gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Syntheses of 4''-epi-Amino-4''-deoxyavermectins B1 (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSyntheses of 4''-epi-Amino-4''-deoxyavermectins B1Raymond J. Cvetovich, Dennis H. Kelly, Lisa M. DiMichele, Richard F. Shuman, and Edward J. J. GrabowskiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 25, 7704–7708Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00104a028https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00104a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views775Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Deepwater Cementing Challenges (1999)

Abstract Oil and gas wells are being drilled in increasingly deep waters and demand increasingly efficient execution. The water temperature gradient from surface to seabed is non-linear and the properties of shallow formations vary from location to location. These factors add further challenges to the already difficult issues in deepwater drilling. They impact the design of cementing operations more than is generally recognized. In particular, the intrinsic properties of cement slurry such as heat of hydration is generally ignored and standard testing methods are inadequate. The purpose of this study was to investigate and optimize cementing operations; particularly those related to shallow surface casings in deepwater wells. The following issues will be addressed: the temperature of the slurry during placement the temperature of the slurry during wait-on-cement (WOC) the gel strength development of the slurry to prevent fluid influx the compressive strength development of slurry to determine earliest safe time to release the conductor (or determine the support of other shallow casing strings) Both numerical and experimental simulations were used. Temperatures were numerically simulated and were then validated using both laboratory and field data. Intrinsic properties of the slurry such as heat of hydration and heat capacity were used together with appropriate boundary conditions in a numerical simulation of the temperature during slurry placement and WOC. A large-scale experimental setup was built in the laboratory to simulate: The thick cement sheath in deepwater shallow casing annuli. Loose sand/silt surrounding the cement sheath and its dimension relative to the cement sheath. Seabed temperature, e.g. −2 °C at a depth of 800 meters in the North Sea. The slurry temperature was monitored during curing in the large-scale test setup. There was good agreement between the slurry temperature measured in the large-scale test setup and the numerical study. The simulated temperature is referred to as Simulated Slurry Temperature, or SST. SST is specific to the slurry design and the well parameters. Slurry was cured in a UCA using both SST and the "conventional" seabed temperature. Based on this work, recommendations for releasing the conductor were made for an offshore job in Norway in 800 metres of water. The cement job was successfully completed based on these recommendations with a significant saving in rig time. Laboratory tests, numerical simulation and results from a field job are discussed in this paper.
Differential requirement of Grb2 and PI3-kinase in HGF/SF-induced cell motility and tubulogenesis (1997)

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a multifunctional cytokine that induces mitogenesis, motility, invasion, and morphogenesis of several epithelial and endothelial cell lines in culture. The receptor for HGF/SF has been identified as the Met tyrosine kinase. To investigate the signaling pathways that are involved in these events, we have generated chimeric receptors containing the extracellular domain of the colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) receptor fused to the transmembrane and intracellular domains of the Met receptor (MET). Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells, expressing the CSF-MET chimera dissociate, scatter and form branching tubules in response to CSF-1. However, cells expressing a mutant CSF-MET receptor containing a phenylalanine substitution for tyrosine 1356 (Y1356F) are unable to scatter or form branching tubules following stimulation with CSF-1. Tyrosine 1356 is essential for the recruitment of multiple substrates including Grb2, the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase, and PLC gamma. To investigate the role of these signaling pathways, we have generated a mutant receptor that selectively fails to associate with Grb2, and have treated MDCK cells with potent inhibitors of PLC gamma, PI3-kinase, and p70S6K, a downstream target of PI3-kinase. Our results implicate pathways downstream from PI3-kinase in cell dissociation and scatter, whereas pathways downstream from Grb2 are required for branching tubulogenesis in MDCK cells.
Topical treatment of common superficial tinea infections. (2002)

Tinea infections are superficial fungal infections caused by three species of fungi collectively known as dermatophytes. Commonly these infections are named for the body part affected, including tinea corporis (general skin), tinea cruris (groin), and tinea pedis (feet). Accurate diagnosis is necessary for effective treatment. Diagnosis is usually based on history and clinical appearance plus direct microscopy of a potassium hydroxide preparation. Culture or histologic examination is rarely required for diagnosis. Treatment requires attention to exacerbating factors such as skin moisture and choosing an appropriate antifungal agent. Topical therapy is generally successful unless the infection covers an extensive area or is resistant to initial therapy. In these cases, systemic therapy may be required. Tinea corporis and cruris infections are usually treated for two weeks, while tinea pedis is treated for four weeks with an azole or for one to two weeks with allylamine medication. Treatment should continue for at least one week after clinical clearing of infection. Newer medications require fewer applications and a shorter duration of use. The presence of inflammation may necessitate the use of an agent with inherent anti-inflammatory properties or the use of a combination antifungal/steroid agent. The latter agents should be used with caution because of their potential for causing atrophy and other steroid-associated complications.
Methylcellulose & Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose: Uses in Paper Conservation (1982)

Methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose are cellulose polymers with the properties of high viscosity in low concentrations, defoaming ability, surfactant ability, and bulking ability. Although most conservators regard them as adhesives, methylcellulose is not a good adhesive and both have many other uses: fills (when mixed with cellulose powder), sizing agents (in low concentrations), detergents. Instructions are provided for mixing up batches for different purposes; and technical information is given on molecular structure, solubility, and suppliers/manufacturers. AATA No.: 20-1555
Low-frequency stimulation at the troughs of theta-oscillation induces long-term depression of previously potentiated CA1 synapses (1996)

1. The induction of long-term weakening of synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices was examined in CA1 synapses during cholinergic modulation. 2. Bath application of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (50 microM) activated an oscillation of the local field potential in the theta-frequency range (5-12 Hz), termed theta. It was previously shown that a stimulation train of 40 single shocks (at 0.1 Hz) to the Schaffer collateral-commisural afferents, each synchronized with positive peaks of theta, caused homosynaptic long-term enhancement in CA1. Furthermore, long-term depression (LTD) was sporadically observed when the stimulation train was given at negative troughs of theta. Here we have sought to determine stable conditions for LTD induction during theta. 3. Synaptic weakening was reliably obtained, by giving 40 shocks (at 0.1 Hz) at theta-troughs, only in pathways that had been previously potentiated. This decrement, termed theta-LTD, was synapse specific because it did not occur in an independent pathway not stimulated during theta. The interval between the initial potentiating tetanus and theta-LTD induction could be as long as 90 min. 4. theta-LTD could be saturated; after consecutive episodes of theta-LTD induction, no significant further depression was obtained. Moreover, theta-LTD could be reversed by tetanic stimulation. 5. theta-LTD could prevent the induction of LTD by 600-900 pulses at 1 Hz. This suggests that the two protocols may share common mechanisms at the synaptic level. 6. We conclude that single presynaptic spikes that occur at low frequency and are properly timed to the troughs of theta may be a relevant mechanism for decreasing the strength of potentiated synapses.
Study on processing of amino oligomers (2000)

Amino oligomers were produced by fermentation of Pseudomonas sp. VIIIT39. The optimal composition(g/L) of the medium at a flask scale was: chitosan 2.5. MgSO_(4)·7H_(2)O 0.5, KH_(2)PO_(4) 0.5, KCl 0.5, FeSO_(4)·7H_(2)O 0.01 and Tween 20 0.5mL. Optimal temperature and initial pH for production were 28deg C and 6.5 respectively. When Pseudomonas sp. VIIIT39 was cultivated on a rotary shaker (120r/min) at 28deg C for 84hrs. in a 250mL flask containing 125mL of medium, the results showed that 4.5mumol/mL of amino oligomers were accumulated (31% yield from chitosan).
Biomarkers of leukemia risk: benzene as a model. (1998)

Although relatively rare, leukemias place a considerable financial burden on society and cause psychologic trauma to many families. Leukemia is the most common cancer in children. The causes of leukemia in adults and children are largely unknown, but occupational and environmental factors are strongly suspected. Genetic predisposition may also play a major role. Our aim is to use molecular epidemiology and toxicology to find the cause of leukemia and develop biomarkers of leukemia risk. We have studied benzene as a model chemical leukemogen, and we have identified risk factors for susceptibility to benzene toxicity. Numerous studies have associated exposure to benzene with increased levels of chromosome aberrations in circulating lymphocytes of exposed workers. Increased levels of chromosome aberrations have, in turn, been correlated with a heightened risk of cancer, especially for hematologic malignancy, in two recent cohort studies in Europe. Conventional chromosome analysis is laborious, however, and requires highly trained personnel. Further, it lacks statistical power, as only a small number of cells can be examined. The recently developed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technologies have allowed the detection of specific chromosome aberrations. These techniques are far less time consuming and are more sensitive than classical chromosomal analysis. Because leukemias commonly show a variety of specific chromosome aberrations, detection of these aberrations by FISH and PCR in peripheral blood may provide improved biomarkers of leukemia risk.
Crowdsourcing the acquisition of natural language corpora: Methods and observations (2012)

We study the opportunity for using crowdsourcing methods to acquire language corpora for use in natural language processing systems. Specifically, we empirically investigate three methods for eliciting natural language sentences that correspond to a given semantic form. The methods convey frame semantics to crowd workers by means of sentences, scenarios, and list-based descriptions. We discuss various performance measures of the crowdsourcing process, and analyze the semantic correctness, naturalness, and biases of the collected language. We highlight research challenges and directions in applying these methods to acquire corpora for natural language processing applications.
Renal Tissue Angiotensins During Converting Enzyme Inhibition in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (1997)

To compare the effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on circulating and tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS), we measured different RAS parameters during the first day of treatment (Day1) as well as after two weeks of treatment (Day14). Ramipril was given orally once daily to adult male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Renin activity (RA), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity and levels of angiotensin I (ang I) and angiotensin II (ang II) in the plasma, renal cortex and renal medulla were assessed at Day1 and Day14 of the treatment. In the plasma, both RA and ang I increased 10 to 15 fold one to four hours after acute as well as at Day14 of ramipril treatment and then returned to basal values within 24 hours. Plasma ang II levels were not significantly decreased at Day1 or Day14. The decrease in the ang II/ang I ratio suggested a sustained inhibition of plasma ACE at Day14. In the renal cortex and medulla, a clearly different pattern was observed: in ramipril treated rats, RA in the renal cortex and medulla did not change at Day1 but at Day14 we observed a slight and sustained increase in RA. Despite very high basal levels of RA, ang I levels in the renal cortex were comparable to those in the plasma. The ang I level increased only one-fold one hour after ramipril intake at Day1 and Day14. This suggests that angiotensinogen may have a limiting role in the synthesis of ang I in the kidney. Ang II levels were slightly higher in the renal cortex and medulla than in the plasma suggesting local synthesis of the peptide. In the kidney, ang II levels decreased one and four hours after the acute or prolonged ramipril treatment and the ang II/ang I ratio was reduced at the same time. Our results show that the responses of the plasma and kidney components of the RAS to ACE inhibition are different in the plasma and the kidney suggesting that the circulating and tissue RAS are at least in part independent.
Placement and replacement of restorations in primary teeth (2002)

This practice-based study aimed to record the use of restorative materials, the type of restoration by class, and the reason for and the age of failed restorations in primary teeth by means of a survey of placement and replacement of restorations in 1996 and 2000/2001. Written alternative criteria for placement and replacement of restorations were provided for the participating clinicians. Details on 2281 restorations showed that primary caries was the main reason for inserting restorations in primary teeth. Replacements of failed restorations represented 14% of the fillings (n = 2040) in 1996 and 9% in 2000/2001 (n = 241). More than 80% or the fillings in primary teeth were of tooth-colored material, predominantly of the light-cured type. About 50% of failed amalgam and glass ionomer-type restorations were replaced due to secondary caries. The median age of amalgam restorations (3 years) was significantly higher than that of tooth-colored restorations (2 years). Any possible advantage of a cariostatic effect of glass ionomer-type materials is apparently annulled by their short longevity compared with amalgam.
Structural and functional organization of Complex I in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (2003)

Metabolic flux control analysis of NADH oxidation in bovine heart submitochondrial particles revealed high flux control coefficients for both Complex I and Complex III, suggesting that the two enzymes are functionally associated as a single enzyme, with channelling of the common substrate, Coenzyme Q. This is in contrast with the more accepted view of a mobile diffusable Coenzyme Q pool between these enzymes. Dilution with phospholipids of a mitochondrial fraction enriched in Complexes I and III, with consequent increased theoretical distance between complexes, determines adherence to pool behavior for Coenzyme Q, but only at dilution higher than 1:5 (protein:phospholipids), whereas, at lower phospholipid content, the turnover of NADH cytochrome c reductase is higher than expected by the pool equation.
Response of transplantable tumors of mice to anthracenedione derivatives alone and in combination with clinically useful agents. (1982)

Other investigators have demonstrated that dihydroxyanthracenedione (DiOHA) and anthracenedione acetate (AA) are active against a broad spectrum of transplantable mouse tumors. DiOHA and AA are in clinical trial in the US; AA is in clinical trial in Europe. Because of the broad spectrum of activity of these DNA binders against murine tumors and due to their promising clinical utility, we have evaluated these agents in combination with a variety of clinically useful antitumor drugs. Studies were carried out against three colon adenocarcinomas (38, 06/A, and 11/A), three mammary adenocarcinomas (13/C, 16/C, and 14), and two lymphocytic leukemias (P388 and L1210). The therapeutic synergism of one of these combinations, DiOHA and cisplatin, has been previously reported. Four additional combinations which were found to have confirmed therapeutic synergism are reported here: DiOHA and palmO-ara-C, DiOHA or AA and 5-FU, DiOHA or AA and vincristine, and DiOHA and decarbazine. The combination toxicity indices (CTI; a measure of the degree of overlap in dose-limiting toxic effects) were obtained for all the following combinations: DiOHA and palmO-ara-C = 1.25-1.6; DiOHA or AA and 5-FU = 1.2-1.3; DiOHA or AA and vincristine = 1.6; and DiOHA and dacarbazine = 1.3-1.5. A CTI of 1.0 indicates complete overlap in dose-limiting toxic effects, eg, only 50% of the maximum tolerated dose of each agent can be used in combination. On the other hand, a CTI of 2.0 indicates no overlap in toxicity, and 100% of the maximum tolerated dose of each agent can be used in combination.
RAS mutation in acute myeloid leukemia is associated with distinct cytogenetic subgroups but does not influence outcome in patients younger than 60 years (2005)

The pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) involves the cooperation of mutations promoting proliferation/survival and those impairing differentiation. The RAS pathway has been implicated as a key component of the proliferative drive in AML. We have screened AML patients, predominantly younger than 60 years and treated within 2 clinical trials, for NRAS (n = 1106), KRAS (n = 739), and HRAS (n = 200) hot-spot mutations using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. NRAS mutations were confirmed in 11% of patients (126/1106) and KRAS mutations in 5% (39/739). No HRAS mutations were detected in 200 randomly selected samples. Codons most frequently mutated were N12 (43%), N13 (21%), and K12 (21%). KRAS mutations were relatively overrepresented in French-American-British (FAB) type M4 (P < .001). NRAS mutation was over-represented in the t(3;5)(q21 approximately 25;q31 approximately q35) subgroup (P < .001) and underrepresented in t(15;17)(q22;q21) (P < .001). KRAS mutation was overrepresented in inv(16)(p13q22) (P = .004). Twenty-three percent of KRAS mutations were within the inv(16) subgroup. RAS mutation and FLT3 ITD were rarely coexistent (14/768; P < .001). Median percentage of RAS mutant allele assayed by quantitative RFLP analysis was 28% (N12), 19% (N13), 25% (N61), and 21% (K12). RAS mutation did not influence clinical outcome (overall/disease-free survival, complete remission, relapse rate) either for the entire cohort or within cytogenetic risk groups.
Functional cross-reactivities of some locustamyotropins and Bombyx pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (1992)

Naturally occurring, recently isolated insect neuropeptides locustamyotropin II and III and Bombyx pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide I (PBAN-I) bearing common carboxy terminals (Phe-X-Pro-Arg-Leu-NH2) were studied for possible functional crossreactivities. On a Locusta oviduct and Leucophaea hindgut bioassay, synthetic Bombyx PBAN-I caused an increase in the spontaneous contractions at a threshold of 0.6 × 10−8 and 1.45 ± 0.4 × 10−8 M, respectively. In Bombyx mori, injection of 0.001 pmol of locustamyotropin II and 0.01 pmol of locustamyotropin III/female induced bombykol production and maximal production was attained at 0.1 or 1 pmol dose, respectively. In Spodoptera litura pheromone production increased in a dose-dependent manner when 1–100 pmol of peptide was injected into females. When pheromone glands were incubated in vitro in Grace's medium containing different doses of locustamyotropin II or III, maximal sex pheromone production was induced at 5 pmol of peptide/150 μl medium in B. mori and at 15 pmol peptide/50 μl in S. litura, respectively. Present results support the idea that the common C-terminal pentapeptide (Phe-X-Pro-Arg-Leu-NH2) is responsible for both, myotropic and pheromonotropic activity.
A model for heterogeneous growth of Si1−<i>x</i>Ge<i>x</i> films from hydrides (1991)

Growth rates for Si1−xGex films (0≤x≤0.19) have been measured between 610–750 °C using low pressure H2/SiH4/GeH4 mixtures and at different temperatures these rates show different dependencies on composition x. A model attributes this complex behavior to competition between an increasing rate for desorption of surface hydrogen and a decreasing sticking probability for the reactive hydrides as x increases. The latter effect is explicitly reported for the first time. GeH4 is found to be ∼4.7 times more reactive than SiH4, and relative surface hydrogen coverages on Si and Si0.87Ge0.13 films measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy are compared with the model.
Paclitaxel (Taxol) (1994)

Paclitaxel is a novel antineoplastic that effects cytotoxicity by promoting intracellular tubulin polymerization and stabilizes abnormal microtubule structures against depolymerization. Although its clinical development had been hampered by misconceptions about its pharmacology, its scarcity, difficulties extracting it from its natural source, formulation problems, and frequent severe hypersensitivity reactions, paclitaxel recently was approved for treatment-refractory ovarian cancer. Two major adverse effects are dosage- and schedule-related myelosuppression and mucositis. Neurotoxicity is directly related to both the individual and cumulative doses. Other relevant toxicities are hypersensitivity reactions, effects on cardiac rate and rhythm, arthralgias and myalgias, generalized hair loss, and mild nausea and emesis. Continuing clinical studies will evaluate paclitaxel as initial therapy for ovarian cancer and its utility in other malignancies. In addition, major efforts are under way to develop alternative sources to increase the availability of taxene analogs and reduce our dependence on yew species.