gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increasing nutrient availability of feather meal for ruminants and non-ruminants using an ammonia pressurisation/depressurisation process (1999)

An ammonia pressurisation/depressurisation process (PDA) was evaluated for efficacy in enhancing solubility and digestibility of feather meal (FM) protein. Commercial FM was processed for 5 min with variable ammonia loadings (0.5–2 g g−1 DM), moisture contents (10–50%) and temperatures (75–90 °C). Dry matter and protein solubility were determined in a 0.15 M NaCl solution (6 h, 39 °C) and soluble protein content was determined by the Lowry method. Ruminal solubility was determined by the Kjeldahl method as protein lost in the rumen (1 min) of a cannulated steer. Protein digestibility (crude protein by Kjeldahl analysis) was determined using the in situ dacron bag and pepsin techniques. Protein solubility in the untreated FM was low (13.3 and 7.2%, in NaCl and in rumen fluid, respectively) and increased (p < 0.05) to 39.4 and 23.0%, respectively, in the treated FM at the optimal conditions (50% moisture, 2 g ammonia g−1 dry FM and 90 °C). Ruminal and pepsin protein digestibilities increased (p < 0.05) with increasing moisture content, ammonia loading and temperature. Protein digested in the rumen at 12 h increased from 21.9 (untreated) to 43.0%. Highest digestibility value at 48 h was 54.8%. Pepsin protein digestibility increased (p < 0.05) from 35.4% in the untreated FM to 89.3% in the optimal treatment. Protein solubility in NaCl correlated very well (0.98) with pepsin digestibility. The 3-fold increase in solubility and 2-fold increase in digestibility could improve nutrient availability of FM and increase its value as a protein source for both ruminants and non-ruminants. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Blind equalization for MIMO for channels based only on second order statistics by use of pre-filters (2003)

By the use of pre-filters, the uncorrelated white source signals can be separated from an unknown MIMO (multiple-input-multiple-output) FIR channel based only on the second order statistics of the received signals. Precisely, if the white source signals are mutually uncorrelated, then a set of special pre-filters with order K can be designed so that the unknown MIMO FIR channel is equalized if, and only if, the output signals of the equalizer are mutually uncorrelated and K-step temporally uncorrelated. A method for designing such pre-filters is given. These results can be applied to wireless communications for building a new multiple-access method potentially, by which multiple signals can be transmitted on the same narrow-band carrier simultaneously.
Pharmacokinetic study of yohimbine and its pharmacodynamic effects on salivary secretion in patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants. (1994)

The pharmacokinetic parameters and the time course of the effect after acute oral administration of yohimbine on salivary secretion in patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants were investigated. Yohimbine (10 mg) increased both salivary outflow and plasma noradrenaline levels for 4 h. Pharmacokinetic parameters (t1/2, tmax, Cmax and AUCexp) and plasma concentrations of noradrenaline were higher in patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants than in controls. At this dose, yohimbine induced a relatively large number of side effects. A lower dose (4 mg) increased salivary secretion for 3 h without any side effects in patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants but not in healthy volunteers. These data describe an interaction between yohimbine and tricyclic antidepressants and thus show that a relatively low dose (4 mg) of yohimbine could be useful in the treatment of dry mouth due to tricyclic antidepressants.
Cation activities in reversible ischemia of the cat brain. (1977)

In normothermic anesthetized cats cerebral blood flow was interrupted completely for one hour by arterial clamping and induced hypotension. The effect of ischemia on the ionic gradients of the cerebral cortex was assayed by determining total cortical electrolytes and by recording the activities of extracellular potassium ([K+i1e) and subarachnoid sodium ions ([Na+])s) with ion-sensitive electrodes. During ischemia [K+]e increased from 3.3+/-0.3 to 56+/-5.4 mEq per liter (means+/-SE) and [Na+]s decreased from 133+/-3.8 to 53+/-5.8 mEq per liter. When the brains were recirculated with blood after one hour's ischemia, [K+]e and [Na+]a gradually returned to normal within 45 minutes. The calculated intracellular uptake of sodium during ischemia amounted to 139 mEq per kilogram dry weight, whereas the intracellular release of potassium was only 64 mEq per kilogram. The increase in intracellular cation was accompanied by a movement of water from the extracellular into the intracellular compartment, causing a reversible shrinkage of the extracellular space from 18.9 to 8.5 vol %. The changes in ionic gradients were related to the development and resolution of ischemic brain swelling, and to the elctrophysiological events during and after ischemia.
Degradation of phenols by algae (1992)

Abstract Strains of Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus obliquus and Spirulina maxima were tested for degradation of some phenolic compounds listed by U.S. EPA as priority pollutants. Toxins were dissolved in a medium (pH 7–7.2) without carbon source (except for testing Spirulina, in which case sodium bicarbonate was part of the medium at pH 9–9.2) and algae prepared by batch cultivation were added. Phenol was found to be degraded easily by all tested algae at a concentration about 1000 mg 1‐1. 2,4‐dimethylphenol was found to be converted by Chlorella (even at a concentration of about 1000 mg1‐1) to an isomer of dimethylbenzenediol that was in some cases accumulated in the medium. Depending upon biomass and toxin concentration the rate of degradation changed and an optimum of toxin concentration which induces degradation might exist. Complete degradation could be reached with biomass concentrations higher than 4 g 1‐1. 2,4‐dinitrophenol at a concentration of about 190 mg 1‐1 was degraded by Scenedesmus quickly after an adaptation period of 5 days. 2‐chlorophenol at a concentration about 200 mg 1‐1 was degraded and partly dechlorinated by Chlorella. Biodegradation of 2,4‐dichlorophenol was not proven but the condition under which algae can survive a higher concentration of toxin could be found. All algae tested have a mechanism for degradation of phenolic compounds.
Redirection of tryptophan leads to production of low indole glucosinolate canola. (1994)

Cruciferous plants are known to produce over a hundred different mustard oil glycosides, which are derived from methionine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan. In oil-producing crops like Brassica napus (canola), the presence of indole glucosinolates in seed protein meals has decreased meal palatability and has limited their value as animal feed. We have transformed canola plants with a gene that encodes tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) in an attempt to redirect tryptophan into tryptamine rather than into indole glucosinolates. Transgenic plants that expressed this decarboxylase activity accumulated tryptamine while correspondingly lower levels of tryptophan-derived indole glucosinolates were produced in all plant parts compared with nontransformed controls. Of particular significance, the indole glucosinolate content of mature seeds from transgenic plants was only 3% of that found in nontransformed seeds. These results demonstrate how the creation of artificial metabolic sinks could divert metabolite flow and be used to remove these undesirable indole glucosinolates, thereby increasing the value of the oilseed meals, which are produced after extraction of oil from the seed.
Amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio changes related to centrifugal force. (1977)

Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio) in amniotic fluid has gained wide clinical acceptance as an index of fetal lung maturity. We determined L/S ratios of amniotic fluids centrifuged at various "g-forces." Our studies demonstrate that the L/S ratio value is highly dependent on the g-force used to prepare the fluid. We recommend standardization of the g-force, time, and temperature used in preparation of the amniotic fluid for L/S ratio determination.
Minimalistic Devices and Sensors for Micromagnetic Materials Characterization (2012)

Micromagnetic materials characterization requires sensors which essentially consist of two critical elements: an electromagnet which introduces a well-defined magnetic field to the material, and a sensor system which detects the material's response to the applied magnetic field. The devices developed at Fraunhofer IZFP obtain a multiparametric “magnetic fingerprint” with these sensors by means of several methods. The magnetic fingerprints of calibration samples are used as input for pattern recognition or regression analysis, thus allowing the prediction of mechanical-technological material characteristics (hardness, yield strength, etc.) or residual stress. This approach is called micromagnetic multiparameter microstructure and stress analysis (3MA). The long-term stability and reproducibility of the sensor and device characteristics are crucial for the reliability of the measured results. Therefore, the measuring hardware should follow a minimalistic approach. In this paper, we propose a way of simplifying the measuring hardware by multiple use of sensor elements, reducing the analog signal processing chain and transferring most signal processing tasks to the PC.
Microfluidic colourimetric chemical analysis system: Application to nitrite detection (2010)

The design, fabrication, analysis and characterisation of a continuous flow, microfluidic absorption cell and detection system is described. A low cost optical illumination and detection method is integrated with a simple microfluidic system. Nitrite is detected at nM concentration using the Griess reaction. The device is based on a novel optical absorption scheme with microfluidic channels made from tinted PMMA. An absorbance path length of 25 mm enables nitrite to be detected from 50 nM to 10 μM with a limit of detection of 14 nM. The system was used to characterise the reaction kinetics and maximum sample resolution. In this report the system is used to detect nitrite, but it could equally be used to assay a range of different chemistries using colourimetric methods. The system provides a cost-effective, simple system that could be deployed in a range of scenarios for environmental monitoring.
Brain, music and musicality: Inferences from neuroimaging (2008)

Abstract We approach the question of human musicality by considering the spatial and temporal patterns of brain activity that may be specific to the human experience of music. Commonalities in any activity or behaviour across people and cultures point towards biologically rather than culturally defined competencies of mind and brain. As brain scientists, we wish to discriminate such innate cerebral competencies for music from conventional, culturally learned skills, and to make sense of the functional localizations for both types of activity in particular parts of the brain that are amenable to study using neuroimaging techniques.
Polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase and catalase reduce ischemic brain injury (1989)

Superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymatically scavenge superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. Conjugation of polyethylene glycol to superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) or catalase (PEG-CAT) prolongs the circulatory half-life of the native enzymes and enhances their intracellular access. We studied the protective effect of these free radical scavengers on ischemic brain injury using a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia, which is suitable for therapeutic trials. Intravenous administration of PEG-SOD (10,000 U/kg) and PEG-CAT (10,000 U/kg) before ischemia reduced the infarct volume (treatment, 139 +/- 9 mm3, means +/- SE, N = 38; placebo, 182 +/- 8 mm3, n = 37, P less than 0.002). This finding supports the concept that superoxide and hydrogen peroxide contribute to brain injury following focal cerebral ischemia.
Organelle Tracking in a Living Cell with Microsecond Time Resolution and Nanometer Spatial Precision (2008)

The study of cellular processes such as organelle transport often demands particle tracking with microsecond time-resolution and nanometer spatial precision, posing significant challenges to existing tracking methods. Here, we have developed a novel strategy for two-dimensional tracking of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with 25 mus time resolution and approximately 1.5 nm spatial precision, by using a quadrant photodiode to record the positions of GNPs in an objective-type dark-field microscope. In combination with a feedback loop, this technique records long, high time-resolution and spatial precision trajectories of endocytosed GNPs transported by the molecular motors kinesin and dynein in a living cell. In the full range of organelle velocities (0-8 microm s(-1)), we clearly resolve the individual 8 nm steps of cargoes carried by kinesin, and the 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 nm steps of those carried by dynein. These experiments yield new information about molecular motor stepping in living cells.
Pulsatile Intravenous Growth Hormone (GH) Infusion to Hypophysectomized Rats Increases Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Skeletal Tissues More Effectively than Continuous GH Infusion* (1988)

In this study we have investigated a possible functional role of the plasma pattern of GH in regulation of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA in liver, skeletal muscle, and rib growth plate of the rat. Hypophysectomized male rats given T4 and glucocorticoid replacement therapy were equipped with indwelling jugular venous cannulae attached via swivels to a multichannel pumping system programmed to deliver human GH in a continuous or pulsatile (one pulse per 3 h) pattern for 5 days. At the end of the experiment, skeletal muscle, rib growth plates, and liver from intact and hypophysectomized rats were homogenized, and total nucleic acid was prepared. IGF-I mRNA was quantitated by solution hybridization assay using a RNA probe radiolabeled with [35S]UTP. Pulsatile treatment with GH in a dose of 1.5 U/kg.day induced a 3- to 5-fold increase in the levels of IGF-I mRNA in skeletal muscle and rib growth plates. In contrast, continuous infusion with GH was much less effective in these tissues. In the liver both continuous and pulsatile GH infusion significantly elevated the amount of IGF-I mRNA, and there was no significant difference between these two treatments. In the tissues studied similar results were obtained with a higher dose of GH (3.0 U/kg.day). Pulsatile GH treatment stimulated longitudinal bone growth more effectively than continuous GH treatment, confirming earlier studies. It is concluded that pulsatile GH treatment is more effective than continuous GH infusion in increasing IGF-I mRNA levels in rib growth plate and skeletal muscle, i.e. two major target organs for the anabolic effects of GH.
The Data Warehouse Challenge: Taming Data Chaos (1996)

In the closing decades of the nineteenth century, diagnosis of cerebral lesions was based on the clinical examination, and often the localization and operative approaches were based on observation of seizures. The attribution of certain symptoms and signs to dysfunction arising at an identifiable focal point in the brain was the basis for clinicopathologic correlation and rational treatment. As beautiful as brain anatomy was and as skillful as clinical examination could be, there was no means to produce images of a living patient that could be used to diagnose and treat that same patient. On November 8, 1895, all of this changed with Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery of X-rays. This article aims to elucidate seminal points in the history of medical imaging as applied to the brain that have had a major impact on neurosurgery.
The Obligate Human Pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Is Polyploid (2006)

We show using several methodologies that the Gram-negative, diplococcal-bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae has more than one complete genome copy per cell. Gene dosage measurements demonstrated that only a single replication initiation event per chromosome occurs per round of cell division, and that there is a single origin of replication. The region containing the origin does not encode any genes previously associated with bacterial origins of replication. Quantitative PCR results showed that there are on average three genome copies per coccal cell unit. These findings allow a model for gonococcal DNA replication and cell division to be proposed, in which a minimum of two chromosomal copies exist per coccal unit within a monococcal or diplococcal cell, and these chromosomes replicate in unison to produce four chromosomal copies during cell division. Immune evasion via antigenic variation is an important mechanism that allows these organisms to continually infect a high risk population of people. We propose that polyploidy may be necessary for the high frequency gene conversion system that mediates pilin antigenic variation and the propagation of N. gonorrhoeae within its human hosts.
Combinatorially selected guanosine-quartet structureis a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus envelope-mediated cellfusion. (1994)

The phosphorothioate oligonucleotide T2G4T2 was identified as an inhibitor of HIV infection in vitro by combinatorial screening of a library of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides that contained all possible octanucleotide sequences. The oligonucleotide forms a parallel-stranded tetrameric guanosine-quartet structure. Tetramer formation and the phosphorothioate backbone are essential for antiviral activity. The tetramer binds to the human immunodeficiency virus envelope protein gp120 at the V3 loop and inhibits both cell-to-cell and virus-to-cell infection.
Remote ischaemic conditioning and ischaemic heart disease (2014)

As clinical evidence builds regarding the efficacy of remote ischaemic conditioning's ability to attenuate myocardial injury arising from acute coronary syndromes and cardiac surgery, this article describes the conditioning phenomenon, current clinical evidence and how ischaemic conditioning may be used in future clinical practice.
Effects of Capture and Return on Chardonnay (Vitis vinifera L.) Fermentation Volatiles. (2004)

Effectiveness of a capture and return system for the partial retention of fermentation volatiles, as a means of improving white wine quality, was evaluated. Twenty-three aroma-active volatiles including ethyl esters, acetate esters, fusel alcohols, and fatty acids, were quantified using head-space solid phase microextraction with GC/MS. Volatile analysis of fermentations maintained at 15ºC demonstrated a trend of increased concentrations of ethanol, esters and ethyl esters of fatty acids and decreased concentrations of fusel alcohol acetates, fatty acids and higher alcohols in treatment wines. When fermentation temperature was maintained at 15ºC there was increased concentration and retention of fusel alcohols, fatty acids and higher alcohols compared to 15ºC. Sensory analysis of wines fermented at 15°C, using triangle difference testing, indicated variable differences in aroma among treatments.
Ferromagnetic resonance of monodisperse Co particles (2001)

Two-dimensional arrays of monodisperse nanosized Co particles are prepared on carbon and glass substrates by a magnetophoretic deposition technique from colloidal suspensions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals a complicated cubic crystalline structure of the particles and hexagonal ordering over several micrometers squared, if the colloidal suspension is dried in magnetic fields of up to 0.8 T. Angular-dependent ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra of 4-, 5-, 9-, and 12-nm-diameter particles at 297 K show that the easy axis of magnetization is in plane and that only the 12 nm particles are measured below the blocking temperature estimated to be 656 K. The resonance linewidth is on the order of 0.1 T, indicating a much larger magnetic inhomogeneity of the particles than the small geometric and size distribution (&amp;lt;10%) observed by TEM suggests. Characteristic differences of the FMR spectra for different substrates and deposition parameters are observed.
A monoclonal antibody to C1q which appears to interact with C½C½s<sub>2</sub>‐binding site (1988)

A monoclonal antibody (SB-4) to human C1q was prepared. The equilibrium constant of the antibody for C1q was found to be greater than 10(10) M-1. It has been shown that the antibody binds to the A-B chain dimer, probably via the B chain of C1q. Pepsin digestion of C1q at pH 4.5, which fragments the globular regions but leaves the collagenous region intact, allowed the demonstration that the antigenic site is located in the collagenous region of the molecule. The effect of the antibody on haemolytic activity has shown that it is capable of inhibiting the formation of EAC1 cells from EAC1q cells plus C1r and C1s but is incapable of inhibiting the C1 activity of performed EAC1 cells. This indicates that the binding of the antibody to the collagenous portion of the B chain of C1q probably prevents interaction between C1q and the C1r2-C1s2 complex.
Design, engineering and <i>in vitro</i> evaluation of MHC class‐II targeting allergy vaccines (2007)

Modular antigen translocation vaccines induce strong proliferation responses in PBMC cultures at low concentration and induce a T(H)1/T(H)2 shift in the cytokine profile, reflecting those reported to occur in successfully desensitized allergic patients. Therefore, MAT molecules represent promising lead compounds for the development of potent allergy vaccines.
Translational Regulation of Terminal Oligopyrimidine mRNAs Induced by Serum and Amino Acids Involves Distinct Signaling Events (2004)

Various mitogenic or growth inhibitory stimuli induce a rapid change in the association of terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) mRNAs with polysomes. It is generally believed that such translational control hinges on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-S6 kinase pathway. Amino acid availability affects the translation of TOP mRNAs, although the signaling pathway involved in this regulation is less well characterized. To investigate both serum- and amino acid-dependent control of TOP mRNA translation and the signaling pathways involved, HeLa cells were subjected to serum and/or amino acid deprivation and stimulation. Our results indicate the following. 1). Serum and amino acid deprivation had additive effects on TOP mRNA translation. 2). The serum content of the medium specifically affected TOP mRNA translation, whereas amino acid availability affected both TOP and non-TOP mRNAs. 3). Serum signaling to TOP mRNAs involved only a rapamycin-sensitive pathway, whereas amino acid signaling depended on both rapamycin-sensitive and rapamycin-insensitive but wortmannin-sensitive events. 4). Eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha phosphorylation increased during amino acid deprivation, but not following serum deprivation. Interestingly, rapamycin treatment suggests a novel connection between the mTOR pathway and eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha phosphorylation in mammalian cells, which may not, however, be involved in TOP mRNA translational regulation.