gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Class II polytropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) of AKR/J mice: possible role in the generation of class I oncogenic polytropic MuLVs (1987)

We examined the frequency of occurrence of polytropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) in the spleens and thymuses of preleukemic AKR/J mice from 1 week to 6 months of age and analyzed the genomic RNAs of several polytropic isolates by RNase T1 oligonucleotide fingerprinting. Polytropic MuLVs were first detected in the spleens of 3-week-old mice and preceded the appearance of polytropic MuLVs in the thymus by over 1 month. At 4 months of age and older, nearly all mice expressed polytropic MuLVs in both organs. In contrast to previous studies which have identified class I polytropic MuLVs in AKR/J mice, fingerprint analysis of polytropic MuLVs from both young (3- to 4-week-old) and older (5- to 6-month-old) preleukemic mice indicated that a large proportion of viruses at both ages were class II polytropic MuLVs. All polytropic viruses (five isolates) analyzed from 3- to 4-week-old mice were recovered from spleen cells and were class II polytropic MuLVs. In older preleukemic mice, five of seven isolates were class II polytropic MuLVs and two were class I polytropic viruses. Class I and class II polytropic MuLVs were recovered from both the spleens and thymuses of older preleukemic mice. A detailed comparison of the class I and class II polytropic MuLVs from 5- to 6-month-old mice revealed that the nonecotropic gp70 sequences of most of the class I and class II MuLVs were identical, consistent with a common origin for these sequences. In contrast, the nonecotropic p15E sequences of class I MuLVs were clearly derived from different endogenous sequences than the nonecotropic p15E sequences of the class II MuLVs. The in vitro host ranges of class I and class II polytropic viruses were clearly distinguishable. Examination of the in vitro host range of several isolates suggested that the predominant polytropic viruses initially identified in the thymus (2 to 3 months of age) were class II polytropic viruses. The order of appearance of the class I and class II polytropic MuLVs and the identity of the gp70 oligonucleotides of these MuLVs suggested a model for the stepwise generation of class I polytropic MuLVs involving a class II polytropic MuLV intermediate.
The Tissue Factor Region That Interacts with Factor Xa in the Activation of Factor VII (2000)

Tissue factor is the cell membrane-anchored cofactor for factor VIIa and triggers the coagulation reactions. The initial step is the conversion of factor VII to factor VIIa which, in vitro, is efficiently catalyzed by low concentrations of factor Xa. To identify the tissue factor region that interacts with the activator factor Xa during this process, we evaluated a panel of soluble tissue factor (1-219) mutants for their ability to support factor Xa-mediated activation of factor VII. The tissue factor residues identified as most important for this interaction (Tyr157, Lys159, Ser163, Gly164, Lys165, Lys166, and Tyr185) were identical to those found to be important for the interaction of substrate factor X with the tissue factor.factor VIIa complex. The residues form a continuous surface-exposed patch with an area of about 500 A(2), which appears to be located outside the tissue factor-factor VII contact zone. In agreement, the two monoclonal antibodies 5G6 and D3H44-F(ab')(2), whose epitopes overlap with this identified region, inhibited the rates of factor VII activation by 86% and 95%, respectively. These antibodies also strongly inhibited the conversion of (125)I-labeled factor VII when cell membrane-expressed, full-length tissue factor (1-263) was employed. Together the results suggest the usage of a common surface region of tissue factor in its dual role-as a cofactor for factor Xa-mediated factor VII activation and as a cofactor for factor VIIa-mediated factor X activation. The finding that factor Xa and factor X may engage in similar, if not identical, molecular interactions with tissue factor further indicates that factor Xa and factor X are similarly oriented toward their respective interaction partners in the ternary catalytic complexes.
Metal-insulator transition in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>NiS</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Se</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2010)

The origin of the gap in ${\text{NiS}}_{2}$ as well as the pressure- and doping-induced metal-insulator transition in the ${\text{NiS}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Se}}_{x}$ solid solutions are investigated both theoretically using the first-principles band structures combined with the dynamical mean-field approximation for the electronic correlations and experimentally by means of infrared and x-ray absorption spectroscopies. The bonding-antibonding splitting in the S-S (Se-Se) dimer is identified as the main parameter controlling the size of the charge gap. The implications for the metal-insulator transition driven by pressure and Se doping are discussed.
<i>Cadres and Kin: Making a Socialist Village in West China, 1921–1991</i>. By <scp>Gregory A. Ruf</scp>. [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998. 298pp. Hard cover $49.50, ISBN 0–8047–3377–5; paperback $18.95, ISBN 0–8047–4129–8.] (2001)

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Job Completion Based Inventory Systems: Optimal Policies for Repair Kits and Spare Machines (1985)

In this paper, we consider multi-item inventory systems that contain repair kits of spare parts and tools and may include an inventory of spare machines as well. Demands occur in the form of field repair jobs, each requiring some collection of parts and tools for completion. If any required part or tool is not in the repair kit, the repair job is “broken.” The penalty or inconvenience cost is assumed to be proportional to the number of broken jobs, regardless of the number of items short. Previous work on job completion based systems is summarized and new results for the optimal solutions are derived. A more general job completion based system is also analyzed, which allows a pool of spare machines to be used to satisfy demands which cannot be met with the repair kits. Techniques are presented for optimizing the trade-off between the inventory cost of repair kits plus spare machines and the overall level of service.
Tissue Engineering: From Biology to Biological Substitutes (1995)

Tissue engineering is an emerging multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary field involving the development of bioartificial implants and/or the fostering of tissue remodeling with the purpose of repairing or enhancing tissue or organ function. Bioartificial constructs generally consist of cells and biomaterials, so tissue engineering draws from both cell and biomaterials science and technology. Successful applications require a thorough understanding of the environment experienced by cells in normal tissues and by cells in bioartificial devices before and after implantation. This paper reviews these topics, as well as the current status and future possibilities in the development of different bioartificial constructs, including bioartificial skin, cardiovascular implants, bioartificial pancreas, and encapsulated secretory cells. Issues that need to be addressed in the future are also discussed. These include, but are not limited to, the development of new cell lines and biomaterials, the evaluation of the optimal construct architecture, and the reproducible manufacture and preservation of bioartificial devices until ready for use.
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Duck Enteritis Virus Strains (2012)

The icosahedral virion of duck enteritis virus (DEV) is roughly spherical and approximately 150 nm in diameter. Here, we describe the genomic features of DEV CHv together with a draft genome sequence and its annotation, highlighting the homogeneity and heterogeneity of this genome in comparison with its reference genomes.
Proliferation and apoptosis of lamina propria CD4+ T cells from scid mice with inflammatory bowel disease (1998)

Scid mice transplanted with low numbers of syngeneic CD4+ T cells, develop a chronic and lethal inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) within 4-6 months. We have used in vivo 5-bromo2-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) labeling to assess the proliferation of lamina propria-derived CD4+ T cells in diseased scid mice. The hourly rate of renewal of colonic lamina propria CD4+ T cells in diseased mice was 7% compared with 1.5% in normal BALB/c control mice. Transplantation of scid mice with in vitro activated CD4+ T cells accelerated the disease onset and development in a cell dose-dependent fashion when compared with non-activated CD4+ T cells. In pulse-chase experiments it was shown that BrdU-labeled cells disappeared rapidly from the lamina propria of diseased mice. DNA analysis revealed that this was due to the presence of nearly four times as many apoptotic CD4+ T cells in diseased than in control mice. Further analyses showed that the apoptotic lamina propria CD4+ T cells were derived from cells having entered the cell cycle within the previous 8 h. These data clearly demonstrate that vigorous CD4+ T cell proliferation and death are involved throughout the course of IBD.
Cloned multipotential precursors from the mouse cerebrum require FGF-2, whereas glial restricted precursors are stimulated with either FGF-2 or EGF (1995)

Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) have both been reported to stimulate precursors in the developing CNS. To clarify these effects, we used clonal analysis to determine the lineage potential of precursors stimulated with each factor, at two stages of development. It was found that in cells isolated from the cerebrum of embryonic day 17 (E17) mice, FGF-2 stimulated both a multipotential precursor, which gave rise to neurons and astrocytes, and a committed glial precursor. In contrast, EGF only stimulated the glial restricted precursor. Thus, it appears that the multipotential cell, previously identified to be present at E10, remains selectively responsive to FGF-2, and that the EGF responsiveness observed at E17 reflects the presence of a new restricted class of precursors, rather than a switch in factor specificity of the multipotential cell.
&lt;title&gt;Xenon liquid-jet laser plasma source for EUV lithography&lt;/title&gt; (2000)

We describe a laser-plasma source based on a cryogenic xenon liquid-jet target suitable for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) projection lithography. Recent improvements in the stability of the xenon jet allows efficient laser-plasma operation several millimeters away from the nozzle orifice. We present the first preliminary laser-to-EUV conversion efficiencies, although under non-optimized conditions, for the source.
Platelet-derived growth factor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. (1990)

Fibrosis is a complex process involving an inflammatory reaction, fibroblast proliferation, and abnormal accumulation of interstitial collagens. Mononuclear cells are usually present in lung fibrosis. Activated monocytes and macrophages in culture have been shown to produce several growth factors including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). PDGF is a potent mitogen and chemoattractant for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells and a stimulator of collagen synthesis. We have studied the expression of c-sis/PDGF-2 mRNA in lung tissues derived from five patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and from four control individuals without IPF. Northern blot analysis of specimens obtained from four patients with IPF revealed the expression of the c-sis/PDGF-2 protooncogene. A control lung tissue without IPF did not express the c-sis protooncogene. In situ hybridization extended these studies demonstrating the expression of the c-sis mRNA in the five specimens with IPF but not in the four control specimens without IPF. The expression of c-sis mRNA was localized primarily in the epithelial cells. Invading alveolar macrophages also expressed c-sis mRNA. The expression of c-sis mRNA was accompanied by the expression of PDGF-like proteins in lung specimens with IPF but not in control lung specimens. These findings demonstrate the in vivo expression of the c-sis/PDGF-2 protooncogene and the production of PDGF-like proteins in the epithelial cells and macrophages of the fibrotic tissue. This localized and sustained production of PDGF-like mitogen may constitute an important contributing factor in the abnormal fibroblast proliferation and collagen production, events associated with pulmonary fibrosis.
Building customer trust in mobile commerce (2003)

Gaining customer trust in m-commerce is a daunting process, extending from initial trust formation to continuous trust development---but it can be done.
Time-critical distributed contact for 6-DoF haptic rendering of adaptively sampled reduced deformable models (2007)

Real-time evaluation of distributed contact forces for rigid or deformable 3D objects is important for providing multi-sensory feedback in emerging real-time applications, such as 6-DoF haptic force-feedback rendering. Unfortunately, at very high temporal rates (1 kHz for haptics), there is often insufficient time to resolve distributed contact between geometrically complex objects.In this paper, we present a spatially and temporally adaptive sample-based approach to approximate contact forces under hard real-time constraints. The approach is CPU based, and supports contact between a rigid and a reduced deformable model with complex geometry. Penalty-based contact forces are efficiently resolved using a multi-resolution point-based representation for one object, and a signed-distance field for the other. Hard realtime approximation of distributed contact forces uses multi-level progressive point-contact sampling, and exploits temporal coherence, graceful degradation and other optimizations. We present several examples of 6-DoF haptic rendering of geometrically complex rigid and deformable objects in distributed contact at real-time kilohertz rates.
LARGE-MESH SKIN GRAFTS (1969)

TANNER, JAMES C. Jr. M.D.; SHEA, PATRICK C. Jr. M.D.; BRADLEY, WILLIAM H. B.S.; VANDEPUT, JACQUES J. M.D. Author Information
CODE GENERATION USING XML BASED DOCUMENT TRANSFORMATION (2001)

Software projects can greatly benefit from custom document generators. The term document in the context of a software project includes various software artifacts. A software project consists of various activities which lead to the production of documents in many forms. An example of such a document is a programming language file that is used to implement computational specifications. The document transformation approach, when applied to the particular area of code generation, incorporates a higher degree of automation into the software development life cycle. The benefits of this approach are model driven programming, automatic update propagation, and a higher degree of consistency enforced by a generative approach. With recent interest in XML standards and availability of tools supporting these standards, it has become possible to generate multiple types of documents by applying XML document transformation technology. Using XML document transformation technology, it has become easier to develop custom code/document generators in application development projects. An object based server side infrastructure was used in the sample project referred to in this whitepaper. Object and relational model code generation coupled with object services provided by the EJB framework created a very powerful paradigm of server side infrastructure development. The project had a tremendous lead by being able to build further on this sophisticated server side infrastructure rather than spending time on building the infrastructure itself. The project was totally focused on building application logic and delivering functionality. Out of approximately 2300 java files in the project, 1900 files were generated using XML document transformation technology.
Dye Ligand Chromatography (2008)

Dye affinity chromatography is a purification technique offering unique selectivities and high purification factors. Dye ligands may act as substrate analogs, offering affinity interactions with their corresponding enzymes. This chapter describes a dye ligand chromatography technique for purifying proteins from overexpression, in mammalian cell culture. The method begins with batch binding in order to rapidly select binding and elution conditions. Subsequently, gradient elution is employed to maximize the selectivity of the final packed bed chromatography method. Conditions for purification of a protein from mammalian cell culture on Cibacron blue are given with an accompanying sample chromatogram.
Data-aware scheduling of legacy kernels on heterogeneous platforms with distributed memory (2010)

In this paper, we describe a runtime to automatically enhance the performance of applications running on heterogeneous platforms consisting of a multi-core (CPU) and a throughput-oriented many-core (GPU). The CPU and GPU are connected by a non-coherent interconnect such as PCI-E, and as such do not have shared memory. Heterogeneous platforms available today such as [9] are of this type. Our goal is to enable the programmer to seamlessly use such a system without rewriting the application and with minimal knowledge of the underlying architectural details. Assuming that applications perform function calls to computational kernels with available CPU and GPU implementations, our runtime achieves this goal by automatically scheduling the kernels and managing data placement. In particular, it intercepts function calls to well-known computational kernels and schedules them on CPU or GPU based on their argument size and location. To improve performance, it defers all data transfers between the CPU and the GPU until necessary. By managing data placement transparently to the programmer, it provides a unified memory view despite the underlying separate memory sub-systems.
Review and Evaluation of Commonly-Implemented Background Subtraction Algorithms (2008)

Locating moving objects in a video sequence is the first step of many computer vision applications. Among the various motion-detection techniques, background subtraction methods are commonly implemented, especially for applications relying on a fixed camera. Since the basic inter-frame difference with global threshold is often a too simplistic method, more elaborate (and often probabilistic) methods have been proposed. These methods often aim at making the detection process more robust to noise, background motion and camera jitter. In this paper, we present commonly-implemented background subtraction algorithms and we evaluate them quantitatively. In order to gauge performances of each method, tests are performed on a wide range of real, synthetic and semi-synthetic video sequences representing different challenges.
Serum interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus (1987)

Serum interferon levels were estimated in 67 samples obtained from 47 patients with SLE. Levels were increased in 70% of the samples and 72% of the patients. In the patients with active disease 81% had increased interferon levels, while in the group with clinically quiescent disease 10% had increased levels. In 20 patients retested 3 1/2 months after treatment the changes in interferon levels tended to parallel the changes in clinical disease activity in 80% of cases. Patients with active skin lesions, arthritis, and renal or haematopoietic involvement tended especially to have increased interferon levels. Interferon levels were directly related to ANA titre and inversely related to serum C3 levels, but not related to serum levels of circulating immune complexes or immunoglobulin. The interferon was shown to be of type alpha. The interferon level can be regarded as one of several parameters reflecting disease activity and may also be related to the prognosis. As it is possible that interferon may be a direct mediator of the pathophysiology of auto-immune disease, we do not recommend the use of interferon or its inducers in the therapy of SLE.
Recent progress in 1×x-ray mask technology: Feasibility study using ASET-NIST format TaXN x-ray masks with 100 nm rule 4 Gbit dynamic random access memory test patterns (2001)

This article discusses recent progress in 1×x-ray mask technology in Japan. Proximity x-ray lithography (PXL) using synchrotron radiation light with a wavelength of 0.7–1.0 nm can in principle provide as high a throughput as optical lithography, because PXL and optical lithography both employ photon beams and masks. A high-performance electron-beam mask writer called the EB-X3, suitable for PXL, has been developed by NTT under the Association of Super-Advanced Electronics Technologies (ASET) program. It has a reproducible image placement (IP) accuracy of less than 15 nm. We used the shaped-beam EB-X3 to fabricate 100 nm rule x-ray masks for the gate and contact/hole (C/H) layers of 4 Gbit dynamic random access memory (DRAM) test patterns. The ASET-NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) type masks consist of a 350-nm-thick TaBN absorber, a 3-μm-thick SiC membrane (27-mm square membrane area), a 1-mm-thick Si substrate, and a 6.63-mm-thick Pyrex glass frame. We have achieved an IP accuracy for 1×x-ray masks of less than 15 nm at both the gate and C/H levels. The mask-to-mask overlay accuracy between the gate and C/H masks is less than 20 nm; and after magnification correction, it is less than 10 nm. The critical dimension (CD) variations for 100 nm features measured in a 24-mm-square area are less than 100±6.0 nm at both levels. An overlay accuracy for PXL of better than 30 nm (|mean|+3σ) was obtained by the double-exposure method using the XRA volume-production x-ray stepper (Canon, Inc.) and 18 nm overlay ASET-NIST type x-ray masks (gate to contact). An IP reproducibility of less than 7 nm has been achieved for the EB-X3 itself (best data). The resist CD accuracy on the membrane for 4 Gbit DRAM patterns is better than 7 nm (Δ|mean|+3σ=6.6 nm). These data indicate that PXL has the potential for patterning 50 nm node devices with current tools.
Cartoonists of Australia (1968)

THE CARTOONIST as we know him is a modern phenomenon. He has his ancestors in lampoons and broadsides dating back to the Reformation and beyond, but maturity is reached only with the age of mass media. The cartoon then escapes from the role of illustration to a wordy text and begins to express itself directly in visual imagery. Gradually the text becomes more and more subsidiary, often being no more than the “punch line”, though rarely dispensed with altogether.