gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cell interactions in the induction of tolerance: the role of thymic lymphocytes. (1970)

Thymectomized, lethally irradiated, bone marrow reconstituted mice were treated with a large dose of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) over the course of 30 days. They were unable to respond to further antigenic challenge for one month. Fifteen million thymocytes given 4 days after the termination of treatment restored their ability to respond. The same antigenic treatment given to similar chimeras, which differed only in having had 15 × 10(6) thymus cells added to the bone marrow inoculum, also abolished the response to further antigenic challenge. In contrast to chimeras without thymus cells present during the course of treatment, the later addition of thymocytes to these animals did not restore their response. It did, however, restore the response to a second challenge of antigen given 17 days after the addition of thymocytes. This response was the same as non-treated animals given only one injection of thymocytes and significantly less than non-treated animals given thymocytes twice. The following explanation of these results is offered. Bone marrow derived (BMD) lymphocytes that can make antibody without assistance of thymus derived (TD) lymphocytes were made tolerant in the absence of TD cells. Thymus dependent BMD cells were not. New cells, coming from the bone marrow, broke the tolerant state within a month. When TD cells were present both populations of BMD cells, as well as the TD cells, were made tolerant. New BMD cells regenerating from the bone marrow abrogated the tolerant state of the BMD population. This breaking of tolerance could only be seen in mice given additional thymocytes as the tolerance of the TD cells was not broken in the absence of a thymus. Thus, the induction of tolerance as well as the induction of immunity in thymus dependent BMD cell populations, seems to require the co-operation of TD cells.
Dual magnetoresistive head for very high density recording (1992)

A dual magnetoresistive (DMR) reproduce head consisting of two nominally identical, adjacent magnetoresistive stripes separated by a conductive spacer is demonstrated. This two-terminal device is relatively simple to fabricate, does not require magnetic shields for high linear resolution, is self-biased, and is immune to electrical shorting between MR elements. The measured output voltage vs. recorded density agrees well with theoretical predictions. For large linear record densities >100 kFCI, more advanced DMR designs are theoretically predicted to achieve signal levels comparable to the most advanced shielded MR heads yet demonstrated, and with more robust fabrication and yield. The relative simplicity and robustness of the DMR will likely make it an attractive alternative for certain very high (linear) density applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Pharmacology of Adenosine (1990)

Adenosine is a purine nucleoside present in every cell of the human body. It is released into the extracellular space under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions characterized by increased oxygen demand:supply ratio. Adenosine can exert a wide spectrum of effects in various organs and tissues. Exogenous adenosine has a wide spectrum of effects in experimental animal models as well as humans. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and the interaction of adenosine with other drugs are reviewed.
Influenza outbreak in a vaccinated population--USS Ardent, February 2014. (2014)

On February 10, 2014, the USS Ardent, a U.S. Navy minesweeper, was moored in San Diego, California, while conducting training. Over the course of 3 days, 25 of 102 crew members sought medical care because of influenza-like illness (ILI). Nasal swab specimens were collected from each patient, and initial rapid influenza testing indicated 16 cases of influenza A. Ultimately, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing conducted by the Naval Health Research Center determined that 20 specimens were influenza A, of which 18 were subtype H3N2. Two specimens could not be subtyped. The HA gene sequence of an outbreak isolate was 99% identical to strains circulating during the 2013-14 influenza season and antigenically similar to the H3N2 component of the 2013-14 influenza vaccine. At the time of the outbreak, 99% of the crew had received influenza vaccine. Through the duration of the outbreak, the minesweeper squadron medical officer collaborated with Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine Unit Five, higher-level Navy authorities, and County of San Diego Public Health Services to implement the outbreak response, which included disseminating outbreak information to surrounding Navy units, disinfecting the ship, sending home infected crew members, identifying family members at high risk, and providing antiviral medications and guidance. No crew member had onset of symptoms >6 days after the first crew member became ill. This outbreak highlights the risk for an H3N2 influenza outbreak among vaccinated and otherwise healthy young persons.
Noninvasive monitoring of gas in the lungs and intestines of newborn infants using diode lasers: feasibility study (2013)

Preterm newborn infants have a high morbidity rate. The most frequently affected organs where free gas is involved are the lungs and intestines. In respiratory distress syndrome, both hyperexpanded and atelectatic (collapsed) areas occur, and in necrotizing enterocolitis, intramural gas may appear in the intestine. Today, these conditions are diagnosed with x-ray radiography. A bed-side, rapid, nonintrusive, and gas-specific technique for in vivo gas sensing would improve diagnosis. We report the use of noninvasive laser spectroscopy, for the first time, to assess gas content in the lungs and intestines of three full-term infants. Water vapor and oxygen were studied with two low-power diode lasers, illuminating the skin and detecting light a few centimeters away. Water vapor was easily detected in the intestines and was also observed in the lungs. The relatively thick chest walls of the infants prevented detection of the weaker oxygen signal in this study. However, results from a previous phantom study, together with scaling of the results presented here to the typical chest-wall thickness of preterm infants, suggest that oxygen also should be detectable in their lungs.
A new architecture for a parallel finite field multiplier with low complexity based on composite fields (1996)

A bit parallel structure for a multiplier with low complexity in Galois fields is introduced. The multiplier operates over composite fields GF((2/sup n/)/sup m/), with k=nm. The Karatsuba-Ofman algorithm (A. Karatsuba and Y. Ofmanis, 1963) is investigated and applied to the multiplication of polynomials over GF(2/sup n/). It is shown that this operation has a complexity of order O(k/sup log23/) under certain constraints regarding k. A complete set of primitive field polynomials for composite fields is provided which perform module reduction with low complexity. As a result, multipliers for fields GF(2/sup k/) up to k=32 with low gate counts and low delays are listed. The architectures are highly modular and thus well suited for VLSI implementation.
Fetal Growth Restriction and Schizophrenia: A Swedish Twin Study (2005)

Obstetric complications increase the risk of schizophrenia. However, it is not known whether there is a causal relation or whether the association is mediated by genetic and/or shared environmental effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between birthweight, other birth characteristics, and schizophrenia. Twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia will also control for unmeasured genetic and shared environmental effects. Prospectively filed obstetric records were used for a cohort analysis of 11,360 same-sexed twins, and within-twin pair analyses were conducted on 90 twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. The results from the cohort study showed that low birthweight (less than or equal to 1999 grams; odds ratio [OR] 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88-3.14 and 2000-2299 grams; OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.07-3.01) and small head circumference (less than or equal to 31.5 cm; OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.03-2.51) were associated with later development of schizophrenia. The associations remained in the within-pair analyses. The association between low birthweight and schizophrenia is partly a function of reduced fetal growth. Fetal growth restriction seems to be associated with risk of schizophrenia independently of familial factors.
Colloidally Prepared CdHgTe and HgTe Quantum Dots with Strong Near-Infrared Luminescence (2001)

Several series of CdHgTe composite nanocrystals were prepared using thiol-capped CdTe nanocrystal precursors to which subsequent layers of HgTe and CdTe were added. The position of the ‘excitonic’ photoluminescence peak measured at room temperature was red-shifted to the near infrared to give emission wavelengths ranging from 800 to 1100 nm depending on the quantum dot composition, with quantum efficiency (QE) significantly increased over the pure CdTe material (QE up to around 40%). Thiol-capped HgTe nanocrystals synthesized in aqueous solution show a broad photoluminescence with a QE of ∼ 50%. It has been shown using D2O as a solvent that by varying the synthesis conditions it is possible to tune the luminescence of HgTe quantum dots to the desired wavelength in the range of 900–2000 nm. HgTe nanocrystals passivated at the surface with a thick CdS layer have been shown to be much more robust towards heating and “aging” of the optical properties.
A Renewable Tissue Resource of Phenotypically Stable, Biologically and Ethnically Diverse, Patient-Derived Human Breast Cancer Xenograft Models (2013)

Breast cancer research is hampered by difficulties in obtaining and studying primary human breast tissue, and by the lack of in vivo preclinical models that reflect patient tumor biology accurately. To overcome these limitations, we propagated a cohort of human breast tumors grown in the epithelium-free mammary fat pad of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)/Beige and nonobese diabetic (NOD)/SCID/IL-2γ-receptor null (NSG) mice under a series of transplant conditions. Both models yielded stably transplantable xenografts at comparably high rates (∼21% and ∼19%, respectively). Of the conditions tested, xenograft take rate was highest in the presence of a low-dose estradiol pellet. Overall, 32 stably transplantable xenograft lines were established, representing 25 unique patients. Most tumors yielding xenografts were "triple-negative" [estrogen receptor (ER)-progesterone receptor (PR)-HER2+; n = 19]. However, we established lines from 3 ER-PR-HER2+ tumors, one ER+PR-HER2-, one ER+PR+HER2-, and one "triple-positive" (ER+PR+HER2+) tumor. Serially passaged xenografts show biologic consistency with the tumor of origin, are phenotypically stable across multiple transplant generations at the histologic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and genomic levels, and show comparable treatment responses as those observed clinically. Xenografts representing 12 patients, including 2 ER+ lines, showed metastasis to the mouse lung. These models thus serve as a renewable, quality-controlled tissue resource for preclinical studies investigating treatment response and metastasis.
Allergen‐specific naïve and memory CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells exhibit functional and phenotypic differences between individuals with or without allergy (2010)

Although allergen-specific CD4(+) T cells are detectable in the peripheral blood of both individuals with or without allergy, their frequencies and phenotypes within the memory as well as naïve repertoires are incompletely known. Here, we analyzed the DRB1*0401-restricted responses of peripheral blood-derived memory (CD4(+)CD45RO(+)) and naïve (CD4(+)CD45RA(+)) T cells from subjects with or without allergy against the immunodominant epitope of the major cow dander allergen Bos d 2 by HLA class II tetramers in vitro. The frequency of Bos d 2(127-142)-specific memory T cells in the peripheral blood-derived cultures appeared to be higher in subjects with allergy than those without, whereas naïve Bos d 2(127-142)-specific T cells were detectable in the cultures of both groups at nearly the same frequency. Surprisingly, the TCR avidity of Bos d 2(127-142)-specific T cells of naïve origin, as assessed by the intensity of HLA class II tetramer staining, was found to be higher in individuals with allergy. Upon restimulation, long-term Bos d 2(127-142)-specific T-cell lines generated from both memory and naïve T-cell pools from individuals with allergy proliferated more strongly, produced more IL-4 and IL-10, and expressed higher levels of CD25 but lower levels of CXCR3 than the T-cell lines from individuals without allergy, demonstrating differences also at the functional level. Collectively, our current results suggest that not only the memory but also the naïve allergen-specific T-cell repertoires differ between individuals with or without allergy.
Algorithm for finding one of the largest common subgraphs of two three-dimensional graph structures (1998)

Given two connected graphs Ga = (Va, Ea) and Gb = (Vb, Eb) with three-dimensional structures. Let na = |Va|, ma = |Ea|, nb = |Vb|, and mb = |Eb|. Let the maximum order of a vertex in Ga(Gb) be la(lb). Initially this paper offers a method to find a largest common subgraph of Ga and Gb in O(lam2albmblognb) time. Then, an algorithm with O(n1.5anblognalognb) time is proposed for the case where Ga is a planar structure with a three-dimensional structure and satisfies the following two conditions. Condition 1: In Ga and Gb, no vertex has order exceeding a specified constant c. Condition 2: In Ga, no two adjacent edges are located on the same straight-line. In particular, we show that when Ga is a tree, and conditions 1 and 2 are satisfied, a largest common substructure of Ga and Gb can be found in O(nanblognalognb) time. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 81(9): 48–53, 1998
Trifunctional Light-Emitting Molecules Based on Rhenium and Ruthenium Bipyridine Complexes (1998)

The synthesis and light-emitting properties of two novel, trifunctional, light-emitting molecules based on rhenium(I) and ruthenium(II) bipyridine complexes are described. The hole-transporting, electron-transporting, and light-emitting functional groups are incorporated into one molecule. The authors report that their approach provides flexibility since the optoelectronic properties can be modified by varying the ligand and/or the metal component. For example, a multicolor display is claimed to be possible by preparing mixed metal complexes.
Current and future lunar science from laser ranging (2002)

The interior properties of the Moon influence lunar tides and rotation. Three-axis rotation and tides are sensed by tracking lunar landers. The Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) experiment has acquired three decades of accurate ranges from observatories on the Earth to four corner-cube retroreflector arrays on the Moon.
Speckle reducing anisotropic diffusion (2002)

This paper provides the derivation of speckle reducing anisotropic diffusion (SRAD), a diffusion method tailored to ultrasonic and radar imaging applications. SRAD is the edge-sensitive diffusion for speckled images, in the same way that conventional anisotropic diffusion is the edge-sensitive diffusion for images corrupted with additive noise. We first show that the Lee and Frost filters can be cast as partial differential equations, and then we derive SRAD by allowing edge-sensitive anisotropic diffusion within this context. Just as the Lee and Frost filters utilize the coefficient of variation in adaptive filtering, SRAD exploits the instantaneous coefficient of variation, which is shown to be a function of the local gradient magnitude and Laplacian operators. We validate the new algorithm using both synthetic and real linear scan ultrasonic imagery of the carotid artery. We also demonstrate the algorithm performance with real SAR data. The performance measures obtained by means of computer simulation of carotid artery images are compared with three existing speckle reduction schemes. In the presence of speckle noise, speckle reducing anisotropic diffusion excels over the traditional speckle removal filters and over the conventional anisotropic diffusion method in terms of mean preservation, variance reduction, and edge localization.
Forward and back aspiration during ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a feasibility study (2016)

The strategy of forward and back aspiration to facilitate stent implantation and high-pressure post-dilatation during STEMI appears to be safe and effective. Randomised controlled trials are required to confirm the safety and efficacy of this newly devised angiographic strategy.
RECS1 is a Negative Regulator of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Production and Aged RECS1 Knockout Mice are Prone to Aortic Dilation (2006)

RECS1 negatively regulates aortic MMP-9 production and knocking out RECS1 induces susceptibility to aortic dilation as well as CMD in the aged mice. The present study suggests that RECS1 plays protective roles in vascular remodeling. We speculate that inhibiting unfavorable deposition and extracellular matrix degradation are both important for prevention and treatment of aneurysms.
Therapeutic potential of modulating potassium currents in the diseased myocardium <sup>1</sup> (1992)

Myocardial disease states are characterized by multiple electrophysiologic abnormalities, including alterations in potassium channel activities. During acute myocardial ischemia, activation of ATP-regulated K+ current (IK(ATP)) results in shortening of action potential duration and elevation of extracellular K+ concentration. In hypertrophied myocardium, increases in inward rectifier K+ current (IK1) and decreases in delayed rectifier K+ current (IK) are observed. Alterations in K+ channel activity in myocardial disease states suggest the potential to therapeutically modify cardiac rhythm and function with K+ channel modulators. Class III anti-arrhythmic agents, which prolong myocardial refractoriness predominantly via a blockade of IK, have demonstrated efficacy in suppressing reentrant atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in animal models as well as promising efficacy in initial clinical studies. Potassium channel openers (PCOs), which activate cardiac IK(ATP), have demonstrated both antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic activities in various experimental settings, and also are being investigated as potential cardioprotective agents. Sulfonylureas, which block cardiac IK(ATP), also have been investigated as potential antiarrhythmic agents with equivocal results, and have displayed a propensity to exacerbate ischemic myocardial dysfunction in experimental studies. A more comprehensive understanding of K+ channel activity in various myocardial disease states, including concomitant disorders such as myocardial ischemia and hypertrophy, will facilitate the development of more useful potassium channel modulators, as well as a clearer recognition of the undesirable effects of such agents.
Cloning of flagellar genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by DNA insertional mutagenesis. (1993)

Chlamydomonas is a popular genetic model system for studying many cellular processes. In this report, we describe a new approach to isolate Chlamydomonas genes using the cloned nitrate reductase gene (NIT1) as an insertional mutagen. A linearized plasmid containing the NIT1 gene was introduced into nit1 mutant cells by glass-bead transformation. Of 3000 Nit+ transformants examined, 74 showed motility defects of a wide range of phenotypes, suggesting that DNA transformation is an effective method for mutagenizing cells. For 13 of 15 such motility mutants backcrossed to nit- mutant strains, the motility phenotype cosegregated with the Nit+ phenotype, indicating that the motility defects of these 13 mutants may be caused by integration of the plasmid. Further genetic analysis indicated that three of these mutants contained alleles of previously identified loci: mbo2 (move backward only), pf13 (paralyzed flagella) and vfl1 (variable flagellar number). Three other abnormal-flagellar-number mutants did not map to any previously described loci at which mutations produce similar phenotypes. Genomic sequences flanking the integrated plasmid in the mbo2 and vfl1 mutants were isolated and used as probes to obtain wild-type genomic clones, which complemented the motility defects upon transformation into cells. Our results demonstrate the potential of this new approach for cloning genes identified by mutation in Chlamydomonas.
Antibacterial Activity of Hydrolyzable Tannins Derived from Medicinal Plants against <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (2004)

Helicobacter pylori is a major etiological agent in gastroduodenal disorders. In this study, we isolated 36 polyphenols and 4 terpenoids from medicinal plants, and investigated their antibacterial activity against H. pylori in vitro. All hydrolyzable tannins tested demonstrated promising antibacterial activity against H. pylori. Monomeric hydrolyzable tannins revealed especially strong activity. Other compounds demonstrated minimal antibacterial activity with a few exceptions. A monomeric hydrolyzable tannin, Tellimagrandin I demonstrated time- and dose-dependent bactericidal activity against H. pylori in vitro. On the other hand, hydrolyzable tannins did not affect the viability of MKN-28 cells derived from human gastric epithelium. Hydrolyzable tannins, therefore, have potential as new and safe therapeutic regimens against H. pylori infection. Furthermore, we investigated effects of hydrolyzable tannins on lipid bilayer membranes. All the hydrolyzable tannins tested demonstrated dose-dependent membrane-damaging activity. However, it remains to be elucidated whether their membrane-damaging activity directly contributes to their antibacterial action.
Analyses of the Specificity of CD4 T Cells During the Primary Immune Response to Influenza Virus Reveals Dramatic MHC-Linked Asymmetries in Reactivity to Individual Viral Proteins (2010)

Influenza is a contagious, acute respiratory disease that is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. CD4 T cells play an important role in the immune response to this pathogen through the secretion of antiviral cytokines, and by providing help to CD8 T cells and B cells to promote the development of immunological memory and neutralizing antibody responses. Despite these well-defined roles in the anti-influenza response, our understanding of CD4 T-cell diversity and specificity remains limited. In the study reported here, overlapping peptides representing 5 different influenza viral proteins were used in EliSpot assays to enumerate and identify the specificity of anti-influenza CD4 T cells directly ex vivo following infection of mice with influenza virus, using two strains that express unrelated MHC class II molecules. These experiments evaluated whether the reactivity of CD4 T cells generally tracked with particular influenza proteins, or whether MHC preferences were the predominant factor dictating anti-CD4 T-cell specificity in the primary immune response. We made the unexpected discovery that the distribution of CD4 T-cell specificities for different influenza proteins varied significantly depending on the single class II molecule expressed in vivo. In SJL mice, the majority of epitopes were specific for the HA protein, while the NP protein dominated the response in C57BL/10 mice. Given the diversity of human MHC class II molecules, these findings have important implications for the ability to rationally design a vaccine that will generate a specific CD4 T-cell immune response that is effective across diverse human populations.