gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Endurance Exercise on Free Testosterone Concentration and the Binding Affinity of Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) (1998)

Our purpose was to examine the changes in free testosterone concentration following moderately prolonged endurance exercise to determine whether such changes were due to alterations in the binding affinity of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Ten trained men completed control (45 min rest) and exercise (45 min @ 70% VO2max) experimental sessions. Blood samples were collected before (pre-) and immediately after (post-) each of the sessions and analyzed for total testosterone, free testosterone, LH, FSH, cortisol, estradiol, SHBG, epinephrine and norepinephrine. The association constant (Ka) of SHBG for testosterone was assessed to evaluate binding affinity. No significant difference was seen between the pre-control and the pre-exercise session values for any of the measures. However, within the exercise session significant (p<0.01) increases in post samples were evident for total testosterone (+32.0%), free-testosterone (+39.6%), cortisol (+38.0%), norepinephrine (+365.2%) and epinephrine (+225.8%). All other hormonal changes and the responses for Ka were non-significant. The results of the correlation analysis indicated that only norepinephrine was significantly (p<0.05) related to the changes observed in free testosterone (r = +0.92). We conclude that the free testosterone increase with moderately, prolonged endurance exercise was not associated with the change in the binding affinity of SHBG. Furthermore, the data suggest that the exercise induced increase in testosterone involves increased production which may be mediated by sympathetic stimulation of the testicles.
Horseshoe crab (1,3)-beta-D-glucan-sensitive coagulation factor G. A serine protease zymogen heterodimer with similarities to beta-glucan-binding proteins. (1994)

Horseshoe crab factor G is an intracellular serine protease zymogen that initiates the (1,3)-beta-D-glucan-sensitive hemolymph clotting pathway. Unlike other known serine protease zymogens, which are composed of a single subunit, factor G consists of two distinct subunits, alpha and beta, which are autocatalytically converted to active factor G in the presence of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan. We have now cloned and sequenced cDNAs encoding both subunits of factor G. The subunits are derived from separate mRNA species and thus encoded by different genes. Subunit beta is a serine protease zymogen which consists of 278 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 30,846 Da; it exhibits homology to the serine protease domain of horseshoe crab factor B. Subunit alpha, on the other hand, is a new type of mosaic protein with intriguing features. The mature protein consists of 654 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 73,916 Da. The NH2-terminal portion of this subunit is similar to bacterial beta-1,3-glucanases. Its 126 amino acid COOH terminus exhibits a repetitive sequence having partial homology to xylanases. Between these regions are three repeating units of 47 amino acids, whose similarity to carbohydrate-binding proteins suggests that these may be the (1,3)-beta-D-glucan-binding domain(s) of factor G. Factor G, thus, is a structurally unique heterodimeric serine protease zymogen and as such may represent a new class of active defense proteins.
Authentication of Natural Vanilla Flavorings:  Isotopic Characterization Using Degradation of Vanillin into Guaiacol (2002)

The isotopic investigation of vanillin has been extended to the new sources of natural precursors of vanillin recently introduced with a view of obtaining natural vanillin by biotechnological processes. To check the consistency of the isotopic composition of vanillin with that of the corresponding aromatic fragment, a selective degradation reaction into guaiacol was carried out. The reaction was shown to proceed without significant isotopic fractionation at the sites of interest, and an optimized procedure was defined from the results of an experimental design involving the quantity of reagent and the temperature and duration of the experiment. Guaiacol, which can be easily obtained in a reasonable time, is an interesting isotopic probe for carbon- and oxygen-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) determinations. It provides (13)C information specific to the aromatic fragment and, combined with delta(13)C values measured on vanillin itself, it improves the authentication potential of carbon-IRMS. Thus, the natural status of ferulic acid may be characterized by significant (13)C depletion at the formyl site. Similarly, the oxygen-18 content of guaiacol is a better authentication tool than delta(18)O of vanillin because it does not suffer the drawback of being altered by chemical exchange of the sp(2) oxygen atom with water in industrial or laboratory procedures. Although collaborative studies are still necessary to improve the interlaboratory reproducibility of the delta(18)O parameters, consistent results can be obtained in an intralaboratory context. It is shown in particular that chemical oxidation of ferulic acid is characterized by a relative enrichment of the aromatic moiety of vanillin.
Spectator Violence in Sport: a Selected Review (1981)

The incidence of spectator violence at sporting events appears to be increasing at an alarming rate in present-day society. Research specifically dealing with crowd violence has also increased concomitantly. This article selectively reviews spectator violence research in an effort to articulate past and present trends. Traditionally, sport psychologists have attempted to study spectator violence by focusing on the aggression levels of individual fans. In turn, sport sociologists have used collective behavior theories in their attempts to identify possible determinants of crowd violence. It seems incumbent upon the researchers of future studies in this area to look to hypothetical questions that encompass both schools of thought. The need for an understanding of spectator violence in sport environments is real. During the past few years, several tragedies related to sport spectator violence have been reported. If similar incidents are to be avoided, the phenomenon of spectator violence must be carefully studied from both psychological and sociological perspectives.
Learning without Forgetting (2016)

When building a unified vision system or gradually adding new capabilities to a system, the usual assumption is that training data for all tasks is always available. However, as the number of tasks grows, storing and retraining on such data becomes infeasible. A new problem arises where we add new capabilities to a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), but the training data for its existing capabilities are unavailable. We propose our Learning without Forgetting method, which uses only new task data to train the network while preserving the original capabilities. Our method performs favorably compared to commonly used feature extraction and fine-tuning adaption techniques and performs similarly to multitask learning that uses original task data we assume unavailable. A more surprising observation is that Learning without Forgetting may be able to replace fine-tuning with similar old and new task datasets for improved new task performance.
Detecting Stealth Software with Strider GhostBuster (2005)

Stealth malware programs that silently infect enterprise and consumer machines are becoming a major threat to the future of the Internet. Resource hiding is a powerful stealth technique commonly used by malware to evade detection by computer users and anti-malware scanners. In this paper, we focus on a subclass of malware, termed "ghostware", which hide files, configuration settings, processes, and loaded modules from the operating system's query and enumeration application programming interfaces (APIs). Instead of targeting individual stealth implementations, we describe a systematic framework for detecting multiple types of hidden resources by leveraging the hiding behavior as a detection mechanism. Specifically, we adopt a cross-view diff-based approach to ghostware detection by comparing a high-level infected scan with a low-level clean scan and alternatively comparing an inside-the-box infected scan with an outside-the-box clean scan. We describe the design and implementation of the Strider GhostBuster tool and demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness in detecting resources hidden by real-world malware such as rootkits, Trojans, and key-loggers.
An electrically active microneedle array for electroporation of skin for gene delivery (2005)

We have designed and fabricated a microneedle array with electrical functionality with the final goal of electroporating skin's epidermal cells to increase their transfection by DNA vaccines. The microneedle array was made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) by micromolding technology from a master PDMS mold, followed by metal deposition, patterning using laser ablation, and electrodeposition. This microneedle array possessed sufficient mechanical strength to penetrate human skin in vivo and was also able to electroporate red blood cells as an in vitro model to demonstrate cell membrane permeabilization.
<i>In vivo</i> kinetics of the immunoglobulin E response to allergen: bystander effect of coimmunization and relationship with anaphylaxis (2002)

Though low-dose allergen immunization appears to induce an efficient IgE response, the intensity and quality of this response may be modulated by bystander effects of parallel immunization and does not correlate strictly with anaphylaxis. This observation has relevance to the design of clinical immunotherapy protocols using murine model-based data.
Kernel Eigenfaces vs. Kernel Fisherfaces: Face recognition using kernel methods (2002)

Principal Component A nalysis and Fisher Linear Discriminant methods have demonstrated their success in fac edete ction, r ecognition and tr acking. The representations in these subspace methods are based on second order statistics of the image set, and do not address higher order statistical dependencies such as the relationships among three or more pixels. Recently Higher Order Statistics and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) have been used as informative representations for visual recognition. In this paper, we investigate the use of Kernel Principal Component Analysis and Kernel Fisher Linear Discriminant for learning low dimensional representations for face recognition, which we call Kernel Eigenface and Kernel Fisherface methods.While Eigenface and Fisherface methods aim to find projection directions based on second order correlation of samples, Kernel Eigenface and Kernel Fisherface methods provide generalizations which take higher order correlations into account. We compare the performance of kernel methods with classical algorithms such as Eigenface, Fisherface, ICA, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) within the context of appearance-based face recognition problem using two data sets where images vary in pose, scale, lighting and expression. Experimental results show that kernel methods provide better representations and achieve lower error rates for face recognition.
Sacroiliac Joint Pain: A Comprehensive Review of Anatomy, Diagnosis, and Treatment (2005)

Sacroiliac (SI) joint pain is a challenging condition affecting 15% to 25% of patients with axial low back pain, for which there is no standard long-term treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that historical and physical examination findings and radiological imaging are insufficient to diagnose SI joint pain. The most commonly used method to diagnose the SI joint as a pain generator is with small-volume local anesthetic blocks, although the validity of this practice remains unproven. In the present review I provide a comprehensive review of the anatomy, function, and mechanisms of injury of the SI joint, along with a systematic assessment of its diagnosis and treatment.
Astrogliosis as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases (2014)

Chronic neurodegenerative diseases represent major unmet needs for therapeutic interventions. Recently, the neurocentric view of brain function and disease has been challenged by a great number of evidence supporting the physiopathological potential of neuroglia. Astrocytes, in particular, play a pivotal role in brain homeostasis as they actively participate in neuronal metabolism, synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection. Furthermore, they are intrinsic components of brain responses to toxic and traumatic insults through complex processes involving several molecular and functional alterations that may lead to disruption of brain homeostasis and connectivity. This review provides a brief overview of current knowledge of astrocyte functions in the brain, and focuses on some glial-specific pathways involved in astrocytic dysfunction that might be effective therapeutic targets for clinical management of neurodegenerative disorders.
The pathogenetic role of the coagulation process in glomerular diseases of immunologic origin. (1971)

The experimental and clinical observations analyzed in this review suggest that the deposition of fibrin within glomeruli is an important pathogenic mechanism in the series of events leading to progressive destruction of glomerular capillaries. Neither the causal factors nor the consequences of this type of reaction are peculiar to the glomerulus. Fibrin deposits can occur in any injured blood vessel and, if not rapidly dealt with by fibrinolysis, will lead to endothelial changes and the development of organizing thrombi. It seems that glomerular capillaries are especially vulnerable; there are several reasons for this. First, some immunologic reactions are triggered within the glomeruli and thus produce a local inflammatory response, leading to fibrin deposition. Secondly, the glomerular filtration function allows a progressive local accumulation of potentially damaging particles, such as circulating fibrinogen derivatives (formed during generalized intravascular clotting), or phlogistic immune complexes (as a result of systemic antigen-antibody interaction); these too cause local injury and fibrin deposition. Finally, the glomerular obliteration resulting from the organization of such fibrin deposits leads to irreversible damage and so has more serious implications for the patient than if the lesions occurred elsewhere, where the formation of functionally useful new capillaries is often possible. It seems reasonable to propose, therefore, that the use of anticoagulant may be natural therapy in cases with the risk of rapid, massive, and continuous fibrin accumulation in glomeruli, where glomerular sclerosis and irreversible renal failure are likely.
Carotenoids and cancer: prevention and potential therapy. (1998)

Epidemiological studies suggest that cancer risk is related to dietary intake of carotenoid-rich fruit and vegetables. Whether or not carotenoids are the active component has yet to be definitively proven, although some of these studies have shown that after elimination of obvious factors, such as fibre content, these foods still possess anticancer properties. On the other hand, two large intervention studies have shown that beta-carotene supplementation increases the risk of lung cancer in smokers. However, high doses of beta-carotene were used in these studies. Experimental work on animals and cells has shown that treatment with carotenoids can inhibit the development of cancer. Such studies have revealed a variety of mechanisms, in addition to antioxidant and conversion to vitamin A, including up-regulation of gap junctional communication, induction of detoxifying enzymes and inhibition of proliferation. Studies on tumour cells indicate that carotenoids can interfere with the growth of transformed cells, suggesting that they may be effective in the treatment of some cancers.
A tutorial on inferential control and its applications (1999)

In this tutorial, we discuss approaches to control of one or more primary variables in a process using secondary measurements. This approach is useful when the primary variable is not easily measured, or has large time delays or lags associated with it. It is also useful when the secondary measurements contain information about disturbances that affect the primary variable. We start by discussing some classical approaches to this problem. Then we present inferential control strategies that use process models to predict the effect of the disturbance variable on the primary output and use this prediction to regulate the process. Next we present a framework for incorporating the inferential control strategy within the framework of the often-used model predictive control (MPC). This framework, termed as model predictive inferential control (MPIC), is general enough to accommodate multiple secondary measurements as well as nonlinear estimators and controllers. The concept is also extended to end product quality control in batch processes using intermediate measurements available during the middle of the batch. The advantages of inferential control are established using the Shell challenge case study problem, which employs linear transfer function models. Problems of collinearity among the secondary measurements ( which frequently arises) is addressed using principal component analysis (PCA) during the construction of the dynamic estimator. Numerous applications demonstrate the advantages of the inferential control strategy.
Sperm Morphology Assessment—Historical Perspectives and Current Opinions (2001)

Although it is now widely recognized that sperm morphology is the semen characteristic most correlated with fertility and, in particular, fertilizing ability in vitro, many workers remain confused about the origins and specific features of the various criteria and classification schemes used to assess human sperm morphology.The purpose of this article is to review the origins and history of the two major, and often apparently opposing, scoring systems: those of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Tygerberg Strict Criteria.The similarities and differences between these two approaches will be discussed and their application compared. What Is a Normal Human Spermatozoon?In the earliest reports on human sperm morphology, the ''normal'' or ''typical'' spermatozoon was described as the modal form, ie, the shape that occurred most often.Briefly, these authors focused on the sperm head, describing it as being oval with a smooth contour and divided into anterior ''acrosomal'' and posterior ''postacrosomal'' regions, adding that there should be a single tail with a symmetric axial attachment at the sperm neck, where the proximal part of the tail was thickened in the midpiece region.Regardless of any other considerations, such as whether morphological abnormalities were prioritized in order of head, neck, midpiece, or tail regions or whether defects were assessed multiparametrically, one difference between the past and present is immediately obvious: if
The Emptiness of Codependent Origination (2005)

Extract: The Indian subcontinent's most significant contribution to International Relations has been the cultural technology (tantra) of non-violent protest (ahimsa). Activated by Mahatma Gandhi during the struggle for Indian independence, mass practice of this simple tantra accelerated India's political liberty by alerting the global community to Indian suffering.
Arylidenemalononitriles in heterocyclic syntheses: a novel synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines (1984)

M. Gogoi, P. Bhuyan, J. S. Sandhu and J. N. Baruah, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 1549 DOI: 10.1039/C39840001549
Zinc Selenide Nanoribbons and Nanowires (2004)

Zinc selenide nanoribbons and nanowires were obtained using laser ablation of ZnSe pressed powders. Their formation appeared to follow the vapor−solid and vapor−liquid−solid growth mechanisms, respectively. The product was characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, micro-Raman scattering, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The ZnSe nanoribbons had a perfect wurtzite-2H single-crystal structure with a [120] growth direction and the {001} close-packed lattice planes of hexagonal ZnSe stacking along the nanoribbon width axis. The ZnSe nanowires grew with the {001} close-packed lattice planes of the wurtzite-2H structure stacking along the nanowire length axis. Both the longitudinal optic (LO) and transverse optic (TO) phonon peaks of the ZnSe nanowires and nanoribbons showed a clear shift toward low frequency relative to bulk values, probably because of small size and large surface effects. The ZnSe nanostructures exhibited strong self-activated luminescence centered at 596 nm.
Protein Binding: Do We Ever Learn? (2011)

Although the influence of protein binding (PB) on antibacterial activity has been reported for many antibiotics and over many years, there is currently no standardization for pharmacodynamic models that account for the impact of protein binding of antimicrobial agents in vitro. This might explain the somewhat contradictory results obtained from different studies. Simple in vitro models which compare the MIC obtained in protein-free standard medium versus a protein-rich medium are prone to methodological pitfalls and may lead to flawed conclusions. Within in vitro test systems, a range of test conditions, including source of protein, concentration of the tested antibiotic, temperature, pH, electrolytes, and supplements may influence the impact of protein binding. As new antibiotics with a high degree of protein binding are in clinical development, attention and action directed toward the optimization and standardization of testing the impact of protein binding on the activity of antibiotics in vitro become even more urgent. In addition, the quantitative relationship between the effects of protein binding in vitro and in vivo needs to be established, since the physiological conditions differ. General recommendations for testing the impact of protein binding in vitro are suggested.
Robotic Process Automation: Lessons Learned from Case Studies (2019)

Nowadays, there is a trend in automating repetitive tasks in order to reduce human errors or costs. Digitization asks for new strategies in business processes. Robotic Process Automation (RPA) includes a set of emerging technologies that promises the automation of business processes by using software robots that are trained based on human tasks. Companies need to constantly monitor their own business processes in order to identify and optimize processes suitable for automation. In 2018, Forrester identified UiPath, Automation Anywhere, and Blue Prism as being the leaders providing RPA solutions by using 30-criteria evaluation. This paper examines ten case studies of companies integrating RPA and presents a series of lessons provided by practice. Not all processes are suitable for automation, all case studies identifying five fundamental criteria to be considered.