gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A study of potential adverse drug-drug interactions among prescribed drugs in medicine outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital (2014)

Aspirin being the most common drug interacting. The use of electronic decision support tools, continuing education and vigilance on the part of prescribers toward drug selection may decrease the problem of pDDIs.
Jammer detection and estimation with MIMO radar (2012)

Deceptive jamming is a standard technique for an intelligent target to spoof a radar system. Specifically, the target firstly intercepts the transmitted signal of the radar system, and then broadcasts it with a controlled delay. As the broadcasted (deceptive) pulse is usually stronger than the direct reflection extracted by the receiver, an additional false detection will be claimed by the radar system. The false detection can confuse the tracker and results in a waste of weapons for a ground combat system. As a consequence, how to effectively distinguish a deceptive jammer is a meaningful task in modern radar system design. In this paper, we will show that a distributed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system can counter the deceptive jamming due to the spatial diversity: a deceptive pulse does not meet the geometric propagation property of a distributed MIMO system, and then one can employ this to detect it. Antijamming capability is a feature of MIMO radar that is unique to it, and seems not to have been previously recognized.
Underlying mechanisms at the bone–biomaterial interface. (1994)

In order to understand how biomaterials influence bone formation in vivo, it is necessary to examine cellular response to materials in the context of wound healing. Four interrelated properties of biomaterials (chemical composition, surface energy, surface roughness, and surface topography) affect mesenchymal cells in vitro. Attachment, proliferation, metabolism, matrix synthesis, and differentiation of osteoblast-like cell lines and primary chondrocytes are sensitive to one or more of these properties. The nature of the response depends on cell maturation state. Rarely do differentiated osteoblasts or chondrocytes see a material prior to its modification by biological fluids, immune cells and less differentiated mesenchymal cells in vivo. Studies using the rat marrow ablation model of endosteal wound healing indicate that ability of osteoblasts to synthesize and calcify their extracellular matrix is affected by the local presence of the material. Changes in the morphology and biochemistry of matrix vesicles, extracellular organelles associated with matrix maturation and calcification, seen in normal endosteal healing, are altered by implants. Moreover, the material exerts a systemic effect on endosteal healing as well. This may be due to local effects on growth factor production and secretion into the circulation, as well as to the fact that the implant may serve as a bioreactor.
THE EFFECT OF CORE ACTIVATION ON HIP AND KNEE STABILITY (2014)

T. Kroon Corban University, Salem OR The connection between the core and hip and knee stability has been brought up in several different research studies, but the actual effect of core activation on hip and knee stability remains relatively unknown. PURPOSE: To identify whether knee and hip stability as measured by the Y Balance Test (YBT) can be improved by activating the core muscles with the dead bug exercise (DBE) before activity. METHODS: Collegiate male soccer players (N=20; freshman=10, sophomore=4, freshman=6) with a mean age of 20.05 + 1.395 years performed the YBT before and after 20 repetitions of the DBE. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant improvement in the right lower extremity Y balance composite score for all cases ( t (19) = 2.495, p = .022); left lower extremity composite scores did not show a statistically significant improvement (t (19) = 1.949, p = .066) but did improve (pre-test mean = 91.755 + 1.46; post-test mean = 92.715 + 1.384). CONCLUSION: From the data collected it appears that knee and hip stability as tested by the YBT can be shown to improve by activating the core muscles with the DBE before activity.
Synthesis and characterization of phase controllable ZrO<sub>2</sub>–carbon nanotube nanocomposites (2005)

Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT)/ZrO2 nanocomposites were successfully prepared by hydrothermal treatment of MWNTs in ZrOCl2?8H2O aqueous solution at 150??C, by which stronger bonds of Zr?O?C are formed between the MWNTs and ZrO2. The composites were characterized by XRD, TEM, XPS, and IR analysis. It was found that ZrO2 nanoparticles homogeneously distributed on the sidewall of the MWNTs. By adjusting the experimental parameters, ZrO2 /MWNT composites with ZrO2 existing in a different phase were obtained. The composites could find potential applications as catalysts, fuel cells, and ideal reinforcements in other composites.
On the Nature of a Defect in Cells from Individuals with Ataxia-Telangiectasia (1985)

The cells and tissues of patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), an inherited disease characterized by a high degree of proneness to cancer, are abnormally sensitive to ionizing radiation. Noncycling cultures of normal human and A-T fibroblasts were exposed to x-rays so that the breakage and rejoining of prematurely condensed chromosomes in the G1 phase could be compared. After a dose of 6.0 grays, both cell types had the same initial frequency of breaks and the same rate for rejoining of the breaks, but the fraction of breaks that did not rejoin was five to six times greater for the A-T cells. The results also show that progression of cells into the S phase is not a prerequisite for the increased frequency of chromosome fragments that appear in mitosis after A-T cells are irradiated in the G1 or G0 phase.
Intervention of an inflammation amplifier, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1, for treatment of autoimmune arthritis (2009)

TREM-1 ligation contributes to the pathology of autoimmune arthritis. The results of this study implied that blockade of TREM-1 could be a new approach to rheumatic diseases that is safer than the presently available immunosuppressive treatments.
Decarboxylation of <i>α</i>-difluoromethylornithine by ornithine decarboxylase (1987)

The mechanism of inactivation of rodent ornithine decarboxylase by alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) was studied using the inhibitor labelled with 14C in both the 1 and the 5 positions. [1-14C]DFMO was a substrate and was decarboxylated by the enzyme yielding 14CO2. A radioactive metabolite derived from [5-14C]DFMO was bound to the enzyme, and the extent of binding paralleled the irreversible inactivation of ornithine decarboxylase. The partition ratio of decarboxylation to binding was approx. 3.3. These results provide support for the postulated mechanism of action of DFMO [Metcalf, Bey, Danzin, Jung, Casera & Vevert (1978) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 2551-2553], in which enzymic decarboxylation of the inhibitor leads to the generation of a conjugated imine, which then alkylates a nucleophilic residue on the enzyme.
Synthesis of Uniform Ferrimagnetic Magnetite Nanocubes (2008)

We synthesized uniform ferrimagnetic magnetite nanocubes in the size range from 20 to 160 nm. The magnetic property of the nanocubes was characterized, and magnetic separation of the histidine-tagged protein was demonstrated.
MirrorTrack &amp;#x2014; a real-time multiple camera approach for multi-touch interactions on glossy display surfaces (2008)

This paper presents a real-time multiple camera approach for multi-touch interaction system that takes advantage of specular display surface (such as conventional LCD displays) and the mirror-effect in a low-azimuth camera angle to detect and track fingers their reflections simultaneously. Building on our prior work, 1. We use multi-resolution processing to greatly improve runtime performance of the system; 2. We employ different edge detection and pattern recognition algorithms for different processing resolution to help detect fingers more accurately and efficiently; 3. We track both the location of a fingertip and its pointing direction so it can be identified more effectively; 4. We use a full stereo algorithm to compute finger locations in the 3D space more accurately. Our system has many advantages. 1. It works with any glossy flat panel display; 2. It avoids clumsy set-up time of a top-down camera with the concomitant screen glare problems; 3. It supports both touch and hover operation; 4. It can work with large vertical display without the usual occlusion problems. We describe our approach and implementation in details.
The ability of the radiograph to determine the location of the apical foramen (1991)

An in-vitro radiographic study of human teeth was performed in order to evaluate the ability of radiographs to determine the location of the apical foramen. The tip of an endodontic file was positioned at the apical foramen of each canal in 117 extracted human teeth (213 canals) and in 56 teeth (92 canals) still within the alveolus of dried jaw specimens. Parallel radiographs were taken in a bucco-lingual plane of all teeth. The tip of the instrument appeared to be at the root surface (apical foramen) in 82 per cent of canals. There was no significant difference in results between the teeth radiographed in the alveolus of dried jaw specimens and extracted teeth when the radiographs were evaluated under a stereomicroscope.
Efficient optimization by modifying the objective function: applications to timing-driven VLSI layout (2001)

When minimizing a given objective function is challenging because of, for example, combinatorial complexity or points of nondifferentiability, one can apply more efficient and easier-to-implement algorithms to modified versions of the function. In the ideal case, one can employ known algorithms for the modified function that have a thorough theoretical and empirical record and for which public implementations are available. The main requirement here is that minimizers of the objective function do not change much through the modification, i.e., the modification must have a bounded effect on the quality of the solution. Review of classic and recent placement algorithms suggests a dichotomy between approaches that either: (a) heuristically minimize potentially irrelevant objective function (e.g., VLSI placement with quadratic wirelength) motivated by the simplicity and speed of a standard minimization algorithm; or (b) devise elaborate problem-specific minimization heuristics for more relevant objective functions (e.g., VLSI placement with linear wirelength). Smoothness and convexity of the objective functions typically enable efficient minimization. If either characteristic is not present in the objective function, one can modify and/or restrict the objective to special values of parameters to provide the missing properties. After the minimizers of the modified function are found, they can be further improved with respect to the original function by fast local search using only function evaluations. Thus, it is the modification step that deserves most attention. In this paper, we approximate convex nonsmooth continuous functions by convex differentiable functions which are parameterized by a scalar /spl beta/>0 and have convenient limit behavior as /spl beta//spl rarr/0. This allows the use of Newton-type algorithms for minimization and, for standard numerical methods, translates into a tradeoff between solution quality and speed. We prove that our methods apply to arbitrary multivariate convex piecewise-linear functions that are widely used in synthesis and analysis of electrical networks. The utility of our approximations is particularly demonstrated for wirelength and nonlinear delay estimations used by analytical placers for VLSI layout, where they lead to more "solvable" problems than those resulting from earlier comparable approaches [29]. For a particular delay estimate, we show that, while convexity is not straightforward to prove, it holds for a certain range of parameters, which, luckily, are representative of "real-world" technologies.
Isoreticular synthesis and modification of frameworks with the UiO-66 topology (2010)

Amino, bromo, nitro, and naphthalene functionalized UiO-66 metal-organic frameworks have been synthesized through reticular chemistry. UiO-66-NH(2) is shown to be suitable for postsynthetic modification with a variety of anhydrides to generate new, functionalized frameworks.
Generative adversarial networks (2020)

Generative adversarial networks are a kind of artificial intelligence algorithm designed to solve the generative modeling problem. The goal of a generative model is to study a collection of training examples and learn the probability distribution that generated them. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are then able to generate more examples from the estimated probability distribution. Generative models based on deep learning are common, but GANs are among the most successful generative models (especially in terms of their ability to generate realistic high-resolution images). GANs have been successfully applied to a wide variety of tasks (mostly in research settings) but continue to present unique challenges and research opportunities because they are based on game theory while most other approaches to generative modeling are based on optimization.
A low-power silicon-on-sapphire tunable ultra-wideband transmitter (2008)

A low-power tunable transmitter for ultra-wide band (UWB) radio was designed and fabricated. The design is based on a ring oscillator VCO, to produce short pulses. Both the pulse duration and frequency is controllable by two voltage biases. The transmitter can be used in both pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) and pulse-position modulation (PPM). The circuit was fabricated on a 0.5mum silicon-on-sapphire CMOS process, and has been experimentally characterized with a transmitter and receiver module. The UWB transmitter produces monocycle pulses of 800 ps duration. The power consumption is 75muW when the pulse frequency is 3 MHz. The core pulse generator occupies 0.0091mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of silicon area.
Torch7: A Matlab-like Environment for Machine Learning (2011)

Torch7 is a versatile numeric computing framework and machine learning library that extends Lua. Its goal is to provide a flexible environment to design and train learning machines. Flexibility is obtained via Lua, an extremely lightweight scripting language. High performance is obtained via efficient OpenMP/SSE and CUDA implementations of low-level numeric routines. Torch7 can easily be in-terfaced to third-party software thanks to Lua’s light interface. 1 Torch7 Overview With Torch7, we aim at providing a framework with three main advantages: (1) it should ease the development of numerical algorithms, (2) it should be easily extended (including the use of other libraries), and (3) it should be fast. We found that a scripting (interpreted) language with a good C API appears as a convenient solu-tion to “satisfy ” the constraint (2). First, a high-level language makes the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable than a low-level language. Second, if the programming language is interpreted, it becomes also easier to quickly try various ideas in an interactive manner.
Counterfactual Visual Explanations (2019)

In this work, we develop a technique to produce counterfactual visual explanations. Given a 'query' image $I$ for which a vision system predicts class $c$, a counterfactual visual explanation identifies how $I$ could change such that the system would output a different specified class $c'$. To do this, we select a 'distractor' image $I'$ that the system predicts as class $c'$ and identify spatial regions in $I$ and $I'$ such that replacing the identified region in $I$ with the identified region in $I'$ would push the system towards classifying $I$ as $c'$. We apply our approach to multiple image classification datasets generating qualitative results showcasing the interpretability and discriminativeness of our counterfactual explanations. To explore the effectiveness of our explanations in teaching humans, we present machine teaching experiments for the task of fine-grained bird classification. We find that users trained to distinguish bird species fare better when given access to counterfactual explanations in addition to training examples.
Principles and Analysis of the Squeezing Approach to Low Bit Rate Spatial Audio Coding (2007)

This paper presents a novel solution to multichannel spatial audio coding: spatial squeezing surround audio coding (S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> AC). The S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> AC scheme analyses a multichannel audio signal and downmixes it into a stereo signal pair containing both the monophonic properties of audio sources and their localization information; this avoids the need for side information. The approach uses time-frequency analysis of a spatial audio scene and exploits virtual sources and amplitude panning techniques to 'squeeze' 360deg of a horizontal soundfield to a 60deg stereo signal pair. In comparison with other spatial audio coding techniques, S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> AC significantly advances in-band encoding of the localization information in the original sound scene and achieves accurate recoverability of dynamic localized sources.
Burst Erasure Correction Codes With Low Decoding Delay (2004)

We present a new class of systematic, time-invariant, convolutional encoders suitable for low delay burst erasure correction. Specifically, we show that the new encoders have the shortest possible decoding delay required to correct all bursts of a given length with a fixed redundancy. By comparing the new encoders to maximum distance separable (MDS) codes, we show that the latter generally require either more redundancy or more delay to correct bursts of a given length. In addition, we show that the new encoders can achieve better performance than MDS codes on a simple two-state Markov erasure channel. Thus, we demonstrate the advantages of using cross packet coding for delay-sensitive applications such as Voice over Internet Protocol, video-conferencing, etc., on bursty packet networks. Finally, we discuss suitable performance measures for encoders designed to correct both burst and random erasures and report the results of a computer search for such hybrid encoders.
Modular Partitioning for Incremental Compilation (2006)

This paper presents an automated partitioning strategy to divide a design into a set of partitions based on design hierarchy information. While the primary objective is to use these partitions in an incremental design flow for compile time reduction, the performance of the partitioned design should not be degraded after partitioning. Experimental results using the incremental design feature of Altera's Quartus tool show that our algorithm can generate partitioning solutions comparable with a set of manually partitioned industrial circuits and results in more than 50% compile time reduction
Thienylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles as Inhibitors of Mitochondrial NADH Dehydrogenase (1995)

The synthesis of 6-substituted 5-(thienylvinyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 6-thienylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles is reported. These compounds were tested as specific inhibitors of the NADH: ubiquinone (UBQ) reductase activity of NADH dehydrogenase in mitochondrial membranes. The 6-thienylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles were more potent in mammalian than in nematode mitochondria and had an average titer of 0.11 mM for 2-methyl-6-(2-thienyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole (10). This compound is noncompetitive with the ubiquinone substrate and interacts with a site which is mutually exclusive with that of rotenone but nonexclusive with that of piericidin and several other inhibitors of NADH dehydrogenase. In the series of 5-(thienylvinyl)imidazothiazoles, the hydrobromide of (E)-6-chloro-5-(2-thienylvinyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole (E-5.HBr) was found to be more potent as an inhibitor of the NADH:UBQ activity (IC50 = 15-17 microM) than the 6-thienylimidazoles such as 10. The inhibitory action of E-5.HBr and its analogs is different from that of compound 10 as indicated by the mutual exclusivity with other inhibitors and the relative inhibition of the activity with various electron acceptors.
Gap Junctions and Connexin Hemichannels Underpin Hemostasis and Thrombosis (2012)

Together, these data demonstrate that platelet gap junctions and hemichannels underpin the control of hemostasis and thrombosis and represent potential therapeutic targets.
Pharmacokinetics of Topical Ocular Drug Delivery: Potential Uses for the Treatment of Diseases of the Posterior Segment and Beyond (2003)

In developing a drug delivery strategy, issues of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination must be considered. The eye presents unique opportunities and challenges when it comes to the delivery of pharmaceuticals, and is most accessible to the application of topical medications. While absorption by this route is inefficient, there are few side effects. While it has been assumed that topically applied drugs penetrated into the intraocular environment through the cornea, this is currently being reassessed. More recent investigations have shown that the conjunctival route of entry plays an important role in the penetration of drugs into the anterior segment. Furthermore, topically applied drugs have been shown to have access to the sclera from the conjunctiva. As such, it is conceivable that such drugs could find their way to the posterior segment. Data suggest that the sclera is readily permeable to even large molecular weight compounds ( approximately 150 kD). The recent finding that topically applied nepafenac inhibited choroidal and retinal neovascularization by decreasing the production of VEGF, as well as our data showing that even a large molecular weight peptide like insulin can accumulate in the retina and optic nerve after topical application, supports the contention that topically applied drugs can not only reach the posterior segment, but that they can also be therapeutic. Finally, the implications of our findings that topically applied insulin also accumulates in the contralateral eye as well as in the central nervous system are discussed.