gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vessel extraction in medical images by 3D wave propagation and traceback (2003)

This paper presents an approach for the extraction of vasculature from a volume of Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) images by using a 3D wave propagation and traceback mechanism. We discuss both the theory and the implementation of the approach. Using a dual-sigmoidal filter, we label each voxel in the MRA volume with the likelihood that it is within a vessel. Representing the reciprocal of this likelihood image as an array of refractive indices, we propagate a digital wave through the volume from the base of the vascular tree. This wave 'washes' over the vasculature and extracts the vascular tree, ignoring local noise perturbations. While the approach is inherently SIMD we present an efficient sequential algorithm for the wave propagation, and discuss the traceback algorithm. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our integer image neighborhood-based algorithm and its robustness to image noise.
Synthesis of β-Alkyl Cyclopentanones in High Enantiomeric Excess via Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Reduction (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTSynthesis of β-Alkyl Cyclopentanones in High Enantiomeric Excess via Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate ReductionYasunori Moritani, Daniel H. Appella, Valdas Jurkauskas, and Stephen L. BuchwaldView Author Information Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 28, 6797–6798Publication Date (Web):June 27, 2000Publication History Received21 March 2000Published online27 June 2000Published inissue 1 July 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja0009525https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0009525rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6683Altmetric-Citations176LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Conjugate acid-base pairs,Enones,Ligands,Redox reactions Get e-Alerts
Antifungal Activity from 14-Helical β-Peptides (2006)

We have discovered that short beta-peptides (9 or 10 residues) designed to adopt globally amphiphilic helical conformations display significant antifungal activity. The most promising beta-peptides cause little lysis of human red blood cells at concentrations that kill Candida albicans, a common human fungal pathogen. Since fungi are eukaryotes, discrimination between fungal and human cells is a significant finding. Our beta-peptides are active under assay conditions that mimic physiological ionic strength; in contrast, alpha-helix-forming host-defense alpha-peptides are inactive against C. albicans under these conditions.
HOLOGRAPHIC DIFFRACTION GRATINGS (1966)

From a careful evaluation of a very simple hologram, the photographically produced grating, we have been able to obtain quantitative data on image reconstruction efficiency as a function of processing procedures and illumination parameters such as orientation angle and wavelength. Experimental results are presented which show the dependence of efficiency on exposure, both before and after bleaching of the emulsion layer. In addition, the orientation sensitivity of thick-emulsion holograms is studied, and it is shown that maximum diffracted power occurs when the Bragg reflection condition is satisfied.
Direct Basal-Plane Shear in Single-Crystal Graphite (1968)

The basal-plane shear stress-strain behavior of small, highly anisotropic-annealed natural graphite single crystals was studied at room temperature. A static uniaxial-shear stress was applied directly along the basal plane with a minimum of normal force, incorporating a technique to detect translations down to ∼40 Å. Comparative measurements were also made on compression-annealed pyrolytic graphite. The staticshear modulus G was also corroborated by a modified ultrasonic transit-time method. Basal-plane dislocation systems strongly reduce the measured G, where values of (0.013–0.14)×1011 dyn/cm2 were observed. This reduction is found to be caused primarily by a dislocation concentration of ∼2×106 cm−2. The average critical-resolved shear stress σc was 0.29×106 dyn/cm2, and an analysis of the relation between σc and the critical breakaway stress for dislocation pinning shows that dislocation line segments l≃120–310 μ are operative. Plastic curvature of the stress-strain curves shows the effect of very sensitive creep and glissile slip. Laminar flow in this principal slip direction produces a plastic strain ε* = Aσ4.2 analogous to easy glide in hcp metals along the close-packed direction. Classical Andrade t1/3 creep was observed at higher stresses and approached a logarithmic creep behavior with decreasing stress. A saturation effect seen in the shear-strength σs with shear-fracture cycling leads to a resultant σs of (2.5–7.5)×106 dyn/cm2. Possible contributions to the elastic shear strain, including dislocations, grain boundaries, hard inclusions, delamination voids, and the Fermi-level shift, are considered as they affect the measured shear modulus. Dislocation pinning by boron ions, in the dilute concentration range from 7 ppm B up to 1500 ppm B, was found to produce a large increase in G with eventual saturation. After accounting for all known shear-strain components, this saturation value leads to an intrinsic single-crystal graphite C44 value of (0.45±0.06)×1011 dyn/cm2.
The CD28 ligand, B7, enhances IL-2 production by providing a costimulatory signal to T cells (1992)

Previous studies demonstrated that a human pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, NALM-6, failed to stimulate a primary MLR, despite expression of class II MHC and adhesion molecules. Here we demonstrate that this is the result of the fact that NALM-6 cells do not express the ligand for CD28, namely B7. NALM-6 transfectants that expressed high levels of B7 gained the capacity to stimulate IL-2 production by class II MHC molecule-specific alloreactive T cells and to costimulate a polyclonal population of purified T cells cultured with immobilized anti-CD3 mAb. In the presence of PMA, NALM-6 cells transfected with B7 polyclonally stimulated T cells in a cyclosporine A-resistant fashion, a property previously attributed only to agonistic anti-CD28 mAb. The gain of these functions could not be explained solely by an increased capacity of the transfectants to form conjugates with T cells, suggesting that the CD28/B7 interaction transduces a costimulatory signal in T cells.
[Research progress on Th17 cells]. (2007)

Th17(T helper 17 cell), a newly discovered subset of T cells is associated with IL-23 and characterized by production of IL-17, the functions of which are distinct from those of Th1, Th2 and Treg subsets. The development of Th17 cells can be promoted by TGF-beta1, IL-6, and IL-23; but inhibited by IFN-gamma, IL-4 and Socs3. It is clear that Th17 cells have protective effects on body by facilitating the pro-inflammatory responses. On the other hand, the role of Th17 cells in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases has been described.
Severe reaction to 5% imiquimod cream with excellent clinical and cosmetic outcomes. (2007)

Imiquimod, an immune response modifier approved for the treatment of external genital warts, actinic keratoses, and superficial basal cell carcinoma, can induce a severe local inflammatory response. This phenomenon can accompany inappropriately overzealous, as well as entirely conventional, drug utilization. Despite strikingly brisk reactions, the 9 patients reported herein ultimately experienced excellent cosmetic and clinical outcomes. We report this series to alert clinicians of the good prognosis for a satisfactory outcome even when faced with extreme imiquimod cream-induced inflammation.
Perception of Thermal Pain and the Thermal Grill Illusion Is Associated with Polymorphisms in the Serotonin Transporter Gene (2011)

We demonstrate an association between inferred low 5-HTT expression and elevated thresholds to thermal pain in healthy non-depressed individuals. Despite the fact that reduced 5-HTT expression is a risk factor for chronic pain we found it to be related to hypoalgesia for threshold thermal pain. Low 5-HTT expression is, however, also a risk factor for depression where thermal insensitivity is often seen. Our results may thus contribute to a better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of such paradoxical hypoalgesia. The results point to a differential regulation of thermoafferent-information along the neuraxis on the basis of 5-HTT expression and gender. The TGI, suggested to rely on the central integration of thermoafferent-information, may prove a valuable tool in probing the affective-motivational dimension of these putative mechanisms.
Experimental Generation Of A Steady-state Glow Discharge At Atmospheric Pressure (2005)

Summary form only given, as follows. In industrial plasma engineering, a steady-state atmospheric glow discharge would allow many surface modification and other plasma processing operations to be carried out under atmospheric conditions, rather than in expensive vacuum systems which enforce batch processing. In this paper, we report some encouraging results of an experimental program conceived independently of the work reported by Kanda, et al. (Ref 1). Our experiments were conducted on an experimental apparatus shown schematically in Figure 1. A Parallel Plate plasma reactor with square electrodes 25 cm on a side, covered with an insulating surface (rubber or glass), and with variable spacing, was set up in an enclosed box which made it possible to control the type of working gas used. This reactor was energized by a very specialized RF power supply capable of supplying up to 5 kilowatts of RF power at rms voltages up to 5 kilovolts, and over a frequency range from 1kHz to 100 kHz.
Production of High‐Titer Lentiviral Vectors (2000)

Abstract Conventional retroviral vectors are of limited usefulness for neuroscience applications because they are derived from oncoretroviruses such as the Mouse Leukemia Virus (MLV) and, as a consequence, cannot transduce nondividing cells. Most cells in the nervous system proliferate very little, if at all. In contrast to oncoretroviruses, lentiviruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are a sub‐family of retroviruses that can infect both growth‐arrested and dividing cells. Accordingly, lentiviral vectors efficiently transduce targets such as neurons and glial cells, both in tissue culture and in vivo. This unit describes the production of high‐titer lentiviral vectors by transient transfection of 293T cells and concentration of the particles by centrifugation. Guidelines for the titration of vector stocks are also given.
Refractive Indexes of Single Hexagonal ZnS and CdS Crystals (1963)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text T. M. Bieniewski and S. J. Czyzak, "Refractive Indexes of Single Hexagonal ZnS and CdS Crystals," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 496-497 (1963) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Humans (2002)

Exercise-induced muscle injury in humans frequently occurs after unaccustomed exercise, particularly if the exercise involves a large amount of eccentric (muscle lengthening) contractions. Direct measures of exercise-induced muscle damage include cellular and subcellular disturbances, particularly Z-line streaming. Several indirectly assessed markers of muscle damage after exercise include increases in T2 signal intensity via magnetic resonance imaging techniques, prolonged decreases in force production measured during both voluntary and electrically stimulated contractions (particularly at low stimulation frequencies), increases in inflammatory markers both within the injured muscle and in the blood, increased appearance of muscle proteins in the blood, and muscular soreness. Although the exact mechanisms to explain these changes have not been delineated, the initial injury is ascribed to mechanical disruption of the fiber, and subsequent damage is linked to inflammatory processes and to changes in excitation-contraction coupling within the muscle. Performance of one bout of eccentric exercise induces an adaptation such that the muscle is less vulnerable to a subsequent bout of eccentric exercise. Although several theories have been proposed to explain this "repeated bout effect," including altered motor unit recruitment, an increase in sarcomeres in series, a blunted inflammatory response, and a reduction in stress-susceptible fibers, there is no general agreement as to its cause. In addition, there is controversy concerning the presence of sex differences in the response of muscle to damage-inducing exercise. In contrast to the animal literature, which clearly shows that females experience less damage than males, research using human studies suggests that there is either no difference between men and women or that women are more prone to exercise-induced muscle damage than are men.
Enabling Effective FPGA Debug using Overlays: Opportunities and Challenges (2016)

FPGAs are going mainstream. Major companies that were not traditionally FPGA-focused are now seeking ways to exploit the benefits of reconfigurable technology and provide it to their customers. In order to do so, a debug ecosystem that provides for effective visibility into a working design and quick debug turn-around times is essential. Overlays have the opportunity to play a key role in this ecosystem. In this overview paper, we discuss how an overlay fabric that allows the user to rapidly add debug instrumentation to a design can be created and exploited. We discuss the requirements of such an overlay and some of the research challenges and opportunities that need to be addressed. To make our exposition concrete, we use two previously-published examples of overlays that have been developed to implement debug instrumentation.
Bcl-XL Mutations Suppress Cellular Sensitivity to Antimycin A (2004)

Cells expressing high levels of the BCL-X(L) anti-apoptotic protein are preferentially killed by the mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin A (AA). Computational modeling predicts a binding site for AA in the extended hydrophobic groove on BCL-X(L), previously identified as an interface for dimerization to BAX and related proapoptotic proteins. Here, we identify BCL-X(L) hydrophobic groove mutants with normal cellular anti-apoptotic function but suppressed sensitivity to AA. The LD(50) of AA for cells expressing BCL-X(L) mutants directly correlates with the measured in vitro dissociation constants for AA binding. These results indicate that BCL-X(L) is a principal target mediating AA cytotoxicity.
Optimizing selection for quantitative traits with information on an identified locus in outbred populations (1998)

Methods to formulate and maximize response to selection for a quantitative trait over multiple generations when information on a quantitative trait locus (major gene) is available were developed to investigate and optimize response to selection in mixed inheritance models. Deterministic models with and without gametic phase disequilibrium between the major gene and other genes that affect the trait (polygenes) were considered. Genetic variance due to polygenes was assumed constant. Optimal control theory was used to formulate selection on an index of major gene effects and estimates of polygenic breeding values and to derive index weights that maximize cumulative response over multiple generations. Optimum selection strategies were illustrated using an example and compared with mass selection and with selection with full emphasis on the major gene (genotypic selection). The latter maximizes the single-generation response for a major gene with additive effects. For the example considered, differences between selection methods in cumulative response at the end of a planning horizon of 5, 10, or 15 generations were small but responses were greatest for optimum selection. Genotypic selection had the greatest response in the short term but the lowest response in the longer term. For optimum selection, emphasis on the major gene changed over generations. However, when accounting for variance contributed by the major gene, optimum selection resulted in approximately constant selection pressure on the major gene and polygenes over generations. Suboptimality of genotypic selection in the longer term was caused not so much by gametic phase disequilibrium but rather by unequal selection pressure on the major gene (and, therefore, on polygenes) over generations, as frequency and variance at the major gene changed. Extension of methods to more complex breeding structures, genetic models and objective functions is discussed.
Clay‐catalyzed reactions of olefins. I. Polymerization of styrene (1964)

Abstract Qualitative observations are reported on the polymerization of styrene with acid clay cracking catalysts. Molecular weights were 500–2000, depending on solvent, catalyst quantity, monomer concentration, and temperature, monomer conversions approached 100%. The reaction rate is rapid at 0°C. and at ambient temperatures and is severely inhibited by water and other proton acceptors. The polymer was structurally the same as polystyrene and contained saturated endgroups formed by solvent termination and by a competitive cyclization reaction. The chain termination products and polymer end‐groups were identified.
Artifact-free sensory nerve signals obtained from cuff electrodes during functional electrical stimulation of nearby muscles (1994)

Restoration of the voluntary use of paralyzed limbs using functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) is limited by complex muscle properties and unpredictable load behaviors; closed-loop control of FNS would improve performance but requires reliable sensory feedback modalities. Sensory nerve signals recorded by cuff electrodes provide accurate information about forces acting on the skin in anesthetized animals; however, nerve cuff signals are very small (approximately 10 /spl mu/V), and during FNS they become contaminated with large stimulation artifacts and synchronous EMG potentials from nearby muscles. The authors show in this study that it is possible to record neural signals from the cat tibial nerve without interference from distributed stimulation of four calf muscles surrounding the recording electrode by use of high-pass filtering and synchronized bin-integration. Nerve signals sampled in this way retained all the information about footpad contact force that was normally obtained in the absence of muscle stimulation. The authors propose that this approach has wide applicability for rehabilitation of paralyzed people with neural prostheses.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Whole-Core Analysis by 13C NMR (1991)

Summary A whole-core nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system was used to obtain natural abundance 13C spectra. The system enables rapid, nondestructive measurements of bulk volume of movable oil, aliphatic/aromatic ratio, oil viscosity, and organic vs. car bonate carbon. 13C NMR can be used in cores where the ‘HNMR spectrum is too broad to resolve oil and water resonances separately. A 51/4-in. 13C/1H NMR coil was installed on a General Electric (GE) CSI-2T NMR imager/spectrometer. With a 4-in.-OD whole core, good 13C signal/noise ratio (SNR) is obtained within minutes, while 1H spectra are obtained in seconds. NMR measurements have been made of the 13C and 1H density of crude oils with a wide range of API gravities. For light- and medium-gravity oils, the 13C and 1H signal per unit volume is constant within about 3.5%. For heavy crudes, the 13C and 1H density measured by NMR is reduced by the shortening of spin-spin relaxation times. 13 C and 1H NMR spin-lattice relaxation times were measured on a suite of Cannon viscosity standards, crude oils (4 to 60°API), and alkanes (C5 through C16) with viscosities at 77°F ranging from 0.5 cp to 2.5 × 107 cp. The 13C and 1H relaxation times show a similar correlation with viscosity from which oil viscosity can be estimated accurately for viscosities up to 100 cp. The 13 C surface relaxation rate for oils on water-wet rocks is very low. Nonproton decoupled 13C NMR is shown to be insensitive to kerogen; thus, 13 C NMR measures only the movable hydrocarbon content of the cores. In carbonates, the 13C spectrum also contains a carbonate powder pattern useful in quantifying inorganic carbon and distinguishing organic from carbonate carbon.
Handoff in Wireless Mobile Networks (2002)

Chapter 1 discusses the handoff, which is the mechanism for transferring an ongoing call from one base station to another as a user moves through the coverage area of a cellular system. Admission control is a related problem, in which the radio resource management system has to decide if a new call arrival, or a request for service or handoff may be allowed into the system. Four conventional handoff schemes in a voice-based, single traffic system are summarized and two handoff schemes for integrated voice and data wireless mobile networks are also covered in detail.
Thyroxine analogs. 22. Thyromimetic activity of halogen-free derivatives of 3,5-dimethyl-L-thyronine (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThyroxine analogs. 22. Thyromimetic activity of halogen-free derivatives of 3,5-dimethyl-L-thyronineEugene C. Jorgensen, Wallace J. Murray, and Paul Block Jr.Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1974, 17, 4, 434–439Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00250a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00250a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views126Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts