gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Positional Accuracy of Spatial Data: Non‐Normal Distributions and a Critique of the National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy (2008)

Abstract Spatial data quality is a paramount concern in all GIS applications. Existing spatial data accuracy standards, including the National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy (NSSDA) used in the United States, commonly assume the positional error of spatial data is normally distributed. This research has characterized the distribution of the positional error in four types of spatial data: GPS locations, street geocoding, TIGER roads, and LIDAR elevation data. The positional error in GPS locations can be approximated with a Rayleigh distribution, the positional error in street geocoding and TIGER roads can be approximated with a log‐normal distribution, and the positional error in LIDAR elevation data can be approximated with a normal distribution of the original vertical error values after removal of a small number of outliers. For all four data types considered, however, these solutions are only approximations, and some evidence of non‐stationary behavior resulting in lack of normality was observed in all four datasets. Monte‐Carlo simulation of the robustness of accuracy statistics revealed that the conventional 100% Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) statistic is not reliable for non‐normal distributions. Some degree of data trimming is recommended through the use of 90% and 95% RMSE statistics. Percentiles, however, are not very robust as single positional accuracy statistics. The non‐normal distribution of positional errors in spatial data has implications for spatial data accuracy standards and error propagation modeling. Specific recommendations are formulated for revisions of the NSSDA.
Photochromic Polysulfones. 2. Photochromic Properties of Polymeric Polysulfone Carrying Pendant Spiropyran and Spirooxazine Groups (1996)

Photochromes, bound to polysulfone via carboxyamide bonds and physically blended in a polymeric matrix, were prepared and their physical and photochromic properties investigated. In order to express the photochromic activity, plasticization is required; this is readily achieved by using the swelling solvent, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). The photochromic activity is repressed in the presence of carboxylic groups, and this requires complex blocking of any acidity, e.g., by esterification or amidation. The photochromic activity was expressed in membranes made from functional and blended polysulfones, yet the photoresponsive membranes did not produce a significant electroresponse or, if they did, this decayed rapidly. Obviously, membranes with a much higher degree of covalent binding are needed.
IRF4: Immunity. Malignancy! Therapy? (2009)

IRF4, a member of the Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) family of transcription factors, is expressed in cells of the immune system, where it transduces signals from various receptors to activate or repress gene expression. IRF4 expression is a key regulator of several steps in lymphoid-, myeloid-, and dendritic-cell differentiation, including the differentiation of mature B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells. IRF4 expression is also associated with many lymphoid malignancies, with recent evidence pointing to an essential role in multiple myeloma, a malignancy of plasma cells. Interference with IRF4 expression is lethal to multiple myeloma cells, irrespective of their genetic etiology, making IRF4 an "Achilles' heel" that may be exploited therapeutically.
Effect of steroid add-back therapy on the proliferative activity of uterine leiomyoma cells under gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy (2005)

Short-term treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) is a useful preoperative medical therapy of uterine leiomyomas. However, adverse effects caused by the hypo-estrogen state sometimes appear, suggesting the necessity of add-back therapy. In this study, we investigated effects of three kinds of add-back therapies on the proliferative activity of uterine leiomyoma cells by examining the expression of Ki-67 in leiomyoma cells by immunostaining. Thirty patients who were to undergo hysterectomy or myomectomy were injected with 3.75 mg depot leuprolide acetate every four weeks until the end of the 12th week. Twenty patients underwent add-back therapy from the 5th week to the end of the 12th week, 8 patients receiving 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) /day, 6 patients 5.0 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)/day, 6 patients 0.625 mg CEE plus 2.5 mg of MPA /day. The add-back of CEE or CEE plus MPA suppressed decreases in the proliferative activity of leiomyoma cells caused by GnRHa therapy, but that of MPA did not. These results suggest that the add-back therapy with MPA is of use in preventing the adverse effects caused by hypo-estrogen in the preoperative short-term GnRHa therapy.
Identification of perimeter depletion and emitter plug effects in deep-submicrometer, shallow-junction polysilicon emitter bipolar transistors (1992)

Two new types of narrow-emitter effects are identified in shallow and narrow-junction polysilicon emitter bipolar transistors. These effects result from a lower doping concentration close to the emitter perimeter of large devices (perimeter depletion effect) or in very-narrow-emitter devices where the polysilicon plugs up the emitter window (emitter plug effect). The consequence is a locally shallower emitter junction which causes a reduced collector current density and a nonideal base current due to a partial overlap of the emitter-base space-charge region with the poly/monosilicon interface. The nonuniform doping in the polysilicon is verified by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements. Electrical measurements give a clear indication of the emitter plug effect for two different self-aligned transistor structures, and further evidence is given by a comparison of various poly emitter processes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Stable Graphene-Two-Dimensional Multiphase Perovskite Heterostructure Phototransistors with High Gain (2017)

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) organic-inorganic perovskites emerged as an alternative material for their three-dimensional (3D) counterparts in photovoltaic applications with improved moisture resistance. Here, we report a stable, high-gain phototransistor consisting of a monolayer graphene on hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) covered by a 2D multiphase perovskite heterostructure, which was realized using a newly developed two-step ligand exchange method. In this phototransistor, the multiple phases with varying bandgap in 2D perovskite thin films are aligned for the efficient electron-hole pair separation, leading to a high responsivity of ∼10<sup>5</sup> A W<sup>-1</sup> at 532 nm. Moreover, the designed phase alignment method aggregates more hydrophobic butylammonium cations close to the upper surface of the 2D perovskite thin film, preventing the permeation of moisture and enhancing the device stability dramatically. In addition, faster photoresponse and smaller 1/f noise observed in the 2D perovskite phototransistors indicate a smaller density of deep hole traps in the 2D perovskite thin film compared with their 3D counterparts. These desirable properties not only improve the performance of the phototransistor, but also provide a new direction for the future enhancement of the efficiency of 2D perovskite photovoltaics.
Identification and Characterization of Human Surfactant Protein A Binding Protein of<i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i> (2005)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections represent a major primary cause of human respiratory diseases, exacerbate other respiratory disorders, and are associated with extrapulmonary pathologies. Cytadherence is a critical step in mycoplasma colonization, aided by a network of mycoplasma adhesins and cytadherence accessory proteins which mediate binding to host cell receptors. Furthermore, the respiratory mucosa is enriched with extracellular matrix components, including surfactant proteins, fibronectin, and mucin, which provide additional in vivo targets for mycoplasma parasitism. In this study we describe interactions between M. pneumoniae and human surfactant protein-A (hSP-A). Initially, we found that viable M. pneumoniae cells bound to immobilized hSP-A in a dose- and calcium (Ca(2+))-dependent manner. Mild trypsin treatment of intact mycoplasmas reduced binding markedly (80 to 90%) implicating a surface-associated mycoplasma protein(s). Using hSP-A-coupled Sepharose affinity chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we identified a 65-kDa hSP-A binding protein of M. pneumoniae. The presence of Ca(2+) enhanced binding of the 65-kDa protein to hSP-A, which was reduced by the divalent cation-chelating agent, EDTA. The 65-kDa hSP-A binding protein of M. pneumoniae was identified by sequence analysis as a novel protein (MPN372) possessing a putative S1-like subunit of pertussis toxin at the amino terminus (amino acids 1 to 226), with the remaining amino acids (227 to 591) exhibiting no homology with other subunits of pertussis toxin, other known toxins, or any reported proteins. Recombinant MPN372 (MPN372) bound to hSP-A in a dose-dependent manner, which was markedly reduced by preincubation with mouse recombinant MPN372 antisera. Also, adherence of viable M. pneumoniae cells to hSP-A was inhibited by recombinant MPN372 antisera, demonstrating that MPN372, a previously designated hypothetical protein, is surface exposed and mediates mycoplasma attachment to hSP-A.
Genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity in cancer: A genome‐centric perspective (2009)

Genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity (the main form of non-genetic heterogeneity) are key elements in cancer progression and drug resistance, as they provide needed population diversity, complexity, and robustness. Despite drastically increased evidence of multiple levels of heterogeneity in cancer, the general approach has been to eliminate the "noise" of heterogeneity to establish genetic and epigenetic patterns. In particular, the appreciation of new types of epigenetic regulation like non-coding RNA, have led to the hope of solving the mystery of cancer that the current genetic theories seem to be unable to achieve. In this mini-review, we have briefly analyzed a number of mis-conceptions regarding cancer heterogeneity, followed by the re-evaluation of cancer heterogeneity within a framework of the genome-centric concept of evolution. The analysis of the relationship between gene, epigenetic and genome level heterogeneity, and the challenges of measuring heterogeneity among multiple levels have been discussed. Further, we propose that measuring genome level heterogeneity represents an effective strategy in the study of cancer and other types of complex diseases, as emphasis on the pattern of system evolution rather than specific pathways provides a global and synthetic approach. Compared to the degree of heterogeneity, individual molecular pathways will have limited predictability during stochastic cancer evolution where genome dynamics (reflected by karyotypic heterogeneity) will dominate.
α-Helix nucleation by a calcium-binding peptide loop (1999)

A 12-residue peptide AcDKDGDGYISAAENH2 analogous to the third calcium-binding loop of calmodulin strongly coordinates lanthanide ions (K = 10(5) M-1). When metal saturated, the peptide adopts a very rigid structure, the same as in the native protein, with three last residues AAE fixed in the alpha-helical conformation. Therefore, the peptide provides an ideal helix nucleation site for peptide segments attached to its C terminus. NMR and CD investigations of peptide AcDKDGDGYISAAEAAAQNH2 presented in this paper show that residues A13-Q16 form an alpha-helix of very high stability when the La3+ ion is bound to the D1-E12 loop. In fact, the lowest estimates of the helix content in this segment give values of at least 80% at 1 degreesC and 70% at 25 degreesC. This finding is not compatible with existing helix-coil transition theories and helix propagation parameters, s, reported in the literature. We conclude, therefore, that the initial steps of helix propagation are characterized by much larger s values, whereas helix nucleation is even more unfavorable than is believed. In light of our findings, thermodynamics of the nascent alpha-helices is discussed. The problem of CD spectra of very short alpha-helices is also addressed.
Automated Fluorescence Rejection Using Shifted Excitation Raman Difference Spectroscopy (2002)

Sample fluorescence is detrimental to Raman spectroscopic analysis. Several algorithms are proposed to achieve automatic fluorescence rejection (AFR) based on shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy. The algorithms are mathematically linear and can be automated. The methods are based on a wavelength-tunable laser and the measurement and calibration of both the Raman and the excitation spectra. Applying the AFR methods to highly fluorescent samples significantly reduces the fluorescence background and reveals weak Raman features unidentifiable using traditional methods. Fixed pattern “noise” associated with the background can be completely removed. The merits of each algorithm are discussed and the best excitation frequency shift to perform the analysis is found to be comparable to the widths of major Raman peaks.
Theoretical and numerical aspects of the open source BEM solver NEMOH (2015)

International audience
A Method for Rapid Determination of Lactose (1978)

A simple, precise, and accurate colorimetric method for estimation of lactose in fluid milk and whey is described. The color development is based on the combined action of phenol, sodium hydroxide, picric acid, and sodium bisulfite with lactose. The method can be completed in less than 30 rain. There was little difference between results by the method and the A.O.A.C. procedure. This method has advantages over other methods which require extensive time, sophisticated equipment, expensive or corrosive reagents, considerable glassware, or appreciable analytic skill.
GaAs MOSFET with oxide gate dielectric grown by atomic layer deposition (2003)

For the first time, a III-V compound semiconductor MOSFET with the gate dielectric grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) is demonstrated. The novel application of the ALD process on III-V compound semiconductors affords tremendous functionality and opportunity by enabling the formation of high-quality gate oxides and passivation layers on III-V compound semiconductor devices. A 0.65-μm gate-length depletion-mode n-channel GaAs MOSFET with an Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> gate oxide thickness of 160 /spl Aring/ shows a gate leakage current density less than 10/sup -4/ A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and a maximum transconductance of 130 mS/mm, with negligible drain current drift and hysteresis. A short-circuit current-gain cut-off frequency f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> of 14.0 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> of 25.2 GHz have been achieved from a 0.65-μm gate-length device.
Guest-Induced Organization of a Three-Dimensional Palladium(II) Cagelike Complex. A Prototype for "Induced-Fit" Molecular Recognition (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGuest-Induced Organization of a Three-Dimensional Palladium(II) Cagelike Complex. A Prototype for "Induced-Fit" Molecular RecognitionMakoto Fujita, Satoshi Nagao, and Katsuyuki OguraCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 5, 1649–1650Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00110a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00110a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2304Altmetric-Citations306LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Splicing therapy for neuromuscular disease (2013)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are two of the most common inherited neuromuscular diseases in humans. Both conditions are fatal and no clinically available treatments are able to significantly alter disease course in either case. However, by manipulation of pre-mRNA splicing using antisense oligonucleotides, defective transcripts from the DMD gene and from the SMN2 gene in SMA can be modified to once again produce protein and restore function. A large number of in vitro and in vivo studies have validated the applicability of this approach and an increasing number of preliminary clinical trials have either been completed or are under way. Several different oligonucleotide chemistries can be used for this purpose and various strategies are being developed to facilitate increased delivery efficiency and prolonged therapeutic effect. As these novel therapeutic compounds start to enter the clinical arena, attention must also be drawn to the question of how best to facilitate the clinical development of such personalised genetic therapies and how best to implement their provision.
A Convenient Synthesis of N-Substituted 2-Thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones (2006)

A convenient method was developed for the synthesis of N-substituted rhodanines based on the reaction of amines, hydrazides, or acid thiohydrazides with trithiocarbonyl diglycolic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole.
Respiratory and cardiac self‐gated free‐breathing cardiac CINE imaging with multiecho 3D hybrid radial SSFP acquisition (2010)

A respiratory and cardiac self-gated free-breathing three-dimensional cine steady-state free precession imaging method using multiecho hybrid radial sampling is presented. Cartesian mapping of the k-space center along the slice encoding direction provides intensity-weighted position information, from which both respiratory and cardiac motions are derived. With in plan radial sampling acquired at every pulse repetition time, no extra scan time is required for sampling the k-space center. Temporal filtering based on density compensation is used for radial reconstruction to achieve high signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio. High correlation between the self-gating signals and external gating signals is demonstrated. This respiratory and cardiac self-gated, free-breathing, three-dimensional, radial cardiac cine imaging technique provides image quality comparable to that acquired with the multiple breath-hold two-dimensional Cartesian steady-state free precession technique in short-axis, four-chamber, and two-chamber orientations. Functional measurements from the three-dimensional cardiac short axis cine images are found to be comparable to those obtained using the standard two-dimensional technique.
Radioimmunoassay of conjugated cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid from human serum, with use of 125I-labeled ligands. (1979)

We describe a method for radioimmunoassay of conjugated cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid in serum. In the method, 125I-labeled bile acid conjugates are used as the tracers along with antibodies raised against individual bile acid-bovine serum albumin conjugates. Antibody-bound and free bile acids were separated by polyethylene glycol precipitation (final concentration, 125 g/L). Before radioimmunoassay, 0.1-mL serum samples were precipitated with nine volumes of ethanol, and portions from the supernate were used in the assays. The lowest measurable amounts of the bile acids, expressed as pmol/tube, were: cholic acid conjugates, 2; chenodeoxycholic acid conjugates, 0.5; and deoxycholic acid conjugates. 2. Analytical recovery of bile acids added to bile acid-free serum ranged from 85 to 110%; intra-assay and inter-assay CVs ranged from 3.2 to 5.3% and from 5.3 to 12.2%, respectively. Concentrations (mean +/- SD) of the bile acid conjugates in serum from apparently healthy women and men (in mumol/L) were: cholic acid conjugates, 0.43 +/- 0.17 (n = 126); chenodeoxycholic acid conjugates, 0.47 +/- 0.23 (n = 111); and deoxycholic acid conjugates, 0.33 +/- 0.11 (n = 96). The values for primary bile acids were greatly increased in patients with various hepatobiliary diseases.
Leakage of periplasmic enzymes from envA1 strains of Escherichia coli (1991)

Previous work ascribed antibiotic hypersensitivity of the envA1 mutant to lowered lipopolysaccharide levels and exposure of the lipid bilayer. In the detailed characterization of the EnvA permeability phenotype presented here, the envA1 mutation was shown to confer leakage of the periplasmic enzymes beta-lactamase and RNase I. Leakage was observed in three different genetic backgrounds, including the original envA1 strain and its parent. In contrast, no detectable leakage of the cytoplasmic enzyme beta-galactosidase was observed. Sensitivity of envA1 strains to a range of antibiotics not previously reported was tested, and lipophilicity (partition coefficient) of a number of antibiotics was determined. On the basis of observations of periplasmic leakage and sensitivity to large hydrophilic antibiotics and lysozyme, part of the permeability phenotype of the envA1 mutant is proposed to be due to transient rupture and resealing of the EDTA-sensitive outer membrane layer. In this regard, the EnvA permeability phenotype falls into a general class of permeability/leaky mutants of both Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.
Control of Chemotherapy-Induced Emesis (1993)

The development of antiemetic drugs has been one of the most rewarding areas of oncologic research, since therapeutic advances in this area can result in immediate improvement in the quality of life for patients undergoing chemotherapy. Antiemetic therapy has progressed dramatically during the past decade and a half. Fifteen years ago, patients receiving cisplatin for the first time had a median of 12 vomiting episodes within the first 24 hours, whereas now more than 50 percent of such patients have no vomiting episodes at all. Theoretical and clinical challenges remain, however, in the effort to control chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanisms of anticipatory vomiting and delayed vomiting are still not understood, and consistently effective therapeutic approaches to these problems have yet to be developed.
Can Chip Devices Keep Shrinking? (1996)

Investigators are working to devise silicon-patterning schemes to produce features far smaller than those etched with today's lithographic systems, as reported in this week's issue. In an upcoming issue, Science will explore the new types of devices made possible by these technologies.