gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DCRoute: Speeding up Inter-Datacenter Traffic Allocation while Guaranteeing Deadlines (2016)

Datacenters provide the infrastructure for cloud computing services used by millions of users everyday. Many such services are distributed over multiple datacenters at geographically distant locations possibly in different continents. These datacenters are then connected through high speed WAN links over private or public networks. To perform data backups or data synchronization operations, many transfers take place over these networks that have to be completed before a deadline in order to provide necessary service guarantees to end users. Upon arrival of a transfer request, we would like the system to be able to decide whether such a request can be guaranteed successful delivery. If yes, it should provide us with transmission schedule in the shortest time possible. In addition, we would like to avoid packet reordering at the destination as it affects TCP performance. Previous work in this area either cannot guarantee that admitted transfers actually finish before the specified deadlines or use techniques that can result in packet reordering. In this paper, we propose DCRoute, a fast and efficient routing and traffic allocation technique that guarantees transfer completion before deadlines for admitted requests. It assigns each transfer a single path to avoid packet reordering. Through simulations, we show that DCRoute is at least 200 times faster than other traffic allocation techniques based on linear programming (LP) while admitting almost the same amount of traffic to the system.
Nicotine Biosynthetic Enzyme Activities in <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> L. Genotypes with Different Alkaloid Levels (1979)

Young plants of five Nicotiana tabacum L. genotypes were examined for activity of nicotine biosynthetic enzymes. Genotypes near isogenic except at two loci each with two alleles controlling nicotine level were used in a comparison of the four homozygous allelic combinations producing high, high intermediate, low intermediate, and low nicotine levels in a "Burley 21" background. Putrescine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.53) and quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.19) activities in root tissue of these four genotypes were proportional to leaf nicotine level, whereas N-methylputrescine oxidase activity in root tissue differed in proportion and ranking. Quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase activities in leaf tissue were lower than in roots, but no differences were found among the four genotypes. The homozygous recessive alleles at either locus affect levels of all three enzyme activities examined in roots. Each locus seems to be involved in regulation of nicotine metabolism, but whether directly as a regulatory locus or indirectly through the metabolic product of a structural locus is not known.No difference was observed between enzymic oxidation of putrescine and N-methylputrescine by leaf and root extracts of Burley 21 (a high nicotine, low nornicotine genotype) and a high nornicotine cultivar, "Robinson Medium Broadleaf." Putrescine was utilized as a substrate to a greater extent than N-methylputrescine by leaf extracts compared with root extracts of both cultivars. It was concluded that genetic differences in levels of nicotine and nornicotine were not due to differences in enzymic oxidation of these two precursors during alkaloid biosynthesis.
Incompatibility of lyophilized inactivated polio vaccine with liquid pentavalent whole-cell-pertussis-containing vaccine (2016)

A hexavalent vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, whole cell pertussis, Haemophilius influenza type B, hepatitis B and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) may: (i) increase the efficiency of vaccination campaigns, (ii) reduce the number of injections thereby reducing needlestick injuries, and (iii) ensure better protection against pertussis as compared to vaccines containing acellular pertussis antigens. An approach to obtain a hexavalent vaccine might be reconstituting lyophilized polio vaccine (IPV-LYO) with liquid pentavalent vaccine just before intramuscular delivery. The potential limitations of this approach were investigated including thermostability of IPV as measured by D-antigen ELISA and rat potency, the compatibility of fluid and lyophilized IPV in combination with thimerosal and thimerosal containing hexavalent vaccine. The rat potency of polio type 3 in IPV-LYO was 2 to 3-fold lower than standardized on the D-antigen content, suggesting an alteration of the polio type 3 D-antigen particle by lyophilization. Type 1 and 2 had unaffected antigenicity/immunogenicity ratios. Alteration of type 3 D-antigen could be detected by showing reduced thermostability at 45°C compared to type 3 in non-lyophilized liquid controls. Reconstituting IPV-LYO in the presence of thimerosal (TM) resulted in a fast temperature dependent loss of polio type 1-3 D-antigen. The presence of 0.005% TM reduced the D-antigen content by ∼20% (polio type 2/3) and ∼60% (polio type 1) in 6h at 25°C, which are WHO open vial policy conditions. At 37°C, D-antigen was diminished even faster, suggesting that very fast, i.e., immediately after preparation, intramuscular delivery of the conceived hexavalent vaccine would not be a feasible option. Use of the TM-scavenger, l-cysteine, to bind TM (or mercury containing TM degradation products), resulted in a hexavalent vaccine mixture in which polio D-antigen was more stable.
Fast multi-dimensional polar encoding and decoding (2014)

New decoding methods for polar codes are derived from a multi-dimensional realization of polar codes. The notion of polar transformation is extended into higher dimensional polar transformations. It is shown that two dimensional polar transformation leads to a rate-adaptive doubly concatenated polar code. The results are generalized to n-dimensional construction and decoding of polar codes, where N = 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> is the length of the code. The proposed structure for successive cancellation decoding, based on the n-dimensional construction of polar codes, results in efficient decoding latency and space complexity. Soft successive decoding of polar codes and iterative detection and decoding of compound polar codes are implemented using the proposed structure for multi-dimensional decoding of polar codes.
A time-based double-band hysteresis current regulation strategy for single-phase multilevel inverters (2003)

Most multilevel inverter hysteresis current regulators use either multiple hysteresis bands, or a time-based switching logic that forces the current error back to zero by recursively stepping through successive voltage levels. Of these two alternatives, the time-based approach has the merit of only requiring simple analog circuitry and digital logic to implement the voltage level selection process for inverters of any number of voltage levels. However, the approach can be less stable and has a poorer dynamic response than a multiple hysteresis band system. This paper presents a double-band regulator that uses the slope of the current error to help determine the appropriate steady state voltage level to keep this error within the inner hysteresis band, while still allowing switching to the extreme inverter states during transient conditions to reduce the current error as rapidly as possible. The regulator achieves better stability and dynamic performance than previously reported schemes. The paper also presents an adaptation of the system to control a hybrid seven-level inverter. Theory, simulation, and experimental results are presented.
DECISION TABLES FOR DOCUMENTATION AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS. (1967)

strategies for dealing with intergranular stress corrosion cracking. The use of decision analysis to evaluate the merits of different possible research tasks is also discussed. A discussion of decision analysis is then presented. Finally, the document presents a discussion of open issues in the area of structural reliability.
Electromyographic activity of the hyoepiglotticus muscle and control of epiglottis position in horses (2002)

Findings reported here suggest that contraction of the hyoepiglotticus muscle increases dimensions of the airway in horses by depressing the epiglottis ventrally during intense breathing efforts. The hyoepiglotticus muscle may be an important muscle for dilating the airway in horses, and contraction of the hyoepiglotticus muscle may induce conformational changes in the epiglottis.
167. Synthetic antimalarials. Part XVII. Some aminoalkylaminoquinoline derivatives (1947)

F. H. S. Curd, C. G. Raison and F. L. Rose, J. Chem. Soc., 1947, 899 DOI: 10.1039/JR9470000899
Molecular imprinting: perspectives and applications (2016)

Molecular imprinting technology (MIT), often described as a method of making a molecular lock to match a molecular key, is a technique for the creation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with tailor-made binding sites complementary to the template molecules in shape, size and functional groups. Owing to their unique features of structure predictability, recognition specificity and application universality, MIPs have found a wide range of applications in various fields. Herein, we propose to comprehensively review the recent advances in molecular imprinting including versatile perspectives and applications, concerning novel preparation technologies and strategies of MIT, and highlight the applications of MIPs. The fundamentals of MIPs involving essential elements, preparation procedures and characterization methods are briefly outlined. Smart MIT for MIPs is especially highlighted including ingenious MIT (surface imprinting, nanoimprinting, etc.), special strategies of MIT (dummy imprinting, segment imprinting, etc.) and stimuli-responsive MIT (single/dual/multi-responsive technology). By virtue of smart MIT, new formatted MIPs gain popularity for versatile applications, including sample pretreatment/chromatographic separation (solid phase extraction, monolithic column chromatography, etc.) and chemical/biological sensing (electrochemical sensing, fluorescence sensing, etc.). Finally, we propose the remaining challenges and future perspectives to accelerate the development of MIT, and to utilize it for further developing versatile MIPs with a wide range of applications (650 references).
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and retinoid X receptor expression in human colorectal neoplasms. (1995)

Epidemiological studies suggest that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (D3) protects against colorectal carcinogenesis. Animal and in vitro studies show an antiproliferative effect of D3 in a variety of tumours including those of large bowel origin. D3 actions are mediated by D3 receptors (VDR) alone or by VDR in conjunction with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) in all D3 responsive tissues. The expression of mRNAs encoding VDR and RXRs in normal and malignant human colorectum was determined. Full length VDR (4.6 kB), RXR alpha (5.5 kB), and RXR gamma (3.5 and 7 kB) mRNAs were expressed in all tissues, but RXR beta mRNA was not expressed in any. VDR expression was reduced in 12 carcinomas relative to paired normal mucosa, and RXR alpha expression was reduced in nine. There was no correlation between VDR or RXR alpha expression and the site, grade of differentiation, or Dukes's staging of the tumour. The finding of persistent VDR and RXR coexpression in all colorectal tumours provides a rational basis for exploring a role for D3 in the treatment of colorectal malignancy.
Abstract 3161: Race/Ethnicity is an Independent Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation among Individuals 60 Years and Older (2008)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is present in 4 – 8% of people 60 years and older based on studies of predominantly white populations. Limited data involving specific disease states (e.g., HF and acute coronary syndromes) suggest that AF prevalence in blacks and Asians are approximately half that of whites. Scarce data exist regarding racial/ethnic differences in AF prevalence in US communities. This is a cross-section, observational study. In 2005, there were 467,087 members in the Kaiser Permanente Southern California health plan aged 60 years or older. By searching ICD-9 codes and electronic ECG archives, we identified all members in this age group with AF. Patients with pulmonary embolism, thyroid, pericardial, rheumatic, other valvular diseases and early post-cardiac surgery AF cases were excluded. Race/ethnicity data was assigned administratively using hospital-based service utilization, surname, and geocoding methods and was available for 74.1% of members (73% of non-AF and 89.8% of AF), 99% of which belonged to one of the following 4 groups: white, black, Asian, and Hispanic. The independent effect of race/ethnicity on AF was analyzed with logistic regression methods adjusting for potential confounders (search period 2003–5): age, gender, duration of membership, education attainment, household income, prior stroke, diabetes, hypertension, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, COPD, morbid obesity and sleep apnea. Among members aged 60 years and older, selected prevalent AF risk factors are listed in the table . The overall AF prevalence was 6.8%. Among members whose race/ethnicity was known, AF was most prevalent in whites. The odds ratios of having AF among nonwhites were substantially lower than whites in our crude and adjusted logistic regression models. White race/ethnicity is associated with a greater risk for AF after adjusting for comorbidities associated with the development of AF.
Dual-energy iterative reconstruction for material characterisation (2014)

In this paper, we develop a dual-energy ordered subsets convex method for transmission tomography based on material matching with a material dictionary. This reconstruction includes a constrained update forcing material characteristics of reconstructed at
Improving the performance of trace-based systems by false loop filtering (2011)

Trace-based compilation is a promising technique for language compilers and binary translators. It offers the potential to expand the compilation scopes that have traditionally been limited by method boundaries.Detecting repeating cyclic execution paths and capturing the detected repetitions into traces is a key requirement for trace selection algorithms to achieve good optimization and performance with small amounts of code. One important class of repetition detection is cyclic-path-based repetition detection, where a cyclic execution path (a path that starts and ends at the same instruction address) is detected as a repeating cyclic execution path.However, we found many cyclic paths that are not repeating cyclic execution paths, which we call false loops. A common class of false loops occurs when a method is invoked from multiple call-sites. A cycle is formed between two invocations of the method from different call-sites, but which does not represent loops or recursion. False loops can result in shorter traces and smaller compilation scopes, and degrade the performance.We propose false loop filtering, an approach to reject false loops in the repetition detection step of trace selection, and a technique called false loop filtering by call-stack-comparison, which rejects a cyclic path as a false loop if the call stacks at the beginning and the end of the cycle are different.We applied false loop filtering to our trace-based Java™ JIT compiler that is based on IBM's J9 JVM. We found that false loop filtering achieved an average improvement of 16% and 10% for the DaCapo benchmark when applied to two baseline trace selection algorithms, respectively, with up to 37% improvement for individual benchmarks. In the end, with false loop filtering, our trace-based JIT achieves a performance comparable to that of the method-based J9 JVM/JIT using the corresponding optimization level.
Transvenous pectoral implantation of single lead implantable cardioverter defibrillator. (1999)

Transvenous pectoral implantation of single lead ICD is easy to perform and has high defibrillation efficacy and should be a preferred approach.
Flux Enhancement Effects of Ionie Surfactants upon Passive and Electroosmotic Transdermal Transport (1998)

This study focused upon the enhancement effects of ionic surfactants upon passive and electroosmotic transdermal flux. The first phase of the study involved validating theories relating surface properties of a membrane to electroosmotic solvent flow under appropriate experimental conditions using a synthetic model membrane (stack of 50 Nuclepore membranes). Numerical solutions to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation and the equations of fluid motion served as the theoretical basis for the experimental studies. Important outcomes of the model membrane studies were that electroosmotic solvent flow velocity was enhanced by the addition of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and reversed by the addition of a cationic surfactant, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide. The effective membrane pore wall surface charge densities were determined under a variety of experimental conditions. Adsorption of dodecyl sulfate to the pore wall increased the net negative charge on the pore wall. A reversal of the net pore wall surface charge density resulted from the adsorption of dodecyltrimethylammonium. The interrelationship between electroosmosis, surfactant adsorption, and ionic strength was also evaluated. The second phase of the study was an investigation of the effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate upon the transport of neutral polar permeants through human epidermal membrane (HEM). Fluxes of [14C]urea and [3H]sucrose were simultaneously measured across HEM samples under passive and 250 mV conditions; flux measurements were made before, during, and after HEM exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate. A systematic analysis of the experimental data made it possible to elucidate the specific contributions of sodium dodecyl sulfate and the applied electric potential to the overall flux enhancement. Sodium dodecyl sulfate enhanced the intrinsic passive permeability of the HEM, and it also enhanced the contribution of electroosmosis to the flux during iontophoresis.
Airway branching morphogenesis in three dimensional culture (2010)

In this study we show that a human lung epithelial cell line can be induced by endothelial cells to form branching bronchioalveolar-like structures in 3-D culture. This novel model of human airway morphogenesis can be used to study critical events in human lung development and suggests a supportive role for the endothelium in promoting branching of airway epithelium.
Characterizing exhaled airflow from breathing and talking (2009)

Accurate prediction of airborne disease transmission, and the infection prone zones, can aid in identifying and implementing the control strategies. With the recent advancements, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has become a powerful tool in predicting the disease transmission. Accurate prediction of the transmission by these CFD simulations requires information on sources and sinks of infectious viruses and models for dispersion of these viruses. The exhaled air of an infected human is one of the prime sources of disease viruses. In the present study, measurements of the flow were conducted on human subjects to develop models for the flow boundary conditions for the exhalation and inhalation during breathing and talking.
Members of the NAP/SET family of proteins interact specifically with B-type cyclins. (1995)

Cyclin-dependent kinase complexes that contain the same catalytic subunit are able to induce different events at different times during the cell cycle, but the mechanisms by which they do so remain largely unknown. To address this problem, we have used affinity chromatography to identify proteins that bind specifically to mitotic cyclins, with the goal of finding proteins that interact with mitotic cyclins to carry out the events of mitosis. This approach has led to the identification of a 60-kD protein called NAP1 that interacts specifically with members of the cyclin B family. This interaction has been highly conserved during evolution: NAP1 in the Xenopus embryo interacts with cyclins B1 and B2, but not with cyclin A, and the S. cerevisiae homolog of NAP1 interacts with Clb2 but not with Clb3. Genetic experiments in budding yeast indicate that NAP1 plays an important role in the function of Clb2, while biochemical experiments demonstrate that purified NAP1 can be phosphorylated by cyclin B/p34cdc2 kinase complexes, but not by cyclin A/p34cdc2 kinase complexes. These results suggest that NAP1 is a protein involved in the specific functions of cyclin B/p34cdc2 kinase complexes. In addition to NAP1, we found a 43-kD protein in Xenopus that is homologous to NAP1 and also interacts specifically with B-type cyclins. This protein is the Xenopus homolog of the human SET protein, which was previously identified as part of a putative oncogenic fusion protein (Von Lindern et al., 1992).
Synthesis and Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification of DNA Strands Containing an Unnatural Triazole Linkage (2009)

DNA strands containing an unnatural T-triazole-T linkage have been synthesized by click DNA ligation between oligonucleotides with 3'-AZT and 5'-propargylamido dT and amplified efficiently by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using several different polymerases. DNA sequencing of PCR amplicons and clones in two different sequence contexts revealed the presence of a single thymidine at the ligation site. The remarkable ability of thermostable polymerases to reproducibly copy DNA templates containing such an unnatural backbone opens up intriguing possibilities in gene synthesis, genetic analysis, biology, and nanotechnology.
Why events are a bad idea (for high-concurrency servers) (2003)

Event-based programming has been highly touted in recent years as the best way to write highly concurrent applications. Having worked on several of these systems, we now believe this approach to be a mistake. Specifically, we believe that threads can achieve all of the strengths of events, including support for high concurrency, low overhead, and a simple concurrency model. Moreover, we argue that threads allow a simpler and more natural programming style. We examine the claimed strengths of events over threads and show that the weaknesses of threads are artifacts of specific threading implementations and not inherent to the threading paradigm. As evidence, we present a user-level thread package that scales to 100,000 threads and achieves excellent performance in a web server. We also refine the duality argument of Lauer-Needham, which implies that good implementations of thread systems and event systems will have similar performance. Finally, we argue that compiler support for thread systems is a fruitful area for future research. It is a mistake to attempt high concurrency without help from the compiler, and we discuss several enhancements that are enabled by relatively simple compiler changes.