gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Copper Triflate as a Catalyst in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene and Methyl Acrylate (1998)

The use of copper triflate complexes as catalysts for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene and methyl acrylate (MA) is presented. The ability to start with Cu(OTf)2 catalyst precursors allows for a simple experimental setup without catalyst oxidation. Reduction with copper(0) powder occurs quickly in most cases to form the copper(I) catalysts. The traditional bipyridine-based ATRP ligands were less efficient for styrene polymerization, but for methyl acrylate polymerization resulted in faster polymerizations relative to the CuBr analogues. The methylated triamine ligand was used for the Cu(OTf)2/Cu0 system and also yielded good results for the polymerization of styrene (Mw/Mn = 1.10). This catalyst gave a rapid polymerization of MA with low polydispersities (Mw/Mn = 1.15) even at high conversions. The Cu(OTf) complexes are more active than their CuBr counterpart; however, this may be detrimental to having a controlled polymerization. In the case of styrene, it is possible that radical generation is too great, leading to termination through bimolecular coupling. For MA, molecular weights somewhat lower than predicted were observed and an exothermic reaction occurred in the presence of a molar excess of Cu0. Lowering the amount of Cu0 effectively lowers the amount of catalyst and allows for a well-controlled polymerization with a low contribution of termination reactions. Thus, Cu(OTf) complexes prepared from Cu(OTf)2 in the presence of Cu0 appear to be an excellent catalytic species for styrene and MA polymerization especially with the methylated triamine ligand.
Substrate Specificity of Barley Cysteine Endoproteases EP-A and EP-B1 (1998)

The cysteine endoproteases (EP)-A and EP-B were purified from green barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) malt, and their identity was confirmed by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. EP-B cleavage sites in recombinant type-C hordein were determined by N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the cleavage products, and were used to design internally quenched, fluorogenic peptide substrates. Tetrapeptide substrates of the general formula 2-aminobenzoyl-P2-P1-P1'-P2'-tyrosine(NO2)-aspartic acid, in which cleavage occurs between P1 and P1', showed that the cysteine EPs preferred phenylalanine, leucine, or valine at P2. Arginine was preferred to glutamine at P1, whereas proline at P2, P1, or P1' greatly reduced substrate kinetic specificity. Enzyme cleavage of C hordein was mainly determined by the primary sequence at the cleavage site, because elongation of substrates, based on the C hordein sequence, did not make them more suitable substrates. Site-directed mutagenesis of C hordein, in which serine or proline replaced leucine, destroyed primary cleavage sites. EP-A and EP-B were both more active than papain, mostly because of their much lower Km values.
Fast Document Segmentation Using Contourand X-Y Cut Technique (2007)

This paper describes fast and efficient method for page segmentation of document containing nonrectangular block. The segmentation is based on edge following algorithm using small window of 16 by 32 pixels. This segmentation is very fast since only border pixels of paragraph are used without scanning the whole page. Still, the segmentation may contain error if the space between them is smaller than the window used in edge following. Consequently, this paper reduce this error by first identify the missed segmentation point using direction information in edge following then, using X-Y cut at the missed segmentation point to separate the connected columns. The advantage of the proposed method is the fast identification of missed segmentation point. This methodology is faster with fewer overheads than other algorithms that need to access much more pixel of a document.
Fluorescence Interferometry of Neuronal Cell Adhesion on Microstructured Silicon (1998)

We measured the separation of cell membranes from a surface of silica with nanometer precision taking advantage of the fluorescence of an organic dye in the standing modes of light above silicon. For neural cells from rat brain we found about 105 nm on a surface coated with laminin and about 60 nm with fibronectin. No plaques of close adhesion were seen within a lateral resolution of 400 nm. The wide homogeneous cleft raises the question about the nature of the attractive and repulsive forces in cell adhesion.
A New Class of Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitors:  Design and Synthesis of Chromone and Xanthone Derivatives and Inhibition of the P450 Enzymes Aromatase and 17α-Hydroxylase/C17,20-Lyase (2001)

Aromatase (P450arom) is a target of pharmacological interest for the treatment of breast cancer. In this paper, we report the design, synthesis, and in vitro biological evaluation of a series of new (di)benzopyranone-based inhibitors of this enzyme. The design of the new compounds was guided by a CoMFA model previously developed for a series of nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. Both the chromone and the xanthone nuclei were taken as molecular skeletons, and the functions supposed to be critical for binding to the aromatase active site - a heterocyclic ring (imidazole or 1,3,4-triazole) linked to the aromatic moiety by a methylene unit and an H-bond accepting function (CN, NO(2), Br) located on the aromatic ring at a suitable distance from the heterocyclic nitrogen carrying the lone pair--were attached to them. The chromone, xanthone, and flavone derivatives were prepared by conventional synthetic methods from the appropriate methyl analogues. Aromatase inhibitory activities were determined by the method of Thompson and Siiteri, using human placental microsomes and [1 beta,2 beta-(3)H]testosterone as the labeled substrate. All the compounds were also tested on 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (P450 17), an enzyme of therapeutic interest for the treatment of prostatic diseases. The goal to find new potent inhibitors of aromatase was reached with the xanthone derivatives 22d,e (IC(50) values 43 and 40 nM, respectively), which exceeded the potency of the known reference drug fadrozole and also showed high selectivity with respect to P450 17. Moreover, compounds 22g-i based on the same xanthonic nucleus showed fairly high potency as P450 17 inhibitors (IC(50) values 220, 130, and 42 nM, respectively). Thus, they might be new leads for the development of drug candidates for androgen-dependent diseases.
Evaluation of heart rate as a method for assessing moderate intensity physical activity (2000)

This method of analyzing HR data could allow researchers to more accurately quantify physical activity in free-living individuals.
Hormonal approaches to the chemoprevention of endocrine-dependent tumors. (1999)

The estrogen dependency of human breast cancer has been successfully exploited in the treatment of early and advanced diseases and provides a unique opportunity for chemoprevention of this common malignancy. Preliminary results with the antiestrogens Tamoxifen and Raloxifene show an encouraging reduction in the incidence of breast cancer. Alternative approaches include the use of highly selective and non-toxic aromatase inhibitors and, in premenopausal women, the use of LHRH agonists in conjunction with the administration of small doses of estrogen and progesterone. The rationale for these chemopreventive strategies and their possible limitations are briefly discussed.
Efficacy of Oral N-Acetylcysteine in the Treatment of Acetaminophen Overdose (1988)

During the investigational use of oral N-acetylcysteine as an antidote for poisoning with acetaminophen, 11,195 cases of suspected acetaminophen overdose were reported. We describe the outcomes of 2540 patients with acetaminophen ingestions treated with a loading dose of 140 mg of oral N-acetylcysteine per kilogram of body weight, followed four hours later by 70 mg per kilogram given every four hours for an additional 17 doses. Patients were categorized for analysis on the basis of initial plasma acetaminophen concentrations and the interval between ingestion and treatment. Hepatotoxicity developed in 6.1 percent of patients at probable risk when N-acetylcysteine was started within 10 hours of acetaminophen ingestion and in 26.4 percent of such patients when therapy was begun 10 to 24 hours after ingestion. Among patients at high risk who were treated 16 to 24 hours after an acetaminophen overdose, hepatotoxicity developed in 41 percent--a rate lower than that among historical controls. When given within eight hours of acetaminophen ingestion, N-acetylcysteine was protective regardless of the initial plasma acetaminophen concentration. There was no difference in outcome whether N-acetylcysteine was started zero to four or four to eight hours after ingestion, but efficacy decreased with further delay. There were 11 deaths among the 2540 patients (0.43 percent); in the nine fatal cases in which aminotransferase was measured before treatment, values were elevated before N-acetylcysteine was started. No deaths were clearly caused by acetaminophen among patients in whom N-acetylcysteine therapy was begun within 16 hours. We conclude that N-acetylcysteine treatment should be started within eight hours of an acetaminophen overdose, but that treatment is still indicated at least as late as 24 hours after ingestion. On the basis of available data, the 72-hour regimen of oral N-acetylcysteine is as effective as the 20-hour intravenous regimen described previously, and it may be superior when treatment is delayed.
The MACPF/CDC family of pore-forming toxins (2008)

Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are commonly associated with bacterial pathogenesis. In eukaryotes, however, PFTs operate in the immune system or are deployed for attacking prey (e.g. venoms). This review focuses upon two families of globular protein PFTs: the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) and the membrane attack complex/perforin superfamily (MACPF). CDCs are produced by Gram-positive bacteria and lyse or permeabilize host cells or intracellular organelles during infection. In eukaryotes, MACPF proteins have both lytic and non-lytic roles and function in immunity, invasion and development. The structure and molecular mechanism of several CDCs are relatively well characterized. Pore formation involves oligomerization and assembly of soluble monomers into a ring-shaped pre-pore which undergoes conformational change to insert into membranes, forming a large amphipathic transmembrane beta-barrel. In contrast, the structure and mechanism of MACPF proteins has remained obscure. Recent crystallographic studies now reveal that although MACPF and CDCs are extremely divergent at the sequence level, they share a common fold. Together with biochemical studies, these structural data suggest that lytic MACPF proteins use a CDC-like mechanism of membrane disruption, and will help understand the roles these proteins play in immunity and development.
Form of Inorganic Carbon Involved as a Product and as an Inhibitor of C<sub>4</sub> Acid Decarboxylases Operating in C<sub>4</sub> Photosynthesis (1987)

These studies demonstrated that CO(2) rather than HCO(3) (-) is the inorganic carbon metabolite produced by the C(4) acid decarboxylases involved in C(4) photosynthesis (chloroplast located NADP malic enzyme, mitochondrial NAD malic enzyme, and cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate [PEP] carboxykinase). The effect of varying CO(2) or HCO(3) (-) as a substrate for the carboxylation reaction catalyzed by these enzymes or as inhibitors of the decarboxylation reaction was also determined. The K(m)CO(2) was 1.1 millimolar for NADP malic enzyme and 2.5 millimolar for PEP carboxykinase. For these two enzymes the velocity in the carboxylating direction was substantially less than for the decarboxylating direction even with CO(2) concentrations at the upper end of the range of expected cellular levels. Activity of NAD malic enzyme in the carboxylating direction was undetectable. The decarboxylation reaction of all three enzymes was inhibited by added HCO(3) (-). For NADP malic enzyme CO(2) was shown to be the inhibitory species but PEP carboxykinase and NAD malic enzyme were apparently inhibited about equally by CO(2) and HCO(3) (-).
Evidence for Novel Interdigitated Bilayer Formation of Fatty Acids during Three-Dimensional Self-Assembly on Silver Colloidal Particles (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTEvidence for Novel Interdigitated Bilayer Formation of Fatty Acids during Three-Dimensional Self-Assembly on Silver Colloidal ParticlesVijaya Patil, K. S. Mayya, S. D. Pradhan, and Murali SastryView Author Information Materials Chemistry Division National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 39, 9281–9282Publication Date (Web):October 1, 1997Publication History Received11 April 1997Published online1 October 1997Published inissue 1 October 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja971161ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja971161erapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views887Altmetric-Citations115LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Colloidal particles,Metal clusters,Monolayers,Silver,Vesicles Get e-Alerts
Machine Learning: The Art and Science of Algorithms that Make Sense of Data (2012)

As one of the most comprehensive machine learning texts around, this book does justice to the field's incredible richness, but without losing sight of the unifying principles. Peter Flach's clear, example-based approach begins by discussing how a spam filter works, which gives an immediate introduction to machine learning in action, with a minimum of technical fuss. Flach provides case studies of increasing complexity and variety with well-chosen examples and illustrations throughout. He covers a wide range of logical, geometric and statistical models and state-of-the-art topics such as matrix factorisation and ROC analysis. Particular attention is paid to the central role played by features. The use of established terminology is balanced with the introduction of new and useful concepts, and summaries of relevant background material are provided with pointers for revision if necessary. These features ensure Machine Learning will set a new standard as an introductory textbook.
Isolation of a Protein Target of the FKBP12-Rapamycin Complex in Mammalian Cells (1995)

The immunosuppressive drug, rapamycin, interferes with an undefined signaling pathway required for the progression of G1-phase T-cells into S phase. Genetic analyses in yeast indicate that binding of rapamycin to its intracellular receptor, FKBP12, generates a toxic complex that inhibits cell growth in G1 phase. These analyses implicated two related proteins, TOR1 and TOR2, as targets of the FKBP12-rapamycin complex in yeast. In this study, we have used a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-FKBP12-rapamycin affinity matrix to isolate putative mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) from tissue extracts. In the presence of rapamycin, immobilized GST-FKBP12 specifically precipitates similar high molecular mass proteins from both rat brain and murine T-lymphoma cell extracts. Binding experiments performed with rapamycin-sensitive and -resistant mutant clones derived from the YAC-1 T-lymphoma cell line demonstrate that the GST-FKBP12-rapamycin complex recovers significantly lower amounts of the candidate mTOR from rapamycin-resistant cell lines. The latter results suggest that mTOR is a relevant target of rapamycin in these cells. Finally, we report the isolation of a full-length mTOR cDNA that encodes a direct ligand for the FKBP12-rapamycin complex. The deduced amino acid sequence of mTOR displays 42 and 45% identity to those of yeast TOR1 and TOR2, respectively. These results strongly suggest that the FKBP12-rapamycin complex interacts with homologous ligands in yeast and mammalian cells and that the loss of mTOR function is directly related to the inhibitory effect of rapamycin on G1- to S-phase progression in T-lymphocytes and other sensitive cell types.
Working it out- Employee or independent contractor? (2006)

Extract: They might sound similar, but a contract of service and a contract for services are not the same thing. What exactly is the distinction?
The fibrinolytic mechanism of defibrotide: effect of defibrotide on plasmin activity (2009)

Fibrinolytic activity has been shown to be reduced in many vascular diseases, including hepatic veno-occlusive disease after stem cell transplantation, a microangiopathy characterized by sinusoidal endothelial cell injury. Defibrotide is a polydisperse oligonucleotide with antithrombotic, profibrinolytic, anti-ischemic, and antiadhesive properties. Numerous clinical studies have shown promising activity of defibrotide in the treatment and prevention of veno-occlusive disease, with minimal toxicity. In corollary laboratory studies, defibrotide has been shown to decrease plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, increase tissue plasminogen activator levels, and increase overall plasma fibrinolytic activity in patients. Plasmin, a potent and nonspecific serine protease, plays a pivotal role in fibrinolysis by virtue of its ability to effectively degrade fibrin clots. In this study, defibrotide increases the activity of plasmin in hydrolyzing its substrate in a dose-dependent and length-dependent manner. Similar concentration-dependent effects of defibrotide were observed when plasmin was generated by tissue plasminogen activator or urokinase activation of plasminogen. In contrast, defibrotide had no direct effect on the activation of plasminogen to plasmin. Defibrotide was also able to enhance the activity of plasmin in degrading fibrin clot formed from fibrinogen, plasminogen, and thrombin. This effect was also concentration-dependent and directly correlated with the enzymatic activity of plasmin. This study therefore demonstrates that defibrotide is capable of enhancing the activity of plasmin and so contributes to its fibrinolytic activity. Taken together, these results support the effect of defibrotide in restoring the fibrinolytic vascular phenotype, in microangiopathic conditions such as veno-occlusive disease.
Ru(phen)<sub>2</sub>dppz<sup>2+</sup> Luminescence:  Dependence on DNA Sequences and Groove-Binding Agents (1998)

Emission of Delta-Ru(phen)(2)dppz(2+) bound to nucleic acid polymers of different sequence has been investigated by time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy and the effect of major and minor groove DNA binding agents on the luminescence profile of the complex evaluated. In the presence of a 1:1 mixture of poly d(AT) and poly d(GC), the excited-state decay of Delta-Ru(phen)(2)dppz(2+) can be described by a linear combination of the decay profiles in the presence of poly d(AT) and poly d(GC) independently. This analysis indicates that approximately 85% of the complexes are bound to poly d(AT) and that the metallointercalator preferentially occupies AT sites in mixed-sequence polymers such as calf thymus or T4 DNA. When rac-Ru(phen)(2)dppz(2+) bound to [d(5'-GAGTGCACTC-3')(2)] is titrated with the major groove intercalator Delta-alpha-[Rh[(R,R)-Me(2)trien]phi](3+), the ruthenium emission yield decreases while the absorbance of the pi-pi transition centered on the dppz ligand increases, until saturation behavior is observed at a 1:1 Rh/duplex ratio. These titrations indicate that Ru(phen)(2)dppz(2+) is displaced from the major groove by the rhodium complex. In contrast, for rac-Ru(phen)(2)dppz(2+) bound to poly d(AT), addition of the minor groove binding agent distamycin produces an increase in ruthenium emission which saturates at approximately 1 distamycin/5 bp, consistent with the double helix being able to accommodate major and minor groove binders simultaneously. Distamycin has no effect on the emission of Ru(phen)(2)dppz(2+) emission bound to poly d(GC). These photophysical studies establish a sequence preference in binding to DNA by Ru(phen)(2)dppz(2+) as well as providing support for the original assignment by NMR of ruthenium intercalation from the major groove side of the DNA helix.
Phase Shifting Diffraction Interferometry for Measuring Extreme Ultraviolet Optics (1996)

Extreme ultraviolet projection lithography operating at a wavelength of 13nm requires surface figure accuracy on each mirror to be better than 0.25nm rms. A new type of interferometry, based on the fundamental process of diffraction, is described that can intrinsically achieve the required accuracy. Applying this principle, two independent spherical wavefronts are generated - one serves as the measurement wavefront and is incident on the optic or optical system under test and the other serves as the reference wavefront. Since they are generated independently their relative amplitude and phase can be controlled, providing contrast adjustment and phase shifting capability. Using diffraction from a single mode optical fiber, different interferometers can be configured to measure individual mirrors or entire imaging systems. Measurement of an EUV projection system is described.
Single sign-on for java web start applications using myproxy (2006)

Single sign-on is critical for the usability of distributed systems. While there are several authentication mechanisms which support single sign-on (e.g. Kerberos and X.509), it may be difficult to modify a particular legacy application to utilize an authentication scheme other than username/password. Asimple solution for single sign-on involves transmitting a user's password over the network. However, it is undesirable to expose a user's private password in an insecure environment. This paper describes our effort to create "session passwords" which are short-lived passwords transmitted in lieu of a user's private password. Our implementation utilizes the MyProxy X.509 credential service as an authentication service. We demonstrate our solution in the MAEviz application portal, a Java Web Start application for earthquake risk management and analysis.