gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Eight genes in region 5 that form an operon are essential for invasion of epithelial cells by Shigella flexneri 2a (1993)

The 7-kb region 5 on the large 230-kb plasmid pMYSH6000 in Shigella flexneri 2a YSH6000 is one of the virulence-associated DNA segments required for the invasion of epithelial cells (C. Sasakawa, K. Kamata, T. Sakai, S. Makino, M. Yamada, N. Okada, and M. Yoshikawa, J. Bacteriol. 170:2480-2484, 1988). To elucidate the functional organization of region 5 and to determine the virulence-associated genes encoded by region 5, we performed insertion and deletion mutagenesis, DNA subcloning, and complete nucleotide sequencing of region 5 and found that region 5 contained 11 open reading frames (ORFs) named ORF-1 through ORF-11 which could be translated into proteins with molecular masses of 15.1, 47.5, 13.2, 33.0, 33.4, 24.2, 9.4, 28.5, 39.9, 9.1, and 10.4 kDa, respectively. Complementation tests of the 14 Tn5-induced noninvasive mutants of region 5 with the above plasmid constructs have indicated that region 5 consists of an operon and that ORF-2 through ORF-9, but not ORF-1, ORF-10, and ORF-11, are essential for invasion, and 7 of 8 ORFs (ORF-2 and ORF-4 through ORF-9) and presumably the remaining ORF (ORF-3) are required for secretion of the Ipa proteins. The transcriptional organization, as determined by a promoter-proving vector, S1 nuclease protection, and primer extension RNA sequencing analysis revealed that region 5 is transcribed from a promoter located 47 bp upstream of the 5' end of ORF-2 for the 47.5-kDa protein and that the promoter activity identified was regulated by the virB gene, the transcriptional activator on the 230-kb plasmid.
AAMFT ETHICAL CODE: “DUAL RELATIONSHIPS” (1990)

The current American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) Code of Ethical Principles prohibits an apparently wide, but vaguely defined, range of nonsexual, and presumably nonromantic dual relationships between therapists and clients, supervisers, employees and students. We suggest that this extension of the dual relationship prohibition is undesirable, for a variety of reasons. The most important of these is that attempting to make relationships simple by legislation, rather than dealing with inevitable complexity, prepares students poorly for the work they must do. Instead, we propose that training and supervision include serious emphasis on relationship complexity, and issues of exploitation and power, within the therapy relationship and within the training program or supervision itself.
Detection, mixing, and frequency multiplication of terahertz radiation by two-dimensional electronic fluid (1996)

We show that a short channel High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) has a resonance response to electromagnetic radiation at the plasma oscillation frequencies of the two dimensional electrons in the device. This response can be used for new types of detectors, mixers, and multipliers. These devices should operate at much higher frequencies than conventional, transit-time limited devices, since the plasma waves propagate much faster than electrons. The responsivities of such devices may greatly exceed the responsivities of Schottky diodes currently used as detectors and mixers in the terahertz range. A long channel HEMT has a nonresonant response to electromagnetic radiation and can be used as a broadband detector for frequencies up to several tens of terahertz.
Multiple Mechanisms of Phase Variation of PorA in <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> (2000)

Previously, we reported that PorA expression in Neisseria meningitidis is modulated by variation in the length of the homopolymeric tract of guanidine residues between the -35 and -10 regions of the promoter or by deletion of porA. To reveal additional mechanisms of variation in PorA expression, the meningococcal isolates from 41 patients and 19 carriers were studied. In addition, at least 3 meningococcal isolates from different body parts of each of 11 patients were analyzed. Sequence analysis of the porA promoter showed that the spacer between the -35 and -10 regions varies in length between 14 and 24 bp. PorA expression was observed in strains with a porA promoter spacer of 16 to 24 bp. All but one strain with a porA promoter spacer of 16 to 20 bp and undetectable PorA expression have a homopolymeric tract of 8 or 6 instead of 7 adenine residues in the porA coding region. The other PorA-negative strain had a single-base-pair deletion in the coding region. The highest level of PorA expression was observed in strains with a promoter spacer of 17 or 18 bp. PorA expression was reduced twofold in strains with a porA promoter spacer of 16 or 19 bp. Strains with a 16-bp promoter spacer with substitutions in the polyguanidine tract displayed increased levels of PorA expression compared to strains with a homopolymeric tract of guanidine residues in the porA promoter. In conclusion, meningococci display multiple mechanisms for varying PorA expression.
Immunoadsorption of anti-HLA antibodies for highly sensitized patients awaiting renal transplantation (1992)

Fifteen end-stage renal disease patients with high titres of panel reactive (PRA) antibodies were treated with immunoadsorption (IA) on sepharose-bound protein A columns in order to remove anti-HLA antibodies and facilitate transplantation. Infectious complications were not observed after IA and transplantation, and the procedure was well tolerated. In spite of the use of adjunctive immunosuppressive treatment with cyclophosphamide and prednisolone, this method produced only variable effects in lowering panel reaction antibodies, and was hampered by high de novo resynthesis of anti-HLA antibodies. Patients whose pre-IA antibody titre was greater than or equal to 1:64 clearly did not benefit from the procedure, but other immunological criteria were not predictive of efficacy. Twelve patients were transplanted on the basis of a negative cross-match with current serum, historical sera being retrospectively tested. Surprisingly, seven patients received a well-matched graft with both pre- and post-IA negative cross-matching. Graft survival was 86% in this group. Conversely, in the group of five transplants which were performed in recipients having a positive historical cross-match with the donor, graft survival was only 40%. One patient died with a functional graft, and two grafts failed due to hyperacute humoral rejection. Humoral rejection in a third patient was successfully treated by a second IA course and administration of polyclonal IgG. We conclude that IA is a safe procedure for managing hyperimmunized transplant candidates. However, its efficacy remains variable, and a better definition of patients who should benefit from IA needs to be found.
Tomographic Imaging with Cosmic Ray Muons (2008)

Over 120 million vehicles enter the United States each year. Many are capable of transporting hidden nuclear weapons or nuclear material. Currently deployed X-ray radiography systems are limited because they cannot be used on occupied vehicles and the energy and dose are too low to penetrate many cargos. We present a new technique that overcomes these limitations by obtaining tomographic images using the multiple scattering of cosmic radiation as it transits each vehicle. When coupled with passive radiation detection, muon interrogation could contribute to safe and robust border protection against nuclear devices or material in occupied vehicles and containers.
Prospective Evaluation of a Method for Estimating Ascending Aortic Pressure From the Radial Artery Pressure Waveform (2001)

Pressure wave reflection in the upper limb causes amplification of the arterial pulse so that radial systolic and pulse pressures are greater than in the ascending aorta. Wave transmission properties in the upper limbs (in contrast to the descending aorta and lower limbs) change little with age, disease, and drug therapy in adult humans. Such consistency has led to use of a generalized transfer function to synthesize the ascending aortic pressure pulse from the radial pulse. Validity of this approach was tested for estimation of aortic systolic, diastolic, pulse, and mean pressures from the radial pressure waveform. Ascending aortic and radial pressure waveforms were recorded simultaneously at cardiac surgery, before initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, with matched, fluid-filled manometer systems in 62 patients under control conditions and during nitroglycerin infusion. Aortic pressure pulse waves, generated from the radial pulse, showed agreement with the measured aortic pulse waves with respect to systolic, diastolic, pulse, and mean pressures, with mean differences <1 mm Hg. Control differences in Bland-Altman plots for mean+/-SD in mm Hg were systolic, 0.0+/-4.4; diastolic, 0.6+/-1.7; pulse, -0.7+/-4.2; and mean pressure, -0.5+/-2.0. For nitroglycerin infusion, differences respectively were systolic, -0.2+/-4.3; diastolic, 0.6+/-1.7; pulse, -0.8+/-4.1; and mean pressure, -0.4+/-1.8. Differences were within specified limits of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation SP10 criteria. In contrast, differences between recorded radial and aortic systolic and pulse pressures were well outside the criteria (respectively, 15.7+/-8.4 and 16.3+/-8.5 for control and 14.5+/-7.3 and 15.1+/-7.3 mm Hg for nitroglycerin). Use of a generalized transfer function to synthesize radial artery pressure waveforms can provide substantially equivalent values of aortic systolic, pulse, mean, and diastolic pressures.
A Method for the Preparation of Differentiated <i>trans</i>-1,2-Diol Derivatives with Enantio- and Diastereocontrol (2009)

We describe a synthetic sequence that allows for the preparation of optically active trans-1,2-diol monosilyl ether derivatives from ketones, providing a new means for retrosynthetic simplification of differentiated diol and polyol targets. The sequence involves silyl enol ether formation, Shi asymmetric epoxidation, and then regio- and stereospecific addition of hydride, methide, or higher alkylide. The tactical combination presented has not been integrated in synthetic problem solving, so far as we are aware, but has promise for broad application.
Metabolome-Wide Association Study Identifies Multiple Biomarkers that Discriminate North and South Chinese Populations at Differing Risks of Cardiovascular Disease: INTERMAP Study (2010)

Rates of heart disease and stroke vary markedly between north and south China. A (1)H NMR spectroscopy-based metabolome-wide association approach was used to identify urinary metabolites that discriminate between southern and northern Chinese population samples, to investigate population biomarkers that might relate to the difference in cardiovascular disease risk. NMR spectra were acquired from two 24-h urine specimens per person for 523 northern and 244 southern Chinese participants in the INTERMAP Study of macro/micronutrients and blood pressure. Discriminating metabolites were identified using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and assessed for statistical significance with conservative family wise error rate < 0.01 to minimize false positive findings. Urinary metabolites significantly (P < 1.2 × 10(-16) to 2.9 × 10(-69)) higher in northern than southern Chinese populations included dimethylglycine, alanine, lactate, branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, valine), N-acetyls of glycoprotein fragments (including uromodulin), N-acetyl neuraminic acid, pentanoic/heptanoic acid, and methylguanidine; metabolites significantly (P < 1.1 × 10(-12) to 2 × 10(-127)) higher in the south were gut microbial cometabolites (hippurate, 4-cresyl sulfate, phenylacetylglutamine, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate), succinate, creatine, scyllo-inositol, prolinebetaine, and trans-aconitate. These findings indicate the importance of environmental influences (e.g., diet), endogenous metabolism, and mammalian-gut microbial cometabolism, which may help explain north-south China differences in cardiovascular disease risk.
Identification of copper ligands in Aspergillus oryzae tyrosinase by site-directed mutagenesis (2000)

Copper ligands of the recombinant tyrosinase from the fungus Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Escherichia coli were identified by site-directed mutagenesis. The recombinant protyrosinases expressed in S. cerevisiae were assayed for catalytic activities of mono-oxygenase and L-dopa oxidase at pH 5.5 after acid shock at pH 3.0. Replacements of His-63, His-84, His-93, His-290, His-294, His-332 or His-333 with asparagine resulted in mutant enzymes exhibiting no activities. The site-directed mutant Cys82Ala showed that Cys-82 was also an essential residue for the activity. We obtained homogeneous preparations of activated tyrosinases from mutated thioredoxin fusion gene products expressed in E. coli by acid shock. The copper contents of engineered mutants and wild-type enzyme expressed in E. coli were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The wild-type enzyme contained 2 g-atoms of copper/mol of the subunit. The His63Asn, His84Asn, His93Asn, His290Asn, His294Asn, His332Asn, His333Asn or Cys82Ala substitution decreased copper binding by approx. 50%, indicating that the mutants contain only approx. 1 g-atom of copper/mol of the subunit. The five mutants His63Asn, His93Asn, His290Asn, His294Asn and Cys82Ala contain only one copper ion, which is fully detectable by EPR. From the correlation of g‖ and CuA‖, we deduced that the nitrogen or sulphur donors in the copper ligands should be in a square or a distorted tetrahedral geometric environment. In further atomic absorption spectrophotometry experiments, no copper atom was observed in the seven double mutants His63Asn/His290Asn, His63Asn/His294Asn, His63Asn/His332Asn, His63Asn/His333Asn, Cys82Ala/His290Asn, His84Asn/His333Asn and His93Asn/His290Asn. We propose a new structure of active sites of tyrosinase from A. oryzae: the most likely binding sites of tyrosinase for Cu(A) are His-63, His-84 and His-93, with the remaining conserved Cys-82 providing the fourth ligand. Cu(B) liganded by four histidine residues, His-290, His-294, His-332 and His-333, is identified as new binding motif of Cu(B).
In vivo static imaging for the real and the reactive parts in electrical impedance tomography using multifrequency techniques (1992)

Multifrequency measurements in electrical impedance tomography are a viable alternative to absolute measurements for obtaining images from static structures inside the human body. If two fixed frequencies are used, however, it may happen that we cannot discriminate different tissues because of a similar impedance (or admittance) variation for that given frequency pair. A frequency sweep would help to discriminate different tissues, according to widely accepted models for impedance variation with frequency. An alternative to a frequency sweep is imaging both the real and the reactive parts of the impedance (or admittance), because for a given tissue both parts can have a different frequency dependance. In this work we present some images obtained in the human body for the real and the reactive part of the impedance using two different frequencies.
Morphological and microstructural evolution in the two-step growth of nonpolar a-plane GaN on r-plane sapphire (2009)

In this paper, we report a detailed study on the evolution of surface morphology and microstructure of nonpolar a-plane GaN (a-GaN) through controlled growth interruptions. Microscopy imaging shows that the two-step a-GaN growth went through a roughening-recovery process. The first-step growth (under high V/III and high pressure) produced a rough surface with tall mesas separated by voids. The second-step growth (under low V/III and low pressure) promoted the lateral growth and filled up the voids. Striations that formed during the island coalescence persisted throughout the second-step growth, but could be relieved by an additional third-step growth. The morphological evolution was explained according to the kinetic Wulff plots. The microstructure of the a-GaN films was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray rocking curve analysis. Most of the extended defects observed in the plan-view TEM images were I1 type basal-plane stacking faults (BSFs) and their associated partial dislocations (PDs). It is found that the bending of PDs (at the inclined/vertical growth fronts) within the basal plane toward the m-axes was responsible for the substantial reduction in threading PDs and the increase in BSF dimension. Based on a careful correlation between the morphological evolution and the microstructure development, we proposed a model explaining the possible mechanisms for the great reduction in defect density during the two-step growth process.
Test Results of an F/A-18 Automatic Carrier Landing Using Shipboard Relative GPS (2001)

Under the U.S. Department of Defenses Joint Precision 
and Landing System (JPALS) program, the Navy is 
responsible for developing the shipboard component, 
termed Shipboard Relative GPS (SRGPS). As part of the 
SRGPS effort, a test bed was developed to demonstrate 
air traffic control, navigation, and landing capabilities in 
the carrier environment. During flight testing from 
January through April, 2001, the Navy conducted 
automatic landings to the USS Theodore Roosevelt 
(CVN-71) using an F/A-18A Hornet test aircraft. These 
tests represented several firsts in the history of GPS. 
In January 2001: 
• First ever GPS-based precision approach to a US 
Navy ship (first to any ship by a tactical aircraft), 
• First ever GPS-based automatic low approaches to 
any ship, 
• First ever 3-dimensional GPS guided approaches to 
any ship, and 
• First real time demonstration of GPS centimeter 
level relative accuracy during shipboard approaches. 
In April 2001: 
• First ever GPS-based automatic landings at sea. 
The airborne segment of the SRGPS combined the 
uplinked GPS data from the ship with data from the aircrafts onboard GPS receiver to compute a highly 
accurate Relative Kinematic Carrier Phase Tracking 
(RKCPT) solution. The airborne SRGPS guidance and 
control processor blended the RKCPT position solution 
with data from the aircrafts Inertial Navigation System 
(INS) and the shipboards Ship Motion Sensor (SMS) to 
compensate for deck motion and to compute glidepath 
deviations. The system then provided autopilot commands 
to the aircraft relative to the ships stabilized glidepath, 
allowing fully automatic precision approaches and 
landings. 
This paper will describe the overall SRGPS test effort. 
The paper will also give an overview of the test bed 
hardware, as well as results for navigation sensor error, 
flight technical error and total system error. The test and 
analysis results support the feasibility of the GPS based 
precision approach and landing system concept.
Correlated imaging, quantum and classical (2004)

We analytically show that it is possible to perform coherent imaging by using the classical correlation of two beams obtained by splitting incoherent thermal radiation. A formal analogy is demonstrated between two such classically correlated beams and two entangled beams produced by parametric down-conversion. Because of this analogy, the classical beams can mimic qualitatively all the imaging properties of the entangled beams, even in ways which up to now were not believed possible. A key feature is that these classical beams are spatially correlated both in the near field and in the far field. Using realistic numerical simulations the performances of a quasithermal and a parametric down-conversion source are shown to be closely similar, both for what concerns the resolution and statistical properties. The results of this paper provide a scenario for the discussion of what role the entanglement plays in correlated imaging.
A new interleaved multi-channel DC/DC converter specially dedicated to low voltage, high current applications (2006)

Making transportation systems more energy efficient is one of the key challenge in this century. This paper presents a solution for increasing the efficiency of an electrical scooter by adding a supercapacitive energy storage in parallel to the original batteries. This paper focuses on the DC/DC converter that must be implemented to connect the supercapacitors to the batteries in the system. The researched converter needs to be as light and as small as possible with an efficiency as high as possible. The converter topology is based on interleaved channels operating in intermittent mode and usage of the reverse conduction of the power mosfets.
Introduction of carboxyl group by use of radical initiator and its application for grafting of polyesters. (1989)

官能基の少ないファーネスブラックやアセチレンブラック表面へのカルボキシル基の導入及びこれを足場とするポリエステルのグラフト反応について検討した. その結果, ファーネスブラックやアセチレンブラックをベンゼン中で4,4'-アゾビス(4-シアノペンタン酸) (ACP) で処理すると, ACPの熱分解で生成する4-シアノペンタン酸ラジカルが粒子表面へ結合し, カルボキシル基が導入できることがわかった. ついで, このカルボキシル基を水酸化カリウムで処理することにより, カルボン酸カリウム塩(-COOK)残基を導入したファーネスブラックやアセチレンブラック表面でエポキシドと環状酸無水物とのアニオン開環交互共重合が開始され, 粒子表面へ対応するポリエステルが効率良くグラフトすることを見出した. 更に, 重合速度及びグラフト率はCOOK基導入量の多いカーボンブラックほど大きくなることや, 重合系へ18-クラウン-6を添加すると重合反応が促進されることがわかった. また, このような重合系で得られるポリエステルグラフトカーボンブラックは有機溶媒中へ長時間にわたって安定に分散することも明らかにした.
p120, a novel substrate of protein tyrosine kinase receptors and of p60v-src, is related to cadherin-binding factors beta-catenin, plakoglobin and armadillo. (1992)

A novel protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) substrate, p120, has been previously implicated in ligand-induced signaling through the epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptors, and in cell transformation by p60v-src. We have isolated a near full-length cDNA encoding murine p120. The encoded protein lacks significant homology with any reported protein, but it contains four copies of an imperfect 42 amino acid repeat that occurs 12.5 times in the protein encoded by Drosophila armadillo (arm), and its direct homologs, human plakoglobin (plak) and Xenopus laevis beta-catenin (beta-cat). The presence of this motif implies that p120 may share at least one aspect of its function with the arm protein and its homologs.
A novel nitrilase, arylacetonitrilase, of <i>Alcaligenes faecalis</i> JM3 (1990)

A new type of nitrilase, arylacetonitrilase, has been purified from isovaleronitrile-induced cells of Alcaligenes faecalis JM3 in four steps. The purity of the enzyme was confirmed by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ampholyte electrofocusing and double immunodiffusion in agarose. The enzyme has a molecular mass of about 275 kDa and consists of six subunits of identical molecular mass. The purified enzyme exhibits a pH optimum of 7.5 and a temperature optimum of 45 degrees C. The enzyme is specific for arylacetonitriles such as 2-thiophenacetonitrile, p-tolyacetonitrile, p-chlorobenzylcyanide, p-fluorobenzylcyanide and 3-pyridylacetonitrile. The enzyme stoichiometrically catalyzes the hydrolysis of arylacetonitrile to arylacetic acid and ammonia, no formation of amide occurring. However, the enzyme does not attack nitrile groups attached to aromatic and heteroaromatic rings, which are hydrolyzed preferably by the nitrilases known previously. The enzyme requires thiol compounds such as dithiothreitol and 2-mercaptoethanol to exhibit its maximum activity.