACE completely protected IL-1beta and IFN-gamma-mediated cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubation with ACE resulted in a significant reduction in IL-1beta and IFN-gamma-induced NO production, a finding that correlated well with reduced levels of the iNOS mRNA and protein. The molecular mechanism by which ACE inhibited iNOS gene expression appeared to involve the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. The IL-1beta and IFN-gamma-stimulated RIN cells showed increases in NF-kappaB binding activity and p65 subunit levels in the nucleus, and IkappaBalpha degradation in cytosol compared to unstimulated cells. Furthermore, ACE restored the cytokine-induced inhibition of insulin release from isolated islets. These results suggest that ACE protects beta-cells by suppressing NF-kappaB activation.
Structure of the lipid moiety of the Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan. (1987)

The lipid moiety of the lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania donovani had been isolated and characterized as a novel lyso-alkylphosphatidylinositol. Treatment of lipophosphoglycan with either 10% NH4OH or a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Staphylococcus aureus liberated a monoalkylglycerol substituent. Structural characterization of the monoalkylglycerol by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated the presence of two saturated, unbranched hydrocarbons: a C24 alkyl chain comprising 78% of the lipid with the remaining 22% as a C26 alkyl chain. Periodate sensitivity demonstrated that the alkyl side chain is linked to the C-1 position of the glycerol backbone. Treatment of lipophosphoglycan with nitrous acid released 1-O-alkylglycerophosphorylinositol due to an unacetylated glucosamine residue linked to the inositol of the lyso-alkylphosphatidylinositol. Quantitative analysis of the organic solvent-soluble product of nitrous acid deamination of lipophosphoglycan confirmed the expected ratio of inositol:phosphate:1-O-alkylglycerol as 1:1:1. These results suggest that L. donovani anchors its lipophosphoglycan with a unique lipid component.