gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluorescein-Conjugated Lysine Monomers for Solid Phase Synthesis of Fluorescent Peptides and PNA Oligomers (1997)

Fluorescein ethyl ester, I, was used to prepare the fluorescent mixed ester/ether 6-O-(carboxymethyl)-fluorescein ethyl ester, III. Conjugation of III to the epsilon-amino group of alpha-N-Boc-L-lysine, via the N-hydroxysuccinimde ester, IV, gave the Boc-protected fluorescein-conjugated lysine monomer V. Removal of the Boc group, followed by reaction with Fmoc chloride, gave the Fmoc-protected monomer, VI (Figure 1). These Boc- and Fmoc-protected fluorescein-conjugated lysines were readily incorporated into peptides and PNA oligomers during solid phase synthesis to give fluorescent products. Mass spectroscopy and UV studies showed that the fluorophore remains unchanged during solid phase synthesis. In contrast to fluorescein, the photophysical properties of these derivatives are pH independent from pH 3 to 8, with a molar absorption coefficient, epsilon max 456, of 2.9 x 10(4) M-1 cm-1 and fluorescence quantum yield, phi f, of 0.18.
Primary and Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension (1998)

Interest in pulmonary hypertension (PH) has substantially increased over the last decade. This is a result of effective treatments and the ability to determine prognosis. Studies of the natural history of PH have indicated that the mixed venous oxygen saturation, the level of cardiac output and elevation of the mean right atrial pressure allow accurate prediction of survival.
Micro‐organism‐Triggered Release of Silver Nanoparticles from Biodegradable Oxide Carriers Allows Preparation of Self‐Sterilizing Polymer Surfaces (2008)

The antimicrobial activity of silver has attracted significant research interest and contributes to an exponentially growing use of this noble metal in commodity products. In this investigation, we describe a general approach to increase the antimicrobial activity of a silver-containing surface by two to three orders of magnitude. The use of 1-2-nm silver particles decorating the surface of 20-50-nm carrier particles consisting of a phosphate-based, biodegradable ceramic allows the triggered release of silver in the presence of a growing microorganism. This effect is based on the organism's requirements for mineral uptake during growth creating a flux of calcium, phosphate, and other ions to the organism. The growing micro-organism dissolves the carrier containing these nutrients and thereby releases the silver nanoparticles. Further, we demonstrate the rapid self-sterilization of polymer surfaces containing silver on calcium phosphate nanoparticles using a series of human pathogens. Colony-forming units (viable bacteria or fungi counts) have been routinely reduced below detection limit and suggest application of these self-sterilizing surfaces in hospital environments, food and pharmaceutical processing, and personal care.
Inflammation in Areas of Tubular Atrophy in Kidney Allograft Biopsies: A Potent Predictor of Allograft Failure (2010)

The Banff scoring schema provides a common ground to analyze kidney transplant biopsies. Interstitial inflammation (i) and tubulitis (t) in areas of viable tissue are features in scoring acute rejection, but are excluded in areas of tubular atrophy (TA). We studied inflammation and tubulitis in a cohort of kidney transplant recipients undergoing allograft biopsy for new-onset late graft dysfunction (N = 337). We found inflammation ('iatr') and tubulitis ('tatr') in regions of fibrosis and atrophy to be strongly correlated with each other (p < 0.0001). Moreover, iatr was strongly associated with death-censored graft failure when compared to recipients whose biopsies had no inflammation, even after adjusting for the presence of interstitial fibrosis (Hazard Ratio = 2.31, [1.10-4.83]; p = 0.0262) or TA (hazard ratio = 2.42, [1.16-5.08]; p = 0.191), serum creatinine at the time of biopsy, time to biopsy and i score. Further, these results did not qualitatively change after additional adjustments for C4d staining or donor specific antibody. Stepwise regression identified the most significant markers of graft failure which include iatr score. We propose that a more global assessment of inflammation in kidney allograft biopsies to include inflammation in atrophic areas may provide better prognostic information. Phenotypic characterization of these inflammatory cells and appropriate treatment may ameliorate late allograft failure.
A cool new future for building design (2011)

A new technology being used in architectural design, construction and asset management is revolutionizing the way we envisage, design and maintain our bricks and mortar. Dale Fisher quizzed Darren Tims, a principal at Rice Daubney, about what BIM will mean for aged care.
Specificity of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibodies and their effects on CEA-mediated adhesion. (1993)

The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) domain specificities of a library of monoclonal anti-CEA antibodies were determined to investigate the mechanisms of homophilic binding involved in CEA-mediated intercellular adhesion. Using an indirect immunofluorescence cell surface staining technique, the reactivities of these antibodies were tested systematically on Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with constructs of CEA gene family members CEA, nonspecific cross-reacting antigen, CGM6, and biliary glycoprotein, as well as on stable Chinese hamster ovary transfectants expressing truncated CEA and CEA/nerve cell adhesion molecule chimeric proteins. Epitopes for these antibodies were thus localized on the CEA molecule as follows: monoclonal antibody groups 1, 2, and 6 react with epitopes in the N-terminal domain of CEA, whereas groups 3, 5a, 5b, and 9 react with determinants found in the internal repeating domains located in the C-terminal part of the CEA molecule. Groups 4 and 8 appear to react with a repeating epitope in the internal domains of CEA and in all CEA subfamily members. Fab fragments of monoclonal antibody group 1 block aggregation of CEA transfectant cells, indicating that a region in the N domain is involved in CEA homophilic interaction. Fab fragments of monoclonal antibody group 9 recognize an epitope dependent on the B2 and A3 domains and stimulate aggregation. These results support the recently reported CEA-CEA homophilic reciprocal binding model in which anti-parallel molecules are bound by 2 bonds between the N domain of one molecule and the A3B3 domain of the interacting partner.
Connectivity and sparse wavelength conversion in wavelength-routing networks (2002)

Wavelength-routing networks offer the advantages of wavelength re-use and scalability over broadcast-and-select networks and are therefore suitable for wide area networks (WANs). We study the effects of topological connectivity and wavelength conversion in circuit-switched all-optical wavelength-routing networks. An approximate blocking analysis of such network is performed. We first propose an improved framework for the analysis of networks with arbitrary topology. We introduce a simple model for networks with a variable number of converters and analyze the effect of wavelength converter density on blocking probability. We then apply this framework to two sparse network topologies, the ring and the mesh-torus, and obtain the blocking performance. The results show that, in most cases, only a fraction of the network nodes need to be equipped with wavelength conversion capability for good performance. Finally, the tradeoff between physical connectivity, wavelength conversion, and the number of available wavelengths is studied through networks with random topologies.
Strong reduced graphene oxide–polymer composites: hydrogels and wires (2012)

By in situ chemical reduction of graphite oxide (GO) mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), we successfully fabricated reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–PVA composite hydrogels with improved dispersion and load transfer in their composites. The rGO–PVA composite wires were made by thermal-drawing or by directly drawing from the rGO–PVA dispersion and their mechanical properties were rapidly evaluated using a microfabricated tuning fork device. It was found that the Young's modulus of the polymer composites increase by ca. 200% with only 0.68 vol % addition of the rGO. The thermal properties of the composites were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and it was observed that the addition of graphene to PVA greatly improves the thermal stability of the composites. Raman spectroscopy revealed the existence of an interaction between the graphene and the polymer via the shift in the vibration bands of the graphene in the composites.
Small‐Molecule Negative Modulators of Adrenomedullin: Design, Synthesis, and 3D‐QSAR Study (2008)

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptidic hormone that was isolated in 1993, the function of which is related to several diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. Compound 1 is one of the first nonpeptidic small-molecule negative modulators of AM, identified in a high-throughput screen carried out at the National Cancer Institute. Herein we report the synthesis of a series of analogues of 1. The ability of the synthesized compounds to disrupt the binding between AM and its monoclonal antibody has been measured, together with surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based binding assays as implemented with Biacore technology. These data were used to derive a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model, with a q(2) (LOO) value of 0.8240. This study has allowed us to identify relevant features for effective binding to AM: the presence of a hydrogen-bond donor group and an aromatic ring. Evaluation of the ability of selected compounds to modify cAMP production in Rat2 cells showed that the presence of a free carboxylic acid is essential for negative AM modulation.
Gene-Expression Profiles in Hereditary Breast Cancer (2001)

Significantly different groups of genes are expressed by breast cancers with BRCA1 mutations and breast cancers with BRCA2 mutations. Our results suggest that a heritable mutation influences the gene-expression profile of the cancer.
Retro-Vectors for Human Gene Therapy (1995)

This text is concerned with retrovectors, the gene transfer systems used in 80% of ongoing clinical trials of gene therapy. Retroviruses and cellular retroelements are natural gene transfer materials that have been involved in the dispersal and regulation of genes throughout evolutionary history. The retroelements (so-called because of their unique property of reverse transcribing RNA sequences into DNA and integrating them into a host chromosome) naturally comprise more than a quarter of the DNA in the human genome. They are now being adapted for an important role in gene therapy.
In vitro activity of fosfomycin in combination with various antistaphylococcal substances (2001)

Using the chequerboard technique we studied the in vitro activity of the broad spectrum antibiotic fosfomycin in combination with vancomycin, rifampicin, linezolid, quinupristin/ dalfopristin, cefazolin, meropenem and moxifloxacin against two Staphylococcus epidermidis strains (ATCC 12228, DSM 3269) and five Staphylococcus aureus isolates (ATCC 29213, DSM 683, DSM 46320, GISA 323/93, MRSA 3558/00). The phenomena of 'trailing' and 'skipped wells' did not present a problem. Synergy was the most common effect of all drugs tested in combination with fosfomycin; only combination with vancomycin showed antagonism for two of seven isolates. Using a killing-curve technique fosfomycin showed cidal activity, where increasing the drug concentration above the MIC did not enhance killing velocity. Inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin plus fosfomycin against DSM 46320 caused effects identical to those observed with vancomycin alone. The combination of fosfomycin plus linezolid exerted the bacteriostatic effect found with linezolid alone. Fosfomycin plus quinupristin/dalfopristin exhibited the bactericidal effect found with fosfomycin alone (in contrast to the rapidly bactericidal effect of quinupristin/dalfopristin). Electron microscopy showed that fosfomycin given in combination with linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin or moxifloxacin (substances that do not cause morphological alterations when given alone) resulted in 'cauliflower-shaped' distortion as caused by fosfomycin alone. Our in vitro data indicate considerable potential for fosfomycin used in combination with other antistaphylococcal antimicrobials, especially linezolid or quinupristin/dalfopristin.
Synthesis and reactivity of .alpha.-cyanoenamines. Novel general method for preparing .alpha.-diketones from amides (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and reactivity of .alpha.-cyanoenamines. Novel general method for preparing .alpha.-diketones from amidesJose Toye and Leon GhosezCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 8, 2276–2277Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00841a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00841a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views495Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Immunotherapy for Cancer by Direct Gene Transfer into Tumors. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, Ann Arbor, Michigan (1994)

16.0 Scientific Abstract The goal of immunotherapy is to stimulate the immune system by modification of tumor cells or expansion of lymphocytes which respond specifically to tumor antigens. In this study, we will apply techniques of direct gene transfer to enhance the immune response against tumors in vivo. Patients with advanced cancer who have failed all effective therapy will be treated by injection of a DNA/liposome complex directly within the tumor. DNA will be used which encodes a heterodimeric cell surface protein recognized in the transplantation response. These genes include the HLA-B7 histocompatibility antigen and β-2 microglobulin gene in a non-viral eukaryotic expression vector plasmid. For this vector, a safe and effective dose to introduce this recombinant gene in HLA-B7¯ patients will be established. HLA-B7 expression will be confirmed in vivo, and the immune response stimulated by the expression of this antigen will be characterized. We will also determine whether this treatment facilitates tumor regression alone or in combination with other treatment modalities. This study will employ a similar strategy to our previous gene therapy protocol, but employs four improvements in technology, including more efficacious liposomes, optimized vector expression, catheter delivery and application to other several types of cancer. These studies will facilitate the development of other approaches, using different recombinant genes or in combination with cytokines or adoptive T cell therapy, to augment tumor immunity, and allow for greater potential efficacy. This method will also establish the safety of this non-viral approach to gene therapy, which could potentially be extended to treat a variety of other human diseases.
Conditioning Pre-existing Old Vertical Wells to Stimulate and Test Vaca Muerta Shale Productivity through the Application of Pinpoint Completion Techniques (2015)

Abstract One of the most promising targets for resource rock stimulation in South America is the Vaca Muerta (VM) shale in western Argentina. Because of high initial costs and also the typical reservoir information that must be acquired, it is common practice for operators to begin exploration projects with vertical wells. This is also the case for unconventional reservoirs, so initial vertical wells are used for reservoir characterization/initial comprehension and also to test the productivity of the different intervals. Within the Neuquina basin, existing vertical wells were typically drilled to produce reservoirs below the VM source rock. Presently, with these reservoirs depleted in many areas, existing wells are often a great opportunity to investigate this upper unconventional target. Unfortunately, most of these wells are not viable candidates because they were designed to be completed through tubing. Casings and wellheads, in general, are not sufficiently strong to support pressure requirements for fracture stimulation of unconventional reservoirs. This paper discusses the preparation of a well originally drilled in 1974 to allow for the new objective of hydraulic fracturing the VM shale to test the productivity of its different intervals. A coiled tubing (CT) assisted pinpoint completion technique (hydrajet perforating and annulus fracturing) was used to independently stimulate small intervals. To help assure that most of the reservoir was indeed stimulated, 12 single-zone fracturing stages were used for 130 meters of gross interval. To isolate the upper (weakest) section of the wellbore, a 4 1/2-in. P-110 casing and swellable packer were installed.
&lt;title&gt;Mechanism of action of the ultrasonic tissue resectors disclosed using high-speed and thermal imaging techniques&lt;/title&gt; (1999)

During surgery, selective resection of soft and hard tissue is obtained using devices based on ultrasound induced cavitation bubbles. Building upon the experience of an earlier study, real-time high speed and thermal imaging techniques were applied to expand the understanding of the mechanism of action in relation to irrigation and aspiration and driving frequency. The Cavitational Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator (CUSA, Valleylab, Boulder, CO) and the Selector (NMT Neurosciences, UK) equipped with a 2.3 mm hollow titanium needle (frequencies 24 and 35 kHz) were investigated. Close-up photography (1 microsecond(s) ) showed a ring of imploding cavitation bubbles around the rim of the tip which fragmented tissue within a well defined radius. Using Schlieren techniques (10 ns resolution), multiple shock waves generated by imploding cavitation bubbles were observed up to 5 mm inside the transparent tissue without leaving damage. The combined irrigation and aspiration is essential for effective tissue removal. The irrigation provides cooling of the tip and enables cavitation formation. The aspiration draws soft tissue into the area of fragmentation and removes debris. Without irrigation, friction and thermal conduction will result in undesired thermal damage and inefficient tissue removal. The impact of the shock waves and difference in driving frequency are expected to be minimal.
The synthesis of indazoles <i>via</i> 2,3‐dihydroindazoles (1976)

Abstract The preparation and oxidation of 2,3‐dihydroindazoles to 1 H , 2 H or 3 H ‐indazoles is described. A method for the synthesis of indazole 2‐oxides has been found. Oxidation of 2‐acetyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐3,3‐disubstituted indazoles 5a and 5c gave quinoid compounds 20a, 20b, 24a and 24b , which could be isomerized to 3 H ‐indazoles upon removal of the acetyl group. A quinoid compound 21 was also obtained on treatment of 5a with tetracyanoethylene.
Biomolecularly capped uniformly sized nanocrystalline materials: glutathione-capped ZnS nanocrystals (1999)

Micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeasts form CdS to detoxify toxic cadmium ions. Frequently, CdS particles formed in yeasts and bacteria were found to be associated with specific biomolecules. It was later determined that these biomolecules were present at the surface of CdS. This coating caused a restriction in the growth of CdS particles and resulted in the formation of nanometre-sized semiconductors (NCs) that exhibited typical quantum confinement properties. Glutathione and related phytochelatin peptides were shown to be the biomolecules that capped CdS nanocrystallites synthesized by yeasts Candida glabrata and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Although early studies showed the existence of specific biochemical pathways for the synthesis of biomolecularly capped CdS NCs, these NCs could be formed in vitro under appropriate conditions. We have recently shown that cysteine and cysteine-containing peptides such as glutathione and phytochelatins can be used in vitro to dictate the formation of discrete sizes of CdS and ZnS nanocrystals. We have evolved protocols for the synthesis of ZnS or CdS nanocrystals within a narrow size distribution range. These procedures involve three steps: (1) formation of metallo-complexes of cysteine or cysteine-containing peptides, (2) introduction of stoichiometric amounts of inorganic sulfide into the metallo-complexes to initiate the formation of nanocrystallites and finally (3) size-selective precipitation of NCs with ethanol in the presence of Na+. The resulting NCs were characterized by optical spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), x-ray diffraction and electron diffraction. HRTEM showed that the diameter of the ZnS-glutathione nanocrystals was 3.45?0.5 nm. X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction analyses indicated ZnS-glutathione to be hexagonal. Photocatalytic studies suggest that glutathione-capped ZnS nanocrystals prepared by our procedure are highly efficient in degrading a test model compound.
The 250 m global land cover change product from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer of NASA's Earth Observing System (2000)

One of the products to be derived from data acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS) will identify locations where land cover changes attributable to human activities are occurring. The product aims to serve as an alarm where rapid land cover conversion can subsequently be analysed with higher resolution sensors such as Landsat 7. This paper describes the production procedure and change detection algorithms for the 250 m MODIS land cover change product. Multiple change detection algorithms, including three spectral methods and two texture methods, are utilized to generate the product from the two 250 m MODIS bands. The change detection methods are implemented with look-up tables (LUTs) which are initially generated using data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) until MODIS data become available. The results from the five methods are combined to improve confidence in the product. We test the performance of each method against several sets of simulated MODIS data derived from Landsat TM image pairs. The test data represent tropical deforestation, agricultural expansion and urbanization. The commission errors of the five methods and the combination are approximately 10%, with reasonable omission errors less than 25%.