gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of myofibroblasts during normal tissue repair and excessive scarring: interest of their assessment in nephropathies. (2000)

Following injury, tissue repair process takes place involving inflammation, granulation tissue formation and scar constitution. Granulation tissue develops from the connective tissue surrounding the damaged area and contains vessels, inflammatory cells, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts play an important role in many tissue injuries and fibrocontractive diseases. The process of normal wound repair after tissue injury follows a closely regulated sequence including the activation and the proliferation of fibroblastic cells. In pathological situations, the normal resolution stages are abrogated and the proliferation of myofibroblasts continues, inducing excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. The differentiation of fibroblastic cells into myofibroblasts is an early event in the development of tissue fibrosis. Myofibroblastic cells express smooth muscle cytoskeletal markers (alpha-smooth muscle actin in particular) and participate actively in the production of extracellular matrix. The evaluation of myofibroblast differentiation in renal biopsies would be useful for histopathologists to appreciate the intensity of tissue injury and particularly to predict the long term outcome of some nephropathies. Immunohistochemical studies for alpha-smooth muscle actin should be made systematically in renal tissue biopsies. Myofibroblastic differentiation appears to play a significant role in the progression of renal failure and seems to be a useful marker of progressive disease.
Synthesis and aqueous solution properties of novel zwitterionic block copolymers (1997)

A series of near-monodisperse poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-block-2-tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate] precursors is synthesised using group-transfer polymerisation chemistry; the 2-tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate protecting group is quantitatively removed under mild conditions and the resulting zwitterionic block copolymers undergo reversible temperature-induced micellisation in aqueous media.
Coking by metal dusting of steels (1999)

In process industries coking is an annoying phenomenon, the carbon deposition causes decrease of heat transfer and hinders gas flow. Coking in a process may indicate metal dusting, i.e. the disintegration of metals and alloys in carbonaceous atmospheres under formation of graphite and fine metal particles. The metal particles act as catalysts for vast coke formation. The thermodynamics, mechanisms and kinetics of metal dusting have been studied on iron and steels in synthesis respectively reduction gas CO-H2- H2O, here the aspects are presented of coking due to metal dusting. From the interplay of the metal disintegration and carbon deposition rather complex coupled kinetics are resulting, even different in a low temperature range where the decomposition of the intermediate cementite is rate determining and in a higher temperature range where the carbon transfer from the atmosphere is rate controlling. Coking by metal dusting can be suppressed in the same way as metal dusting, by sulfur addition to the atmosphere and/or by a stable dense protective oxide layer. Coking durch Metal Dusting von Stählen In der Prozeßindustrie ist „coking“ ein ärgerliches Phänomen, die Kohlenstoffabscheidung bewirkt eine Abnahme der Wärmeübertragung und behindert die Gasströmung. Das Auftreten von coking in einem Prozeß kann anzeigen, daß metal dusting stattfindet, d.h. der Zerfall von Metall oder Legierungen in kohlenstoffhaltigen Atmosphären unter Bildung von Graphit und feinen Metallpartikeln. Die Metallpartikel wirken als Katalysatoren für eine starke coke-Bildung. Thermodynamik, Mechanismen und Kinetik des metal dusting sind auf Eisen und Stählen in Synthese- bzw. Reduktionsgas CO-H2- H2O untersucht worden. Hier werden die Aspekte des coking aufgrund von metal dusting beschrieben. Aus dem Zusammenspiel des Metallzerfalls und der Kohlenstoffabscheidung resultieren recht komplexe gekoppelte Kinetiken, die sogar unterschiedlich sind in einem Bereich niedriger Temperaturen, wo der Zerfall des als Zwischenprodukt gebildeten Zementits geschwindigkeitsbestimmend ist, und in einem Bereich höherer Temperaturen, wo die Kohlenstoffübertragung aus der Atmosphäre geschwindigkeitsbestimmend ist. Coking durch metal dusting kann unterdrückt werden in derselben Weise wie das metal dusting, nämlich durch Schwefelzusatz zur Atmosphäre und/oder durch eine stabile, dichte, schützende Oxidschicht.
Matrix metalloproteinases and atrial remodeling in patients with mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation (2005)

Concordant changes between MMP-expression and fibrosis during mitral valve disease, both in LA and RA, suggest involvement of MMPs in structural atrial remodeling. AF itself did not contribute to altered fibrosis or MMP-expression in the LA. The association between AF and RA changes may be precipitated by greater hemodynamic load due to tricuspid regurgitation in these patients.
Chromatic confocal microscopy using supercontinuum light (2004)

We report on a novel chromatic confocal microscope system using supercontinuum white light generated from a photonic crystal fiber. The chromatic aberration of a pair of singlet lenses is employed to focus the different spectral components of the supercontinuum at different depth levels. An effective depth scanning range of 7 microm is demonstrated. The corresponding depth resolution is measured to be less than 1 microm (FWHM).
A tree-trellis based fast search for finding the N-best sentence hypotheses in continuous speech recognition (1991)

A novel tree-trellis based fast search for finding the N-best sentence hypotheses in continuous speech recognition is presented. The search consists of a forward time-synchronous trellis search and a backward time-asynchronous tree search. The Viterbi algorithm is used for recording the scores of all partial paths in a trellis time synchronously. Then a backward A* algorithm based tree search is used to extend partial paths time asynchronously. Extended partial paths in the backward tree search are rank ordered in a stack by their corresponding best possible scores of the remaining paths which are prerecorded in the forward trellis path map. In each path growing cycle, the current best partial path, which is at the top of the stack, is extended by the best possible one arc (word) extension. The tree-trellis search is different from the traditional time synchronous Viterbi search in its ability to find not just the best but the N best paths of different word content.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Patterning Flows Using Grooved Surfaces (2002)

Through a simple analytical description we quantify how pressure-driven flows over grooved surfaces develop transverse components, which, for shallow grooves, can be modeled with simple anisotropic effective boundary conditions. Helical recirculation results in channels or capillaries with grooved walls. An experimental validation of our model is presented. Our analysis provides a workable guide for the design of 3D flows with simple patterns of grooved regions, e.g., to control the position of streams in the cross section of a channel or to promote mixing. Potential applications in microfluidics are outlined.
E-type prostanoid receptor 4 (EP4) in disease and therapy (2013)

The large variety of biological functions governed by prostaglandin (PG) E2 is mediated by signaling through four distinct E-type prostanoid (EP) receptors. The availability of mouse strains with genetic ablation of each EP receptor subtype and the development of selective EP agonists and antagonists have tremendously advanced our understanding of PGE2 as a physiologically and clinically relevant mediator. Moreover, studies using disease models revealed numerous conditions in which distinct EP receptors might be exploited therapeutically. In this context, the EP4 receptor is currently emerging as most versatile and promising among PGE2 receptors. Anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and vasoprotective effects have been proposed for the EP4 receptor, along with its recently described unfavorable tumor-promoting and pro-angiogenic roles. A possible explanation for the diverse biological functions of EP4 might be the multiple signaling pathways switched on upon EP4 activation. The present review attempts to summarize the EP4 receptor-triggered signaling modules and the possible therapeutic applications of EP4-selective agonists and antagonists.
In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to protolichesterinic acid from the lichen Cetraria islandica (1997)

With reference to the traditional use of Cetraria islandica (Iceland moss) for relief of gastric and duodenal ulcer, plant extracts were screened for in vitro activity against Helicobacter pylori. (+)-Protolichesterinic acid, an aliphatic alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone, was identified as an active component. The MIC range of protolichesterinic acid, in free as well as salt form, was 16 to 64 micrograms/ml.
A Practical Process for the Preparation of Super Slurper, a Starch‐Based Polymer with a Large Capacity to Absorb Water (1977)

Abstract The solid, water‐insoluble sorbent called Super Slurper that swells in water is a base hydrolyzed starch‐polyacrylonitrile graft copolymer in which the nitrile functionality has been converted to a mixture of carboxamide and alkali metal carboxylate. A process for making the polymer in multipound quantities has been developed from laboratory scale‐up studies. This process avoids intermediate isolation steps, permits efficient removal of unreacted monomer, keeps the concentration of extraneous salts low and gives a high solids concentration for the drying step. Variation in drying procedure allows Super Slurper to be made in film, mat, powder or flake form. Shearing the hydrolysis mixture prior to isolation and avoiding extended exposure of isolated product to elevated temperature gives Super Slurper with highest absorptive capacity. All equipment used is common to industrial practice. The cost to make crude drum‐dried flakes is estimated preliminarily at $ 0.32/lb for a 10 7 lb/year hypothetical plant.
<i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i>supernatant improves intestinal barrier function in mice DSS colitis (2013)

OBJECTIVE. The intestinal microbiota plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (FP) is underrepresented in IBD patients and have been suggested to have anti-inflammatory effects in mice. Increased intestinal permeability is common in IBD but the relationship between FP and intestinal barrier function has not been investigated. Our aim was to study treatment with FP supernatant on intestinal barrier function in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis mice model. MATERIAL AND METHODS. C57BL/6 mice received 3% DSS in tap water ad libitum during five days to induce colitis. From day 3 the mice received a daily gavage with FP supernatant or broth during seven days. Ileum and colon were mounted in Ussing chambers for permeability studies with (51)Cr-EDTA and Escherichia coli K-12. Colon was saved for Western blot analyses of tight junction proteins. RESULTS. DSS-treated mice showed significant weight loss and colon shortening. Gavage with FP supernatant resulted in a quicker recovery after DSS treatment and less extensive colonic shortening. Ileal mucosa of DSS mice showed a significant increase in (51)Cr-EDTA-passage compared to controls. (51)Cr-EDTA passage was significantly decreased in mice receiving FP supernatant. No significant differences were observed in passage of E. coli K12. Western blots showed a trend to increased claudin-1 and claudin-2 expressions in DSS mice. CONCLUSIONS. Supernatant of FP enhances the intestinal barrier function by affecting paracellular permeability, and may thereby attenuate the severity of DSS-induced colitis in mice. These findings suggest a potential role of FP in the treatment of IBD.
Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, integrins and cell growth by the Rho family of small GTPases. (1996)

The Rho family of small GTP binding proteins play a key part in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and cell adhesion through integrin receptors. In addition, these proteins regulate signal transduction pathways essential for normal cell growth. Many of the molecules that regulate Rho have oncogenic activity, suggesting that members of the Rho family may have an important role in tumour formation.
In vivo determination of local skin optical properties and photon path length by use of spatially resolved diffuse reflectance with applications in laser Doppler flowmetry (2003)

Methods for local photon path length and optical properties estimation, based on measured and simulated diffuse reflectance within 2 mm from the light source, are proposed and evaluated in vivo on Caucasian human skin. The accuracy of the methods was good (2%-7%) for path length and reduced scattering but poor for absorption estimation. Reduced scattering and absorption were systematically lower in the fingertip than in the forearm skin (633 nm). A maximum intrasite and interindividual variation of approximately 35% in an average photon path length was found. The methodology was applied in laser Doppler flowmetry, where path-length normalization of the estimated perfusion removed the optical property dependency.
Long-wave UV light fluorescence for identification of black-pigmented Bacteroides spp (1982)

Black-pigmented Bacteroides strains were grown on blood agar, and the colonies were evaluated for fluorescence from long-wave UV light. Most test strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. intermedius exhibited a brilliant red fluorescence. B. melaninogenicus subsp. melaninogenicus fluoresced mostly red-orange. Bacteroides asaccharolyticus showed a yellow or red fluorescence. The intensity of the Bacteroides fluorescence weakened when the black pigment of the colonies developed. In contrast, neither young nor old colonies of the oral species Bacteroides gingivalis displayed fluorescence. Since B. gingivalis can produce severe oral infections and also can seed to nonoral sites, awareness of the inability of this organism to fluoresce is important for microbiologists utilizing UV light fluorescence to screen for black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. The present data also indicate that UV light fluorescence may be a rapid method of distinguishing some black-pigmented Bacteroides spp.
Initial Stage of the Interfacial Reaction between Nickel and Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (1990)

The initial stage of the interfacial reaction between Ni and hydrogenated amorphous silicon has been studied mainly by in situ electrical resistance measurement. The change of the resistance in this system induced by the annealing at a constant heating rate shows a sudden drop, which corresponds to the amorphous-to-crystalline transformation of the Ni–Si intermixing layer. In situ resistance measurements for various intermixing layers in the initial stage demonstrate that the crystallization temperature becomes lower with the increase of the amount of Ni contained in the layer. The result means that the thermal stability of the intermixing layer decreases with its growth. It is suggested that the crystallization occurs when the amount of Ni contained in the intermixing layer reaches the critical thickness, which depends on the temperature.
Synthesis of C-Substituted Cyclic Amines Using Azacycloalkyl Organozinc Reagents (1998)

Azetidine and piperidine derived organozinc species have been prepared from the corresponding azacycloalkyl iodides by direct Zn insertion. They have been shown to readily undergo Pd(0) mediated cross-coupling reactions and to transmetallate with CuCN.2LiCl.
Cloning of the Escherichia coli release factor 2 gene (1984)

The protein release factor 2 (RF2) participates in Escherichia coli polypeptide chain termination with codon specificity (UAA or UGA). A colicin E1 recombinant identified in the Carbon and Clarke E. coli bank contains the protein release factor 2 gene. A 1.7-kilobase E. coli fragment has been subcloned into the plasmid pUC9 vector. Bacterial cells, containing the plasmid recombinant, produce elevated levels of protein release factor 2 as detected by an immune precipitation assay and in vitro measurement of UGA-directed peptide chain termination and [3H]UGA codon recognition.
LifeNet: A Propositional Model of Ordinary Human Activity (2003)

LifeNet, a new common sense knowledge base that captures a first-person model of human experience in terms of a propositional representation. LifeNet represents knowledge as an undirected graphical model relating 80,000 egocentric propositions with 415,000 temporal and atemporal links between these propositions. We explain how we built LifeNet by extracting its propositions and links from the Open Mind Common Sense corpus of com- mon sense assertions, present a method for reasoning with the resulting knowledge base, evaluate the knowledge in LifeNet and the quality of inference, and describe a knowl- edge acquisition system that lets people interact with LifeNet to extend it further. INTRODUCTION interested in building 'common sense' models of the structure and flow of human life. Today's computer systems lack such models—they know almost nothing about the kinds of activities people engage in, the actions we are capable of and their likely effects, the kinds of places we spend our time and the things that are found there, the types of events we enjoy and types we loathe, and so forth. By finding ways to give computers the ability to represent and reason about ordinary life, we believe they can be made more helpful participants in the human world. An adequate common sense model should include knowl- edge about a wide range of objects, states, events, and situations. For example, a common sense model of human life should enable the following kinds of predictions:
Personalized Geo-Specific Tag Recommendation for Photos on Social Websites (2014)

Social tagging becomes increasingly important to organize and search large-scale community-contributed photos on social websites. To facilitate generating high-quality social tags, tag recommendation by automatically assigning relevant tags to photos draws particular research interest. In this paper, we focus on the personalized tag recommendation task and try to identify user-preferred, geo-location-specific as well as semantically relevant tags for a photo by leveraging rich contexts of the freely available community-contributed photos. For users and geo-locations, we assume they have different preferred tags assigned to a photo, and propose a subspace learning method to individually uncover the both types of preferences. The goal of our work is to learn a unified subspace shared by the visual and textual domains to make visual features and textual information of photos comparable. Considering the visual feature is a lower level representation on semantics than the textual information, we adopt a progressive learning strategy by additionally introducing an intermediate subspace for the visual domain, and expect it to have consistent local structure with the textual space. Accordingly, the unified subspace is mapped from the intermediate subspace and the textual space respectively. We formulate the above learning problems into a united form, and present an iterative optimization with its convergence proof. Given an untagged photo with its geo-location to a user, the user-preferred and the geo-location-specific tags are found by the nearest neighbor search in the corresponding unified spaces. Then we combine the obtained tags and the visual appearance of the photo to discover the semantically and visually related photos, among which the most frequent tags are used as the recommended tags. Experiments on a large-scale data set collected from Flickr verify the effectivity of the proposed solution.
The P2X<sub>7</sub> receptor–inflammasome complex has a role in modulating the inflammatory response in primary <scp>S</scp>jögren's syndrome (2013)

The results of this study suggest an involvement of the P2X7 R-inflammasome-caspase-1-IL-18 axis in the development of pSS exocrinopathy. This finding provides the basis for studying the complex mechanisms underlying pSS, as well as for developing novel potential therapeutic strategies.
<i>Arabidopsis</i> VIRE2 INTERACTING PROTEIN2 Is Required for <i>Agrobacterium</i> T-DNA Integration in Plants (2007)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation is an efficient tool for genetic engineering of plants. VirE2 is a single-stranded DNA binding Agrobacterium protein that is transported into the plant cell and presumably protects the T-DNA from degradation. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we identified Arabidopsis thaliana VIRE2-INTERACTING PROTEIN2 (VIP2) with a NOT domain that is conserved in both plants and animals. Furthermore, we provide evidence supporting VIP2 interaction with VIP1, a basic domain/leucine zipper motif-containing protein required for nuclear import and integration of T-DNA. Virus-induced gene silencing of VIP2 in Nicotiana benthamiana and characterization of the Arabidopsis vip2 mutant (At vip2) demonstrate that VIP2 is required for Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation but not for transient transformation. Assays based upon a promoter-trap vector and quantification of T-DNA integration further confirmed VIP2 involvement in T-DNA integration. Interestingly, VIP2 transcripts were induced to a greater extent over prolonged periods after infection with a T-DNA transfer-competent Agrobacterium strain compared with the transfer-deficient Agrobacterium strain. Transcriptome analyses of At vip2 suggest that VIP2 is likely a transcriptional regulator, and the recalcitrancy to transformation in At vip2 is probably due to the combination of muted gene expression response upon Agrobacterium infection and repression of histone genes resulting in decreased T-DNA integration events.
Synthetic Approach to the Antitumor Antibiotic Lavendamycin: a Synthesis of Demethallavendamycin Methyl Ester (1983)

A Synthetic approach to the lavendamycln has been achieved by a formation of B-carboline derivative and oxidation of bromophenol derivative to the quinolinequinone system using cerium ammonium nitrate.Lavendamyein, a new antitumor antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces lavendulae, strain C22030.
DICAS: Detection, Diagnosis and Isolation of Control Attacks in Sensor Networks (2006)

Sensor networks enable a wide range of applications in both military and civilian domains. However, the deployment scenarios, the functionality requirements, and the limited capabilities of these networks expose them to a wide-range of attacks against control traffic (such as wormholes, Sybil attacks, rushing attacks, etc). In this paper we propose a lightweight protocol called DICAS that mitigates these attacks by detecting, diagnosing, and isolating the malicious nodes. DICAS uses as a fundamental building block the ability of a node to oversee its neighboring nodes’ communication. On top of DICAS, we build a secure routing protocol, LSR, which in addition supports multiple node-disjoint paths. We analyze the security guarantees of DICAS and use ns-2 simulations to show its effectiveness against three representative attacks. Overhead analysis is conducted to prove the lightweight nature of DICAS.