gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipoarabinomannan and lipid-free arabinomannan antigens of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (1987)

Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and lipid-free arabinomannan (AM) were prepared from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Purification of LAM was done by ultracentrifugation of the phenol-water-extracted crude polysaccharide, followed by affinity and anion exchange chromatography. AM was purified from the supernatant of the ultracentrifuged polysaccharide or from alkaline-extracted material by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Chemical analysis revealed arabinose and mannose in LAM (1.4:1) and AM (3.5:1) and the presence of palmitic, stearic, and tuberculostearic acids for a total of 7.8% lipid in LAM. Traces of phosphorus were found in the AMs, particularly LAM (0.05%). Nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed the presence of alpha-arabinosyl residues and the acylated nature of LAM. LAM exhibited lipid-dependent aggregation, as indicated by a Triton-induced decrease in molecular weight. By using bovine sera, LAM was found to be active in the complement fixation test, whereas AM was inactive and inhibited this activity. Thus, the presence of AM in crude polysaccharide could explain the variable complement fixation results. Triton-dissociated LAM exhibited a precipitin (Cl) in common with that of AM, confirming shared determinants. LAM in its lipid-dependent aggregated form, however, exhibited a second precipitin (C2), which may be due to the disparity in antigen size or a novel epitope. The lipid content of LAM rendered it 100 times more effective for coating plates in the enzyme immunoassay than lipid-free AM.
Carbohydrate Structures of Human Interleukin 5 Expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells1 (1991)

The asparagine-linked sugar chains of recombinant human interleukin 5 produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells were released quantitatively as oligosaccharides by hydrazinolysis. After N-acetylation followed by NaB3H4 reduction, each oligosaccharide was isolated by paper electrophoresis and serial lectin column chromatography. Study of their structures by sequential exoglycosidase digestion in combination with methylation analysis, revealed that they are bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary complex-type with fucosylated and non-fucosylated trimannosyl cores and high mannose type sugar chains. More than 80% of the sugar chains occur as biantennary complex-type sugar chains. Although acidic oligosaccharides amount to only 14% of the total oligosaccharides, their sialic acid residues occur exclusively as the Sia alpha 2----3Gal group. Removal of the sugar moiety from intact recombinant human interleukin 5 produced a 2.5-fold increase of its activity to induce IgM secretion.
A Fast and Parallel Route to Cyclic Isothioureas and Guanidines with Use of Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (2004)

A fast and simple approach to novel cyclic isothioureas and related guanidine derivatives is presented in this study. The construction of the central basic scaffolds is achieved solely by the application of microwave-assisted chemistry, without any need of activating agents or protecting group manipulations. The product formation of various substituted guanidines from the corresponding isothiouronium salts was controlled by the nucleophilicity of the counterion and influenced by the reaction temperature. Further, a new fast-track access to tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylamines was developed.
2-D periodic leaky-wave antennas-part I: metal patch design (2005)

The far-field radiation characteristics of a two-dimensional (2-D) periodic leaky-wave antenna (LWA) constructed from a periodic array of metal patches on a grounded dielectric substrate is investigated. A simple dipole source is used as the excitation. Reciprocity together with a periodic spectral-domain method of moments is used to calculate the far-field pattern. Design rules for the scan angle, the substrate dielectric constant, and the periodicity are provided. Finally, a comparison of the 2-D periodic LWA and a dielectric-layer LWA is given to show the similar performance of the two antennas.
Movies of cellular and sub-cellular motion by digital holographic microscopy (2006)

Digital holography and movies of digital holography are seen to be useful new tools for visualization of dynamic processes in biological microscopy. Phase imaging digital holography is a promising technique in terms of the lack of coherent noise and the precision with which the optical thickness of a sample can be profiled, which can lead to images with an axial resolution of a few nanometres.
Contrast-detail analysis characterizing diffuse optical fluorescence tomography image reconstruction (2005)

Contrast-detail analysis is used to evaluate the imaging performance of diffuse optical fluorescence tomography (DOFT), characterizing spatial resolution limits, signal-to-noise limits, and the trade-off between object contrast and size. Reconstructed images of fluorescence yield from simulated noisy data were used to determine the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). A threshold of CNR=3 was used to approximate a lowest acceptable noise level in the image, as a surrogate measure for human detection of objects. For objects 0.5 cm inside the edge of a simulated tissue region, the smallest diameter that met this criteria was approximately 1.7 mm, regardless of contrast level, and test field diameter had little impact on this limit. Object depth had substantial impact on object CNR, leading to a limit of 4 mm for objects near the center of a 51-mm test field and 8.5 mm for an 86-mm test field. Similarly, large objects near the edge of both test fields required a minimum contrast of 50% to achieve acceptable image CNR. The minimum contrast for large, centered objects ranged between 50% and 100%. Contrast-detail analysis using human detection of lower contrast limits provides fundamentally important information about the performance of reconstruction algorithms, and can be used to compare imaging performance of different systems.
In Vivo CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Corrects Retinal Dystrophy in the S334ter-3 Rat Model of Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa (2015)

Reliable genome editing via Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 may provide a means to correct inherited diseases in patients. As proof of principle, we show that CRISPR/Cas9 can be used in vivo to selectively ablate the rhodopsin gene carrying the dominant S334ter mutation (Rho(S334)) in rats that model severe autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. A single subretinal injection of guide RNA/Cas9 plasmid in combination with electroporation generated allele-specific disruption of Rho(S334), which prevented retinal degeneration and improved visual function.
Modeling of Silicon Dioxide Chemical Vapor Deposition from Tetraethoxysilane and Ozone (2001)

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) of silicon dioxide from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and ozone was modeled using CHEMKIN-III simulation software. Modeling assumed that film growth proceeds via the fast oxidation of silicon-bearing compounds by ozone or atomic oxygen at the substrate surface. The objective of the study was to use kinetic data from the literature to develop a reliable reaction model with no more than one adjustable parameter. The simulations established that direct contribution of TEOS surface reactions to film growth is negligible in TEOS/ozone CVD. Depositions at low TEOS flow rates are controlled by diffusion of intermediate silicon-containing compounds formed in the gas phase by reaction of TEOS with atomic oxygen. The depletion of ozone or atomic oxygen within the reactive boundary layer becomes rate limiting at high TEOS flows, while gas-phase polymerization reactions reduce the rate at high pressures. Close agreement with the published rate data was obtained for reactions at 643 K but discrepancies remain at higher deposition temperatures. It is believed that the model overpredicts the formation rate of intermediates at high temperatures because the mechanism fails to fully account for gas-phase oxidation reactions between atomic oxygen and the organic fragments from TEOS oxidation reactions. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Organoboronic Acids to Nitroalkenes (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTRhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Organoboronic Acids to NitroalkenesTamio Hayashi, Taichi Senda, and Masamichi OgasawaraView Author Information Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 43, 10716–10717Publication Date (Web):October 14, 2000Publication History Received31 July 2000Published online14 October 2000Published inissue 1 November 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja002805chttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja002805crapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3941Altmetric-Citations177LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Addition reactions,Conjugate acid-base pairs,Molecular structure,Solvents,Stereoselectivity Get e-Alerts
Phase II Study of Taxol in Patients With Untreated Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (1993)

A phase II study combining taxol, etoposide, and cisplatin and using hematopoietic stimulating factors is now proposed. The optimal dose for combination chemotherapy has yet to be determined. An important consideration is potential cardiac effects of taxol with other drugs.
Comparison of different cultivation modes and light intensities using mono‐cultures and co‐cultures of <i>Haematococcus pluvialis</i> and <i>Chlorella zofingiensis</i> (2010)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate that microalgal cultivation using organic carbon sources has the potential to provide high yields. Haematococcus pluvialis and Chlorella zofingiensis, two important carotenoid producers, were selected for co‐culture cultivations to utilize the unique advantages of both organisms. A co‐culture production process was investigated in terms of the effects of organic carbon source, co‐cultivation method, and light intensity on carotenoid production. RESULTS: The addition of 5 g L −1 glucose resulted in a growth rate of 0.60 day −1 for H. pluvialis and 0.59 day −1 for C. zofingiensis , which were higher than those for other carbon sources tested and the control group. Incremental increase of light intensity instead of direct increase to 170 µE m −2 s − prevented cell loss in both cultures. Co‐cultivation based on cell numbers (60% H. pluvialis and 40% C. zofingiensis ) prevented population domination of one microalgae over the other. The biomass production rate of the co‐culture was higher (0.61 g L −1 day −1 ) in glucose‐enriched medium. The total carotenoid content of the co‐culture in the control culture was higher (0.83 mg total carotenoids g −1 cell) than that obtained in glucose‐enriched medium (0.54 mg total carotenoids g −1 cell) but not as high as the amounts reached in mono‐cultures. CONCLUSION: Total carotenoid content of the mono‐cultures gave higher yields in standard bold basal medium (BBM). Preliminary high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) studies indicated a variation in the amounts of astaxanthin isomers produced. Further studies are in progress to determine the effects of carbon‐enriched media and co‐cultivation on the type of isomers and caretenoids produced. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Incretin hormones and the satiation signal (2013)

Recent research has indicated that appetite-regulating hormones from the gut may have therapeutic potential. The incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), appears to be involved in both peripheral and central pathways mediating satiation. Several studies have also indicated that GLP-1 levels and responses to meals may be altered in obese subjects. Clinical trial results have shown further that two GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), exenatide and liraglutide, which are approved for the treatment of hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, also produce weight loss in overweight subjects without diabetes. Thus, GLP-1 RAs may provide a new option for pharmacological treatment of obesity.
Retrospective survival analysis of 261 lithium disilicate crowns in a private general practice. (2010)

In this retrospective evaluation, lithium disilicate ceramic restorations had a low clinical failure rate after up to 120 months.
Low-truncation-error finite difference equations for photonics simulation. I. Beam propagation (1998)

A methodology is presented that allows the derivation of low-truncation-error finite difference equations for photonics simulation. This methodology is applied to the case of wide-angle beam propagation in two dimensions, resulting in finite difference equations for both TE and TM polarization that are quasi-fourth-order accurate even in the presence of interfaces between dissimilar dielectrics. This accuracy is accomplished without an appreciable increase in numerical overhead and is concretely demonstrated for two test problems having known solutions. These finite difference equations facilitate an approach to the ideal of grid-independent computing and should allow the simulation of relevant photonics devices on personal computers.
Locational choice modelling using fuzzy decision tables (2002)

Proposes a method to solve qualitative locational choice problems using fuzzy decision tables as a matching model. Firstly, the technique of crisp decision tables is explained, and their use in locational choice problems is advocated. Subsequently, fuzzy extensions of decision tables are defined. Next, using a brief example, it is shown that fuzzy decision tables can be used efficiently for evaluating business location problems. The proposed method is supported by PROLOGA, an interactive rule-based design tool for decision table construction, optimization and manipulation.
Square Arrays of Holes and Dots Patterned from a Linear ABC Triblock Terpolymer (2012)

Microphase separation of a polyisoprene-b-polystyrene-b-polyferrocenylsilane (PI-b-PS-b-PFS) triblock terpolymer film during chloroform solvent-annealing formed a 44 nm period square-symmetry array of alternating PI and PFS cylinders in a PS matrix. This nanostructure was converted to either a positive pattern of posts or a negative pattern of holes with tunable diameter by oxygen reactive ion etching or by surface reconstruction in a solvent, respectively, and coexisting post and hole patterns were also formed. Square arrays of silicon posts, pits, and inverted pyramids were fabricated by pattern transfer from the triblock terpolymer film into silicon substrates. The morphology of the triblock terpolymer film varied with the chloroform vapor pressure during solvent annealing, which was explained by selective swelling of the PI block at high vapor pressures. This triblock terpolymer system provides a convenient block copolymer lithography process for generation of nanoscale posts or holes with square symmetry.
Ultrasound thermal damage to rabbit corneas after simulated phacoemulsification (2005)

Rabbit corneas showed a considerable tolerance to US damage up to 50 degrees C. Higher thermal doses produced severe histological damage, even though corneas showed a considerable plasticity due to their regenerative capacity.
Hierarchical Clustering for Software Architecture Recovery (2007)

Gaining an architectural level understanding of a software system is important for many reasons. When the description of a system's architecture does not exist, attempts must be made to recover it. In recent years, researchers have explored the use of clustering for recovering a software system's architecture, given only its source code. The main contributions of this paper are given as follows. First, we review hierarchical clustering research in the context of software architecture recovery and modularization. Second, to employ clustering meaningfully, it is necessary to understand the peculiarities of the software domain, as well as the behavior of clustering measures and algorithms in this domain. To this end, we provide a detailed analysis of the behavior of various similarity and distance measures that may be employed for software clustering. Third, we analyze the clustering process of various well-known clustering algorithms by using multiple criteria, and we show how arbitrary decisions taken by these algorithms during clustering affect the quality of their results. Finally, we present an analysis of two recently proposed clustering algorithms, revealing close similarities in their apparently different clustering approaches. Experiments on four legacy software systems provide insight into the behavior of well-known clustering algorithms and their characteristics in the software domain.
A Blood Test for Multiple Sclerosis Based on the Adherence of Lymphocytes to Measles-Infected Cells (1976)

The increased capacity of lymphocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis to adhere to human epithelial cells persistently infected with measles virus has provided an accurate blood test for multiple sclerosis. When lymphocytes from affected patients were mixed with measles-infected human epithelial cells, the lymphocytes formed rosettes around a mean (+/-S.E.) of 69.2 +/-1.7% of the measles-infected cells. In contrast, lymphocytes from controls, either healthy or with other neurologic and non-neurologic diseases, formed rosettes around a mean of only 28.2+/-2.1% of the measles-infected cells. Of greater importance was the complete absence of overlap between multiple sclerosis and control values, thus indicating the diagnostic potential of the rosetting phenomenon. The severity, duration and activity of the disease had no effect on the degree of rosette formation.
Chemotherapeutic Agents, XVIII: Synthesis of π‐Deficient Pyrimidines and Fused Pyrimidines as Leishmanicidal Agents (1990)

Synthesis of 6-aryl-5-cyano-2-thiouracils 1a-d from the condensation-cyclization of an aromatic aldehyde, thiourea and ethyl cyanoacetate has been described. Alkylation of 1a-d under different reaction conditions with mono- and dihalo-alkanes yielded 2, 3, and 6. Interaction of 1 with POCl3 provided halopyrimidines 8a,b. Nucleophilic substitution on 8 and 3 with aromatic amines gave 9a-d and 7a-d respectively. 6-Chloro-5-nitro-3-methyluracil (11) obtained by nitration of 10 underwent nucleophilic substitution with amines providing 12. Some of the compounds screened as leishmanicides did not exhibit any significant activity.
Interactive Deformation Using Modal Analysis with Constraints (2003)

In this paper we reconsider pairwise collision detection for rigid motions using a k-DOP bounding volume hierarchy. This data structure is particularly attractive because it is equally efficient for rigid motions as for arbitrary point motions (deformations). We propose a new efficient realignment algorithm, which produces tighter results compared to all known algorithms. It can be implemented easily in software and in hardware. Using this approach we try to show, that k-DOP bounding volumes can keep up with the theoretically more efficient oriented bounding boxes (OBBs) in parallel-close-proximity situations.
Investigation of Gate-Induced Drain Leakage (GIDL) Current in Thin Body Devices: Single-Gate Ultra-Thin Body, Symmetrical Double-Gate, and Asymmetrical Double-Gate MOSFETs (2003)

Gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) current is investigated in single-gate (SG) ultra-thin body field effect transistor (FET), symmetrical double-gate (DG) FinFET, and asymmetrical DG metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) devices. Measured reductions in GIDL current for SG and DG thin-body devices are reported for the first time. The thin-body devices exhibit much lower GIDL current than bulk-Si MOSFETs, and the GIDL is found to decrease with decreasing body thickness. These results can be explained by the reduction in transverse electric field at the surface of the drain and the increase in transverse effective mass with decreasing body thickness.
Isolation, cloning, and characterization of new chitinase stored in active form in chitin-lined venom reservoir. (1994)

A 52-kDa protein was purified from the venom gland of an endoparasitic wasp Chelonus sp. near curvimaculatus. The acidic protein (pl 4.8-5.0) was purified, and the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence was determined by direct protein sequencing. A vector-anchored primer and a degenerate primer derived from an 8-amino acid region of the NH2 terminus were used in anchored polymerase chain reaction to generate a probe for screening a cDNA library prepared from mRNA from the venom gland of this wasp. A positive clone of 1596 nucleotides was isolated, sequenced, and found to contain an open reading frame encoding a protein of 483 amino acids. The amino acid sequence encoded in the cDNA clone at the amino terminus was identical to the sequence determined from the purified 52-kDa protein. Comparison of the inferred protein sequence against all of the sequences in the GenBank data base revealed a high degree of similarity to a 62-kDa insect chitinase that is expressed at each molt for the purpose of digesting the chitinous insect cuticle. Two regions that are conserved in a group of chitinases from insects, bacteria and fungi, were also conserved in the wasp 52-kDa protein. The region between amino acid residues 382 and 464 in the 52-kDa wasp chitinase markedly differed in primary sequence from the corresponding region in the 62-kDa insect chitinase, although this region in both the proteins is predicted to have a similar secondary structure predominantly of coils and turns. This region may impart unique structural properties to the 52-kDa chitinase that enables it to exist in an active form in a chitin-lined reservoir without exerting an autotoxic effect to digest the cuticular storage reservoir. Chitinolytic activity occurring in the total venom gland extract was kinetically indistinguishable from that observed for the purified 52-kDa protein, including the substrate concentrations at which maximal velocity and substrate inhibition were reached. The kinetic properties of the 52-kDa wasp chitinase were quite distinct from Serratia marcescens chitinase for both catalytic rate and substrate inhibition.