gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Serotonin Induces Long-Term Depression at Corticostriatal Synapses (2011)

The striatum has important roles in motor control and action learning and, like many brain regions, receives multiple monoaminergic inputs. We have examined serotonergic modulation of rat and mouse corticostriatal neurotransmission and find that serotonin (5-HT) activates 5-HT(1b) receptors resulting in a long-term depression (LTD) of glutamate release and striatal output that we have termed 5-HT-LTD. 5-HT-LTD is presynaptically mediated, cAMP pathway dependent, and inducible by endogenous striatal 5-HT, as revealed by application of a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor. 5-HT-LTD is mutually occlusive with dopamine/endocannabinoid-dependent LTD, suggesting that these two forms of LTD act on the same corticostriatal terminals. Thus, serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms exist that may interact to persistently sculpt corticostriatal circuits, potentially influencing action learning and striatal-based disorders.
Accounting for lens aberrations in OPC model calibration (2006)

Whenever an OPC calibration wafer is exposed, there will be an unavoidable and perhaps non-representative level of aberration at that part of the exposure field corresponding to where the calibration pattern is written on the mask. In practice these aberrations values will vary across both the field and from exposure tool to exposure tool. The OPC engineer is therefore faced with the question of whether the aberrations specific to this part of the reticle field and hence lens should be taken into account during model fitting. Methodologies have been developed to allow OPC model calibration when the aerial image is asymmetric either due to the test pattern or the aberrations in the lens that lead to this. This will be referred to as asymmetry aware model calibration. These methodologies allow asymmetric test structures to be added to the calibration set to allow greater pattern coverage and therefore allow for a better overall model fit. Asymmetric calibration structures tend also to be particularly sensitive to asymmetric lens aberrations such as Coma. The question becomes whether the calibration fit should include asymmetric structures and hence account for coma, or consider only symmetrical, coma-insensitive structures when doing a model fit. The paper will investigate, using actual model calibration measurement data the suitability of accounting for model coma in an actual OPC model calibration.
Characterization of deep-submicron varactor mismatches in a digitally controlled oscillator (2006)

The use of deep sub-micron CMOS processes presents several daunting challenges to the RF designers. The latest CMOS technologies, optimized for parameters suited to digital designs only, are forcing the analog and mixed-signal designers to make multi-dimensional trade-offs. In general, the lack of adequate analog device characterization and inaccurate SPICE models mandate several expensive additional design and fabrication iterations before arriving at an acceptable solution. Sometimes, the task is further complicated by the difficulty in even making reliable lab measurements due to accuracy issues caused by probing noise, minuscule device sizing, dynamic effects and loading. This paper summarizes the harmonic characterization techniques used to estimate the mismatches in the minimal size inversion-type CMOS varactors in a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO). The DCO is a centerpiece of the first ever all-digital phase locked loop (ADPLL) fabricated in 90 nm digital CMOS that meets the challenging GSM performance specifications. Simulation as well as lab measurements confirm that the tracking bank varactors have a better than 5.5% mismatch, thus contributing to the excellent modulation performance.
Characterizing and evaluating voltage noise in multi-core near-threshold processors (2013)

Lowering the supply voltage to improve energy efficiency leads to higher load current and elevated supply sensitivity. In this paper, we provide the first quantitative analysis of voltage noise in multi-core near-threshold processors in a future 10nm technology across SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks. Our results reveal larger guardband requirement and significant energy efficiency loss due to power delivery nonidealities at near threshold, and highlight the importance of accurate voltage noise characterization for design exploration of energy-centric computing systems using near-threshold cores.
Tunable dye laser pulse converter for production of picosecond pulses (1974)

An open flowing Rh6G dye laser, cavity length tuned to a mode-locked Ar+ laser, has been used to generate continuous pulse trains tunable from 5600 to 6100 Å over the dye lasing bandwidth. Interferometric pulsewidth measurement using second harmonic generation yields a pulsewidth of 2.8 ps.
The Muscarinic Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Complex of Rat Striatum: Desensitization Following Chronic Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase Activity (1984)

Chronic inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by treatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) decreased the capacity of acetylcholine (ACh) acting at a muscarinic receptor to inhibit basal adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates from rat striatum. There was also a loss of the capacity of ACh to inhibit the activation of adenylate cyclase by dopamine. The desensitization of the muscarinic receptor adenylate cyclase complex was associated with a marked attenuation of the capacity of ACh to stimulate a high-affinity GTPase activity present in striatal membranes. The EC50 value of ACh for inhibiting adenylate cyclase and for stimulating GTPase activity increased following treatment with DFP, while the Hill coefficient for both responses was unaltered.
ANDROLOGY LAB CORNER*: Utility of Magnetic Cell Separation as a Molecular Sperm Preparation Technique (2008)

Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) have become the treatment of choice in many cases of infertility; however, the current success rates of these procedures remain suboptimal. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) most likely contributes to failed ART and to the decrease in sperm quality after cryopreservation. There is a likelihood that some sperm selected for ART will display features of apoptosis despite their normal appearance, which may be partially responsible for the low fertilization and implantation rates seen with ART. One of the features of apoptosis is the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) residues, which are normally present on the inner leaflet of the sperm plasma membrane. Colloidal superparamagnetic microbeads ( approximately 50 nm in diameter) conjugated with annexin V bind to PS and are used to separate dead and apoptotic spermatozoa by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Cells with externalized PS will bind to these microbeads, whereas nonapoptotic cells with intact membranes do not bind and could be used during ARTs. We have conducted a series of experiments to investigate whether the MACS technology could be used to improve ART outcomes. Our results clearly indicate that integrating MACS as a part of sperm preparation techniques will improve semen quality and cryosurvival rates by eliminating apoptotic sperm. Nonapoptotic spermatozoa prepared by MACS display higher quality in terms of routine sperm parameters and apoptosis markers. The higher sperm quality is represented by an increased oocyte penetration potential and cryosurvival rates. Thus, the selection of nonapoptotic spermatozoa by MACS should be considered to enhance ART success rates.
Kinetics and mechanisms for the two-phase reaction between aqueous aniline and benzoyl chloride in chloroform, with and without pyridine catalysis (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics and mechanisms for the two-phase reaction between aqueous aniline and benzoyl chloride in chloroform, with and without pyridine catalysisCarl C. Wamser and James A. YatesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 1, 150–154Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00262a034https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00262a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views620Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Myocardial regeneration. Transplanting satellite cells into damaged myocardium. (1995)

Millions of Americans suffer from chronic heart failure. Despite treatments with heart transplantation, cardiomyoplasty, and artificial assist devices, an ideal therapy is yet to be found. Since 1988, we have studied the transplantation of myogenic stem cells from skeletal muscle into injured myocardium in the hope that these cells would multiply and differentiate, thereby improving the function of the failing heart. We have achieved 2 goals thus far: the 1st was improving the culture technique to obtain high yield and purity of the satellite cells; the 2nd was successfully implanting cultured satellite cells in dog hearts and later identifying them as new myocardium. We share our findings here to encourage more study in this promising area.
Capsules for Object Segmentation (2018)

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown remarkable results over the last several years for a wide range of computer vision tasks. A new architecture recently introduced by Sabour et al., referred to as a capsule networks with dynamic routing, has shown great initial results for digit recognition and small image classification. The success of capsule networks lies in their ability to preserve more information about the input by replacing max-pooling layers with convolutional strides and dynamic routing, allowing for preservation of part-whole relationships in the data. This preservation of the input is demonstrated by reconstructing the input from the output capsule vectors. Our work expands the use of capsule networks to the task of object segmentation for the first time in the literature. We extend the idea of convolutional capsules with locally-connected routing and propose the concept of deconvolutional capsules. Further, we extend the masked reconstruction to reconstruct the positive input class. The proposed convolutional-deconvolutional capsule network, called SegCaps, shows strong results for the task of object segmentation with substantial decrease in parameter space. As an example application, we applied the proposed SegCaps to segment pathological lungs from low dose CT scans and compared its accuracy and efficiency with other U-Net-based architectures. SegCaps is able to handle large image sizes (512 x 512) as opposed to baseline capsules (typically less than 32 x 32). The proposed SegCaps reduced the number of parameters of U-Net architecture by 95.4% while still providing a better segmentation accuracy.
Topological estimation using witness complexes (2004)

This paper tackles the problem of computing topological invariants of geometric objects in a robust manner, using only point cloud data sampled from the object. It is now widely recognised that this kind of topological analysis can give qualitative information about data sets which is not readily available by other means. In particular, it can be an aid to visualisation of high dimensional data. Standard simplicial complexes for approximating the topological type of the underlying space (such as Cech, Rips, or a-shape) produce simplicial complexes whose vertex set has the same size as the underlying set of point cloud data. Such constructions are sometimes still tractable, but are wasteful (of computing resources) since the homotopy types of the underlying objects are generally realisable on much smaller vertex sets. We obtain smaller complexes by choosing a set of landmark points from our data set, and then constructing a "witness complex" on this set using ideas motivated by the usual Delaunay complex in Euclidean space. The key idea is that the remaining (non-landmark) data points are used as witnesses to the existence of edges or simplices spanned by combinations of landmark points. Our construction generalises the topology-preserving graphs of Martinetz and Schulten [MS94] in two directions. First, it produces a simplicial complex rather than a graph. Secondly it actually produces a nested family of simplicial complexes, which represent the data at different feature scales, suitable for calculating persistent homology [ELZ00, ZC04]. We find that in addition to the complexes being smaller, they also provide (in a precise sense) a better picture of the homology, with less noise, than the full scale constructions using all the data points. We illustrate the use of these complexes in qualitatively analyzing a data set of 3x3 pixel patches studied by David Mumford et al [LPM03].
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Mono‐ and Bicyclic Derivatives of Tetracoordinated Boron and α‐Aminodiacides. (1986)

Abstract Die Darstellung der Borderivate (III) und (IV) gelingt aus den Säuren (I) mit den Boranen (II).
Alkene–Tetrazine Ligation for Imaging Cellular DNA (2014)

5-Vinyl-2'-deoxyuridine (VdU) is the first reported metabolic probe for cellular DNA synthesis that can be visualized by using an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction with a fluorescent tetrazine. VdU is incorporated by endogenous enzymes into the genomes of replicating cells, where it exhibits reduced genotoxicity compared to 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). The VdU-tetrazine ligation reaction is rapid (k≈0.02 M(-1) s(-1)) and chemically orthogonal to the alkyne-azide "click" reaction of EdU-modified DNA. Alkene-tetrazine ligation reactions provide the first alternative to azide-alkyne click reactions for the bioorthogonal chemical labeling of nucleic acids in cells and facilitate time-resolved, multicolor labeling of DNA synthesis.
Recovery Method Based on Communicating Extended Finite State Machine (CEFSM) for Mobile Communications (2005)

Fast recovery from software and hardware failures is very essential to communication systems, especially, when it is used for mission-critical applications such as public safety systems. A failure in the network infrastructure can affect a large number of users and may result in loss of lives. The infrastructure software applications that provide services to the mobile stations according to some defined communication protocols play a key role for system availability. The real-time peer-to-peer nature of these communication protocols poses a real challenge in developing a recovery mechanism that can work in such environments. In this paper, we introduce a new recovery method that takes into account the layered architecture of the communication protocols and their peer-to-peer communication pattern. The method is based on communicating extended finite state machine and does not assume transient and fail-stop failures. Furthermore, an experimental testbed has been implemented to evaluate our new approach. The experimental results have shown that the infrastructure applications can reliably recover and quickly restore the servicing level that the system was performing immediately prior to the failure. Moreover, the failure-free overhead caused by this approach is relatively low, and is experimentally found to be less than 5%.
Review of high-power microwave source research (1997)

This article reviews the state-of-the-art in high-power microwave source research. It begins with a discussion of the concepts involved in coherent microwave generation. The main varieties of microwave tubes are classified into three groups, according to the fundamental radiation mechanism involved: Cherenkov, transition, or bremsstrahlung radiation. This is followed by a brief discussion of some of the technical fundamentals of high-power microwave sources, including power supplies and electron guns. Finally, the history and recent developments of both high-peak power and high-average power sources are reviewed in the context of four main areas of application: (1) plasma resonance heating and current drive; (2) rf acceleration of charged particles; (3) radar and communications systems; and (4) high-peak power sources for weapons-effect simulation and exploratory development.
The Extrapulmonary Origin of Fibroblasts: Stem/Progenitor Cells and Beyond (2006)

Although intrapulmonary progenitor cells are traditionally believed to be the source for regenerating cells in response to lung injury, recent mounting evidence indicates that a significant proportion of the mesenchymal cells involved in this repair/remodeling process may be derived from extrapulmonary sources, such as the recently described circulating fibrocyte as well as other bone marrow-derived progenitor cells. Studies tracking CD34 and/or CD45 markers of fibrocytes show their presence in injured murine lung tissue. Moreover, bone marrow chimeric mice with green fluorescence protein (GFP)-expressing marrow cells show abundant GFP-expressing fibroblasts in their lungs in response to lung injury. However, although fibrocytes express CD34 and CD45, and appear to have the capacity to differentiate to myofibroblasts, these properties are not evident in the bone marrow-derived fibroblasts. Induction of CCL21 (SLC) and CXCR12 (SDF1alpha) in injured lung tissue, and their respective cognate receptors, CCR7 and CXCR4, in fibroblasts from injured lungs, suggests recruitment of these extrapulmonary progenitor cells via these chemokines. This is supported by evidence that antibody neutralization of CXCR12 reduces recruitment of fibrocytes and pulmonary fibrosis. In contrast, other studies suggest a protective effect for bone marrow-derived cells. Thus, although suggesting that influx of extrapulmonary fibroblast progenitor cells occurs in response to lung injury, these recent studies do not yet provide clear insight as to the actual phenotype and fate of the recruited cells, the identity of the progenitor cell population in bone marrow, and most important, the function or role of these cells in pathogenesis of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.
Self-compensating, all-reflection interferometer (1994)

A grating interferometer that uses all-reflecting optical components has been developed for operation in the extreme and far UV. The instrument uses a V-groove, ruled grating as its beam splitter and has no moving parts. A self-compensating optical design is employed that makes it tolerant to small misadjustments of optical alignments and convenient for space-flight applications. The instrument described here uses a 600-groove/mm plane diffraction grating that operates in the second order and obtains a resolving power of ~ 100,000 at 1216 Å.
A central regulatory role for eosinophils and the eotaxin/CCR3 axis in chronic experimental allergic airway inflammation (2006)

To clarify the role and regulation of eosinophils, we subjected several key eosinophil-related genetically engineered mice to a chronic model of allergic airway inflammation aiming to identify results that were independent of the genetic targeting strategy. In particular, mice with defects in eosinophil development (Deltadbl-GATA) and eosinophil recruitment [mice deficient in CCR3 (CCR3 knockout) and mice deficient in both eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-2 (eotaxin-1/2 double knockout)] were subjected to Aspergillus fumigatus-induced allergic airway inflammation. Allergen-induced eosinophil recruitment into the airway was abolished by 98%, 94%, and 99% in eotaxin-1/2 double knockout, CCR3 knockout, and Deltadbl-GATA mice, respectively. Importantly, allergen-induced type II T helper lymphocyte cytokine production was impaired in the lungs of eosinophil- and CCR3-deficient mice. The absence of eosinophils correlated with reduction in allergen-induced mucus production. Notably, by using global transcript expression profile analysis, a large subset (29%) of allergen-induced genes was eosinophil- and CCR3-dependent; pathways downstream from eosinophils were identified, including in situ activation of coagulation in the lung. In summary, we present multiple lines of independent evidence that eosinophils via CCR3 have a central role in chronic allergic airway disease.
Interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. (2007)

Cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta play key roles in driving the inflammation and synovial cell proliferation that characterize rheumatoid arthritis (RA) joint destruction. It is, therefore, not surprising that therapies for RA have targeted these cytokines. While blockade of TNF-alpha or IL-1beta has been efficacious for many patients with RA, adequacy and maintenance of response are not universal, and increased risk of adverse events such as infection and malignancy remains a concern. Therefore, new targets in the treatment of RA continue to be examined. As interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA, blockade of its activity is of both scientific and clinical interest. The basic biology of IL-6, the in vitro animal data supporting its role in RA, and the human trials to date that test the possible efficacy of IL-6-directed therapy for RA are reviewed.
Pathophysiology of nasal congestion (2010)

Nasal congestion is a common symptom in rhinitis (both allergic and nonallergic), rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. Congestion can also be caused by physical obstruction of nasal passages and/or modulation of sensory perception. Mucosal inflammation underlies many of the specific and interrelated factors that contribute to nasal congestion, as well as other symptoms of both allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. A wide range of biologically active agents (eg, histamine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins, cell adhesion molecules) and cell types contribute to inflammation, which can manifest as venous engorgement, increased nasal secretions and tissue swelling/edema, ultimately leading to impaired airflow and the sensation of nasal congestion. Inflammation-induced changes in the properties of sensory afferents (eg, expression of peptides and receptors) that innervate the nose can also contribute to altered sensory perception, which may result in a subjective feeling of congestion. Increased understanding of the mechanisms underlying inflammation can facilitate improved treatment selection and the development of new therapies for congestion.
Coupling Fatty Acids by Ketonic Decarboxylation Using Solid Catalysts for the Direct Production of Diesel, Lubricants, and Chemicals (2008)

In bed with magnesium: Long-chain alkanes that can be used as alternative premium diesel or lubricants can be obtained by a four-step process in a single reactor with two catalyst beds. First, two fatty acid molecules are coupled by ketonic decarboxylation over MgO. The carbonyl product is then hydrogenated, and after the elimination of water the resulting olefin is further hydrogenated to produce the alkane in up to 58 % yield (Pt/MgO). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2476/2008/z800103_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.