gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MR imaging of articular cartilage of the knee: new methods using ultrashort TEs. (1998)

MR imaging of articular cartilage of the knee: new methods using ultrashort TEs.G E Gold, D R Thedens, J M Pauly, K P Fechner, G Bergman, C F Beaulieu and A MacovskiAudio Available | Share
Acute lymphocytic leukaemia in the elderly: characteristics and outsome with the vincristine‐adriamycin‐dexamethasone (VAD) regimen (1994)

To analyse the pretreatment characteristics, response to therapy, and overall prognosis of elderly patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL), 268 consecutive adults with newly-diagnosed ALL who received the vincristine-adriamycin-dexamethasone (VAD) regimens were reviewed. Pretreatment characteristics, response to VAD therapy, and overall outcome were analysed in patients 60 years or older, and compared to younger patients. Fifty-two patients (19%) were 60 years or older. Compared with younger patients, elderly patients with ALL had a significantly worse performance status at presentation (P < 0.001); higher incidences of FAB L2 morphology (P = 0.03), thrombocytopenia (P < 0.01), hypoalbuminaemia (P < 0.001) and renal dysfunction (P = 0.03); and trends for worse anaemia (P = 0.06) and a higher rate of myeloid markers positivity (P = 0.06). With VAD induction therapy, elderly patients had a lower CR rate than younger patients following two induction courses (CR rate 58% v 82%; P < 0.01), and overall (CR rates 65% v 90%; P < 0.01). The response rate to VAD chemotherapy, however, appeared superior to the 30-35% CR rates reported from other series in elderly ALL patients. The lower CR rate was due to both higher induction mortality (P = 0.02) and more resistant disease (P < 0.01). The long-term CR rate was 20% in elderly patients achieving CR, but the overall survival was poor (< 10% at 3 years). There were strong associations between older age and other poor prognostic features. However, multivariate analyses identified older age to be an independent poor prognostic factor for response to chemotherapy. In summary, elderly patients with ALL have an appreciable CR rate with the VAD regimens. Patients achieving CR may have durable remissions. The myelosuppression-associated mortality in both remission induction and maintenance may be reduced with the addition of growth factors in both treatment phases, and by using standard maintenance therapy without consolidation-intensification phases.
Biosynthesis of Structurally Unique Fungal Metabolite GKK1032A<sub>2</sub>:  Indication of Novel Carbocyclic Formation Mechanism in Polyketide Biosynthesis (2003)

The biosynthesis of the antitumor agent GKK1032A(2) (1) has been investigated by administration of isotopically labeled ((13)C and (2)H) precursors to Penicillium sp. GKK1032. These studies showed that the backbone of 1 is constructed from l-tyrosine and a nonaketide chain flanked with five methyl groups probably by a polyketide synthase and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase hybrid. On the basis of the oxidation level of the starter unit and unusual 13-membered macroether formation between the tyrosine hydroxy group and the polyketide chain, novel cyclization mechanisms on the formation of a tricarbocyclic system and a macroether have been proposed. Involvement of a similar type of cyclization in the biosynthesis of structurally related metabolites is discussed.
Infrared Optical Materials and their Antireflection Coatings (1985)

Materials transparent to infrared radiation are becoming more and more important with the increasing sophistication and exacting requirements of their diverse applications. Although books have appeared on different aspects of this subject, Dr Savage is the first to collect all the relevant topics in one volume. His work contains details of accurate syntheses of the ultrapure materials, how the specific needs which arise are catered for (such as bulk materials for lasers and low losses for optical fibres), and why antireflection coatings are key components in infrared optical systems. Of interest to students of materials science, optics and allied fields such as physical sciences and engineering. It will also be an invaluable reference work for production scientists and technicians.
A Low-Power Asynchronous Interleaved Sampling Algorithm for Cochlear Implants That Encodes Envelope and Phase Information (2006)

Cochlear implants currently fail to convey phase information, which is important for perceiving music, tonal languages, and for hearing in noisy environments. We propose a bio-inspired asynchronous interleaved sampling (AIS) algorithm that encodes both envelope and phase information, in a manner that may be suitable for delivery to cochlear implant users. Like standard continuous interleaved sampling (CIS) strategies, AIS naturally meets the interleaved-firing requirement, which is to stimulate only one electrode at a time, minimizing electrode interactions. The majority of interspike intervals are distributed over 1-4 ms, thus staying within the absolute refractory limit of neurons, and form a more natural, pseudostochastic pattern of firing due to complex channel interactions. Stronger channels are selected to fire more often but the strategy ensures that weaker channels are selected to fire in proportion to their signal strength as well. The resulting stimulation rates are considerably lower than those of most modern implants, saving power yet delivering higher potential performance. Correlations with original sounds were found to be significantly higher in AIS reconstructions than in signal reconstructions using only envelope information. Two perceptual tests on normal-hearing listeners verified that the reconstructed signals enabled better melody and speech recognition in noise than those processed using tone-excited envelope-vocoder simulations of cochlear implant processing. Thus, our strategy could potentially save power and improve hearing performance in cochlear implant users.
Excretion of an aflatoxin-guanine adduct in the urine of aflatoxin B1-treated rats. (1981)

Administration of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to rats resulted in the urinary excretion of 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1. This is the major product formed by the interaction in vivo of AFB1 with rat liver nucleic acids. The adduct was isolated from urine by the combined use of preparative and analytical high-pressure liquid chromatography and was quantitated by measurement of absorbance at 365 nm. The method allowed reproducible quantitation of adduct in urine samples from rats treated with AFB1 by i.p. injection at levels as low as 0.125 mg/kg. Application of the method to urine samples from rats given injections of AFB1 (1 mg/kg) revealed the presence of a compound chromatographically identical to authentic 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1. Spectral and chemical analysis of microgram quantities of this compound provided strong evidence that this compound is identical to authentic adduct. Measurement of this adduct in the urine of rats given injections of different doses of AFB1 showed that excretion occurs in a dose-dependent manner. Comparison of the dose-response curve for adduct excretion with that previously observed for adduct formation in rat liver DNA in vivo revealed a high degree of qualitative similarity, with the levels of adduct excreted in urine representing 30 to 40% of the levels seen initially in liver DNA.
Double Perovskites as Anode Materials for Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells (2006)

Extensive efforts to develop a solid-oxide fuel cell for transportation, the bottoming cycle of a power plant, and distributed generation of electric energy are motivated by a need for greater fuel efficiency and reduced air pollution. Barriers to the introduction of hydrogen as the fuel have stimulated interest in developing an anode material that can be used with natural gas under operating temperatures 650 degrees C < T < 1000 degrees C. Here we report identification of the double perovskites Sr2Mg(1-x)MnxMoO(6-delta) that meet the requirements for long-term stability with tolerance to sulfur and show a superior single-cell performance in hydrogen and methane.
Controlled physical random functions and applications (2008)

The cryptographic protocols that we use in everyday life rely on the secure storage of keys in consumer devices. Protecting these keys from invasive attackers, who open a device to steal its key, is a challenging problem. We propose controlled physical random functions (CPUFs) as an alternative to storing keys and describe the core protocols that are needed to use CPUFs. A physical random functions (PUF) is a physical system with an input and output. The functional relationship between input and output looks like that of a random function. The particular relationship is unique to a specific instance of a PUF, hence, one needs access to a particular PUF instance to evaluate the function it embodies. The cryptographic applications of a PUF are quite limited unless the PUF is combined with an algorithm that limits the ways in which the PUF can be evaluated; this is a CPUF. A major difficulty in using CPUFs is that you can only know a small set of outputs of the PUF—the unknown outputs being unrelated to the known ones. We present protocols that get around this difficulty and allow a chain of trust to be established between the CPUF manufacturer and a party that wishes to interact securely with the PUF device. We also present some elementary applications, such as certified execution.
Tamoxifen as an antioxidant and cardioprotectant (1995)

Tamoxifen is widely used in the treatment of breast cancer and has been proposed as a prophylactic agent in this disease. Tamoxifen is an effective antioxidant and protects membranes and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles against oxidative damage. This antioxidant action is shared by endogenous and synthetic oestrogens. The ability of tamoxifen to protect LDL particles against the oxidative damage implicated in atherosclerosis may be an important factor in the reported cardioprotective action of tamoxifen in women being treated for breast cancer. In addition, tamoxifen has been found to act in a similar manner to oestrogens to lower plasma cholesterol levels. The cardioprotective action of tamoxifen may be a key factor in predicting the likely risk/benefit ratio for prophylactic tamoxifen treatment in otherwise healthy women, who have been calculated to be genetically predisposed to developing breast cancer. In the future, predisposition to breast cancer may be determined by genetic screening.
Synthesis of Cinchona Alkaloid-Derived Chiral Polymers by Mizoroki–Heck Polymerization and Their Application to Asymmetric Catalysis (2014)

To facilitate the asymmetric catalysis process, we designed novel polymeric chiral catalysts. Since quaternary ammonium salts of cinchona alkaloid derivatives show efficient catalytic activity in various asymmetric transformations, we have synthesized novel chiral polymer catalysts containing cinchonidinium moieties in the main chain of the polymer. Repetitive Mizoroki–Heck coupling reactions between the cinchona alkaloid-derived dimer and diiodide afforded the chiral polymer catalysts, which were subsequently used as catalysts in asymmetric benzylation reactions to yield the corresponding phenylalanine derivatives in higher yields and levels of enantioselectivity than can be obtained with a monomeric catalyst. Because of the insolubility of the polymeric catalysts, they were easily recovered from the reaction mixture and reused several times.
&lt;title&gt;Fabrication and properties of refractive micro-optical beam-shaping elements&lt;/title&gt; (1999)

Several algorithms can be used in order to calculate a phase function that shapes a light beam into a certain intensity distribution. In cases of smooth phase functions, e.g. for the conversion of a Gaussian beam into a flat top distribution, the optical element can be realized by a smooth surface profile without 2 pi jumps. Even though the disadvantages of diffractive elements are well known, often the limitations of the fabrication technologies permit the realization of only diffractive elements. For the beam shaping elements in micro optics, methods exist which allow the fabrication of smooth surface profiles. Such refractive elements have the advantages of a wavelength independent behavior and a conversion efficiency of nearly 100% as known from refractive lenses. In some cases, the design of refractive result in thick surface profiles and the fabrication technique do not fit to this. Therefore, the objective of the paper is to show some possibilities to make the design meet the fabrication capabilities. We used lithographic and etch techniques as well as replication technologies for the fabrication. The basis of the presented technology is gray tone technique, the generation of a proper pre-form, and its correction in order to achieve maximum coincidence with the desired surface profile. Several refractive beam shaping elements have been realized.
Theoretical calculations of the helix–coil transition of DNA in the presence of large, cooperatively binding ligands (1976)

Abstract Theoretical calculations are conducted on the helix–coil transition of DNA, in the presence of large, cooperatively binding ligands modeled after the DNA‐binding proteins of current biological interest. The ligands are allowed to bind both to helx and to coil, to cover up any number of bases or base pairs in the complex, and to interact cooperatively with their nearest neighbors. The DNA is treated in the infinite homogeneous Ising model approximation, and all calculations are done by Lifson's method of sequence‐generating functions. DNA melting curves are calculated by computer in order to expolore the effects on the transition of ligand size, binding constant, free activity, and ligand–ligand cooperativity. The calculations indicate that (1) at the same intrinsic free energy change per base pair of the complexes, small ligands, for purely entropic reasons, are more effective than are large ligands in shifting the DNA melting temperature; (2) the response of the DNA melting temperature to increased ligand binding constant K and/or free ligand activity L is adequately represented at high values of KL (but not at low KL ) by a simple independent site model; (3) if curves are calculated with the total amount of added ligand remaining constant and the free ligand activity allowed to vary throughout the transition, biphasic melting curves can be obtained in the complete absence of ligand–ligand cooperativity. In an Appendix, the denaturation of poly[d(A‐T)] in the presence of the drug, netropsin, is used to verify some features of the theory and to illustrate how the theory can be used to obtain numerical estimates of the ligand binding parameters from the experimental melting curves.
Transforming growth factor-β in acute renal failure: receptor expression, effects on proliferation, cellularity, and vascularization after recovery from injury (2004)

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and a number of TGF-beta-responsive genes are transiently enhanced following induction of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) in the rat. The mRNA and protein expression of TGF-beta receptors were analyzed in postischemic rat kidneys by ribonuclease protection, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. TGF-betaRI and -RII were enhanced within 3 days of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and remained elevated for up 7 days post-I/R; TGF-beta receptor expression was localized primarily in regenerating tubules within the outer medulla. A neutralizing TGF-beta antibody exacerbated cellular proliferation observed on day 3 postischemia but had no effect on day 1 or 2. TGF-beta antibody treatment had no measurable effect on loss of renal function or the restoration of renal function during the recovery response for up to 35 days postsurgery. However, ischemic injury resulted in modest renal hypertrophy that is due, in part, to in an increase in the number of interstitial cells in the postischemic kidney. Immunohistochemistry showed that several of these cells stained positively for the fibroblast-specific marker, S100A4 positive. Anti-TGF-beta treatment substantially attenuated the renal hypertrophy, interstitial cellularity, and S100A4-positive cells present at 35 days post-I/R. Finally, TGF-beta immunoneutralization attenuated the loss of renal vascular density following recovery from I/R injury. These data suggest that the TGF-beta/TbetaR system is enhanced in the postischemic kidney. However, the current study failed to identify a prominent role for this system in the repair of proximal tubules following ARF. In contrast, the activation of this system may play an important role in the long-term structure of the postischemic kidney by influencing microvascular structure and interstitial cellularity.
Synthesis and Enantiomeric Separation of 2-Phthalimidino-glutaric Acid Analogues:  Potent Inhibitors of Tumor Metastasis (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTSynthesis and Enantiomeric Separation of 2-Phthalimidino-glutaric Acid Analogues: Potent Inhibitors of Tumor MetastasisJamshed H. Shah, Glenn M. Swartz, Adonia E. Papathanassiu, Anthony M. Treston, William E. Fogler, John W. Madsen, and Shawn J. GreenView Author Information EntreMed, Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850 Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 16, 3014–3017Publication Date (Web):July 16, 1999Publication History Received19 February 1999Published online16 July 1999Published inissue 1 August 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm990083yhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm990083yrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views855Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Cancer,Inhibition,Mixtures,Molecular structure,Organic reactions Get e-Alerts
An IS Simulation Technique for Very Low BER Performance Evaluation of LDPC Codes (2006)

We introduce an Importance Sampling (IS) method that successfully simulates the performance of Low density Parity Check (LDPC) Codes in an AWGN channel at very low bit error rates (BERs). By effectively finding and biasing bit node combinations that are the dominant sources of error events, called trapping sets, the developed technique provokes more frequent decoder failures. Consequently, fewer simulation runs and higher simulation gains are achieved. Regardless of the block size of an LDPC code, only a few dominant trapping set classes cause decoder failures at low BER regions. Therefore, the proposed technique allows the performance evaluation for any size LDPC code at very low BER regions with remarkable simulation gains. For BERs of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-20</sup> , we observed simulation gains on the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">14</sup> .
Anaerobic bacteria as a delivery system for cancer gene therapy: in vitro activation of 5-fluorocytosine by genetically engineered clostridia. (1996)

Certain species of anaerobic bacteria have been shown to localise and germinate specifically in the hypoxic regions of tumours, resulting in tumour lysis. We propose an innovative approach to cancer gene therapy in which genetically engineered anaerobic bacteria of the genus Clostridium are used to achieve tumour-specific gene delivery. Our strategy involves enzyme/prodrug therapy, in which the Escherichia coli enzyme cytosine deaminase is used to convert the non-toxic prodrug 5-fluorocytosine to the active chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil. The E. coli gene encoding cytosine deaminase has been cloned into a clostridial expression vector and transformed into Clostridium beijerinckii, resulting in constitutive expression of cytosine deaminase and significant levels of active enzyme in the bacterial medium. When added to an in vitro clonogenic survival assay, supernatant from clostridia expressing cytosine deaminase increased the sensitivity of murine EMT6 carcinoma cells to 5-fluorocytosine approximately 500-fold. This high level of prodrug activation, combined with the specificity of clostridia for hypoxic regions of tumours, indicates a potential use in cancer gene therapy.
Experimental realization of coherent dark-state magnetometers (1998)

Coherent population trapping resonances in cesium vapor can be used to determine DC flux densities in the range from 1 mu T to 1 mT with typically 3.10(-5) relative uncertainty. For fields modulated at a few kHz, we find sensitivities of below 10 pT within 0.5 s integration time. From the signal-to-noise ratio the sensitivity can be extrapolated to 500 fT/root Hz.. A quantitative understanding of the lineshape allows to detect DC fields of several nT even when the Zeeman components of the resonance are not resolved.
Bromocryptine is effective in reducing milk production in ewes during lactation, but has no additional effect during drying off (1995)

Abstract The effect of bromocryptine on milk production was investigated in 32 crossbred ewes (Flemish Milksheep х Suffolk) with one sucking lamb, during lactation and during drying off. After weaning the lambs, all ewes were hand milked twice daily for 3 days. From day 4 onwards, the ewes were divided into four groups with equal mean daily milk production. Ewes of groups A and B were hand milked twice daily during the following 9 days. Ewes of groups C and D were dried off by reducing the milking frequency. They were milked on days 5, 8 and 12. In groups B and D, bromocryptin (1 ml of 1 g/l ethanol 50%) was injected intramuscularly twice daily while control ewes (groups A and C) received 1 ml ethanol 50%. Blood samples were taken by venipuncture prior to each injection and were assayed for prolactin, growth hormone, thyrotropin and cortisol. Bromocryptine decreased plasma prolactin levels but did not alter growth hormone or cortisol concentrations during lactation or drying off. Thyrotropin levels were elevated by bromocryptine during drying off but were unaffected during galactopoiesis. During lactation the daily milk production remained unchanged in control ewes while in bromocryptine-treated ewes a proportional decrease of 0·5 was observed. In all ewes the decrease in milk production occurring at drying off could not be accelerated or stimulated by bromocryptine. It is concluded that prolactin plays an important role in galactopoiesis in ewes but its role is comparatively unimportant compared with other factors during mammary involution.