gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Economics and Reimbursement of Congestive Heart Failure (2012)

Healthcare in the USA hospital setting has undergone immense evolution over the last two decades. Spiraling healthcare costs led to efforts by payers to rein in charges by providers and facilities. Managed care became the mantra for managing costs through the use of guidelines, evidence-based best practices, and contractual negotiations and the utilization management review process. Perhaps the most challenging financial change for the acute care facility was the development of the DRG-based payment system for Medicare recipients. No longer able to benefit from long hospital stays filled with a litany of billable tests and procedures, the hospital was faced with an urgent need to become efficient.The acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patient poses additional challenges for the hospital facility. Such patients are resource-intense utilizers of hospital services and can often result in a net fiscal loss for the average hospital stay. Using evidence-based treatment approaches for appropriately selected heart failure patients in an observation unit can result in improved clinical outcomes, enhanced quality of care, and a positive impact on financial margins.As payers shift to value-based reimbursement, an already challenged hospital delivery system will be forced to alter the care delivery model. Hospitals will have to merge quality and financial objectives into a viable operational plan in order to survive the upcoming external forces in the evolving healthcare environment.
Formal verification of superscale microprocessors with multicycle functional units, exception, and branch prediction (2000)

We extend the Burch and Dill flushing technique [6] for formal verification of microprocessors to be applicable to designs where the functional units and memories have multicycle and possibly arbitrary latency. We also show ways to incorporate exceptions and branch prediction by exploiting the properties of the logic of Positive Equality with Uninterpreted Functions [4][5]. We study the modeling of the above features in different versions of dual-issue superscalar processors.
Cyclic Clomiphene Citrate Treatment Lowers Cytosol Estrogen and Progestin Receptor Concentrations in the Endometrium of Postmenopausal Women on Estrogen Replacement Therapy* (1981)

Clinical and experimental studies have indicated that a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, clomiphene citrate, might prevent the stimulatory action of estrogens on the human endometrium. To investigate the mechanisms of this effect, the treatment of 19 postmenopausal patients with conjugated estrogens for 6 months was supplemented cyclically for 10 days with clomiphene citrate after every 7 weeks. Ten patients ingested clomiphene citrate alone, whereas 9 patients continued estrogen treatment during clomiphene supplementation. Estrogen and progestin receptors were measured from the cytosol of the endometrium after the first estrogen period and after the first and third clomiphene treatment. The estrogen receptor concentration was significantly lower after both clomiphene supplementation periods than after the initial estrogen administration. The progestin receptor concentration was significantly lower only after the first clomiphene citrate period. The effect of clomiphene citrate was independent of the initial histological appearance of the endometrium and led to atrophy of the endometrium in most of the patients. Because the effect of clomiphene citrate was independent of simultaneous estrogen administration, it acted as a pure antiestrogen in this treatment modality. The relative decreases in estrogen and progestin receptor concentrations on the present treatment regimen were different from those previously found on progestin treatment and most likely occur via different mechanisms. It is not known whether these two treatment types will have additive effects.
Differentiation of Lymphoid Cells: Effect of Serum and Other Mitogenic Agents on the Selective Induction of Immunoglobulin M Secreting Lymph Node Cells in Tissue Culture (1973)

Abstract Rabbit lymph node cells incubated in a serum-free medium exhibit a relatively low level of incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA. Fetal calf serum stimulated this incorporation as much as 65-fold. On the other hand, rabbit serum from the same animal that was the source of the cells did not effectively support [3H]thymidine incorporation (only a 0- to 2.7-fold greater incorporation than serum-free medium) and such autologous serum was inhibitory when added in conjunction with fetal calf serum. This same behavior for both fetal calf serum and autologous serum was observed when the emergence of enhanced immunoglobulin M production was assessed rather than [3H]thymidine incorporation. The emergence of enhanced immunoglobulin M production was markedly inhibited when either concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, or pokeweed mitogen was incubated with such cells in tissue culture. In contrast, bacterial endotoxin increased immunoglobulin M production about 2- to 4-fold. Concanavalin A did not inhibit the secretion of immunoglobulin M when added to cells which already exhibit enhanced immunoglobulin M production, i.e., at 48 hr in tissue culture. However, if concanavalin A was added at 24 hr or earlier its full inhibitory activity was manifested.
Identification of a human OX-40 ligand, a costimulator of CD4+ T cells with homology to tumor necrosis factor. (1994)

The human OX-40 cell surface antigen is a CD4+ T cell activation marker that acts as a costimulatory receptor and is a member of the nerve growth factor receptor/tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Using a soluble form of the receptor, the extracellular region fused with human immunoglobulin Fc, we expression cloned the human OX-40 ligand cDNA from a library derived from an activated B lymphoblastoid cell line MSAB. The encoded protein is identified as gp34, a type II transmembrane antigen previously known to be expressed only by human T cell lymphotropic virus 1-infected cells. We describe gp34 as a new member of the TNF family, and find that the recombinant ligand expressed in COS cells costimulates phorbol myristate acetate, phytohemagglutinin, and anti-CD3-induced CD4+ T cell proliferation.
On the Design of Sparse Half-Band Like FIR Filters (2007)

In this work we consider the design of sparse FIR filters, i.e. filters with few non-zero multiplications. The considered filters have half-band like properties, but with slightly relaxed specifications compared with actual half-band filters. We propose a filter design technique where the number of non-zero filter coefficients is minimized. It is shown by examples that it is possible to take advantage of an increased passband ripple only to obtain a half-band like solution with fewer non-zero multiplications. Decreasing the passband edge only does not give such a direct improvement.
Multiple opiate receptors: [3H]ethylketocyclazocine receptor binding and ketocyclazocine analgesia. (1980)

The receptor binding of the kappa agonist [3H]ethylketocyclazocine to brain homogenates in vitro and ketocyclazocine (kappa) analgesia in vivo has been investigated and compared to morphine, a mu agonist. Saturation analysis of [3H]ethylketocyclazocine binding in both mice and rats yielded biphasic Scatchard plots similar to those of opiate mu agonists, antagonists, enkephalins, and endorphins. Treatment of brain membranes with monovalent and divalent cation, chelating agents, protein-modifying reagents, and enzymes affected [3H]ethylketocyclazocine binding in a manner similar to that of [3H]morphine. Naloxazone, a long-acting antagonist that selectively abolished high-affinity [3H-DAla2,Met5]enkephalinamide binding in vivo, also selectively blocked high-affinity [3H]ethylketocyclazocine binding. Evaluation of analgesia with writhing and tail-flick assays in animals whose high-affinity binding sites were blocked by naloxazone demonstrated a 6- to 7-fold increase in median effective dose (ED50) values of ketocyclazocine. This decrease in analgesic potency was comparable to morphine's decreased potency in similarly treated mice. These biochemical and pharmacological results suggest that the analgesic properties of both kappa and mu agonists may be mediated through the same subpopulation of receptors, the high-affinity binding sites.
Gene Therapy of mdx Mice With Large Truncated Dystrophins Generated by Recombination Using rAAV6 (2010)

Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector-mediated gene transfer represents a promising approach for many diseases. However, the applicability of rAAV vectors has long been hindered by the small (~4.8 kb) DNA packaging capacity. This limitation can hamper the packaging and delivery of critical regulatory elements and/or larger coding sequences, such as the ~14-kb dystrophin complementary DNA (cDNA) that is of interest for gene therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Here, we have demonstrated reconstitution of an expression cassette (7.3 kb) encoding a highly functional "minidystrophin" protein (ΔH2-R19, 222 kd) in vivo following intravascular co-delivery of two independent rAAV6 vectors sharing a central homologous recombinogenic region of 372 nucleotides. Similar to previously reported trans-splicing approaches, one rAAV vector provides the promoter with the ~1/2 initial portion of minidystrophin, while the second vector provides the remaining minidystrophin cDNA followed by the polyadenylation signal. Significantly, administering a modest dose [2 × 10(12) vector genomes (vg)] of the two minidystrophin-encoding rAAV vectors to dystrophic mice elicited an improvement of physiological performance indicative of prevention or amelioration of the disease state. These studies provide evidence that functional dystrophin transgenes larger than that typically carried by a single rAAV genome can be reconstituted in vivo by homologous recombination (HR) following intravascular co-delivery with rAAV6.
Incidental Retroperitoneal Castleman’s Disease Found in Patient with Renal Cell Carcinoma: a case report (2019)

This report briefly discusses a case of retroperitoneal Castleman's disease in a 52 year old post-menopausal woman with renal cell carcinoma.
Nitronyl and Imino Nitroxides: Improvement of Ullman's Procedure and Report on a New Efficient Synthetic Route (2001)

The synthesis of nitronyl and imino nitroxides has been reexamined with the aim of both increasing yields and of offering opportunities for new structures. The conditions for the formation of 2,3-bis(hydroxyamino)-2,3-dimethylbutane, the key intermediate of Ullman's route, have been carefully studied, and a new procedure is proposed, which affords the free base in a very pure form and up to 60% yield. Full characterization of this intermediate including an X-ray crystal structure is presented. An alternative synthetic route through 2,3-diamino-2,3-dimethylbutane and the corresponding imidazolidines which bypasses the delicate synthesis of the bis(hydroxyamino) compound is described. It is shown that 3-chloroperbenzoic acid is an effective oxidant for the transformation of adequately substituted imidazolidines into nitronyl nitroxides, which are obtained in high yield. An illustration of the potentialities of this new route, a new nitronyl nitroxide with two ethyl substituents in positions 4 and 5 of the imidazoline ring, is reported. The scope and limitations of the two routes are discussed.
Genetically Engineered Antibody Molecules and Their Application (1987)

Immunoglobulin genes can be efficiently expressed following transfection into myeloma cells. Using protoplast fusion, transfection frequencies greater than 10(-3) can be achieved. Compatible plasmids containing two different selectible markers are used to simultaneously deliver heavy and light chain genes to the same cell. To produce molecules with differing specificities the rearranged and expressed variable regions can be cloned from the appropriate hybridoma. In some cases, variable regions from cDNAs can be inserted into the expression vectors. It is possible to manipulate the immunoglobulin genes and produce novel antibody molecules. Antibodies have been produced in which the variable regions from mouse antibodies have been joined to human constant regions. In addition, antibodies with altered constant regions have been produced. These genetically engineered antibodies provide a unique set of reagents to study structure-function relationships within the molecule. They also can potentially be used in the diagnosis and therapy of human disease.
Development of porous apatite ceramic for local delivery of chemotherapeutic agents (1998)

An experimental study was conducted on a drug delivery system (DDS), using porous apatite ceramics (PAC): hydroxyapatite block (HAb) [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] having a porosity of 35–48% and pore size range of 50–300 μm, and β-tricalcium phosphate block (TCP) [Ca3(PO4)2] having a porosity of 75–80% and pore size range of 100–400 μm, for sustained release of a chemotherapeutic agent. Methotrexate (MTX) was loaded in the pores of PAC blocks by centrifuging the blocks in MTX solution. Impregnation of MTX in PAC blocks (1 cm3) was confirmed by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study using Gadolinium-DTPA enhancement. The MRI showed high signal intensity in the PAC, which was confirmed by dye loading into the pores. To estimate the MTX-releasing capability of the PAC, the blocks were stored in 3 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C and the PBS was replaced every 48 h. The amount of MTX released was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. This study showed that MTX-impregnated PAC (0.63–2.25 mg/block) released the drug in a steady manner and maintained its concentration (0.1–1.0 μg/mL) up to 12 days. This concentration is high enough to be effective against tumor cells. Chemotherapeutic agent–impregnated PAC, prepared by simple centrifugation, could be a valuable form of local chemotherapy when used as a strut graft to repair bone defects. This new DDS material could also be used as an adjuvant to extended curettage and provide a means to reduce the recurrence of tumors without risk of systemic toxicity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 39, 536–538, 1998.
Positive and negative effects of oxygen in thermal annealing of p-type GaN (2012)

The effect of oxygen on ambient gas on activating p-GaN by rapid thermal annealing was investigated. When the ratio of N2 to O2 is 4:1, the sample activated after annealing at 750 °C exhibits the best electrical properties with respect to resistivity. It is confirmed that the concentration of hydrogen which passivates Mg acceptors in GaN decreases more efficiently when oxygen is introduced into N2 ambient gas. Although oxygen-involved annealing at higher temperature may further reduce the concentration of hydrogen, the resistivity of p-GaN may increase due to the negative effect caused by too much incorporation of oxygen-related donors.
TCP/IP performance over 3G wireless links with rate and delay variation (2002)

Wireless link losses result in poor TCP throughput since losses are perceived as congestion by TCP, resulting in source throttling. In order to mitigate this effect, 3G wireless link designers have augmented their system with extensive local retransmission mechanisms. In addition, in order to increase throughput, intelligent channel state based scheduling have also been introduced. While these mechanisms have reduced the impact of losses on TCP throughput and improved the channel utilization, these gains have come at the expense of increased delay and rate variability. In this paper, we comprehensively evaluate the impact of variable rate and variable delay on long-lived TCP performance. We propose a model to explain and predict TCP's throughput over a link with variable rate and/or delay. We also propose a network-based solution called Ack Regulator that mitigates the effect of variable rate and/or delay without significantly increasing the round trip time, while improving TCP performance by up to 40%.
Long-term treatment of lupus nephritis with cyclosporin A (1998)

We evaluated the efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with cyclosporin A (CSA) in type IV lupus nephritis. Seventeen patients with biopsy-proven WHO type IV lupus nephritis were enrolled in a prospective, open study. Twelve of the 17 completed 48 months of treatment with CSA and prednisolone. Three patients required the addition of azathioprine, at 12, 38 and 47 months, respectively, for cutaneous disease flare with refractory rashes. One patient was lost to follow-up at 40 months. The mean +/- SD duration of treatment was 43.2 +/- 10.1 months (range 15.7-48 months). A significant reduction of proteinuria and a significant rise in serum albumin were noted 1 month after initiation of treatment. Improvement was maintained throughout the study except for three patients who relapsed with recurrence of nephrotic syndrome. There were no significant changes in serum creatinine level or creatinine clearances throughout the study. Repeat renal biopsy at 12 months following treatment with CSA showed histological improvement, with WHO type II changes in all 17 patients accompanying significant reduction in activity indices. Patients with baseline haemoglobin (Hgb) levels < 12 g/dl showed significant improvement. Serum C3 and C4 levels were not changed significantly. Corticosteroid-sparing effects were noted. Side-effects included hypertension, gum hypertrophy and mild hirsuitism, but were not serious. Combination therapy using CSA and prednisone is effective and safe for long-term treatment in lupus patients with WHO type IV nephritis.
Epitaxial Growth of L1$_{0}$–FePt Granular Thin Films on TiC/RuAl Underlayers (2011)

Highly ordered L1 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> FePt-oxide thin films with perpendicular texture and small grains were fabricated on a TiC underlayer along with a RuAl small grain size layer and a MgO seedlayer. The epitaxial growth from the MgO seedlayer to the TiC\RuAl grain size defining underlayer to FePt magnetic layer was studied. Perpendicular texture can be further improved by adjusting the thickness of each layer to optimize the in-plane stain. From our microstructure study, TiC/RuAl grain size defining layer was found effective in reducing the volume fraction of oxide in the film and the center-to-center grain size of FePt grains. With a thin Ag sacrificial layer inserted between TiC and FePt magnetic layer, a smaller grain size can be achieved, the ordering temperature was lowered, and the (001) texture of FePt was enhanced.
Endothelial cell responses to fibrin mediated by FPB cleavage and the amino terminus of the beta chain. (1993)

Endothelial cells (EC) interact with fibrin at sites of vascular injury, thrombosis, inflammation and tumor growth, whereas they are quiescent when exposed to circulating fibrinogen. To determine the structural basis for specific interaction with fibrin we have characterized the response of EC to fibrin of varying structure. Fibrin was prepared with thrombin, which cleaves both fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and fibrinopeptide B (FPB), with Reptilase, which cleaves only FPA, and with contortrix procoagulant to cleave only FPB. Fibrin with FPB cleavage stimulated release of von Willebrand factor from EC Weibel-Palade bodies and also supported cell spreading. Involvement of the amino terminus of the fibrin beta chain in the response was shown by stimulation of von Willebrand factor release by the peptide beta 15-42. Also, fibrin prepared from a fibrinogen derivative lacking residues 15-42 of the beta chain failed to support EC spreading. EC adhesion was unaffected by the pattern of fibrinopeptide cleavage or by the removal of peptide beta 15-42 from fibrin. The results indicate that separate sites on the fibrin molecule mediate adhesion and spreading, and that the latter requires cleavage of FPB and the new amino terminus of the beta chain. They further suggest that cellular responses to fibrin are regulated by the proteolytic cleavages and conformational changes that convert fibrinogen to fibrin and may also be modulated by plasmic or elastase degradation.
Epigenetic Profiling in Schizophrenia and Major Mental Disorders (2009)

Epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation and histone modifications are important in the etiology or pathophysiology of mental disorders. Here, we review recent studies on the relationship between DNA methylation and major mental disorders. We will focus on the role of DNA methylation in postmitotic neurons, intra- and interindividual variations in DNA methylation, the possible involvement of methionine metabolism pathways, and candidate and genome-wide DNA methylation as they relate to mental disorders.
Deposition of Corticosteroid Aerosol in the Human Lung by Respimat® Soft Mist™ Inhaler Compared to Deposition by Metered Dose Inhaler or by Turbuhaler® Dry Powder Inhaler (2005)

Fourteen mild-to-moderate asthmatic patients completed a randomized four-way crossover scintigraphic study to determine the lung deposition of 200 microg budesonide inhaled from a Respimat Soft Mist Inhaler (Respimat SMI), 200 microg budesonide inhaled from a Turbuhaler dry powder inhaler (Turbuhaler DPI, used with fast and slow peak inhaled flow rates), and 250 microg beclomethasone dipropionate inhaled from a pressurized metered dose inhaler (Becloforte pMDI). Mean (range) whole lung deposition of drug from the Respimat SMI (51.6 [46-57]% of the metered dose) was significantly (p < 0.001) greater than that from the Turbuhaler DPI used with both fast and slow inhaled flow rates (28.5 [24-33]% and 17.8 [14-22]%, respectively) or from the Becloforte pMDI (8.9 [6-12]%). The deposition pattern within the lungs was more peripheral for Respimat SMI than for Turbuhaler DPI. The results of this study showed that Respimat SMI deposited corticosteroid more efficiently in the lungs than either of two widely used inhaler devices, Turbuhaler DPI or Becloforte pMDI.
Direct monitoring of energy lost due to soiling on first solar modules in California (2013)

The optical loss caused by the accumulation of dirt and other contaminants on solar collectors is the third most important meteorological input, after insolation and air temperature, that determines energy yield in a photovoltaic power plant. First Solar is monitoring the impact of dust accumulation on solar panels using a methodology similar to that proposed by Ryan and colleagues in a long-term study in Eugene, OR. The method seeks to be a practical and automated technique for measuring the soiling rate, foregoing complex equipment such as I(V ) curve tracers, and eliminating other performance-influencing factors. The test setup includes several First Solar plane-of-array modules that are allowed to accumulate natural contaminants, and several controls held clean by regular washing. This study reveals clear region-specific soiling trends as well as insight into the amount of rainfall required for full recovery of module performance. Soiling rates of up to 11.5% per month are observed in heavy agricultural areas. As little as 0.5 mm of rainfall is sufficient to completely clean a dirty frameless module in regions with lighter soiling rates.