gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Entrainer-intensified vacuum reactive distillation process for the separation of 5-hydroxylmethylfurfural from the dehydration of carbohydrates catalyzed by a metal salt–ionic liquid (2012)

As more and more novel catalyst systems are being developed for the dehydration of carbohydrates, especially glucose, an effective way to separate the dehydration product 5-hydroxylmethylfurfural (5-HMF) is also required for industrial manufacturing. In this paper, for the first time, we have developed a process called EIVRD (entrainer-intensified vacuum reactive distillation) to separate 5-HMF from the dehydration solutions of carbohydrates catalyzed by a metal chloride/1-methyl-3-octyl imidazolium chloride ([OMIM]Cl) ionic liquid, in which high vacuity and entrainers were applied to intensify the distillation of 5-HMF as well as the dehydration of fructose or glucose. In such an EIVRD process, the average recoveries of 5-HMF dehydrated from fructose and glucose are around 93% and 88%, respectively. The recycling of the catalyst system in the EIVRD process is so convenient that the recovery and actual yield of 5-HMF is successfully repeated during the whole five recycled reactions.
Stereo Vision Based Ego-Motion Estimation with Sensor Supported Subset Validation (2007)

We propose a method to reliably estimate the motion of a dynamic stereo camera system in the three dimensional world where observations are disturbed by high portions of independently moving objects. Robustness of the estimation process is achieved by applying an additional visual sensor. The system consists of a stereo vision sensor, acquiring optical flow and depth information of the scene and a camera with its optical axis oriented perpendicular to the road surface, measuring the speed over ground of the camera-equipped vehicle. The fusion approach presented in this paper combines the motion estimates of the two sensors and applies an efficient random sampling scheme that evaluates the distribution of motion patterns in the scene. The goal of the sampling scheme is to separate the observations into alien and ego-motion portions used in the subsequent step to extract the ego-motion of the camera system. The presented setup of the two visual sensors in combination with the observation sampling scheme increases robustness of the overall system.
An overview of the inactivation of FMDV and the implications when residual virus is present in vaccines. (1991)

Most foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines are prepared by inactivating the virus with acetylethyleneimine or binary ethyleneimine. However, formaldehyde is still used by some manufacturers despite the well-documented evidence that inactivation with this reagent is not a linear or first-order reaction. Recent German work provides clear evidence that almost all the outbreaks in Western Europe in recent years have been caused by viruses closely related to strains which were isolated more than 20 years ago and are used for the production of vaccines. Moreover, with one exception, all the vaccines connected with the outbreaks were prepared by formaldehyde inactivation. The implications of these outbreaks are both immediate and longer term. The immediate effect is that they severely disrupt trading in meat and dairy products. The longer term effect has been the decision to abandon vaccination in Western Europe. This could have serious implications as trading with Eastern European countries will be expected to increase in the immediate future.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF ANTAGONISTS FOR 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (1955)

1. A number of synthetic indole compounds have been tested as antagonists for 5‐hydroxytryptamine (HT) in experiments on rat's uterus. 2. Antagonisms are classified as unspecific except when it has been possible to inhibit the response to HT without altering the response to acetylcholine. 3. The time course of the antagonisms has been followed by estimating the dose‐ratio: that is, the ratio of equiactive doses of HT before and after the administration of the antagonist. 4. The activity of different compounds has been compared by estimating the drug‐ratio, which is equal to the ratio of the dose of HT to the dose of antagonist, when the effect after 1 hour is 50 per cent of the original maximal effect. This gives results in general agreement with estimates of the pA 2 , and is more convenient when there are many substances to be tested. 5. The effects of the more active compounds, such as dibenamine, lysergic acid diethylamide and benzyloxygramine, developed slowly and became irreversible. Eventually the blockade could not be overcome even by enormous doses of HT, and it is then said to be unsurmountable. 6. The effects of less active specific antagonists (such as methylgramines) developed more rapidly, and were reversible and surmountable.
Fractional repetition codes for repair in distributed storage systems (2010)

We introduce a new class of exact Minimum-Bandwidth Regenerating (MBR) codes for distributed storage systems, characterized by a low-complexity uncoded repair process that can tolerate multiple node failures. These codes consist of the concatenation of two components: an outer MDS code followed by an inner repetition code. We refer to the inner code as a Fractional Repetition code since it consists of splitting the data of each node into several packets and storing multiple replicas of each on different nodes in the system. Our model for repair is table-based, and thus, differs from the random access model adopted in the literature. We present constructions of Fractional Repetition codes based on regular graphs and Steiner systems for a large set of system parameters. The resulting codes are guaranteed to achieve the storage capacity for random access repair. The considered model motivates a new definition of capacity for distributed storage systems, that we call Fractional Repetition capacity. We provide upper bounds on this capacity, while a precise expression remains an open problem.
Growth requirements of human mammary epithelial cells in culture (1977)

Colony-forming epithelial cells can be separated from the non-dividing "foam cells" in human milk by differential adhesion to glass and freezing. The growth of such partially purified mammary epithelial cells is stimulated by co-culture with non-dividing feeder cells. Foam cells, mitomycin-treated mouse fibroblast lines and human mammary fibroblasts and calf lens epithelial cells are all effective in promoting mammary epithelial cell growth. Contact between epithelial cells and feeders is not required for the growth-promoting effect. The mitogenic effect of epidermal growth factor on mammary epithelial cells also requires feeder cell activity.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression after Human Brain Contusion (2002)

OBJECTIVE Nitric oxide is a universal mediator of biological effects in the brain, and it has been implicated in the pathophysiological processes of traumatic brain injury. Experimental studies have indicated posttraumatic up-regulation of the three different isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (i.e., inducible NOS [iNOS], endothelial NOS, and neuronal NOS) after brain trauma. This study was undertaken to investigate the cellular sources and tissue compartments of nitric oxide produced by human patients undergoing surgical treatment for contusional brain injuries. METHODS Contused brain tissue specimens from eight consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment for brain contusions 3 hours to 5 days after trauma were evaluated in immunohistochemical analyses. Double-staining assays were used to define which cells produced the different isoforms. RESULTS Increases in iNOS-positive cells were detectable within 6 hours after trauma, with a peak at 8 to 23 hours. Expression of iNOS after trauma was detected in neurons, macrophages, neutrophils, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The cellular sources of iNOS differed at different times after trauma. No detectable difference in the expression of the neuronal or endothelial isoforms was observed for trauma patients, compared with control subjects. CONCLUSION iNOS expression was up-regulated in a time-dependent manner in human brain tissue obtained from patients undergoing surgical treatment for contusional trauma. Our human data largely parallel experimental findings in rats, indicating that such trauma models are relevant for experimental studies and treatment trials.
The Drosophila phosphoinositide 3-kinase Dp110 promotes cell growth. (1996)

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) have been identified in an evolutionarily diverse range of organisms, including mammals, Drosophila, yeast, plants and Dictyostelium. They are activated by a multitude of extracellular signals and implicated in mitogenesis, differentiation and cell survival, as well as in the control of the cytoskeleton and cell shape. Here we describe the molecular and functional analysis of Drosophila p110 (Dp110). A full-length Dp110 cDNA was isolated and found to encode a protein homologous throughout its length to the class I mammalian PI3Ks p110alpha and p110beta. Overexpression of Dp110 in wing or eye imaginal discs resulted in flies with enlarged wings or eyes respectively. In contrast, overexpression of Dp110 containing a mutation predicted to result in the loss of catalytic activity resulted in smaller wings and eyes. The alterations in wing size result from changes in both cell size and cell number, whereas in the eye only differences in cell size were detected. These data imply a role for Dp110 in growth control during Drosophila development and have implications for the function of class I PI3Ks in other organisms.
Fibrinogen-Detectable Thrombosis in the Legs and Pulmonary Embolism (1974)

Thrombosis in the deep veins of the legs commonly follows surgical operations but is often undiagnosed. The fibrinogen uptake test is an aid to its detection. Perfusion lung scanning after injection of labelled macroalbumin aggregates has advanced the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.Studies were carried out on 40 patients undergoing surgical operation to determine whether the results of the fibrinogen uptake test were correlated with those of ventilation-perfusion lung scanning. A statistically significant relationship was found: 18% of patients had small, clinically silent emboli.
Guinea pig and human red cell hemolysates release iron from transferrin. (1985)

Despite a binding constant of 10(22) L/mol-1, iron is released from transferrin in the reticulocyte. The mechanism of this release is unclear. It has been suggested that iron is released from transferrin in endocytic vesicles that have been acidified. But the carboxy-terminal iron in transferrin is acid stable at the pH apparently achieved in the endocytic vesicle, and is, nevertheless, released. We found that red cell hemolysates, at neutral pH, will release iron from transferrin. With molecular sieve chromatography, the activity is seen to consist of high and low molecular weight components. The activity of both components is susceptible to destruction by phosphatases. The releasing activity of hemolysates can account for about 25% of the iron uptake of a reticulocyte at pH 7; at pH 5.5 (the purported pH of the endocytic vesicle), the releasing activity is sufficient to account for all the iron taken by the reticulocyte.
CLASP1 and CLASP2 bind to EB1 and regulate microtubule plus-end dynamics at the cell cortex (2005)

CLIP-associating protein (CLASP) 1 and CLASP2 are mammalian microtubule (MT) plus-end binding proteins, which associate with CLIP-170 and CLIP-115. Using RNA interference in HeLa cells, we show that the two CLASPs play redundant roles in regulating the density, length distribution and stability of interphase MTs. In HeLa cells, both CLASPs concentrate on the distal MT ends in a narrow region at the cell margin. CLASPs stabilize MTs by promoting pauses and restricting MT growth and shortening episodes to this peripheral cell region. We demonstrate that the middle part of CLASPs binds directly to EB1 and to MTs. Furthermore, we show that the association of CLASP2 with the cell cortex is MT independent and relies on its COOH-terminal domain. Both EB1- and cortex-binding domains of CLASP are required to promote MT stability. We propose that CLASPs can mediate interactions between MT plus ends and the cell cortex and act as local rescue factors, possibly through forming a complex with EB1 at MT tips.
Juxtaglomerular Cell Tumor: A Distinct Mesenchymal Tumor of Kidney (2014)

Juxtaglomerular cell tumor (JGCT) is an unusual mesenchymal entity of the kidney. It is a benign renin-secreting tumor causing hypertension and hypokalemia due to secondary hyperaldosteronism. It is curable if it is discovered early and surgically removed, but may cause a fatal outcome usually due to complications of associated hypertension.
Software-based fault-tolerant control design for improved power plant operation (2002)

The use of fault-tolerance has increasingly become an important requirement for power plant control because of safety and availability considerations. Typical applications in process control employ redundant hardware for data acquisition and processing. The primary objective is to maintain the operation of the plant, even in the presence of anomalies in instrument channels. The performance of a system with existing hardware can be improved by the additional design of diverse, digital control systems in the form of software redundancy. This design has been integrated with signal and command validation with option for manual and automatic control through a graphical user interface. The fault-tolerant design has been demonstrated with application to the steam generator system control in a pressurized water reactor plant.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Abstractive Text Summarization Using Sequence-to-Sequence RNNs and Beyond (2016)

In this work, we model abstractive text summarization using Attentional Encoder-Decoder Recurrent Neural Networks, and show that they achieve state-of-the-art performance on two different corpora. We propose several novel models that address critical problems in summarization that are not adequately modeled by the basic architecture, such as modeling key-words, capturing the hierarchy of sentence-to-word structure, and emitting words that are rare or unseen at training time. Our work shows that many of our proposed models contribute to further improvement in performance. We also propose a new dataset consisting of multi-sentence summaries, and establish performance benchmarks for further research.
Multiuser CDMA with a chip-level interference cancellation technique (2004)

Multiple-access interference (MAI) limits the performance of CDMA systems using the conventional receiver, but the optimal receiver is too complex for practical implementation. This paper demonstrates a numerically efficient technique for reducing MAI in CDMA systems. The technique, a nonlinear approach inspired by the Kalman filter, uses decoupled filters to estimate symbols for each user while accomplishing interference cancellation in the innovation term. The filter technique developed here provides a computationally practical approach to multiuser detection for asynchronous long code systems, which significantly outperforms the conventional receiver. Kalman filter approaches to multiuser detection have been applied before (Lim and Ma 2000, Lim et. al. 1998) to binary phase shift keying through implementation of a standard Kalman filter approach. Unfortunately, this leads to high computational complexity. Here, we instead consider a formulation in which the spreading codes are viewed as random and their properties are used to decouple the Kalman filter for each user. Interference cancellation is then implemented through the innovations. A binary minimum mean squared error estimate is made, which results in a nonlinear estimator. The new nonlinear technique is shown to significantly outperform an optimized partial parallel interference cancellation approach, which is the current state of the art technique for asynchronous long code systems. System capacity is then significantly increased.
Determination of surface magnetic profiles of thin Permalloy films using ferromagnetic resonance (abstract) (1990)

The motivation for this study arose from experimental evidence of oxidation phenomena of Permalloy films, which causes large variation in their magnetic properties as a function of film thicknesses.1 We report a numerical determination of surface magnetic profiles for films of different thicknesses and explain the modification of these profiles in terms of their oxidation. Magnetic profiles of Permalloy films can be obtained from ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) experiments. Approximate calculated profiles of saturation magnetization, exchange constant, and induced anisotropies can be determined using perpendicular resonance alone. For maximum information and accuracy, both perpendicular and parallel resonance spectra are necessary, giving the most probable magnetic profile of the films. To quantify the magnetic profiles of 50–1000-Å-thick NiFe films, we calculated the ferromagnetic resonance of a model structure using a graded saturation magnetization and exchange constant at the interface. This resonance calculation involves, in its simplest form, one second-order differential equation for perpendicular and two coupled differential equations for parallel polarization.2 The results of these calculations are matched to experimental spin-wave resonance spectra obtained at 9.5 and 34.1 GHz in perpendicular and parallel polarization, respectively. Finally, this FMR numerical solution allows us to solve the ambiguity in the source of the pinning of the magnetic moment in these films. It is due to the graded saturation magnetization at the interface and not to any significant surface anisotropy.
Measurement of small phase shifts using a single-mode optical-fiber interferometer (1980)

Periodic phase changes in the 10(-6) -rad region have been induced and detected in a single-mode all-fiber Mach- Zehnder interferometer by stretching the fiber with a piezoelectric cylinder driven at frequencies between 40 and 10(4) Hz.
Mutant Prevention Concentrations of Fluoroquinolones for Clinical Isolates of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (2001)

The mutant prevention concentration (MPC) represents a threshold above which the selective proliferation of resistant mutants is expected to occur only rarely. A provisional MPC (MPC(pr)) was defined and measured for five fluoroquinolones with clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Based on their potential for restricting the selection of resistant mutants, the five fluoroquinolones, in descending order, were found to be moxifloxacin > trovafloxacin > gatifloxacin > grepafloxacin > levofloxacin. For several compounds, 90% of about 90 clinical isolates that lacked a known resistance mutation had a value of MPC(pr) that was close to or below the serum levels that could be attained with a dosing regimen recommended by the manufacturers. Since MPC(pr) overestimates MPC, these data identify moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin as good candidates for determining whether MPC(pr) can be used as a guide for choosing and eventually administering fluoroquinolones to significantly reduce the development of resistance.
Ultrasonically Induced Cavitation in Water (1952)

Using a 2.5-megacycle spherical focusing radiator, cavitation is produced in water at a location remote from any liquid-solid interface. The cavitating region is localized in the high intensity core of the focal region, about one millimeter diameter by 10 millimeters long. A feather-like cavitation burst is sporadically produced within the focal region. High speed camera studies show that the total duration of the burst is less than 3 milliseconds, and that the cavitation at any one point of the burst is completed in a matter of microseconds. The cavitating region propagates along the feather shaped burst from the quill end (nearest the radiator) to the tip end, at a velocity of 5 to 10 meters per second. It is believed that this velocity corresponds to that of the radiation pressure induced streaming velocity of the liquid along the axis, of the focal spot, and that a discrete, traveling, oscillating cavity initiates the surrounding cavitation. These sporadically produced cavitation bursts appear without other effects in degassed water. On the other hand, in aerated water identical appearing bursts produce noncollapsing air bubbles which blow off down stream (because of liquid streaming) providing there is no standing wave pattern present. In the presence of standing waves many of the bubbles are trapped in the standing wave pattern until they grow too large (by accumulation of other bubbles) when they again blow down stream. Slides showing the nature of these phenomena will be exhibited.
Histaminergic and Serotonergic Receptor Blocking Substances from the Medicinal Plant<i>Garcinia mangostana</i> (1996)

A crude methanolic extract of the fruit hull of Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L. inhibited the contractions of isolated thoracic rabbit aorta induced by histamine and serotonin. The extract of the fruit hull has been fractionated by silica gel chromatography, monitoring the pharmacological activity to give α- and γ-mangostin. On the basis of pharmacological data, it is suggested that α-mangostin and γ-mangostin are a histaminergic and a serotonergic receptor blocking agent, respectively.
On Glumamycin, a New Antibiotic. VI. An Approach to the Amino Acid Sequence (1965)

Abstract To elucidate the amino acid sequence of glumamycin, glumamycin and DNP-glumamycin have been partially hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid, and various peptides have been isolated by column chromatography on ionexchange resin or talc-celite, paper chromatography and paper ionophoresis. From the structures of the peptides, two possible structures (A and B) for glumamycin have been presumed.
On‐Chip Micro Gas Chromatograph Enabled by a Noncovalently Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Sensor Array (2008)

Sensing in reverse: Reversible detection of as few as 109 molecules (1700 aM) of dimethyl methylphosphonate, a nerve agent simulant, is demonstrated at the end of a micro GC column (see picture). Such arrays form the basis of rapidly transducing molecular sensors with micrometer-sized footprints. The separation capability of the column eliminates the need for selectivity on the sensor, as long as analyte binding is reversible and rapid. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as "Supporting Information". Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Capture of latex beads, bacteria, endotoxin, and viruses by charge-modified filters (1980)

This report demonstrates how electropositive filters can be used to enhance the removal of microorganisms and other negatively charged particles from water. It was shown that electropositive depth filters were capable of adsorbing viruses and endotoxins many times smaller than the average pore size of the filter. Electronegative filters of similar porosity or electropositive filters that had been treated to destroy the positive charge were almost ineffective under similar conditions for the removal of viruses and small latex spheres. The results of this study indicate that electropositive filters are highly effective in the removal of a wide range of contaminants over a wide range of pH values and ionic conditions.